Answers to end-of-chapter

questions
Chapter 12 Chemical analysis 1.20

and investigation 1.00

1 Analysis of the substances we discover and use

Total increase in mass / g

0.80
in the wide variety of activities that shape our
lives is important in terms of our control of our
0.60
environment, the efficient use of resources available
to us and our protection from the harmful effects
0.40
of contamination and misuse. Chemical analysis
can be used in industry, medicine, agriculture
0.20
and environmental science. We need to know
what chemicals we are dealing with. Analytical
0.00
techniques, from the simple to the complex, help 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
us to do just that. A medical drug company might Time / min

need to analyse the painkiller paracetamol, for g reaction finished/copper sulfate gone,
instance, in order to maintain the purity of the current switched off (any of these) [1]
product it is marketing. A steel-making company
[Total = 10]
must check if the content of a batch of steel
matched the customer’s requested composition. An 4 a initial: 25, 26, 23, 24
environmental analyst might have to check river
final: 28, 39, 46, 58
water for contamination with small amounts of
metal ions, which may be harmful to local wildlife rise: 3, 13, 23, 34 [−1 for each
and also in the drinking water supply. incorrect value] [4]
b correct plotting [3] [−1 for each error],
straight line [1] (see graph below) [4]
2 a arrow under copper oxide [1]
c extrapolation of line to 5 [1], correct reading
b black [1] to orange/brown/pink [1] [2]
of temperature (44 °C) from extrapolation [1],
c diagram of condenser tube through [1]
units [1] (see graph below) [3]
cooling jacket [1] [2]
d extinguished [1] 50

[Total = 6]
40
3 a carbon or platinum [1]
Temperature rise / °C

b cathode (negative electrode) [1] 30

c bubbles [1]
d i with an organic solvent – ethanol or 20
propanone [1]
ii using a hair dryer [1]
10
e 0.75, 1.00, 1.15, 1.15, 1.15 [1]
f correct plotting [2]; two straight lines [1] [3]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of carbon atoms in the alcohol formula

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 12 1
 d temperatures would be higher [1], because c correct plotting of points [2], lines [1] [3]
copper is a good conductor [1] [2]
2.5
[Total = 13]

5 a chromatography [1] 2.0

b line below origin [1]

Mass of precipitate / g
c ink’s colours would interfere with the result 1.5
(or words to that effect) [1]
d difference: A had more colours that B [1]; 1.0
similarity: both contained colour E [1] [2]
e C, D and E [1] 0.5
[Total = 6]
0.0
6 a 20, 21, 21, 32, 39, 42, 44, 45, 45 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
[−1 for each error] [3] Volume of Q / cm3

b 20, 21, 21, 24, 32, 36, 37, 38, 38 d volume of 5 cm3 correctly read from graph [1]
[−1 for each error] [3]
[Total = 8]
c correct plotting of points [3] [−1 for each
error], lines [1], labels [1] (see graph below) [5] 8 a named indicator + correct colour [2],
d two lines to correct line on graph [1], correct or metal ion solution + correct colour
value (27 °C) from graph [1], correct units [1] precipitate [2] [2]
(see graph below) [3] b fizzy drinks are acidic, chlorine would be
60 produced, chlorine is toxic (any two) [2]
c to remove any hazardous chemicals, or
50
Experiment 1 words to that effect [1]
metal added d litmus paper becomes bleached (not the
40
Temperature / °C

silver nitrate test) [2]

Experiment 2
30 [Total = 7]

20 9 Crush a lump of solid [1] using pestle and

mortar [1] then:
10 add named acid [1], filter [1], then add a named,
more reactive metal to produce displacement [1]
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 and obtain copper [1]
Time / min
or add carbon [1] and heat [1] until pink [1] to
e exothermic (or redox or displacement) obtain copper [1]
reaction [1] or add named acid [1] and filter [1]; electrolyse
f i Experiment 1 is twice Experiment 2 the solution [1] and obtain copper at the
(not just more). [1] cathode [1]
ii Zinc is more reactive than iron. [1] There are many ways to score, but sequence of
g temperature would be higher [1] because steps must follow sensibly.
there would be less liquid to heat up [1] [2]
[Total = 6]
h increase in temperature slower [1] because
of a smaller surface area [1] [2] 10 c i white precipitate that dissolves in excess [3]
[Total = 21] ii white precipitate, insoluble in excess [2]
d solid contained water (of crystallisation) [1]
7 a labelled diagram of funnel [1] and filter e ammonia [1]
paper [1] [2] f E is not a sulfate [1], contains nitrate
b 0.45, 0.95, 1.40, 1.90, 2.35, 2.35 ions [1] [2]
[-1 for each error] [2]
[Total = 9]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Chemistry Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 12 2