BARNOULI EQUATION

OBJECTIVES:

1) To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's Equation as applied to

the flow of water in a tapering horizontal tube to determine if
he total pressure head remains constant along the length of
the tube as the equation predicts.
2) To determine if the variations in static pressure head along the
length of the tube can be predicted with Bernoulli’s equation

APPROACH:

Establish a constant flow rate (Q) through the tube and measure it.
Use a pitot probe and static probe to measure the total pressure
head hTm and static pressure head hSm at six locations along the
length of the tube. The values of hTm will show if total pressure
head remains constant along the length of the tube as required by
the Bernoulli Equation. Using the flow rate and cross sectional
area of the tube, calculate the velocity head hVc at each location.
Use Bernoulli’s Equation, hTm and hVc to predict the variations in
static pressure head hSt expected along the tube. Compare the
calculated and measured values of static pressure head to
determine if the variations in fluid pressure along the length of the
tube can be predicted with Bernoulli’s Equation.

EQUIPMENT

Hydraulic bench with Bernoulli apparatus, stop watch

THEORY

Considering flow at any two positions on the central streamline of

the tube (Fig. 1), Bernoulli's equation may be written as
Bernoulli’s equation indicates that the sum of the velocity head
(V2/2g), pressure head
(p/), and elevation (z) are constant along the central streamline.
Eq. 1 can be simplified for this apparatus. The tube is horizontal so
z1=z2,
and the pressure heads h1= p1/and h2 = p2/can be measured
from a common arbitrary datum so that Bernoulli’s Equation
simplifies to

Note that the sum on either side of the equal sign is the total
pressure head hT. If Bernoulli’s Eq. is correct, the total pressure
head (hT)has the same value at all locations on the central
streamline. This is not obvious since the narrowing tube causes
the velocity to vary along the length of the tube. For Bernoulli’s Eq.
to be true the pressure
head must decrease as much as the velocity head increases in
moving from point 1 to point 2.
The pitot probe you will use measures the total pressure head hT
of the fluid a short distance upstream of the probe’s tip. The
probe’s tip must be positioned about 3mm downstream from point
where the measurement is desired and oriented so that it opens
directly into the flow (Fig.1).
The piezometers installed along the side of the tube measure
static pressure head hSm.

PROCEDURE

A - Familiarize yourself with the apparatus.

B - Level the apparatus.

C - Carefully fill the manometer tubes with water to flush all air
pockets from the system and ensure all connecting pipes are
free of air. With the pump on and the flow control valve closed,
the top of the water columns in the manometer tubes should all
be at the same elevation. For best results, this level should be
set at approximately 150 mm. To lower the levels, attach the
hand pump to the inlet valve and increase the air pressure
(poa) in the chamber at the top of the manometer tubes. To
raise the levels, lower poa by releasing air at the inlet valve. 4

D - Make sure that all of the manometer tubes have their zero
readings at the same elevation. If not, get help from your TA.

E -The pitot probe can be positioned by loosening the gland nut

and carefully moving the probe to the desired position. Before
a reading is taken, the gland nut should be re-tightened by
 hand.

F - Carefully adjust the bench supply control valve and the

Bernoulli apparatus flow control valve to provide the
combination of flow rate and system pressure (poa) which will
give the largest convenient difference between the highest and
lowest manometer levels.

G - For a given valve setting (flow rate), do the following:

1. Measure volume and time so that you can determine flow

rate.
2. With the pitot probe removed entirely from the tube’s test
Section.
3. Record each piezometer’s manometer reading. This is hSm.
4. Move the tip of the pitot probe to a position about 3mm
downstream of each piezometer tap and record the reading
of the pitot probe manometer at each location. This is hTm.
5. Repeat your measurements of volume and time to show that
the flow rate has remained constant while you were making
your measurements.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for each of the three flow rates.
7. When finished, drain the apparatus. Make sure the pitot probe
is completely inserted into the tube and the gland nut is
tightened before leaving.

ANALYSIS

A - Determine the three flow rates.

-Use the volume-time data.

B - Calculate the velocity head hvc (V g a / 2 2 ) at each cross

section.
Use each flow rate and the six cross-sectional areas of the tube
to determine the average fluid velocity (Va=Q/A) at each
measurement position along the length of the tube.

C - Calculate the best estimate of the true value of hT in the tube.

Use the value of hTm at point A in the converging section.

D- Predict the variation of static pressure head hSt along the

length of the tube.
Use Bernoulli’s Equation to predict hSt.
Use the measured values of total pressure head hTm.
Use the calculated values of velocity head hVc.

E - Graph the values as a function of position along the tube.

Make one graph for each flow rate.
Make each graph the same size.
Use identical scales on all three graphs.
Show the measured values of total pressure head hTm, static
pressure head hSm, and calculated values of velocity head
hVc on each graph.
Show the theoretical variation of hT.
Label the graphs so that the different heads are clearly
identifiable.

F - Consider what the measurements show happened in the

converging section of the tube.
Look at the graphs and tables. 6
Describe how measured total pressure head hTm varied with
distance in this region.
Compare the variation of hTm with the theoretical variation of
hTt that Bernoulli’s Equation predicts.
Comment on whether this suggests that the assumptions made
in deriving Bernoulli’s Equation are satisfied in this part of the
tube.
Describe how measured static pressure head varied with
distance in this region.
Compare the variation of measured static pressure head hSm
with the theoretical variation hST that you predicted using
Bernoulli’s Equation.
Comment on what this comparison suggests about the ability to
predict fluid pressure in the converging section of the tube
using Bernoulli’s Equation if you know only the flow rate and
the geometry of the tube.

G - Consider what the measurements show happened in the

diverging section of the tube.
Look at the graphs and tables.
Describe how measured total pressure head hTm varied with
distance in this region.
Compare the variation of hTm with the theoretical variation of
hTt that Bernoulli’s Equation predicts.
Considering the assumptions made to derive Bernoulli’s
Equation, offer an explanation for why the variation in total
pressure head that you measured agrees or disagrees with
what Bernoulli’s Equation predicts.
Describe how measured static pressure head hSm varied with
distance in this region. Where are the lowest static pressure
heads?
Compare the variation of measured static pressure head hSm
with the theoretical variation hST that you predicted using
Bernoulli’s Equation.

H - Consider what the measurements show happened as the flow

rate increased. 7
Describe how the increase in flow influenced the total pressure
head in the converging region.
Describe how the increase in flow influenced the total pressure
head in the diverging region.
Describe how the increase in flow influenced the measured
static pressure head in the converging region.
I - Comment on the apparent validity of Bernoulli’s Equation for
convergent and divergent flows in general

Results

dynami velocity theortic flow rate stati Area diamete tub

c head head al mm^3/se c mm^2 r mm e
mm velocity c head no.
mm/sec mm
121.555 1.55548 174.695 85710 120 490.625 25 1
5 1 5
121.276 16.2766 565.109 85710 105 151.669 13.9 2
7 7 9
110.299 30.2996 771.024 85710 80 111.163 11.9 3
6 9
123.354 46.3542 953.661 85710 77 89.8746 10.7 4
3 5 6 5
115.761 60.7609 1091.84 85710 55 78.5 10 5
7 7
124.555 1.55548 174.695 85710 123 490.625 25 6
5 1 5