Emissioni convogliate in atmosfera:

Sistemi di monitoraggio in continuo delle emissioni SME

Aspetti gestionali e verifiche periodiche (norma UNI EN 14181:2015)

Walter Battaglia - Alessandro Migatta - Sandro Casagrande

(Stazione Sperimentale del Vetro ScpA)
 SUMMARY

The presentation will take into consideration the following topics:

1. Description CEM Management

a. CEMS Manual content

2. CEMS calibration procedures:

a. D.Lgs.152/06 (IAR + linearity + characterization of the dust meter)
b. UNI EN 14181: QAL1, QAL2, QAL3, AST Procedures

3. Differences between UNI EN 14181:2005 and 2015 edition

a. General description of new edition 2015:
I. Calibration functions
II. Topics
 CEMS management

Audit and periodic checks

Periodic
maintenaince

Management ELV exceeds and failures

CEMS Management

Annual Calibration Periodic automatic

and/or check or/ manual calibration
(EN 14181 or
D.Lgs. 152/06)
 CEMS management

Weekly
Audit
(periodic automatic
checks) and and/ manual
reports calibration

Management Annual
of failures and Calibration
exceeds the and audit (EN
ELV 14181)

Periodic
maintenance
 CEMS management: Manual of the CEMS
The manual management of the CEMS must contain at least:
1. Description and requirements of the CEMS (QAL1)

2. CEMS calibration procedures: UNI EN 14181 (QAL1, QAL2, QAL3, AST) or

D.Lgs.152/06 (IAR + linearity + characterization of the dust meter) criteria

3. Periodic CEMS audits, evaluation of calibration criteria (CEMS quality assurance)

4. Names and responsibilities of people involved in the CEMS management

5. Periodic maintenance of the CEMS description

6. Data acquisition system requirements, validation and processing mode,

storage and modality of data transmission to the Competent Authority (CA)

7. The procedures agreed with the CA have to be implemented in case of Plant

failure/ system failure of CEMS or portions of this in case of an ELV exceed

8. Alternative measures and timelines in case of unavailability of data from the CEMS

9. List of CEMS management procedures (Monitoring and check)

 Quality Assurance Standard Procedures
The CEMS quality assurance has to be guaranteed and checked by EN 14181 or by
means calibration and checks according to D.Lgs. 152/06:

CEMS CALIBRATION
OR CHECK

UNI EN 14181 D.Lgs. 152/06

Selection of an appropriate CEMS IAR Accuracy relative index

QAL1
(Certificate QAL1)
Linearity check instrumental response
Installation and calibration of the CEMS
and verifies if the CEMS meets the Dust
QAL2 meter Correlation curve
measurement uncertainty requirements, determinination
calibration
once installed. (Calibration function)

QAL3 The ongoing quality control

Regular checks of the calibration function

AST
QAL2
 Quality Assurance Standard D.Lgs. 152/06 Procedure
The CEMS quality assurance is guaranteed according to D.Lgs. 152/06 (Annex VI , Part V):

Relative Accuracy Index of direct measuring systems (Points 4.3.2 and 4.4). The
verification of accuracy of a measurement is performed by comparing the measurements
detected by the system under consideration (AMS) with the measurements taken in the
IAR
same place or in the same area sampling by another measuring system used as a
reference (SRM). The agreement between the two systems is evaluated, taking at least
three measures of comparison, using the index of accuracy relative (IAR).

Check instrumental response (Point 4.1): Regular checks edited by the plant operator,
consist of periodic monitoring of the response of the entire measurement range of the
Linearity
individual analyzers, to be made at least annually. This type of check must be made even
after maintenance interventions consequent to a failure of the analyzers.

Correlation curve (Point 4.2.1): In case of in situ analyzers for the measurement of gas or
Dust meter dust, which provide a indirect measure of the concentration value, the calibration
calibration
consists in determining the field of the correlation curve between the instrumental
response (AMS) and the values supplied by a second manual or automatic system (SRM)
 Quality Assurance Standard Procedures
The CEMS quality assurance has to be guaranteed and checked by EN 14181 or by
means calibration and checks according to D.Lgs. 152/06:

CEMS CALIBRATION
OR CHECK

UNI EN 14181

Selection of an appropriate CEMS

QAL1
(Certificate QAL1)

Installation and calibration of the CEMS

and verifies if the CEMS meets the
QAL2
measurement uncertainty requirements,
once installed. (Calibration function)

QAL3 The ongoing quality control

Regular checks of the calibration function

AST
QAL2
 Quality Assurance Standard EN 14181 Procedures

Proced Activity Priority Timescales of EN 14181 Procedures Responsibility

ure
QAL1 Selection of an Before an AMS can be installed on site Manufacturer
appropriate CEMS
(Certificate QAL1)
QAL2 Installation and • Within 6 months after installation of a new CEMS; Operator
calibration of the • At least every three/ five years depending on the (Laboratory)
CEMS and verifies Plant;
if the CEMS meets • If a QAL3 evaluation demonstrates a need for a QAL2;
the measurement • If there is a significant changes, upgrades or repairs to
uncertainty the CEMS which will influence and change the results
requirements, significantly;
once installed • Whenever there is a significant change in plant
operation which changes the emissions.
QAL3 The ongoing Continuously from installation. It is advisable to apply Operator
quality control the QAL3 procedure before QAL2 tests
AST Regular checks of Annually Operator
the calibration (Laboratory)
QAL2
 Quality Assurance Standard EN 14181 Procedures

EN14956; EN15267 EN14181 EN14181

Manufacturer Operator / Test House Operator / Test House

 Continuous Monitoring System – Dynamic approach
The CEMS used as SRM is composed of:
Gas: O2, CO, NOx Temperatures Pressures
Cooled probe for the extraction of the gaseous Cooled suction Micromanometers
flow and cooler system equipped of filter. The probes
gas samped is delivered to analyzers

Data

Lab 1 acquisition unit

AMS Calibration
 Trend emissions values – Analytical Method
During the sampling in according to QAL2/AST procedures must be used the following
method:

n° Measurements Data Method of analysis Principle of method

Stack temperature, velocity and

1 EN ISO 16911-1 Discontinuous
volume flow rate of the exhausts gases

Continuous
2 Volume concentration of dry Oxygen EN 14789:2005
(Paramagnetic)
3 Carbon oxides conc. (CO) EN 15058:2006 Continuous (NDIR)
Continuous
4 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) EN 14792:2005
(Chemiluminescence)

5 Sulfur Oxides (SO2) EN 14791 Discontinuous

Determination of the water vapour in

6 EN 14790 Discontinuous
ducts (H2O)
 Procedures QAL2, AST: flow chart

Functional test

AST: QAL2:
Parallel measurements with Minimum 15 valid
Minimum 5 valid the SRM
measurements in a day measurements spread over
at least 3 days

Data evaluation

Calibration function of the

AST

AMS and its range of

validity

Calculation of variability

Test of variability

Reporting
 UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced
The mains changes in the 2015 revision are:
1. The confidence intervals provided for ELV are now defined as MPU
(Maximum permissible uncertainty)

2. The procedures of the QA and objectives apply to the daily ELV.

3. Functional checks QAL2 and AST have been uniformed

4. All QAL2/ AST must be conducted by a laboratory accredited ISO

17025 in its list testing is accredited for UNI EN 14181

5. The AMS measurement range can be chosen in such a way that fits
better the value of the short term ELV

6. A new method has been added for those situations in which the
concentrations of pollutants are very low and it is not possible
check the performance of the AMS (they can be used materials
reference in combination with data from the QAL2);
 UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced

6. In some circumstances is expected a reduced number of points for the

QAL2 and methods of identification and reporting has changed
outliers

7. And greater flexibility was introduced in the development of the cards

control for the QAL3

8. The criteria to develop the functional tests and to process the QAL2
relatively peripheral parameters (O2 and water vapor) were modified;

9. They updated the references to standards for the certification of

instruments (A to EN 15267) and for the localization of the measures
(UNI EN 15259) have been update (.

Annex J of the Standard shows the main changes

present in the second revision
UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced

Same functional test

for both procedures
 UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced

Measurements importance of
“peripheral” parameters

The influence of oxygen

measurements error
1 increases with its level
of concentration

2 For humidity is possible

to use theoretical values
 UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced

6.3 If calibrated AMS measured values for water vapor are available,
these may be used to convert the SRM data to dry or wet basis.
In case of wet abatement techniques with nearly costant water
vapour concentration, conversion to dry or wet basis may be
carried out using calculated water vapour values.

6.3 If the QAL2 is not the first QAL2 being carried out on the AMS,
then an AST may be performed instead of a QAL2 provided that
the SRM measured values obtained in the AST and at least 95%
of the AMS measured values at standard conditions obtained
since the last AST are less than the maximum permissible
uncertainty specified e.g. in the relevant EU Directive
 UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced

6.4.1 Requirements has been added that outliers in data sets shall be
identified and reported.

The EN 14181 doesn’t mention the statistical method to

identify the outliers in the data set.

Some Labs use Huber test or a z score test.

SSV: (Quick guide RM-QG14 Dealing with outliers in monitoring

data) UK Environmental Agency
 UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced
6.4.3 A new procedure for treatment of low level clusters has been
added. The criterion for the identification of a cluster has been
changed from 15% of ELV to the maximum permissible uncertainty.

Procedure C:
The calibration function Addition of two
Criterion changed
is decribed as: data pairs with
from 15%ELV to P.U
y= a+bxi+e CRM, zero and
close to ELV

B: (ysmax-ysmin) < p(x) ELV

A: (ysmax-ysmin) ≥ p(x) ELV Ysmin ≥ 15%ELV
C: (ysmax-ysmin) < p(x) ELV
Ysmin < 15%ELV
 UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced

6.5 A minimum upper limit of the valid calibration range of 20% of

ELV has been added

6.5 Treatment of exceedances of the valid calibration range in case

of discontinuos plant operation or plant failures has been
added. Last 168 operational hours (representing one week in
operation)
 UNI EN 14181:2015: Significant technical changes introduced

7.3 Choosing control chart. Any type of manual or automated control

chart, which allows separate or combined determination of drift
and precision may be used…threee examples of control charts
(Shewhart, EMWA and CUSUM) are described in Annex C.
An alternative to an external control chart is to use built-in
procedures.

CEMS QAL3 CEMS internal checks

Zero and span Data checks shall
to compensate for
CHECK built-in drift and to warn for
checks according to be available to the
procedures QAL1 (EN 15267-1) operators
instrument problems

Alarms to the
CEMS has to be able to
Describe in detail Describe how to operators have to
record any for a time
the built-in respond to exceeding be output when the
period longer than one
procedure of control chart limits control chart limit
year (AST, QAL2)
are exceeded
 UNI EN 14181:2015: quality assurance
The standard EN 14181 guarantees the quality assurance of automated measuring
system (CEMS), but it assumes that the standards reference methods (SRM) have
not BIAS and that each variability observed is due only to AMS uncertainty. In
particular the EN 14181 standard evaluates the variability of experimental results
but does not include any test to the BIAS.

CEMS
CALIBRATION OR SRM
CHECK

Is the SRM correct and free of uncertainty?

Selection of an appropriate CEMS
QAL1
(Certificate QAL1)

Installation and calibration of the CEMS and

verifies if the CEMS meets the measurement
QAL2 uncertainty requirements, once installed.
(Calibration function)
SRM check Procedure
QAL3 The ongoing quality control

AST Regular checks of QAL2 calibration function

 SRM Check Procedure

The purpose of the procedure is to verify the performance requirements of

the SRM system and ensure the quality of the same in time, in order to
define and reduce to a minimum the uncertainty.
Listed below are the main checks carried out:
1. Check if SRM is QAL1 certificated;
2. Maintenance of instrumental linearity according to EN 14181;
3. During the QAL2/ AST tests: calibration protocol and functional test
QAL1 Verifica linearità Test funzionali
Thank you for your kind attention!