Proses Pengolahan Gas

Pengajar

Sutrasno

Menikah (2 orang anak)

S1: UI

S2: UTM – Malaysia

S3: UNSW - Australia
Silabus

Pendahuluan

Sifat-sifat Kimia-Fisik sistem hidrokarbon-gas bumi

Sistem Air-HC

Pemurnian gas bumi dari

Air

Gas asam (CO2 dan H2S)

Pengotor lain

Pemisahan Gas (Fraksionasi)

Proses pembuatan LPG

Proses Pembuatan LNG

Proses Pembuatan CNG
Buku ajar

Bukacek, R.R., “Reading for LNG Processing,
Vol. I & II”, 1984

Campbel, John. M., “Gas Conditioning and
Processing, Vol. I & II”, 8th Edition, Campbell
Petroleum Series, 2001.

Kohl, A.L., & Riesenheld, F.C., “Gas
Purification”, Gulf Publishing Company, 3rd
Edition 1980.

Journal articles
Natural Gas Processing
and Products

Glossary

Introduction

Requirements for Gas

Processing
Glossary

acid gas:

The acidic constituents of natural gas, H2S, CO2,
mercaptans (RSH), CS2, and COS.

dew point

The temperature and pressure at which a gas
mixture begins condensing to form a liquid phase;

for a fixed composition, the point is reached by
lowering the temperature or increasing the
pressure except when the mixture exhibits
retrograde condensation.
Glossary

ethane, propane, butanes, liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG), and natural
gasoline:

Natural gas liquid products for which there
are various purity grades;

they are defined by a combination of
maximum and minimum compositions,
vapor pressures, and boiling points.
Glossary

gas conditioning:

The process of removal of contaminants,
usually acid gases, nitrogen, and water,
from natural gas.

gas dehydration:

The process of removal of water from
natural gas to achieve a low dew point that
will avoid condensation of water during
further processing, transportation, and use.
Glossary

gas sweetening/treating:

The process of removal of acid gas components
from natural gas.

gas to liquids (GTL):

Processes for the chemical conversion of methane
to other chemicals and fuels that are
predominantly liquids;

most frequently refers to Fisher–Tropsch-type
processes that preferably produce hydrocarbons
from C5 to C30.
Glossary

liquefied petroleum gas (LPG):

A natural gas liquid product composed
primarily of a mixture of propane and
butanes.

natural gas liquids (NGL):

The higher hydrocarbons separated from
natural gas that are usually produced and
stored as liquids under pressure at ambient
temperature.
Glossary

natural gasoline:

A natural gas liquid product that consists
primarily of pentanes and higher alkane
hydrocarbons (C5+ );

it is a liquid at ambient temperature and
atmospheric pressure and has a low octane
number.
Glossary

retrograde condensation:

The phenomenon where a hydrocarbon gas
mixture of a particular composition will pass
through the dew point and begin condensation of
a liquid phase when the pressure is lowered.

sour gas:

Natural gas that has at least a small percentage of
acid gases, specifically sulfur-containing
components.
Introduction

Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous
hydrocarbons that developed
organically from vegetation over 50
million years ago.

It formed under pressure, buried
several kilometers beneath the Earth's
surface.
Introduction

It consists of varying amounts of
methane, ethane, propane, butanes,
and traces of pentanes.

Methane makes up 80-90% of most
natural gas mixtures with decreasing
amounts of the other constituents.
Introduction

Natural gas is often associated with
oil as both are often found together
in the same reservoir, with the gas
on top of the oil.

Non-associated natural gas is gas
that is found without oil.
Introduction

Natural gas exists in the Earth's
crust at high temperature and at
pressures of up to 50 MPa.

When brought to the surface, if the
gas is not kept under pressure it
will expand several hundred times
in volume.
Introduction

Indonesia memiliki banyak sumber gas
alam (cadangan th 2006: 24.66 TCF)

Peningkatan pemakaian gas alam utk
keperluan dalam negeri selain pupuk

Pengolahan

Distribusi

Investasi yang besar
Introduction

Distribusi/Pengangkutan

Jalur Pipa (KalTim-Jawa, Sumatra
Jawa)

CNG

LNG
Trans Ocean Gas Inc. of St. John's, Newfoundland and
Labrador, Canada, is the only CNG proponent in the world that
will use fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) pressure vessels to
transport CNG by ship. Trans Ocean Gas owns the patent
rights to this non-steel based method of CNG transportation.
Introduction

Investasi

Kilang pemurnian gas alam

Pipa Trans Indonesia

Kilang LNG

LNG Receiving Terminal

 Economic Volume and Distance for the Transport
of Stranded Gas Reserv es

2500

2000 Bar ge /Ship/Pipe

Distance (nautical miles)

us e de pe nde nt
on s pe cific
pr oje ct LNG
conditions
1500

GTMs in Barges
1000 GTMs in Ships

500

Pipelines

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Volume (mmscfd)
Introduction

Komposisi kebutuhan dalam negeri dan
ekspor 25:75 (www.detik.com, 2006)

Pemakaian dalam negeri

Terbesar utk pupuk dan PLN

Komposisi bisa ditambah sesuai kebutuhan

5.6 TCF yang belum ada kontraknya

Introduction

Pemakaian dalam negeri

PLN berencana membangun 1 train utk

cadangan gas di lapangan Tangguh

bersama PGN dan Pertamina

Pasokan utk dalam negeri harus
diutamakan (Komisi VII DPR, 2006)
Introduction

Pipanisasi KalTim-JaTeng 1219 Km

Pasokan gas menurun dikhawatirkan
pembangunan ini kurang efisien

50 % kapasitas LNG Bontang yang
terpenuhi

Kontrak 373 kargo hanya terpenuhi 322

Dikhawatirkan jika kilang LNG dan PKT
tutup akan berakibat pada phk sekitar
40 000 tenaga kerja
Introduction

Gas processing is the preparation of
raw natural gas as it is produced from
the reservoir for transportation to
markets for utilization.
Introduction

Traditionally, this has been primarily the
removal of chemical constituents that
are not desired due to

safety reasons (e.g., H2S, Hg),

operability (e.g., water due to
condensation and corrosion),
Introduction

Traditionally, this has been primarily the
removal of chemical constituents that
are not desired due to

and/or economics (e.g., CO2 that lowers
the heating value or those components
that may be profitably separated and
marketed as a separate product, natural
gas liquids, C2 to C5+ hydrocarbons).
Introduction

The final product for this has been compressed gas
that is fed into pipeline networks.

Increasingly, the processing required to transport the
gas to markets for end use has included

the production of liquefied natural gas by complex
refrigeration processes as well as the chemical
transformation of the methane into solid or liquid chemicals
and fuels that are commonly produced from natural gas,

are much more easily transported than the gas itself, and
satisfy significant markets for the products.
Introduction

The most commonly produced are

ammonia and its derivative fertilizers and

methanol,

but there is strong promise for production
of liquid hydrocarbon fuels on much larger
scales to satisfy increasing demand,
especially for cleaner fuels.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Feed gas to a processing plant can have
extremely large variations in composition
from one location to another.

Produced gas,

subject to removal of liquids and solids with
separators only at the field locations,

is frequently saturated with water due to intimate
contact between gas and water in the reservoir
formation.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Gas associated with oil production may be
saturated with hydrocarbons from ethane to
C10+.

In both cases, the amounts will vary with the
pressure and temperature of the gas.

In the case of water, this is commonly a
proportion up to several percentage points.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

For hydrocarbons, this can be well
above 10%.

For the acid gases, primarily CO2 and
H2S but including other sulfur-
containing species such as mercaptans
(RSH) and COS, reservoirs in which the
majority of the gas volume is comprised
of these species is possible.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

At some point,

the high percentage of these contaminants
will make the gas un-economical for
recovery,

but dealing with several percentage points
H2Sand CO2 above 10% is common.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

The other contaminant commonly found
in gas at these percentage levels and
higher is nitrogen (and rarely helium).

Lower levels of contaminants that must
be removed are possible but less
common,

with mercury being one example (generally
removed using solid adsorbents).
Requirements for Gas
Processing

The requirements of gas processing are

to remove the contaminants mentioned
previously to appropriate levels.

These levels

are specified by contract and

determined by the market for which the
gas is destined

as well as for safety and operability
considerations.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Water must be removed to levels

that will ensure that no condensation of
the water will occur in any of the
subsequent operations or distribution of
the gas.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

This

is both to minimize corrosion and to
prevent damage to equipment due to two-
phase flow

where liquid water droplets can damage
machines that compress or expand the gas

and cause erosion by impingement on
surfaces at high velocities.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Dehydration also prevents the
formation of methane hydrates,

solid crystalline complexes of methane with
water molecules,

that can plug flow lines as well as damage
equipment.

To avoid condensation, a dew point for
the gas is selected based on a specified
temperature and pressure.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

This represents

the combination of the minimum
temperature and the maximum pressure

to which the gas may be expected to be
subjected,

and at those conditions where no water
will condense (e.g., 0oC and 6.7 MPa).
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Typical values of allowable water
content at such conditions

are in the range 50 to 110 mg/m3

and vary by location due to climate and
other factors.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

For sulfur content,

specifications for H2S, mercaptans, and
total sulfur are common,

with H2S and mercaptans each having
limits in the range of 6 to 24 mg/m3

and total sulfur having limits from 115 to
460 mg/m3.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

These limits,

although needed in part due to
corrosiveness of the sulfur compounds,

are due in significant part to their noxious
and toxic properties.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Specifications for CO2 and nitrogen are
primarily set due to the fact that

they are inert and have no heating value
and,

therefore, reduce the heating value of the
product gas.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

There are

typically limits of a few percentage points
on each,

but their amounts are also indirectly
constrained by a heating value
specification of the product gas.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

The specifications for hydrocarbons are
somewhat more complex.

For methane, there is some minimum
specification (e.g., 75%).

For higher hydrocarbons, there may be
individual maximum limits (e.g., 10%
ethane, 5% propane, 2% butanes).
Requirements for Gas
Processing

These limits are

based on ensuring against condensation,

in the same fashion as for water but also
for the combustion processes for which
most pipeline gas is used.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

The presence of higher hydrocarbons

changes the required air/fuel ratio for
combustion and,

when outside of design limits, can cause
incomplete combustion with additional
pollution and higher or lower
temperatures, among other operational
problems.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

From the standpoint of the gas
processor, there are frequently
economic incentives to recover the
higher hydrocarbons from the gas.

When present in sufficient quantities,
the value of the hydrocarbons can
exceed the cost of their recovery.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Typical products of value include
ethane, propane, butanes, and natural
gasoline.

These are

collectively called natural gas liquids and,
as mentioned previously,

are frequently present in near saturation
conditions (at their dew points) in gas
associated with oil production.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Each of these products

has its own specifications

that put minimum and maximum limits on
the hydrocarbon constituents

and may include heating value and boiling
point ranges.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

For liquefied natural gas (LNG),

the product gas will have specifications
with considerably lower contaminant levels

to avoid contaminants that could condense
or freeze at the very low temperatures
involved in production of LNG (-161oC).
Requirements for Gas
Processing

For gas to chemicals and fuels
processes,

the feed gas may have similar
specifications to pipeline gas except that
sulfur (and possibly other trace
contaminants) will be further restricted

due to its ability to deactivate catalysts
used for the conversion reactions.
Requirements for Gas
Processing

Figure 1 illustrates a block diagram of the
processing units that may be found in a gas
processing plant.

The presence, order, and relative size of the
process units will be dependent on

the composition of the feed,

the gas product specifications, and

the specific processes selected for each unit.
FIGURE 1 Block diagram of major gas-producing units.
Tugas

Berikan spesifikasi (SNI atau
Internasional) untuk:

Gas Alam

LNG

LPG

NGL