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K+?BM2bX *QKTmi2`b i?2Kb2Hp2b +M /Q QMHv bimTB/Hv bi`B;?i7Q`r`/
i?BM;bX h?2 `2bQM i?2v `2 bQ mb27mH Bb i?i i?2v /Q i?2b2 i?BM;b i M
BM+`2/B#Hv ?B;? bT22/X  T`Q;`K +M BM;2MBQmbHv +QK#BM2 M 2MQ`KQmb
MmK#2` Q7 i?2b2 bBKTH2 +iBQMb BM Q`/2` iQ /Q p2`v +QKTHB+i2/ i?BM;bX
hQ bQK2 Q7 mb- r`BiBM; +QKTmi2` T`Q;`Kb Bb  7b+BMiBM; ;K2X 
T`Q;`K Bb  #mBH/BM; Q7 i?Qm;?iX Ai Bb +QbiH2bb iQ #mBH/- Bi Bb r2B;?iH2bb-
M/ Bi ;`Qrb 2bBHv mM/2` Qm` ivTBM; ?M/bX
"mi rBi?Qmi +`2-  T`Q;`KǶb bBx2 M/ +QKTH2tBiv rBHH ;`Qr Qmi Q7
+QMi`QH- +QM7mbBM; 2p2M i?2 T2`bQM r?Q +`2i2/ BiX E22TBM; T`Q;`Kb
mM/2` +QMi`QH Bb i?2 KBM T`Q#H2K Q7 T`Q;`KKBM;X q?2M  T`Q;`K
rQ`Fb- Bi Bb #2miB7mHX h?2 `i Q7 T`Q;`KKBM; Bb i?2 bFBHH Q7 +QMi`QHHBM;
+QKTH2tBivX h?2 ;`2i T`Q;`K Bb bm#/m2/ěK/2 bBKTH2 BM Bib +QK@
TH2tBivX
JMv T`Q;`KK2`b #2HB2p2 i?i i?Bb +QKTH2tBiv Bb #2bi KM;2/ #v
mbBM; QMHv  bKHH b2i Q7 r2HH@mM/2`biQQ/ i2+?MB[m2b BM i?2B` T`Q;`KbX
h?2v ?p2 +QKTQb2/ bi`B+i `mH2b Udz#2bi T`+iB+2bǴV T`2b+`B#BM; i?2 7Q`K
T`Q;`Kb b?QmH/ ?p2- M/ i?2 KQ`2 x2HQmb KQM; i?2K rBHH +QMbB/2`
i?Qb2 r?Q ;Q QmibB/2 Q7 i?Bb b72 HBiiH2 xQM2 iQ #2 #/ T`Q;`KK2`bX
q?i ?QbiBHBiv iQ i?2 `B+?M2bb Q7 T`Q;`KKBM;ěiQ i`v iQ `2/m+2 Bi
iQ bQK2i?BM; bi`B;?i7Q`r`/ M/ T`2/B+i#H2- iQ TH+2  i#QQ QM HH
i?2 r2B`/ M/ #2miB7mH T`Q;`Kb5 h?2 HM/b+T2 Q7 T`Q;`KKBM; i2+?@
MB[m2b Bb 2MQ`KQmb- 7b+BMiBM; BM Bib /Bp2`bBiv- M/ biBHH H`;2Hv mM2t@
THQ`2/X Ai Bb +2`iBMHv /M;2`Qmb ;QBM;- Hm`BM; i?2 BM2tT2`B2M+2/ T`Q@
;`KK2` BMiQ HH FBM/b Q7 +QM7mbBQM- #mi i?i QMHv K2Mb vQm b?QmH/
T`Q+22/ rBi? +miBQM M/ F22T vQm` rBib #Qmi vQmX b vQm H2`M i?2`2

j
rBHH Hrvb #2 M2r +?HH2M;2b M/ M2r i2``BiQ`v iQ 2tTHQ`2X S`Q;`K@
K2`b r?Q `27mb2 iQ F22T 2tTHQ`BM; rBHH bi;Mi2- 7Q`;2i i?2B` DQv- M/ ;2i
#Q`2/ rBi? i?2B` +`7iX

q?v HM;m;2 Kii2`b

AM i?2 #2;BMMBM;- i i?2 #B`i? Q7 +QKTmiBM;- i?2`2 r2`2 MQ T`Q;`KKBM;
HM;m;2bX S`Q;`Kb HQQF2/ bQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb,
00110001 00000000 00000000
00110001 00000001 00000001
00110011 00000001 00000010
01010001 00001011 00000010
00100010 00000010 00001000
01000011 00000001 00000000
01000001 00000001 00000001
00010000 00000010 00000000
01100010 00000000 00000000

h?i Bb  T`Q;`K iQ // i?2 MmK#2`b 7`QK R iQ Ry iQ;2i?2` M/ T`BMi

Qmi i?2 `2bmHi, 1 + 2 + ... + 10 = 55X Ai +QmH/ `mM QM  bBKTH2- ?vTQ@
i?2iB+H K+?BM2X hQ T`Q;`K 2`Hv +QKTmi2`b- Bi rb M2+2bb`v iQ b2i
H`;2 ``vb Q7 brBi+?2b BM i?2 `B;?i TQbBiBQM Q` TmM+? ?QH2b BM bi`BTb Q7
+`/#Q`/ M/ 722/ i?2K iQ i?2 +QKTmi2`X uQm +M T`Q##Hv BK;BM2
?Qr i2/BQmb M/ 2``Q`@T`QM2 i?Bb T`Q+2/m`2 rbX 1p2M r`BiBM; bBKTH2
T`Q;`Kb `2[mB`2/ Km+? +H2p2`M2bb M/ /Bb+BTHBM2X *QKTH2t QM2b r2`2
M2`Hv BM+QM+2Bp#H2X
P7 +Qm`b2- KMmHHv 2Mi2`BM; i?2b2 `+M2 Tii2`Mb Q7 #Bib Ui?2 QM2b
M/ x2`QbV /B/ ;Bp2 i?2 T`Q;`KK2`  T`Q7QmM/ b2Mb2 Q7 #2BM;  KB;?iv
rBx`/X M/ i?i ?b iQ #2 rQ`i? bQK2i?BM; BM i2`Kb Q7 DQ# biBb7+iBQMX
1+? HBM2 Q7 i?2 T`2pBQmb T`Q;`K +QMiBMb  bBM;H2 BMbi`m+iBQMX Ai
+QmH/ #2 r`Bii2M BM 1M;HBb? HBF2 i?Bb,
1. Store the number 0 in memory location 0.
2. Store the number 1 in memory location 1.
3. Store the value of memory location 1 in memory location 2.
4. Subtract the number 11 from the value in memory location 2.
5. If the value in memory location 2 is the number 0 ,
continue with instruction 9.

9
 6. Add the value of memory location 1 to memory location 0.
7. Add the number 1 to the value of memory location 1.
8. Continue with instruction 3.
9. Output the value of memory location 0.

Hi?Qm;? i?i Bb H`2/v KQ`2 `2/#H2 i?M i?2 bQmT Q7 #Bib- Bi Bb biBHH
`i?2` mMTH2bMiX Ai KB;?i ?2HT iQ mb2 MK2b BMbi2/ Q7 MmK#2`b 7Q`
i?2 BMbi`m+iBQMb M/ K2KQ`v HQ+iBQMbX
Set " total " to 0.
Set " count " to 1.
[ loop ]
Set " compare " to " count ".
Subtract 11 from " compare ".
If " compare " is zero , continue at [ end ].
Add " count " to " total ".
Add 1 to " count ".
Continue at [ loop ].
[ end ]
Output " total ".

*M vQm b22 ?Qr i?2 T`Q;`K rQ`Fb i i?Bb TQBMi\ h?2 }`bi irQ HBM2b
;Bp2 irQ K2KQ`v HQ+iBQMb i?2B` bi`iBM; pHm2b, total rBHH #2 mb2/ iQ
#mBH/ mT i?2 `2bmHi Q7 i?2 +QKTmiiBQM- M/ count rBHH F22T i`+F Q7 i?2
MmK#2` i?i r2 `2 +m``2MiHv HQQFBM; iX h?2 HBM2b mbBM; compare `2
T`Q##Hv i?2 r2B`/2bi QM2bX h?2 T`Q;`K rMib iQ b22 r?2i?2` count
Bb 2[mH iQ RR BM Q`/2` iQ /2+B/2 r?2i?2` Bi +M biQT `mMMBM;X "2+mb2
Qm` ?vTQi?2iB+H K+?BM2 Bb `i?2` T`BKBiBp2- Bi +M QMHv i2bi r?2i?2`
 MmK#2` Bb x2`Q M/ KF2  /2+BbBQM UQ` DmKTV #b2/ QM i?iX aQ Bi
mb2b i?2 K2KQ`v HQ+iBQM H#2H2/ compare iQ +QKTmi2 i?2 pHm2 Q7 count
- 11 M/ KF2b  /2+BbBQM #b2/ QM i?i pHm2X h?2 M2ti irQ HBM2b //
i?2 pHm2 Q7 count iQ i?2 `2bmHi M/ BM+`2K2Mi count #v R 2p2`v iBK2 i?2
T`Q;`K ?b /2+B/2/ i?i count Bb MQi RR v2iX
>2`2 Bb i?2 bK2 T`Q;`K BM Cpa+`BTi,
var total = 0 , count = 1;
while ( count <= 10) {
total += count ;
count += 1;
}
console . log ( total ) ;

8
 // → 55

h?Bb p2`bBQM ;Bp2b mb  72r KQ`2 BKT`Qp2K2MibX JQbi BKTQ`iMiHv- i?2`2

Bb MQ M22/ iQ bT2+B7v i?2 rv r2 rMi i?2 T`Q;`K iQ DmKT #+F M/ 7Q`i?
MvKQ`2X h?2 while HM;m;2 +QMbi`m+i iF2b +`2 Q7 i?iX Ai +QMiBMm2b
2t2+miBM; i?2 #HQ+F Ur`TT2/ BM #`+2bV #2HQr Bi b HQM; b i?2 +QM/BiBQM
Bi rb ;Bp2M ?QH/bX h?i +QM/BiBQM Bb count <= 10- r?B+? K2Mb dzcount Bb
H2bb i?M Q` 2[mH iQ RyǴX q2 MQ HQM;2` ?p2 iQ +`2i2  i2KTQ``v pHm2
M/ +QKT`2 i?i iQ x2`Q- r?B+? rb M mMBMi2`2biBM; /2iBHX S`i Q7 i?2
TQr2` Q7 T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2b Bb i?i i?2v iF2 +`2 Q7 mMBMi2`2biBM;
/2iBHb 7Q` mbX
i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 T`Q;`K- 7i2` i?2 while +QMbi`m+i ?b }MBb?2/- i?2
console.log QT2`iBQM Bb TTHB2/ iQ i?2 `2bmHi BM Q`/2` iQ r`Bi2 Bi b QmiTmiX
6BMHHv- ?2`2 Bb r?i i?2 T`Q;`K +QmH/ HQQF HBF2 B7 r2 ?TT2M2/ iQ
?p2 i?2 +QMp2MB2Mi QT2`iBQMb range M/ sum pBH#H2- r?B+? `2bT2+iBp2Hv
+`2i2  +QHH2+iBQM Q7 MmK#2`b rBi?BM  `M;2 M/ +QKTmi2 i?2 bmK Q7 
+QHH2+iBQM Q7 MmK#2`b,
console . log ( sum ( range (1 , 10) ) );
// → 55

h?2 KQ`H Q7 i?Bb biQ`v Bb i?i i?2 bK2 T`Q;`K +M #2 2tT`2bb2/ BM
HQM; M/ b?Q`i- mM`2/#H2 M/ `2/#H2 rvbX h?2 }`bi p2`bBQM Q7 i?2
T`Q;`K rb 2ti`2K2Hv Q#b+m`2- r?2`2b i?Bb Hbi QM2 Bb HKQbi 1M;HBb?,
log i?2 sum Q7 i?2 range Q7 MmK#2`b 7`QK R iQ RyX Uq2 rBHH b22 BM Hi2`
+?Ti2`b ?Qr iQ #mBH/ QT2`iBQMb HBF2 sum M/ rangeXV
 ;QQ/ T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2 ?2HTb i?2 T`Q;`KK2` #v HHQrBM; i?2K
iQ iHF #Qmi i?2 +iBQMb i?i i?2 +QKTmi2` ?b iQ T2`7Q`K QM  ?B;?2`
H2p2HX Ai ?2HTb QKBi mMBMi2`2biBM; /2iBHb- T`QpB/2b +QMp2MB2Mi #mBH/BM;
#HQ+Fb Ubm+? b while M/ console.logV- HHQrb vQm iQ /2}M2 vQm` QrM
#mBH/BM; #HQ+Fb Ubm+? b sum M/ rangeV- M/ KF2b i?Qb2 #HQ+Fb 2bv iQ
+QKTQb2X

q?i Bb Cpa+`BTi\
Cpa+`BTi rb BMi`Q/m+2/ BM RNN8 b  rv iQ // T`Q;`Kb iQ r2# T;2b
BM i?2 L2ib+T2 LpB;iQ` #`Qrb2`X h?2 HM;m;2 ?b bBM+2 #22M /QTi2/
#v HH Qi?2` KDQ` ;`T?B+H r2# #`Qrb2`bX Ai ?b K/2 KQ/2`M r2#

e
TTHB+iBQMb TQbbB#H2ěTTHB+iBQMb rBi? r?B+? vQm +M BMi2`+i /B`2+iHv-
rBi?Qmi /QBM;  T;2 `2HQ/ 7Q` 2p2`v +iBQMX "mi Bi Bb HbQ mb2/ BM
KQ`2 i`/BiBQMH r2#bBi2b iQ T`QpB/2 p`BQmb 7Q`Kb Q7 BMi2`+iBpBiv M/
+H2p2`M2bbX
Ai Bb BKTQ`iMi iQ MQi2 i?i Cpa+`BTi ?b HKQbi MQi?BM; iQ /Q
rBi? i?2 T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2 MK2/ CpX h?2 bBKBH` MK2 rb BM@
bTB`2/ #v K`F2iBM; +QMbB/2`iBQMb- `i?2` i?M ;QQ/ Dm/;K2MiX q?2M
Cpa+`BTi rb #2BM; BMi`Q/m+2/- i?2 Cp HM;m;2 rb #2BM; ?2pBHv
K`F2i2/ M/ rb ;BMBM; TQTmH`BivX aQK2QM2 i?Qm;?i Bi rb  ;QQ/
B/2 iQ i`v iQ `B/2 HQM; QM i?Bb bm++2bbX LQr r2 `2 bim+F rBi? i?2
MK2X
7i2` Bib /QTiBQM QmibB/2 Q7 L2ib+T2-  biM/`/ /Q+mK2Mi rb r`Bi@
i2M iQ /2b+`B#2 i?2 rv i?2 Cpa+`BTi HM;m;2 b?QmH/ rQ`F iQ KF2
bm`2 i?2 p`BQmb TB2+2b Q7 bQ7ir`2 i?i +HBK2/ iQ bmTTQ`i Cpa+`BTi
r2`2 +imHHv iHFBM; #Qmi i?2 bK2 HM;m;2X h?Bb Bb +HH2/ i?2 1*@
Ja+`BTi biM/`/- 7i2` i?2 1+K AMi2`MiBQMH Q`;MBxiBQM i?i /B/
i?2 biM/`/BxiBQMX AM T`+iB+2- i?2 i2`Kb 1*Ja+`BTi M/ Cpa+`BTi
+M #2 mb2/ BMi2`+?M;2#Hvěi?2v `2 irQ MK2b 7Q` i?2 bK2 HM;m;2X
h?2`2 `2 i?Qb2 r?Q rBHH bv i2``B#H2 i?BM;b #Qmi i?2 Cpa+`BTi HM@
;m;2X JMv Q7 i?2b2 i?BM;b `2 i`m2X q?2M A rb `2[mB`2/ iQ r`Bi2
bQK2i?BM; BM Cpa+`BTi 7Q` i?2 }`bi iBK2- A [mB+FHv +K2 iQ /2bTBb2 BiX
Ai rQmH/ ++2Ti HKQbi Mvi?BM; A ivT2/ #mi BMi2`T`2i Bi BM  rv i?i
rb +QKTH2i2Hv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK r?i A K2MiX h?Bb ?/  HQi iQ /Q rBi?
i?2 7+i i?i A /B/ MQi ?p2  +Hm2 r?i A rb /QBM;- Q7 +Qm`b2- #mi i?2`2
Bb  `2H Bbbm2 ?2`2, Cpa+`BTi Bb `B/B+mHQmbHv HB#2`H BM r?i Bi HHQrbX
h?2 B/2 #2?BM/ i?Bb /2bB;M rb i?i Bi rQmH/ KF2 T`Q;`KKBM; BM
Cpa+`BTi 2bB2` 7Q` #2;BMM2`bX AM +imHBiv- Bi KQbiHv KF2b }M/BM;
T`Q#H2Kb BM vQm` T`Q;`Kb ?`/2` #2+mb2 i?2 bvbi2K rBHH MQi TQBMi
i?2K Qmi iQ vQmX
h?Bb ~2tB#BHBiv HbQ ?b Bib /pMi;2b- i?Qm;?X Ai H2p2b bT+2 7Q` 
HQi Q7 i2+?MB[m2b i?i `2 BKTQbbB#H2 BM KQ`2 `B;B/ HM;m;2b- M/ b vQm
rBHH b22 U7Q` 2tKTH2 BM *?Ti2` RyV Bi +M #2 mb2/ iQ Qp2`+QK2 bQK2
Q7 Cpa+`BTiǶb b?Q`i+QKBM;bX 7i2` H2`MBM; i?2 HM;m;2 T`QT2`Hv M/
rQ`FBM; rBi? Bi 7Q`  r?BH2- A ?p2 H2`M2/ iQ +imHHv HBF2 Cpa+`BTiX
h?2`2 ?p2 #22M b2p2`H p2`bBQMb Q7 Cpa+`BTiX 1*Ja+`BTi p2`bBQM
j rb i?2 rB/2Hv bmTTQ`i2/ p2`bBQM BM i?2 iBK2 Q7 Cpa+`BTiǶb b+2Mi
iQ /QKBMM+2- `Qm;?Hv #2ir22M kyyy M/ kyRyX .m`BM; i?Bb iBK2- rQ`F

d
rb mM/2`rv QM M K#BiBQmb p2`bBQM 9- r?B+? THMM2/  MmK#2` Q7
`/B+H BKT`Qp2K2Mib M/ 2ti2MbBQMb iQ i?2 HM;m;2X *?M;BM;  HBpBM;-
rB/2Hv mb2/ HM;m;2 BM bm+?  `/B+H rv im`M2/ Qmi iQ #2 TQHBiB+HHv
/B{+mHi- M/ rQ`F QM i?2 p2`bBQM 9 rb #M/QM2/ BM kyy3- H2/BM; iQ
i?2 Km+? H2bb K#BiBQmb p2`bBQM 8 +QKBM; Qmi BM kyyNX q2Ƕ`2 MQr i i?2
TQBMi r?2`2 HH KDQ` #`Qrb2`b bmTTQ`i p2`bBQM 8- r?B+? Bb i?2 HM;m;2
p2`bBQM i?i i?Bb #QQF rBHH #2 7Q+mbBM; QMX  p2`bBQM e Bb BM i?2 T`Q+2bb Q7
#2BM; }MHBx2/- M/ bQK2 #`Qrb2`b `2 bi`iBM; iQ bmTTQ`i M2r 72im`2b
7`QK i?Bb p2`bBQMX
q2# #`Qrb2`b `2 MQi i?2 QMHv THi7Q`Kb QM r?B+? Cpa+`BTi Bb mb2/X
aQK2 /i#b2b- bm+? b JQM;Q." M/ *Qm+?."- mb2 Cpa+`BTi b
i?2B` b+`BTiBM; M/ [m2`v HM;m;2X a2p2`H THi7Q`Kb 7Q` /2bFiQT M/
b2`p2` T`Q;`KKBM;- KQbi MQi#Hv i?2 LQ/2XDb T`QD2+i Ui?2 bm#D2+i Q7
*?Ti2` kyV `2 T`QpB/BM;  TQr2`7mH 2MpB`QMK2Mi 7Q` T`Q;`KKBM;
Cpa+`BTi QmibB/2 Q7 i?2 #`Qrb2`X

*Q/2- M/ r?i iQ /Q rBi? Bi

*Q/2 Bb i?2 i2ti i?i KF2b mT T`Q;`KbX JQbi +?Ti2`b BM i?Bb #QQF
+QMiBM [mBi2  HQi Q7 BiX AM Kv 2tT2`B2M+2- `2/BM; +Q/2 M/ r`BiBM; +Q/2
`2 BM/BbT2Mb#H2 T`ib Q7 H2`MBM; iQ T`Q;`K- bQ i`v iQ MQi Dmbi ;HM+2
Qp2` i?2 2tKTH2bX _2/ i?2K ii2MiBp2Hv M/ mM/2`biM/ i?2KX h?Bb
Kv #2 bHQr M/ +QM7mbBM; i }`bi- #mi A T`QKBb2 i?i vQm rBHH [mB+FHv
;2i i?2 ?M; Q7 BiX h?2 bK2 ;Q2b 7Q` i?2 2t2`+Bb2bX .QMǶi bbmK2 vQm
mM/2`biM/ i?2K mMiBH vQmǶp2 +imHHv r`Bii2M  rQ`FBM; bQHmiBQMX
A `2+QKK2M/ vQm i`v vQm` bQHmiBQMb iQ 2t2`+Bb2b BM M +imH Cpa+`BTi
BMi2`T`2i2`X h?i rv- vQmǶHH ;2i BKK2/Bi2 722/#+F QM r?2i?2` r?i
vQm `2 /QBM; Bb rQ`FBM;- M/- A ?QT2- vQmǶHH #2 i2KTi2/ iQ 2tT2`BK2Mi
M/ ;Q #2vQM/ i?2 2t2`+Bb2bX
h?2 2bB2bi rv iQ `mM i?2 2tKTH2 +Q/2 BM i?2 #QQF- M/ iQ 2t@
T2`BK2Mi rBi? Bi- Bb iQ HQQF Bi mT BM i?2 QMHBM2 p2`bBQM Q7 i?2 #QQF i
2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2iX h?2`2- vQm +M +HB+F Mv +Q/2 2tKTH2 iQ 2/Bi
M/ `mM Bi M/ iQ b22 i?2 QmiTmi Bi T`Q/m+2bX hQ rQ`F QM i?2 2t2`+Bb2b-
;Q iQ 2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2if+Q/2- r?B+? T`QpB/2b bi`iBM; +Q/2 7Q` 2+?
+Q/BM; 2t2`+Bb2 M/ HHQrb vQm iQ HQQF i i?2 bQHmiBQMbX
A7 vQm rMi iQ `mM i?2 T`Q;`Kb /2}M2/ BM i?Bb #QQF QmibB/2 Q7 i?2

3
#QQFǶb bM/#Qt- bQK2 +`2 Bb `2[mB`2/X JMv 2tKTH2b biM/ QM i?2B`
QrM M/ b?QmH/ rQ`F BM Mv Cpa+`BTi 2MpB`QMK2MiX "mi +Q/2 BM Hi2`
+?Ti2`b Bb KQbiHv r`Bii2M 7Q`  bT2+B}+ 2MpB`QMK2Mi Ui?2 #`Qrb2` Q`
LQ/2XDbV M/ +M `mM QMHv i?2`2X AM //BiBQM- KMv +?Ti2`b /2}M2
#B;;2` T`Q;`Kb- M/ i?2 TB2+2b Q7 +Q/2 i?i TT2` BM i?2K /2T2M/ QM
2+? Qi?2` Q` QM 2ti2`MH }H2bX h?2 bM/#Qt QM i?2 r2#bBi2 T`QpB/2b
HBMFb iQ wBT }H2b +QMiBMBM; HH Q7 i?2 b+`BTib M/ /i }H2b M2+2bb`v iQ
`mM i?2 +Q/2 7Q`  ;Bp2M +?Ti2`X

Pp2`pB2r Q7 i?Bb #QQF

h?Bb #QQF +QMiBMb `Qm;?Hv i?`22 T`ibX h?2 }`bi RR +?Ti2`b /Bb+mbb
i?2 Cpa+`BTi HM;m;2 Bib2H7X h?2 M2ti 2B;?i +?Ti2`b `2 #Qmi r2#
#`Qrb2`b M/ i?2 rv Cpa+`BTi Bb mb2/ iQ T`Q;`K i?2KX 6BMHHv-
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+?Ti2`b QM 2``Q` ?M/HBM; M/ }tBM;- QM `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb UM BK@
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N
+QKKmMB+i2 Qp2` i?2 M2irQ`F U*?Ti2` RdVX h?2`2 `2 ;BM irQ T`QD2+i
+?Ti2`b BM i?Bb T`iX
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bBKTH2 r2# bvbi2K mbBM; i?i iQQHX

hvTQ;`T?B+ +QMp2MiBQMb
AM i?Bb #QQF- i2ti r`Bii2M BM  monospaced 7QMi rBHH `2T`2b2Mi 2H2K2Mib Q7
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i?2v Dmbi `272` iQ T`i Q7  M2`#v T`Q;`KX S`Q;`Kb UQ7 r?B+? vQm
?p2 H`2/v b22M  72rV- `2 r`Bii2M b 7QHHQrb,
function fac ( n ) {
if ( n == 0)
return 1;
else
return fac ( n - 1) * n;
}

aQK2iBK2b- BM Q`/2` iQ b?Qr i?2 QmiTmi i?i  T`Q;`K T`Q/m+2b- i?2

2tT2+i2/ QmiTmi Bb r`Bii2M 7i2` Bi- rBi? irQ bHb?2b M/ M ``Qr BM
7`QMiX
console . log ( fac (8) ) ;
// → 40320

:QQ/ Hm+F5

Ry
 dz"2HQr i?2 bm`7+2 Q7 i?2 K+?BM2- i?2 T`Q;`K KQp2bX
qBi?Qmi 2zQ`i- Bi 2tTM/b M/ +QMi`+ibX AM ;`2i ?`KQMv-
2H2+i`QMb b+ii2` M/ `2;`QmTX h?2 7Q`Kb QM i?2 KQMBiQ` `2
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ěJbi2` umM@J- h?2 "QQF Q7 S`Q;`KKBM;

R oHm2b- hvT2b- M/ PT2`iQ`b

AMbB/2 i?2 +QKTmi2`Ƕb rQ`H/- i?2`2 Bb QMHv /iX uQm +M `2/ /i-
KQ/B7v /i- +`2i2 M2r /iě#mi Mvi?BM; i?i BbMǶi /i bBKTHv /Q2b
MQi 2tBbiX HH i?Bb /i Bb biQ`2/ b HQM; b2[m2M+2b Q7 #Bib M/ Bb i?mb
7mM/K2MiHHv HBF2X
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 *.X Mv TB2+2 Q7 /Bb+`2i2 BM7Q`KiBQM +M #2 `2/m+2/ iQ  b2[m2M+2 Q7
x2`Qb M/ QM2b M/ i?mb `2T`2b2Mi2/ BM #BibX
6Q` 2tKTH2- i?BMF #Qmi ?Qr vQm KB;?i b?Qr i?2 MmK#2` Rj BM #BibX
Ai rQ`Fb i?2 bK2 rv vQm r`Bi2 /2+BKH MmK#2`b- #mi BMbi2/ Q7 Ry
/Bz2`2Mi /B;Bib- vQm ?p2 QMHv k- M/ i?2 r2B;?i Q7 2+? BM+`2b2b #v 
7+iQ` Q7 k 7`QK `B;?i iQ H27iX >2`2 `2 i?2 #Bib i?i KF2 mT i?2 MmK#2`
Rj- rBi? i?2 r2B;?ib Q7 i?2 /B;Bib b?QrM #2HQr i?2K,
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

aQ i?iǶb i?2 #BM`v MmK#2` yyyyRRyR- Q` 3 Y 9 Y R- r?B+? 2[mHb RjX

oHm2b
AK;BM2  b2 Q7 #BibX M Q+2M Q7 i?2KX  ivTB+H KQ/2`M +QKTmi2`
?b KQ`2 i?M jy #BHHBQM #Bib BM Bib pQHiBH2 /i biQ`;2X LQMpQHiBH2
biQ`;2 Ui?2 ?`/ /BbF Q` 2[mBpH2MiV i2M/b iQ ?p2 v2i  72r Q`/2`b Q7
K;MBim/2 KQ`2X

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hQ #2 #H2 iQ rQ`F rBi? bm+? [mMiBiB2b Q7 #Bib rBi?Qmi ;2iiBM; HQbi- vQm
+M b2T`i2 i?2K BMiQ +?mMFb i?i `2T`2b2Mi TB2+2b Q7 BM7Q`KiBQMX AM
 Cpa+`BTi 2MpB`QMK2Mi- i?Qb2 +?mMFb `2 +HH2/ pHm2bX h?Qm;? HH
pHm2b `2 K/2 Q7 #Bib- i?2v THv /Bz2`2Mi `QH2bX 1p2`v pHm2 ?b  ivT2
i?i /2i2`KBM2b Bib `QH2X h?2`2 `2 bBt #bB+ ivT2b Q7 pHm2b BM Cpa+`BTi,
MmK#2`b- bi`BM;b- "QQH2Mb- Q#D2+ib- 7mM+iBQMb- M/ mM/2}M2/ pHm2bX
hQ +`2i2  pHm2- vQm Kmbi K2`2Hv BMpQF2 Bib MK2X h?Bb Bb +QMp2MB2MiX
uQm /QMǶi ?p2 iQ ;i?2` #mBH/BM; Ki2`BH 7Q` vQm` pHm2b Q` Tv 7Q`
i?2KX uQm Dmbi +HH 7Q` QM2- M/ rQQb?- vQm ?p2 BiX h?2v `2 MQi +`2i2/
7`QK i?BM B`- Q7 +Qm`b2X 1p2`v pHm2 ?b iQ #2 biQ`2/ bQK2r?2`2- M/ B7
vQm rMi iQ mb2  ;B;MiB+ KQmMi Q7 i?2K i i?2 bK2 iBK2- vQm KB;?i
`mM Qmi Q7 #BibX 6Q`imMi2Hv- i?Bb Bb  T`Q#H2K QMHv B7 vQm M22/ i?2K HH
bBKmHiM2QmbHvX b bQQM b vQm MQ HQM;2` mb2  pHm2- Bi rBHH /BbbBTi2-
H2pBM; #2?BM/ Bib #Bib iQ #2 `2+v+H2/ b #mBH/BM; Ki2`BH 7Q` i?2 M2ti
;2M2`iBQM Q7 pHm2bX
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i?i Bb- i?2 bBKTH2 pHm2 ivT2b M/ i?2 QT2`iQ`b i?i +M +i QM bm+?
pHm2bX

LmK#2`b
oHm2b Q7 i?2 MmK#2` ivT2 `2- mMbm`T`BbBM;Hv- MmK2`B+ pHm2bX AM 
Cpa+`BTi T`Q;`K- i?2v `2 r`Bii2M b 7QHHQrb,
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lb2 i?i BM  T`Q;`K- M/ Bi rBHH +mb2 i?2 #Bi Tii2`M 7Q` i?2 MmK#2`
Rj iQ +QK2 BMiQ 2tBbi2M+2 BMbB/2 i?2 +QKTmi2`Ƕb K2KQ`vX

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 Cpa+`BTi mb2b  }t2/ MmK#2` Q7 #Bib- MK2Hv e9 Q7 i?2K- iQ biQ`2
 bBM;H2 MmK#2` pHm2X h?2`2 `2 QMHv bQ KMv Tii2`Mb vQm +M KF2
rBi? e9 #Bib- r?B+? K2Mb i?i i?2 KQmMi Q7 /Bz2`2Mi MmK#2`b i?i +M
#2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ Bb HBKBi2/X 6Q` L /2+BKH /B;Bib- i?2 KQmMi Q7 MmK#2`b
i?i +M #2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ Bb RyL X aBKBH`Hv- ;Bp2M e9 #BM`v /B;Bib- vQm
+M `2T`2b2Mi ke9 /Bz2`2Mi MmK#2`b- r?B+? Bb #Qmi R3 [mBMiBHHBQM UM R3
rBi? R3 x2`Qb 7i2` BiVX h?Bb Bb  HQiX
*QKTmi2` K2KQ`v mb2/ iQ #2  HQi bKHH2`- M/ T2QTH2 i2M/2/ iQ
mb2 ;`QmTb Q7 3 Q` Re #Bib iQ `2T`2b2Mi i?2B` MmK#2`bX Ai rb 2bv iQ
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i?i /B/ MQi }i BMiQ i?2 ;Bp2M KQmMi Q7 #BibX hQ/v- 2p2M T2`bQMH
+QKTmi2`b ?p2 TH2Miv Q7 K2KQ`v- bQ vQm `2 7`22 iQ mb2 e9@#Bi +?mMFb-
r?B+? K2Mb vQm M22/ iQ rQ``v #Qmi Qp2`~Qr QMHv r?2M /2HBM; rBi?
i`mHv bi`QMQKB+H MmK#2`bX
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i?Qm;?X h?Qb2 #Bib HbQ biQ`2 M2;iBp2 MmK#2`b- bQ QM2 #Bi BM/B+i2b
i?2 bB;M Q7 i?2 MmK#2`X  #B;;2` Bbbm2 Bb i?i MQMr?QH2 MmK#2`b Kmbi
HbQ #2 `2T`2b2Mi2/X hQ /Q i?Bb- bQK2 Q7 i?2 #Bib `2 mb2/ iQ biQ`2 i?2
TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 /2+BKH TQBMiX h?2 +imH KtBKmK r?QH2 MmK#2` i?i
+M #2 biQ`2/ Bb KQ`2 BM i?2 `M;2 Q7 N [m/`BHHBQM UR8 x2`QbV- r?B+? Bb
biBHH TH2bMiHv ?m;2X
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9.81

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2.998 e8

h?i Bb kXNN3 × Ry3 4 kNN-3yy-yyyX

*H+mHiBQMb rBi? r?QH2 MmK#2`b UHbQ +HH2/ BMi2;2`bV bKHH2` i?M
i?2 7Q`2K2MiBQM2/ N [m/`BHHBQM `2 ;m`Mi22/ iQ Hrvb #2 T`2+Bb2X
lM7Q`imMi2Hv- +H+mHiBQMb rBi? 7`+iBQMH MmK#2`b `2 ;2M2`HHv MQiX
Cmbi b π UTBV +MMQi #2 T`2+Bb2Hv 2tT`2bb2/ #v  }MBi2 MmK#2` Q7 /2+BKH
/B;Bib- KMv MmK#2`b HQb2 bQK2 T`2+BbBQM r?2M QMHv e9 #Bib `2 pBH#H2
iQ biQ`2 i?2KX h?Bb Bb  b?K2- #mi Bi +mb2b T`+iB+H T`Q#H2Kb QMHv BM
bT2+B}+ bBimiBQMbX h?2 BKTQ`iMi i?BM; Bb iQ #2 r`2 Q7 Bi M/ i`2i

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7`+iBQMH /B;BiH MmK#2`b b TT`QtBKiBQMb- MQi b T`2+Bb2 pHm2bX

`Bi?K2iB+
h?2 KBM i?BM; iQ /Q rBi? MmK#2`b Bb `Bi?K2iB+X `Bi?K2iB+ QT2`iBQMb
bm+? b //BiBQM Q` KmHiBTHB+iBQM iF2 irQ MmK#2` pHm2b M/ T`Q/m+2
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100 + 4 * 11

h?2 + M/ * bvK#QHb `2 +HH2/ QT2`iQ`bX h?2 }`bi biM/b 7Q` //BiBQM-
M/ i?2 b2+QM/ biM/b 7Q` KmHiBTHB+iBQMX SmiiBM; M QT2`iQ` #2ir22M
irQ pHm2b rBHH TTHv Bi iQ i?Qb2 pHm2b M/ T`Q/m+2  M2r pHm2X
.Q2b i?2 2tKTH2 K2M dz// 9 M/ Ryy- M/ KmHiBTHv i?2 `2bmHi #v
RRǴ- Q` Bb i?2 KmHiBTHB+iBQM /QM2 #27Q`2 i?2 //BM;\ b vQm KB;?i ?p2
;m2bb2/- i?2 KmHiBTHB+iBQM ?TT2Mb }`biX "mi b BM Ki?2KiB+b- vQm
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(100 + 4) * 11

6Q` bm#i`+iBQM- i?2`2 Bb i?2 - QT2`iQ`- M/ /BpBbBQM +M #2 /QM2 rBi?
i?2 / QT2`iQ`X
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h?2 2tKTH2 b?Qrb i?i KmHiBTHB+iBQM +QK2b #27Q`2 //BiBQMX h?2 /
QT2`iQ` ?b i?2 bK2 T`2+2/2M+2 b *X GBF2rBb2 7Q` + M/ -X q?2M
KmHiBTH2 QT2`iQ`b rBi? i?2 bK2 T`2+2/2M+2 TT2` M2ti iQ 2+? Qi?2`-
b BM 1 - 2 + 1- i?2v `2 TTHB2/ H27i iQ `B;?i, (1 - 2)+ 1X
h?2b2 `mH2b Q7 T`2+2/2M+2 `2 MQi bQK2i?BM; vQm b?QmH/ rQ``v #QmiX
q?2M BM /Qm#i- Dmbi // T`2Mi?2b2bX
h?2`2 Bb QM2 KQ`2 `Bi?K2iB+ QT2`iQ`- r?B+? vQm KB;?i MQi BKK2/B@
i2Hv `2+Q;MBx2X h?2 % bvK#QH Bb mb2/ iQ `2T`2b2Mi i?2 `2KBM/2` QT2`@
iBQMX X % Y Bb i?2 `2KBM/2` Q7 /BpB/BM; X #v YX 6Q` 2tKTH2- 314 % 100
T`Q/m+2b 14- M/ 144 % 12 ;Bp2b 0X _2KBM/2`Ƕb T`2+2/2M+2 Bb i?2 bK2 b
i?i Q7 KmHiBTHB+iBQM M/ /BpBbBQMX uQmǶHH Q7i2M b22 i?Bb QT2`iQ` `272``2/
iQ b KQ/mHQ- i?Qm;? i2+?MB+HHv `2KBM/2` Bb KQ`2 ++m`i2X

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aT2+BH MmK#2`b
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#mi /QMǶi #2?p2 HBF2 MQ`KH MmK#2`bX
h?2 }`bi irQ `2 Infinity M/ -Infinity- r?B+? `2T`2b2Mi i?2 TQbBiBp2
M/ M2;iBp2 BM}MBiB2bX Infinity - 1 Bb biBHH Infinity- M/ bQ QMX .QMǶi Tmi
iQQ Km+? i`mbi BM BM}MBiv@#b2/ +QKTmiiBQMX Ai BbMǶi Ki?2KiB+HHv
bQHB/- M/ Bi rBHH [mB+FHv H2/ iQ Qm` M2ti bT2+BH MmK#2`, NaNX
NaN biM/b 7Q` dzMQi  MmK#2`Ǵ- 2p2M i?Qm;? Bi Bb  pHm2 Q7 i?2 MmK#2`
ivT2X uQmǶHH ;2i i?Bb `2bmHi r?2M vQm- 7Q` 2tKTH2- i`v iQ +H+mHi2 0
/ 0 Ux2`Q /BpB/2/ #v x2`QV- Infinity - Infinity- Q` Mv MmK#2` Q7 Qi?2`
MmK2`B+ QT2`iBQMb i?i /QMǶi vB2H/  T`2+Bb2- K2MBM;7mH `2bmHiX

ai`BM;b
h?2 M2ti #bB+ /i ivT2 Bb i?2 bi`BM;X ai`BM;b `2 mb2/ iQ `2T`2b2Mi
i2tiX h?2v `2 r`Bii2M #v 2M+HQbBM; i?2B` +QMi2Mi BM [mQi2bX
" Patch my boat with chewing gum "
Monkeys wave goodbye

"Qi? bBM;H2 M/ /Qm#H2 [mQi2b +M #2 mb2/ iQ K`F bi`BM;b b HQM; b
i?2 [mQi2b i i?2 bi`i M/ i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 bi`BM; Ki+?X
HKQbi Mvi?BM; +M #2 Tmi #2ir22M [mQi2b- M/ Cpa+`BTi rBHH KF2
 bi`BM; pHm2 Qmi Q7 BiX "mi  72r +?`+i2`b `2 KQ`2 /B{+mHiX uQm +M
BK;BM2 ?Qr TmiiBM; [mQi2b #2ir22M [mQi2b KB;?i #2 ?`/X L2rHBM2b
Ui?2 +?`+i2`b vQm ;2i r?2M vQm T`2bb 1Mi2`V HbQ +MǶi #2 Tmi #2ir22M
[mQi2bX h?2 bi`BM; ?b iQ biv QM  bBM;H2 HBM2X
hQ KF2 Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ BM+Hm/2 bm+? +?`+i2`b BM  bi`BM;- i?2 7QHHQrBM;
MQiiBQM Bb mb2/, r?2M2p2`  #+FbHb? U\V Bb 7QmM/ BMbB/2 [mQi2/ i2ti-
Bi BM/B+i2b i?i i?2 +?`+i2` 7i2` Bi ?b  bT2+BH K2MBM;X h?Bb Bb
+HH2/ 2b+TBM; i?2 +?`+i2`X  [mQi2 i?i Bb T`2+2/2/ #v  #+FbHb?
rBHH MQi 2M/ i?2 bi`BM; #mi #2 T`i Q7 BiX q?2M M n +?`+i2` Q++m`b
7i2`  #+FbHb?- Bi Bb BMi2`T`2i2/ b  M2rHBM2X aBKBH`Hv-  t 7i2` 
#+FbHb? K2Mb  i# +?`+i2`X hF2 i?2 7QHHQrBM; bi`BM;,
" This is the first line \ nAnd this is the second "

h?2 +imH i2ti +QMiBM2/ Bb i?Bb,

R8
 This is the first line
And this is the second

h?2`2 `2- Q7 +Qm`b2- bBimiBQMb r?2`2 vQm rMi  #+FbHb? BM  bi`BM;

iQ #2 Dmbi  #+FbHb?- MQi  bT2+BH +Q/2X A7 irQ #+FbHb?2b 7QHHQr 2+?
Qi?2`- i?2v rBHH +QHHTb2 iQ;2i?2`- M/ QMHv QM2 rBHH #2 H27i BM i?2 `2bmHiBM;
bi`BM; pHm2X h?Bb Bb ?Qr i?2 bi`BM; dzA newline character is written like
"\n".Ǵ +M #2 2tT`2bb2/,

"A newline character is written like \"\\ n \"."

ai`BM;b +MMQi #2 /BpB/2/- KmHiBTHB2/- Q` bm#i`+i2/- #mi i?2 + QT2`iQ`

+M #2 mb2/ QM i?2KX Ai /Q2b MQi //- #mi Bi +QM+i2Mi2běBi ;Hm2b irQ
bi`BM;b iQ;2i?2`X h?2 7QHHQrBM; HBM2 rBHH T`Q/m+2 i?2 bi`BM; "concatenate",
" con " + " cat " + " e " + " nate "

h?2`2 `2 KQ`2 rvb Q7 KMBTmHiBM; bi`BM;b- r?B+? r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb r?2M
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T`Q/m+2  pHm2- r?B+? +M i?2M #2 mb2/ #v i?2 2M+HQbBM; 2tT`2bbBQMX 
bii2K2Mi biM/b QM Bib QrM M/ KQmMib iQ bQK2i?BM; QMHv B7 Bi z2+ib
i?2 rQ`H/X Ai +QmH/ /BbTHv bQK2i?BM; QM i?2 b+`22Měi?i +QmMib b
+?M;BM; i?2 rQ`H/ěQ` Bi +QmH/ +?M;2 i?2 BMi2`MH bii2 Q7 i?2 K+?BM2
BM  rv i?i rBHH z2+i i?2 bii2K2Mib i?i +QK2 7i2` BiX h?2b2 +?M;2b
`2 +HH2/ bB/2 2z2+ibX h?2 bii2K2Mib BM i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2 Dmbi
T`Q/m+2 i?2 pHm2b 1 M/ true M/ i?2M BKK2/Bi2Hv i?`Qr i?2K rvX
h?Bb H2p2b MQ BKT`2bbBQM QM i?2 rQ`H/ i HHX q?2M 2t2+miBM; i?2
T`Q;`K- MQi?BM; Q#b2`p#H2 ?TT2MbX
AM bQK2 +b2b- Cpa+`BTi HHQrb vQm iQ QKBi i?2 b2KB+QHQM i i?2 2M/
Q7  bii2K2MiX AM Qi?2` +b2b- Bi ?b iQ #2 i?2`2- Q` i?2 M2ti HBM2 rBHH
#2 i`2i2/ b T`i Q7 i?2 bK2 bii2K2MiX h?2 `mH2b 7Q` r?2M Bi +M
#2 b72Hv QKBii2/ `2 bQK2r?i +QKTH2t M/ 2``Q`@T`QM2X AM i?Bb #QQF-
2p2`v bii2K2Mi i?i M22/b  b2KB+QHQM rBHH Hrvb #2 i2`KBMi2/ #v
QM2X A `2+QKK2M/ vQm /Q i?2 bK2 BM vQm` QrM T`Q;`Kb- i H2bi mMiBH
vQmǶp2 H2`M2/ KQ`2 #Qmi bm#iH2iB2b BMpQHp2/ BM H2pBM; Qmi b2KB+QHQMbX

o`B#H2b
>Qr /Q2b  T`Q;`K F22T M BMi2`MH bii2\ >Qr /Q2b Bi `2K2K#2`
i?BM;b\ q2 ?p2 b22M ?Qr iQ T`Q/m+2 M2r pHm2b 7`QK QH/ pHm2b- #mi
i?Bb /Q2b MQi +?M;2 i?2 QH/ pHm2b- M/ i?2 M2r pHm2 ?b iQ #2 BKK2/B@
i2Hv mb2/ Q` Bi rBHH /BbbBTi2 ;BMX hQ +i+? M/ ?QH/ pHm2b- Cpa+`BTi
T`QpB/2b  i?BM; +HH2/  p`B#H2X
var caught = 5 * 5;

M/ i?i ;Bp2b mb Qm` b2+QM/ FBM/ Q7 bii2K2MiX h?2 bT2+BH rQ`/ UF2v@
rQ`/V var BM/B+i2b i?i i?Bb b2Mi2M+2 Bb ;QBM; iQ /2}M2  p`B#H2X Ai Bb
7QHHQr2/ #v i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 p`B#H2 M/- B7 r2 rMi iQ BKK2/Bi2Hv ;Bp2
Bi  pHm2- #v M = QT2`iQ` M/ M 2tT`2bbBQMX
h?2 T`2pBQmb bii2K2Mi +`2i2b  p`B#H2 +HH2/ caught M/ mb2b Bi iQ
;`# ?QH/ Q7 i?2 MmK#2` i?i Bb T`Q/m+2/ #v KmHiBTHvBM; 8 #v 8X
7i2`  p`B#H2 ?b #22M /2}M2/- Bib MK2 +M #2 mb2/ b M 2tT`2b@
bBQMX h?2 pHm2 Q7 bm+? M 2tT`2bbBQM Bb i?2 pHm2 i?2 p`B#H2 +m``2MiHv
?QH/bX >2`2Ƕb M 2tKTH2,

k9
 var ten = 10;
console . log ( ten * ten ) ;
// → 100

o`B#H2 MK2b +M #2 Mv rQ`/ i?i BbMǶi  `2b2`p2/ rQ`/ Ubm+? b
varVX h?2v Kv MQi BM+Hm/2 bT+2bX .B;Bib +M HbQ #2 T`i Q7 p`B#H2
MK2běcatch22 Bb  pHB/ MK2- 7Q` 2tKTH2ě#mi i?2 MK2 Kmbi MQi
bi`i rBi?  /B;BiX  p`B#H2 MK2 +MMQi BM+Hm/2 TmM+imiBQM- 2t+2Ti
7Q` i?2 +?`+i2`b $ M/ _X
q?2M  p`B#H2 TQBMib i  pHm2- i?i /Q2b MQi K2M Bi Bb iB2/ iQ
i?i pHm2 7Q`2p2`X h?2 = QT2`iQ` +M #2 mb2/ i Mv iBK2 QM 2tBbiBM;
p`B#H2b iQ /Bb+QMM2+i i?2K 7`QK i?2B` +m``2Mi pHm2 M/ ?p2 i?2K
TQBMi iQ  M2r QM2X
var mood = " light ";
console . log ( mood ) ;
// → light
mood = " dark ";
console . log ( mood ) ;
// → dark

uQm b?QmH/ BK;BM2 p`B#H2b b i2Mi+H2b- `i?2` i?M #Qt2bX h?2v /Q

MQi +QMiBM pHm2bc i?2v ;`bT i?2KěirQ p`B#H2b +M `272` iQ i?2 bK2
pHm2X  T`Q;`K +M ++2bb QMHv i?2 pHm2b i?i Bi biBHH ?b  ?QH/ QMX
q?2M vQm M22/ iQ `2K2K#2` bQK2i?BM;- vQm ;`Qr  i2Mi+H2 iQ ?QH/ QM
iQ Bi Q` vQm `2ii+? QM2 Q7 vQm` 2tBbiBM; i2Mi+H2b iQ BiX

k8
G2iǶb HQQF i M 2tKTH2X hQ `2K2K#2` i?2 MmK#2` Q7 /QHH`b i?i GmB;B
biBHH Qr2b vQm- vQm +`2i2  p`B#H2X M/ i?2M r?2M ?2 Tvb #+F 0j8-
vQm ;Bp2 i?Bb p`B#H2  M2r pHm2X
var luigisDebt = 140;
luigisDebt = luigisDebt - 35;
console . log ( luigisDebt ) ;
// → 105

q?2M vQm /2}M2  p`B#H2 rBi?Qmi ;BpBM; Bi  pHm2- i?2 i2Mi+H2 ?b
MQi?BM; iQ ;`bT- bQ Bi 2M/b BM i?BM B`X A7 vQm bF 7Q` i?2 pHm2 Q7 M
2KTiv p`B#H2- vQmǶHH ;2i i?2 pHm2 undefinedX
 bBM;H2 var bii2K2Mi Kv /2}M2 KmHiBTH2 p`B#H2bX h?2 /2}MBiBQMb
Kmbi #2 b2T`i2/ #v +QKKbX
var one = 1 , two = 2;
console . log ( one + two ) ;
// → 3

E2vrQ`/b M/ `2b2`p2/ rQ`/b

qQ`/b rBi?  bT2+BH K2MBM;- bm+? b var- `2 F2vrQ`/b- M/ i?2v Kv
MQi #2 mb2/ b p`B#H2 MK2bX h?2`2 `2 HbQ  MmK#2` Q7 rQ`/b i?i `2
dz`2b2`p2/ 7Q` mb2Ǵ BM 7mim`2 p2`bBQMb Q7 Cpa+`BTiX h?2b2 `2 HbQ Q{@
+BHHv MQi HHQr2/ iQ #2 mb2/ b p`B#H2 MK2b- i?Qm;? bQK2 Cpa+`BTi
2MpB`QMK2Mib /Q HHQr i?2KX h?2 7mHH HBbi Q7 F2vrQ`/b M/ `2b2`p2/
rQ`/b Bb `i?2` HQM;X
break case catch class const continue debugger
default delete do else enum export extends false
finally for function if implements import in
instanceof interface let new null package private
protected public return static super switch this
throw true try typeof var void while with yield

.QMǶi rQ``v #Qmi K2KQ`BxBM; i?2b2- #mi `2K2K#2` i?i i?Bb KB;?i #2
i?2 T`Q#H2K r?2M  p`B#H2 /2}MBiBQM /Q2b MQi rQ`F b 2tT2+i2/X

ke
h?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi
h?2 +QHH2+iBQM Q7 p`B#H2b M/ i?2B` pHm2b i?i 2tBbi i  ;Bp2M iBK2 Bb
+HH2/ i?2 2MpB`QMK2MiX q?2M  T`Q;`K bi`ib mT- i?Bb 2MpB`QMK2Mi Bb
MQi 2KTivX Ai Hrvb +QMiBMb p`B#H2b i?i `2 T`i Q7 i?2 HM;m;2
biM/`/- M/ KQbi Q7 i?2 iBK2- Bi ?b p`B#H2b i?i T`QpB/2 rvb iQ
BMi2`+i rBi? i?2 bm``QmM/BM; bvbi2KX 6Q` 2tKTH2- BM  #`Qrb2`- i?2`2
`2 p`B#H2b M/ 7mM+iBQMb iQ BMbT2+i M/ BM~m2M+2 i?2 +m``2MiHv HQ/2/
r2#bBi2 M/ iQ `2/ KQmb2 M/ F2v#Q`/ BMTmiX

6mM+iBQMb
 HQi Q7 i?2 pHm2b T`QpB/2/ BM i?2 /27mHi 2MpB`QMK2Mi ?p2 i?2 ivT2
7mM+iBQMX  7mM+iBQM Bb  TB2+2 Q7 T`Q;`K r`TT2/ BM  pHm2X am+?
pHm2b +M #2 TTHB2/ BM Q`/2` iQ `mM i?2 r`TT2/ T`Q;`KX 6Q` 2tKTH2-
BM  #`Qrb2` 2MpB`QMK2Mi- i?2 p`B#H2 alert ?QH/b  7mM+iBQM i?i b?Qrb
 HBiiH2 /BHQ; #Qt rBi?  K2bb;2X Ai Bb mb2/ HBF2 i?Bb,
alert (" Good morning !") ;

1t2+miBM;  7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/ BMpQFBM;- +HHBM;- Q` TTHvBM; BiX uQm +M

+HH  7mM+iBQM #v TmiiBM; T`2Mi?2b2b 7i2` M 2tT`2bbBQM i?i T`Q/m+2b
 7mM+iBQM pHm2X lbmHHv vQmǶHH /B`2+iHv mb2 i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 p`B#H2
i?i ?QH/b i?2 7mM+iBQMX h?2 pHm2b #2ir22M i?2 T`2Mi?2b2b `2 ;Bp2M
iQ i?2 T`Q;`K BMbB/2 i?2 7mM+iBQMX AM i?2 2tKTH2- i?2 alert 7mM+iBQM
mb2b i?2 bi`BM; i?i r2 ;Bp2 Bi b i?2 i2ti iQ b?Qr BM i?2 /BHQ; #QtX
oHm2b ;Bp2M iQ 7mM+iBQMb `2 +HH2/ `;mK2MibX h?2 alert 7mM+iBQM M22/b
QMHv QM2 Q7 i?2K- #mi Qi?2` 7mM+iBQMb KB;?i M22/  /Bz2`2Mi MmK#2` Q`
/Bz2`2Mi ivT2b Q7 `;mK2MibX

kd
h?2 +QMbQH2XHQ; 7mM+iBQM
h?2 alert 7mM+iBQM +M #2 mb27mH b M QmiTmi /2pB+2 r?2M 2tT2`BK2MiBM;-
#mi +HB+FBM; rv HH i?Qb2 HBiiH2 rBM/Qrb rBHH ;2i QM vQm` M2`p2bX AM Tbi
2tKTH2b- r2Ƕp2 mb2/ console.log iQ QmiTmi pHm2bX JQbi Cpa+`BTi bvb@
i2Kb UBM+Hm/BM; HH KQ/2`M r2# #`Qrb2`b M/ LQ/2XDbV T`QpB/2  console
.log 7mM+iBQM i?i r`Bi2b Qmi Bib `;mK2Mib iQ bQK2 i2ti QmiTmi /2pB+2X
AM #`Qrb2`b- i?2 QmiTmi HM/b BM i?2 Cpa+`BTi +QMbQH2X h?Bb T`i Q7
i?2 #`Qrb2` BMi2`7+2 Bb ?B//2M #v /27mHi- #mi KQbi #`Qrb2`b QT2M Bi
r?2M vQm T`2bb 6Rk Q`- QM J+- r?2M vQm T`2bb *QKKM/@PTiBQM@AX A7
i?i /Q2b MQi rQ`F- b2`+? i?`Qm;? i?2 K2Mmb 7Q` M Bi2K MK2/ dzr2#
+QMbQH2Ǵ Q` dz/2p2HQT2` iQQHbǴX
var x = 30;
console . log (" the value of x is ", x);
// → the value of x is 30

h?Qm;? p`B#H2 MK2b +MMQi +QMiBM T2`BQ/ +?`+i2`b- console.log

+H2`Hv ?b QM2X h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 console.log BbMǶi  bBKTH2 p`B#H2X Ai
Bb +imHHv M 2tT`2bbBQM i?i `2i`B2p2b i?2 log T`QT2`iv 7`QK i?2 pHm2
?2H/ #v i?2 console p`B#H2X q2 rBHH }M/ Qmi 2t+iHv r?i i?Bb K2Mb
BM *?Ti2` 9X

_2im`M pHm2b
a?QrBM;  /BHQ; #Qt Q` r`BiBM; i2ti iQ i?2 b+`22M Bb  bB/2 2z2+iX  HQi Q7
7mM+iBQMb `2 mb27mH #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 bB/2 2z2+ib i?2v T`Q/m+2X 6mM+iBQMb
Kv HbQ T`Q/m+2 pHm2b- M/ BM i?i +b2- i?2v /QMǶi M22/ iQ ?p2  bB/2
2z2+i iQ #2 mb27mHX 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 7mM+iBQM Math.max iF2b Mv MmK#2`
Q7 MmK#2` pHm2b M/ ;Bp2b #+F i?2 ;`2i2biX
console . log ( Math . max (2 , 4) );
// → 4

q?2M  7mM+iBQM T`Q/m+2b  pHm2- Bi Bb bB/ iQ `2im`M i?i pHm2X Mv@

i?BM; i?i T`Q/m+2b  pHm2 Bb M 2tT`2bbBQM BM Cpa+`BTi- r?B+? K2Mb
7mM+iBQM +HHb +M #2 mb2/ rBi?BM H`;2` 2tT`2bbBQMbX >2`2  +HH iQ Math
.min- r?B+? Bb i?2 QTTQbBi2 Q7 Math.max- Bb mb2/ b M BMTmi iQ i?2 THmb

k3
QT2`iQ`,
console . log ( Math . min (2 , 4) + 100) ;
// → 102

h?2 M2ti +?Ti2` 2tTHBMb ?Qr iQ r`Bi2 vQm` QrM 7mM+iBQMbX

T`QKTi M/ +QM}`K

"`Qrb2` 2MpB`QMK2Mib +QMiBM Qi?2` 7mM+iBQMb #2bB/2b alert 7Q` TQTTBM;
mT rBM/QrbX uQm +M bF i?2 mb2` M PEf*M+2H [m2biBQM mbBM; confirmX
h?Bb `2im`Mb  "QQH2M, true B7 i?2 mb2` +HB+Fb PE M/ false B7 i?2 mb2`
+HB+Fb *M+2HX
confirm (" Shall we , then ?") ;

h?2 prompt 7mM+iBQM +M #2 mb2/ iQ bF M dzQT2MǴ [m2biBQMX h?2 }`bi
`;mK2Mi Bb i?2 [m2biBQM- i?2 b2+QM/ QM2 Bb i?2 i2ti i?i i?2 mb2` bi`ib
rBi?X  HBM2 Q7 i2ti +M #2 ivT2/ BMiQ i?2 /BHQ; rBM/Qr- M/ i?2 7mM+iBQM
rBHH `2im`M i?Bb i2ti b  bi`BM;X
prompt (" Tell me everything you know ." , "...") ;

h?2b2 irQ 7mM+iBQMb `2MǶi mb2/ Km+? BM KQ/2`M r2# T`Q;`KKBM;-

KQbiHv #2+mb2 vQm ?p2 MQ +QMi`QH Qp2` i?2 rv i?2 `2bmHiBM; rBM/Qrb
HQQF- #mi i?2v `2 mb27mH 7Q` iQv T`Q;`Kb M/ 2tT2`BK2MibX

kN
*QMi`QH ~Qr
q?2M vQm` T`Q;`K +QMiBMb KQ`2 i?M QM2 bii2K2Mi- i?2 bii2K2Mib
`2 2t2+mi2/- T`2/B+i#Hv- 7`QK iQT iQ #QiiQKX b  #bB+ 2tKTH2- i?Bb
T`Q;`K ?b irQ bii2K2MibX h?2 }`bi QM2 bFb i?2 mb2` 7Q`  MmK#2`-
M/ i?2 b2+QM/- r?B+? Bb 2t2+mi2/ 7i2`r`/- b?Qrb i?2 b[m`2 Q7 i?i
MmK#2`X
var theNumber = Number ( prompt (" Pick a number ", "") );
alert (" Your number is the square root of " +
theNumber * theNumber ) ;

h?2 7mM+iBQM Number +QMp2`ib  pHm2 iQ  MmK#2`X q2 M22/ i?i +QMp2`@

bBQM #2+mb2 i?2 `2bmHi Q7 prompt Bb  bi`BM; pHm2- M/ r2 rMi  MmK#2`X
h?2`2 `2 bBKBH` 7mM+iBQMb +HH2/ String M/ Boolean i?i +QMp2`i pHm2b
iQ i?Qb2 ivT2bX
>2`2 Bb i?2 `i?2` i`BpBH b+?2KiB+ `2T`2b2MiiBQM Q7 bi`B;?i +QMi`QH
~Qr,

*QM/BiBQMH 2t2+miBQM
1t2+miBM; bii2K2Mib BM bi`B;?i@HBM2 Q`/2` BbMǶi i?2 QMHv QTiBQM r2 ?p2X
M Hi2`MiBp2 Bb +QM/BiBQMH 2t2+miBQM- r?2`2 r2 +?QQb2 #2ir22M irQ
/Bz2`2Mi `Qmi2b #b2/ QM  "QQH2M pHm2- HBF2 i?Bb,

*QM/BiBQMH 2t2+miBQM Bb r`Bii2M rBi? i?2 if F2vrQ`/ BM Cpa+`BTiX AM

i?2 bBKTH2 +b2- r2 Dmbi rMi bQK2 +Q/2 iQ #2 2t2+mi2/ B7- M/ QMHv B7-
 +2`iBM +QM/BiBQM ?QH/bX 6Q` 2tKTH2- BM i?2 T`2pBQmb T`Q;`K- r2
KB;?i rMi iQ b?Qr i?2 b[m`2 Q7 i?2 BMTmi QMHv B7 i?2 BMTmi Bb +imHHv
 MmK#2`X
var theNumber = Number ( prompt (" Pick a number ", "") );

jy
 if (! isNaN ( theNumber ) )
alert (" Your number is the square root of " +
theNumber * theNumber ) ;

qBi? i?Bb KQ/B}+iBQM- B7 vQm 2Mi2` dz+?22b2Ǵ- MQ QmiTmi rBHH #2 b?QrMX

h?2 F2vrQ`/ if 2t2+mi2b Q` bFBTb  bii2K2Mi /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 pHm2
Q7  "QQH2M 2tT`2bbBQMX h?2 /2+B/BM; 2tT`2bbBQM Bb r`Bii2M 7i2` i?2
F2vrQ`/- #2ir22M T`2Mi?2b2b- 7QHHQr2/ #v i?2 bii2K2Mi iQ 2t2+mi2X
h?2 isNaN 7mM+iBQM Bb  biM/`/ Cpa+`BTi 7mM+iBQM i?i `2im`Mb true
QMHv B7 i?2 `;mK2Mi Bi Bb ;Bp2M Bb NaNX h?2 Number 7mM+iBQM ?TT2Mb iQ
`2im`M NaN r?2M vQm ;Bp2 Bi  bi`BM; i?i /Q2bMǶi `2T`2b2Mi  pHB/ MmK#2`X
h?mb- i?2 +QM/BiBQM i`MbHi2b iQ dzmMH2bb theNumber Bb MQi@@MmK#2`- /Q
i?BbǴX
uQm Q7i2M rQMǶi Dmbi ?p2 +Q/2 i?i 2t2+mi2b r?2M  +QM/BiBQM ?QH/b
i`m2- #mi HbQ +Q/2 i?i ?M/H2b i?2 Qi?2` +b2X h?Bb Hi2`Mi2 Ti? Bb
`2T`2b2Mi2/ #v i?2 b2+QM/ ``Qr BM i?2 /B;`KX h?2 else F2vrQ`/ +M
#2 mb2/- iQ;2i?2` rBi? if- iQ +`2i2 irQ b2T`i2- Hi2`MiBp2 2t2+miBQM
Ti?bX
var theNumber = Number ( prompt (" Pick a number ", "") );
if (! isNaN ( theNumber ) )
alert (" Your number is the square root of " +
theNumber * theNumber ) ;
else
alert (" Hey . Why didn t you give me a number ?") ;

A7 r2 ?p2 KQ`2 i?M irQ Ti?b iQ +?QQb2 7`QK- KmHiBTH2 iffelse TB`b
+M #2 dz+?BM2/Ǵ iQ;2i?2`X >2`2Ƕb M 2tKTH2,
var num = Number ( prompt (" Pick a number ", "0") );

if ( num < 10)

alert (" Small ") ;
else if ( num < 100)
alert (" Medium ") ;
else
alert (" Large ") ;

h?2 T`Q;`K rBHH }`bi +?2+F r?2i?2` num Bb H2bb i?M RyX A7 Bi Bb- Bi
+?QQb2b i?i #`M+?- b?Qrb "Small"- M/ Bb /QM2X A7 Bi BbMǶi- Bi iF2b i?2
else #`M+?- r?B+? Bib2H7 +QMiBMb  b2+QM/ ifX A7 i?2 b2+QM/ +QM/BiBQM

jR
U< 100V ?QH/b- i?i K2Mb i?2 MmK#2` Bb #2ir22M Ry M/ Ryy- M/ "Medium"
Bb b?QrMX A7 Bi /Q2bMǶi- i?2 b2+QM/- M/ Hbi- else #`M+? Bb +?Qb2MX
h?2 ~Qr +?`i 7Q` i?Bb T`Q;`K HQQFb bQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb,

r?BH2 M/ /Q HQQTb

*QMbB/2`  T`Q;`K i?i T`BMib HH 2p2M MmK#2`b 7`QK y iQ RkX PM2 rv
iQ r`Bi2 i?Bb Bb b 7QHHQrb,
console . log (0) ;
console . log (2) ;
console . log (4) ;
console . log (6) ;
console . log (8) ;
console . log (10) ;
console . log (12) ;

h?i rQ`Fb- #mi i?2 B/2 Q7 r`BiBM;  T`Q;`K Bb iQ KF2 bQK2i?BM;

H2bb rQ`F- MQi KQ`2X A7 r2 M22/2/ HH 2p2M MmK#2`b H2bb i?M R-yyy- i?2
T`2pBQmb rQmH/ #2 mMrQ`F#H2X q?i r2 M22/ Bb  rv iQ `2T2i bQK2
+Q/2X h?Bb 7Q`K Q7 +QMi`QH ~Qr Bb +HH2/  HQQT,

GQQTBM; +QMi`QH ~Qr HHQrb mb iQ ;Q #+F iQ bQK2 TQBMi BM i?2 T`Q;`K

r?2`2 r2 r2`2 #27Q`2 M/ `2T2i Bi rBi? Qm` +m``2Mi T`Q;`K bii2X A7
r2 +QK#BM2 i?Bb rBi?  p`B#H2 i?i +QmMib- r2 +M /Q bQK2i?BM; HBF2
i?Bb,
var number = 0;
while ( number <= 12) {
console . log ( number ) ;

jk
 number = number + 2;
}
// → 0
// → 2
// ... etcetera

 bii2K2Mi bi`iBM; rBi? i?2 F2vrQ`/ while +`2i2b  HQQTX h?2 rQ`/
while Bb 7QHHQr2/ #v M 2tT`2bbBQM BM T`2Mi?2b2b M/ i?2M  bii2K2Mi-
Km+? HBF2 ifX h?2 HQQT 2t2+mi2b i?i bii2K2Mi b HQM; b i?2 2tT`2bbBQM
T`Q/m+2b  pHm2 i?i Bb true r?2M +QMp2`i2/ iQ "QQH2M ivT2X
AM i?Bb HQQT- r2 rMi iQ #Qi? T`BMi i?2 +m``2Mi MmK#2` M/ // irQ iQ
Qm` p`B#H2X q?2M2p2` r2 M22/ iQ 2t2+mi2 KmHiBTH2 bii2K2Mib BMbB/2 
HQQT- r2 r`T i?2K BM +m`Hv #`+2b U{ M/ }VX "`+2b /Q 7Q` bii2K2Mib
r?i T`2Mi?2b2b /Q 7Q` 2tT`2bbBQMb, i?2v ;`QmT i?2K iQ;2i?2`- KFBM;
i?2K +QmMi b  bBM;H2 bii2K2MiX  b2[m2M+2 Q7 bii2K2Mib r`TT2/ BM
#`+2b Bb +HH2/  #HQ+FX
JMv Cpa+`BTi T`Q;`KK2`b r`T 2p2`v bBM;H2 HQQT Q` if #Q/v BM
#`+2bX h?2v /Q i?Bb #Qi? 7Q` i?2 bF2 Q7 +QMbBbi2M+v M/ iQ pQB/
?pBM; iQ // Q` `2KQp2 #`+2b r?2M +?M;BM; i?2 MmK#2` Q7 bii2K2Mib
BM i?2 #Q/v Hi2`X AM i?Bb #QQF- A rBHH r`Bi2 KQbi bBM;H2@bii2K2Mi #Q/B2b
rBi?Qmi #`+2b- bBM+2 A pHm2 #`2pBivX uQm `2 7`22 iQ ;Q rBi? r?B+?2p2`
bivH2 vQm T`272`X
h?2 p`B#H2 number /2KQMbi`i2b i?2 rv  p`B#H2 +M i`+F i?2
T`Q;`2bb Q7  T`Q;`KX 1p2`v iBK2 i?2 HQQT `2T2ib- number Bb BM+`2@
K2Mi2/ #v 2X h?2M- i i?2 #2;BMMBM; Q7 2p2`v `2T2iBiBQM- Bi Bb +QKT`2/
rBi? i?2 MmK#2` 12 iQ /2+B/2 r?2i?2` i?2 T`Q;`K ?b /QM2 HH i?2 rQ`F
Bi BMi2M/2/ iQ /QX
b M 2tKTH2 i?i +imHHv /Q2b bQK2i?BM; mb27mH- r2 +M MQr r`Bi2 
T`Q;`K i?i +H+mHi2b M/ b?Qrb i?2 pHm2 Q7 kRy Uk iQ i?2 Ryi? TQr2`VX
q2 mb2 irQ p`B#H2b, QM2 iQ F22T i`+F Q7 Qm` `2bmHi M/ QM2 iQ +QmMi
?Qr Q7i2M r2 ?p2 KmHiBTHB2/ i?Bb `2bmHi #v kX h?2 HQQT i2bib r?2i?2`
i?2 b2+QM/ p`B#H2 ?b `2+?2/ Ry v2i M/ i?2M mT/i2b #Qi? p`B#H2bX
var result = 1;
var counter = 0;
while ( counter < 10) {
result = result * 2;
counter = counter + 1;
}

jj
 console . log ( result ) ;
// → 1024

h?2 +QmMi2` +QmH/ HbQ bi`i i 1 M/ +?2+F 7Q` <= 10- #mi- 7Q` `2bQMb
i?i rBHH #2+QK2 TT`2Mi BM *?Ti2` 9- Bi Bb  ;QQ/ B/2 iQ ;2i mb2/ iQ
+QmMiBM; 7`QK yX
h?2 do HQQT Bb  +QMi`QH bi`m+im`2 bBKBH` iQ i?2 while HQQTX Ai /Bz2`b
QMHv QM QM2 TQBMi,  do HQQT Hrvb 2t2+mi2b Bib #Q/v i H2bi QM+2- M/
Bi bi`ib i2biBM; r?2i?2` Bi b?QmH/ biQT QMHv 7i2` i?i }`bi 2t2+miBQMX
hQ `2~2+i i?Bb- i?2 i2bi TT2`b 7i2` i?2 #Q/v Q7 i?2 HQQT,
do {
var yourName = prompt (" Who are you ?") ;
} while (! yourName ) ;
console . log ( yourName ) ;

h?Bb T`Q;`K rBHH 7Q`+2 vQm iQ 2Mi2`  MK2X Ai rBHH bF ;BM M/ ;BM
mMiBH Bi ;2ib bQK2i?BM; i?i Bb MQi M 2KTiv bi`BM;X TTHvBM; i?2 !
QT2`iQ` rBHH +QMp2`i  pHm2 iQ "QQH2M ivT2 #27Q`2 M2;iBM; Bi- M/ HH
bi`BM;b 2t+2Ti "" +QMp2`i iQ trueX h?Bb K2Mb i?2 HQQT +QMiBMm2b ;QBM;
`QmM/ mMiBH vQm T`QpB/2  MK2 i?i Bb MQi i?2 2KTiv bi`BM;X

AM/2MiBM; *Q/2
uQmǶp2 T`Q##Hv MQiB+2/ i?2 bT+2b A Tmi BM 7`QMi Q7 bQK2 bii2K2MibX
AM Cpa+`BTi- i?2b2 `2 MQi `2[mB`2/ěi?2 +QKTmi2` rBHH ++2Ti i?2 T`Q@
;`K Dmbi }M2 rBi?Qmi i?2KX AM 7+i- 2p2M i?2 HBM2 #`2Fb BM T`Q;`Kb
`2 QTiBQMHX uQm +QmH/ r`Bi2  T`Q;`K b  bBM;H2 HQM; HBM2 B7 vQm 72Hi
HBF2 BiX h?2 `QH2 Q7 i?2 BM/2MiiBQM BMbB/2 #HQ+Fb Bb iQ KF2 i?2 bi`m+im`2
Q7 i?2 +Q/2 biM/ QmiX AM +QKTH2t +Q/2- r?2`2 M2r #HQ+Fb `2 QT2M2/
BMbB/2 Qi?2` #HQ+Fb- Bi +M #2+QK2 ?`/ iQ b22 r?2`2 QM2 #HQ+F 2M/b M/
MQi?2` #2;BMbX qBi? T`QT2` BM/2MiiBQM- i?2 pBbmH b?T2 Q7  T`Q;`K
+Q``2bTQM/b iQ i?2 b?T2 Q7 i?2 #HQ+Fb BMbB/2 BiX A HBF2 iQ mb2 irQ bT+2b
7Q` 2p2`v QT2M #HQ+F- #mi ibi2b /Bz2`ěbQK2 T2QTH2 mb2 7Qm` bT+2b- M/
bQK2 T2QTH2 mb2 i# +?`+i2`bX

j9
7Q` HQQTb
JMv HQQTb 7QHHQr i?2 Tii2`M b22M BM i?2 T`2pBQmb while 2tKTH2bX 6B`bi-
 dz+QmMi2`Ǵ p`B#H2 Bb +`2i2/ iQ i`+F i?2 T`Q;`2bb Q7 i?2 HQQTX h?2M
+QK2b  while HQQT- r?Qb2 i2bi 2tT`2bbBQM mbmHHv +?2+Fb r?2i?2` i?2
+QmMi2` ?b `2+?2/ bQK2 #QmM/`v v2iX i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 HQQT #Q/v-
i?2 +QmMi2` Bb mT/i2/ iQ i`+F T`Q;`2bbX
"2+mb2 i?Bb Tii2`M Bb bQ +QKKQM- Cpa+`BTi M/ bBKBH` HM;m;2b
T`QpB/2  bHB;?iHv b?Q`i2` M/ KQ`2 +QKT`2?2MbBp2 7Q`K- i?2 for HQQTX
for ( var number = 0; number <= 12; number = number + 2)
console . log ( number ) ;
// → 0
// → 2
// ... etcetera

h?Bb T`Q;`K Bb 2t+iHv 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2 2`HB2` 2p2M@MmK#2`@T`BMiBM;

2tKTH2X h?2 QMHv +?M;2 Bb i?i HH i?2 bii2K2Mib i?i `2 `2Hi2/ iQ
i?2 dzbii2Ǵ Q7 i?2 HQQT `2 MQr ;`QmT2/ iQ;2i?2`X
h?2 T`2Mi?2b2b 7i2`  for F2vrQ`/ Kmbi +QMiBM irQ b2KB+QHQMbX h?2
T`i #27Q`2 i?2 }`bi b2KB+QHQM BMBiBHBx2b i?2 HQQT- mbmHHv #v /2}MBM;
 p`B#H2X h?2 b2+QM/ T`i Bb i?2 2tT`2bbBQM i?i +?2+Fb r?2i?2` i?2
HQQT Kmbi +QMiBMm2X h?2 }MH T`i mT/i2b i?2 bii2 Q7 i?2 HQQT 7i2`
2p2`v Bi2`iBQMX AM KQbi +b2b- i?Bb Bb b?Q`i2` M/ +H2`2` i?M  while
+QMbi`m+iX
>2`2 Bb i?2 +Q/2 i?i +QKTmi2b kRy - mbBM; for BMbi2/ Q7 while,
var result = 1;
for ( var counter = 0; counter < 10; counter = counter + 1)
result = result * 2;
console . log ( result ) ;
// → 1024

LQi2 i?i 2p2M i?Qm;? MQ #HQ+F Bb QT2M2/ rBi?  {- i?2 bii2K2Mi BM i?2
HQQT Bb biBHH BM/2Mi2/ irQ bT+2b iQ KF2 Bi +H2` i?i Bi dz#2HQM;bǴ iQ i?2
HBM2 #27Q`2 BiX

j8
"`2FBM; Pmi Q7  GQQT
>pBM; i?2 HQQTǶb +QM/BiBQM T`Q/m+2 false Bb MQi i?2 QMHv rv  HQQT +M
}MBb?X h?2`2 Bb  bT2+BH bii2K2Mi +HH2/ break i?i ?b i?2 2z2+i Q7
BKK2/Bi2Hv DmKTBM; Qmi Q7 i?2 2M+HQbBM; HQQTX
h?Bb T`Q;`K BHHmbi`i2b i?2 break bii2K2MiX Ai }M/b i?2 }`bi MmK#2`
i?i Bb #Qi? ;`2i2` i?M Q` 2[mH iQ ky M/ /BpBbB#H2 #v dX
for ( var current = 20; ; current ++) {
if ( current % 7 == 0)
break ;
}
console . log ( current ) ;
// → 21

lbBM; i?2 `2KBM/2` U%V QT2`iQ` Bb M 2bv rv iQ i2bi r?2i?2`  MmK#2`
Bb /BpBbB#H2 #v MQi?2` MmK#2`X A7 Bi Bb- i?2 `2KBM/2` Q7 i?2B` /BpBbBQM Bb
x2`QX
h?2 for +QMbi`m+i BM i?2 2tKTH2 /Q2b MQi ?p2  T`i i?i +?2+Fb 7Q`
i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 HQQTX h?Bb K2Mb i?i i?2 HQQT rBHH M2p2` biQT mMH2bb i?2
break bii2K2Mi BMbB/2 Bb 2t2+mi2/X
A7 vQm r2`2 iQ H2p2 Qmi i?i break bii2K2Mi Q` ++B/2MiHHv r`Bi2 
+QM/BiBQM i?i Hrvb T`Q/m+2b true- vQm` T`Q;`K rQmH/ ;2i bim+F BM
M BM}MBi2 HQQTX  T`Q;`K bim+F BM M BM}MBi2 HQQT rBHH M2p2` }MBb?
`mMMBM;- r?B+? Bb mbmHHv  #/ i?BM;X
h?2 continue F2vrQ`/ Bb bBKBH` iQ break- BM i?i Bi BM~m2M+2b i?2 T`Q;`2bb
Q7  HQQTX q?2M continue Bb 2M+QmMi2`2/ BM  HQQT #Q/v- +QMi`QH DmKTb
Qmi Q7 i?2 #Q/v M/ +QMiBMm2b rBi? i?2 HQQTǶb M2ti Bi2`iBQMX

lT/iBM; p`B#H2b bm++BM+iHv

1bT2+BHHv r?2M HQQTBM;-  T`Q;`K Q7i2M M22/b iQ dzmT/i2Ǵ  p`B#H2
iQ ?QH/  pHm2 #b2/ QM i?i p`B#H2Ƕb T`2pBQmb pHm2X
counter = counter + 1;

Cpa+`BTi T`QpB/2b  b?Q`i+mi 7Q` i?Bb,

counter += 1;

je
aBKBH` b?Q`i+mib rQ`F 7Q` KMv Qi?2` QT2`iQ`b- bm+? b result *= 2 iQ
/Qm#H2 result Q` counter -= 1 iQ +QmMi /QrMr`/X
h?Bb HHQrb mb iQ b?Q`i2M Qm` +QmMiBM; 2tKTH2  HBiiH2 KQ`2X
for ( var number = 0; number <= 12; number += 2)
console . log ( number ) ;

6Q` counter += 1 M/ counter -= 1- i?2`2 `2 2p2M b?Q`i2` 2[mBpH2Mib, counter
++ M/ counter--X

.BbTi+?BM; QM  pHm2 rBi? brBi+?

Ai Bb +QKKQM 7Q` +Q/2 iQ HQQF HBF2 i?Bb,
if ( variable == " value1 ") action1 () ;
else if ( variable == " value2 ") action2 () ;
else if ( variable == " value3 ") action3 () ;
else defaultAction () ;

h?2`2 Bb  +QMbi`m+i +HH2/ switch i?i Bb BMi2M/2/ iQ bQHp2 bm+?  dz/Bb@

Ti+?Ǵ BM  KQ`2 /B`2+i rvX lM7Q`imMi2Hv- i?2 bvMit Cpa+`BTi mb2b
7Q` i?Bb Ur?B+? Bi BM?2`Bi2/ 7`QK i?2 *fCp HBM2 Q7 T`Q;`KKBM; HM@
;m;2bV Bb bQK2r?i rFr`/ě +?BM Q7 if bii2K2Mib Q7i2M HQQFb #2i@
i2`X >2`2 Bb M 2tKTH2,
switch ( prompt (" What is the weather like ?") ) {
case " rainy ":
console . log (" Remember to bring an umbrella .") ;
break ;
case " sunny ":
console . log (" Dress lightly .") ;
case " cloudy ":
console . log (" Go outside .") ;
break ;
default :
console . log (" Unknown weather type !") ;
break ;
}

uQm Kv Tmi Mv MmK#2` Q7 case H#2Hb BMbB/2 i?2 #HQ+F QT2M2/ #v switchX
h?2 T`Q;`K rBHH DmKT iQ i?2 H#2H i?i +Q``2bTQM/b iQ i?2 pHm2 i?i

jd
switch rb ;Bp2M Q` iQ default B7 MQ Ki+?BM; pHm2 Bb 7QmM/X Ai bi`ib
2t2+miBM; bii2K2Mib i?2`2- 2p2M B7 i?2vǶ`2 mM/2` MQi?2` H#2H- mMiBH
Bi `2+?2b  break bii2K2MiX AM bQK2 +b2b- bm+? b i?2 "sunny" +b2
BM i?2 2tKTH2- i?Bb +M #2 mb2/ iQ b?`2 bQK2 +Q/2 #2ir22M +b2b UBi
`2+QKK2M/b ;QBM; QmibB/2 7Q` #Qi? bmMMv M/ +HQm/v r2i?2`VX "mi
#2r`2, Bi Bb 2bv iQ 7Q`;2i bm+?  break- r?B+? rBHH +mb2 i?2 T`Q;`K
iQ 2t2+mi2 +Q/2 vQm /Q MQi rMi 2t2+mi2/X

*TBiHBxiBQM
o`B#H2 MK2b Kv MQi +QMiBM bT+2b- v2i Bi Bb Q7i2M ?2HT7mH iQ mb2
KmHiBTH2 rQ`/b iQ +H2`Hv /2b+`B#2 r?i i?2 p`B#H2 `2T`2b2MibX h?2b2
`2 T`2iiv Km+? vQm` +?QB+2b 7Q` r`BiBM;  p`B#H2 MK2 rBi? b2p2`H
rQ`/b BM Bi,
fuzzylittleturtle
fuzzy_little_turtle
FuzzyLittleTurtle
fuzzyLittleTurtle

h?2 }`bi bivH2 +M #2 ?`/ iQ `2/X S2`bQMHHv- A HBF2 i?2 HQQF Q7 i?2
mM/2`b+Q`2b- i?Qm;? i?i bivH2 Bb  HBiiH2 TBM7mH iQ ivT2X h?2 biM/`/
Cpa+`BTi 7mM+iBQMb- M/ KQbi Cpa+`BTi T`Q;`KK2`b- 7QHHQr i?2 #Qi@
iQK bivH2ěi?2v +TBiHBx2 2p2`v rQ`/ 2t+2Ti i?2 }`biX Ai Bb MQi ?`/ iQ
;2i mb2/ iQ HBiiH2 i?BM;b HBF2 i?i- M/ +Q/2 rBi? KBt2/ MKBM; bivH2b
+M #2 D``BM; iQ `2/- bQ r2 rBHH Dmbi 7QHHQr i?Bb +QMp2MiBQMX
AM  72r +b2b- bm+? b i?2 Number 7mM+iBQM- i?2 }`bi H2ii2` Q7  p`B#H2
Bb HbQ +TBiHBx2/X h?Bb rb /QM2 iQ K`F i?Bb 7mM+iBQM b  +QMbi`m+iQ`X
q?i  +QMbi`m+iQ` Bb rBHH #2+QK2 +H2` BM *?Ti2` eX 6Q` MQr- i?2 BK@
TQ`iMi i?BM; Bb MQi iQ #2 #Qi?2`2/ #v i?Bb TT`2Mi H+F Q7 +QMbBbi2M+vX

*QKK2Mib
P7i2M- `r +Q/2 /Q2b MQi +QMp2v HH i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM vQm rMi  T`Q;`K
iQ +QMp2v iQ ?mKM `2/2`b- Q` Bi +QMp2vb Bi BM bm+?  +`vTiB+ rv i?i
T2QTH2 KB;?i MQi mM/2`biM/ BiX i Qi?2` iBK2b- vQm KB;?i Dmbi 722H
TQ2iB+ Q` rMi iQ BM+Hm/2 bQK2 i?Qm;?ib b T`i Q7 vQm` T`Q;`KX h?Bb

j3
Bb r?i +QKK2Mib `2 7Q`X
 +QKK2Mi Bb  TB2+2 Q7 i2ti i?i Bb T`i Q7  T`Q;`K #mi Bb +QKTH2i2Hv
B;MQ`2/ #v i?2 +QKTmi2`X Cpa+`BTi ?b irQ rvb Q7 r`BiBM; +QKK2MibX
hQ r`Bi2  bBM;H2@HBM2 +QKK2Mi- vQm +M mb2 irQ bHb? +?`+i2`b U//V
M/ i?2M i?2 +QKK2Mi i2ti 7i2` BiX
var accountBalance = calculateBalance ( account );
// It s a green hollow where a river sings
accountBalance . adjust () ;
// Madly catching white tatters in the grass .
var report = new Report () ;
// Where the sun on the proud mountain rings :
addToReport ( accountBalance , report ) ;
// It s a little valley , foaming like light in a glass .

 // +QKK2Mi ;Q2b QMHv iQ i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 HBM2X  b2+iBQM Q7 i2ti #2ir22M
/* M/ */ rBHH #2 B;MQ`2/- `2;`/H2bb Q7 r?2i?2` Bi +QMiBMb HBM2 #`2FbX
h?Bb Bb Q7i2M mb27mH 7Q` //BM; #HQ+Fb Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi  }H2 Q` 
+?mMF Q7 T`Q;`KX
/*
I first found this number scrawled on the back of one of
my notebooks a few years ago . Since then , it has often
dropped by , showing up in phone numbers and the serial
numbers of products that I ve bought . It obviously likes
me , so I ve decided to keep it .
*/
var myNumber = 11213;

amKK`v
uQm MQr FMQr i?i  T`Q;`K Bb #mBHi Qmi Q7 bii2K2Mib- r?B+? i?2K@
b2Hp2b bQK2iBK2b +QMiBM KQ`2 bii2K2MibX aii2K2Mib i2M/ iQ +QMiBM
2tT`2bbBQMb- r?B+? i?2Kb2Hp2b +M #2 #mBHi Qmi Q7 bKHH2` 2tT`2bbBQMbX
SmiiBM; bii2K2Mib 7i2` QM2 MQi?2` ;Bp2b vQm  T`Q;`K i?i Bb 2t@
2+mi2/ 7`QK iQT iQ #QiiQKX uQm +M BMi`Q/m+2 /Bbim`#M+2b BM i?2 ~Qr
Q7 +QMi`QH #v mbBM; +QM/BiBQMH Uif- else- M/ switchV M/ HQQTBM; Uwhile-
do- M/ forV bii2K2MibX
o`B#H2b +M #2 mb2/ iQ }H2 TB2+2b Q7 /i mM/2`  MK2- M/ i?2v `2

jN
mb27mH 7Q` i`+FBM; bii2 BM vQm` T`Q;`KX h?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi Bb i?2 b2i Q7
p`B#H2b i?i `2 /2}M2/X Cpa+`BTi bvbi2Kb Hrvb Tmi  MmK#2` Q7
mb27mH biM/`/ p`B#H2b BMiQ vQm` 2MpB`QMK2MiX
6mM+iBQMb `2 bT2+BH pHm2b i?i 2M+TbmHi2  TB2+2 Q7 T`Q;`KX uQm
+M BMpQF2 i?2K #v r`BiBM; functionName(argument1, argument2)X am+? 
7mM+iBQM +HH Bb M 2tT`2bbBQM- M/ Kv T`Q/m+2  pHm2X

1t2`+Bb2b
A7 vQm `2 mMbm`2 ?Qr iQ i`v vQm` bQHmiBQMb iQ 2t2`+Bb2b- `272` iQ i?2
BMi`Q/m+iBQMX
1+? 2t2`+Bb2 bi`ib rBi?  T`Q#H2K /2b+`BTiBQMX _2/ i?i M/ i`v iQ
bQHp2 i?2 2t2`+Bb2X A7 vQm `mM BMiQ T`Q#H2Kb- +QMbB/2` `2/BM; i?2 ?BMib
U5BMi2`+iBp2 7i2` i?2 2t2`+Bb25Vi i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 #QQFX 6mHH bQHmiBQMb iQ
i?2 2t2`+Bb2b `2 MQi BM+Hm/2/ BM i?Bb #QQF- #mi vQm +M }M/ i?2K QMHBM2
i 2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2if+Q/2X A7 vQm rMi iQ H2`M bQK2i?BM; 7`QK i?2
2t2`+Bb2b- A `2+QKK2M/ HQQFBM; i i?2 bQHmiBQMb QMHv 7i2` vQmǶp2 bQHp2/
i?2 2t2`+Bb2- Q` i H2bi 7i2` vQmǶp2 ii+F2/ Bi HQM; M/ ?`/ 2MQm;? iQ
?p2  bHB;?i ?2/+?2X

GQQTBM;  i`BM;H2
q`Bi2  HQQT i?i KF2b b2p2M +HHb iQ console.log iQ QmiTmi i?2 7QHHQrBM;
i`BM;H2,
#
##
###
####
#####
######
#######

Ai Kv #2 mb27mH iQ FMQr i?i vQm +M }M/ i?2 H2M;i? Q7  bi`BM; #v
r`BiBM; .length 7i2` BiX
var abc = " abc ";
console . log ( abc . length ) ;
// → 3

9y
6Bxx"mxx
q`Bi2  T`Q;`K i?i mb2b console.log iQ T`BMi HH i?2 MmK#2`b 7`QK R
iQ Ryy- rBi? irQ 2t+2TiBQMbX 6Q` MmK#2`b /BpBbB#H2 #v j- T`BMi "Fizz"
BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 MmK#2`- M/ 7Q` MmK#2`b /BpBbB#H2 #v 8 UM/ MQi jV- T`BMi
"Buzz" BMbi2/X
q?2M vQm ?p2 i?i rQ`FBM;- KQ/B7v vQm` T`Q;`K iQ T`BMi "FizzBuzz"-
7Q` MmK#2`b i?i `2 /BpBbB#H2 #v #Qi? j M/ 8 UM/ biBHH T`BMi "Fizz" Q`
"Buzz" 7Q` MmK#2`b /BpBbB#H2 #v QMHv QM2 Q7 i?Qb2VX
Uh?Bb Bb +imHHv M BMi2`pB2r [m2biBQM i?i ?b #22M +HBK2/ iQ r22/
Qmi  bB;MB}+Mi T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 T`Q;`KK2` +M/B/i2bX aQ B7 vQm bQHp2/
Bi- vQmǶ`2 MQr HHQr2/ iQ 722H ;QQ/ #Qmi vQm`b2H7XV

*?2bb #Q`/
q`Bi2  T`Q;`K i?i +`2i2b  bi`BM; i?i `2T`2b2Mib M 3×3 ;`B/- mbBM;
M2rHBM2 +?`+i2`b iQ b2T`i2 HBM2bX i 2+? TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 ;`B/ i?2`2
Bb 2Bi?2`  bT+2 Q`  dzOǴ +?`+i2`X h?2 +?`+i2`b b?QmH/ 7Q`K  +?2bb
#Q`/X
SbbBM; i?Bb bi`BM; iQ console.log b?QmH/ b?Qr bQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb,
# # # #
# # # #
# # # #
# # # #
# # # #
# # # #
# # # #
# # # #

q?2M vQm ?p2  T`Q;`K i?i ;2M2`i2b i?Bb Tii2`M- /2}M2  p`B#H2
size = 8 M/ +?M;2 i?2 T`Q;`K bQ i?i Bi rQ`Fb 7Q` Mv size- QmiTmiiBM;
 ;`B/ Q7 i?2 ;Bp2M rB/i? M/ ?2B;?iX

9R
 dzS2QTH2 i?BMF i?i +QKTmi2` b+B2M+2 Bb i?2 `i Q7 ;2MBmb2b #mi
i?2 +imH `2HBiv Bb i?2 QTTQbBi2- Dmbi KMv T2QTH2 /QBM; i?BM;b
i?i #mBH/ QM 2+? Qi?2`- HBF2  rHH Q7 KBMB biQM2bXǴ
ě.QMH/ EMmi?

j 6mM+iBQMb
uQmǶp2 b22M 7mM+iBQM pHm2b- bm+? b alert- M/ ?Qr iQ +HH i?2KX 6mM+@
iBQMb `2 i?2 #`2/ M/ #mii2` Q7 Cpa+`BTi T`Q;`KKBM;X h?2 +QM+2Ti
Q7 r`TTBM;  TB2+2 Q7 T`Q;`K BM  pHm2 ?b KMv mb2bX Ai Bb  iQQH iQ
bi`m+im`2 H`;2` T`Q;`Kb- iQ `2/m+2 `2T2iBiBQM- iQ bbQ+Bi2 MK2b rBi?
bm#T`Q;`Kb- M/ iQ BbQHi2 i?2b2 bm#T`Q;`Kb 7`QK 2+? Qi?2`X
h?2 KQbi Q#pBQmb TTHB+iBQM Q7 7mM+iBQMb Bb /2}MBM; M2r pQ+#mH`vX
*`2iBM; M2r rQ`/b BM `2;mH`- ?mKM@HM;m;2 T`Qb2 Bb mbmHHv #/
bivH2X "mi BM T`Q;`KKBM;- Bi Bb BM/BbT2Mb#H2X
hvTB+H /mHi 1M;HBb? bT2F2`b ?p2 bQK2 ky-yyy rQ`/b BM i?2B` pQ+#m@
H`vX 62r T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2b +QK2 rBi? ky-yyy +QKKM/b #mBHi BMX
M/ i?2 pQ+#mH`v i?i Bb pBH#H2 i2M/b iQ #2 KQ`2 T`2+Bb2Hv /2}M2/-
M/ i?mb H2bb ~2tB#H2- i?M BM ?mKM HM;m;2X h?2`27Q`2- r2 mbmHHv
?p2 iQ // bQK2 Q7 Qm` QrM pQ+#mH`v iQ pQB/ `2T2iBM; Qm`b2Hp2b iQQ
Km+?X

.2}MBM;  7mM+iBQM
 7mM+iBQM /2}MBiBQM Bb Dmbi  `2;mH` p`B#H2 /2}MBiBQM r?2`2 i?2 pHm2
;Bp2M iQ i?2 p`B#H2 ?TT2Mb iQ #2  7mM+iBQMX 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 7QHHQr@
BM; +Q/2 /2}M2b i?2 p`B#H2 square iQ `272` iQ  7mM+iBQM i?i T`Q/m+2b
i?2 b[m`2 Q7  ;Bp2M MmK#2`,
var square = function ( x ) {
return x * x ;
};

console . log ( square (12) ) ;

// → 144

 7mM+iBQM Bb +`2i2/ #v M 2tT`2bbBQM i?i bi`ib rBi? i?2 F2vrQ`/

functionX 6mM+iBQMb ?p2  b2i Q7 T`K2i2`b UBM i?Bb +b2- QMHv xV M/

9k
 #Q/v- r?B+? +QMiBMb i?2 bii2K2Mib i?i `2 iQ #2 2t2+mi2/ r?2M
i?2 7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/X h?2 7mM+iBQM #Q/v Kmbi Hrvb #2 r`TT2/ BM
#`+2b- 2p2M r?2M Bi +QMbBbib Q7 QMHv  bBM;H2 bii2K2Mi Ub BM i?2 T`2pBQmb
2tKTH2VX
 7mM+iBQM +M ?p2 KmHiBTH2 T`K2i2`b Q` MQ T`K2i2`b i HHX AM i?2
7QHHQrBM; 2tKTH2- makeNoise /Q2b MQi HBbi Mv T`K2i2` MK2b- r?2`2b
power HBbib irQ,

var makeNoise = function () {

console . log (" Pling !") ;
};

makeNoise () ;
// → Pling !

var power = function ( base , exponent ) {

var result = 1;
for ( var count = 0; count < exponent ; count ++)
result *= base ;
return result ;
};

console . log ( power (2 , 10) ) ;

// → 1024

aQK2 7mM+iBQMb T`Q/m+2  pHm2- bm+? b power M/ square- M/ bQK2 /QMǶi-
bm+? b makeNoise- r?B+? T`Q/m+2b QMHv  bB/2 2z2+iX  return bii2K2Mi
/2i2`KBM2b i?2 pHm2 i?2 7mM+iBQM `2im`MbX q?2M +QMi`QH +QK2b +`Qbb
bm+?  bii2K2Mi- Bi BKK2/Bi2Hv DmKTb Qmi Q7 i?2 +m``2Mi 7mM+iBQM M/
;Bp2b i?2 `2im`M2/ pHm2 iQ i?2 +Q/2 i?i +HH2/ i?2 7mM+iBQMX h?2 return
F2vrQ`/ rBi?Qmi M 2tT`2bbBQM 7i2` Bi rBHH +mb2 i?2 7mM+iBQM iQ `2im`M
undefinedX

S`K2i2`b M/ b+QT2b

h?2 T`K2i2`b iQ  7mM+iBQM #2?p2 HBF2 `2;mH` p`B#H2b- #mi i?2B`
BMBiBH pHm2b `2 ;Bp2M #v i?2 +HH2` Q7 i?2 7mM+iBQM- MQi i?2 +Q/2 BM i?2
7mM+iBQM Bib2H7X
M BKTQ`iMi T`QT2`iv Q7 7mM+iBQMb Bb i?i i?2 p`B#H2b +`2i2/ BMbB/2

9j
Q7 i?2K- BM+Hm/BM; i?2B` T`K2i2`b- `2 HQ+H iQ i?2 7mM+iBQMX h?Bb
K2Mb- 7Q` 2tKTH2- i?i i?2 result p`B#H2 BM i?2 power 2tKTH2 rBHH
#2 M2rHv +`2i2/ 2p2`v iBK2 i?2 7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/- M/ i?2b2 b2T`i2
BM+`MiBQMb /Q MQi BMi2`72`2 rBi? 2+? Qi?2`X
h?Bb dzHQ+HM2bbǴ Q7 p`B#H2b TTHB2b QMHv iQ i?2 T`K2i2`b M/ iQ
p`B#H2b /2+H`2/ rBi? i?2 var F2vrQ`/ BMbB/2 i?2 7mM+iBQM #Q/vX o`B@
#H2b /2+H`2/ QmibB/2 Q7 Mv 7mM+iBQM `2 +HH2/ ;HQ#H- #2+mb2 i?2v `2
pBbB#H2 i?`Qm;?Qmi i?2 T`Q;`KX Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ ++2bb bm+? p`B#H2b
7`QK BMbB/2  7mM+iBQM- b HQM; b vQm ?p2MǶi /2+H`2/  HQ+H p`B#H2
rBi? i?2 bK2 MK2X
h?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 /2KQMbi`i2b i?BbX Ai /2}M2b M/ +HHb irQ 7mM+iBQMb
i?i #Qi? bbB;M  pHm2 iQ i?2 p`B#H2 xX h?2 }`bi QM2 /2+H`2b i?2
p`B#H2 b HQ+H M/ i?mb +?M;2b QMHv i?2 HQ+H p`B#H2X h?2 b2+QM/
/Q2b MQi /2+H`2 x HQ+HHv- bQ `272`2M+2b iQ x BMbB/2 Q7 Bi `272` iQ i?2 ;HQ#H
p`B#H2 x /2}M2/ i i?2 iQT Q7 i?2 2tKTH2X
var x = " outside ";

var f1 = function () {
var x = " inside f1 ";
};
f1 () ;
console . log ( x ) ;
// → outside

var f2 = function () {
x = " inside f2 ";
};
f2 () ;
console . log ( x ) ;
// → inside f2

h?Bb #2?pBQ` ?2HTb T`2p2Mi ++B/2MiH BMi2`72`2M+2 #2ir22M 7mM+iBQMbX

A7 HH p`B#H2b r2`2 b?`2/ #v i?2 r?QH2 T`Q;`K- BiǶ/ iF2  HQi Q7 2zQ`i
iQ KF2 bm`2 MQ MK2 Bb 2p2` mb2/ 7Q` irQ /Bz2`2Mi Tm`TQb2bX M/ B7 vQm
/B/ `2mb2  p`B#H2 MK2- vQm KB;?i b22 bi`M;2 2z2+ib 7`QK mM`2Hi2/
+Q/2 K2bbBM; rBi? i?2 pHm2 Q7 vQm` p`B#H2X "v i`2iBM; 7mM+iBQM@HQ+H
p`B#H2b b 2tBbiBM; QMHv rBi?BM i?2 7mM+iBQM- i?2 HM;m;2 KF2b Bi
TQbbB#H2 iQ `2/ M/ mM/2`biM/ 7mM+iBQMb b bKHH mMBp2`b2b- rBi?Qmi

99
?pBM; iQ rQ``v #Qmi HH i?2 +Q/2 i QM+2X

L2bi2/ b+QT2
Cpa+`BTi /BbiBM;mBb?2b MQi Dmbi #2ir22M ;HQ#H M/ HQ+H p`B#H2bX 6mM+@
iBQMb +M #2 +`2i2/ BMbB/2 Qi?2` 7mM+iBQMb- T`Q/m+BM; b2p2`H /2;`22b Q7
HQ+HBivX
6Q` 2tKTH2- i?Bb `i?2` MQMb2MbB+H 7mM+iBQM ?b irQ 7mM+iBQMb BMbB/2
Q7 Bi,
var landscape = function () {
var result = "";
var flat = function ( size ) {
for ( var count = 0; count < size ; count ++)
result += " _ ";
};
var mountain = function ( size ) {
result += "/";
for ( var count = 0; count < size ; count ++)
result += " ";
result += "\\";
};

flat (3) ;
mountain (4) ;
flat (6) ;
mountain (1) ;
flat (1) ;
return result ;
};

console . log ( landscape () ) ;

// → ___ / \ ______ / \ _

h?2 flat M/ mountain 7mM+iBQMb +M dzb22Ǵ i?2 p`B#H2 +HH2/ result- bBM+2
i?2v `2 BMbB/2 i?2 7mM+iBQM i?i /2}M2b BiX "mi i?2v +MMQi b22 2+?
Qi?2`Ƕb count p`B#H2b bBM+2 i?2v `2 QmibB/2 2+? Qi?2`Ƕb b+QT2X h?2
2MpB`QMK2Mi QmibB/2 Q7 i?2 landscape 7mM+iBQM /Q2bMǶi b22 Mv Q7 i?2 p`B@
#H2b /2}M2/ BMbB/2 landscapeX
AM b?Q`i- 2+? HQ+H b+QT2 +M HbQ b22 HH i?2 HQ+H b+QT2b i?i +QMiBM

98
BiX h?2 b2i Q7 p`B#H2b pBbB#H2 BMbB/2  7mM+iBQM Bb /2i2`KBM2/ #v i?2 TH+2
Q7 i?i 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 T`Q;`K i2tiX HH p`B#H2b 7`QK #HQ+Fb `QmM/ 
7mM+iBQMǶb /2}MBiBQM `2 pBbB#H2ěK2MBM; #Qi? i?Qb2 BM 7mM+iBQM #Q/B2b
i?i 2M+HQb2 Bi M/ i?Qb2 i i?2 iQT H2p2H Q7 i?2 T`Q;`KX h?Bb TT`Q+?
iQ p`B#H2 pBbB#BHBiv Bb +HH2/ H2tB+H b+QTBM;X
S2QTH2 r?Q ?p2 2tT2`B2M+2 rBi? Qi?2` T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2b KB;?i
2tT2+i i?i Mv #HQ+F Q7 +Q/2 #2ir22M #`+2b T`Q/m+2b  M2r HQ+H 2M@
pB`QMK2MiX "mi BM Cpa+`BTi- 7mM+iBQMb `2 i?2 QMHv i?BM;b i?i +`2i2
 M2r b+QT2X uQm `2 HHQr2/ iQ mb2 7`22@biM/BM; #HQ+FbX
var something = 1;
{
var something = 2;
// Do stuff with variable something ...
}
// Outside of the block again ...

"mi i?2 something BMbB/2 i?2 #HQ+F `272`b iQ i?2 bK2 p`B#H2 b i?2 QM2
QmibB/2 i?2 #HQ+FX AM 7+i- Hi?Qm;? #HQ+Fb HBF2 i?Bb `2 HHQr2/- i?2v `2
mb27mH QMHv iQ ;`QmT i?2 #Q/v Q7 M if bii2K2Mi Q`  HQQTX
A7 vQm }M/ i?Bb Q//- vQmǶ`2 MQi HQM2X h?2 M2ti p2`bBQM Q7 Cpa+`BTi
rBHH BMi`Q/m+2  let F2vrQ`/- r?B+? rQ`Fb HBF2 var #mi +`2i2b  p`B#H2
i?i Bb HQ+H iQ i?2 2M+HQbBM; #HQ+F- MQi i?2 2M+HQbBM; 7mM+iBQMX

6mM+iBQMb b pHm2b
6mM+iBQM p`B#H2b mbmHHv bBKTHv +i b MK2b 7Q`  bT2+B}+ TB2+2 Q7 i?2
T`Q;`KX am+?  p`B#H2 Bb /2}M2/ QM+2 M/ M2p2` +?M;2/X h?Bb KF2b
Bi 2bv iQ bi`i +QM7mbBM; i?2 7mM+iBQM M/ Bib MK2X
"mi i?2 irQ `2 /Bz2`2MiX  7mM+iBQM pHm2 +M /Q HH i?2 i?BM;b i?i
Qi?2` pHm2b +M /QěvQm +M mb2 Bi BM `#Bi``v 2tT`2bbBQMb- MQi Dmbi
+HH BiX Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ biQ`2  7mM+iBQM pHm2 BM  M2r TH+2- Tbb Bi b
M `;mK2Mi iQ  7mM+iBQM- M/ bQ QMX aBKBH`Hv-  p`B#H2 i?i ?QH/b 
7mM+iBQM Bb biBHH Dmbi  `2;mH` p`B#H2 M/ +M #2 bbB;M2/  M2r pHm2-
HBF2 bQ,
var launchMissiles = function ( value ) {
missileSystem . launch (" now ") ;

9e
 };
if ( safeMode )
launchMissiles = function ( value ) {/* do nothing */};

AM *?Ti2` 8- r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb i?2 rQM/2`7mH i?BM;b i?i +M #2 /QM2 #v

TbbBM; `QmM/ 7mM+iBQM pHm2b iQ Qi?2` 7mM+iBQMbX

.2+H`iBQM MQiiBQM
h?2`2 Bb  bHB;?iHv b?Q`i2` rv iQ bv dzvar square = ...functionǴX h?2
function F2vrQ`/ +M HbQ #2 mb2/ i i?2 bi`i Q7  bii2K2Mi- b BM i?2
7QHHQrBM;,
function square ( x ) {
return x * x ;
}

h?Bb Bb  7mM+iBQM /2+H`iBQMX h?2 bii2K2Mi /2}M2b i?2 p`B#H2 square

M/ TQBMib Bi i i?2 ;Bp2M 7mM+iBQMX aQ 7` bQ ;QQ/X h?2`2 Bb QM2 bm#iH2iv
rBi? i?Bb 7Q`K Q7 7mM+iBQM /2}MBiBQM- ?Qr2p2`X
console . log (" The future says :" , future () ) ;

function future () {
return " We STILL have no flying cars .";
}

h?Bb +Q/2 rQ`Fb- 2p2M i?Qm;? i?2 7mM+iBQM Bb /2}M2/ #2HQr i?2 +Q/2
i?i mb2b BiX h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 7mM+iBQM /2+H`iBQMb `2 MQi T`i Q7 i?2
`2;mH` iQT@iQ@#QiiQK ~Qr Q7 +QMi`QHX h?2v `2 +QM+2TimHHv KQp2/ iQ
i?2 iQT Q7 i?2B` b+QT2 M/ +M #2 mb2/ #v HH i?2 +Q/2 BM i?i b+QT2X
h?Bb Bb bQK2iBK2b mb27mH #2+mb2 Bi ;Bp2b mb i?2 7`22/QK iQ Q`/2` +Q/2 BM
 rv i?i b22Kb K2MBM;7mH- rBi?Qmi rQ``vBM; #Qmi ?pBM; iQ /2}M2
HH 7mM+iBQMb #Qp2 i?2B` }`bi mb2X
q?i ?TT2Mb r?2M vQm Tmi bm+?  7mM+iBQM /2}MBiBQM BMbB/2  +QM@
/BiBQMH UifV #HQ+F Q`  HQQT\ q2HH- /QMǶi /Q i?iX .Bz2`2Mi Cpa+`BTi
THi7Q`Kb BM /Bz2`2Mi #`Qrb2`b ?p2 i`/BiBQMHHv /QM2 /Bz2`2Mi i?BM;b
BM i?i bBimiBQM- M/ i?2 Hi2bi biM/`/ +imHHv 7Q`#B/b BiX A7 vQm rMi
vQm` T`Q;`Kb iQ #2?p2 +QMbBbi2MiHv- QMHv mb2 i?Bb 7Q`K Q7 7mM+iBQM@

9d
/2}MBM; bii2K2Mib BM i?2 Qmi2`KQbi #HQ+F Q7  7mM+iBQM Q` T`Q;`KX
function example () {
function a () {} // Okay
if ( something ) {
function b () {} // Danger !
}
}

h?2 +HH bi+F

Ai rBHH #2 ?2HT7mH iQ iF2  +HQb2` HQQF i i?2 rv +QMi`QH ~Qrb i?`Qm;?
7mM+iBQMbX >2`2 Bb  bBKTH2 T`Q;`K i?i KF2b  72r 7mM+iBQM +HHb,
function greet ( who ) {
console . log (" Hello " + who ) ;
}
greet (" Harry ") ;
console . log (" Bye ") ;

 `mM i?`Qm;? i?Bb T`Q;`K ;Q2b `Qm;?Hv HBF2 i?Bb, i?2 +HH iQ greet +mb2b
+QMi`QH iQ DmKT iQ i?2 bi`i Q7 i?i 7mM+iBQM UHBM2 kVX Ai +HHb console.log
U #mBHi@BM #`Qrb2` 7mM+iBQMV- r?B+? iF2b +QMi`QH- /Q2b Bib DQ#- M/ i?2M
`2im`Mb +QMi`QH iQ HBM2 kX h?2M Bi `2+?2b i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 greet 7mM+iBQM-
bQ Bi `2im`Mb iQ i?2 TH+2 i?i +HH2/ Bi- i HBM2 9X h?2 HBM2 7i2` i?i
+HHb console.log ;BMX
q2 +QmH/ b?Qr i?2 ~Qr Q7 +QMi`QH b+?2KiB+HHv HBF2 i?Bb,
top
greet
console . log
greet
top
console . log
top

"2+mb2  7mM+iBQM ?b iQ DmKT #+F iQ i?2 TH+2 Q7 i?2 +HH r?2M Bi
`2im`Mb- i?2 +QKTmi2` Kmbi `2K2K#2` i?2 +QMi2ti 7`QK r?B+? i?2 7mM+@
iBQM rb +HH2/X AM QM2 +b2- console.log ?b iQ DmKT #+F iQ i?2 greet
7mM+iBQMX AM i?2 Qi?2` +b2- Bi DmKTb #+F iQ i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 T`Q;`KX

93
 h?2 TH+2 r?2`2 i?2 +QKTmi2` biQ`2b i?Bb +QMi2ti Bb i?2 +HH bi+FX
1p2`v iBK2  7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/- i?2 +m``2Mi +QMi2ti Bb Tmi QM iQT Q7 i?Bb
dzbi+FǴX q?2M i?2 7mM+iBQM `2im`Mb- Bi `2KQp2b i?2 iQT +QMi2ti 7`QK i?2
bi+F M/ mb2b Bi iQ +QMiBMm2 2t2+miBQMX
aiQ`BM; i?Bb bi+F `2[mB`2b bT+2 BM i?2 +QKTmi2`Ƕb K2KQ`vX q?2M i?2
bi+F ;`Qrb iQQ #B;- i?2 +QKTmi2` rBHH 7BH rBi?  K2bb;2 HBF2 dzQmi Q7
bi+F bT+2Ǵ Q` dziQQ Km+? `2+m`bBQMǴX h?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 BHHmbi`i2b i?Bb
#v bFBM; i?2 +QKTmi2`  `2HHv ?`/ [m2biBQM- r?B+? +mb2b M BM}MBi2
#+F@M/@7Q`i? #2ir22M irQ 7mM+iBQMbX _i?2`- Bi rQmH/ #2 BM}MBi2- B7
i?2 +QKTmi2` ?/ M BM}MBi2 bi+FX b Bi Bb- r2 rBHH `mM Qmi Q7 bT+2- Q`
dz#HQr i?2 bi+FǴX
function chicken () {
return egg () ;
}
function egg () {
return chicken () ;
}
console . log ( chicken () + " came first .") ;
// → ??

PTiBQMH `;mK2Mib
h?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 Bb HHQr2/ M/ 2t2+mi2b rBi?Qmi Mv T`Q#H2K,
alert (" Hello " , " Good Evening " , " How do you do ?") ;

h?2 7mM+iBQM alert Q{+BHHv ++2Tib QMHv QM2 `;mK2MiX u2i r?2M vQm
+HH Bi HBF2 i?Bb- Bi /Q2bMǶi +QKTHBMX Ai bBKTHv B;MQ`2b i?2 Qi?2` `;m@
K2Mib M/ b?Qrb vQm dz>2HHQǴX
Cpa+`BTi Bb 2ti`2K2Hv #`Q/@KBM/2/ #Qmi i?2 MmK#2` Q7 `;mK2Mib
vQm Tbb iQ  7mM+iBQMX A7 vQm Tbb iQQ KMv- i?2 2ti` QM2b `2 B;MQ`2/X
A7 vQm Tbb iQQ 72r- i?2 KBbbBM; T`K2i2`b bBKTHv ;2i bbB;M2/ i?2 pHm2
undefinedX
h?2 /QrMbB/2 Q7 i?Bb Bb i?i Bi Bb TQbbB#H2ěHBF2Hv- 2p2Měi?i vQmǶHH
++B/2MiHHv Tbb i?2 r`QM; MmK#2` Q7 `;mK2Mib iQ 7mM+iBQMb M/ MQ
QM2 rBHH i2HH vQm #Qmi BiX

9N
 h?2 mTbB/2 Bb i?i i?Bb #2?pBQ` +M #2 mb2/ iQ ?p2  7mM+iBQM iF2
dzQTiBQMHǴ `;mK2MibX 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 7QHHQrBM; p2`bBQM Q7 power +M
#2 +HH2/ 2Bi?2` rBi? irQ `;mK2Mib Q` rBi?  bBM;H2 `;mK2Mi- BM r?B+?
+b2 i?2 2tTQM2Mi Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 irQ- M/ i?2 7mM+iBQM #2?p2b HBF2
squareX

function power ( base , exponent ) {

if ( exponent == undefined )
exponent = 2;
var result = 1;
for ( var count = 0; count < exponent ; count ++)
result *= base ;
return result ;
}

console . log ( power (4) ) ;

// → 16
console . log ( power (4 , 3) );
// → 64

AM i?2 M2ti +?Ti2`- r2 rBHH b22  rv BM r?B+?  7mM+iBQM #Q/v +M ;2i
i i?2 2t+i HBbi Q7 `;mK2Mib i?i r2`2 Tbb2/X h?Bb Bb ?2HT7mH #2+mb2
Bi KF2b Bi TQbbB#H2 7Q`  7mM+iBQM iQ ++2Ti Mv MmK#2` Q7 `;mK2MibX
6Q` 2tKTH2- console.log KF2b mb2 Q7 i?BběBi QmiTmib HH Q7 i?2 pHm2b
Bi Bb ;Bp2MX
console . log (" R " , 2 , " D " , 2) ;
// → R 2 D 2

*HQbm`2
h?2 #BHBiv iQ i`2i 7mM+iBQMb b pHm2b- +QK#BM2/ rBi? i?2 7+i i?i HQ+H
p`B#H2b `2 dz`2@+`2i2/Ǵ 2p2`v iBK2  7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/- #`BM;b mT M
BMi2`2biBM; [m2biBQMX q?i ?TT2Mb iQ HQ+H p`B#H2b r?2M i?2 7mM+iBQM
+HH i?i +`2i2/ i?2K Bb MQ HQM;2` +iBp2\
h?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 b?Qrb M 2tKTH2 Q7 i?BbX Ai /2}M2b  7mM+iBQM-
wrapValue- r?B+? +`2i2b  HQ+H p`B#H2X Ai i?2M `2im`Mb  7mM+iBQM i?i
++2bb2b M/ `2im`Mb i?Bb HQ+H p`B#H2X

8y
 function wrapValue ( n ) {
var localVariable = n ;
return function () { return localVariable ; };
}

var wrap1 = wrapValue (1) ;

var wrap2 = wrapValue (2) ;
console . log ( wrap1 () ) ;
// → 1
console . log ( wrap2 () ) ;
// → 2

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+2bb2/X AM 7+i- KmHiBTH2 BMbiM+2b Q7 i?2 p`B#H2 +M #2 HBp2 i i?2
bK2 iBK2- r?B+? Bb MQi?2` ;QQ/ BHHmbi`iBQM Q7 i?2 +QM+2Ti i?i HQ+H
p`B#H2b `2HHv `2 `2@+`2i2/ 7Q` 2p2`v +HHě/Bz2`2Mi +HHb +MǶi i`KTH2
QM QM2 MQi?2`Ƕb HQ+H p`B#H2bX
h?Bb 72im`2ě#2BM; #H2 iQ `272`2M+2  bT2+B}+ BMbiM+2 Q7 HQ+H p`B@
#H2b BM M 2M+HQbBM; 7mM+iBQMěBb +HH2/ +HQbm`2X  7mM+iBQM i?i dz+HQb2b
Qp2`Ǵ bQK2 HQ+H p`B#H2b Bb +HH2/  +HQbm`2X h?Bb #2?pBQ` MQi QMHv 7`22b
vQm 7`QK ?pBM; iQ rQ``v #Qmi HB72iBK2b Q7 p`B#H2b #mi HbQ HHQrb 7Q`
bQK2 +`2iBp2 mb2 Q7 7mM+iBQM pHm2bX
qBi?  bHB;?i +?M;2- r2 +M im`M i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2 BMiQ  rv iQ
+`2i2 7mM+iBQMb i?i KmHiBTHv #v M `#Bi``v KQmMiX
function multiplier ( factor ) {
return function ( number ) {
return number * factor ;
};
}

var twice = multiplier (2) ;

console . log ( twice (5) ) ;
// → 10

h?2 2tTHB+Bi localVariable 7`QK i?2 wrapValue 2tKTH2 BbMǶi M22/2/ bBM+2
 T`K2i2` Bb Bib2H7  HQ+H p`B#H2X
h?BMFBM; #Qmi T`Q;`Kb HBF2 i?Bb iF2b bQK2 T`+iB+2X  ;QQ/ K2MiH
KQ/2H Bb iQ i?BMF Q7 i?2 function F2vrQ`/ b dz7`22xBM;Ǵ i?2 +Q/2 BM Bib
#Q/v M/ r`TTBM; Bi BMiQ  T+F;2 Ui?2 7mM+iBQM pHm2VX aQ r?2M vQm

8R
`2/ return function(...){...}- i?BMF Q7 Bi b `2im`MBM;  ?M/H2 iQ  TB2+2
Q7 +QKTmiiBQM- 7`Qx2M 7Q` Hi2` mb2X
AM i?2 2tKTH2- multiplier `2im`Mb  7`Qx2M +?mMF Q7 +Q/2 i?i ;2ib
biQ`2/ BM i?2 twice p`B#H2X h?2 Hbi HBM2 i?2M +HHb i?2 pHm2 BM i?Bb
p`B#H2- +mbBM; i?2 7`Qx2M +Q/2 Ureturn number * factor;V iQ #2 +iBpi2/X
Ai biBHH ?b ++2bb iQ i?2 factor p`B#H2 7`QK i?2 multiplier +HH i?i
+`2i2/ Bi- M/ BM //BiBQM Bi ;2ib ++2bb iQ i?2 `;mK2Mi Tbb2/ r?2M
mM7`22xBM; Bi- 8- i?`Qm;? Bib number T`K2i2`X

_2+m`bBQM
Ai Bb T2`72+iHv QFv 7Q`  7mM+iBQM iQ +HH Bib2H7- b HQM; b Bi iF2b +`2
MQi iQ Qp2`~Qr i?2 bi+FX  7mM+iBQM i?i +HHb Bib2H7 Bb +HH2/ `2+m`bBp2X
_2+m`bBQM HHQrb bQK2 7mM+iBQMb iQ #2 r`Bii2M BM  /Bz2`2Mi bivH2X hF2-
7Q` 2tKTH2- i?Bb Hi2`MiBp2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 power,
function power ( base , exponent ) {
if ( exponent == 0)
return 1;
else
return base * power ( base , exponent - 1) ;
}

console . log ( power (2 , 3) );

// → 8

h?Bb Bb `i?2` +HQb2 iQ i?2 rv Ki?2KiB+BMb /2}M2 2tTQM2MiBiBQM

M/ `;m#Hv /2b+`B#2b i?2 +QM+2Ti BM  KQ`2 2H2;Mi rv i?M i?2 HQQT@
BM; p`BMi /Q2bX h?2 7mM+iBQM +HHb Bib2H7 KmHiBTH2 iBK2b rBi? /Bz2`2Mi
`;mK2Mib iQ +?B2p2 i?2 `2T2i2/ KmHiBTHB+iBQMX
"mi i?Bb BKTH2K2MiiBQM ?b QM2 BKTQ`iMi T`Q#H2K, BM ivTB+H Cpa+`BTi
BKTH2K2MiiBQMb- BiǶb #Qmi Ry iBK2b bHQr2` i?M i?2 HQQTBM; p2`bBQMX
_mMMBM; i?`Qm;?  bBKTH2 HQQT Bb  HQi +?2T2` i?M +HHBM;  7mM+iBQM
KmHiBTH2 iBK2bX
h?2 /BH2KK Q7 bT22/ p2`bmb 2H2;M+2 Bb M BMi2`2biBM; QM2X uQm +M
b22 Bi b  FBM/ Q7 +QMiBMmmK #2ir22M ?mKM@7`B2M/HBM2bb M/ K+?BM2@
7`B2M/HBM2bbX HKQbi Mv T`Q;`K +M #2 K/2 7bi2` #v KFBM; Bi #B;;2`
M/ KQ`2 +QMpQHmi2/X h?2 T`Q;`KK2` Kmbi /2+B/2 QM M TT`QT`Bi2

8k
#HM+2X
AM i?2 +b2 Q7 i?2 2`HB2` power 7mM+iBQM- i?2 BM2H2;Mi UHQQTBM;V p2`bBQM
Bb biBHH 7B`Hv bBKTH2 M/ 2bv iQ `2/X Ai /Q2bMǶi KF2 Km+? b2Mb2 iQ
`2TH+2 Bi rBi? i?2 `2+m`bBp2 p2`bBQMX P7i2M- i?Qm;?-  T`Q;`K /2Hb
rBi? bm+? +QKTH2t +QM+2Tib i?i ;BpBM; mT bQK2 2{+B2M+v BM Q`/2` iQ
KF2 i?2 T`Q;`K KQ`2 bi`B;?i7Q`r`/ #2+QK2b M ii`+iBp2 +?QB+2X
h?2 #bB+ `mH2- r?B+? ?b #22M `2T2i2/ #v KMv T`Q;`KK2`b M/
rBi? r?B+? A r?QH2?2`i2/Hv ;`22- Bb iQ MQi rQ``v #Qmi 2{+B2M+v mMiBH
vQm FMQr 7Q` bm`2 i?i i?2 T`Q;`K Bb iQQ bHQrX A7 Bi Bb- }M/ Qmi r?B+?
T`ib `2 iFBM; mT i?2 KQbi iBK2- M/ bi`i 2t+?M;BM; 2H2;M+2 7Q`
2{+B2M+v BM i?Qb2 T`ibX
P7 +Qm`b2- i?Bb `mH2 /Q2bMǶi K2M QM2 b?QmH/ bi`i B;MQ`BM; T2`7Q`KM+2
HiQ;2i?2`X AM KMv +b2b- HBF2 i?2 power 7mM+iBQM- MQi Km+? bBKTHB+Biv
Bb ;BM2/ 7`QK i?2 dz2H2;MiǴ TT`Q+?X M/ bQK2iBK2b M 2tT2`B2M+2/
T`Q;`KK2` +M b22 `B;?i rv i?i  bBKTH2 TT`Q+? Bb M2p2` ;QBM; iQ
#2 7bi 2MQm;?X
h?2 `2bQM AǶK bi`2bbBM; i?Bb Bb i?i bm`T`BbBM;Hv KMv #2;BMMBM; T`Q@
;`KK2`b 7Q+mb 7MiB+HHv QM 2{+B2M+v- 2p2M BM i?2 bKHH2bi /2iBHbX
h?2 `2bmHi Bb #B;;2`- KQ`2 +QKTHB+i2/- M/ Q7i2M H2bb +Q``2+i T`Q;`Kb-
i?i iF2 HQM;2` iQ r`Bi2 i?M i?2B` KQ`2 bi`B;?i7Q`r`/ 2[mBpH2Mib
M/ i?i mbmHHv `mM QMHv K`;BMHHv 7bi2`X
"mi `2+m`bBQM Bb MQi Hrvb Dmbi  H2bb@2{+B2Mi Hi2`MiBp2 iQ HQQT@
BM;X aQK2 T`Q#H2Kb `2 Km+? 2bB2` iQ bQHp2 rBi? `2+m`bBQM i?M rBi?
HQQTbX JQbi Q7i2M i?2b2 `2 T`Q#H2Kb i?i `2[mB`2 2tTHQ`BM; Q` T`Q+2bb@
BM; b2p2`H dz#`M+?2bǴ- 2+? Q7 r?B+? KB;?i #`M+? Qmi ;BM BMiQ KQ`2
#`M+?2bX
*QMbB/2` i?Bb TmxxH2, #v bi`iBM; 7`QK i?2 MmK#2` R M/ `2T2i2/Hv
2Bi?2` //BM; 8 Q` KmHiBTHvBM; #v j- M BM}MBi2 KQmMi Q7 M2r MmK#2`b
+M #2 T`Q/m+2/X >Qr rQmH/ vQm r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM i?i- ;Bp2M  MmK@
#2`- i`B2b iQ }M/  b2[m2M+2 Q7 bm+? //BiBQMb M/ KmHiBTHB+iBQMb i?i
T`Q/m+2 i?i MmK#2`\ 6Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 MmK#2` Rj +QmH/ #2 `2+?2/ #v
}`bi KmHiBTHvBM; #v j M/ i?2M //BM; 8 irB+2- r?2`2b i?2 MmK#2` R8
+MMQi #2 `2+?2/ i HHX
>2`2 Bb  `2+m`bBp2 bQHmiBQM,
function findSolution ( target ) {
function find ( start , history ) {

8j
 if ( start == target )
return history ;
else if ( start > target )
return null ;
else
return find ( start + 5 , "(" + history + " + 5) ") ||
find ( start * 3, "(" + history + " * 3) ") ;
}
return find (1 , "1") ;
}

console . log ( findSolution (24) );

// → (((1 * 3) + 5) * 3)

LQi2 i?i i?Bb T`Q;`K /Q2bMǶi M2+2bb`BHv }M/ i?2 b?Q`i2bi b2[m2M+2 Q7
QT2`iBQMbX Ai Bb biBb}2/ r?2M Bi }M/b Mv b2[m2M+2 i HHX
A /QMǶi M2+2bb`BHv 2tT2+i vQm iQ b22 ?Qr Bi rQ`Fb `B;?i rvX "mi H2iǶb
rQ`F i?`Qm;? Bi- bBM+2 Bi KF2b 7Q`  ;`2i 2t2`+Bb2 BM `2+m`bBp2 i?BMFBM;X
h?2 BMM2` 7mM+iBQM find /Q2b i?2 +imH `2+m`bBM;X Ai iF2b irQ `;mK2Mibě
i?2 +m``2Mi MmK#2` M/  bi`BM; i?i `2+Q`/b ?Qr r2 `2+?2/ i?Bb MmK#2`ě
M/ `2im`Mb 2Bi?2`  bi`BM; i?i b?Qrb ?Qr iQ ;2i iQ i?2 i`;2i Q` nullX
hQ /Q i?Bb- i?2 7mM+iBQM T2`7Q`Kb QM2 Q7 i?`22 +iBQMbX A7 i?2 +m``2Mi
MmK#2` Bb i?2 i`;2i MmK#2`- i?2 +m``2Mi ?BbiQ`v Bb  rv iQ `2+? i?i
i`;2i- bQ Bi Bb bBKTHv `2im`M2/X A7 i?2 +m``2Mi MmK#2` Bb ;`2i2` i?M
i?2 i`;2i- i?2`2Ƕb MQ b2Mb2 BM 7m`i?2` 2tTHQ`BM; i?Bb ?BbiQ`v bBM+2 #Qi?
//BM; M/ KmHiBTHvBM; rBHH QMHv KF2 i?2 MmK#2` #B;;2`X M/ }MHHv-
B7 r2Ƕ`2 biBHH #2HQr i?2 i`;2i- i?2 7mM+iBQM i`B2b #Qi? TQbbB#H2 Ti?b i?i
bi`i 7`QK i?2 +m``2Mi MmK#2`- #v +HHBM; Bib2H7 irB+2- QM+2 7Q` 2+? Q7
i?2 HHQr2/ M2ti bi2TbX A7 i?2 }`bi +HH `2im`Mb bQK2i?BM; i?i Bb MQi
null- Bi Bb `2im`M2/X Pi?2`rBb2- i?2 b2+QM/ +HH Bb `2im`M2/ě`2;`/H2bb Q7
r?2i?2` Bi T`Q/m+2b  bi`BM; Q` nullX
hQ #2ii2` mM/2`biM/ ?Qr i?Bb 7mM+iBQM T`Q/m+2b i?2 2z2+i r2Ƕ`2 HQQF@
BM; 7Q`- H2iǶb HQQF i HH i?2 +HHb iQ find i?i `2 K/2 r?2M b2`+?BM;
7Q`  bQHmiBQM 7Q` i?2 MmK#2` RjX
find (1 , "1")
find (6 , "(1 + 5) ")
find (11 , "((1 + 5) + 5) ")
find (16 , "(((1 + 5) + 5) + 5) ")
too big

89
 find (33 , "(((1 + 5) + 5) * 3) ")
too big
find (18 , "((1 + 5) * 3) ")
too big
find (3 , "(1 * 3) ")
find (8 , "((1 * 3) + 5) ")
find (13 , "(((1 * 3) + 5) + 5) ")
found !

h?2 BM/2MiiBQM bm;;2bib i?2 /2Ti? Q7 i?2 +HH bi+FX h?2 }`bi iBK2 find
Bb +HH2/ Bi +HHb Bib2H7 irB+2 iQ 2tTHQ`2 i?2 bQHmiBQMb i?i bi`i rBi? (1 + 5)
M/ (1 * 3)X h?2 }`bi +HH i`B2b iQ }M/  bQHmiBQM i?i bi`ib rBi? (1 + 5)
M/- mbBM; `2+m`bBQM- 2tTHQ`2b 2p2`v bQHmiBQM i?i vB2H/b  MmK#2` H2bb
i?M Q` 2[mH iQ i?2 i`;2i MmK#2`X aBM+2 Bi /Q2bMǶi }M/  bQHmiBQM i?i
?Bib i?2 i`;2i- Bi `2im`Mb null #+F iQ i?2 }`bi +HHX h?2`2 i?2 || QT2`iQ`
+mb2b i?2 +HH i?i 2tTHQ`2b (1 * 3) iQ ?TT2MX h?Bb b2`+? ?b KQ`2
Hm+F #2+mb2 Bib }`bi `2+m`bBp2 +HH- i?`Qm;? v2i MQi?2` `2+m`bBp2 +HH-
?Bib mTQM i?2 i`;2i MmK#2`- RjX h?Bb BMM2`KQbi `2+m`bBp2 +HH `2im`Mb
 bi`BM;- M/ 2+? Q7 i?2 || QT2`iQ`b BM i?2 BMi2`K2/Bi2 +HHb Tbb i?i
bi`BM; HQM;- mHiBKi2Hv `2im`MBM; Qm` bQHmiBQMX

:`QrBM; 7mM+iBQMb
h?2`2 `2 irQ KQ`2 Q` H2bb Mim`H rvb 7Q` 7mM+iBQMb iQ #2 BMi`Q/m+2/
BMiQ T`Q;`KbX
h?2 }`bi Bb i?i vQm }M/ vQm`b2H7 r`BiBM; p2`v bBKBH` +Q/2 KmHiBTH2
iBK2bX q2 rMi iQ pQB/ /QBM; i?i bBM+2 ?pBM; KQ`2 +Q/2 K2Mb KQ`2
bT+2 7Q` KBbiF2b iQ ?B/2 M/ KQ`2 Ki2`BH iQ `2/ 7Q` T2QTH2 i`vBM;
iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2 T`Q;`KX aQ r2 iF2 i?2 `2T2i2/ 7mM+iBQMHBiv- }M/
 ;QQ/ MK2 7Q` Bi- M/ Tmi Bi BMiQ  7mM+iBQMX
h?2 b2+QM/ rv Bb i?i vQm }M/ vQm M22/ bQK2 7mM+iBQMHBiv i?i vQm
?p2MǶi r`Bii2M v2i M/ i?i bQmM/b HBF2 Bi /2b2`p2b Bib QrM 7mM+iBQMX
uQmǶHH bi`i #v MKBM; i?2 7mM+iBQM- M/ vQmǶHH i?2M r`Bi2 Bib #Q/vX uQm
KB;?i 2p2M bi`i r`BiBM; +Q/2 i?i mb2b i?2 7mM+iBQM #27Q`2 vQm +imHHv
/2}M2 i?2 7mM+iBQM Bib2H7X
>Qr /B{+mHi Bi Bb iQ }M/  ;QQ/ MK2 7Q`  7mM+iBQM Bb  ;QQ/ BM/B+iBQM
Q7 ?Qr +H2`  +QM+2Ti Bi Bb i?i vQmǶ`2 i`vBM; iQ r`TX G2iǶb ;Q i?`Qm;?

88
M 2tKTH2X
q2 rMi iQ r`Bi2  T`Q;`K i?i T`BMib irQ MmK#2`b- i?2 MmK#2`b
Q7 +Qrb M/ +?B+F2Mb QM  7`K- rBi? i?2 rQ`/b Cows M/ Chickens 7i2`
i?2K- M/ x2`Qb T//2/ #27Q`2 #Qi? MmK#2`b bQ i?i i?2v `2 Hrvb
i?`22 /B;Bib HQM;X
007 Cows
011 Chickens

h?i +H2`Hv bFb 7Q`  7mM+iBQM Q7 irQ `;mK2MibX G2iǶb ;2i +Q/BM;X
function printFarmInventory ( cows , chickens ) {
var cowString = String ( cows );
while ( cowString . length < 3)
cowString = "0" + cowString ;
console . log ( cowString + " Cows ") ;
var chickenString = String ( chickens ) ;
while ( chickenString . length < 3)
chickenString = "0" + chickenString ;
console . log ( chickenString + " Chickens ") ;
}
printFarmInventory (7 , 11) ;

//BM; .length 7i2`  bi`BM; pHm2 rBHH ;Bp2 mb i?2 H2M;i? Q7 i?i bi`BM;X
h?mb- i?2 while HQQTb F22T //BM; x2`Qb BM 7`QMi Q7 i?2 MmK#2` bi`BM;b
mMiBH i?2v `2 i H2bi i?`22 +?`+i2`b HQM;X
JBbbBQM ++QKTHBb?2/5 "mi Dmbi b r2 `2 #Qmi iQ b2M/ i?2 7`K2`
i?2 +Q/2 UHQM; rBi?  ?27iv BMpQB+2- Q7 +Qm`b2V- ?2 +HHb M/ i2HHb mb ?2Ƕb
HbQ bi`i2/ F22TBM; TB;b- M/ +QmH/MǶi r2 TH2b2 2ti2M/ i?2 bQ7ir`2 iQ
HbQ T`BMi TB;b\
q2 bm`2 +MX "mi Dmbi b r2Ƕ`2 BM i?2 T`Q+2bb Q7 +QTvBM; M/ TbiBM;
i?Qb2 7Qm` HBM2b QM2 KQ`2 iBK2- r2 biQT M/ `2+QMbB/2`X h?2`2 ?b iQ #2
 #2ii2` rvX >2`2Ƕb  }`bi ii2KTi,
function printZeroPaddedWithLabel ( number , label ) {
var numberString = String ( number ) ;
while ( numberString . length < 3)
numberString = "0" + numberString ;
console . log ( numberString + " " + label ) ;
}

8e
 function printFarmInventory ( cows , chickens , pigs ) {
printZeroPaddedWithLabel ( cows , " Cows ") ;
printZeroPaddedWithLabel ( chickens , " Chickens ") ;
printZeroPaddedWithLabel ( pigs , " Pigs ") ;
}

printFarmInventory (7 , 11 , 3) ;

Ai rQ`Fb5 "mi i?i MK2- printZeroPaddedWithLabel- Bb  HBiiH2 rFr`/X Ai

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function zeroPad ( number , width ) {
var string = String ( number ) ;
while ( string . length < width )
string = "0" + string ;
return string ;
}

function printFarmInventory ( cows , chickens , pigs ) {

console . log ( zeroPad ( cows , 3) + " Cows ") ;
console . log ( zeroPad ( chickens , 3) + " Chickens ") ;
console . log ( zeroPad ( pigs , 3) + " Pigs ") ;
}

printFarmInventory (7 , 16 , 3) ;

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var listOfNumbers = [2 , 3 , 5 , 7, 11];
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// → 3
console . log ( listOfNumbers [1 - 1]) ;
// → 2

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dzCQ?M .Q2Ǵ- vQm Kmbi mb2 b[m`2 #`+F2ib, value[2] Q` value["John Doe"]X
h?Bb Bb i?2 +b2 2p2M i?Qm;? vQm FMQr i?2 T`2+Bb2 MK2 Q7 i?2 T`QT2`iv
BM /pM+2- #2+mb2 M2Bi?2` dzkǴ MQ` dzCQ?M .Q2Ǵ Bb  pHB/ p`B#H2 MK2
M/ bQ +MMQi #2 ++2bb2/ i?`Qm;? /Qi MQiiBQMX
h?2 2H2K2Mib BM M ``v `2 biQ`2/ BM T`QT2`iB2bX "2+mb2 i?2 MK2b
Q7 i?2b2 T`QT2`iB2b `2 MmK#2`b M/ r2 Q7i2M M22/ iQ ;2i i?2B` MK2
7`QK  p`B#H2- r2 ?p2 iQ mb2 i?2 #`+F2i bvMit iQ ++2bb i?2KX h?2
length T`QT2`iv Q7 M ``v i2HHb mb ?Qr KMv 2H2K2Mib Bi +QMiBMbX h?Bb
T`QT2`iv MK2 Bb  pHB/ p`B#H2 MK2- M/ r2 FMQr Bib MK2 BM /pM+2-
bQ iQ }M/ i?2 H2M;i? Q7 M ``v- vQm ivTB+HHv r`Bi2 array.length #2+mb2
i?i Bb 2bB2` iQ r`Bi2 i?M array["length"]X

J2i?Q/b
"Qi? bi`BM; M/ ``v Q#D2+ib +QMiBM- BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 length T`QT2`iv-
 MmK#2` Q7 T`QT2`iB2b i?i `272` iQ 7mM+iBQM pHm2bX
var doh = " Doh ";
console . log ( typeof doh . toUpperCase );
// → function
console . log ( doh . toUpperCase () ) ;
// → DOH

1p2`v bi`BM; ?b  toUpperCase T`QT2`ivX q?2M +HH2/- Bi rBHH `2im`M 

+QTv Q7 i?2 bi`BM;- BM r?B+? HH H2ii2`b ?p2 #22M +QMp2`i2/ iQ mTT2`+b2X
h?2`2 Bb HbQ toLowerCaseX uQm +M ;m2bb r?i i?i /Q2bX
AMi2`2biBM;Hv- 2p2M i?Qm;? i?2 +HH iQ toUpperCase /Q2b MQi Tbb Mv
`;mK2Mib- i?2 7mM+iBQM bQK2?Qr ?b ++2bb iQ i?2 bi`BM; "Doh"- i?2

e9
pHm2 r?Qb2 T`QT2`iv r2 +HH2/X >Qr i?Bb rQ`Fb Bb /2b+`B#2/ BM *?Ti2`
eX
S`QT2`iB2b i?i +QMiBM 7mM+iBQMb `2 ;2M2`HHv +HH2/ K2i?Q/b Q7 i?2
pHm2 i?2v #2HQM; iQX b BM- dztoUpperCase Bb  K2i?Q/ Q7  bi`BM;ǴX
h?Bb 2tKTH2 /2KQMbi`i2b bQK2 K2i?Q/b i?i ``v Q#D2+ib ?p2,
var mack = [];
mack . push (" Mack ") ;
mack . push (" the " , " Knife ") ;
console . log ( mack ) ;
// → [" Mack " , " the " , " Knife "]
console . log ( mack . join (" ") ) ;
// → Mack the Knife
console . log ( mack . pop () ) ;
// → Knife
console . log ( mack ) ;
// → [" Mack " , " the "]

h?2 push K2i?Q/ +M #2 mb2/ iQ // pHm2b iQ i?2 2M/ Q7 M ``vX h?2
pop K2i?Q/ /Q2b i?2 QTTQbBi2, Bi `2KQp2b i?2 pHm2 i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2
``v M/ `2im`Mb BiX M ``v Q7 bi`BM;b +M #2 ~ii2M2/ iQ  bBM;H2
bi`BM; rBi? i?2 join K2i?Q/X h?2 `;mK2Mi ;Bp2M iQ join /2i2`KBM2b i?2
i2ti i?i Bb ;Hm2/ #2ir22M i?2 ``vǶb 2H2K2MibX

P#D2+ib
"+F iQ i?2 r2`2b[mB``2HX  b2i Q7 /BHv HQ; 2Mi`B2b +M #2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ b
M ``vX "mi i?2 2Mi`B2b /Q MQi +QMbBbi Q7 Dmbi  MmK#2` Q`  bi`BM;ě
2+? 2Mi`v M22/b iQ biQ`2  HBbi Q7 +iBpBiB2b M/  "QQH2M pHm2 i?i
BM/B+i2b r?2i?2` C+[m2b im`M2/ BMiQ  b[mB``2HX A/2HHv- r2 rQmH/ HBF2
iQ ;`QmT i?2b2 pHm2b iQ;2i?2` BMiQ  bBM;H2 pHm2 M/ i?2M Tmi i?2b2
;`QmT2/ pHm2b BMiQ M ``v Q7 HQ; 2Mi`B2bX
oHm2b Q7 i?2 ivT2 Q#D2+i `2 `#Bi``v +QHH2+iBQMb Q7 T`QT2`iB2b- M/ r2
+M // Q` `2KQp2 i?2b2 T`QT2`iB2b b r2 TH2b2X PM2 rv iQ +`2i2 M
Q#D2+i Bb #v mbBM;  +m`Hv #`+2 MQiiBQMX
var day1 = {
squirrel : false ,
events : [" work " , " touched tree ", " pizza " , " running " ,

e8
 " television "]
};
console . log ( day1 . squirrel ) ;
// → false
console . log ( day1 . wolf ) ;
// → undefined
day1 . wolf = false ;
console . log ( day1 . wolf ) ;
// → false

AMbB/2 i?2 +m`Hv #`+2b- r2 +M ;Bp2  HBbi Q7 T`QT2`iB2b b2T`i2/ #v

+QKKbX 1+? T`QT2`iv Bb r`Bii2M b  MK2- 7QHHQr2/ #v  +QHQM- 7QH@
HQr2/ #v M 2tT`2bbBQM i?i T`QpB/2b  pHm2 7Q` i?2 T`QT2`ivX aT+2b
M/ HBM2 #`2Fb `2 MQi bB;MB}+MiX q?2M M Q#D2+i bTMb KmHiBTH2 HBM2b-
BM/2MiBM; Bi HBF2 BM i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2 BKT`Qp2b `2/#BHBivX S`QT2`@
iB2b r?Qb2 MK2b `2 MQi pHB/ p`B#H2 MK2b Q` pHB/ MmK#2`b ?p2 iQ
#2 [mQi2/X
var descriptions = {
work : " Went to work " ,
" touched tree ": " Touched a tree "
};

h?Bb K2Mb i?i +m`Hv #`+2b ?p2 irQ K2MBM;b BM Cpa+`BTiX i i?2
bi`i Q7  bii2K2Mi- i?2v bi`i  #HQ+F Q7 bii2K2MibX AM Mv Qi?2`
TQbBiBQM- i?2v /2b+`B#2 M Q#D2+iX 6Q`imMi2Hv- Bi Bb HKQbi M2p2` mb27mH
iQ bi`i  bii2K2Mi rBi?  +m`Hv@#`+2 Q#D2+i- M/ BM ivTB+H T`Q;`Kb-
i?2`2 Bb MQ K#B;mBiv #2ir22M i?2b2 irQ mb2bX
_2/BM;  T`QT2`iv i?i /Q2bMǶi 2tBbi rBHH T`Q/m+2 i?2 pHm2 undefined-
r?B+? ?TT2Mb i?2 }`bi iBK2 r2 i`v iQ `2/ i?2 wolf T`QT2`iv BM i?2
T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2X
Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ bbB;M  pHm2 iQ  T`QT2`iv 2tT`2bbBQM rBi? i?2 =
QT2`iQ`X h?Bb rBHH `2TH+2 i?2 T`QT2`ivǶb pHm2 B7 Bi H`2/v 2tBbi2/ Q`
+`2i2  M2r T`QT2`iv QM i?2 Q#D2+i B7 Bi /B/MǶiX
hQ #`B2~v `2im`M iQ Qm` i2Mi+H2 KQ/2H Q7 p`B#H2 #BM/BM;běT`QT2`iv
#BM/BM;b `2 bBKBH`X h?2v ;`bT pHm2b- #mi Qi?2` p`B#H2b M/ T`QT2`@
iB2b KB;?i #2 ?QH/BM; QMiQ i?Qb2 bK2 pHm2bX uQm Kv i?BMF Q7 Q#D2+ib
b Q+iQTmb2b rBi? Mv MmK#2` Q7 i2Mi+H2b- 2+? Q7 r?B+? ?b  MK2
BMb+`B#2/ QM BiX

ee
h?2 delete QT2`iQ` +mib Qz  i2Mi+H2 7`QK bm+? M Q+iQTmbX Ai Bb 
mM`v QT2`iQ` i?i- r?2M TTHB2/ iQ  T`QT2`iv ++2bb 2tT`2bbBQM- rBHH
`2KQp2 i?2 MK2/ T`QT2`iv 7`QK i?2 Q#D2+iX h?Bb Bb MQi  +QKKQM i?BM;
iQ /Q- #mi Bi Bb TQbbB#H2X
var anObject = { left : 1 , right : 2};
console . log ( anObject . left ) ;
// → 1
delete anObject . left ;
console . log ( anObject . left ) ;
// → undefined
console . log (" left " in anObject );
// → false
console . log (" right " in anObject ) ;
// → true

h?2 #BM`v in QT2`iQ`- r?2M TTHB2/ iQ  bi`BM; M/ M Q#D2+i- `2im`Mb 

"QQH2M pHm2 i?i BM/B+i2b r?2i?2` i?i Q#D2+i ?b i?i T`QT2`ivX h?2
/Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M b2iiBM;  T`QT2`iv iQ undefined M/ +imHHv /2H2iBM; Bi
Bb i?i- BM i?2 }`bi +b2- i?2 Q#D2+i biBHH ?b i?2 T`QT2`iv UBi Dmbi /Q2bMǶi
?p2  p2`v BMi2`2biBM; pHm2V- r?2`2b BM i?2 b2+QM/ +b2 i?2 T`QT2`iv
Bb MQ HQM;2` T`2b2Mi M/ in rBHH `2im`M falseX
``vb- i?2M- `2 Dmbi  FBM/ Q7 Q#D2+i bT2+BHBx2/ 7Q` biQ`BM; b2[m2M+2b
Q7 i?BM;bX A7 vQm 2pHmi2 typeof [1, 2]- i?Bb T`Q/m+2b "object"X uQm +M
b22 i?2K b HQM;- ~i Q+iQTmb2b rBi? HH i?2B` `Kb BM  M2i `Qr- H#2H2/
rBi? MmK#2`bX

ed
aQ r2 +M `2T`2b2Mi C+[m2bǶ DQm`MH b M ``v Q7 Q#D2+ibX
var journal = [
{ events : [" work " , " touched tree ", " pizza ",
" running " , " television "] ,
squirrel : false } ,
{ events : [" work " , " ice cream " , " cauliflower ",
" lasagna " , " touched tree " , " brushed teeth "] ,
squirrel : false } ,
{ events : [" weekend " , " cycling " , " break ",
" peanuts " , " beer "] ,
squirrel : true } ,
/* and so on ... */
];

Jmi#BHBiv
q2 rBHH ;2i iQ +imH T`Q;`KKBM; `2H bQQM MQrX "mi }`bi- i?2`2Ƕb QM2
Hbi TB2+2 Q7 i?2Q`v iQ mM/2`biM/X
q2Ƕp2 b22M i?i Q#D2+i pHm2b +M #2 KQ/B}2/X h?2 ivT2b Q7 pHm2b
/Bb+mbb2/ BM 2`HB2` +?Ti2`b- bm+? b MmK#2`b- bi`BM;b- M/ "QQH2Mb-
`2 HH BKKmi#H2ěBi Bb BKTQbbB#H2 iQ +?M;2 M 2tBbiBM; pHm2 Q7 i?Qb2
ivT2bX uQm +M +QK#BM2 i?2K M/ /2`Bp2 M2r pHm2b 7`QK i?2K- #mi
r?2M vQm iF2  bT2+B}+ bi`BM; pHm2- i?i pHm2 rBHH Hrvb `2KBM i?2
bK2X h?2 i2ti BMbB/2 Bi +MMQi #2 +?M;2/X A7 vQm ?p2 `272`2M+2 iQ 
bi`BM; i?i +QMiBMb "cat"- Bi Bb MQi TQbbB#H2 7Q` Qi?2` +Q/2 iQ +?M;2 

e3
+?`+i2` BM i?i bi`BM; iQ KF2 Bi bT2HH "rat"X
qBi? Q#D2+ib- QM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7  pHm2 +M #2 KQ/B}2/
#v +?M;BM; Bib T`QT2`iB2bX
q?2M r2 ?p2 irQ MmK#2`b- Rky M/ Rky- r2 +M +QMbB/2` i?2K T`2@
+Bb2Hv i?2 bK2 MmK#2`- r?2i?2` Q` MQi i?2v `272` iQ i?2 bK2 T?vbB+H
#BibX "mi rBi? Q#D2+ib- i?2`2 Bb  /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M ?pBM; irQ `272`@
2M+2b iQ i?2 bK2 Q#D2+i M/ ?pBM; irQ /Bz2`2Mi Q#D2+ib i?i +QMiBM
i?2 bK2 T`QT2`iB2bX *QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2,
var object1 = { value : 10};
var object2 = object1 ;
var object3 = { value : 10};

console . log ( object1 == object2 );

// → true
console . log ( object1 == object3 );
// → false

object1 . value = 15;

console . log ( object2 . value ) ;
// → 15
console . log ( object3 . value ) ;
// → 10

h?2 object1 M/ object2 p`B#H2b ;`bT i?2 bK2 Q#D2+i- r?B+? Bb r?v
+?M;BM; object1 HbQ +?M;2b i?2 pHm2 Q7 object2X h?2 p`B#H2 object3
TQBMib iQ  /Bz2`2Mi Q#D2+i- r?B+? BMBiBHHv +QMiBMb i?2 bK2 T`QT2`iB2b
b object1 #mi HBp2b  b2T`i2 HB72X
Cpa+`BTiǶb == QT2`iQ`- r?2M +QKT`BM; Q#D2+ib- rBHH `2im`M true QMHv
B7 #Qi? Q#D2+ib `2 T`2+Bb2Hv i?2 bK2 pHm2X *QKT`BM; /Bz2`2Mi Q#D2+ib
rBHH `2im`M false- 2p2M B7 i?2v ?p2 B/2MiB+H +QMi2MibX h?2`2 Bb MQ dz/22TǴ
+QKT`BbQM QT2`iBQM #mBHi BMiQ Cpa+`BTi- r?B+? HQQFb i Q#D2+iǶb +QM@
i2Mib- #mi Bi Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ r`Bi2 Bi vQm`b2H7 Ur?B+? rBHH #2 QM2 Q7 i?2
2t2`+Bb2b i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`VX

h?2 Hv+Mi?`QT2Ƕb HQ;

aQ C+[m2b bi`ib mT ?Bb Cpa+`BTi BMi2`T`2i2` M/ b2ib mT i?2 2MpB`QM@
K2Mi ?2 M22/b iQ F22T ?Bb DQm`MHX

eN
 var journal = [];

function addEntry ( events , didITurnIntoASquirrel ) {

journal . push ({
events : events ,
squirrel : didITurnIntoASquirrel
}) ;
}

M/ i?2M- 2p2`v 2p2MBM; i i2MěQ` bQK2iBK2b i?2 M2ti KQ`MBM;- 7i2`
+HBK#BM; /QrM 7`QK i?2 iQT b?2H7 Q7 ?Bb #QQF+b2ě?2 `2+Q`/b i?2 /vX
addEntry ([" work " , " touched tree ", " pizza ", " running ",
" television "] , false ) ;
addEntry ([" work " , " ice cream " , " cauliflower ", " lasagna ",
" touched tree ", " brushed teeth "] , false ) ;
addEntry ([" weekend " , " cycling ", " break ", " peanuts ",
" beer "] , true );

PM+2 ?2 ?b 2MQm;? /i TQBMib- ?2 BMi2M/b iQ +QKTmi2 i?2 +Q``2HiBQM

#2ir22M ?Bb b[mB``2HB}+iBQM M/ 2+? Q7 i?2 /vǶb 2p2Mib M/ B/2HHv
H2`M bQK2i?BM; mb27mH 7`QK i?Qb2 +Q``2HiBQMbX
*Q``2HiBQM Bb  K2bm`2 Q7 /2T2M/2M+2 #2ir22M p`B#H2b Udzp`B#H2bǴ
BM i?2 biiBbiB+H b2Mb2- MQi i?2 Cpa+`BTi b2Mb2VX Ai Bb mbmHHv 2tT`2bb2/
b  +Q2{+B2Mi i?i `M;2b 7`QK @R iQ RX w2`Q +Q``2HiBQM K2Mb i?2
p`B#H2b `2 MQi `2Hi2/- r?2`2b  +Q``2HiBQM Q7 QM2 BM/B+i2b i?i i?2
irQ `2 T2`72+iHv `2Hi2/ěB7 vQm FMQr QM2- vQm HbQ FMQr i?2 Qi?2`X
L2;iBp2 QM2 HbQ K2Mb i?i i?2 p`B#H2b `2 T2`72+iHv `2Hi2/ #mi i?i
i?2v `2 QTTQbBi2běr?2M QM2 Bb i`m2- i?2 Qi?2` Bb 7Hb2X
6Q` #BM`v U"QQH2MV p`B#H2b- i?2 T?B +Q2{+B2Mi UϕV T`QpB/2b  ;QQ/
K2bm`2 Q7 +Q``2HiBQM M/ Bb `2HiBp2Hv 2bv iQ +QKTmi2X hQ +QKTmi2
ϕ- r2 M22/  i#H2 M i?i +QMiBMb i?2 MmK#2` Q7 iBK2b i?2 p`BQmb
+QK#BMiBQMb Q7 i?2 irQ p`B#H2b r2`2 Q#b2`p2/X 6Q` 2tKTH2- r2 +QmH/
iF2 i?2 2p2Mi Q7 2iBM; TBxx M/ Tmi i?i BM  i#H2 HBF2 i?Bb,

dy
 No squirrel, no pizza76 No squirrel, pizza 9

Squirrel, no pizza 4 Squirrel, pizza 1

ϕ +M #2 +QKTmi2/ mbBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7Q`KmH- r?2`2 M `272`b iQ i?2

i#H2,
n11 n00 − n10 n01
ϕ= √ U9XRV
n1• n0• n•1 n•0
h?2 MQiiBQM n01 BM/B+i2b i?2 MmK#2` Q7 K2bm`2K2Mib r?2`2 i?2 }`bi
p`B#H2 Ub[mB``2HM2bbV Bb 7Hb2 UyV M/ i?2 b2+QM/ p`B#H2 UTBxxV Bb i`m2
URVX AM i?Bb 2tKTH2- n01 Bb NX
h?2 pHm2 n1• `272`b iQ i?2 bmK Q7 HH K2bm`2K2Mib r?2`2 i?2 }`bi
p`B#H2 Bb i`m2- r?B+? Bb 8 BM i?2 2tKTH2 i#H2X GBF2rBb2- n•0 `272`b iQ
i?2 bmK Q7 i?2 K2bm`2K2Mib r?2`2 i?2 b2+QM/ p`B#H2 Bb 7Hb2X
aQ 7Q` i?2 TBxx i#H2- i?2 T`i #Qp2 i?2 /BpBbBQM HBM2 Ui?2 /BpB/2M/V
rQmH/ #2 R×de @ 9×N 4 9y- M/ i?2 T`i √ #2HQr Bi Ui?2 /BpBbQ`V rQmH/
#2 i?2 b[m`2 `QQi Q7 8×38×Ry×3y- Q` 340000X h?Bb +QK2b Qmi iQ ϕ ≈
yXyeN- r?B+? Bb iBMvX 1iBM; TBxx /Q2b MQi TT2` iQ ?p2 BM~m2M+2 QM
i?2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQMbX

*QKTmiBM; +Q``2HiBQM
q2 +M `2T`2b2Mi  irQ@#v@irQ i#H2 BM Cpa+`BTi rBi?  7Qm`@2H2K2Mi
``v U[76, 9, 4, 1]VX q2 +QmH/ HbQ mb2 Qi?2` `2T`2b2MiiBQMb- bm+? b
M ``v +QMiBMBM; irQ irQ@2H2K2Mi ``vb U[[76, 9], [4, 1]]V Q` M Q#@
D2+i rBi? T`QT2`iv MK2b HBF2 "11" M/ "01"- #mi i?2 ~i ``v Bb bBKTH2
M/ KF2b i?2 2tT`2bbBQMb i?i ++2bb i?2 i#H2 TH2bMiHv b?Q`iX q2ǶHH

dR
BMi2`T`2i i?2 BM/B+2b iQ i?2 ``v b irQ@#Bi #BM`v MmK#2`- r?2`2 i?2
H27iKQbi UKQbi bB;MB}+MiV /B;Bi `272`b iQ i?2 b[mB``2H p`B#H2 M/ i?2
`B;?iKQbi UH2bi bB;MB}+MiV /B;Bi `272`b iQ i?2 2p2Mi p`B#H2X 6Q` 2tK@
TH2- i?2 #BM`v MmK#2` 10 `272`b iQ i?2 +b2 r?2`2 C+[m2b /B/ im`M BMiQ
 b[mB``2H- #mi i?2 2p2Mi Ubv- ǴTBxxǴV /B/MǶi Q++m`X h?Bb ?TT2M2/ 7Qm`
iBK2bX M/ bBM+2 #BM`v 10 Bb k BM /2+BKH MQiiBQM- r2 rBHH biQ`2 i?Bb
MmK#2` i BM/2t k Q7 i?2 ``vX
h?Bb Bb i?2 7mM+iBQM i?i +QKTmi2b i?2 ϕ +Q2{+B2Mi 7`QK bm+? M ``v,
function phi ( table ) {
return ( table [3] * table [0] - table [2] * table [1]) /
Math . sqrt (( table [2] + table [3]) *
( table [0] + table [1]) *
( table [1] + table [3]) *
( table [0] + table [2]) ) ;
}

console . log ( phi ([76 , 9 , 4 , 1]) );

// → 0.068599434

h?Bb Bb bBKTHv  /B`2+i i`MbHiBQM Q7 i?2 ϕ 7Q`KmH BMiQ Cpa+`BTiX Math

.sqrt Bb i?2 b[m`2 `QQi 7mM+iBQM- b T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 Math Q#D2+i BM 
biM/`/ Cpa+`BTi 2MpB`QMK2MiX q2 ?p2 iQ bmK irQ }2H/b 7`QK i?2
i#H2 iQ ;2i }2H/b HBF2 n1• #2+mb2 i?2 bmKb Q7 `Qrb Q` +QHmKMb `2 MQi
biQ`2/ /B`2+iHv BM Qm` /i bi`m+im`2X
C+[m2b F2Ti ?Bb DQm`MH 7Q` i?`22 KQMi?bX h?2 `2bmHiBM; /i b2i Bb
pBH#H2 BM i?2 +Q/BM; bM/#Qt 7Q` i?Bb +?Ti2`U2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2if+Q/2O9V-
r?2`2 Bi Bb biQ`2/ BM i?2 JOURNAL p`B#H2- M/ BM  /QrMHQ/#H2 }H2X
hQ 2ti`+i  irQ@#v@irQ i#H2 7Q`  bT2+B}+ 2p2Mi 7`QK i?Bb DQm`MH- r2
Kmbi HQQT Qp2` HH i?2 2Mi`B2b M/ iHHv mT ?Qr KMv iBK2b i?2 2p2Mi
Q++m`b BM `2HiBQM iQ b[mB``2H i`Mb7Q`KiBQMbX
function hasEvent ( event , entry ) {
return entry . events . indexOf ( event ) != -1;
}

function tableFor ( event , journal ) {

var table = [0 , 0 , 0 , 0];
for ( var i = 0; i < journal . length ; i ++) {
var entry = journal [i ], index = 0;

dk
 if ( hasEvent ( event , entry ) ) index += 1;
if ( entry . squirrel ) index += 2;
table [ index ] += 1;
}
return table ;
}

console . log ( tableFor (" pizza ", JOURNAL ) ) ;

// → [76 , 9 , 4, 1]

h?2 hasEvent 7mM+iBQM i2bib r?2i?2` M 2Mi`v +QMiBMb  ;Bp2M 2p2MiX

``vb ?p2 M indexOf K2i?Q/ i?i i`B2b iQ }M/  ;Bp2M pHm2 UBM i?Bb
+b2- i?2 2p2Mi MK2V BM i?2 ``v M/ `2im`Mb i?2 BM/2t i r?B+? Bi rb
7QmM/ Q` @R B7 Bi rbMǶi 7QmM/X aQ B7 i?2 +HH iQ indexOf /Q2bMǶi `2im`M @R-
i?2M r2 FMQr i?2 2p2Mi rb 7QmM/ BM i?2 2Mi`vX
h?2 #Q/v Q7 i?2 HQQT BM tableFor };m`2b Qmi r?B+? #Qt BM i?2 i#H2
2+? DQm`MH 2Mi`v 7HHb BMiQ #v +?2+FBM; r?2i?2` i?2 2Mi`v +QMiBMb i?2
bT2+B}+ 2p2Mi BiǶb BMi2`2bi2/ BM M/ r?2i?2` i?2 2p2Mi ?TT2Mb HQM;bB/2
 b[mB``2H BM+B/2MiX h?2 HQQT i?2M //b QM2 iQ i?2 MmK#2` BM i?2 ``v
i?i +Q``2bTQM/b iQ i?Bb #Qt QM i?2 i#H2X
q2 MQr ?p2 i?2 iQQHb r2 M22/ iQ +QKTmi2 BM/BpB/mH +Q``2HiBQMbX
h?2 QMHv bi2T `2KBMBM; Bb iQ }M/  +Q``2HiBQM 7Q` 2p2`v ivT2 Q7 2p2Mi
i?i rb `2+Q`/2/ M/ b22 r?2i?2` Mvi?BM; biM/b QmiX "mi ?Qr b?QmH/
r2 biQ`2 i?2b2 +Q``2HiBQMb QM+2 r2 +QKTmi2 i?2K\

P#D2+ib b KTb
PM2 TQbbB#H2 rv Bb iQ biQ`2 HH i?2 +Q``2HiBQMb BM M ``v- mbBM; Q#D2+ib
rBi? name M/ value T`QT2`iB2bX "mi i?i KF2b HQQFBM; mT i?2 +Q``2HiBQM
7Q`  ;Bp2M 2p2Mi bQK2r?i +mK#2`bQK2, vQmǶ/ ?p2 iQ HQQT Qp2` i?2
r?QH2 ``v iQ }M/ i?2 Q#D2+i rBi? i?2 `B;?i nameX q2 +QmH/ r`T i?Bb
HQQFmT T`Q+2bb BM  7mM+iBQM- #mi r2 rQmH/ biBHH #2 r`BiBM; KQ`2 +Q/2-
M/ i?2 +QKTmi2` rQmH/ #2 /QBM; KQ`2 rQ`F i?M M2+2bb`vX
 #2ii2` rv Bb iQ mb2 Q#D2+i T`QT2`iB2b MK2/ 7i2` i?2 2p2Mi ivT2bX
q2 +M mb2 i?2 b[m`2 #`+F2i ++2bb MQiiBQM iQ +`2i2 M/ `2/ i?2
T`QT2`iB2b M/ +M mb2 i?2 in QT2`iQ` iQ i2bi r?2i?2`  ;Bp2M T`QT2`iv
2tBbibX

dj
 var map = {};
function storePhi ( event , phi ) {
map [ event ] = phi ;
}

storePhi (" pizza " , 0.069) ;

storePhi (" touched tree " , -0.081) ;
console . log (" pizza " in map ) ;
// → true
console . log ( map [" touched tree "]) ;
// → -0.081

 KT Bb  rv iQ ;Q 7`QK pHm2b BM QM2 /QKBM UBM i?Bb +b2- 2p2Mi
MK2bV iQ +Q``2bTQM/BM; pHm2b BM MQi?2` /QKBM UBM i?Bb +b2- ϕ +Q27@
}+B2MibVX
h?2`2 `2  72r TQi2MiBH T`Q#H2Kb rBi? mbBM; Q#D2+ib HBF2 i?Bb- r?B+?
r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb BM *?Ti2` e- #mi 7Q` i?2 iBK2 #2BM;- r2 rQMǶi rQ``v
#Qmi i?Qb2X
q?i B7 r2 rMi iQ }M/ HH i?2 2p2Mib 7Q` r?B+? r2 ?p2 biQ`2/ 
+Q2{+B2Mi\ h?2 T`QT2`iB2b /QMǶi 7Q`K  T`2/B+i#H2 b2`B2b- HBF2 i?2v
rQmH/ BM M ``v- bQ r2 +MMQi mb2  MQ`KH for HQQTX Cpa+`BTi
T`QpB/2b  HQQT +QMbi`m+i bT2+B}+HHv 7Q` ;QBM; Qp2` i?2 T`QT2`iB2b Q7
M Q#D2+iX Ai HQQFb  HBiiH2 HBF2  MQ`KH for HQQT #mi /BbiBM;mBb?2b Bib2H7
#v i?2 mb2 Q7 i?2 rQ`/ inX
for ( var event in map )
console . log (" The correlation for " + event +
" is " + map [ event ]) ;
// → The correlation for pizza is 0.069
// → The correlation for touched tree is -0.081

h?2 }MH MHvbBb

hQ }M/ HH i?2 ivT2b Q7 2p2Mib i?i `2 T`2b2Mi BM i?2 /i b2i- r2 bBKTHv
T`Q+2bb 2+? 2Mi`v BM im`M M/ i?2M HQQT Qp2` i?2 2p2Mib BM i?i 2Mi`vX
q2 F22T M Q#D2+i phis i?i ?b +Q``2HiBQM +Q2{+B2Mib 7Q` HH i?2 2p2Mi
ivT2b r2 ?p2 b22M bQ 7`X q?2M2p2` r2 `mM +`Qbb  ivT2 i?i BbMǶi BM
i?2 phis Q#D2+i v2i- r2 +QKTmi2 Bib +Q``2HiBQM M/ // Bi iQ i?2 Q#D2+iX

d9
 function gatherCorrelations ( journal ) {
var phis = {};
for ( var entry = 0; entry < journal . length ; entry ++) {
var events = journal [ entry ]. events ;
for ( var i = 0; i < events . length ; i ++) {
var event = events [ i ];
if (!( event in phis ) )
phis [ event ] = phi ( tableFor ( event , journal ) ) ;
}
}
return phis ;
}

var correlations = gatherCorrelations ( JOURNAL );

console . log ( correlations . pizza ) ;
// → 0.068599434

G2iǶb b22 r?i +K2 QmiX

for ( var event in correlations )
console . log ( event + ": " + correlations [ event ]) ;
// → carrot : 0.0140970969
// → exercise : 0.0685994341
// → weekend : 0.1371988681
// → bread : -0.0757554019
// → pudding : -0.0648203724
// and so on ...

JQbi +Q``2HiBQMb b22K iQ HB2 +HQb2 iQ x2`QX 1iBM; +``Qib- #`2/- Q`

Tm//BM; TT`2MiHv /Q2b MQi i`B;;2` b[mB``2H@Hv+Mi?`QTvX Ai /Q2b b22K
iQ Q++m` bQK2r?i KQ`2 Q7i2M QM r22F2M/b- ?Qr2p2`X G2iǶb }Hi2` i?2
`2bmHib iQ b?Qr QMHv +Q``2HiBQMb ;`2i2` i?M yXR Q` H2bb i?M @yXRX
for ( var event in correlations ) {
var correlation = correlations [ event ];
if ( correlation > 0.1 || correlation < -0.1)
console . log ( event + ": " + correlation ) ;
}
// → weekend : 0.1371988681
// → brushed teeth : -0.3805211953
// → candy : 0.1296407447
// → work : -0.1371988681
// → spaghetti : 0.2425356250

d8
 // → reading : 0.1106828054
// → peanuts : 0.5902679812

@?5 h?2`2 `2 irQ 7+iQ`b r?Qb2 +Q``2HiBQM Bb +H2`Hv bi`QM;2` i?M
i?2 Qi?2`bX 1iBM; T2Mmib ?b  bi`QM; TQbBiBp2 2z2+i QM i?2 +?M+2
Q7 im`MBM; BMiQ  b[mB``2H- r?2`2b #`mb?BM; ?Bb i22i? ?b  bB;MB}+Mi
M2;iBp2 2z2+iX
AMi2`2biBM;X G2iǶb i`v bQK2i?BM;X
for ( var i = 0; i < JOURNAL . length ; i ++) {
var entry = JOURNAL [ i ];
if ( hasEvent (" peanuts ", entry ) &&
! hasEvent (" brushed teeth ", entry ))
entry . events . push (" peanut teeth ") ;
}
console . log ( phi ( tableFor (" peanut teeth " , JOURNAL ) ) ) ;
// → 1

q2HH- i?iǶb mMKBbiF#H25 h?2 T?2MQK2MQM Q++m`b T`2+Bb2Hv r?2M C+[m2b

2ib T2Mmib M/ 7BHb iQ #`mb? ?Bb i22i?X A7 QMHv ?2 r2`2MǶi bm+?  bHQ#
#Qmi /2MiH ?v;B2M2- ?2Ƕ/ ?p2 M2p2` 2p2M MQiB+2/ ?Bb |B+iBQMX
EMQrBM; i?Bb- C+[m2b bBKTHv biQTb 2iBM; T2Mmib HiQ;2i?2` M/ }M/b
i?i i?Bb +QKTH2i2Hv Tmib M 2M/ iQ ?Bb i`Mb7Q`KiBQMbX
HH Bb r2HH rBi? C+[m2b 7Q`  r?BH2X "mi  72r v2`b Hi2`- ?2 HQb2b
?Bb DQ# M/ Bb 2p2MimHHv 7Q`+2/ iQ iF2 2KTHQvK2Mi rBi?  +B`+mb- r?2`2
?2 T2`7Q`Kb b h?2 AM+`2/B#H2 a[mB``2HKM #v bim{M; ?Bb KQmi? rBi?
T2Mmi #mii2` #27Q`2 2p2`v b?QrX PM2 /v- 72/ mT rBi? i?Bb TBiB7mH 2tBb@
i2M+2- C+[m2b 7BHb iQ +?M;2 #+F BMiQ ?Bb ?mKM 7Q`K- ?QTb i?`Qm;?
 +`+F BM i?2 +B`+mb i2Mi- M/ pMBb?2b BMiQ i?2 7Q`2biX >2 Bb M2p2` b22M
;BMX

6m`i?2` ``vQHQ;v
"27Q`2 }MBb?BM; mT i?Bb +?Ti2`- A rMi iQ BMi`Q/m+2 vQm iQ  72r KQ`2
Q#D2+i@`2Hi2/ +QM+2TibX q2ǶHH bi`i #v BMi`Q/m+BM; bQK2 ;2M2`HHv mb27mH
``v K2i?Q/bX
q2 br push M/ pop- r?B+? // M/ `2KQp2 2H2K2Mib i i?2 2M/ Q7
M ``v- 2`HB2` BM i?Bb +?Ti2`X h?2 +Q``2bTQM/BM; K2i?Q/b 7Q` //BM;
M/ `2KQpBM; i?BM;b i i?2 bi`i Q7 M ``v `2 +HH2/ unshift M/ shiftX

de
 var todoList = [];
function rememberTo ( task ) {
todoList . push ( task ) ;
}
function whatIsNext () {
return todoList . shift () ;
}
function urgentlyRememberTo ( task ) {
todoList . unshift ( task );
}

h?2 T`2pBQmb T`Q;`K KM;2b HBbib Q7 ibFbX uQm // ibFb iQ i?2
2M/ Q7 i?2 HBbi #v +HHBM; rememberTo("eat")- M/ r?2M vQmǶ`2 `2/v iQ /Q
bQK2i?BM;- vQm +HH whatIsNext() iQ ;2i UM/ `2KQp2V i?2 7`QMi Bi2K 7`QK
i?2 HBbiX h?2 urgentlyRememberTo 7mM+iBQM HbQ //b  ibF #mi //b Bi iQ
i?2 7`QMi BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 #+F Q7 i?2 HBbiX
h?2 indexOf K2i?Q/ ?b  bB#HBM; +HH2/ lastIndexOf- r?B+? bi`ib b2`+?@
BM; 7Q` i?2 ;Bp2M 2H2K2Mi i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 ``v BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 7`QMiX
console . log ([1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 1]. indexOf (2) ) ;
// → 1
console . log ([1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 1]. lastIndexOf (2) ) ;
// → 3

"Qi? indexOf M/ lastIndexOf iF2 M QTiBQMH b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi i?i BM@
/B+i2b r?2`2 iQ bi`i b2`+?BM; 7`QKX
MQi?2` 7mM/K2MiH K2i?Q/ Bb slice- r?B+? iF2b  bi`i BM/2t M/
M 2M/ BM/2t M/ `2im`Mb M ``v i?i ?b QMHv i?2 2H2K2Mib #2ir22M
i?Qb2 BM/B+2bX h?2 bi`i BM/2t Bb BM+HmbBp2- i?2 2M/ BM/2t 2t+HmbBp2X
console . log ([0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4]. slice (2 , 4) ) ;
// → [2 , 3]
console . log ([0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4]. slice (2) ) ;
// → [2 , 3 , 4]

q?2M i?2 2M/ BM/2t Bb MQi ;Bp2M- slice rBHH iF2 HH Q7 i?2 2H2K2Mib 7i2`
i?2 bi`i BM/2tX ai`BM;b HbQ ?p2  slice K2i?Q/- r?B+? ?b  bBKBH`
2z2+iX
h?2 concat K2i?Q/ +M #2 mb2/ iQ ;Hm2 ``vb iQ;2i?2`- bBKBH` iQ r?i
i?2 + QT2`iQ` /Q2b 7Q` bi`BM;bX h?2 7QHHQrBM; 2tKTH2 b?Qrb #Qi? concat
M/ slice BM +iBQMX Ai iF2b M ``v M/ M BM/2t- M/ Bi `2im`Mb  M2r

dd
``v i?i Bb  +QTv Q7 i?2 Q`B;BMH ``v rBi? i?2 2H2K2Mi i i?2 ;Bp2M
BM/2t `2KQp2/X
function remove ( array , index ) {
return array . slice (0 , index )
. concat ( array . slice ( index + 1) ) ;
}
console . log ( remove ([" a " , " b ", " c", "d " , " e "] , 2) ) ;
// → [" a " , " b " , " d " , " e "]

ai`BM;b M/ i?2B` T`QT2`iB2b

q2 +M `2/ T`QT2`iB2b HBF2 length M/ toUpperCase 7`QK bi`BM; pHm2bX "mi
B7 vQm i`v iQ //  M2r T`QT2`iv- Bi /Q2bMǶi biB+FX
var myString = " Fido ";
myString . myProperty = " value ";
console . log ( myString . myProperty );
// → undefined

oHm2b Q7 ivT2 bi`BM;- MmK#2`- M/ "QQH2M `2 MQi Q#D2+ib- M/ i?Qm;?
i?2 HM;m;2 /Q2bMǶi +QKTHBM B7 vQm i`v iQ b2i M2r T`QT2`iB2b QM i?2K-
Bi /Q2bMǶi +imHHv biQ`2 i?Qb2 T`QT2`iB2bX h?2 pHm2b `2 BKKmi#H2 M/
+MMQi #2 +?M;2/X
"mi i?2b2 ivT2b /Q ?p2 bQK2 #mBHi@BM T`QT2`iB2bX 1p2`v bi`BM; pHm2
?b  MmK#2` Q7 K2i?Q/bX h?2 KQbi mb27mH QM2b `2 T`Q##Hv slice M/
indexOf- r?B+? `2b2K#H2 i?2 ``v K2i?Q/b Q7 i?2 bK2 MK2X

console . log (" coconuts ". slice (4 , 7) ) ;

// → nut
console . log (" coconut ". indexOf (" u ") ) ;
// → 5

PM2 /Bz2`2M+2 Bb i?i  bi`BM;Ƕb indexOf +M iF2  bi`BM; +QMiBMBM; KQ`2
i?M QM2 +?`+i2`- r?2`2b i?2 +Q``2bTQM/BM; ``v K2i?Q/ HQQFb QMHv
7Q`  bBM;H2 2H2K2MiX
console . log (" one two three ". indexOf (" ee ") ) ;
// → 11

d3
h?2 trim K2i?Q/ `2KQp2b r?Bi2bT+2 UbT+2b- M2rHBM2b- i#b- M/ bBKBH`
+?`+i2`bV 7`QK i?2 bi`i M/ 2M/ Q7  bi`BM;X
console . log (" okay \ n ". trim () );
// → okay

q2 ?p2 H`2/v b22M i?2 bi`BM; ivT2Ƕb length T`QT2`ivX ++2bbBM; i?2
BM/BpB/mH +?`+i2`b BM  bi`BM; +M #2 /QM2 rBi? i?2 charAt K2i?Q/ #mi
HbQ #v bBKTHv `2/BM; MmK2`B+ T`QT2`iB2b- HBF2 vQmǶ/ /Q 7Q` M ``vX
var string = " abc ";
console . log ( string . length ) ;
// → 3
console . log ( string . charAt (0) ) ;
// → a
console . log ( string [1]) ;
// → b

h?2 `;mK2Mib Q#D2+i

q?2M2p2`  7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/-  bT2+BH p`B#H2 MK2/ arguments Bb //2/
iQ i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi BM r?B+? i?2 7mM+iBQM #Q/v `mMbX h?Bb p`B#H2 `272`b
iQ M Q#D2+i i?i ?QH/b HH Q7 i?2 `;mK2Mib Tbb2/ iQ i?2 7mM+iBQMX
_2K2K#2` i?i BM Cpa+`BTi vQm `2 HHQr2/ iQ Tbb KQ`2 UQ` 72r2`V
`;mK2Mib iQ  7mM+iBQM i?M i?2 MmK#2` Q7 T`K2i2`b i?2 7mM+iBQM
Bib2H7 /2+H`2bX
function noArguments () {}
noArguments (1 , 2 , 3) ; // This is okay
function threeArguments (a , b , c) {}
threeArguments () ; // And so is this

h?2 arguments Q#D2+i ?b  length T`QT2`iv i?i i2HHb mb i?2 MmK#2` Q7
`;mK2Mib i?i r2`2 `2HHv Tbb2/ iQ i?2 7mM+iBQMX Ai HbQ ?b  T`QT2`iv
7Q` 2+? `;mK2Mi- MK2/ y- R- k- M/ bQ QMX
A7 i?i bQmM/b  HQi HBF2 M ``v iQ vQm- vQmǶ`2 `B;?i- Bi Bb  HQi HBF2 M
``vX "mi i?Bb Q#D2+i- mM7Q`imMi2Hv- /Q2b MQi ?p2 Mv ``v K2i?Q/b
UHBF2 slice Q` indexOfV- bQ Bi Bb  HBiiH2 ?`/2` iQ mb2 i?M  `2H ``vX
function argumentCounter () {

dN
 console . log (" You gave me ", arguments . length , " arguments .") ;
}
argumentCounter (" Straw man ", " Tautology ", " Ad hominem ") ;
// → You gave me 3 arguments .

aQK2 7mM+iBQMb +M iF2 Mv MmK#2` Q7 `;mK2Mib- HBF2 console.logX

h?2b2 ivTB+HHv HQQT Qp2` i?2 pHm2b BM i?2B` arguments Q#D2+iX h?2v +M
#2 mb2/ iQ +`2i2 p2`v TH2bMi BMi2`7+2bX 6Q` 2tKTH2- `2K2K#2` ?Qr
r2 +`2i2/ i?2 2Mi`B2b iQ C+[m2bǶ DQm`MHX
addEntry ([" work " , " touched tree ", " pizza ", " running ",
" television "] , false ) ;

aBM+2 ?2 Bb ;QBM; iQ #2 +HHBM; i?Bb 7mM+iBQM  HQi- r2 +QmH/ +`2i2 M

Hi2`MiBp2 i?i Bb 2bB2` iQ +HHX
function addEntry ( squirrel ) {
var entry = { events : [] , squirrel : squirrel };
for ( var i = 1; i < arguments . length ; i ++)
entry . events . push ( arguments [ i ]) ;
journal . push ( entry ) ;
}
addEntry ( true , " work " , " touched tree ", " pizza ",
" running " , " television ") ;

h?Bb p2`bBQM `2/b Bib }`bi `;mK2Mi UsquirrelV BM i?2 MQ`KH rv M/
i?2M ;Q2b Qp2` i?2 `2bi Q7 i?2 `;mK2Mib Ui?2 HQQT bi`ib i BM/2t R-
bFBTTBM; i?2 }`biV iQ ;i?2` i?2K BMiQ M ``vX

h?2 Ji? Q#D2+i

b r2Ƕp2 b22M- Math Bb  ;`#@#; Q7 MmK#2`@`2Hi2/ miBHBiv 7mM+iBQMb-
bm+? b Math.max UKtBKmKV- Math.min UKBMBKmKV- M/ Math.sqrt Ub[m`2
`QQiVX
h?2 Math Q#D2+i Bb mb2/ bBKTHv b  +QMiBM2` iQ ;`QmT  #mM+? Q7 `2Hi2/
7mM+iBQMHBivX h?2`2 Bb QMHv QM2 Math Q#D2+i- M/ Bi Bb HKQbi M2p2` mb27mH
b  pHm2X _i?2`- Bi T`QpB/2b  MK2bT+2 bQ i?i HH i?2b2 7mM+iBQMb
M/ pHm2b /Q MQi ?p2 iQ #2 ;HQ#H p`B#H2bX
>pBM; iQQ KMv ;HQ#H p`B#H2b dzTQHHmi2bǴ i?2 MK2bT+2X h?2 KQ`2
MK2b i?i ?p2 #22M iF2M- i?2 KQ`2 HBF2Hv vQm `2 iQ ++B/2MiHHv

3y
Qp2`r`Bi2 i?2 pHm2 Q7 bQK2 p`B#H2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- BiǶb MQi mMHBF2Hv
i?i vQmǶHH rMi iQ MK2 bQK2i?BM; max BM QM2 Q7 vQm` T`Q;`KbX aBM+2
Cpa+`BTiǶb #mBHi@BM max 7mM+iBQM Bb im+F2/ b72Hv BMbB/2 i?2 Math Q#D2+i-
r2 /QMǶi ?p2 iQ rQ``v #Qmi Qp2`r`BiBM; BiX
JMv HM;m;2b rBHH biQT vQm- Q` i H2bi r`M vQm- r?2M vQm `2
/2}MBM;  p`B#H2 rBi?  MK2 i?i Bb H`2/v iF2MX Cpa+`BTi /Q2b
M2Bi?2`- bQ #2 +`27mHX
"+F iQ i?2 Math Q#D2+iX A7 vQm M22/ iQ /Q i`B;QMQK2i`v- Math +M ?2HTX
Ai +QMiBMb cos U+QbBM2V- sin UbBM2V- M/ tan UiM;2MiV- b r2HH b i?2B`
BMp2`b2 7mM+iBQMb- acos- asin- M/ atan- `2bT2+iBp2HvX h?2 MmK#2` π UTBVě
Q` i H2bi i?2 +HQb2bi TT`QtBKiBQM i?i }ib BM  Cpa+`BTi MmK#2`ěBb
pBH#H2 b Math.PIX Uh?2`2 Bb M QH/ T`Q;`KKBM; i`/BiBQM Q7 r`BiBM;
i?2 MK2b Q7 +QMbiMi pHm2b BM HH +TbXV
function randomPointOnCircle ( radius ) {
var angle = Math . random () * 2 * Math . PI ;
return { x : radius * Math . cos ( angle ) ,
y: radius * Math . sin ( angle ) };
}
console . log ( randomPointOnCircle (2) );
// → { x : 0.3667 , y : 1.966}

A7 bBM2b M/ +QbBM2b `2 MQi bQK2i?BM; vQm `2 p2`v 7KBHB` rBi?- /QMǶi
rQ``vX q?2M i?2v `2 mb2/ BM i?Bb #QQF- BM *?Ti2` Rj- AǶHH 2tTHBM i?2KX
h?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2 mb2b Math.randomX h?Bb Bb  7mM+iBQM i?i `2im`Mb 
M2r Tb2m/Q`M/QK MmK#2` #2ir22M x2`Q UBM+HmbBp2V M/ QM2 U2t+HmbBp2V
2p2`v iBK2 vQm +HH BiX
console . log ( Math . random () );
// → 0.36993729369714856
console . log ( Math . random () );
// → 0.727367032552138
console . log ( Math . random () );
// → 0.40180766698904335

h?Qm;? +QKTmi2`b `2 /2i2`KBMBbiB+ K+?BM2běi?2v Hrvb `2+i i?2

bK2 rv B7 ;Bp2M i?2 bK2 BMTmiěBi Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ ?p2 i?2K T`Q/m+2
MmK#2`b i?i TT2` `M/QKX hQ /Q i?Bb- i?2 K+?BM2 F22Tb  MmK@
#2` UQ`  #mM+? Q7 MmK#2`bV BM Bib BMi2`MH bii2X h?2M- 2p2`v iBK2 
`M/QK MmK#2` Bb `2[m2bi2/- Bi T2`7Q`Kb bQK2 +QKTHB+i2/ /2i2`KBMBb@

3R
iB+ +QKTmiiBQMb QM i?Bb BMi2`MH bii2 M/ `2im`Mb T`i Q7 i?2 `2bmHi Q7
i?Qb2 +QKTmiiBQMbX h?2 K+?BM2 HbQ mb2b i?2 Qmi+QK2 iQ +?M;2 Bib
QrM BMi2`MH bii2 bQ i?i i?2 M2ti dz`M/QKǴ MmK#2` T`Q/m+2/ rBHH #2
/Bz2`2MiX
A7 r2 rMi  r?QH2 `M/QK MmK#2` BMbi2/ Q7  7`+iBQMH QM2- r2 +M
mb2 Math.floor Ur?B+? `QmM/b /QrM iQ i?2 M2`2bi r?QH2 MmK#2`V QM i?2
`2bmHi Q7 Math.randomX
console . log ( Math . floor ( Math . random () * 10) ) ;
// → 2

JmHiBTHvBM; i?2 `M/QK MmK#2` #v Ry ;Bp2b mb  MmK#2` ;`2i2` i?M

Q` 2[mH iQ x2`Q- M/ #2HQr RyX aBM+2 Math.floor `QmM/b /QrM- i?Bb 2t@
T`2bbBQM rBHH T`Q/m+2- rBi? 2[mH +?M+2- Mv MmK#2` 7`QK y i?`Qm;?
NX
h?2`2 `2 HbQ i?2 7mM+iBQMb Math.ceil U7Q` dz+2BHBM;Ǵ- r?B+? `QmM/b mT
iQ  r?QH2 MmK#2`V M/ Math.round UiQ i?2 M2`2bi r?QH2 MmK#2`VX

h?2 ;HQ#H Q#D2+i

h?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2- i?2 bT+2 BM r?B+? ;HQ#H p`B#H2b HBp2- +M HbQ #2
TT`Q+?2/ b M Q#D2+i BM Cpa+`BTiX 1+? ;HQ#H p`B#H2 Bb T`2b2Mi b
 T`QT2`iv Q7 i?Bb Q#D2+iX AM #`Qrb2`b- i?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2 Q#D2+i Bb biQ`2/
BM i?2 window p`B#H2X
var myVar = 10;
console . log (" myVar " in window );
// → true
console . log ( window . myVar );
// → 10

amKK`v
P#D2+ib M/ ``vb Ur?B+? `2  bT2+B}+ FBM/ Q7 Q#D2+iV T`QpB/2 rvb
iQ ;`QmT b2p2`H pHm2b BMiQ  bBM;H2 pHm2X *QM+2TimHHv- i?Bb HHQrb mb
iQ Tmi  #mM+? Q7 `2Hi2/ i?BM;b BM  #; M/ `mM `QmM/ rBi? i?2 #;-
BMbi2/ Q7 i`vBM; iQ r`T Qm` `Kb `QmM/ HH Q7 i?2 BM/BpB/mH i?BM;b

3k
M/ i`vBM; iQ ?QH/ QM iQ i?2K b2T`i2HvX
JQbi pHm2b BM Cpa+`BTi ?p2 T`QT2`iB2b- i?2 2t+2TiBQMb #2BM; null
M/ undefinedX S`QT2`iB2b `2 ++2bb2/ mbBM; value.propName Q` value["
propName"]X P#D2+ib i2M/ iQ mb2 MK2b 7Q` i?2B` T`QT2`iB2b M/ biQ`2
KQ`2 Q` H2bb  }t2/ b2i Q7 i?2KX ``vb- QM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- mbmHHv +QM@
iBM p`vBM; MmK#2`b Q7 +QM+2TimHHv B/2MiB+H pHm2b M/ mb2 MmK#2`b
Ubi`iBM; 7`QK yV b i?2 MK2b Q7 i?2B` T`QT2`iB2bX
h?2`2 `2 bQK2 MK2/ T`QT2`iB2b BM ``vb- bm+? b length M/  MmK#2`
Q7 K2i?Q/bX J2i?Q/b `2 7mM+iBQMb i?i HBp2 BM T`QT2`iB2b M/ UmbmHHvV
+i QM i?2 pHm2 i?2v `2  T`QT2`iv Q7X
P#D2+ib +M HbQ b2`p2 b KTb- bbQ+BiBM; pHm2b rBi? MK2bX h?2 in
QT2`iQ` +M #2 mb2/ iQ }M/ Qmi r?2i?2` M Q#D2+i +QMiBMb  T`QT2`iv
rBi?  ;Bp2M MK2X h?2 bK2 F2vrQ`/ +M HbQ #2 mb2/ BM  for HQQT
Ufor (var name in object)V iQ HQQT Qp2` M Q#D2+iǶb T`QT2`iB2bX

1t2`+Bb2b
h?2 bmK Q7  `M;2
h?2 BMi`Q/m+iBQM Q7 i?Bb #QQF HHm/2/ iQ i?2 7QHHQrBM; b  MB+2 rv iQ
+QKTmi2 i?2 bmK Q7  `M;2 Q7 MmK#2`b,
console . log ( sum ( range (1 , 10) ) );

q`Bi2  range 7mM+iBQM i?i iF2b irQ `;mK2Mib- start M/ end- M/
`2im`Mb M ``v +QMiBMBM; HH i?2 MmK#2`b 7`QK start mT iQ UM/ BM@
+Hm/BM;V endX
L2ti- r`Bi2  sum 7mM+iBQM i?i iF2b M ``v Q7 MmK#2`b M/ `2im`Mb
i?2 bmK Q7 i?2b2 MmK#2`bX _mM i?2 T`2pBQmb T`Q;`K M/ b22 r?2i?2`
Bi /Q2b BM/22/ `2im`M 88X
b  #QMmb bbB;MK2Mi- KQ/B7v vQm` range 7mM+iBQM iQ iF2 M QTiBQMH
i?B`/ `;mK2Mi i?i BM/B+i2b i?2 dzbi2TǴ pHm2 mb2/ iQ #mBH/ mT i?2
``vX A7 MQ bi2T Bb ;Bp2M- i?2 ``v 2H2K2Mib ;Q mT #v BM+`2K2Mib Q7
QM2- +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ i?2 QH/ #2?pBQ`X h?2 7mM+iBQM +HH range(1, 10, 2)
b?QmH/ `2im`M [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]X JF2 bm`2 Bi HbQ rQ`Fb rBi? M2;iBp2 bi2T
pHm2b bQ i?i range(5, 2, -1) T`Q/m+2b [5, 4, 3, 2]X

3j
_2p2`bBM; M ``v
``vb ?p2  K2i?Q/ reverse- r?B+? +?M;2b i?2 ``v #v BMp2`iBM; i?2
Q`/2` BM r?B+? Bib 2H2K2Mib TT2`X 6Q` i?Bb 2t2`+Bb2- r`Bi2 irQ 7mM+iBQMb-
reverseArray M/ reverseArrayInPlaceX h?2 }`bi- reverseArray- iF2b M ``v
b `;mK2Mi M/ T`Q/m+2b  M2r ``v i?i ?b i?2 bK2 2H2K2Mib BM
i?2 BMp2`b2 Q`/2`X h?2 b2+QM/- reverseArrayInPlace- /Q2b r?i i?2 reverse
K2i?Q/ /Q2b, Bi KQ/B}2b i?2 ``v ;Bp2M b `;mK2Mi BM Q`/2` iQ `2p2`b2
Bib 2H2K2MibX L2Bi?2` Kv mb2 i?2 biM/`/ reverse K2i?Q/X
h?BMFBM; #+F iQ i?2 MQi2b #Qmi bB/2 2z2+ib M/ Tm`2 7mM+iBQMb BM
i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`- r?B+? p`BMi /Q vQm 2tT2+i iQ #2 mb27mH BM KQ`2
bBimiBQMb\ q?B+? QM2 Bb KQ`2 2{+B2Mi\

 HBbi
P#D2+ib- b ;2M2`B+ #HQ#b Q7 pHm2b- +M #2 mb2/ iQ #mBH/ HH bQ`ib Q7 /i
bi`m+im`2bX  +QKKQM /i bi`m+im`2 Bb i?2 HBbi UMQi iQ #2 +QM7mb2/ rBi?
i?2 ``vVX  HBbi Bb  M2bi2/ b2i Q7 Q#D2+ib- rBi? i?2 }`bi Q#D2+i ?QH/BM;
 `272`2M+2 iQ i?2 b2+QM/- i?2 b2+QM/ iQ i?2 i?B`/- M/ bQ QMX
var list = {
value : 1 ,
rest : {
value : 2 ,
rest : {
value : 3 ,
rest : null
}
}
};

h?2 `2bmHiBM; Q#D2+ib 7Q`K  +?BM- HBF2 i?Bb,

value: 1
value: 2
rest: value: 3
rest:
rest: null

 MB+2 i?BM; #Qmi HBbib Bb i?i i?2v +M b?`2 T`ib Q7 i?2B` bi`m+im`2X
6Q` 2tKTH2- B7 A +`2i2 irQ M2r pHm2b {value: 0, rest: list} M/ {value:
-1, rest: list} UrBi? list `272``BM; iQ i?2 p`B#H2 /2}M2/ 2`HB2`V- i?2v

39
`2 #Qi? BM/2T2M/2Mi HBbib- #mi i?2v b?`2 i?2 bi`m+im`2 i?i KF2b mT
i?2B` Hbi i?`22 2H2K2MibX AM //BiBQM- i?2 Q`B;BMH HBbi Bb HbQ biBHH  pHB/
i?`22@2H2K2Mi HBbiX
q`Bi2  7mM+iBQM arrayToList i?i #mBH/b mT  /i bi`m+im`2 HBF2 i?2
T`2pBQmb QM2 r?2M ;Bp2M [1, 2, 3] b `;mK2Mi- M/ r`Bi2  listToArray
7mM+iBQM i?i T`Q/m+2b M ``v 7`QK  HBbiX HbQ r`Bi2 i?2 ?2HT2`
7mM+iBQMb prepend- r?B+? iF2b M 2H2K2Mi M/  HBbi M/ +`2i2b  M2r
HBbi i?i //b i?2 2H2K2Mi iQ i?2 7`QMi Q7 i?2 BMTmi HBbi- M/ nth- r?B+?
iF2b  HBbi M/  MmK#2` M/ `2im`Mb i?2 2H2K2Mi i i?2 ;Bp2M TQbBiBQM
BM i?2 HBbi- Q` undefined r?2M i?2`2 Bb MQ bm+? 2H2K2MiX
A7 vQm ?p2MǶi H`2/v- HbQ r`Bi2  `2+m`bBp2 p2`bBQM Q7 nthX

.22T +QKT`BbQM
h?2 == QT2`iQ` +QKT`2b Q#D2+ib #v B/2MiBivX "mi bQK2iBK2b- vQm rQmH/
T`272` iQ +QKT`2 i?2 pHm2b Q7 i?2B` +imH T`QT2`iB2bX
q`Bi2  7mM+iBQM- deepEqual- i?i iF2b irQ pHm2b M/ `2im`Mb i`m2 QMHv
B7 i?2v `2 i?2 bK2 pHm2 Q` `2 Q#D2+ib rBi? i?2 bK2 T`QT2`iB2b r?Qb2
pHm2b `2 HbQ 2[mH r?2M +QKT`2/ rBi?  `2+m`bBp2 +HH iQ deepEqualX
hQ }M/ Qmi r?2i?2` iQ +QKT`2 irQ i?BM;b #v B/2MiBiv Umb2 i?2 ===
QT2`iQ` 7Q` i?iV Q` #v HQQFBM; i i?2B` T`QT2`iB2b- vQm +M mb2 i?2
typeof QT2`iQ`X A7 Bi T`Q/m+2b "object" 7Q` #Qi? pHm2b- vQm b?QmH/ /Q 
/22T +QKT`BbQMX "mi vQm ?p2 iQ iF2 QM2 bBHHv 2t+2TiBQM BMiQ ++QmMi,
#v  ?BbiQ`B+H ++B/2Mi- typeof null HbQ T`Q/m+2b "object"X

38
 dzh?2`2 `2 irQ rvb Q7 +QMbi`m+iBM;  bQ7ir`2 /2bB;M, PM2
rv Bb iQ KF2 Bi bQ bBKTH2 i?i i?2`2 `2 Q#pBQmbHv MQ
/2}+B2M+B2b- M/ i?2 Qi?2` rv Bb iQ KF2 Bi bQ +QKTHB+i2/
i?i i?2`2 `2 MQ Q#pBQmb /2}+B2M+B2bXǴ
ě*XX_X >Q`2- RN3y *J hm`BM; r`/ G2+im`2

8 >B;?2`@P`/2` 6mM+iBQMb
 H`;2 T`Q;`K Bb  +QbiHv T`Q;`K- M/ MQi Dmbi #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 iBK2 Bi
iF2b iQ #mBH/X aBx2 HKQbi Hrvb BMpQHp2b +QKTH2tBiv- M/ +QKTH2tBiv
+QM7mb2b T`Q;`KK2`bX *QM7mb2/ T`Q;`KK2`b- BM im`M- i2M/ iQ BMi`Q@
/m+2 KBbiF2b U#m;bV BMiQ T`Q;`KbX  H`;2 T`Q;`K HbQ T`QpB/2b  HQi
Q7 bT+2 7Q` i?2b2 #m;b iQ ?B/2- KFBM; i?2K ?`/ iQ }M/X
G2iǶb #`B2~v ;Q #+F iQ i?2 }MH irQ 2tKTH2 T`Q;`Kb BM i?2 BMi`Q@
/m+iBQMX h?2 }`bi Bb b2H7@+QMiBM2/ M/ bBt HBM2b HQM;X
var total = 0 , count = 1;
while ( count <= 10) {
total += count ;
count += 1;
}
console . log ( total ) ;

h?2 b2+QM/ `2HB2b QM irQ 2ti2`MH 7mM+iBQMb M/ Bb QM2 HBM2 HQM;X
console . log ( sum ( range (1 , 10) ) );

q?B+? QM2 Bb KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ +QMiBM  #m;\

A7 r2 +QmMi i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 /2}MBiBQMb Q7 sum M/ range- i?2 b2+QM/
T`Q;`K Bb HbQ #B;ě2p2M #B;;2` i?M i?2 }`biX "mi biBHH- AǶ/ `;m2 i?i
Bi Bb KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ #2 +Q``2+iX
Ai Bb KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ #2 +Q``2+i #2+mb2 i?2 bQHmiBQM Bb 2tT`2bb2/ BM 
pQ+#mH`v i?i +Q``2bTQM/b iQ i?2 T`Q#H2K #2BM; bQHp2/X amKKBM; 
`M;2 Q7 MmK#2`b BbMǶi #Qmi HQQTb M/ +QmMi2`bX Ai Bb #Qmi `M;2b M/
bmKbX
h?2 /2}MBiBQMb Q7 i?Bb pQ+#mH`v Ui?2 7mM+iBQMb sum M/ rangeV rBHH biBHH
BMpQHp2 HQQTb- +QmMi2`b- M/ Qi?2` BM+B/2MiH /2iBHbX "mi #2+mb2 i?2v
`2 2tT`2bbBM; bBKTH2` +QM+2Tib i?M i?2 T`Q;`K b  r?QH2- i?2v `2
2bB2` iQ ;2i `B;?iX

3e
#bi`+iBQM
AM i?2 +QMi2ti Q7 T`Q;`KKBM;- i?2b2 FBM/b Q7 pQ+#mH`B2b `2 mbmHHv
+HH2/ #bi`+iBQMbX #bi`+iBQMb ?B/2 /2iBHb M/ ;Bp2 mb i?2 #BHBiv iQ
iHF #Qmi T`Q#H2Kb i  ?B;?2` UQ` KQ`2 #bi`+iV H2p2HX
b M MHQ;v- +QKT`2 i?2b2 irQ `2+BT2b 7Q` T2 bQmT,

Smi R +mT Q7 /`B2/ T2b T2` T2`bQM BMiQ  +QMiBM2`X // ri2`
mMiBH i?2 T2b `2 r2HH +Qp2`2/X G2p2 i?2 T2b BM ri2` 7Q` i
H2bi Rk ?Qm`bX hF2 i?2 T2b Qmi Q7 i?2 ri2` M/ Tmi i?2K
BM  +QQFBM; TMX // 9 +mTb Q7 ri2` T2` T2`bQMX *Qp2` i?2
TM M/ F22T i?2 T2b bBKK2`BM; 7Q` irQ ?Qm`bX hF2 ?H7 M
QMBQM T2` T2`bQMX *mi Bi BMiQ TB2+2b rBi?  FMB72X // Bi iQ
i?2 T2bX hF2  biHF Q7 +2H2`v T2` T2`bQMX *mi Bi BMiQ TB2+2b
rBi?  FMB72X // Bi iQ i?2 T2bX hF2  +``Qi T2` T2`bQMX
*mi Bi BMiQ TB2+2bX qBi?  FMB725 // Bi iQ i?2 T2bX *QQF 7Q`
Ry KQ`2 KBMmi2bX

M/ i?2 b2+QM/ `2+BT2,

S2` T2`bQM, R +mT /`B2/ bTHBi T2b- ?H7  +?QTT2/ QMBQM- 

biHF Q7 +2H2`v- M/  +``QiX
aQF T2b 7Q` Rk ?Qm`bX aBKK2` 7Q` k ?Qm`b BM 9 +mTb Q7 ri2`
UT2` T2`bQMVX *?QT M/ // p2;2i#H2bX *QQF 7Q` Ry KQ`2
KBMmi2bX

h?2 b2+QM/ Bb b?Q`i2` M/ 2bB2` iQ BMi2`T`2iX "mi vQm /Q M22/ iQ

mM/2`biM/  72r KQ`2 +QQFBM;@`2Hi2/ rQ`/běbQF- bBKK2`- +?QT- M/-
A ;m2bb- p2;2i#H2X
q?2M T`Q;`KKBM;- r2 +MǶi `2Hv QM HH i?2 rQ`/b r2 M22/ iQ #2
rBiBM; 7Q` mb BM i?2 /B+iBQM`vX h?mb- vQm KB;?i 7HH BMiQ i?2 Tii2`M Q7
i?2 }`bi `2+BT2ěrQ`F Qmi i?2 T`2+Bb2 bi2Tb i?2 +QKTmi2` ?b iQ T2`7Q`K-
QM2 #v QM2- #HBM/ iQ i?2 ?B;?2`@H2p2H +QM+2Tib i?i i?2v 2tT`2bbX
Ai ?b iQ #2+QK2 b2+QM/ Mim`2- 7Q`  T`Q;`KK2`- iQ MQiB+2 r?2M 
+QM+2Ti Bb #2;;BM; iQ #2 #bi`+i2/ BMiQ  M2r rQ`/X

3d
#bi`+iBM; ``v i`p2`bH
SHBM 7mM+iBQMb- b r2Ƕp2 b22M i?2K bQ 7`- `2  ;QQ/ rv iQ #mBH/
#bi`+iBQMbX "mi bQK2iBK2b i?2v 7HH b?Q`iX
AM i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`- i?Bb ivT2 Q7 for HQQT K/2 b2p2`H TT2`M+2b,
var array = [1 , 2 , 3];
for ( var i = 0; i < array . length ; i ++) {
var current = array [ i ];
console . log ( current ) ;
}

AiǶb i`vBM; iQ bv- dz6Q` 2+? 2H2K2Mi BM i?2 ``v- HQ; Bi iQ i?2 +QMbQH2ǴX
"mi Bi mb2b  `QmM/#Qmi rv i?i BMpQHp2b  +QmMi2` p`B#H2 i-  +?2+F
;BMbi i?2 ``vǶb H2M;i?- M/ M 2ti` p`B#H2 /2+H`iBQM iQ TB+F Qmi
i?2 +m``2Mi 2H2K2MiX T`i 7`QK #2BM;  #Bi Q7 M 2v2bQ`2- i?Bb T`QpB/2b
 HQi Q7 bT+2 7Q` TQi2MiBH KBbiF2bX q2 KB;?i ++B/2MiHHv `2mb2 i?2
i p`B#H2- KBbbT2HH length b lenght- +QM7mb2 i?2 i M/ current p`B#H2b-
M/ bQ QMX
aQ H2iǶb i`v iQ #bi`+i i?Bb BMiQ  7mM+iBQMX *M vQm i?BMF Q7  rv\
q2HH- BiǶb 2bv iQ r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM i?i ;Q2b Qp2` M ``v M/ +HHb
console.log QM 2p2`v 2H2K2MiX

function logEach ( array ) {

for ( var i = 0; i < array . length ; i ++)
console . log ( array [ i ]) ;
}

"mi r?i B7 r2 rMi iQ /Q bQK2i?BM; Qi?2` i?M HQ;;BM; i?2 2H2K2Mib\

aBM+2 dz/QBM; bQK2i?BM;Ǵ +M #2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ b  7mM+iBQM M/ 7mM+iBQMb
`2 Dmbi pHm2b- r2 +M Tbb Qm` +iBQM b  7mM+iBQM pHm2X
function forEach ( array , action ) {
for ( var i = 0; i < array . length ; i ++)
action ( array [ i ]) ;
}

forEach ([" Wampeter " , " Foma ", " Granfalloon "] , console . log ) ;
// → Wampeter
// → Foma
// → Granfalloon

33
UAM bQK2 #`Qrb2`b- +HHBM; console.log BM i?Bb rv /Q2b MQi rQ`FX uQm
+M mb2 alert BMbi2/ Q7 console.log B7 i?Bb 2tKTH2 7BHb iQ rQ`FXV
P7i2M- vQm /QMǶi Tbb  T`2/2}M2/ 7mM+iBQM iQ forEach #mi +`2i2 
7mM+iBQM pHm2 QM i?2 bTQi BMbi2/X
var numbers = [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5] , sum = 0;
forEach ( numbers , function ( number ) {
sum += number ;
}) ;
console . log ( sum ) ;
// → 15

h?Bb HQQFb [mBi2  HQi HBF2 i?2 +HbbB+H for HQQT- rBi? Bib #Q/v r`Bii2M b
 #HQ+F #2HQr BiX >Qr2p2`- MQr i?2 #Q/v Bb BMbB/2 i?2 7mM+iBQM pHm2- b
r2HH b BMbB/2 i?2 T`2Mi?2b2b Q7 i?2 +HH iQ forEachX h?Bb Bb r?v Bi ?b iQ
#2 +HQb2/ rBi? i?2 +HQbBM; #`+2 M/ +HQbBM; T`2Mi?2bBbX
lbBM; i?Bb Tii2`M- r2 +M bT2+B7v  p`B#H2 MK2 7Q` i?2 +m``2Mi
2H2K2Mi UnumberV- `i?2` i?M ?pBM; iQ TB+F Bi Qmi Q7 i?2 ``v KMmHHvX
AM 7+i- r2 /QMǶi M22/ iQ r`Bi2 forEach Qm`b2Hp2bX Ai Bb pBH#H2 b 
biM/`/ K2i?Q/ QM ``vbX aBM+2 i?2 ``v Bb H`2/v T`QpB/2/ b i?2
i?BM; i?2 K2i?Q/ +ib QM- forEach iF2b QMHv QM2 `2[mB`2/ `;mK2Mi, i?2
7mM+iBQM iQ #2 2t2+mi2/ 7Q` 2+? 2H2K2MiX
hQ BHHmbi`i2 ?Qr ?2HT7mH i?Bb Bb- H2iǶb HQQF #+F i  7mM+iBQM 7`QK i?2
T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`X Ai +QMiBMb irQ ``v@i`p2`bBM; HQQTbX
function gatherCorrelations ( journal ) {
var phis = {};
for ( var entry = 0; entry < journal . length ; entry ++) {
var events = journal [ entry ]. events ;
for ( var i = 0; i < events . length ; i ++) {
var event = events [ i ];
if (!( event in phis ) )
phis [ event ] = phi ( tableFor ( event , journal ) ) ;
}
}
return phis ;
}

qQ`FBM; rBi? forEach KF2b Bi bHB;?iHv b?Q`i2` M/ [mBi2  #Bi +H2M2`X
function gatherCorrelations ( journal ) {

3N
 var phis = {};
journal . forEach ( function ( entry ) {
entry . events . forEach ( function ( event ) {
if (!( event in phis ) )
phis [ event ] = phi ( tableFor ( event , journal ) ) ;
}) ;
}) ;
return phis ;
}

>B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMb
6mM+iBQMb i?i QT2`i2 QM Qi?2` 7mM+iBQMb- 2Bi?2` #v iFBM; i?2K b
`;mK2Mib Q` #v `2im`MBM; i?2K- `2 +HH2/ ?B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMbX A7 vQm
?p2 H`2/v ++2Ti2/ i?2 7+i i?i 7mM+iBQMb `2 `2;mH` pHm2b- i?2`2
Bb MQi?BM; T`iB+mH`Hv `2K`F#H2 #Qmi i?2 7+i i?i bm+? 7mM+iBQMb
2tBbiX h?2 i2`K +QK2b 7`QK Ki?2KiB+b- r?2`2 i?2 /BbiBM+iBQM #2ir22M
7mM+iBQMb M/ Qi?2` pHm2b Bb iF2M KQ`2 b2`BQmbHvX
>B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMb HHQr mb iQ #bi`+i Qp2` +iBQMb- MQi Dmbi pH@
m2bX h?2v +QK2 BM b2p2`H 7Q`KbX 6Q` 2tKTH2- vQm +M ?p2 7mM+iBQMb
i?i +`2i2 M2r 7mM+iBQMbX
function greaterThan ( n ) {
return function ( m ) { return m > n; };
}
var greaterThan10 = greaterThan (10) ;
console . log ( greaterThan10 (11) ) ;
// → true

M/ vQm +M ?p2 7mM+iBQMb i?i +?M;2 Qi?2` 7mM+iBQMbX

function noisy ( f ) {
return function ( arg ) {
console . log (" calling with ", arg ) ;
var val = f( arg ) ;
console . log (" called with " , arg , " - got " , val ) ;
return val ;
};
}
noisy ( Boolean ) (0) ;

Ny
 // → calling with 0
// → called with 0 - got false

uQm +M 2p2M r`Bi2 7mM+iBQMb i?i T`QpB/2 M2r ivT2b Q7 +QMi`QH ~QrX
function unless ( test , then ) {
if (! test ) then () ;
}
function repeat ( times , body ) {
for ( var i = 0; i < times ; i ++) body ( i ) ;
}

repeat (3 , function ( n ) {
unless ( n % 2 , function () {
console . log (n , " is even ") ;
}) ;
}) ;
// → 0 is even
// → 2 is even

h?2 H2tB+H b+QTBM; `mH2b i?i r2 /Bb+mbb2/ BM *?Ti2` j rQ`F iQ Qm` /@
pMi;2 r?2M mbBM; 7mM+iBQMb BM i?Bb rvX AM i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2- i?2 n
p`B#H2 Bb  T`K2i2` iQ i?2 Qmi2` 7mM+iBQMX "2+mb2 i?2 BMM2` 7mM+iBQM
HBp2b BMbB/2 i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi Q7 i?2 Qmi2` QM2- Bi +M mb2 nX h?2 #Q/B2b
Q7 bm+? BMM2` 7mM+iBQMb +M ++2bb i?2 p`B#H2b `QmM/ i?2KX h?2v +M
THv  `QH2 bBKBH` iQ i?2 {} #HQ+Fb mb2/ BM `2;mH` HQQTb M/ +QM/BiBQMH
bii2K2MibX M BKTQ`iMi /Bz2`2M+2 Bb i?i p`B#H2b /2+H`2/ BMbB/2
BMM2` 7mM+iBQMb /Q MQi 2M/ mT BM i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi Q7 i?2 Qmi2` 7mM+iBQMX
M/ i?i Bb mbmHHv  ;QQ/ i?BM;X

SbbBM; HQM; `;mK2Mib

h?2 noisy 7mM+iBQM /2}M2/ 2`HB2`- r?B+? r`Tb Bib `;mK2Mi BM MQi?2`
7mM+iBQM- ?b  `i?2` b2`BQmb /2}+BiX
function noisy ( f ) {
return function ( arg ) {
console . log (" calling with ", arg ) ;
var val = f( arg ) ;
console . log (" called with " , arg , " - got " , val ) ;
return val ;

NR
 };
}

A7 f iF2b KQ`2 i?M QM2 T`K2i2`- Bi ;2ib QMHv i?2 }`bi QM2X q2 +QmH/
//  #mM+? Q7 `;mK2Mib iQ i?2 BMM2` 7mM+iBQM Uarg1- arg2- M/ bQ QMV
M/ Tbb i?2K HH iQ f- #mi Bi Bb MQi +H2` ?Qr KMv rQmH/ #2 2MQm;?X
h?Bb bQHmiBQM rQmH/ HbQ /2T`Bp2 f Q7 i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM BM arguments.lengthX
aBM+2 r2Ƕ/ Hrvb Tbb i?2 bK2 MmK#2` Q7 `;mK2Mib- Bi rQmH/MǶi FMQr
?Qr KMv `;mK2Mib r2`2 Q`B;BMHHv ;Bp2MX
6Q` i?2b2 FBM/b Q7 bBimiBQMb- Cpa+`BTi 7mM+iBQMb ?p2 M apply K2i?Q/X
uQm Tbb Bi M ``v UQ` ``v@HBF2 Q#D2+iV Q7 `;mK2Mib- M/ Bi rBHH +HH
i?2 7mM+iBQM rBi? i?Qb2 `;mK2MibX
function transparentWrapping (f) {
return function () {
return f . apply ( null , arguments );
};
}

h?iǶb  mb2H2bb 7mM+iBQM- #mi Bi b?Qrb i?2 Tii2`M r2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BMě
i?2 7mM+iBQM Bi `2im`Mb Tbb2b HH Q7 i?2 ;Bp2M `;mK2Mib- M/ QMHv i?Qb2
`;mK2Mib- iQ fX Ai /Q2b i?Bb #v TbbBM; Bib QrM arguments Q#D2+i iQ applyX
h?2 }`bi `;mK2Mi iQ apply- 7Q` r?B+? r2 `2 TbbBM; null ?2`2- +M #2
mb2/ iQ bBKmHi2  K2i?Q/ +HHX q2 rBHH +QK2 #+F iQ i?i BM i?2 M2ti
+?Ti2`X

CaPL
>B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMb i?i bQK2?Qr TTHv  7mM+iBQM iQ i?2 2H2K2Mib Q7
M ``v `2 rB/2Hv mb2/ BM Cpa+`BTiX h?2 forEach K2i?Q/ Bb i?2 KQbi
T`BKBiBp2 bm+? 7mM+iBQMX h?2`2 `2  MmK#2` Q7 Qi?2` p`BMib pBH#H2
b K2i?Q/b QM ``vbX hQ 7KBHB`Bx2 Qm`b2Hp2b rBi? i?2K- H2iǶb THv
`QmM/ rBi? MQi?2` /i b2iX
 72r v2`b ;Q- bQK2QM2 +`rH2/ i?`Qm;?  HQi Q7 `+?Bp2b M/ Tmi
iQ;2i?2`  #QQF QM i?2 ?BbiQ`v Q7 Kv 7KBHv MK2 U>p2`#2F2ěK2MBM;
Pi#`QQFVX A QT2M2/ Bi ?QTBM; iQ }M/ FMB;?ib- TB`i2b- M/ H+?2KBbib
Ę #mi i?2 #QQF im`Mb Qmi iQ #2 KQbiHv 7mHH Q7 6H2KBb? 7`K2`bX 6Q` Kv
Kmb2K2Mi- A 2ti`+i2/ i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM QM Kv /B`2+i M+2biQ`b M/ Tmi

Nk
Bi BMiQ  +QKTmi2`@`2/#H2 7Q`KiX
h?2 }H2 A +`2i2/ HQQFb bQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb,
[
{" name ": " Emma de Milliano ", " sex ": " f " ,
" born ": 1876 , " died ": 1956 ,
" father ": " Petrus de Milliano " ,
" mother ": " Sophia van Damme "} ,
{" name ": " Carolus Haverbeke ", " sex ": " m " ,
" born ": 1832 , " died ": 1905 ,
" father ": " Carel Haverbeke ",
" mother ": " Maria van Brussel "} ,...
and so on
]

h?Bb 7Q`Ki Bb +HH2/ CaPL UT`QMQmM+2/ dzCbQMǴV- r?B+? biM/b 7Q`

Cpa+`BTi P#D2+i LQiiBQMX Ai Bb rB/2Hv mb2/ b  /i biQ`;2 M/
+QKKmMB+iBQM 7Q`Ki QM i?2 q2#X
CaPL Bb bBKBH` iQ Cpa+`BTiǶb rv Q7 r`BiBM; ``vb M/ Q#D2+ib- rBi?
 72r `2bi`B+iBQMbX HH T`QT2`iv MK2b ?p2 iQ #2 bm``QmM/2/ #v /Qm#H2
[mQi2b- M/ QMHv bBKTH2 /i 2tT`2bbBQMb `2 HHQr2/ěMQ 7mM+iBQM +HHb-
p`B#H2b- Q` Mvi?BM; i?i BMpQHp2b +imH +QKTmiiBQMX *QKK2Mib `2
MQi HHQr2/ BM CaPLX
Cpa+`BTi ;Bp2b mb 7mM+iBQMb- JSON.stringify M/ JSON.parse- i?i +QMp2`i
/i iQ M/ 7`QK i?Bb 7Q`KiX h?2 }`bi iF2b  Cpa+`BTi pHm2 M/
`2im`Mb  CaPL@2M+Q/2/ bi`BM;X h?2 b2+QM/ iF2b bm+?  bi`BM; M/
+QMp2`ib Bi iQ i?2 pHm2 Bi 2M+Q/2bX
var string = JSON . stringify ({ name : "X", born : 1980}) ;
console . log ( string ) ;
// → {" name ":" X " ," born ":1980}
console . log ( JSON . parse ( string ) . born ) ;
// → 1980

h?2 p`B#H2 ANCESTRY_FILE- pBH#H2 BM i?2 bM/#Qt 7Q` i?Bb +?Ti2` M/
BM  /QrMHQ/#H2 }H2 QM i?2 r2#bBi2U2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2if+Q/2O8V-
+QMiBMb i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 Kv CaPL }H2 b  bi`BM;X G2iǶb /2+Q/2 Bi M/ b22
?Qr KMv T2QTH2 Bi +QMiBMbX
var ancestry = JSON . parse ( ANCESTRY_FILE );
console . log ( ancestry . length ) ;

Nj
 // → 39

6BHi2`BM; M ``v
hQ }M/ i?2 T2QTH2 BM i?2 M+2bi`v /i b2i r?Q r2`2 vQmM; BM RNk9-
i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7mM+iBQM KB;?i #2 ?2HT7mHX Ai }Hi2`b Qmi i?2 2H2K2Mib BM M
``v i?i /QMǶi Tbb  i2biX
function filter ( array , test ) {
var passed = [];
for ( var i = 0; i < array . length ; i ++) {
if ( test ( array [ i ]) )
passed . push ( array [i ]) ;
}
return passed ;
}

console . log ( filter ( ancestry , function ( person ) {

return person . born > 1900 && person . born < 1925;
}) ) ;
// → [{ name : " Philibert Haverbeke " , ...}, ...]

h?Bb mb2b i?2 `;mK2Mi MK2/ test-  7mM+iBQM pHm2- iQ }HH BM  dz;TǴ
BM i?2 +QKTmiiBQMX h?2 test 7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/ 7Q` 2+? 2H2K2Mi- M/ Bib
`2im`M pHm2 /2i2`KBM2b r?2i?2` M 2H2K2Mi Bb BM+Hm/2/ BM i?2 `2im`M2/
``vX
h?`22 T2QTH2 BM i?2 }H2 r2`2 HBp2 M/ vQmM; BM RNk9, Kv ;`M/7i?2`-
;`M/KQi?2`- M/ ;`2i@mMiX
LQi2 ?Qr i?2 filter 7mM+iBQM- `i?2` i?M /2H2iBM; 2H2K2Mib 7`QK i?2
2tBbiBM; ``v- #mBH/b mT  M2r ``v rBi? QMHv i?2 2H2K2Mib i?i Tbb
i?2 i2biX h?Bb 7mM+iBQM Bb Tm`2X Ai /Q2b MQi KQ/B7v i?2 ``v Bi Bb ;Bp2MX
GBF2 forEach- filter Bb HbQ  biM/`/ K2i?Q/ QM ``vbX h?2 2tKTH2
/2}M2/ i?2 7mM+iBQM QMHv BM Q`/2` iQ b?Qr r?i Bi /Q2b BMi2`MHHvX 6`QK
MQr QM- r2ǶHH mb2 Bi HBF2 i?Bb BMbi2/,
console . log ( ancestry . filter ( function ( person ) {
return person . father == " Carel Haverbeke ";
}) ) ;
// → [{ name : " Carolus Haverbeke ", ...}]

N9
h`Mb7Q`KBM; rBi? KT
av r2 ?p2 M ``v Q7 Q#D2+ib `2T`2b2MiBM; T2QTH2- T`Q/m+2/ #v }Hi2`BM;
i?2 ancestry ``v bQK2?QrX "mi r2 rMi M ``v Q7 MK2b- r?B+? Bb
2bB2` iQ `2/X
h?2 map K2i?Q/ i`Mb7Q`Kb M ``v #v TTHvBM;  7mM+iBQM iQ HH Q7 Bib
2H2K2Mib M/ #mBH/BM;  M2r ``v 7`QK i?2 `2im`M2/ pHm2bX h?2 M2r
``v rBHH ?p2 i?2 bK2 H2M;i? b i?2 BMTmi ``v- #mi Bib +QMi2Mi rBHH
?p2 #22M dzKTT2/Ǵ iQ  M2r 7Q`K #v i?2 7mM+iBQMX
function map ( array , transform ) {
var mapped = [];
for ( var i = 0; i < array . length ; i ++)
mapped . push ( transform ( array [ i ]) ) ;
return mapped ;
}

var overNinety = ancestry . filter ( function ( person ) {

return person . died - person . born > 90;
}) ;
console . log ( map ( overNinety , function ( person ) {
return person . name ;
}) ) ;
// → [" Clara Aernoudts " , " Emile Haverbeke " ,
// " Maria Haverbeke "]

AMi2`2biBM;Hv- i?2 T2QTH2 r?Q HBp2/ iQ i H2bi Ny v2`b Q7 ;2 `2 i?2
bK2 i?`22 T2QTH2 r?Q r2 br #27Q`2ěi?2 T2QTH2 r?Q r2`2 vQmM; BM
i?2 RNkyb- r?B+? ?TT2Mb iQ #2 i?2 KQbi `2+2Mi ;2M2`iBQM BM Kv /i
b2iX A ;m2bb K2/B+BM2 ?b +QK2  HQM; rvX
GBF2 forEach M/ filter- map Bb HbQ  biM/`/ K2i?Q/ QM ``vbX

amKK`BxBM; rBi? `2/m+2

MQi?2` +QKKQM Tii2`M Q7 +QKTmiiBQM QM ``vb Bb +QKTmiBM;  bBM@
;H2 pHm2 7`QK i?2KX Pm` `2+m``BM; 2tKTH2- bmKKBM;  +QHH2+iBQM Q7
MmK#2`b- Bb M BMbiM+2 Q7 i?BbX MQi?2` 2tKTH2 rQmH/ #2 }M/BM; i?2
T2`bQM rBi? i?2 2`HB2bi v2` Q7 #B`i? BM i?2 /i b2iX
h?2 ?B;?2`@Q`/2` QT2`iBQM i?i `2T`2b2Mib i?Bb Tii2`M Bb +HH2/ `2/m+2

N8
UQ` bQK2iBK2b 7QH/VX uQm +M i?BMF Q7 Bi b 7QH/BM; mT i?2 ``v- QM2
2H2K2Mi i  iBK2X q?2M bmKKBM; MmK#2`b- vQmǶ/ bi`i rBi? i?2 MmK#2`
x2`Q M/- 7Q` 2+? 2H2K2Mi- +QK#BM2 Bi rBi? i?2 +m``2Mi bmK #v //BM;
i?2 irQX
h?2 T`K2i2`b iQ i?2 reduce 7mM+iBQM `2- T`i 7`QK i?2 ``v-  +QK@
#BMBM; 7mM+iBQM M/  bi`i pHm2X h?Bb 7mM+iBQM Bb  HBiiH2 H2bb bi`B;?i@
7Q`r`/ i?M filter M/ map- bQ Tv +HQb2 ii2MiBQMX
function reduce ( array , combine , start ) {
var current = start ;
for ( var i = 0; i < array . length ; i ++)
current = combine ( current , array [ i ]) ;
return current ;
}

console . log ( reduce ([1 , 2, 3, 4] , function (a , b ) {

return a + b ;
}, 0) );
// → 10

h?2 biM/`/ ``v K2i?Q/ reduce- r?B+? Q7 +Qm`b2 +Q``2bTQM/b iQ i?Bb

7mM+iBQM- ?b M //2/ +QMp2MB2M+2X A7 vQm` ``v +QMiBMb i H2bi QM2
2H2K2Mi- vQm `2 HHQr2/ iQ H2p2 Qz i?2 start `;mK2MiX h?2 K2i?Q/
rBHH iF2 i?2 }`bi 2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 ``v b Bib bi`i pHm2 M/ bi`i `2/m+BM;
i i?2 b2+QM/ 2H2K2MiX
hQ mb2 reduce iQ }M/ Kv KQbi M+B2Mi FMQrM M+2biQ`- r2 +M r`Bi2
bQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb,
console . log ( ancestry . reduce ( function ( min , cur ) {
if ( cur . born < min . born ) return cur ;
else return min ;
}) ) ;
// → { name : " Pauwels van Haverbeke " , born : 1535 , ...}

*QKTQb#BHBiv
*QMbB/2` ?Qr r2 rQmH/ ?p2 r`Bii2M i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2 U}M/BM; i?2
T2`bQM rBi? i?2 2`HB2bi v2` Q7 #B`i?V rBi?Qmi ?B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMbX
h?2 +Q/2 Bb MQi i?i Km+? rQ`b2X

Ne
 var min = ancestry [0];
for ( var i = 1; i < ancestry . length ; i ++) {
var cur = ancestry [ i ];
if ( cur . born < min . born )
min = cur ;
}
console . log ( min ) ;
// → { name : " Pauwels van Haverbeke " , born : 1535 , ...}

h?2`2 `2  72r KQ`2 p`B#H2b- M/ i?2 T`Q;`K Bb irQ HBM2b HQM;2` #mi
biBHH [mBi2 2bv iQ mM/2`biM/X
>B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMb bi`i iQ b?BM2 r?2M vQm M22/ iQ +QKTQb2 7mM+@
iBQMbX b M 2tKTH2- H2iǶb r`Bi2 +Q/2 i?i }M/b i?2 p2`;2 ;2 7Q` K2M
M/ 7Q` rQK2M BM i?2 /i b2iX
function average ( array ) {
function plus (a , b ) { return a + b; }
return array . reduce ( plus ) / array . length ;
}
function age ( p ) { return p . died - p . born ; }
function male ( p) { return p . sex == "m "; }
function female ( p ) { return p . sex == "f "; }

console . log ( average ( ancestry . filter ( male ) . map ( age ) ) ) ;

// → 61.67
console . log ( average ( ancestry . filter ( female ) . map ( age ) ) ) ;
// → 54.56

UAiǶb  #Bi bBHHv i?i r2 ?p2 iQ /2}M2 plus b  7mM+iBQM- #mi QT2`iQ`b
BM Cpa+`BTi- mMHBF2 7mM+iBQMb- `2 MQi pHm2b- bQ vQm +MǶi Tbb i?2K
b `;mK2MibXV
AMbi2/ Q7 iM;HBM; i?2 HQ;B+ BMiQ  #B; HQQT- Bi Bb M2iHv +QKTQb2/ BMiQ
i?2 +QM+2Tib r2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BMě/2i2`KBMBM; b2t- +QKTmiBM; ;2- M/
p2`;BM; MmK#2`bX q2 +M TTHv i?2b2 QM2 #v QM2 iQ ;2i i?2 `2bmHi r2
`2 HQQFBM; 7Q`X
h?Bb Bb 7#mHQmb 7Q` r`BiBM; +H2` +Q/2X lM7Q`imMi2Hv- i?Bb +H`Biv
+QK2b i  +QbiX

Nd
h?2 +Qbi
AM i?2 ?TTv HM/ Q7 2H2;Mi +Q/2 M/ T`2iiv `BM#Qrb- i?2`2 HBp2b 
bTQBH@bTQ`i KQMbi2` +HH2/ BM2{+B2M+vX
 T`Q;`K i?i T`Q+2bb2b M ``v Bb KQbi 2H2;MiHv 2tT`2bb2/ b 
b2[m2M+2 Q7 +H2MHv b2T`i2/ bi2Tb i?i 2+? /Q bQK2i?BM; rBi? i?2
``v M/ T`Q/m+2  M2r ``vX "mi #mBH/BM; mT HH i?Qb2 BMi2`K2/Bi2
``vb Bb bQK2r?i 2tT2MbBp2X
GBF2rBb2- TbbBM;  7mM+iBQM iQ forEach M/ H2iiBM; i?i K2i?Q/ ?M/H2
i?2 ``v Bi2`iBQM 7Q` mb Bb +QMp2MB2Mi M/ 2bv iQ `2/X "mi 7mM+iBQM
+HHb BM Cpa+`BTi `2 +QbiHv +QKT`2/ iQ bBKTH2 HQQT #Q/B2bX
M/ bQ Bi ;Q2b rBi?  HQi Q7 i2+?MB[m2b i?i ?2HT BKT`Qp2 i?2 +H`Biv
Q7  T`Q;`KX #bi`+iBQMb // Hv2`b #2ir22M i?2 `r i?BM;b i?2 +QK@
Tmi2` Bb /QBM; M/ i?2 +QM+2Tib r2 `2 rQ`FBM; rBi? M/ i?mb +mb2 i?2
K+?BM2 iQ T2`7Q`K KQ`2 rQ`FX h?Bb Bb MQi M B`QM Hrěi?2`2 `2 T`Q@
;`KKBM; HM;m;2b i?i ?p2 #2ii2` bmTTQ`i 7Q` #mBH/BM; #bi`+iBQMb
rBi?Qmi //BM; BM2{+B2M+B2b- M/ 2p2M BM Cpa+`BTi- M 2tT2`B2M+2/
T`Q;`KK2` +M }M/ rvb iQ r`Bi2 #bi`+i +Q/2 i?i Bb biBHH 7biX "mi
Bi Bb  T`Q#H2K i?i +QK2b mT  HQiX
6Q`imMi2Hv- KQbi +QKTmi2`b `2 BMbM2Hv 7biX A7 vQm `2 T`Q+2bbBM; 
KQ/2bi b2i Q7 /i Q` /QBM; bQK2i?BM; i?i ?b iQ ?TT2M QMHv QM  ?m@
KM iBK2 b+H2 Ubv- 2p2`v iBK2 i?2 mb2` +HB+Fb  #miiQMV- i?2M Bi /Q2b MQi
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T2QTH2X
var byName = {};
ancestry . forEach ( function ( person ) {
byName [ person . name ] = person ;
}) ;

console . log ( byName [" Philibert Haverbeke "]) ;

// → { name : " Philibert Haverbeke " , ...}

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 7KBHv i`22X
function reduceAncestors ( person , f , defaultValue ) {
function valueFor ( person ) {
if ( person == null )
return defaultValue ;
else
return f ( person , valueFor ( byName [ person . mother ]) ,
valueFor ( byName [ person . father ]) );
}
return valueFor ( person ) ;
}

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function sharedDNA ( person , fromMother , fromFather ) {
if ( person . name == " Pauwels van Haverbeke ")
return 1;
else
return ( fromMother + fromFather ) / 2;
}
var ph = byName [" Philibert Haverbeke "];
console . log ( reduceAncestors ( ph , sharedDNA , 0) / 4) ;
// → 0.00049

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KmHiBTH2 iBK2bV,
function countAncestors ( person , test ) {
function combine ( current , fromMother , fromFather ) {
var thisOneCounts = current != person && test ( current );
return fromMother + fromFather + ( thisOneCounts ? 1 : 0) ;
}
return reduceAncestors ( person , combine , 0) ;
}
function longLivingPercentage ( person ) {
var all = countAncestors ( person , function ( person ) {
return true ;
}) ;
var longLiving = countAncestors ( person , function ( person ) {
return ( person . died - person . born ) >= 70;
}) ;
return longLiving / all ;
}
console . log ( longLivingPercentage ( byName [" Emile Haverbeke "]) ) ;
// → 0.129

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}t2/X
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7mM+iBQMX
var theSet = [" Carel Haverbeke " , " Maria van Brussel ",
" Donald Duck "];
function isInSet ( set , person ) {
return set . indexOf ( person . name ) > -1;
}

console . log ( ancestry . filter ( function ( person ) {

return isInSet ( theSet , person ) ;
}) ) ;
// → [{ name : " Maria van Brussel " , ...},
// { name : " Carel Haverbeke " , ...}]
console . log ( ancestry . filter ( isInSet . bind ( null , theSet ) ) ) ;
// →... same result

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Q7 /2i?- /BpB/BM; Bi #v Ryy- M/ `QmM/BM; Bi mT- b BM Math.ceil(person.
died / 100)X

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Q#D2+ib ?p2  `i?2` #/ `2TmiiBQM MQr/vbX
A T`272` iQ HQQF i i?2 Bbbm2 7`QK  T`+iB+H- `i?2` i?M B/2QHQ;B@
+H- M;H2X h?2`2 `2 b2p2`H mb27mH +QM+2Tib- KQbi BKTQ`iMiHv i?i Q7
2M+TbmHiBQM U/BbiBM;mBb?BM; #2ir22M BMi2`MH +QKTH2tBiv M/ 2ti2`MH
BMi2`7+2V- i?i i?2 Q#D2+i@Q`B2Mi2/ +mHim`2 ?b TQTmH`Bx2/X h?2b2 `2
rQ`i? bim/vBM;X
h?Bb +?Ti2` /2b+`B#2b Cpa+`BTiǶb `i?2` 2++2Mi`B+ iF2 QM Q#D2+ib
M/ i?2 rv i?2v `2Hi2 iQ bQK2 +HbbB+H Q#D2+i@Q`B2Mi2/ i2+?MB[m2bX

Rye
J2i?Q/b
J2i?Q/b `2 bBKTHv T`QT2`iB2b i?i ?QH/ 7mM+iBQM pHm2bX h?Bb Bb  bBKTH2
K2i?Q/,
var rabbit = {};
rabbit . speak = function ( line ) {
console . log (" The rabbit says " + line + " ") ;
};

rabbit . speak (" I m alive .") ;

// → The rabbit says I m alive .

lbmHHv  K2i?Q/ M22/b iQ /Q bQK2i?BM; rBi? i?2 Q#D2+i Bi rb +HH2/

QMX q?2M  7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/ b  K2i?Q/ěHQQF2/ mT b  T`QT2`iv M/
BKK2/Bi2Hv +HH2/- b BM object.method()ěi?2 bT2+BH p`B#H2 this BM Bib
#Q/v rBHH TQBMi iQ i?2 Q#D2+i i?i Bi rb +HH2/ QMX
function speak ( line ) {
console . log (" The " + this . type + " rabbit says " +
line + " ") ;
}
var whiteRabbit = { type : " white " , speak : speak };
var fatRabbit = { type : " fat " , speak : speak };

whiteRabbit . speak (" Oh my ears and whiskers , " +

" how late it s getting !") ;
// → The white rabbit says Oh my ears and whiskers , how
// late it s getting !
fatRabbit . speak (" I could sure use a carrot right now .") ;
// → The fat rabbit says I could sure use a carrot
// right now .

h?2 +Q/2 mb2b i?2 this F2vrQ`/ iQ QmiTmi i?2 ivT2 Q7 `##Bi i?i Bb
bT2FBM;X _2+HH i?i i?2 apply M/ bind K2i?Q/b #Qi? iF2  }`bi `;m@
K2Mi i?i +M #2 mb2/ iQ bBKmHi2 K2i?Q/ +HHbX h?Bb }`bi `;mK2Mi Bb
BM 7+i mb2/ iQ ;Bp2  pHm2 iQ thisX
h?2`2 Bb  K2i?Q/ bBKBH` iQ apply- +HH2/ callX Ai HbQ +HHb i?2 7mM+iBQM
Bi Bb  K2i?Q/ Q7 #mi iF2b Bib `;mK2Mib MQ`KHHv- `i?2` i?M b M
``vX GBF2 apply M/ bind- call +M #2 Tbb2/  bT2+B}+ this pHm2X
speak . apply ( fatRabbit , [" Burp !"]) ;

Ryd
 // → The fat rabbit says Burp !
speak . call ({ type : " old "} , " Oh my .") ;
// → The old rabbit says Oh my .

S`QiQivT2b
qi+? +HQb2HvX
var empty = {};
console . log ( empty . toString );
// → function toString ()...{}
console . log ( empty . toString () ) ;
// → [ object Object ]

A Dmbi TmHH2/  T`QT2`iv Qmi Q7 M 2KTiv Q#D2+iX J;B+5

q2HH- MQi `2HHvX A ?p2 bBKTHv #22M rBi??QH/BM; BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi
i?2 rv Cpa+`BTi Q#D2+ib rQ`FX AM //BiBQM iQ i?2B` b2i Q7 T`QT2`iB2b-
HKQbi HH Q#D2+ib HbQ ?p2  T`QiQivT2X  T`QiQivT2 Bb MQi?2` Q#D2+i
i?i Bb mb2/ b  7HH#+F bQm`+2 Q7 T`QT2`iB2bX q?2M M Q#D2+i ;2ib
 `2[m2bi 7Q`  T`QT2`iv i?i Bi /Q2b MQi ?p2- Bib T`QiQivT2 rBHH #2
b2`+?2/ 7Q` i?2 T`QT2`iv- i?2M i?2 T`QiQivT2Ƕb T`QiQivT2- M/ bQ QMX
aQ r?Q Bb i?2 T`QiQivT2 Q7 i?i 2KTiv Q#D2+i\ Ai Bb i?2 ;`2i M+2bi`H
T`QiQivT2- i?2 2MiBiv #2?BM/ HKQbi HH Q#D2+ib- Object.prototypeX
console . log ( Object . getPrototypeOf ({}) ==
Object . prototype );
// → true
console . log ( Object . getPrototypeOf ( Object . prototype ) ) ;
// → null

b vQm KB;?i 2tT2+i- i?2 Object.getPrototypeOf 7mM+iBQM `2im`Mb i?2 T`Q@

iQivT2 Q7 M Q#D2+iX
h?2 T`QiQivT2 `2HiBQMb Q7 Cpa+`BTi Q#D2+ib 7Q`K  i`22@b?T2/ bi`m+@
im`2- M/ i i?2 `QQi Q7 i?Bb bi`m+im`2 bBib Object.prototypeX Ai T`QpB/2b 
72r K2i?Q/b i?i b?Qr mT BM HH Q#D2+ib- bm+? b toString- r?B+? +QMp2`ib
M Q#D2+i iQ  bi`BM; `2T`2b2MiiBQMX
JMv Q#D2+ib /QMǶi /B`2+iHv ?p2 Object.prototype b i?2B` T`QiQivT2-
#mi BMbi2/ ?p2 MQi?2` Q#D2+i- r?B+? T`QpB/2b Bib QrM /27mHi T`QT@
2`iB2bX 6mM+iBQMb /2`Bp2 7`QK Function.prototype- M/ ``vb /2`Bp2 7`QK

Ry3
Array.prototypeX

console . log ( Object . getPrototypeOf ( isNaN ) ==

Function . prototype ) ;
// → true
console . log ( Object . getPrototypeOf ([]) ==
Array . prototype );
// → true

am+?  T`QiQivT2 Q#D2+i rBHH Bib2H7 ?p2  T`QiQivT2- Q7i2M Object.prototype

- bQ i?i Bi biBHH BM/B`2+iHv T`QpB/2b K2i?Q/b HBF2 toStringX
h?2 Object.getPrototypeOf 7mM+iBQM Q#pBQmbHv `2im`Mb i?2 T`QiQivT2 Q7
M Q#D2+iX uQm +M mb2 Object.create iQ +`2i2 M Q#D2+i rBi?  bT2+B}+
T`QiQivT2X
var protoRabbit = {
speak : function ( line ) {
console . log (" The " + this . type + " rabbit says " +
line + " ") ;
}
};
var killerRabbit = Object . create ( protoRabbit );
killerRabbit . type = " killer ";
killerRabbit . speak (" SKREEEE !") ;
// → The killer rabbit says SKREEEE !

h?2 dzT`QiQǴ `##Bi +ib b  +QMiBM2` 7Q` i?2 T`QT2`iB2b i?i `2 b?`2/
#v HH `##BibX M BM/BpB/mH `##Bi Q#D2+i- HBF2 i?2 FBHH2` `##Bi- +QMiBMb
T`QT2`iB2b i?i TTHv QMHv iQ Bib2H7ěBM i?Bb +b2 Bib ivT2ěM/ /2`Bp2b
b?`2/ T`QT2`iB2b 7`QK Bib T`QiQivT2X

*QMbi`m+iQ`b
 KQ`2 +QMp2MB2Mi rv iQ +`2i2 Q#D2+ib i?i /2`Bp2 7`QK bQK2 b?`2/
T`QiQivT2 Bb iQ mb2  +QMbi`m+iQ`X AM Cpa+`BTi- +HHBM;  7mM+iBQM rBi?
i?2 new F2vrQ`/ BM 7`QMi Q7 Bi +mb2b Bi iQ #2 i`2i2/ b  +QMbi`m+iQ`X
h?2 +QMbi`m+iQ` rBHH ?p2 Bib this p`B#H2 #QmM/ iQ  7`2b? Q#D2+i- M/
mMH2bb Bi 2tTHB+BiHv `2im`Mb MQi?2` Q#D2+i pHm2- i?Bb M2r Q#D2+i rBHH #2
`2im`M2/ 7`QK i?2 +HHX
M Q#D2+i +`2i2/ rBi? new Bb bB/ iQ #2 M BMbiM+2 Q7 Bib +QMbi`m+iQ`X

RyN
 >2`2 Bb  bBKTH2 +QMbi`m+iQ` 7Q` `##BibX Ai Bb  +QMp2MiBQM iQ +TBiHBx2
i?2 MK2b Q7 +QMbi`m+iQ`b bQ i?i i?2v `2 2bBHv /BbiBM;mBb?2/ 7`QK Qi?2`
7mM+iBQMbX
function Rabbit ( type ) {
this . type = type ;
}

var killerRabbit = new Rabbit (" killer ") ;

var blackRabbit = new Rabbit (" black ") ;
console . log ( blackRabbit . type ) ;
// → black

*QMbi`m+iQ`b UBM 7+i- HH 7mM+iBQMbV miQKiB+HHv ;2i  T`QT2`iv MK2/

prototype- r?B+? #v /27mHi ?QH/b  THBM- 2KTiv Q#D2+i i?i /2`Bp2b 7`QK
Object.prototypeX 1p2`v BMbiM+2 +`2i2/ rBi? i?Bb +QMbi`m+iQ` rBHH ?p2
i?Bb Q#D2+i b Bib T`QiQivT2X aQ iQ //  speak K2i?Q/ iQ `##Bib +`2i2/
rBi? i?2 Rabbit +QMbi`m+iQ`- r2 +M bBKTHv /Q i?Bb,
Rabbit . prototype . speak = function ( line ) {
console . log (" The " + this . type + " rabbit says " +
line + " ") ;
};
blackRabbit . speak (" Doom ...") ;
// → The black rabbit says Doom ...

Ai Bb BKTQ`iMi iQ MQi2 i?2 /BbiBM+iBQM #2ir22M i?2 rv  T`QiQivT2

Bb bbQ+Bi2/ rBi?  +QMbi`m+iQ` Ui?`Qm;? Bib prototype T`QT2`ivV M/
i?2 rv Q#D2+ib ?p2  T`QiQivT2 Ur?B+? +M #2 `2i`B2p2/ rBi? Object.
getPrototypeOfVX h?2 +imH T`QiQivT2 Q7  +QMbi`m+iQ` Bb Function.prototype
bBM+2 +QMbi`m+iQ`b `2 7mM+iBQMbX Aib prototype T`QT2`iv rBHH #2 i?2 T`QiQ@
ivT2 Q7 BMbiM+2b +`2i2/ i?`Qm;? Bi #mi Bb MQi Bib QrM T`QiQivT2X

Pp2``B/BM; /2`Bp2/ T`QT2`iB2b

q?2M vQm //  T`QT2`iv iQ M Q#D2+i- r?2i?2` Bi Bb T`2b2Mi BM i?2
T`QiQivT2 Q` MQi- i?2 T`QT2`iv Bb //2/ iQ i?2 Q#D2+i Bib2H7- r?B+? rBHH
?2M+27Q`i? ?p2 Bi b Bib QrM T`QT2`ivX A7 i?2`2 Bb  T`QT2`iv #v i?2 bK2
MK2 BM i?2 T`QiQivT2- i?Bb T`QT2`iv rBHH MQ HQM;2` z2+i i?2 Q#D2+iX h?2
T`QiQivT2 Bib2H7 Bb MQi +?M;2/X

RRy
 Rabbit . prototype . teeth = " small ";
console . log ( killerRabbit . teeth ) ;
// → small
killerRabbit . teeth = " long , sharp , and bloody ";
console . log ( killerRabbit . teeth ) ;
// → long , sharp , and bloody
console . log ( blackRabbit . teeth );
// → small
console . log ( Rabbit . prototype . teeth ) ;
// → small

h?2 7QHHQrBM; /B;`K bF2i+?2b i?2 bBimiBQM 7i2` i?Bb +Q/2 ?b `mMX h?2
Rabbit M/ Object T`QiQivT2b HB2 #2?BM/ killerRabbit b  FBM/ Q7 #+F/`QT-
r?2`2 T`QT2`iB2b i?i `2 MQi 7QmM/ BM i?2 Q#D2+i Bib2H7 +M #2 HQQF2/ mTX
Rabbit

prototype

Object
killerRabbit
create: <function>
teeth: "long, sharp, ..."
prototype
adjective: "killer"
...
teeth: "small"
speak: <function>
toString: <function>
...

Pp2``B/BM; T`QT2`iB2b i?i 2tBbi BM  T`QiQivT2 Bb Q7i2M  mb27mH i?BM;

iQ /QX b i?2 `##Bi i22i? 2tKTH2 b?Qrb- Bi +M #2 mb2/ iQ 2tT`2bb
2t+2TiBQMH T`QT2`iB2b BM BMbiM+2b Q7  KQ`2 ;2M2`B+ +Hbb Q7 Q#D2+ib-
r?BH2 H2iiBM; i?2 MQM2t+2TiBQMH Q#D2+ib bBKTHv iF2  biM/`/ pHm2
7`QK i?2B` T`QiQivT2X
Ai Bb HbQ mb2/ iQ ;Bp2 i?2 biM/`/ 7mM+iBQM M/ ``v T`QiQivT2b 
/Bz2`2Mi toString K2i?Q/ i?M i?2 #bB+ Q#D2+i T`QiQivT2X
console . log ( Array . prototype . toString ==
Object . prototype . toString ) ;
// → false
console . log ([1 , 2]. toString () ) ;
// → 1 ,2

*HHBM; toString QM M ``v ;Bp2b  `2bmHi bBKBH` iQ +HHBM; .join(",")

QM BiěBi Tmib +QKKb #2ir22M i?2 pHm2b BM i?2 ``vX .B`2+iHv +HHBM;

RRR
 rBi? M ``v T`Q/m+2b  /Bz2`2Mi bi`BM;X h?i
Object.prototype.toString
7mM+iBQM /Q2bMǶi FMQr #Qmi ``vb- bQ Bi bBKTHv Tmib i?2 rQ`/ dzQ#D2+iǴ
M/ i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 ivT2 #2ir22M b[m`2 #`+F2ibX
console . log ( Object . prototype . toString . call ([1 , 2]) ) ;
// → [ object Array ]

S`QiQivT2 BMi2`72`2M+2
 T`QiQivT2 +M #2 mb2/ i Mv iBK2 iQ // M2r T`QT2`iB2b M/ K2i?Q/b
iQ HH Q#D2+ib #b2/ QM BiX 6Q` 2tKTH2- Bi KB;?i #2+QK2 M2+2bb`v 7Q`
Qm` `##Bib iQ /M+2X
Rabbit . prototype . dance = function () {
console . log (" The " + this . type + " rabbit dances a jig .") ;
};
killerRabbit . dance () ;
// → The killer rabbit dances a jig .

h?iǶb +QMp2MB2MiX "mi i?2`2 `2 bBimiBQMb r?2`2 Bi +mb2b T`Q#H2KbX

AM T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`b- r2 mb2/ M Q#D2+i b  rv iQ bbQ+Bi2 pHm2b
rBi? MK2b #v +`2iBM; T`QT2`iB2b 7Q` i?2 MK2b M/ ;BpBM; i?2K i?2
+Q``2bTQM/BM; pHm2 b i?2B` pHm2X >2`2Ƕb M 2tKTH2 7`QK *?Ti2` 9,
var map = {};
function storePhi ( event , phi ) {
map [ event ] = phi ;
}

storePhi (" pizza " , 0.069) ;

storePhi (" touched tree " , -0.081) ;

q2 +M Bi2`i2 Qp2` HH T?B pHm2b BM i?2 Q#D2+i mbBM;  forfin HQQT M/
i2bi r?2i?2`  MK2 Bb BM i?2`2 mbBM; i?2 `2;mH` in QT2`iQ`X "mi
mM7Q`imMi2Hv- i?2 Q#D2+iǶb T`QiQivT2 ;2ib BM i?2 rvX
Object . prototype . nonsense = " hi ";
for ( var name in map )
console . log ( name ) ;
// → pizza

RRk
 // → touched tree
// → nonsense
console . log (" nonsense " in map ) ;
// → true
console . log (" toString " in map ) ;
// → true

// Delete the problematic property again

delete Object . prototype . nonsense ;

h?iǶb HH r`QM;X h?2`2 Bb MQ 2p2Mi +HH2/ dzMQMb2Mb2Ǵ BM Qm` /i b2iX
M/ i?2`2 /2}MBi2Hv Bb MQ 2p2Mi +HH2/ dziQai`BM;ǴX
P//Hv- toString /B/ MQi b?Qr mT BM i?2 forfin HQQT- #mi i?2 in QT2`iQ`
/B/ `2im`M i`m2 7Q` BiX h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 Cpa+`BTi /BbiBM;mBb?2b #2ir22M
2MmK2`#H2 M/ MQM2MmK2`#H2 T`QT2`iB2bX
HH T`QT2`iB2b i?i r2 +`2i2 #v bBKTHv bbB;MBM; iQ i?2K `2 2MmK2`@
#H2X h?2 biM/`/ T`QT2`iB2b BM Object.prototype `2 HH MQM2MmK2`#H2-
r?B+? Bb r?v i?2v /Q MQi b?Qr mT BM bm+?  forfin HQQTX
Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ /2}M2 Qm` QrM MQM2MmK2`#H2 T`QT2`iB2b #v mbBM;
i?2 Object.defineProperty 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? HHQrb mb iQ +QMi`QH i?2 ivT2 Q7
T`QT2`iv r2 `2 +`2iBM;X
Object . defineProperty ( Object . prototype , " hiddenNonsense " ,
{ enumerable : false , value : " hi "}) ;
for ( var name in map )
console . log ( name ) ;
// → pizza
// → touched tree
console . log ( map . hiddenNonsense );
// → hi

aQ MQr i?2 T`QT2`iv Bb i?2`2- #mi Bi rQMǶi b?Qr mT BM  HQQTX h?iǶb

;QQ/X "mi r2 biBHH ?p2 i?2 T`Q#H2K rBi? i?2 `2;mH` in QT2`iQ` +HBKBM;
i?i i?2 Object.prototype T`QT2`iB2b 2tBbi BM Qm` Q#D2+iX 6Q` i?i- r2 +M
mb2 i?2 Q#D2+iǶb hasOwnProperty K2i?Q/X
console . log ( map . hasOwnProperty (" toString ") ) ;
// → false

h?Bb K2i?Q/ i2HHb mb r?2i?2` i?2 Q#D2+i Bib2H7 ?b i?2 T`QT2`iv- rBi?Qmi
HQQFBM; i Bib T`QiQivT2bX h?Bb Bb Q7i2M  KQ`2 mb27mH TB2+2 Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM

RRj
i?M r?i i?2 in QT2`iQ` ;Bp2b mbX
q?2M vQm `2 rQ``B2/ i?i bQK2QM2 UbQK2 Qi?2` +Q/2 vQm HQ/2/ BMiQ
vQm` T`Q;`KV KB;?i ?p2 K2bb2/ rBi? i?2 #b2 Q#D2+i T`QiQivT2- A
`2+QKK2M/ vQm r`Bi2 vQm` forfin HQQTb HBF2 i?Bb,
for ( var name in map ) {
if ( map . hasOwnProperty ( name ) ) {
// ... this is an own property
}
}

S`QiQivT2@H2bb Q#D2+ib
"mi i?2 `##Bi ?QH2 /Q2bMǶi 2M/ i?2`2X q?i B7 bQK2QM2 `2;Bbi2`2/ i?2
MK2 hasOwnProperty BM Qm` map Q#D2+i M/ b2i Bi iQ i?2 pHm2 9k\ LQr i?2
+HH iQ map.hasOwnProperty rBHH i`v iQ +HH i?2 HQ+H T`QT2`iv- r?B+? ?QH/b
 MmK#2`- MQi  7mM+iBQMX
AM bm+?  +b2- T`QiQivT2b Dmbi ;2i BM i?2 rv- M/ r2 rQmH/ +imHHv
T`272` iQ ?p2 Q#D2+ib rBi?Qmi T`QiQivT2bX q2 br i?2 Object.create
7mM+iBQM- r?B+? HHQrb mb iQ +`2i2 M Q#D2+i rBi?  bT2+B}+ T`QiQivT2X
uQm `2 HHQr2/ iQ Tbb null b i?2 T`QiQivT2 iQ +`2i2  7`2b? Q#D2+i
rBi? MQ T`QiQivT2X 6Q` Q#D2+ib HBF2 map- r?2`2 i?2 T`QT2`iB2b +QmH/ #2
Mvi?BM;- i?Bb Bb 2t+iHv r?i r2 rMiX
var map = Object . create ( null );
map [" pizza "] = 0.069;
console . log (" toString " in map ) ;
// → false
console . log (" pizza " in map ) ;
// → true

Jm+? #2ii2`5 q2 MQ HQM;2` M22/ i?2 hasOwnProperty FHm/;2 #2+mb2 HH i?2
T`QT2`iB2b i?2 Q#D2+i ?b `2 Bib QrM T`QT2`iB2bX LQr r2 +M b72Hv mb2
forfin HQQTb- MQ Kii2` r?i T2QTH2 ?p2 #22M /QBM; iQ Object.prototypeX

RR9
SQHvKQ`T?BbK
q?2M vQm +HH i?2 String 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? +QMp2`ib  pHm2 iQ  bi`BM;- QM
M Q#D2+i- Bi rBHH +HH i?2 toString K2i?Q/ QM i?i Q#D2+i iQ i`v iQ +`2i2
 K2MBM;7mH bi`BM; iQ `2im`MX A K2MiBQM2/ i?i bQK2 Q7 i?2 biM/`/
T`QiQivT2b /2}M2 i?2B` QrM p2`bBQM Q7 toString bQ i?2v +M +`2i2  bi`BM;
i?i +QMiBMb KQ`2 mb27mH BM7Q`KiBQM i?M "[object Object]"X
h?Bb Bb  bBKTH2 BMbiM+2 Q7  TQr2`7mH B/2X q?2M  TB2+2 Q7 +Q/2
Bb r`Bii2M iQ rQ`F rBi? Q#D2+ib i?i ?p2  +2`iBM BMi2`7+2ěBM i?Bb
+b2-  toString K2i?Q/ěMv FBM/ Q7 Q#D2+i i?i ?TT2Mb iQ bmTTQ`i
i?Bb BMi2`7+2 +M #2 THm;;2/ BMiQ i?2 +Q/2- M/ Bi rBHH Dmbi rQ`FX
h?Bb i2+?MB[m2 Bb +HH2/ TQHvKQ`T?BbKěi?Qm;? MQ +imH b?T2@b?B7iBM;
Bb BMpQHp2/X SQHvKQ`T?B+ +Q/2 +M rQ`F rBi? pHm2b Q7 /Bz2`2Mi b?T2b-
b HQM; b i?2v bmTTQ`i i?2 BMi2`7+2 Bi 2tT2+ibX

GvBM; Qmi  i#H2

A K ;QBM; iQ rQ`F i?`Qm;?  bHB;?iHv KQ`2 BMpQHp2/ 2tKTH2 BM M
ii2KTi iQ ;Bp2 vQm  #2ii2` B/2 r?i TQHvKQ`T?BbK- b r2HH b Q#D2+i@
Q`B2Mi2/ T`Q;`KKBM; BM ;2M2`H- HQQFb HBF2X h?2 T`QD2+i Bb i?Bb, r2 rBHH
r`Bi2  T`Q;`K i?i- ;Bp2M M ``v Q7 ``vb Q7 i#H2 +2HHb- #mBH/b mT 
bi`BM; i?i +QMiBMb  MB+2Hv HB/ Qmi i#H2ěK2MBM; i?i i?2 +QHmKMb
`2 bi`B;?i M/ i?2 `Qrb `2 HB;M2/X aQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb,
name height country
------------ ------ -------------
Kilimanjaro 5895 Tanzania
Everest 8848 Nepal
Mount Fuji 3776 Japan
Mont Blanc 4808 Italy / France
Vaalserberg 323 Netherlands
Denali 6168 United States
Popocatepetl 5465 Mexico

h?2 rv Qm` i#H2@#mBH/BM; bvbi2K rBHH rQ`F Bb i?i i?2 #mBH/2` 7mM+iBQM
rBHH bF 2+? +2HH ?Qr rB/2 M/ ?B;? Bi rMib iQ #2 M/ i?2M mb2 i?Bb
BM7Q`KiBQM iQ /2i2`KBM2 i?2 rB/i? Q7 i?2 +QHmKMb M/ i?2 ?2B;?i Q7 i?2
`QrbX h?2 #mBH/2` 7mM+iBQM rBHH i?2M bF i?2 +2HHb iQ /`r i?2Kb2Hp2b i

RR8
i?2 +Q``2+i bBx2 M/ bb2K#H2 i?2 `2bmHib BMiQ  bBM;H2 bi`BM;X
h?2 HvQmi T`Q;`K rBHH +QKKmMB+i2 rBi? i?2 +2HH Q#D2+ib i?`Qm;?
 r2HH@/2}M2/ BMi2`7+2X h?i rv- i?2 ivT2b Q7 +2HHb i?i i?2 T`Q;`K
bmTTQ`ib Bb MQi }t2/ BM /pM+2X q2 +M // M2r +2HH bivH2b Hi2`ě
7Q` 2tKTH2- mM/2`HBM2/ +2HHb 7Q` i#H2 ?2/2`běM/ B7 i?2v bmTTQ`i Qm`
BMi2`7+2- i?2v rBHH Dmbi rQ`F- rBi?Qmi `2[mB`BM; +?M;2b iQ i?2 HvQmi
T`Q;`KX
h?Bb Bb i?2 BMi2`7+2,

Ç minHeight() `2im`Mb  MmK#2` BM/B+iBM; i?2 KBMBKmK ?2B;?i i?Bb

+2HH `2[mB`2b UBM HBM2bVX

Ç minWidth() `2im`Mb  MmK#2` BM/B+iBM; i?Bb +2HHǶb KBMBKmK rB/i?

UBM +?`+i2`bVX

Ç draw(width, height) `2im`Mb M ``v Q7 H2M;i? height- r?B+? +QMiBMb

 b2`B2b Q7 bi`BM;b i?i `2 2+? width +?`+i2`b rB/2X h?Bb `2T`2@
b2Mib i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 +2HHX

AǶK ;QBM; iQ KF2 ?2pv mb2 Q7 ?B;?2`@Q`/2` ``v K2i?Q/b BM i?Bb 2t@
KTH2 bBM+2 Bi H2M/b Bib2H7 r2HH iQ i?i TT`Q+?X
h?2 }`bi T`i Q7 i?2 T`Q;`K +QKTmi2b ``vb Q7 KBMBKmK +QHmKM
rB/i?b M/ `Qr ?2B;?ib 7Q`  ;`B/ Q7 +2HHbX h?2 rows p`B#H2 rBHH ?QH/ M
``v Q7 ``vb- rBi? 2+? BMM2` ``v `2T`2b2MiBM;  `Qr Q7 +2HHbX
function rowHeights ( rows ) {
return rows . map ( function ( row ) {
return row . reduce ( function ( max , cell ) {
return Math . max ( max , cell . minHeight () ) ;
}, 0) ;
}) ;
}

function colWidths ( rows ) {

return rows [0]. map ( function (_ , i ) {
return rows . reduce ( function ( max , row ) {
return Math . max ( max , row [ i ]. minWidth () ) ;
}, 0) ;
}) ;
}

RRe
lbBM;  p`B#H2 MK2 bi`iBM; rBi? M mM/2`b+Q`2 UnV Q` +QMbBbiBM;
2MiB`2Hv Q7  bBM;H2 mM/2`b+Q`2 Bb  rv iQ BM/B+i2 UiQ ?mKM `2/2`bV
i?i i?Bb `;mK2Mi Bb MQi ;QBM; iQ #2 mb2/X
h?2 rowHeights 7mM+iBQM b?QmH/MǶi #2 iQQ ?`/ iQ 7QHHQrX Ai mb2b reduce
iQ +QKTmi2 i?2 KtBKmK ?2B;?i Q7 M ``v Q7 +2HHb M/ r`Tb i?i BM
map BM Q`/2` iQ /Q Bi 7Q` HH `Qrb BM i?2 rows ``vX
h?BM;b `2 bHB;?iHv ?`/2` 7Q` i?2 colWidths 7mM+iBQM #2+mb2 i?2 Qmi2`
``v Bb M ``v Q7 `Qrb- MQi Q7 +QHmKMbX A ?p2 7BH2/ iQ K2MiBQM bQ
7` i?i map Ub r2HH b forEach- filter- M/ bBKBH` ``v K2i?Q/bV Tbb2b
 b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi iQ i?2 7mM+iBQM Bi Bb ;Bp2M, i?2 BM/2t Q7 i?2 +m``2Mi
2H2K2MiX "v KTTBM; Qp2` i?2 2H2K2Mib Q7 i?2 }`bi `Qr M/ QMHv mbBM;
i?2 KTTBM; 7mM+iBQMǶb b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi- colWidths #mBH/b mT M ``v
rBi? QM2 2H2K2Mi 7Q` 2p2`v +QHmKM BM/2tX h?2 +HH iQ reduce `mMb Qp2`
i?2 Qmi2` rows ``v 7Q` 2+? BM/2t M/ TB+Fb Qmi i?2 rB/i? Q7 i?2 rB/2bi
+2HH i i?i BM/2tX
>2`2Ƕb i?2 +Q/2 iQ /`r  i#H2,
function drawTable ( rows ) {
var heights = rowHeights ( rows ) ;
var widths = colWidths ( rows );

function drawLine ( blocks , lineNo ) {

return blocks . map ( function ( block ) {
return block [ lineNo ];
}) . join (" ") ;
}

function drawRow ( row , rowNum ) {

var blocks = row . map ( function ( cell , colNum ) {
return cell . draw ( widths [ colNum ] , heights [ rowNum ]) ;
}) ;
return blocks [0]. map ( function (_ , lineNo ) {
return drawLine ( blocks , lineNo ) ;
}) . join ("\ n ") ;
}

return rows . map ( drawRow ) . join ("\ n ") ;

}

RRd
h?2 drawTable 7mM+iBQM mb2b i?2 BMi2`MH ?2HT2` 7mM+iBQM drawRow iQ /`r
HH `Qrb M/ i?2M DQBMb i?2K iQ;2i?2` rBi? M2rHBM2 +?`+i2`bX
h?2 drawRow 7mM+iBQM Bib2H7 }`bi +QMp2`ib i?2 +2HH Q#D2+ib BM i?2 `Qr iQ
#HQ+Fb- r?B+? `2 ``vb Q7 bi`BM;b `2T`2b2MiBM; i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 +2HHb-
bTHBi #v HBM2X  bBM;H2 +2HH +QMiBMBM; bBKTHv i?2 MmK#2` jdde KB;?i #2
`2T`2b2Mi2/ #v  bBM;H2@2H2K2Mi ``v HBF2 ["3776"]- r?2`2b M mM/2`HBM2/
+2HH KB;?i iF2 mT irQ HBM2b M/ #2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ #v i?2 ``v ["name",
"----"]X
h?2 #HQ+Fb 7Q`  `Qr- r?B+? HH ?p2 i?2 bK2 ?2B;?i- b?QmH/ TT2`
M2ti iQ 2+? Qi?2` BM i?2 }MH QmiTmiX h?2 b2+QM/ +HH iQ map BM drawRow
#mBH/b mT i?Bb QmiTmi HBM2 #v HBM2 #v KTTBM; Qp2` i?2 HBM2b BM i?2
H27iKQbi #HQ+F M/- 7Q` 2+? Q7 i?Qb2- +QHH2+iBM;  HBM2 i?i bTMb i?2 7mHH
rB/i? Q7 i?2 i#H2X h?2b2 HBM2b `2 i?2M DQBM2/ rBi? M2rHBM2 +?`+i2`b
iQ T`QpB/2 i?2 r?QH2 `Qr b drawRowǶb `2im`M pHm2X
h?2 7mM+iBQM drawLine 2ti`+ib HBM2b i?i b?QmH/ TT2` M2ti iQ 2+?
Qi?2` 7`QK M ``v Q7 #HQ+Fb M/ DQBMb i?2K rBi?  bT+2 +?`+i2` iQ
+`2i2  QM2@+?`+i2` ;T #2ir22M i?2 i#H2Ƕb +QHmKMbX
LQr H2iǶb r`Bi2  +QMbi`m+iQ` 7Q` +2HHb i?i +QMiBM i2ti- r?B+? BKTH2@
K2Mib i?2 BMi2`7+2 7Q` i#H2 +2HHbX h?2 +QMbi`m+iQ` bTHBib  bi`BM; BMiQ
M ``v Q7 HBM2b mbBM; i?2 bi`BM; K2i?Q/ split- r?B+? +mib mT  bi`BM;
i 2p2`v Q++m``2M+2 Q7 Bib `;mK2Mi M/ `2im`Mb M ``v Q7 i?2 TB2+2bX
h?2 minWidth K2i?Q/ }M/b i?2 KtBKmK HBM2 rB/i? BM i?Bb ``vX
function repeat ( string , times ) {
var result = "";
for ( var i = 0; i < times ; i ++)
result += string ;
return result ;
}

function TextCell ( text ) {

this . text = text . split ("\ n ") ;
}
TextCell . prototype . minWidth = function () {
return this . text . reduce ( function ( width , line ) {
return Math . max ( width , line . length ) ;
} , 0) ;
};
TextCell . prototype . minHeight = function () {

RR3
 return this . text . length ;
};
TextCell . prototype . draw = function ( width , height ) {
var result = [];
for ( var i = 0; i < height ; i ++) {
var line = this . text [i ] || "";
result . push ( line + repeat (" ", width - line . length ) ) ;
}
return result ;
};

h?2 +Q/2 mb2b  ?2HT2` 7mM+iBQM +HH2/ repeat- r?B+? #mBH/b  bi`BM; r?Qb2
pHm2 Bb i?2 string `;mK2Mi `2T2i2/ times MmK#2` Q7 iBK2bX h?2 draw
K2i?Q/ mb2b Bi iQ // dzT//BM;Ǵ iQ HBM2b bQ i?i i?2v HH ?p2 i?2
`2[mB`2/ H2M;i?X
G2iǶb i`v 2p2`vi?BM; r2Ƕp2 r`Bii2M bQ 7` #v #mBH/BM; mT  8 × 8 +?2+F2`@
#Q`/X
var rows = [];
for ( var i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {
var row = [];
for ( var j = 0; j < 5; j ++) {
if (( j + i ) % 2 == 0)
row . push ( new TextCell ("##") );
else
row . push ( new TextCell (" ") ) ;
}
rows . push ( row ) ;
}
console . log ( drawTable ( rows ) ) ;
// → ## ## ##
// ## ##
// ## ## ##
// ## ##
// ## ## ##

Ai rQ`Fb5 "mi bBM+2 HH +2HHb ?p2 i?2 bK2 bBx2- i?2 i#H2@HvQmi +Q/2
/Q2bMǶi `2HHv /Q Mvi?BM; BMi2`2biBM;X
h?2 bQm`+2 /i 7Q` i?2 i#H2 Q7 KQmMiBMb i?i r2 `2 i`vBM; iQ #mBH/ Bb
pBH#H2 BM i?2 MOUNTAINS p`B#H2 BM i?2 bM/#Qt M/ HbQ /QrMHQ/#H2
7`QK i?2 r2#bBi2U2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2if+Q/2OeVX

RRN
 q2 rBHH rMi iQ ?B;?HB;?i i?2 iQT `Qr- r?B+? +QMiBMb i?2 +QHmKM
MK2b- #v mM/2`HBMBM; i?2 +2HHb rBi?  b2`B2b Q7 /b? +?`+i2`bX LQ
T`Q#H2Kěr2 bBKTHv r`Bi2  +2HH ivT2 i?i ?M/H2b mM/2`HBMBM;X
function UnderlinedCell ( inner ) {
this . inner = inner ;
}
UnderlinedCell . prototype . minWidth = function () {
return this . inner . minWidth () ;
};
UnderlinedCell . prototype . minHeight = function () {
return this . inner . minHeight () + 1;
};
UnderlinedCell . prototype . draw = function ( width , height ) {
return this . inner . draw ( width , height - 1)
. concat ([ repeat (" -" , width ) ]) ;
};

M mM/2`HBM2/ +2HH +QMiBMb MQi?2` +2HHX Ai `2TQ`ib Bib KBMBKmK bBx2 b

#2BM; i?2 bK2 b i?i Q7 Bib BMM2` +2HH U#v +HHBM; i?`Qm;? iQ i?i +2HHǶb
minWidth M/ minHeight K2i?Q/bV #mi //b QM2 iQ i?2 ?2B;?i iQ ++QmMi
7Q` i?2 bT+2 iF2M mT #v i?2 mM/2`HBM2X
.`rBM; bm+?  +2HH Bb [mBi2 bBKTH2ěr2 iF2 i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 BMM2`
+2HH M/ +QM+i2Mi2  bBM;H2 HBM2 7mHH Q7 /b?2b iQ BiX
>pBM; M mM/2`HBMBM; K2+?MBbK- r2 +M MQr r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM i?i
#mBH/b mT  ;`B/ Q7 +2HHb 7`QK Qm` /i b2iX
function dataTable ( data ) {
var keys = Object . keys ( data [0]) ;
var headers = keys . map ( function ( name ) {
return new UnderlinedCell ( new TextCell ( name ) ) ;
}) ;
var body = data . map ( function ( row ) {
return keys . map ( function ( name ) {
return new TextCell ( String ( row [ name ]) ) ;
}) ;
}) ;
return [ headers ]. concat ( body );
}

console . log ( drawTable ( dataTable ( MOUNTAINS ) ) ) ;

Rky
 // → name height country
// ------------ ------ -------------
// Kilimanjaro 5895 Tanzania
// ... etcetera

h?2 biM/`/ Object.keys 7mM+iBQM `2im`Mb M ``v Q7 T`QT2`iv MK2b BM

M Q#D2+iX h?2 iQT `Qr Q7 i?2 i#H2 Kmbi +QMiBM mM/2`HBM2/ +2HHb i?i
;Bp2 i?2 MK2b Q7 i?2 +QHmKMbX "2HQr i?i- i?2 pHm2b Q7 HH i?2 Q#D2+ib
BM i?2 /i b2i TT2` b MQ`KH +2HHběr2 2ti`+i i?2K #v KTTBM;
Qp2` i?2 keys ``v bQ i?i r2 `2 bm`2 i?i i?2 Q`/2` Q7 i?2 +2HHb Bb i?2
bK2 BM 2p2`v `QrX
h?2 `2bmHiBM; i#H2 `2b2K#H2b i?2 2tKTH2 b?QrM #27Q`2- 2t+2Ti i?i
Bi /Q2b MQi `B;?i@HB;M i?2 MmK#2`b BM i?2 height +QHmKMX q2 rBHH ;2i iQ
i?i BM  KQK2MiX

:2ii2`b M/ b2ii2`b

q?2M bT2+B7vBM; M BMi2`7+2- Bi Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ BM+Hm/2 T`QT2`iB2b i?i
`2 MQi K2i?Q/bX q2 +QmH/ ?p2 /2}M2/ minHeight M/ minWidth iQ bBK@
THv ?QH/ MmK#2`bX "mi i?iǶ/ ?p2 `2[mB`2/ mb iQ +QKTmi2 i?2K BM i?2
+QMbi`m+iQ`- r?B+? //b +Q/2 i?2`2 i?i BbMǶi bi`B+iHv `2H2pMi iQ +QM@
bi`m+iBM; i?2 Q#D2+iX Ai rQmH/ +mb2 T`Q#H2Kb B7- 7Q` 2tKTH2- i?2 BMM2`
+2HH Q7 M mM/2`HBM2/ +2HH rb +?M;2/- i r?B+? TQBMi i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2
mM/2`HBM2/ +2HH b?QmH/ HbQ +?M;2X
h?Bb ?b H2/ bQK2 T2QTH2 iQ /QTi  T`BM+BTH2 Q7 M2p2` BM+Hm/BM; MQM@
K2i?Q/ T`QT2`iB2b BM BMi2`7+2bX _i?2` i?M /B`2+iHv ++2bb  bBKTH2
pHm2 T`QT2`iv- i?2vǶ/ mb2 getSomething M/ setSomething K2i?Q/b iQ `2/
M/ r`Bi2 i?2 T`QT2`ivX h?Bb TT`Q+? ?b i?2 /QrMbB/2 i?i vQm rBHH
2M/ mT r`BiBM;ěM/ `2/BM;ě HQi Q7 //BiBQMH K2i?Q/bX
6Q`imMi2Hv- Cpa+`BTi T`QpB/2b  i2+?MB[m2 i?i ;2ib mb i?2 #2bi Q7
#Qi? rQ`H/bX q2 +M bT2+B7v T`QT2`iB2b i?i- 7`QK i?2 QmibB/2- HQQF HBF2
MQ`KH T`QT2`iB2b #mi b2+`2iHv ?p2 K2i?Q/b bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? i?2KX
var pile = {
elements : [" eggshell " , " orange peel ", " worm "] ,
get height () {
return this . elements . length ;
},

RkR
 set height ( value ) {
console . log (" Ignoring attempt to set height to " , value ) ;
}
};

console . log ( pile . height );

// → 3
pile . height = 100;
// → Ignoring attempt to set height to 100

AM M Q#D2+i HBi2`H- i?2 get Q` set MQiiBQM 7Q` T`QT2`iB2b HHQrb vQm
iQ bT2+B7v  7mM+iBQM iQ #2 `mM r?2M i?2 T`QT2`iv Bb `2/ Q` r`Bii2MX
uQm +M HbQ // bm+?  T`QT2`iv iQ M 2tBbiBM; Q#D2+i- 7Q` 2tKTH2 
T`QiQivT2- mbBM; i?2 Object.defineProperty 7mM+iBQM Ur?B+? r2 T`2pBQmbHv
mb2/ iQ +`2i2 MQM2MmK2`#H2 T`QT2`iB2bVX
Object . defineProperty ( TextCell . prototype , " heightProp " , {
get : function () { return this . text . length ; }
}) ;

var cell = new TextCell (" no \ nway ") ;

console . log ( cell . heightProp );
// → 2
cell . heightProp = 100;
console . log ( cell . heightProp );
// → 2

uQm +M mb2  bBKBH` set T`QT2`iv- BM i?2 Q#D2+i Tbb2/ iQ defineProperty
- iQ bT2+B7v  b2ii2` K2i?Q/X q?2M  ;2ii2` #mi MQ b2ii2` Bb /2}M2/-
r`BiBM; iQ i?2 T`QT2`iv Bb bBKTHv B;MQ`2/X

AM?2`BiM+2
q2 `2 MQi [mBi2 /QM2 v2i rBi? Qm` i#H2 HvQmi 2t2`+Bb2X Ai ?2HTb `2/@
#BHBiv iQ `B;?i@HB;M +QHmKMb Q7 MmK#2`bX q2 b?QmH/ +`2i2 MQi?2` +2HH
ivT2 i?i Bb HBF2 TextCell- #mi `i?2` i?M T//BM; i?2 HBM2b QM i?2 `B;?i
bB/2- Bi T/b i?2K QM i?2 H27i bB/2 bQ i?i i?2v HB;M iQ i?2 `B;?iX
q2 +QmH/ bBKTHv r`Bi2  r?QH2 M2r +QMbi`m+iQ` rBi? HH i?`22 K2i?Q/b
BM Bib T`QiQivT2X "mi T`QiQivT2b Kv i?2Kb2Hp2b ?p2 T`QiQivT2b- M/
i?Bb HHQrb mb iQ /Q bQK2i?BM; +H2p2`X

Rkk
 function RTextCell ( text ) {
TextCell . call ( this , text );
}
RTextCell . prototype = Object . create ( TextCell . prototype ) ;
RTextCell . prototype . draw = function ( width , height ) {
var result = [];
for ( var i = 0; i < height ; i ++) {
var line = this . text [i ] || "";
result . push ( repeat (" " , width - line . length ) + line ) ;
}
return result ;
};

q2 `2mb2 i?2 +QMbi`m+iQ` M/ i?2 minHeight M/ minWidth K2i?Q/b 7`QK i?2
`2;mH` TextCellX M RTextCell Bb MQr #bB+HHv 2[mBpH2Mi iQ  TextCell-
2t+2Ti i?i Bib draw K2i?Q/ +QMiBMb  /Bz2`2Mi 7mM+iBQMX
h?Bb Tii2`M Bb +HH2/ BM?2`BiM+2X Ai HHQrb mb iQ #mBH/ bHB;?iHv /Bz2`2Mi
/i ivT2b 7`QK 2tBbiBM; /i ivT2b rBi? `2HiBp2Hv HBiiH2 rQ`FX hvTB+HHv-
i?2 M2r +QMbi`m+iQ` rBHH +HH i?2 QH/ +QMbi`m+iQ` UmbBM; i?2 call K2i?Q/
BM Q`/2` iQ #2 #H2 iQ ;Bp2 Bi i?2 M2r Q#D2+i b Bib this pHm2VX PM+2
i?Bb +QMbi`m+iQ` ?b #22M +HH2/- r2 +M bbmK2 i?i HH i?2 }2H/b i?i
i?2 QH/ Q#D2+i ivT2 Bb bmTTQb2/ iQ +QMiBM ?p2 #22M //2/X q2 ``M;2
7Q` i?2 +QMbi`m+iQ`Ƕb T`QiQivT2 iQ /2`Bp2 7`QK i?2 QH/ T`QiQivT2 bQ i?i
BMbiM+2b Q7 i?Bb ivT2 rBHH HbQ ?p2 ++2bb iQ i?2 T`QT2`iB2b BM i?i
T`QiQivT2X 6BMHHv- r2 +M Qp2``B/2 bQK2 Q7 i?2b2 T`QT2`iB2b #v //BM;
i?2K iQ Qm` M2r T`QiQivT2X
LQr- B7 r2 bHB;?iHv /Dmbi i?2 dataTable 7mM+iBQM iQ mb2 RTextCellb 7Q`
+2HHb r?Qb2 pHm2 Bb  MmK#2`- r2 ;2i i?2 i#H2 r2 r2`2 BKBM; 7Q`X
function dataTable ( data ) {
var keys = Object . keys ( data [0]) ;
var headers = keys . map ( function ( name ) {
return new UnderlinedCell ( new TextCell ( name ) ) ;
}) ;
var body = data . map ( function ( row ) {
return keys . map ( function ( name ) {
var value = row [ name ];
// This was changed :
if ( typeof value == " number ")
return new RTextCell ( String ( value ) ) ;

Rkj
 else
return new TextCell ( String ( value ) ) ;
}) ;
}) ;
return [ headers ]. concat ( body );
}

console . log ( drawTable ( dataTable ( MOUNTAINS ) ) ) ;

// →... beautifully aligned table

AM?2`BiM+2 Bb  7mM/K2MiH T`i Q7 i?2 Q#D2+i@Q`B2Mi2/ i`/BiBQM- HQM;@

bB/2 2M+TbmHiBQM M/ TQHvKQ`T?BbKX "mi r?BH2 i?2 Hii2` irQ `2 MQr
;2M2`HHv `2;`/2/ b rQM/2`7mH B/2b- BM?2`BiM+2 Bb bQK2r?i +QMi`Q@
p2`bBHX
h?2 KBM `2bQM 7Q` i?Bb Bb i?i Bi Bb Q7i2M +QM7mb2/ rBi? TQHvKQ`T?BbK-
bQH/ b  KQ`2 TQr2`7mH iQQH i?M Bi `2HHv Bb- M/ bm#b2[m2MiHv Qp2`mb2/
BM HH FBM/b Q7 m;Hv rvbX q?2`2b 2M+TbmHiBQM M/ TQHvKQ`T?BbK
+M #2 mb2/ iQ b2T`i2 TB2+2b Q7 +Q/2 7`QK 2+? Qi?2`- `2/m+BM; i?2
iM;H2/M2bb Q7 i?2 Qp2`HH T`Q;`K- BM?2`BiM+2 7mM/K2MiHHv iB2b ivT2b
iQ;2i?2`- +`2iBM; KQ`2 iM;H2X
uQm +M ?p2 TQHvKQ`T?BbK rBi?Qmi BM?2`BiM+2- b r2 brX A K MQi
;QBM; iQ i2HH vQm iQ pQB/ BM?2`BiM+2 2MiB`2HvěA mb2 Bi `2;mH`Hv BM Kv
QrM T`Q;`KbX "mi vQm b?QmH/ b22 Bi b  bHB;?iHv /Q/;v i`B+F i?i +M
?2HT vQm /2}M2 M2r ivT2b rBi? HBiiH2 +Q/2- MQi b  ;`M/ T`BM+BTH2 Q7 +Q/2
Q`;MBxiBQMX  T`272`#H2 rv iQ 2ti2M/ ivT2b Bb i?`Qm;? +QKTQbBiBQM-
bm+? b ?Qr UnderlinedCell #mBH/b QM MQi?2` +2HH Q#D2+i #v bBKTHv biQ`BM;
Bi BM  T`QT2`iv M/ 7Q`r`/BM; K2i?Q/ +HHb iQ Bi BM Bib QrM K2i?Q/bX

h?2 BMbiM+2Q7 QT2`iQ`

Ai Bb Q++bBQMHHv mb27mH iQ FMQr r?2i?2` M Q#D2+i rb /2`Bp2/ 7`QK
 bT2+B}+ +QMbi`m+iQ`X 6Q` i?Bb- Cpa+`BTi T`QpB/2b  #BM`v QT2`iQ`
+HH2/ instanceofX
console . log ( new RTextCell (" A ") instanceof RTextCell ) ;
// → true
console . log ( new RTextCell (" A ") instanceof TextCell ) ;
// → true
console . log ( new TextCell (" A ") instanceof RTextCell ) ;

Rk9
 // → false
console . log ([1] instanceof Array ) ;
// → true

h?2 QT2`iQ` rBHH b22 i?`Qm;? BM?2`Bi2/ ivT2bX M RTextCell Bb M BMbiM+2

Q7 TextCell #2+mb2 RTextCell.prototype /2`Bp2b 7`QK TextCell.prototypeX h?2
QT2`iQ` +M #2 TTHB2/ iQ biM/`/ +QMbi`m+iQ`b HBF2 ArrayX HKQbi 2p2`v
Q#D2+i Bb M BMbiM+2 Q7 ObjectX

amKK`v
aQ Q#D2+ib `2 KQ`2 +QKTHB+i2/ i?M A BMBiBHHv TQ`i`v2/ i?2KX h?2v
?p2 T`QiQivT2b- r?B+? `2 Qi?2` Q#D2+ib- M/ rBHH +i b B7 i?2v ?p2
T`QT2`iB2b i?2v /QMǶi ?p2 b HQM; b i?2 T`QiQivT2 ?b i?i T`QT2`ivX
aBKTH2 Q#D2+ib ?p2 Object.prototype b i?2B` T`QiQivT2X
*QMbi`m+iQ`b- r?B+? `2 7mM+iBQMb r?Qb2 MK2b mbmHHv bi`i rBi? 
+TBiH H2ii2`- +M #2 mb2/ rBi? i?2 new QT2`iQ` iQ +`2i2 M2r Q#D2+ibX
h?2 M2r Q#D2+iǶb T`QiQivT2 rBHH #2 i?2 Q#D2+i 7QmM/ BM i?2 prototype
T`QT2`iv Q7 i?2 +QMbi`m+iQ` 7mM+iBQMX uQm +M KF2 ;QQ/ mb2 Q7 i?Bb #v
TmiiBM; i?2 T`QT2`iB2b i?i HH pHm2b Q7  ;Bp2M ivT2 b?`2 BMiQ i?2B` T`Q@
iQivT2X h?2 instanceof QT2`iQ` +M- ;Bp2M M Q#D2+i M/  +QMbi`m+iQ`-
i2HH vQm r?2i?2` i?i Q#D2+i Bb M BMbiM+2 Q7 i?i +QMbi`m+iQ`X
PM2 mb27mH i?BM; iQ /Q rBi? Q#D2+ib Bb iQ bT2+B7v M BMi2`7+2 7Q` i?2K
M/ i2HH 2p2`v#Q/v i?i i?2v `2 bmTTQb2/ iQ iHF iQ vQm` Q#D2+i QMHv
i?`Qm;? i?i BMi2`7+2X h?2 `2bi Q7 i?2 /2iBHb i?i KF2 mT vQm` Q#D2+i
`2 MQr 2M+TbmHi2/- ?B//2M #2?BM/ i?2 BMi2`7+2X
PM+2 vQm `2 iHFBM; BM i2`Kb Q7 BMi2`7+2b- r?Q bvb i?i QMHv QM2 FBM/
Q7 Q#D2+i Kv BKTH2K2Mi i?Bb BMi2`7+2\ >pBM; /Bz2`2Mi Q#D2+ib 2tTQb2
i?2 bK2 BMi2`7+2 M/ i?2M r`BiBM; +Q/2 i?i rQ`Fb QM Mv Q#D2+i rBi?
i?2 BMi2`7+2 Bb +HH2/ TQHvKQ`T?BbKX Ai Bb p2`v mb27mHX
q?2M BKTH2K2MiBM; KmHiBTH2 ivT2b i?i /Bz2` BM QMHv bQK2 /2iBHb- Bi
+M #2 ?2HT7mH iQ bBKTHv KF2 i?2 T`QiQivT2 Q7 vQm` M2r ivT2 /2`Bp2
7`QK i?2 T`QiQivT2 Q7 vQm` QH/ ivT2 M/ ?p2 vQm` M2r +QMbi`m+iQ` +HH
i?2 QH/ QM2X h?Bb ;Bp2b vQm M Q#D2+i ivT2 bBKBH` iQ i?2 QH/ ivT2 #mi
7Q` r?B+? vQm +M // M/ Qp2``B/2 T`QT2`iB2b b vQm b22 }iX

Rk8
1t2`+Bb2b
 p2+iQ` ivT2
q`Bi2  +QMbi`m+iQ` Vector i?i `2T`2b2Mib  p2+iQ` BM irQ@/BK2MbBQMH
bT+2X Ai iF2b x M/ y T`K2i2`b UMmK#2`bV- r?B+? Bi b?QmH/ bp2 iQ
T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 bK2 MK2X
:Bp2 i?2 Vector T`QiQivT2 irQ K2i?Q/b- plus M/ minus- i?i iF2 M@
Qi?2` p2+iQ` b  T`K2i2` M/ `2im`M  M2r p2+iQ` i?i ?b i?2 bmK
Q` /Bz2`2M+2 Q7 i?2 irQ p2+iQ`bǶ Ui?2 QM2 BM this M/ i?2 T`K2i2`V t
M/ v pHm2bX
//  ;2ii2` T`QT2`iv length iQ i?2 T`QiQivT2 i?i +QKTmi2b i?2 H2M;i?
Q7 i?2 p2+iQ`ěi?i Bb- i?2 /BbiM+2 Q7 i?2 TQBMi Ut- vV 7`QK i?2 Q`B;BM Uy-
yVX

MQi?2` +2HH
AKTH2K2Mi  +2HH ivT2 MK2/ StretchCell(inner, width, height) i?i +QM@
7Q`Kb iQ i?2 i#H2 +2HH BMi2`7+2 /2b+`B#2/ 2`HB2` BM i?2 +?Ti2`X Ai b?QmH/
r`T MQi?2` +2HH UHBF2 UnderlinedCell /Q2bV M/ 2Mbm`2 i?i i?2 `2bmHiBM;
+2HH ?b i H2bi i?2 ;Bp2M width M/ height- 2p2M B7 i?2 BMM2` +2HH rQmH/
Mim`HHv #2 bKHH2`X

a2[m2M+2 BMi2`7+2
.2bB;M M BMi2`7+2 i?i #bi`+ib Bi2`iBQM Qp2`  +QHH2+iBQM Q7 pHm2bX
M Q#D2+i i?i T`QpB/2b i?Bb BMi2`7+2 `2T`2b2Mib  b2[m2M+2- M/ i?2
BMi2`7+2 Kmbi bQK2?Qr KF2 Bi TQbbB#H2 7Q` +Q/2 i?i mb2b bm+? M
Q#D2+i iQ Bi2`i2 Qp2` i?2 b2[m2M+2- HQQFBM; i i?2 2H2K2Mi pHm2b Bi Bb
K/2 mT Q7 M/ ?pBM; bQK2 rv iQ }M/ Qmi r?2M i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 b2[m2M+2
Bb `2+?2/X
q?2M vQm ?p2 bT2+B}2/ vQm` BMi2`7+2- i`v iQ r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM logFive
i?i iF2b  b2[m2M+2 Q#D2+i M/ +HHb console.log QM Bib }`bi }p2 2H2K2Mibě
Q` 72r2`- B7 i?2 b2[m2M+2 ?b 72r2` i?M }p2 2H2K2MibX
h?2M BKTH2K2Mi M Q#D2+i ivT2 ArraySeq i?i r`Tb M ``v M/ HHQrb
Bi2`iBQM Qp2` i?2 ``v mbBM; i?2 BMi2`7+2 vQm /2bB;M2/X AKTH2K2Mi
MQi?2` Q#D2+i ivT2 RangeSeq i?i Bi2`i2b Qp2`  `M;2 Q7 BMi2;2`b UiFBM;

Rke
from M/ to `;mK2Mib iQ Bib +QMbi`m+iQ`V BMbi2/X

Rkd
 dz(Ę) i?2 [m2biBQM Q7 r?2i?2` J+?BM2b *M h?BMF (Ę) Bb #Qmi
b `2H2pMi b i?2 [m2biBQM Q7 r?2i?2` am#K`BM2b *M arBKXǴ
ě1/b;2` .BDFbi`- h?2 h?`2ib iQ *QKTmiBM; a+B2M+2

d S`QD2+i, 1H2+i`QMB+ GB72

AM dzT`QD2+iǴ +?Ti2`b- AǶHH biQT TmKK2HBM; vQm rBi? M2r i?2Q`v 7Q` 
#`B27 KQK2Mi M/ BMbi2/ rQ`F i?`Qm;?  T`Q;`K rBi? vQmX h?2Q`v Bb
BM/BbT2Mb#H2 r?2M H2`MBM; iQ T`Q;`K- #mi Bi b?QmH/ #2 ++QKTMB2/
#v `2/BM; M/ mM/2`biM/BM; MQMi`BpBH T`Q;`KbX
Pm` T`QD2+i BM i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb iQ #mBH/  pB`imH 2+Qbvbi2K-  HBiiH2 rQ`H/
TQTmHi2/ rBi? +`Bii2`b i?i KQp2 `QmM/ M/ bi`m;;H2 7Q` bm`pBpHX

.2}MBiBQM
hQ KF2 i?Bb ibF KM;2#H2- r2 rBHH `/B+HHv bBKTHB7v i?2 +QM+2Ti
Q7  rQ`H/X LK2Hv-  rQ`H/ rBHH #2  irQ@/BK2MbBQMH ;`B/ r?2`2 2+?
2MiBiv iF2b mT QM2 7mHH b[m`2 Q7 i?2 ;`B/X PM 2p2`v im`M- i?2 +`Bii2`b
HH ;2i  +?M+2 iQ iF2 bQK2 +iBQMX
h?mb- r2 +?QT #Qi? iBK2 M/ bT+2 BMiQ mMBib rBi?  }t2/ bBx2, b[m`2b
7Q` bT+2 M/ im`Mb 7Q` iBK2X P7 +Qm`b2- i?Bb Bb  bQK2r?i +`m/2 M/
BM++m`i2 TT`QtBKiBQMX "mi Qm` bBKmHiBQM Bb BMi2M/2/ iQ #2 KmbBM;-
MQi ++m`i2- bQ r2 +M 7`22Hv +mi bm+? +Q`M2`bX
q2 +M /2}M2  rQ`H/ rBi?  THM- M ``v Q7 bi`BM;b i?i Hvb Qmi
i?2 rQ`H/Ƕb ;`B/ mbBM; QM2 +?`+i2` T2` b[m`2X
var plan = ["############################" ,
"# # # o ##" ,
"# #" ,
"# ##### #" ,
"## # # ## #" ,
"### ## # #" ,
"# ### # #" ,
"# #### #" ,
"# ## o #" ,
"# o # o ### #" ,
"# # #" ,

Rk3
 "############################"];

h?2 dzOǴ +?`+i2`b BM i?Bb THM `2T`2b2Mi rHHb M/ `Q+Fb- M/ i?2 dzQǴ
+?`+i2`b `2T`2b2Mi +`Bii2`bX h?2 bT+2b- b vQm KB;?i ?p2 ;m2bb2/- `2
2KTiv bT+2X
 THM ``v +M #2 mb2/ iQ +`2i2  rQ`H/ Q#D2+iX am+? M Q#D2+i F22Tb
i`+F Q7 i?2 bBx2 M/ +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 rQ`H/X Ai ?b  toString K2i?Q/- r?B+?
+QMp2`ib i?2 rQ`H/ #+F iQ  T`BMi#H2 bi`BM; UbBKBH` iQ i?2 THM Bi rb
#b2/ QMV bQ i?i r2 +M b22 r?iǶb ;QBM; QM BMbB/2X h?2 rQ`H/ Q#D2+i
HbQ ?b  turn K2i?Q/- r?B+? HHQrb HH i?2 +`Bii2`b BM Bi iQ iF2 QM2 im`M
M/ mT/i2b i?2 rQ`H/ iQ `2~2+i i?2B` +iBQMbX

_2T`2b2MiBM; bT+2
h?2 ;`B/ i?i KQ/2Hb i?2 rQ`H/ ?b  }t2/ rB/i? M/ ?2B;?iX a[m`2b
`2 B/2MiB}2/ #v i?2B` t@ M/ v@+QQ`/BMi2bX q2 mb2  bBKTH2 ivT2- Vector
Ub b22M BM i?2 2t2`+Bb2b 7Q` i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`V- iQ `2T`2b2Mi i?2b2
+QQ`/BMi2 TB`bX
function Vector (x , y ) {
this . x = x ;
this . y = y ;
}
Vector . prototype . plus = function ( other ) {
return new Vector ( this . x + other .x , this . y + other . y ) ;
};

L2ti- r2 M22/ M Q#D2+i ivT2 i?i KQ/2Hb i?2 ;`B/ Bib2H7X  ;`B/ Bb T`i
Q7  rQ`H/- #mi r2 `2 KFBM; Bi  b2T`i2 Q#D2+i Ur?B+? rBHH #2 
T`QT2`iv Q7  rQ`H/ Q#D2+iV iQ F22T i?2 rQ`H/ Q#D2+i Bib2H7 bBKTH2X h?2
rQ`H/ b?QmH/ +QM+2`M Bib2H7 rBi? rQ`H/@`2Hi2/ i?BM;b- M/ i?2 ;`B/ b?QmH/
+QM+2`M Bib2H7 rBi? ;`B/@`2Hi2/ i?BM;bX
hQ biQ`2  ;`B/ Q7 pHm2b- r2 ?p2 b2p2`H QTiBQMbX q2 +M mb2 M ``v
Q7 `Qr ``vb M/ mb2 irQ T`QT2`iv ++2bb2b iQ ;2i iQ  bT2+B}+ b[m`2-
HBF2 i?Bb,
var grid = [[" top left " , " top middle ", " top right "] ,
[" bottom left ", " bottom middle ", " bottom right "]];
console . log ( grid [1][2]) ;

RkN
 // → bottom right

P` r2 +M mb2  bBM;H2 ``v- rBi? bBx2 rB/i? × ?2B;?i- M/ /2+B/2 i?i
i?2 2H2K2Mi i Ut-vV Bb 7QmM/ i TQbBiBQM t Y Uv × rB/i?V BM i?2 ``vX
var grid = [" top left " , " top middle ", " top right ",
" bottom left ", " bottom middle ", " bottom right "];
console . log ( grid [2 + (1 * 3) ]) ;
// → bottom right

aBM+2 i?2 +imH ++2bb iQ i?Bb ``v rBHH #2 r`TT2/ BM K2i?Q/b QM

i?2 ;`B/ Q#D2+i ivT2- Bi /Q2bMǶi Kii2` iQ QmibB/2 +Q/2 r?B+? TT`Q+?
r2 iF2X A +?Qb2 i?2 b2+QM/ `2T`2b2MiiBQM #2+mb2 Bi KF2b Bi Km+?
2bB2` iQ +`2i2 i?2 ``vX q?2M +HHBM; i?2 Array +QMbi`m+iQ` rBi? 
bBM;H2 MmK#2` b M `;mK2Mi- Bi +`2i2b  M2r 2KTiv ``v Q7 i?2 ;Bp2M
H2M;i?X
h?Bb +Q/2 /2}M2b i?2 Grid Q#D2+i- rBi? bQK2 #bB+ K2i?Q/b,
function Grid ( width , height ) {
this . space = new Array ( width * height ) ;
this . width = width ;
this . height = height ;
}
Grid . prototype . isInside = function ( vector ) {
return vector . x >= 0 && vector .x < this . width &&
vector . y >= 0 && vector .y < this . height ;
};
Grid . prototype . get = function ( vector ) {
return this . space [ vector .x + this . width * vector . y ];
};
Grid . prototype . set = function ( vector , value ) {
this . space [ vector . x + this . width * vector . y ] = value ;
};

M/ ?2`2 Bb  i`BpBH i2bi,

var grid = new Grid (5 , 5) ;
console . log ( grid . get ( new Vector (1 , 1) ) ) ;
// → undefined
grid . set ( new Vector (1 , 1) , "X ") ;
console . log ( grid . get ( new Vector (1 , 1) ) ) ;
// → X

Rjy
 +`Bii2`Ƕb T`Q;`KKBM; BMi2`7+2
"27Q`2 r2 +M bi`i QM i?2 World +QMbi`m+iQ`- r2 Kmbi ;2i KQ`2 bT2+B}+
#Qmi i?2 +`Bii2` Q#D2+ib i?i rBHH #2 HBpBM; BMbB/2 BiX A K2MiBQM2/ i?i i?2
rQ`H/ rBHH bF i?2 +`Bii2`b r?i +iBQMb i?2v rMi iQ iF2X h?Bb rQ`Fb b
7QHHQrb, 2+? +`Bii2` Q#D2+i ?b M act K2i?Q/ i?i- r?2M +HH2/- `2im`Mb
M +iBQMX M +iBQM Bb M Q#D2+i rBi?  type T`QT2`iv- r?B+? MK2b i?2
ivT2 Q7 +iBQM i?2 +`Bii2` rMib iQ iF2- 7Q` 2tKTH2 "move"X h?2 +iBQM
Kv HbQ +QMiBM 2ti` BM7Q`KiBQM- bm+? b i?2 /B`2+iBQM i?2 +`Bii2`
rMib iQ KQp2 BMX
*`Bii2`b `2 i2``B#Hv KvQTB+ M/ +M b22 QMHv i?2 b[m`2b /B`2+iHv
`QmM/ i?2K QM i?2 ;`B/X "mi 2p2M i?Bb HBKBi2/ pBbBQM +M #2 mb27mH
r?2M /2+B/BM; r?B+? +iBQM iQ iF2X q?2M i?2 act K2i?Q/ Bb +HH2/- Bi
Bb ;Bp2M  pB2r Q#D2+i i?i HHQrb i?2 +`Bii2` iQ BMbT2+i Bib bm``QmM/BM;bX
q2 MK2 i?2 2B;?i bm``QmM/BM; b[m`2b #v i?2B` +QKTbb /B`2+iBQMb, "n"
7Q` MQ`i?- "ne" 7Q` MQ`i?2bi- M/ bQ QMX >2`2Ƕb i?2 Q#D2+i r2 rBHH mb2 iQ
KT 7`QK /B`2+iBQM MK2b iQ +QQ`/BMi2 Qzb2ib,
var directions = {
" n ": new Vector ( 0 , -1) ,
" ne ": new Vector ( 1 , -1) ,
" e ": new Vector ( 1 , 0) ,
" se ": new Vector ( 1 , 1) ,
" s ": new Vector ( 0 , 1) ,
" sw ": new Vector ( -1 , 1) ,
" w ": new Vector ( -1 , 0) ,
" nw ": new Vector ( -1 , -1)
};

h?2 pB2r Q#D2+i ?b  K2i?Q/ look- r?B+? iF2b  /B`2+iBQM M/ `2im`Mb
 +?`+i2`- 7Q` 2tKTH2 "\#" r?2M i?2`2 Bb  rHH BM i?i /B`2+iBQM- Q`
" " UbT+2V r?2M i?2`2 Bb MQi?BM; i?2`2X h?2 Q#D2+i HbQ T`QpB/2b i?2
+QMp2MB2Mi K2i?Q/b find M/ findAllX "Qi? iF2  KT +?`+i2` b M
`;mK2MiX h?2 }`bi `2im`Mb  /B`2+iBQM BM r?B+? i?2 +?`+i2` +M #2
7QmM/ M2ti iQ i?2 +`Bii2` Q` `2im`Mb null B7 MQ bm+? /B`2+iBQM 2tBbibX h?2
b2+QM/ `2im`Mb M ``v +QMiBMBM; HH /B`2+iBQMb rBi? i?i +?`+i2`X
6Q` 2tKTH2-  +`2im`2 bBiiBM; H27i Ur2biV Q7  rHH rBHH ;2i ["ne", "e",
"se"] r?2M +HHBM; findAll QM Bib pB2r Q#D2+i rBi? i?2 "\#" +?`+i2` b
`;mK2MiX

RjR
 >2`2 Bb  bBKTH2- bimTB/ +`Bii2` i?i Dmbi 7QHHQrb Bib MQb2 mMiBH Bi ?Bib
M Q#bi+H2 M/ i?2M #QmM+2b Qz BM  `M/QK QT2M /B`2+iBQM,
function randomElement ( array ) {
return array [ Math . floor ( Math . random () * array . length ) ];
}

var directionNames = " n ne e se s sw w nw ". split (" ") ;

function BouncingCritter () {
this . direction = randomElement ( directionNames ) ;
};

BouncingCritter . prototype . act = function ( view ) {

if ( view . look ( this . direction ) != " ")
this . direction = view . find (" ") || "s ";
return { type : " move " , direction : this . direction };
};

h?2 randomElement ?2HT2` 7mM+iBQM bBKTHv TB+Fb  `M/QK 2H2K2Mi 7`QK M

``v- mbBM; Math.random THmb bQK2 `Bi?K2iB+ iQ ;2i  `M/QK BM/2tX q2ǶHH
mb2 i?Bb ;BM Hi2` #2+mb2 `M/QKM2bb +M #2 mb27mH BM bBKmHiBQMbX
hQ TB+F  `M/QK /B`2+iBQM- i?2 BouncingCritter +QMbi`m+iQ` +HHb randomElement
QM M ``v Q7 /B`2+iBQM MK2bX q2 +QmH/ HbQ ?p2 mb2/ Object.keys iQ
;2i i?Bb ``v 7`QK i?2 directions Q#D2+i r2 /2}M2/ 2`HB2`- #mi i?i T`Q@
pB/2b MQ ;m`Mi22b #Qmi i?2 Q`/2` BM r?B+? i?2 T`QT2`iB2b `2 HBbi2/X
AM KQbi bBimiBQMb- KQ/2`M Cpa+`BTi 2M;BM2b rBHH `2im`M T`QT2`iB2b BM
i?2 Q`/2` i?2v r2`2 /2}M2/- #mi i?2v `2 MQi `2[mB`2/ iQX
h?2 dz|| "s"Ǵ BM i?2 act K2i?Q/ Bb i?2`2 iQ T`2p2Mi this.direction 7`QK
;2iiBM; i?2 pHm2 null B7 i?2 +`Bii2` Bb bQK2?Qr i`TT2/ rBi? MQ 2KTiv
bT+2 `QmM/ Bi U7Q` 2tKTH2 r?2M +`Qr/2/ BMiQ  +Q`M2` #v Qi?2` +`Bi@
i2`bVX

h?2 rQ`H/ Q#D2+i

LQr r2 +M bi`i QM i?2 World Q#D2+i ivT2X h?2 +QMbi`m+iQ` iF2b  THM
Ui?2 ``v Q7 bi`BM;b `2T`2b2MiBM; i?2 rQ`H/Ƕb ;`B/- /2b+`B#2/ 2`HB2`V
M/  H2;2M/ b `;mK2MibX  H2;2M/ Bb M Q#D2+i i?i i2HHb mb r?i
2+? +?`+i2` BM i?2 KT K2MbX Ai +QMiBMb  +QMbi`m+iQ` 7Q` 2p2`v

Rjk
+?`+i2`ě2t+2Ti 7Q` i?2 bT+2 +?`+i2`- r?B+? Hrvb `272`b iQ null-
i?2 pHm2 r2ǶHH mb2 iQ `2T`2b2Mi 2KTiv bT+2X
function elementFromChar ( legend , ch ) {
if ( ch == " ")
return null ;
var element = new legend [ ch ]() ;
element . originChar = ch ;
return element ;
}

function World ( map , legend ) {

var grid = new Grid ( map [0]. length , map . length ) ;
this . grid = grid ;
this . legend = legend ;

map . forEach ( function ( line , y) {

for ( var x = 0; x < line . length ; x ++)
grid . set ( new Vector (x , y ) ,
elementFromChar ( legend , line [x ]) );
}) ;
}

AM elementFromChar- }`bi r2 +`2i2 M BMbiM+2 Q7 i?2 `B;?i ivT2 #v HQQFBM;

mT i?2 +?`+i2`Ƕb +QMbi`m+iQ` M/ TTHvBM; new iQ BiX h?2M r2 // M
originChar T`QT2`iv iQ Bi iQ KF2 Bi 2bv iQ }M/ Qmi r?i +?`+i2` i?2
2H2K2Mi rb Q`B;BMHHv +`2i2/ 7`QKX
q2 M22/ i?Bb originChar T`QT2`iv r?2M BKTH2K2MiBM; i?2 rQ`H/Ƕb toString
K2i?Q/X h?Bb K2i?Q/ #mBH/b mT  KTHBF2 bi`BM; 7`QK i?2 rQ`H/Ƕb +m`@
`2Mi bii2 #v T2`7Q`KBM;  irQ@/BK2MbBQMH HQQT Qp2` i?2 b[m`2b QM i?2
;`B/X
function charFromElement ( element ) {
if ( element == null )
return " ";
else
return element . originChar ;
}

World . prototype . toString = function () {

var output = "";
for ( var y = 0; y < this . grid . height ; y ++) {

Rjj
 for ( var x = 0; x < this . grid . width ; x ++) {
var element = this . grid . get ( new Vector (x , y));
output += charFromElement ( element ) ;
}
output += "\ n ";
}
return output ;
};

 rHH Bb  bBKTH2 Q#D2+iěBi Bb mb2/ QMHv 7Q` iFBM; mT bT+2 M/ ?b MQ
act K2i?Q/X

function Wall () {}

q?2M r2 i`v i?2 World Q#D2+i #v +`2iBM; M BMbiM+2 #b2/ QM i?2 THM
7`QK 2`HB2` BM i?2 +?Ti2` M/ i?2M +HHBM; toString QM Bi- r2 ;2i  bi`BM;
p2`v bBKBH` iQ i?2 THM r2 Tmi BMX
var world = new World ( plan , {"#": Wall ,
"o ": BouncingCritter }) ;
console . log ( world . toString () ) ;
// → ############################
// # # # o ##
// # #
// # ##### #
// ## # # ## #
// ### ## # #
// # ### # #
// # #### #
// # ## o #
// # o # o ### #
// # # #
// ############################

i?Bb M/ Bib b+QT2

h?2 World +QMbi`m+iQ` +QMiBMb  +HH iQ forEachX PM2 BMi2`2biBM; i?BM;
iQ MQi2 Bb i?i BMbB/2 i?2 7mM+iBQM Tbb2/ iQ forEach- r2 `2 MQ HQM;2`
/B`2+iHv BM i?2 7mM+iBQM b+QT2 Q7 i?2 +QMbi`m+iQ`X 1+? 7mM+iBQM +HH ;2ib
Bib QrM this #BM/BM;- bQ i?2 this BM i?2 BMM2` 7mM+iBQM /Q2b MQi `272` iQ

Rj9
i?2 M2rHv +QMbi`m+i2/ Q#D2+i i?i i?2 Qmi2` this `272`b iQX AM 7+i- r?2M
 7mM+iBQM BbMǶi +HH2/ b  K2i?Q/- this rBHH `272` iQ i?2 ;HQ#H Q#D2+iX
h?Bb K2Mb i?i r2 +MǶi r`Bi2 this.grid iQ ++2bb i?2 ;`B/ 7`QK BMbB/2
i?2 HQQTX AMbi2/- i?2 Qmi2` 7mM+iBQM +`2i2b  MQ`KH HQ+H p`B#H2-
grid- i?`Qm;? r?B+? i?2 BMM2` 7mM+iBQM ;2ib ++2bb iQ i?2 ;`B/X
h?Bb Bb  #Bi Q7  /2bB;M #HmM/2` BM Cpa+`BTiX 6Q`imMi2Hv- i?2 M2ti
p2`bBQM Q7 i?2 HM;m;2 T`QpB/2b  bQHmiBQM 7Q` i?Bb T`Q#H2KX J2Mr?BH2-
i?2`2 `2 rQ`F`QmM/bX  +QKKQM Tii2`M Bb iQ bv var self = this M/
7`QK i?2M QM `272` iQ self- r?B+? Bb  MQ`KH p`B#H2 M/ i?mb pBbB#H2 iQ
BMM2` 7mM+iBQMbX
MQi?2` bQHmiBQM Bb iQ mb2 i?2 bind K2i?Q/- r?B+? HHQrb mb iQ T`QpB/2
M 2tTHB+Bi this Q#D2+i iQ #BM/ iQX
var test = {
prop : 10 ,
addPropTo : function ( array ) {
return array . map ( function ( elt ) {
return this . prop + elt ;
}. bind ( this ) ) ;
}
};
console . log ( test . addPropTo ([5]) ) ;
// → [15]

h?2 7mM+iBQM Tbb2/ iQ map Bb i?2 `2bmHi Q7 i?2 bind +HH M/ i?mb ?b Bib
this #QmM/ iQ i?2 }`bi `;mK2Mi ;Bp2M iQ binděi?2 Qmi2` 7mM+iBQMǶb this
pHm2 Ur?B+? ?QH/b i?2 test Q#D2+iVX
JQbi biM/`/ ?B;?2`@Q`/2` K2i?Q/b QM ``vb- bm+? b forEach M/ map-
iF2 M QTiBQMH b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi i?i +M HbQ #2 mb2/ iQ T`QpB/2  this
7Q` i?2 +HHb iQ i?2 Bi2`iBQM 7mM+iBQMX aQ vQm +QmH/ 2tT`2bb i?2 T`2pBQmb
2tKTH2 BM  bHB;?iHv bBKTH2` rvX
var test = {
prop : 10 ,
addPropTo : function ( array ) {
return array . map ( function ( elt ) {
return this . prop + elt ;
}, this ) ; // ← no bind
}
};

Rj8
 console . log ( test . addPropTo ([5]) ) ;
// → [15]

h?Bb rQ`Fb QMHv 7Q` ?B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMb i?i bmTTQ`i bm+?  +QMi2ti
T`K2i2`X q?2M i?2v /QMǶi- vQmǶHH M22/ iQ mb2 QM2 Q7 i?2 Qi?2` T@
T`Q+?2bX
AM Qm` QrM ?B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMb- r2 +M bmTTQ`i bm+?  +QMi2ti T@
`K2i2` #v mbBM; i?2 call K2i?Q/ iQ +HH i?2 7mM+iBQM ;Bp2M b M `;m@
K2MiX 6Q` 2tKTH2- ?2`2 Bb  forEach K2i?Q/ 7Q` Qm` Grid ivT2- r?B+? +HHb
 ;Bp2M 7mM+iBQM 7Q` 2+? 2H2K2Mi BM i?2 ;`B/ i?i BbMǶi MmHH Q` mM/2}M2/,
Grid . prototype . forEach = function (f , context ) {
for ( var y = 0; y < this . height ; y ++) {
for ( var x = 0; x < this . width ; x ++) {
var value = this . space [ x + y * this . width ];
if ( value != null )
f . call ( context , value , new Vector (x , y ) ) ;
}
}
};

MBKiBM; HB72
h?2 M2ti bi2T Bb iQ r`Bi2  turn K2i?Q/ 7Q` i?2 rQ`H/ Q#D2+i i?i ;Bp2b
i?2 +`Bii2`b  +?M+2 iQ +iX Ai rBHH ;Q Qp2` i?2 ;`B/ mbBM; i?2 forEach
K2i?Q/ r2 Dmbi /2}M2/- HQQFBM; 7Q` Q#D2+ib rBi? M act K2i?Q/X q?2M
Bi }M/b QM2- turn +HHb i?i K2i?Q/ iQ ;2i M +iBQM Q#D2+i M/ +``B2b Qmi
i?2 +iBQM r?2M Bi Bb pHB/X 6Q` MQr- QMHv "move" +iBQMb `2 mM/2`biQQ/X
h?2`2 Bb QM2 TQi2MiBH T`Q#H2K rBi? i?Bb TT`Q+?X *M vQm bTQi Bi\ A7
r2 H2i +`Bii2`b KQp2 b r2 +QK2 +`Qbb i?2K- i?2v Kv KQp2 iQ  b[m`2
i?i r2 ?p2MǶi HQQF2/ i v2i- M/ r2ǶHH HHQr i?2K iQ KQp2 ;BM r?2M
r2 `2+? i?i b[m`2X h?mb- r2 ?p2 iQ F22T M ``v Q7 +`Bii2`b i?i
?p2 H`2/v ?/ i?2B` im`M M/ B;MQ`2 i?2K r?2M r2 b22 i?2K ;BMX
World . prototype . turn = function () {
var acted = [];
this . grid . forEach ( function ( critter , vector ) {
if ( critter . act && acted . indexOf ( critter ) == -1) {
acted . push ( critter ) ;

Rje
 this . letAct ( critter , vector );
}
} , this ) ;
};

q2 mb2 i?2 b2+QM/ T`K2i2` iQ i?2 ;`B/Ƕb forEach K2i?Q/ iQ #2 #H2

iQ ++2bb i?2 +Q``2+i this BMbB/2 i?2 BMM2` 7mM+iBQMX h?2 letAct K2i?Q/
+QMiBMb i?2 +imH HQ;B+ i?i HHQrb i?2 +`Bii2`b iQ KQp2X
World . prototype . letAct = function ( critter , vector ) {
var action = critter . act ( new View ( this , vector ) ) ;
if ( action && action . type == " move ") {
var dest = this . checkDestination ( action , vector );
if ( dest && this . grid . get ( dest ) == null ) {
this . grid . set ( vector , null ) ;
this . grid . set ( dest , critter ) ;
}
}
};

World . prototype . checkDestination = function ( action , vector ) {

if ( directions . hasOwnProperty ( action . direction ) ) {
var dest = vector . plus ( directions [ action . direction ]) ;
if ( this . grid . isInside ( dest ))
return dest ;
}
};

6B`bi- r2 bBKTHv bF i?2 +`Bii2` iQ +i- TbbBM; Bi  pB2r Q#D2+i i?i
FMQrb #Qmi i?2 rQ`H/ M/ i?2 +`Bii2`Ƕb +m``2Mi TQbBiBQM BM i?i rQ`H/
Ur2ǶHH /2}M2 View BM  KQK2MiVX h?2 act K2i?Q/ `2im`Mb M +iBQM Q7
bQK2 FBM/X
A7 i?2 +iBQMǶb type Bb MQi "move"- Bi Bb B;MQ`2/X A7 Bi Bb "move"- B7 Bi ?b
 direction T`QT2`iv i?i `272`b iQ  pHB/ /B`2+iBQM- M/ B7 i?2 b[m`2 BM
i?i /B`2+iBQM Bb 2KTiv UMmHHV- r2 b2i i?2 b[m`2 r?2`2 i?2 +`Bii2` mb2/
iQ #2 iQ ?QH/ MmHH M/ biQ`2 i?2 +`Bii2` BM i?2 /2biBMiBQM b[m`2X
LQi2 i?i letAct iF2b +`2 iQ B;MQ`2 MQMb2Mb2 BMTmiěBi /Q2bMǶi bbmK2
i?i i?2 +iBQMǶb direction T`QT2`iv Bb pHB/ Q` i?i i?2 type T`QT2`iv
KF2b b2Mb2X h?Bb FBM/ Q7 /272MbBp2 T`Q;`KKBM; KF2b b2Mb2 BM bQK2
bBimiBQMbX h?2 KBM `2bQM 7Q` /QBM; Bi Bb iQ pHB/i2 BMTmib +QKBM;
7`QK bQm`+2b vQm /QMǶi +QMi`QH Ubm+? b mb2` Q` }H2 BMTmiV- #mi Bi +M

Rjd
HbQ #2 mb27mH iQ BbQHi2 bm#bvbi2Kb 7`QK 2+? Qi?2`X AM i?Bb +b2- i?2
BMi2MiBQM Bb i?i i?2 +`Bii2`b i?2Kb2Hp2b +M #2 T`Q;`KK2/ bHQTTBHvě
i?2v /QMǶi ?p2 iQ p2`B7v B7 i?2B` BMi2M/2/ +iBQMb KF2 b2Mb2X h?2v +M
Dmbi `2[m2bi M +iBQM- M/ i?2 rQ`H/ rBHH };m`2 Qmi r?2i?2` iQ HHQr BiX
h?2b2 irQ K2i?Q/b `2 MQi T`i Q7 i?2 2ti2`MH BMi2`7+2 Q7  World
Q#D2+iX h?2v `2 M BMi2`MH /2iBHX aQK2 HM;m;2b T`QpB/2 rvb iQ
2tTHB+BiHv /2+H`2 +2`iBM K2i?Q/b M/ T`QT2`iB2b T`Bpi2 M/ bB;MH M
2``Q` r?2M vQm i`v iQ mb2 i?2K 7`QK QmibB/2 i?2 Q#D2+iX Cpa+`BTi /Q2b
MQi- bQ vQm rBHH ?p2 iQ `2Hv QM bQK2 Qi?2` 7Q`K Q7 +QKKmMB+iBQM iQ
/2b+`B#2 r?i Bb T`i Q7 M Q#D2+iǶb BMi2`7+2X aQK2iBK2b Bi +M ?2HT
iQ mb2  MKBM; b+?2K2 iQ /BbiBM;mBb? #2ir22M 2ti2`MH M/ BMi2`MH
T`QT2`iB2b- 7Q` 2tKTH2 #v T`2}tBM; HH BMi2`MH QM2b rBi? M mM/2`b+Q`2
+?`+i2` UnVX h?Bb rBHH KF2 ++B/2MiH mb2b Q7 T`QT2`iB2b i?i `2 MQi
T`i Q7 M Q#D2+iǶb BMi2`7+2 2bB2` iQ bTQiX
h?2 QM2 KBbbBM; T`i- i?2 View ivT2- HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
function View ( world , vector ) {
this . world = world ;
this . vector = vector ;
}
View . prototype . look = function ( dir ) {
var target = this . vector . plus ( directions [ dir ]) ;
if ( this . world . grid . isInside ( target ) )
return charFromElement ( this . world . grid . get ( target ) ) ;
else
return "#";
};
View . prototype . findAll = function ( ch ) {
var found = [];
for ( var dir in directions )
if ( this . look ( dir ) == ch )
found . push ( dir ) ;
return found ;
};
View . prototype . find = function ( ch ) {
var found = this . findAll ( ch ) ;
if ( found . length == 0) return null ;
return randomElement ( found );
};

Rj3
h?2 look K2i?Q/ };m`2b Qmi i?2 +QQ`/BMi2b i?i r2 `2 i`vBM; iQ HQQF
i M/- B7 i?2v `2 BMbB/2 i?2 ;`B/- }M/b i?2 +?`+i2` +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ
i?2 2H2K2Mi i?i bBib i?2`2X 6Q` +QQ`/BMi2b QmibB/2 i?2 ;`B/- look bBKTHv
T`2i2M/b i?i i?2`2 Bb  rHH i?2`2 bQ i?i B7 vQm /2}M2  rQ`H/ i?i BbMǶi
rHH2/ BM- i?2 +`Bii2`b biBHH rQMǶi #2 i2KTi2/ iQ i`v iQ rHF Qz i?2 2/;2bX

Ai KQp2b
q2 BMbiMiBi2/  rQ`H/ Q#D2+i 2`HB2`X LQr i?i r2Ƕp2 //2/ HH i?2
M2+2bb`v K2i?Q/b- Bi b?QmH/ #2 TQbbB#H2 iQ +imHHv KF2 i?2 rQ`H/
KQp2X
for ( var i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {
world . turn () ;
console . log ( world . toString () ) ;
}
// →... five turns of moving critters

h?2 }`bi irQ KTb i?i `2 /BbTHv2/ rBHH HQQF bQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb U/2@
T2M/BM; QM i?2 `M/QK /B`2+iBQM i?2 +`Bii2`b TB+F2/V,
############################ ############################
# # # ## # # # ##
# o # # #
# ##### # # ##### o #
## # # ## # ## # # ## #
### ## # # ### ## # #
# ### # # # ### # #
# #### # # #### #
# ## # # ## #
# # o ### # #o # ### #
#o # o # # # o o #
############################ ############################

h?2v KQp25 hQ ;2i  KQ`2 BMi2`+iBp2 pB2r Q7 i?2b2 +`Bii2`b +`rHBM;

`QmM/ M/ #QmM+BM; Qz i?2 rHHb- QT2M i?Bb +?Ti2` BM i?2 QMHBM2 p2`bBQM
Q7 i?2 #QQF i 2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2iX

RjN
JQ`2 HB72 7Q`Kb
h?2 /`KiB+ ?B;?HB;?i Q7 Qm` rQ`H/- B7 vQm ri+? 7Q`  #Bi- Bb r?2M irQ
+`Bii2`b #QmM+2 Qz 2+? Qi?2`X *M vQm i?BMF Q7 MQi?2` BMi2`2biBM; 7Q`K
Q7 #2?pBQ`\
h?2 QM2 A +K2 mT rBi? Bb  +`Bii2` i?i KQp2b HQM; rHHbX *QM+2Tim@
HHv- i?2 +`Bii2` F22Tb Bib H27i ?M/ UTr- i2Mi+H2- r?i2p2`V iQ i?2 rHH
M/ 7QHHQrb HQM;X h?Bb im`Mb Qmi iQ #2 MQi 2MiB`2Hv i`BpBH iQ BKTH2K2MiX
q2 M22/ iQ #2 #H2 iQ dz+QKTmi2Ǵ rBi? +QKTbb /B`2+iBQMbX aBM+2 /B`2+@
iBQMb `2 KQ/2H2/ #v  b2i Q7 bi`BM;b- r2 M22/ iQ /2}M2 Qm` QrM QT2`iBQM
UdirPlusV iQ +H+mHi2 `2HiBp2 /B`2+iBQMbX aQ dirPlus("n", 1) K2Mb QM2 98@
/2;`22 im`M +HQ+FrBb2 7`QK MQ`i?- ;BpBM; "ne"X aBKBH`Hv- dirPlus("s", -2)
K2Mb Ny /2;`22b +QmMi2`+HQ+FrBb2 7`QK bQmi?- r?B+? Bb 2biX
function dirPlus ( dir , n ) {
var index = directionNames . indexOf ( dir ) ;
return directionNames [( index + n + 8) % 8];
}

function WallFollower () {
this . dir = " s ";
}

WallFollower . prototype . act = function ( view ) {

var start = this . dir ;
if ( view . look ( dirPlus ( this . dir , -3) ) != " ")
start = this . dir = dirPlus ( this . dir , -2) ;
while ( view . look ( this . dir ) != " ") {
this . dir = dirPlus ( this . dir , 1) ;
if ( this . dir == start ) break ;
}
return { type : " move " , direction : this . dir };
};

h?2 act K2i?Q/ QMHv ?b iQ dzb+MǴ i?2 +`Bii2`Ƕb bm``QmM/BM;b- bi`iBM;
7`QK Bib H27i bB/2 M/ ;QBM; +HQ+FrBb2 mMiBH Bi }M/b M 2KTiv b[m`2X Ai
i?2M KQp2b BM i?2 /B`2+iBQM Q7 i?i 2KTiv b[m`2X
q?i +QKTHB+i2b i?BM;b Bb i?i  +`Bii2` Kv 2M/ mT BM i?2 KB//H2 Q7
2KTiv bT+2- 2Bi?2` b Bib bi`i TQbBiBQM Q` b  `2bmHi Q7 rHFBM; `QmM/
MQi?2` +`Bii2`X A7 r2 TTHv i?2 TT`Q+? A Dmbi /2b+`B#2/ BM 2KTiv bT+2-

R9y
i?2 TQQ` +`Bii2` rBHH Dmbi F22T QM im`MBM; H27i i 2p2`v bi2T- `mMMBM; BM
+B`+H2bX
aQ i?2`2 Bb M 2ti` +?2+F Ui?2 if bii2K2MiV iQ bi`i b+MMBM; iQ i?2
H27i QMHv B7 Bi HQQFb HBF2 i?2 +`Bii2` ?b Dmbi Tbb2/ bQK2 FBM/ Q7 Q#bi+H2ě
i?i Bb- B7 i?2 bT+2 #2?BM/ M/ iQ i?2 H27i Q7 i?2 +`Bii2` Bb MQi 2KTivX
Pi?2`rBb2- i?2 +`Bii2` bi`ib b+MMBM; /B`2+iHv ?2/- bQ i?i BiǶHH rHF
bi`B;?i r?2M BM 2KTiv bT+2X
M/ }MHHv- i?2`2Ƕb  i2bi +QKT`BM; this.dir iQ start 7i2` 2p2`v Tbb
i?`Qm;? i?2 HQQT iQ KF2 bm`2 i?i i?2 HQQT rQMǶi `mM 7Q`2p2` r?2M
i?2 +`Bii2` Bb rHH2/ BM Q` +`Qr/2/ BM #v Qi?2` +`Bii2`b M/ +MǶi }M/ M
2KTiv b[m`2X

 KQ`2 HB72HBF2 bBKmHiBQM

hQ KF2 HB72 BM Qm` rQ`H/ KQ`2 BMi2`2biBM;- r2 rBHH // i?2 +QM+2Tib
Q7 7QQ/ M/ `2T`Q/m+iBQMX 1+? HBpBM; i?BM; BM i?2 rQ`H/ ;2ib  M2r
T`QT2`iv- energy- r?B+? Bb `2/m+2/ #v T2`7Q`KBM; +iBQMb M/ BM+`2b2/
#v 2iBM; i?BM;bX q?2M i?2 +`Bii2` ?b 2MQm;? 2M2`;v- Bi +M `2T`Q/m+2-
;2M2`iBM;  M2r +`Bii2` Q7 i?2 bK2 FBM/X hQ F22T i?BM;b bBKTH2- i?2
+`Bii2`b BM Qm` rQ`H/ `2T`Q/m+2 b2tmHHv- HH #v i?2Kb2Hp2bX
A7 +`Bii2`b QMHv KQp2 `QmM/ M/ 2i QM2 MQi?2`- i?2 rQ`H/ rBHH bQQM
bm++mK# iQ i?2 Hr Q7 BM+`2bBM; 2Mi`QTv- `mM Qmi Q7 2M2`;v- M/ #2+QK2
 HB72H2bb rbi2HM/X hQ T`2p2Mi i?Bb 7`QK ?TT2MBM; UiQQ [mB+FHv- i
H2biV- r2 // THMib iQ i?2 rQ`H/X SHMib /Q MQi KQp2X h?2v Dmbi mb2
T?QiQbvMi?2bBb iQ ;`Qr Ui?i Bb- BM+`2b2 i?2B` 2M2`;vV M/ `2T`Q/m+2X
hQ KF2 i?Bb rQ`F- r2ǶHH M22/  rQ`H/ rBi?  /Bz2`2Mi letAct K2i?Q/X
q2 +QmH/ Dmbi `2TH+2 i?2 K2i?Q/ Q7 i?2 World T`QiQivT2- #mi AǶp2 #2@
+QK2 p2`v ii+?2/ iQ Qm` bBKmHiBQM rBi? i?2 rHH@7QHHQrBM; +`Bii2`b M/
rQmH/ ?i2 iQ #`2F i?i QH/ rQ`H/X
PM2 bQHmiBQM Bb iQ mb2 BM?2`BiM+2X q2 +`2i2  M2r +QMbi`m+iQ`-
LifelikeWorld- r?Qb2 T`QiQivT2 Bb #b2/ QM i?2 World T`QiQivT2 #mi r?B+?
Qp2``B/2b i?2 letAct K2i?Q/X h?2 M2r letAct K2i?Q/ /2H2;i2b i?2 rQ`F
Q7 +imHHv T2`7Q`KBM; M +iBQM iQ p`BQmb 7mM+iBQMb biQ`2/ BM i?2 actionTypes
Q#D2+iX
function LifelikeWorld ( map , legend ) {
World . call ( this , map , legend ) ;

R9R
 }
LifelikeWorld . prototype = Object . create ( World . prototype );

var actionTypes = Object . create ( null );

LifelikeWorld . prototype . letAct = function ( critter , vector ) {

var action = critter . act ( new View ( this , vector ) ) ;
var handled = action &&
action . type in actionTypes &&
actionTypes [ action . type ]. call ( this , critter ,
vector , action );
if (! handled ) {
critter . energy -= 0.2;
if ( critter . energy <= 0)
this . grid . set ( vector , null ) ;
}
};

h?2 M2r letAct K2i?Q/ }`bi +?2+Fb r?2i?2` M +iBQM rb `2im`M2/ i
HH- i?2M r?2i?2`  ?M/H2` 7mM+iBQM 7Q` i?Bb ivT2 Q7 +iBQM 2tBbib- M/
}MHHv r?2i?2` i?i ?M/H2` `2im`M2/ i`m2- BM/B+iBM; i?i Bi bm++2bb7mHHv
?M/H2/ i?2 +iBQMX LQi2 i?2 mb2 Q7 call iQ ;Bp2 i?2 ?M/H2` ++2bb iQ
i?2 rQ`H/- i?`Qm;? Bib this #BM/BM;X
A7 i?2 +iBQM /B/MǶi rQ`F 7Q` r?i2p2` `2bQM- i?2 /27mHi +iBQM Bb 7Q`
i?2 +`2im`2 iQ bBKTHv rBiX Ai HQb2b QM2@}7i? TQBMi Q7 2M2`;v- M/ B7 Bib
2M2`;v H2p2H /`QTb iQ x2`Q Q` #2HQr- i?2 +`2im`2 /B2b M/ Bb `2KQp2/
7`QK i?2 ;`B/X

+iBQM ?M/H2`b
h?2 bBKTH2bi +iBQM  +`2im`2 +M T2`7Q`K Bb "grow"- mb2/ #v THMibX
q?2M M +iBQM Q#D2+i HBF2 {type: "grow"} Bb `2im`M2/- i?2 7QHHQrBM; ?M@
/H2` K2i?Q/ rBHH #2 +HH2/,
actionTypes . grow = function ( critter ) {
critter . energy += 0.5;
return true ;
};

R9k
:`QrBM; Hrvb bm++22/b M/ //b ?H7  TQBMi iQ i?2 THMiǶb 2M2`;v
H2p2HX
JQpBM; Bb KQ`2 BMpQHp2/X
actionTypes . move = function ( critter , vector , action ) {
var dest = this . checkDestination ( action , vector ) ;
if ( dest == null ||
critter . energy <= 1 ||
this . grid . get ( dest ) != null )
return false ;
critter . energy -= 1;
this . grid . set ( vector , null ) ;
this . grid . set ( dest , critter );
return true ;
};

h?Bb +iBQM }`bi +?2+Fb- mbBM; i?2 checkDestination K2i?Q/ /2}M2/ 2`@
HB2`- r?2i?2` i?2 +iBQM T`QpB/2b  pHB/ /2biBMiBQMX A7 MQi- Q` B7 i?2
/2biBMiBQM BbMǶi 2KTiv- Q` B7 i?2 +`Bii2` H+Fb i?2 `2[mB`2/ 2M2`;v- move
`2im`Mb 7Hb2 iQ BM/B+i2 MQ +iBQM rb iF2MX Pi?2`rBb2- Bi KQp2b i?2
+`Bii2` M/ bm#i`+ib i?2 2M2`;v +QbiX
AM //BiBQM iQ KQpBM;- +`Bii2`b +M 2iX
actionTypes . eat = function ( critter , vector , action ) {
var dest = this . checkDestination ( action , vector ) ;
var atDest = dest != null && this . grid . get ( dest ) ;
if (! atDest || atDest . energy == null )
return false ;
critter . energy += atDest . energy ;
this . grid . set ( dest , null );
return true ;
};

1iBM; MQi?2` +`Bii2` HbQ BMpQHp2b T`QpB/BM;  pHB/ /2biBMiBQM b[m`2X

h?Bb iBK2- i?2 /2biBMiBQM Kmbi MQi #2 2KTiv M/ Kmbi +QMiBM bQK2@
i?BM; rBi? 2M2`;v- HBF2  +`Bii2` U#mi MQi  rHHěrHHb `2 MQi 2/B#H2VX A7
bQ- i?2 2M2`;v 7`QK i?2 2i2M Bb i`Mb72``2/ iQ i?2 2i2`- M/ i?2 pB+iBK
Bb `2KQp2/ 7`QK i?2 ;`B/X
M/ }MHHv- r2 HHQr Qm` +`Bii2`b iQ `2T`Q/m+2X
actionTypes . reproduce = function ( critter , vector , action ) {

R9j
 var baby = elementFromChar ( this . legend ,
critter . originChar ) ;
var dest = this . checkDestination ( action , vector ) ;
if ( dest == null ||
critter . energy <= 2 * baby . energy ||
this . grid . get ( dest ) != null )
return false ;
critter . energy -= 2 * baby . energy ;
this . grid . set ( dest , baby );
return true ;
};

_2T`Q/m+BM; +Qbib irB+2 i?2 2M2`;v H2p2H Q7 i?2 M2r#Q`M +`Bii2`X aQ r2

}`bi +`2i2  U?vTQi?2iB+HV ##v mbBM; elementFromChar QM i?2 +`Bii2`Ƕb
QrM Q`B;BM +?`+i2`X PM+2 r2 ?p2  ##v- r2 +M }M/ Bib 2M2`;v H2p2H
M/ i2bi r?2i?2` i?2 T`2Mi ?b 2MQm;? 2M2`;v iQ bm++2bb7mHHv #`BM; Bi
BMiQ i?2 rQ`H/X q2 HbQ `2[mB`2  pHB/ UM/ 2KTivV /2biBMiBQMX
A7 2p2`vi?BM; Bb QFv- i?2 ##v Bb Tmi QMiQ i?2 ;`B/ UBi Bb MQr MQ HQM;2`
?vTQi?2iB+HV- M/ i?2 2M2`;v Bb bT2MiX

SQTmHiBM; i?2 M2r rQ`H/

q2 MQr ?p2  7`K2rQ`F iQ bBKmHi2 i?2b2 KQ`2 HB72HBF2 +`2im`2bX q2
+QmH/ Tmi i?2 +`Bii2`b 7`QK i?2 QH/ rQ`H/ BMiQ Bi- #mi i?2v rQmH/ Dmbi /B2
bBM+2 i?2v /QMǶi ?p2 M 2M2`;v T`QT2`ivX aQ H2iǶb KF2 M2r QM2bX 6B`bi
r2ǶHH r`Bi2  THMi- r?B+? Bb  `i?2` bBKTH2 HB72@7Q`KX
function Plant () {
this . energy = 3 + Math . random () * 4;
}
Plant . prototype . act = function ( view ) {
if ( this . energy > 15) {
var space = view . find (" ") ;
if ( space )
return { type : " reproduce ", direction : space };
}
if ( this . energy < 20)
return { type : " grow "};
};

R99
SHMib bi`i rBi? M 2M2`;v H2p2H #2ir22M j M/ d- `M/QKBx2/ bQ i?i
i?2v /QMǶi HH `2T`Q/m+2 BM i?2 bK2 im`MX q?2M  THMi `2+?2b R8
2M2`;v TQBMib M/ i?2`2 Bb 2KTiv bT+2 M2`#v- Bi `2T`Q/m+2b BMiQ i?i
2KTiv bT+2X A7  THMi +MǶi `2T`Q/m+2- Bi bBKTHv ;`Qrb mMiBH Bi `2+?2b
2M2`;v H2p2H kyX
q2 MQr /2}M2  THMi 2i2`X
function PlantEater () {
this . energy = 20;
}
PlantEater . prototype . act = function ( view ) {
var space = view . find (" ") ;
if ( this . energy > 60 && space )
return { type : " reproduce ", direction : space };
var plant = view . find ("*") ;
if ( plant )
return { type : " eat " , direction : plant };
if ( space )
return { type : " move " , direction : space };
};

q2ǶHH mb2 i?2 * +?`+i2` 7Q` THMib- bQ i?iǶb r?i i?Bb +`2im`2 rBHH HQQF
7Q` r?2M Bi b2`+?2b 7Q` 7QQ/X

"`BM;BM; Bi iQ HB72
M/ i?i ;Bp2b mb 2MQm;? 2H2K2Mib iQ i`v Qm` M2r rQ`H/X AK;BM2 i?2
7QHHQrBM; KT b  ;`bbv pHH2v rBi?  ?2`/ Q7 ?2`#BpQ`2b BM Bi- bQK2
#QmH/2`b- M/ Hmb? THMi HB72 2p2`vr?2`2X
var valley = new LifelikeWorld (
["############################" ,
"##### ######" ,
"## *** **##" ,
"# *##** ** O *##" ,
"# *** O ##** *#" ,
"# O ##*** #" ,
"# ##** #" ,
"# O #* #" ,
"#* #** O #" ,

R98
 "#*** ##** O **#" ,
"##**** ###*** *###" ,
"############################"] ,
{"#": Wall ,
"O ": PlantEater ,
"*": Plant }
);

G2iǶb b22 r?i ?TT2Mb B7 r2 `mM i?BbX h?2b2 bMTb?Qib BHHmbi`i2 

ivTB+H `mM Q7 i?Bb rQ`H/X
############################ ############################
##### ###### ##### ** ######
## *** O *## ## ** * O ##
# *##* ** *## # **## ##
# ** ##* *# # ** O ## O #
# ##* # # *O * * ## #
# ## O # # *** ## O #
# #* O # #** #*** #
#* #** O # #** O #**** #
#* O O ##* **# #*** ##*** O #
##* ###* ### ##** ###** O ###
############################ ############################

############################ ############################
##### O O ###### ##### O ######
## ## ## ##
# ## O ## # ## O ##
# O O *## # # ## #
# O O O **## O # # ## #
# **## O # # O ## * #
# # *** * # # # O #
# # O ***** O # # O # O #
# ##****** # # ## O O #
## ###****** ### ## ### O ###
############################ ############################

############################ ############################
##### ###### ##### ######
## ## ## ** * ##
# ## ## # ## ***** ##
# ## # # ##**** #

R9e
 # ##* * # # ##***** #
# O ## * # # ##****** #
# # # # # ** ** #
# # # # # #
# ## # # ## #
## ### ### ## ### ###
############################ ############################

JQbi Q7 i?2 iBK2- i?2 THMib KmHiBTHv M/ 2tTM/ [mBi2 [mB+FHv- #mi i?2M
i?2 #mM/M+2 Q7 7QQ/ +mb2b  TQTmHiBQM 2tTHQbBQM Q7 i?2 ?2`#BpQ`2b-
r?Q T`Q+22/ iQ rBT2 Qmi HH Q` M2`Hv HH Q7 i?2 THMib- `2bmHiBM; BM
 Kbb bi`piBQM Q7 i?2 +`Bii2`bX aQK2iBK2b- i?2 2+Qbvbi2K `2+Qp2`b
M/ MQi?2` +v+H2 bi`ibX i Qi?2` iBK2b- QM2 Q7 i?2 bT2+B2b /B2b Qmi
+QKTH2i2HvX A7 BiǶb i?2 ?2`#BpQ`2b- i?2 r?QH2 bT+2 rBHH }HH rBi? THMibX
A7 BiǶb i?2 THMib- i?2 `2KBMBM; +`Bii2`b bi`p2- M/ i?2 pHH2v #2+QK2b
 /2bQHi2 rbi2HM/X ?- i?2 +`m2Hiv Q7 Mim`2X

1t2`+Bb2b
`iB}+BH bimTB/Biv
>pBM; i?2 BM?#BiMib Q7 Qm` rQ`H/ ;Q 2tiBM+i 7i2`  72r KBMmi2b Bb
FBM/ Q7 /2T`2bbBM;X hQ /2H rBi? i?Bb- r2 +QmH/ i`v iQ +`2i2  bK`i2`
THMi 2i2`X
h?2`2 `2 b2p2`H Q#pBQmb T`Q#H2Kb rBi? Qm` ?2`#BpQ`2bX 6B`bi- i?2v
`2 i2``B#Hv ;`22/v- bim{M; i?2Kb2Hp2b rBi? 2p2`v THMi i?2v b22 mMiBH
i?2v ?p2 rBT2/ Qmi i?2 HQ+H THMi HB72X a2+QM/- i?2B` `M/QKBx2/ KQp2@
K2Mi U`2+HH i?i i?2 view.find K2i?Q/ `2im`Mb  `M/QK /B`2+iBQM r?2M
KmHiBTH2 /B`2+iBQMb Ki+?V +mb2b i?2K iQ bimK#H2 `QmM/ BM2z2+iBp2Hv
M/ bi`p2 B7 i?2`2 /QMǶi ?TT2M iQ #2 Mv THMib M2`#vX M/ }MHHv-
i?2v #`22/ p2`v 7bi- r?B+? KF2b i?2 +v+H2b #2ir22M #mM/M+2 M/
7KBM2 [mBi2 BMi2Mb2X
q`Bi2  M2r +`Bii2` ivT2 i?i i`B2b iQ //`2bb QM2 Q` KQ`2 Q7 i?2b2
TQBMib M/ bm#biBimi2 Bi 7Q` i?2 QH/ PlantEater ivT2 BM i?2 pHH2v rQ`H/X
a22 ?Qr Bi 7`2bX hr2F Bi bQK2 KQ`2 B7 M2+2bb`vX

R9d
S`2/iQ`b
Mv b2`BQmb 2+Qbvbi2K ?b  7QQ/ +?BM HQM;2` i?M  bBM;H2 HBMFX q`Bi2
MQi?2` +`Bii2` i?i bm`pBp2b #v 2iBM; i?2 ?2`#BpQ`2 +`Bii2`X uQmǶHH MQ@
iB+2 i?i bi#BHBiv Bb 2p2M ?`/2` iQ +?B2p2 MQr i?i i?2`2 `2 +v+H2b
i KmHiBTH2 H2p2HbX h`v iQ }M/  bi`i2;v iQ KF2 i?2 2+Qbvbi2K `mM
bKQQi?Hv 7Q` i H2bi  HBiiH2 r?BH2X
PM2 i?BM; i?i rBHH ?2HT Bb iQ KF2 i?2 rQ`H/ #B;;2`X h?Bb rv- HQ+H
TQTmHiBQM #QQKb Q` #mbib `2 H2bb HBF2Hv iQ rBT2 Qmi  bT2+B2b 2MiB`2Hv-
M/ i?2`2 Bb bT+2 7Q` i?2 `2HiBp2Hv H`;2 T`2v TQTmHiBQM M22/2/ iQ
bmbiBM  bKHH T`2/iQ` TQTmHiBQMX

R93
 dz.2#m;;BM; Bb irB+2 b ?`/ b r`BiBM; i?2 +Q/2 BM i?2 }`bi
TH+2X h?2`27Q`2- B7 vQm r`Bi2 i?2 +Q/2 b +H2p2`Hv b TQbbB#H2-
vQm `2- #v /2}MBiBQM- MQi bK`i 2MQm;? iQ /2#m; BiXǴ
ě"`BM E2`MB;?M M/ SXCX SHm;2`- h?2 1H2K2Mib Q7
S`Q;`KKBM; aivH2

3 "m;b M/ 1``Q` >M/HBM;

 T`Q;`K Bb +`vbiHHBx2/ i?Qm;?iX aQK2iBK2b i?Qb2 i?Qm;?ib `2 +QM@
7mb2/X Pi?2` iBK2b- KBbiF2b `2 BMi`Q/m+2/ r?2M +QMp2`iBM; i?Qm;?i
BMiQ +Q/2X 1Bi?2` rv- i?2 `2bmHi Bb  ~r2/ T`Q;`KX
6Hrb BM  T`Q;`K `2 mbmHHv +HH2/ #m;bX "m;b +M #2 T`Q;`KK2`
2``Q`b Q` T`Q#H2Kb BM Qi?2` bvbi2Kb i?i i?2 T`Q;`K BMi2`+ib rBi?X
aQK2 #m;b `2 BKK2/Bi2Hv TT`2Mi- r?BH2 Qi?2`b `2 bm#iH2 M/ KB;?i
`2KBM ?B//2M BM  bvbi2K 7Q` v2`bX
P7i2M- T`Q#H2Kb bm`7+2 QMHv r?2M  T`Q;`K 2M+QmMi2`b  bBimiBQM
i?i i?2 T`Q;`KK2` /B/MǶi Q`B;BMHHv +QMbB/2`X aQK2iBK2b bm+? bBim@
iBQMb `2 mMpQB/#H2X q?2M i?2 mb2` Bb bF2/ iQ BMTmi i?2B` ;2 M/
ivT2b Q`M;2- i?Bb Tmib Qm` T`Q;`K BM  /B{+mHi TQbBiBQMX h?2 bBimiBQM
?b iQ #2 MiB+BTi2/ M/ ?M/H2/ bQK2?QrX

S`Q;`KK2` KBbiF2b
q?2M Bi +QK2b iQ T`Q;`KK2` KBbiF2b- Qm` BK Bb bBKTH2X q2 rMi iQ
}M/ i?2K M/ }t i?2KX am+? KBbiF2b +M `M;2 7`QK bBKTH2 ivTQb i?i
+mb2 i?2 +QKTmi2` iQ +QKTHBM b bQQM b Bi Hvb 2v2b QM Qm` T`Q;`K iQ
bm#iH2 KBbiF2b BM Qm` mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 i?2 rv i?2 T`Q;`K QT2`i2b-
+mbBM; BM+Q``2+i Qmi+QK2b QMHv BM bT2+B}+ bBimiBQMbX "m;b Q7 i?2 Hii2`
ivT2 +M iF2 r22Fb iQ /B;MQb2X
h?2 /2;`22 iQ r?B+? HM;m;2b ?2HT vQm }M/ bm+? KBbiF2b p`B2bX
lMbm`T`BbBM;Hv- Cpa+`BTi Bb i i?2 dz?`/Hv ?2HTb i HHǴ 2M/ Q7 i?i
b+H2X aQK2 HM;m;2b rMi iQ FMQr i?2 ivT2b Q7 HH vQm` p`B#H2b M/
2tT`2bbBQMb #27Q`2 2p2M `mMMBM;  T`Q;`K M/ rBHH i2HH vQm `B;?i rv
r?2M  ivT2 Bb mb2/ BM M BM+QMbBbi2Mi rvX Cpa+`BTi +QMbB/2`b ivT2b
QMHv r?2M +imHHv `mMMBM; i?2 T`Q;`K- M/ 2p2M i?2M- Bi HHQrb vQm iQ
/Q bQK2 +H2`Hv MQMb2MbB+H i?BM;b rBi?Qmi +QKTHBMi- bm+? b x = true
* "monkey"X

R9N
 h?2`2 `2 bQK2 i?BM;b i?i Cpa+`BTi /Q2b +QKTHBM #Qmi- i?Qm;?X
q`BiBM;  T`Q;`K i?i Bb MQi bvMi+iB+HHv pHB/ rBHH BKK2/Bi2Hv i`B;;2`
M 2``Q`X Pi?2` i?BM;b- bm+? b +HHBM; bQK2i?BM; i?iǶb MQi  7mM+iBQM
Q` HQQFBM; mT  T`QT2`iv QM M mM/2}M2/ pHm2- rBHH +mb2 M 2``Q` iQ #2
`2TQ`i2/ r?2M i?2 T`Q;`K Bb `mMMBM; M/ 2M+QmMi2`b i?2 MQMb2MbB+H
+iBQMX
"mi Q7i2M- vQm` MQMb2Mb2 +QKTmiiBQM rBHH bBKTHv T`Q/m+2  NaN UMQi
 MmK#2`V Q` mM/2}M2/ pHm2X M/ i?2 T`Q;`K ?TTBHv +QMiBMm2b- +QM@
pBM+2/ i?i BiǶb /QBM; bQK2i?BM; K2MBM;7mHX h?2 KBbiF2 rBHH KMB72bi
Bib2H7 QMHv Hi2`- 7i2` i?2 #Q;mb pHm2 ?b i`p2H2/ i?`Qm;? b2p2`H 7mM+@
iBQMbX Ai KB;?i MQi i`B;;2` M 2``Q` i HH #mi bBH2MiHv +mb2 i?2 T`Q;`KǶb
QmiTmi iQ #2 r`QM;X 6BM/BM; i?2 bQm`+2 Q7 bm+? T`Q#H2Kb +M #2 /B{+mHiX
h?2 T`Q+2bb Q7 }M/BM; KBbiF2bě#m;běBM T`Q;`Kb Bb +HH2/ /2#m;@
;BM;X

ai`B+i KQ/2
Cpa+`BTi +M #2 K/2  HBiiH2 KQ`2 bi`B+i #v 2M#HBM; bi`B+i KQ/2X h?Bb
Bb /QM2 #v TmiiBM; i?2 bi`BM; "use strict" i i?2 iQT Q7  }H2 Q`  7mM+iBQM
#Q/vX >2`2Ƕb M 2tKTH2,
function canYouSpotTheProblem () {
" use strict ";
for ( counter = 0; counter < 10; counter ++)
console . log (" Happy happy ") ;
}

canYouSpotTheProblem () ;
// → ReferenceError : counter is not defined

LQ`KHHv- r?2M vQm 7Q`;2i iQ Tmi var BM 7`QMi Q7 vQm` p`B#H2- b rBi?
counter BM i?2 2tKTH2- Cpa+`BTi [mB2iHv +`2i2b  ;HQ#H p`B#H2 M/
mb2b i?iX AM bi`B+i KQ/2- ?Qr2p2`- M 2``Q` Bb `2TQ`i2/ BMbi2/X h?Bb Bb
p2`v ?2HT7mHX Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/- i?Qm;?- i?i i?Bb /Q2bMǶi rQ`F r?2M
i?2 p`B#H2 BM [m2biBQM H`2/v 2tBbib b  ;HQ#H p`B#H2- #mi QMHv r?2M
bbB;MBM; iQ Bi rQmH/ ?p2 +`2i2/ BiX
MQi?2` +?M;2 BM bi`B+i KQ/2 Bb i?i i?2 this #BM/BM; ?QH/b i?2 pHm2
undefined BM 7mM+iBQMb i?i `2 MQi +HH2/ b K2i?Q/bX q?2M KFBM; bm+?

R8y
 +HH QmibB/2 Q7 bi`B+i KQ/2- this `272`b iQ i?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2 Q#D2+iX aQ B7
vQm ++B/2MiHHv +HH  K2i?Q/ Q` +QMbi`m+iQ` BM+Q``2+iHv BM bi`B+i KQ/2-
Cpa+`BTi rBHH T`Q/m+2 M 2``Q` b bQQM b Bi i`B2b iQ `2/ bQK2i?BM;
7`QK this- `i?2` i?M ?TTBHv rQ`FBM; rBi? i?2 ;HQ#H Q#D2+i- +`2iBM;
M/ `2/BM; ;HQ#H p`B#H2bX
6Q` 2tKTH2- +QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2- r?B+? +HHb  +QMbi`m+iQ`
rBi?Qmi i?2 new F2vrQ`/ bQ i?i Bib this rBHH MQi `272` iQ  M2rHv +QM@
bi`m+i2/ Q#D2+i,
function Person ( name ) { this . name = name ; }
var ferdinand = Person (" Ferdinand ") ; // oops
console . log ( name ) ;
// → Ferdinand

aQ i?2 #Q;mb +HH iQ Person bm++22/2/ #mi `2im`M2/ M mM/2}M2/ pHm2 M/
+`2i2/ i?2 ;HQ#H p`B#H2 nameX AM bi`B+i KQ/2- i?2 `2bmHi Bb /Bz2`2MiX
" use strict ";
function Person ( name ) { this . name = name ; }
// Oops , forgot new
var ferdinand = Person (" Ferdinand ") ;
// → TypeError : Cannot set property name of undefined

q2 `2 BKK2/Bi2Hv iQH/ i?i bQK2i?BM; Bb r`QM;X h?Bb Bb ?2HT7mHX

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M/ KB;?i ?2HT vQm bTQi  T`Q#H2KX

h2biBM;
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miQKi2b i2biBM; vQm` +imH T`Q;`KX

R8R
 b M 2tKTH2- r2 QM+2 ;BM mb2 i?2 Vector ivT2X
function Vector (x , y ) {
this . x = x ;
this . y = y ;
}
Vector . prototype . plus = function ( other ) {
return new Vector ( this . x + other .x , this . y + other . y ) ;
};

q2 rBHH r`Bi2  T`Q;`K iQ +?2+F i?i Qm` BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 Vector rQ`Fb

b BMi2M/2/X h?2M- 2p2`v iBK2 r2 +?M;2 i?2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM- r2 7QHHQr
mT #v `mMMBM; i?2 i2bi T`Q;`K bQ i?i r2 +M #2 `2bQM#Hv +QM}/2Mi
i?i r2 /B/MǶi #`2F Mvi?BM;X q?2M r2 // 2ti` 7mM+iBQMHBiv U7Q`
2tKTH2-  M2r K2i?Q/V iQ i?2 Vector ivT2- r2 HbQ // i2bib 7Q` i?2
M2r 72im`2X
function testVector () {
var p1 = new Vector (10 , 20) ;
var p2 = new Vector ( -10 , 5) ;
var p3 = p1 . plus ( p2 ) ;

if ( p1 . x !== 10) return " fail : x property ";

if ( p1 . y !== 20) return " fail : y property ";
if ( p2 . x !== -10) return " fail : negative x property ";
if ( p3 . x !== 0) return " fail : x from plus ";
if ( p3 . y !== 25) return " fail : y from plus ";
return " everything ok ";
}
console . log ( testVector () );
// → everything ok

q`BiBM; i2bib HBF2 i?Bb i2M/b iQ T`Q/m+2 `i?2` `2T2iBiBp2- rFr`/ +Q/2X
6Q`imMi2Hv- i?2`2 2tBbi TB2+2b Q7 bQ7ir`2 i?i ?2HT vQm #mBH/ M/ `mM
+QHH2+iBQMb Q7 i2bib Ui2bi bmBi2bV #v T`QpB/BM;  HM;m;2 UBM i?2 7Q`K
Q7 7mM+iBQMb M/ K2i?Q/bV bmBi2/ iQ 2tT`2bbBM; i2bib M/ #v QmiTmiiBM;
BM7Q`KiBp2 BM7Q`KiBQM r?2M  i2bi 7BHbX h?2b2 `2 +HH2/ i2biBM; 7`K2@
rQ`FbX

R8k
.2#m;;BM;
PM+2 vQm MQiB+2 i?i i?2`2 Bb bQK2i?BM; r`QM; rBi? vQm` T`Q;`K #2@
+mb2 Bi KBb#2?p2b Q` T`Q/m+2b 2``Q`b- i?2 M2ti bi2T Bb iQ };m`2 Qmi
r?i i?2 T`Q#H2K BbX
aQK2iBK2b Bi Bb Q#pBQmbX h?2 2``Q` K2bb;2 rBHH TQBMi i  bT2+B}+ HBM2
Q7 vQm` T`Q;`K- M/ B7 vQm HQQF i i?2 2``Q` /2b+`BTiBQM M/ i?i HBM2
Q7 +Q/2- vQm +M Q7i2M b22 i?2 T`Q#H2KX
"mi MQi HrvbX aQK2iBK2b i?2 HBM2 i?i i`B;;2`2/ i?2 T`Q#H2K Bb
bBKTHv i?2 }`bi TH+2 r?2`2  #Q;mb pHm2 T`Q/m+2/ 2Hb2r?2`2 ;2ib mb2/
BM M BMpHB/ rvX M/ bQK2iBK2b i?2`2 Bb MQ 2``Q` K2bb;2 i HHěDmbi
M BMpHB/ `2bmHiX A7 vQm ?p2 #22M bQHpBM; i?2 2t2`+Bb2b BM i?2 2`HB2`
+?Ti2`b- vQm rBHH T`Q##Hv ?p2 H`2/v 2tT2`B2M+2/ bm+? bBimiBQMbX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; 2tKTH2 T`Q;`K i`B2b iQ +QMp2`i  r?QH2 MmK#2` iQ 
bi`BM; BM Mv #b2 U/2+BKH- #BM`v- M/ bQ QMV #v `2T2i2/Hv TB+FBM; Qmi
i?2 Hbi /B;Bi M/ i?2M /BpB/BM; i?2 MmK#2` iQ ;2i `B/ Q7 i?Bb /B;BiX "mi
i?2 BMbM2 QmiTmi i?i Bi +m``2MiHv T`Q/m+2b bm;;2bib i?i Bi ?b  #m;X
function numberToString (n , base ) {
var result = "" , sign = "";
if ( n < 0) {
sign = " -";
n = -n ;
}
do {
result = String ( n % base ) + result ;
n /= base ;
} while ( n > 0) ;
return sign + result ;
}
console . log ( numberToString (13 , 10) ) ;
// → 1.5 e -3231.3 e -3221.3 e -3211.3 e -3201.3 e -3191.3 e...-3181.3

1p2M B7 vQm b22 i?2 T`Q#H2K H`2/v- T`2i2M/ 7Q`  KQK2Mi i?i vQm
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rBi?  i?2Q`v Q7 r?v Bi KB;?i #2 ?TT2MBM;X h?2M- KF2 //BiBQMH

R8j
Q#b2`piBQMb iQ i2bi i?Bb i?2Q`věQ`- B7 vQm /QMǶi v2i ?p2  i?2Q`v- KF2
//BiBQMH Q#b2`piBQMb i?i KB;?i ?2HT vQm +QK2 mT rBi? QM2X
SmiiBM;  72r bi`i2;B+ console.log +HHb BMiQ i?2 T`Q;`K Bb  ;QQ/ rv
iQ ;2i //BiBQMH BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi r?i i?2 T`Q;`K Bb /QBM;X AM i?Bb
+b2- r2 rMi n iQ iF2 i?2 pHm2b 13- 1- M/ i?2M 0X G2iǶb r`Bi2 Qmi Bib
pHm2 i i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 HQQTX
13
1.3
0.13
0.013...

1.5 e -323

_B;?iX .BpB/BM; Rj #v Ry /Q2b MQi T`Q/m+2  r?QH2 MmK#2`X AMbi2/ Q7

n /= base- r?i r2 +imHHv rMi Bb n = Math.floor(n / base) bQ i?i i?2
MmK#2` Bb T`QT2`Hv dzb?B7i2/Ǵ iQ i?2 `B;?iX
M Hi2`MiBp2 iQ mbBM; console.log Bb iQ mb2 i?2 /2#m;;2` +T#BHBiB2b Q7
vQm` #`Qrb2`X JQ/2`M #`Qrb2`b +QK2 rBi? i?2 #BHBiv iQ b2i  #`2FTQBMi
QM  bT2+B}+ HBM2 Q7 vQm` +Q/2X h?Bb rBHH +mb2 i?2 2t2+miBQM Q7 i?2
T`Q;`K iQ Tmb2 2p2`v iBK2 i?2 HBM2 rBi? i?2 #`2FTQBMi Bb `2+?2/
M/ HHQr vQm iQ BMbT2+i i?2 pHm2b Q7 p`B#H2b i i?i TQBMiX A rQMǶi
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HQQF BM vQm` #`Qrb2`Ƕb /2p2HQT2` iQQHb M/ b2`+? i?2 q2# 7Q` KQ`2
BM7Q`KiBQMX MQi?2` rv iQ b2i  #`2FTQBMi Bb iQ BM+Hm/2  debugger
bii2K2Mi U+QMbBbiBM; Q7 bBKTHv i?i F2vrQ`/V BM vQm` T`Q;`KX A7
i?2 /2p2HQT2` iQQHb Q7 vQm` #`Qrb2` `2 +iBp2- i?2 T`Q;`K rBHH Tmb2
r?2M2p2` Bi `2+?2b i?i bii2K2Mi- M/ vQm rBHH #2 #H2 iQ BMbT2+i Bib
bii2X

1``Q` T`QT;iBQM
LQi HH T`Q#H2Kb +M #2 T`2p2Mi2/ #v i?2 T`Q;`KK2`- mM7Q`imMi2HvX A7
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+M zQ`/ iQ Dmbi ;Bp2 mT r?2M bm+?  T`Q#H2K Q++m`bX uQmǶHH HQQF BMiQ

R89
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i?2 #/ BMTmi BM bi`B/2 M/ +QMiBMm2 `mMMBM;X AM Qi?2` +b2b- Bi Bb #2ii2`
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bBimiBQM- i?2 T`Q;`K ?b iQ +iBp2Hv /Q bQK2i?BM; BM `2bTQMb2 iQ i?2
T`Q#H2KX
av vQm ?p2  7mM+iBQM promptInteger i?i bFb i?2 mb2` 7Q`  r?QH2
MmK#2` M/ `2im`Mb BiX q?i b?QmH/ Bi `2im`M B7 i?2 mb2` BMTmib Q`M;2\
PM2 QTiBQM Bb iQ KF2 Bi `2im`M  bT2+BH pHm2X *QKKQM +?QB+2b 7Q`
bm+? pHm2b `2 null M/ undefinedX
function promptNumber ( question ) {
var result = Number ( prompt ( question , "") ) ;
if ( isNaN ( result ) ) return null ;
else return result ;
}

console . log ( promptNumber (" How many trees do you see ?") ) ;

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iQ }M/BM; null Bb iQ bBKTHv `2im`M null Bib2H7- i?2 +HH2` rBHH BM im`M ?p2
iQ +?2+F 7Q` Bi- M/ bQ QMX

R88
1t+2TiBQMb
q?2M  7mM+iBQM +MMQi T`Q+22/ MQ`KHHv- r?i r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ /Q Bb
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BMiQ  T`Q#H2K iQ `Bb2 UQ` i?`QrV M 2t+2TiBQM- r?B+? Bb bBKTHv  pHm2X
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Q7 Bib +HH2`b- HH i?2 rv /QrM iQ i?2 }`bi +HH i?i bi`i2/ i?2 +m``2Mi
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bi+F Q7 7mM+iBQM +HHb i?i rb K2MiBQM2/ BM *?Ti2` jX M 2t+2TiBQM
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i?2v rQmH/ MQi #2 Q7 Km+? mb2X h?2v rQmH/ Dmbi T`QpB/2  MQp2H rv
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dzQ#bi+H2bǴ HQM; i?2 bi+F iQ +i+? i?2 2t+2TiBQM b Bi Bb xQQKBM; /QrMX
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>2`2Ƕb M 2tKTH2,
function promptDirection ( question ) {
var result = prompt ( question , "") ;
if ( result . toLowerCase () == " left ") return " L ";
if ( result . toLowerCase () == " right ") return " R ";
throw new Error (" Invalid direction : " + result );
}

function look () {
if ( promptDirection (" Which way ?") == " L ")
return " a house ";
else
return " two angry bears ";
}

try {
console . log (" You see " , look () ) ;
} catch ( error ) {
console . log (" Something went wrong : " + error ) ;
}

R8e
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catch #HQ+F Bb 2pHmi2/X h?2 p`B#H2 MK2 UBM T`2Mi?2b2bV 7i2` catch
rBHH #2 #QmM/ iQ i?2 2t+2TiBQM pHm2X 7i2` i?2 catch #HQ+F }MBb?2běQ`
B7 i?2 try #HQ+F }MBb?2b rBi?Qmi T`Q#H2Kbě+QMi`QH T`Q+22/b #2M2i? i?2
2MiB`2 try/catch bii2K2MiX
AM i?Bb +b2- r2 mb2/ i?2 Error +QMbi`m+iQ` iQ +`2i2 Qm` 2t+2TiBQM
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 T`Q#H2K, Bi i2HHb mb i?2 T`2+Bb2 7mM+iBQM r?2`2 i?2 T`Q#H2K Q++m``2/
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2``Q`@?M/HBM; +Q/2 Bb M2+2bb`v QMHv i i?2 TQBMi r?2`2 i?2 2``Q` Q++m`b
M/ i i?2 TQBMi r?2`2 Bi Bb ?M/H2/X h?2 7mM+iBQMb BM #2ir22M +M 7Q`;2i
HH #Qmi BiX
q2HH- HKQbiĘ

*H2MBM; mT 7i2` 2t+2TiBQMb

*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; bBimiBQM,  7mM+iBQM- withContext- rMib iQ KF2
bm`2 i?i- /m`BM; Bib 2t2+miBQM- i?2 iQT@H2p2H p`B#H2 context ?QH/b 
bT2+B}+ +QMi2ti pHm2X 7i2` Bi }MBb?2b- Bi `2biQ`2b i?Bb p`B#H2 iQ Bib QH/
pHm2X
var context = null ;

function withContext ( newContext , body ) {

var oldContext = context ;
context = newContext ;
var result = body () ;
context = oldContext ;
return result ;
}

R8d
q?i B7 body `Bb2b M 2t+2TiBQM\ AM i?i +b2- i?2 +HH iQ withContext rBHH
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7QHHQr2/ #v  finally #HQ+F 2Bi?2` BMbi2/ Q7 Q` BM //BiBQM iQ  catch
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7i2` i`vBM; iQ `mM i?2 +Q/2 BM i?2 try #HQ+FǴX A7  7mM+iBQM ?b iQ +H2M
bQK2i?BM; mT- i?2 +H2MmT +Q/2 b?QmH/ mbmHHv #2 Tmi BMiQ  finally
#HQ+FX
function withContext ( newContext , body ) {
var oldContext = context ;
context = newContext ;
try {
return body () ;
} finally {
context = oldContext ;
}
}

LQi2 i?i r2 MQ HQM;2` ?p2 iQ biQ`2 i?2 `2bmHi Q7 body Ur?B+? r2 rMi
iQ `2im`MV BM  p`B#H2X 1p2M B7 r2 `2im`M /B`2+iHv 7`QK i?2 try #HQ+F-
i?2 finally #HQ+F rBHH #2 `mMX LQr r2 +M /Q i?Bb M/ #2 b72,
try {
withContext (5 , function () {
if ( context < 10)
throw new Error (" Not enough context !") ;
}) ;
} catch (e ) {
console . log (" Ignoring : " + e ) ;
}
// → Ignoring : Error : Not enough context !

console . log ( context ) ;

// → null

1p2M i?Qm;? i?2 7mM+iBQM +HH2/ 7`QK withContext 2tTHQ/2/- withContext

Bib2H7 biBHH T`QT2`Hv +H2M2/ mT i?2 context p`B#H2X

R83
a2H2+iBp2 +i+?BM;
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#Q/v +mb2/ M 2t+2TiBQMX "mi r2 /QMǶi FMQr r?i- Q` r?B+? 2t+2TiBQM
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"mi Bi KB;?i MQi #2X aQK2 Qi?2` bbmKTiBQM KB;?i #2 pBQHi2/- Q` vQm
KB;?i ?p2 BMi`Q/m+2/  #m; bQK2r?2`2 i?i Bb +mbBM; M 2t+2TiBQMX
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mMiBH Bi ;2ib  pHB/ Mbr2`,
for (;;) {
try {
var dir = promtDirection (" Where ?") ; // ← typo !
console . log (" You chose " , dir );
break ;
} catch ( e ) {
console . log (" Not a valid direction . Try again .") ;

R8N
 }
}

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Error rBHH HbQ `2im`M i`m2 7Q` InputError Q#D2+ibX AiǶb HbQ ;Bp2M  name
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QrMX
LQr promptDirection +M i?`Qr bm+? M 2``Q`X
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if ( result . toLowerCase () == " right ") return " R ";
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}

M/ i?2 HQQT +M +i+? Bi KQ`2 +`27mHHvX

for (;;) {
try {
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lastElement 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? 72i+?2b i?2 Hbi 2H2K2Mi 7`QK M ``v- rQmH/
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locked : true ,
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7mM+iBQM `2im`M2/ MQ`KHHv Q` i?`2r M 2t+2TiBQMX

Rej
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KF2 vQm  KQ`2 2z2+iBp2 T`Q;`KK2`X

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Re9
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#+FbHb? B7 i?2v `2 K2Mi iQ `2T`2b2Mi i?2 +?`+i2` Bib2H7X
var eighteenPlus = / eighteen \+/;

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MmK#2`- Q` r?Bi2bT+2X

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console . log (/ abc /. test (" abcde ") ) ;
// → true
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// → false

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bBQM Ki+? Mv Q7 i?2 +?`+i2`b #2ir22M i?2 #`+F2ibX

Re8
 "Qi? Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2tT`2bbBQMb Ki+? HH bi`BM;b i?i +QMiBM  /B;Bi,
console . log (/[0123456789]/. test (" in 1992") ) ;
// → true
console . log (/[0 -9]/. test (" in 1992") );
// → true

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iQ BM/B+i2  `M;2 Q7 +?`+i2`b- r?2`2 i?2 Q`/2`BM; Bb /2i2`KBM2/ #v
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var dateTime = /\ d \d -\ d \d -\ d \ d\d \ d \ d\d :\ d\d /;
console . log ( dateTime . test ("30 -01 -2003 15:20") ) ;
// → true
console . log ( dateTime . test ("30 - jan -2003 15:20") ) ;
// → false

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i?2 T2`BQ/ Bib2H7- r?2M mb2/ #2ir22M b[m`2 #`+F2ib- HQb2b Bib bT2+BH
K2MBM;X h?2 bK2 ;Q2b 7Q` Qi?2` bT2+BH +?`+i2`b- bm+? b +X
hQ BMp2`i  b2i Q7 +?`+i2`běi?i Bb- iQ 2tT`2bb i?i vQm rMi iQ

Ree
Ki+? Mv +?`+i2` 2t+2Ti i?2 QM2b BM i?2 b2iěvQm +M r`Bi2  +`2i
U^V +?`+i2` 7i2` i?2 QT2MBM; #`+F2iX
var notBinary = /[^01]/;
console . log ( notBinary . test ("1100100010100110") ) ;
// → false
console . log ( notBinary . test ("1100100010200110") ) ;
// → true

_2T2iBM; T`ib Q7  Tii2`M

q2 MQr FMQr ?Qr iQ Ki+?  bBM;H2 /B;BiX q?i B7 r2 rMi iQ Ki+? 
r?QH2 MmK#2`ě b2[m2M+2 Q7 QM2 Q` KQ`2 /B;Bib\
q?2M vQm Tmi  THmb bB;M U+V 7i2` bQK2i?BM; BM  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM-
Bi BM/B+i2b i?i i?2 2H2K2Mi Kv #2 `2T2i2/ KQ`2 i?M QM+2X h?mb-
/\d+/ Ki+?2b QM2 Q` KQ`2 /B;Bi +?`+i2`bX

console . log (/ \ d + /. test ( " 1 2 3 " ) ) ;

// → true
console . log (/ \ d + /. test ( " " ) );
// → false
console . log (/ \ d * /. test ( " 1 2 3 " ) ) ;
// → true
console . log (/ \ d * /. test ( " " ) );
// → true

h?2 bi` U*V ?b  bBKBH` K2MBM; #mi HbQ HHQrb i?2 Tii2`M iQ Ki+?
x2`Q iBK2bX aQK2i?BM; rBi?  bi` 7i2` Bi M2p2` T`2p2Mib  Tii2`M 7`QK
Ki+?BM;ěBiǶHH Dmbi Ki+? x2`Q BMbiM+2b B7 Bi +MǶi }M/ Mv bmBi#H2 i2ti
iQ Ki+?X
 [m2biBQM K`F KF2b  T`i Q7  Tii2`M dzQTiBQMHǴ- K2MBM; Bi Kv
Q++m` x2`Q Q` QM2 iBK2X AM i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2tKTH2- i?2 m +?`+i2` Bb
HHQr2/ iQ Q++m`- #mi i?2 Tii2`M HbQ Ki+?2b r?2M Bi Bb KBbbBM;X
var neighbor = / neighbou ?r /;
console . log ( neighbor . test (" neighbour ") ) ;
// → true
console . log ( neighbor . test (" neighbor ") ) ;
// → true

Red
hQ BM/B+i2 i?i  Tii2`M b?QmH/ Q++m`  T`2+Bb2 MmK#2` Q7 iBK2b- mb2
+m`Hv #`+2bX SmiiBM; {4} 7i2` M 2H2K2Mi- 7Q` 2tKTH2- `2[mB`2b Bi iQ
Q++m` 2t+iHv 7Qm` iBK2bX Ai Bb HbQ TQbbB#H2 iQ bT2+B7v  `M;2 i?Bb rv,
{2,4} K2Mb i?2 2H2K2Mi Kmbi Q++m` i H2bi irB+2 M/ i KQbi 7Qm` iBK2bX
>2`2 Bb MQi?2` p2`bBQM Q7 i?2 /i2 M/ iBK2 Tii2`M i?i HHQrb #Qi?
bBM;H2@ M/ /Qm#H2@/B;Bi /vb- KQMi?b- M/ ?Qm`bX Ai Bb HbQ bHB;?iHv KQ`2
`2/#H2X
var dateTime = /\ d {1 ,2} -\ d {1 ,2} -\ d {4} \d {1 ,2}:\ d {2}/;
console . log ( dateTime . test ("30 -1 -2003 8:45") ) ;
// → true

uQm +M HbQ bT2+B7v QT2M@2M/2/ `M;2b r?2M mbBM; +m`Hv #`+2b #v QKBi@
iBM; i?2 MmK#2` 7i2` i?2 +QKKX aQ {5,} K2Mb }p2 Q` KQ`2 iBK2bX

:`QmTBM; bm#2tT`2bbBQMb
hQ mb2 M QT2`iQ` HBF2 * Q` + QM KQ`2 i?M QM2 2H2K2Mi i  iBK2- vQm
+M mb2 T`2Mi?2b2bX  T`i Q7  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM i?i Bb 2M+HQb2/ BM
T`2Mi?2b2b +QmMib b  bBM;H2 2H2K2Mi b 7` b i?2 QT2`iQ`b 7QHHQrBM;
Bi `2 +QM+2`M2/X
var cartoonCrying = / boo +( hoo +) +/ i ;
console . log ( cartoonCrying . test (" Boohoooohoohooo ") ) ;
// → true

h?2 }`bi M/ b2+QM/ + +?`+i2`b TTHv QMHv iQ i?2 b2+QM/ Q BM #QQ M/
?QQ- `2bT2+iBp2HvX h?2 i?B`/ + TTHB2b iQ i?2 r?QH2 ;`QmT (hoo+)- Ki+?BM;
QM2 Q` KQ`2 b2[m2M+2b HBF2 i?iX
h?2 i i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 2tT`2bbBQM BM i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2 KF2b i?Bb
`2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM +b2 BMb2MbBiBp2- HHQrBM; Bi iQ Ki+? i?2 mTT2`+b2 "
BM i?2 BMTmi bi`BM;- 2p2M i?Qm;? i?2 Tii2`M Bb Bib2H7 HH HQr2`+b2X

Ji+?2b M/ ;`QmTb

h?2 test K2i?Q/ Bb i?2 #bQHmi2 bBKTH2bi rv iQ Ki+?  `2;mH` 2tT`2b@
bBQMX Ai i2HHb vQm QMHv r?2i?2` Bi Ki+?2/ M/ MQi?BM; 2Hb2X _2;mH`
2tT`2bbBQMb HbQ ?p2 M exec U2t2+mi2V K2i?Q/ i?i rBHH `2im`M null B7

Re3
MQ Ki+? rb 7QmM/ M/ `2im`M M Q#D2+i rBi? BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi i?2
Ki+? Qi?2`rBb2X
var match = /\ d +/. exec (" one two 100") ;
console . log ( match ) ;
// → ["100"]
console . log ( match . index );
// → 8

M Q#D2+i `2im`M2/ 7`QK exec ?b M index T`QT2`iv i?i i2HHb mb r?2`2
BM i?2 bi`BM; i?2 bm++2bb7mH Ki+? #2;BMbX Pi?2` i?M i?i- i?2 Q#D2+i
HQQFb HBF2 UM/ BM 7+i BbV M ``v Q7 bi`BM;b- r?Qb2 }`bi 2H2K2Mi Bb i?2
bi`BM; i?i rb Ki+?2/ěBM i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2- i?Bb Bb i?2 b2[m2M+2
Q7 /B;Bib i?i r2 r2`2 HQQFBM; 7Q`X
ai`BM; pHm2b ?p2  match K2i?Q/ i?i #2?p2b bBKBH`HvX
console . log (" one two 100". match (/\ d +/) ) ;
// → ["100"]

q?2M i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM +QMiBMb bm#2tT`2bbBQMb ;`QmT2/ rBi? T`2M@

i?2b2b- i?2 i2ti i?i Ki+?2/ i?Qb2 ;`QmTb rBHH HbQ b?Qr mT BM i?2 ``vX
h?2 r?QH2 Ki+? Bb Hrvb i?2 }`bi 2H2K2MiX h?2 M2ti 2H2K2Mi Bb i?2 T`i
Ki+?2/ #v i?2 }`bi ;`QmT Ui?2 QM2 r?Qb2 QT2MBM; T`2Mi?2bBb +QK2b
}`bi BM i?2 2tT`2bbBQMV- i?2M i?2 b2+QM/ ;`QmT- M/ bQ QMX
var quotedText = / ( [ ^ ] * ) /;
console . log ( quotedText . exec (" she said hello " ) ) ;
// → [" hello " , " hello "]

q?2M  ;`QmT /Q2b MQi 2M/ mT #2BM; Ki+?2/ i HH U7Q` 2tKTH2- r?2M
7QHHQr2/ #v  [m2biBQM K`FV- Bib TQbBiBQM BM i?2 QmiTmi ``v rBHH ?QH/
undefinedX aBKBH`Hv- r?2M  ;`QmT Bb Ki+?2/ KmHiBTH2 iBK2b- QMHv i?2
Hbi Ki+? 2M/b mT BM i?2 ``vX
console . log (/ bad ( ly ) ?/. exec (" bad ") ) ;
// → [" bad " , undefined ]
console . log (/(\ d ) +/. exec ("123") ) ;
// → ["123" , "3"]

:`QmTb +M #2 mb27mH 7Q` 2ti`+iBM; T`ib Q7  bi`BM;X A7 r2 /QMǶi Dmbi

rMi iQ p2`B7v r?2i?2`  bi`BM; +QMiBMb  /i2 #mi HbQ 2ti`+i Bi M/
+QMbi`m+i M Q#D2+i i?i `2T`2b2Mib Bi- r2 +M r`T T`2Mi?2b2b `QmM/

ReN
i?2 /B;Bi Tii2`Mb M/ /B`2+iHv TB+F i?2 /i2 Qmi Q7 i?2 `2bmHi Q7 execX
"mi }`bi-  #`B27 /2iQm`- BM r?B+? r2 /Bb+mbb i?2 T`272``2/ rv iQ biQ`2
/i2 M/ iBK2 pHm2b BM Cpa+`BTiX

h?2 /i2 ivT2

Cpa+`BTi ?b  biM/`/ Q#D2+i ivT2 7Q` `2T`2b2MiBM; /i2běQ` `i?2`-
TQBMib BM iBK2X Ai Bb +HH2/ DateX A7 vQm bBKTHv +`2i2  /i2 Q#D2+i mbBM;
new- vQm ;2i i?2 +m``2Mi /i2 M/ iBK2X

console . log ( new Date () ) ;

// → Wed Dec 04 2013 14:24:57 GMT +0100 ( CET )

uQm +M HbQ +`2i2 M Q#D2+i 7Q`  bT2+B}+ iBK2X

console . log ( new Date (2009 , 11 , 9) ) ;
// → Wed Dec 09 2009 00:00:00 GMT +0100 ( CET )
console . log ( new Date (2009 , 11 , 9 , 12 , 59 , 59 , 999) ) ;
// → Wed Dec 09 2009 12:59:59 GMT +0100 ( CET )

Cpa+`BTi mb2b  +QMp2MiBQM r?2`2 KQMi? MmK#2`b bi`i i x2`Q UbQ

.2+2K#2` Bb RRV- v2i /v MmK#2`b bi`i i QM2X h?Bb Bb +QM7mbBM; M/
bBHHvX "2 +`27mHX
h?2 Hbi 7Qm` `;mK2Mib U?Qm`b- KBMmi2b- b2+QM/b- M/ KBHHBb2+QM/bV
`2 QTiBQMH M/ iF2M iQ #2 x2`Q r?2M MQi ;Bp2MX
hBK2biKTb `2 biQ`2/ b i?2 MmK#2` Q7 KBHHBb2+QM/b bBM+2 i?2 bi`i
Q7 RNdy- mbBM; M2;iBp2 MmK#2`b 7Q` iBK2b #27Q`2 RNdy U7QHHQrBM;  +QM@
p2MiBQM b2i #v dzlMBt iBK2Ǵ- r?B+? rb BMp2Mi2/ `QmM/ i?i iBK2VX h?2
getTime K2i?Q/ QM  /i2 Q#D2+i `2im`Mb i?Bb MmK#2`X Ai Bb #B;- b vQm
+M BK;BM2X
console . log ( new Date (2013 , 11 , 19) . getTime () ) ;
// → 1387407600000
console . log ( new Date (1387407600000) ) ;
// → Thu Dec 19 2013 00:00:00 GMT +0100 ( CET )

A7 vQm ;Bp2 i?2 Date +QMbi`m+iQ`  bBM;H2 `;mK2Mi- i?i `;mK2Mi Bb

i`2i2/ b bm+?  KBHHBb2+QM/ +QmMiX uQm +M ;2i i?2 +m``2Mi KBHHBb2+QM/
+QmMi #v +`2iBM;  M2r Date Q#D2+i M/ +HHBM; getTime QM Bi #mi HbQ #v
+HHBM; i?2 Date.now 7mM+iBQMX

Rdy
 .i2 Q#D2+ib T`QpB/2 K2i?Q/b HBF2 getFullYear- getMonth- getDate- getHours
- getMinutes- M/ getSeconds iQ 2ti`+i i?2B` +QKTQM2MibX h?2`2Ƕb HbQ
getYear- r?B+? ;Bp2b vQm  `i?2` mb2H2bb irQ@/B;Bi v2` pHm2 Ubm+? b 93
Q` 14VX
SmiiBM; T`2Mi?2b2b `QmM/ i?2 T`ib Q7 i?2 2tT`2bbBQM i?i r2 `2
BMi2`2bi2/ BM- r2 +M MQr 2bBHv +`2i2  /i2 Q#D2+i 7`QK  bi`BM;X
function findDate ( string ) {
var dateTime = /(\ d {1 ,2}) -(\ d {1 ,2}) -(\ d {4}) /;
var match = dateTime . exec ( string ) ;
return new Date ( Number ( match [3]) ,
Number ( match [2]) - 1 ,
Number ( match [1]) );
}
console . log ( findDate ("30 -1 -2003") );
// → Thu Jan 30 2003 00:00:00 GMT +0100 ( CET )

qQ`/ M/ bi`BM; #QmM/`B2b

lM7Q`imMi2Hv- findDate rBHH HbQ ?TTBHv 2ti`+i i?2 MQMb2MbB+H /i2 yy@
R@jyyy 7`QK i?2 bi`BM; "100-1-30000"X  Ki+? Kv ?TT2M Mvr?2`2 BM
i?2 bi`BM;- bQ BM i?Bb +b2- BiǶHH Dmbi bi`i i i?2 b2+QM/ +?`+i2` M/ 2M/
i i?2 b2+QM/@iQ@Hbi +?`+i2`X
A7 r2 rMi iQ 2M7Q`+2 i?i i?2 Ki+? Kmbi bTM i?2 r?QH2 bi`BM;- r2
+M // i?2 K`F2`b ^ M/ $X h?2 +`2i Ki+?2b i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 BMTmi
bi`BM;- r?BH2 i?2 /QHH` bB;M Ki+?2b i?2 2M/X aQ- /^\d+$/ Ki+?2b 
bi`BM; +QMbBbiBM; 2MiB`2Hv Q7 QM2 Q` KQ`2 /B;Bib- /^!/ Ki+?2b Mv bi`BM;
i?i bi`ib rBi? M 2t+HKiBQM K`F- M/ /x^/ /Q2b MQi Ki+? Mv bi`BM;
Ui?2`2 +MMQi #2 M t #27Q`2 i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 bi`BM;VX
A7- QM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- r2 Dmbi rMi iQ KF2 bm`2 i?2 /i2 bi`ib M/
2M/b QM  rQ`/ #QmM/`v- r2 +M mb2 i?2 K`F2` \bX  rQ`/ #QmM/`v
+M #2 i?2 bi`i Q` 2M/ Q7 i?2 bi`BM; Q` Mv TQBMi BM i?2 bi`BM; i?i ?b
 rQ`/ +?`+i2` Ub BM \wV QM QM2 bB/2 M/  MQMrQ`/ +?`+i2` QM i?2
Qi?2`X
console . log (/ cat /. test (" concatenate ") ) ;
// → true
console . log (/\ bcat \ b /. test (" concatenate ") ) ;

RdR
 // → false

LQi2 i?i  #QmM/`v K`F2` /Q2bMǶi `2T`2b2Mi M +imH +?`+i2`X Ai

Dmbi 2M7Q`+2b i?i i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM Ki+?2b QMHv r?2M  +2`iBM
+QM/BiBQM ?QH/b i i?2 TH+2 r?2`2 Bi TT2`b BM i?2 Tii2`MX

*?QB+2 Tii2`Mb
av r2 rMi iQ FMQr r?2i?2`  TB2+2 Q7 i2ti +QMiBMb MQi QMHv  MmK#2`
#mi  MmK#2` 7QHHQr2/ #v QM2 Q7 i?2 rQ`/b TB;- +Qr- Q` +?B+F2M- Q` Mv
Q7 i?2B` THm`H 7Q`KbX
q2 +QmH/ r`Bi2 i?`22 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb M/ i2bi i?2K BM im`M- #mi
i?2`2 Bb  MB+2` rvX h?2 TBT2 +?`+i2` U|V /2MQi2b  +?QB+2 #2ir22M
i?2 Tii2`M iQ Bib H27i M/ i?2 Tii2`M iQ Bib `B;?iX aQ A +M bv i?Bb,
var animalCount = /\ b \ d + ( pig | cow | chicken )s ?\ b /;
console . log ( animalCount . test ("15 pigs ") ) ;
// → true
console . log ( animalCount . test ("15 pigchickens ") ) ;
// → false

S`2Mi?2b2b +M #2 mb2/ iQ HBKBi i?2 T`i Q7 i?2 Tii2`M i?i i?2 TBT2
QT2`iQ` TTHB2b iQ- M/ vQm +M Tmi KmHiBTH2 bm+? QT2`iQ`b M2ti iQ
2+? Qi?2` iQ 2tT`2bb  +?QB+2 #2ir22M KQ`2 i?M irQ Tii2`MbX

h?2 K2+?MB+b Q7 Ki+?BM;

_2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb +M #2 i?Qm;?i Q7 b ~Qr /B;`KbX h?Bb Bb i?2
/B;`K 7Q` i?2 HBp2biQ+F 2tT`2bbBQM BM i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2,
Group #1

"pig"

boundary digit "" "cow" "s" boundary

"chicken"

Pm` 2tT`2bbBQM Ki+?2b  bi`BM; B7 r2 +M }M/  Ti? 7`QK i?2 H27i bB/2

Rdk
Q7 i?2 /B;`K iQ i?2 `B;?i bB/2X q2 F22T  +m``2Mi TQbBiBQM BM i?2 bi`BM;-
M/ 2p2`v iBK2 r2 KQp2 i?`Qm;?  #Qt- r2 p2`B7v i?i i?2 T`i Q7 i?2
bi`BM; 7i2` Qm` +m``2Mi TQbBiBQM Ki+?2b i?i #QtX
aQ B7 r2 i`v iQ Ki+? "the 3 pigs" rBi? Qm` `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM- Qm`
T`Q;`2bb i?`Qm;? i?2 ~Qr +?`i rQmH/ HQQF HBF2 i?Bb,

Ç i TQbBiBQM 9- i?2`2 Bb  rQ`/ #QmM/`v- bQ r2 +M KQp2 Tbi i?2

}`bi #QtX

Ç aiBHH i TQbBiBQM 9- r2 }M/  /B;Bi- bQ r2 +M HbQ KQp2 Tbi i?2

b2+QM/ #QtX

Ç i TQbBiBQM 8- QM2 Ti? HQQTb #+F iQ #27Q`2 i?2 b2+QM/ U/B;BiV #Qt-
r?BH2 i?2 Qi?2` KQp2b 7Q`r`/ i?`Qm;? i?2 #Qt i?i ?QH/b  bBM;H2
bT+2 +?`+i2`X h?2`2 Bb  bT+2 ?2`2- MQi  /B;Bi- bQ r2 Kmbi iF2
i?2 b2+QM/ Ti?X

Ç q2 `2 MQr i TQbBiBQM e Ui?2 bi`i Q7 dzTB;bǴV M/ i i?2 i?`22@rv

#`M+? BM i?2 /B;`KX q2 /QMǶi b22 dz+QrǴ Q` dz+?B+F2MǴ ?2`2- #mi
r2 /Q b22 dzTB;Ǵ- bQ r2 iF2 i?i #`M+?X

Ç i TQbBiBQM N- 7i2` i?2 i?`22@rv #`M+?- QM2 Ti? bFBTb i?2 b #Qt
M/ ;Q2b bi`B;?i iQ i?2 }MH rQ`/ #QmM/`v- r?BH2 i?2 Qi?2` Ti?
Ki+?2b M bX h?2`2 Bb M b +?`+i2` ?2`2- MQi  rQ`/ #QmM/`v-
bQ r2 ;Q i?`Qm;? i?2 b #QtX

Ç q2Ƕ`2 i TQbBiBQM Ry Ui?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 bi`BM;V M/ +M Ki+? QMHv 
rQ`/ #QmM/`vX h?2 2M/ Q7  bi`BM; +QmMib b  rQ`/ #QmM/`v-
bQ r2 ;Q i?`Qm;? i?2 Hbi #Qt M/ ?p2 bm++2bb7mHHv Ki+?2/ i?Bb
bi`BM;X

*QM+2TimHHv-  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM 2M;BM2 HQQFb 7Q`  Ki+? BM  bi`BM;

b 7QHHQrb, Bi bi`ib i i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 bi`BM; M/ i`B2b  Ki+? i?2`2X
AM i?Bb +b2- i?2`2 Bb  rQ`/ #QmM/`v i?2`2- bQ BiǶ/ ;2i Tbi i?2 }`bi
#Qtě#mi i?2`2 Bb MQ /B;Bi- bQ BiǶ/ 7BH i i?2 b2+QM/ #QtX h?2M Bi KQp2b
QM iQ i?2 b2+QM/ +?`+i2` BM i?2 bi`BM; M/ i`B2b iQ #2;BM  M2r Ki+?
i?2`2Ę M/ bQ QM- mMiBH Bi }M/b  Ki+? Q` `2+?2b i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 bi`BM;
M/ /2+B/2b i?i i?2`2 `2HHv Bb MQ Ki+?X

Rdj
"+Fi`+FBM;
h?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM /\b([01]+b|\d+|[\da-f]+h)\b/ Ki+?2b 2Bi?2`  #B@
M`v MmK#2` 7QHHQr2/ #v  #-  `2;mH` /2+BKH MmK#2` rBi? MQ bm{t
+?`+i2`- Q`  ?2t/2+BKH MmK#2` Ui?i Bb- #b2 Re- rBi? i?2 H2ii2`b
 iQ 7 biM/BM; 7Q` i?2 /B;Bib Ry iQ R8V 7QHHQr2/ #v M ?X h?Bb Bb i?2
+Q``2bTQM/BM; /B;`K,
Group #1

One of:

“0”
“b”
“1”

boundary digit boundary

One of:

digit
“h”
“a” - “f”

q?2M Ki+?BM; i?Bb 2tT`2bbBQM- Bi rBHH Q7i2M ?TT2M i?i i?2 iQT U#B@
M`vV #`M+? Bb 2Mi2`2/ 2p2M i?Qm;? i?2 BMTmi /Q2b MQi +imHHv +QMiBM
 #BM`v MmK#2`X q?2M Ki+?BM; i?2 bi`BM; "103"- 7Q` 2tKTH2- Bi #2@
+QK2b +H2` QMHv i i?2 j i?i r2 `2 BM i?2 r`QM; #`M+?X h?2 bi`BM;
/Q2b Ki+? i?2 2tT`2bbBQM- Dmbi MQi i?2 #`M+? r2 `2 +m``2MiHv BMX
aQ i?2 Ki+?2` #+Fi`+FbX q?2M 2Mi2`BM;  #`M+?- Bi `2K2K#2`b Bib
+m``2Mi TQbBiBQM UBM i?Bb +b2- i i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 bi`BM;- Dmbi Tbi i?2 }`bi
#QmM/`v #Qt BM i?2 /B;`KV bQ i?i Bi +M ;Q #+F M/ i`v MQi?2`
#`M+? B7 i?2 +m``2Mi QM2 /Q2b MQi rQ`F QmiX 6Q` i?2 bi`BM; "103"- 7i2`
2M+QmMi2`BM; i?2 j +?`+i2`- Bi rBHH bi`i i`vBM; i?2 #`M+? 7Q` /2+BKH
MmK#2`bX h?Bb QM2 Ki+?2b- bQ  Ki+? Bb `2TQ`i2/ 7i2` HHX
h?2 Ki+?2` biQTb b bQQM b Bi }M/b  7mHH Ki+?X h?Bb K2Mb i?i

Rd9
B7 KmHiBTH2 #`M+?2b +QmH/ TQi2MiBHHv Ki+?  bi`BM;- QMHv i?2 }`bi QM2
UQ`/2`2/ #v r?2`2 i?2 #`M+?2b TT2` BM i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMV Bb mb2/X
"+Fi`+FBM; HbQ ?TT2Mb 7Q` `2T2iBiBQM QT2`iQ`b HBF2 Y M/ *X A7 vQm
Ki+? /^.*x/ ;BMbi "abcxe"- i?2 .* T`i rBHH }`bi i`v iQ +QMbmK2 i?2
r?QH2 bi`BM;X h?2 2M;BM2 rBHH i?2M `2HBx2 i?i Bi M22/b M t iQ Ki+?
i?2 Tii2`MX aBM+2 i?2`2 Bb MQ t Tbi i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 bi`BM;- i?2 bi`
QT2`iQ` i`B2b iQ Ki+? QM2 +?`+i2` H2bbX "mi i?2 Ki+?2` /Q2bMǶi }M/
M t 7i2` abcx 2Bi?2`- bQ Bi #+Fi`+Fb ;BM- Ki+?BM; i?2 bi` QT2`iQ`
iQ Dmbi abcX LQr Bi }M/b M t r?2`2 Bi M22/b Bi M/ `2TQ`ib  bm++2bb7mH
Ki+? 7`QK TQbBiBQMb y iQ 9X
Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ r`Bi2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb i?i rBHH /Q  HQi Q7 #+F@
i`+FBM;X h?Bb T`Q#H2K Q++m`b r?2M  Tii2`M +M Ki+?  TB2+2 Q7
BMTmi BM KMv /Bz2`2Mi rvbX 6Q` 2tKTH2- B7 r2 ;2i +QM7mb2/ r?BH2
r`BiBM;  #BM`v@MmK#2` `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM- r2 KB;?i ++B/2MiHHv r`Bi2
bQK2i?BM; HBF2 /([01]+)+b/X
Group #1

One of:

"0"
"b"
"1"

A7 i?i i`B2b iQ Ki+? bQK2 HQM; b2`B2b Q7 x2`Qb M/ QM2b rBi? MQ i`BHBM;
# +?`+i2`- i?2 Ki+?2` rBHH }`bi ;Q i?`Qm;? i?2 BMM2` HQQT mMiBH Bi `mMb
Qmi Q7 /B;BibX h?2M Bi MQiB+2b i?2`2 Bb MQ #- bQ Bi #+Fi`+Fb QM2 TQbBiBQM-
;Q2b i?`Qm;? i?2 Qmi2` HQQT QM+2- M/ ;Bp2b mT ;BM- i`vBM; iQ #+Fi`+F
Qmi Q7 i?2 BMM2` HQQT QM+2 KQ`2X Ai rBHH +QMiBMm2 iQ i`v 2p2`v TQbbB#H2
`Qmi2 i?`Qm;? i?2b2 irQ HQQTbX h?Bb K2Mb i?2 KQmMi Q7 rQ`F /Qm#H2b
rBi? 2+? //BiBQMH +?`+i2`X 6Q` 2p2M Dmbi  72r /Qx2M +?`+i2`b-
i?2 `2bmHiBM; Ki+? rBHH iF2 T`+iB+HHv 7Q`2p2`X

Rd8
h?2 `2TH+2 K2i?Q/
ai`BM; pHm2b ?p2  replace K2i?Q/- r?B+? +M #2 mb2/ iQ `2TH+2 T`i
Q7 i?2 bi`BM; rBi? MQi?2` bi`BM;X
console . log (" papa ". replace (" p", "m ") ) ;
// → mapa

h?2 }`bi `;mK2Mi +M HbQ #2  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM- BM r?B+? +b2 i?2
}`bi Ki+? Q7 i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM Bb `2TH+2/X q?2M  g QTiBQM U7Q`
;HQ#HV Bb //2/ iQ i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM- HH Ki+?2b BM i?2 bi`BM; rBHH
#2 `2TH+2/- MQi Dmbi i?2 }`biX
console . log (" Borobudur ". replace (/[ ou ]/ , " a ") ) ;
// → Barobudur
console . log (" Borobudur ". replace (/[ ou ]/ g , " a ") ) ;
// → Barabadar

Ai rQmH/ ?p2 #22M b2MbB#H2 B7 i?2 +?QB+2 #2ir22M `2TH+BM; QM2 Ki+?
Q` HH Ki+?2b rb K/2 i?`Qm;? M //BiBQMH `;mK2Mi iQ replace Q`
#v T`QpB/BM;  /Bz2`2Mi K2i?Q/- replaceAllX "mi 7Q` bQK2 mM7Q`imMi2
`2bQM- i?2 +?QB+2 `2HB2b QM  T`QT2`iv Q7 i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM BMbi2/X
h?2 `2H TQr2` Q7 mbBM; `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb rBi? replace +QK2b 7`QK i?2
7+i i?i r2 +M `272` #+F iQ Ki+?2/ ;`QmTb BM i?2 `2TH+2K2Mi bi`BM;X
6Q` 2tKTH2- bv r2 ?p2  #B; bi`BM; +QMiBMBM; i?2 MK2b Q7 T2QTH2-
QM2 MK2 T2` HBM2- BM i?2 7Q`Ki Lastname, FirstnameX A7 r2 rMi iQ brT
i?2b2 MK2b M/ `2KQp2 i?2 +QKK iQ ;2i  bBKTH2 Firstname Lastname
7Q`Ki- r2 +M mb2 i?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2,
console . log (
" Hopper , Grace \ nMcCarthy , John \ nRitchie , Dennis "
. replace (/([\ w ]+) , ([\ w ]+) /g , " $2 $1 ") ) ;
// → Grace Hopper
// John McCarthy
// Dennis Ritchie

h?2 $1 M/ $2 BM i?2 `2TH+2K2Mi bi`BM; `272` iQ i?2 T`2Mi?2bBx2/ ;`QmTb

BM i?2 Tii2`MX $1 Bb `2TH+2/ #v i?2 i2ti i?i Ki+?2/ ;BMbi i?2 }`bi
;`QmT- $2 #v i?2 b2+QM/- M/ bQ QM- mT iQ $9X h?2 r?QH2 Ki+? +M #2
`272``2/ iQ rBi? $&X

Rde
 Ai Bb HbQ TQbbB#H2 iQ Tbb  7mM+iBQM- `i?2` i?M  bi`BM;- b i?2 b2+QM/
`;mK2Mi iQ replaceX 6Q` 2+? `2TH+2K2Mi- i?2 7mM+iBQM rBHH #2 +HH2/
rBi? i?2 Ki+?2/ ;`QmTb Ub r2HH b i?2 r?QH2 Ki+?V b `;mK2Mib- M/
Bib `2im`M pHm2 rBHH #2 BMb2`i2/ BMiQ i?2 M2r bi`BM;X
>2`2Ƕb  bBKTH2 2tKTH2,
var s = " the cia and fbi ";
console . log ( s . replace (/\ b( fbi | cia )\ b /g , function ( str ) {
return str . toUpperCase () ;
}) ) ;
// → the CIA and FBI

M/ ?2`2Ƕb  KQ`2 BMi2`2biBM; QM2,

var stock = "1 lemon , 2 cabbages , and 101 eggs ";
function minusOne ( match , amount , unit ) {
amount = Number ( amount ) - 1;
if ( amount == 1) // only one left , remove the s
unit = unit . slice (0 , unit . length - 1) ;
else if ( amount == 0)
amount = " no ";
return amount + " " + unit ;
}
console . log ( stock . replace (/(\ d +) (\ w +) /g , minusOne ) ) ;
// → no lemon , 1 cabbage , and 100 eggs

h?Bb iF2b  bi`BM;- }M/b HH Q++m``2M+2b Q7  MmK#2` 7QHHQr2/ #v M

HT?MmK2`B+ rQ`/- M/ `2im`Mb  bi`BM; r?2`2BM 2p2`v bm+? Q++m``2M+2
Bb /2+`2K2Mi2/ #v QM2X
h?2 (\d+) ;`QmT 2M/b mT b i?2 amount `;mK2Mi iQ i?2 7mM+iBQM- M/
i?2 (\w+) ;`QmT ;2ib #QmM/ iQ unitX h?2 7mM+iBQM +QMp2`ib amount iQ 
MmK#2`ěr?B+? Hrvb rQ`Fb- bBM+2 Bi Ki+?2/ \d+ěM/ KF2b bQK2
/DmbiK2Mib BM +b2 i?2`2 Bb QMHv QM2 Q` x2`Q H27iX

:`22/
Ai BbMǶi ?`/ iQ mb2 replace iQ r`Bi2  7mM+iBQM i?i `2KQp2b HH +QKK2Mib
7`QK  TB2+2 Q7 Cpa+`BTi +Q/2X >2`2 Bb  }`bi ii2KTi,
function stripComments ( code ) {

Rdd
 return code . replace (/\/\/.*|\/\*[^]*\*\// g , "") ;
}
console . log ( stripComments ("1 + /* 2 */3") ) ;
// → 1 + 3
console . log ( stripComments (" x = 10;// ten !") ) ;
// → x = 10;
console . log ( stripComments ("1 /* a */+/* b */ 1") ) ;
// → 1 1

h?2 T`i #27Q`2 i?2 Q` QT2`iQ` bBKTHv Ki+?2b irQ bHb? +?`+i2`b
7QHHQr2/ #v Mv MmK#2` Q7 MQM@M2rHBM2 +?`+i2`bX h?2 T`i 7Q` KmHiBHBM2
+QKK2Mib Bb KQ`2 BMpQHp2/X q2 mb2 [^] UMv +?`+i2` i?i Bb MQi BM i?2
2KTiv b2i Q7 +?`+i2`bV b  rv iQ Ki+? Mv +?`+i2`X q2 +MMQi
Dmbi mb2  /Qi ?2`2 #2+mb2 #HQ+F +QKK2Mib +M +QMiBMm2 QM  M2r HBM2-
M/ /Qib /Q MQi Ki+? i?2 M2rHBM2 +?`+i2`X
"mi i?2 QmiTmi Q7 i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tKTH2 TT2`b iQ ?p2 ;QM2 r`QM;X
q?v\
h?2 [^]* T`i Q7 i?2 2tT`2bbBQM- b A /2b+`B#2/ BM i?2 b2+iBQM QM #+F@
i`+FBM;- rBHH }`bi Ki+? b Km+? b Bi +MX A7 i?i +mb2b i?2 M2ti T`i
Q7 i?2 Tii2`M iQ 7BH- i?2 Ki+?2` KQp2b #+F QM2 +?`+i2` M/ i`B2b
;BM 7`QK i?2`2X AM i?2 2tKTH2- i?2 Ki+?2` }`bi i`B2b iQ Ki+? i?2
r?QH2 `2bi Q7 i?2 bi`BM; M/ i?2M KQp2b #+F 7`QK i?2`2X Ai rBHH }M/ M
Q++m``2M+2 Q7 */ 7i2` ;QBM; #+F 7Qm` +?`+i2`b M/ Ki+? i?iX h?Bb
Bb MQi r?i r2 rMi2/ěi?2 BMi2MiBQM rb iQ Ki+?  bBM;H2 +QKK2Mi-
MQi iQ ;Q HH i?2 rv iQ i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 +Q/2 M/ }M/ i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 Hbi
#HQ+F +QKK2MiX
"2+mb2 Q7 i?Bb #2?pBQ`- r2 bv i?2 `2T2iBiBQM QT2`iQ`b U+- *- ?- M/
{}V `2 ;`22/v- K2MBM; i?2v Ki+? b Km+? b i?2v +M M/ #+Fi`+F
7`QK i?2`2X A7 vQm Tmi  [m2biBQM K`F 7i2` i?2K U+?- *?- ??- {}?V- i?2v
#2+QK2 MQM;`22/v M/ bi`i #v Ki+?BM; b HBiiH2 b TQbbB#H2- Ki+?BM;
KQ`2 QMHv r?2M i?2 `2KBMBM; Tii2`M /Q2b MQi }i i?2 bKHH2` Ki+?X
M/ i?i Bb 2t+iHv r?i r2 rMi BM i?Bb +b2X "v ?pBM; i?2 bi`
Ki+? i?2 bKHH2bi bi`2i+? Q7 +?`+i2`b i?i #`BM;b mb iQ  */- r2 +QM@
bmK2 QM2 #HQ+F +QKK2Mi M/ MQi?BM; KQ`2X
function stripComments ( code ) {
return code . replace (/\/\/.*|\/\*[^]*?\*\// g , "") ;
}
console . log ( stripComments ("1 /* a */+/* b */ 1") ) ;

Rd3
 // → 1 + 1

 HQi Q7 #m;b BM `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM T`Q;`Kb +M #2 i`+2/ iQ mMBM@

i2MiBQMHHv mbBM;  ;`22/v QT2`iQ` r?2`2  MQM;`22/v QM2 rQmH/ rQ`F
#2ii2`X q?2M mbBM;  `2T2iBiBQM QT2`iQ`- +QMbB/2` i?2 MQM;`22/v p`BMi
}`biX

.vMKB+HHv +`2iBM; _2;1tT Q#D2+ib

h?2`2 `2 +b2b r?2`2 vQm KB;?i MQi FMQr i?2 2t+i Tii2`M vQm M22/
iQ Ki+? ;BMbi r?2M vQm `2 r`BiBM; vQm` +Q/2X av vQm rMi iQ
HQQF 7Q` i?2 mb2`Ƕb MK2 BM  TB2+2 Q7 i2ti M/ 2M+HQb2 Bi BM mM/2`b+Q`2
+?`+i2`b iQ KF2 Bi biM/ QmiX aBM+2 vQm rBHH FMQr i?2 MK2 QMHv QM+2
i?2 T`Q;`K Bb +imHHv `mMMBM;- vQm +MǶi mb2 i?2 bHb?@#b2/ MQiiBQMX
"mi vQm +M #mBH/ mT  bi`BM; M/ mb2 i?2 RegExp +QMbi`m+iQ` QM i?iX
>2`2Ƕb M 2tKTH2,
var name = " harry ";
var text = " Harry is a suspicious character .";
var regexp = new RegExp ("\\ b (" + name + ") \\ b", " gi ") ;
console . log ( text . replace ( regexp , " _$1_ ") ) ;
// → _Harry_ is a suspicious character .

q?2M +`2iBM; i?2 \b #QmM/`v K`F2`b- r2 ?p2 iQ mb2 irQ #+FbHb?2b

#2+mb2 r2 `2 r`BiBM; i?2K BM  MQ`KH bi`BM;- MQi  bHb?@2M+HQb2/ `2;@
mH` 2tT`2bbBQMX h?2 b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi iQ i?2 RegExp +QMbi`m+iQ` +QMiBMb
i?2 QTiBQMb 7Q` i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMěBM i?Bb +b2 "gi" 7Q` ;HQ#H M/
+b2@BMb2MbBiBp2X
"mi r?i B7 i?2 MK2 Bb "dea+hl[]rd" #2+mb2 Qm` mb2` Bb  M2`/v i22M;2`\
h?i rQmH/ `2bmHi BM  MQMb2MbB+H `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM- r?B+? rQMǶi +@
imHHv Ki+? i?2 mb2`Ƕb MK2X
hQ rQ`F `QmM/ i?Bb- r2 +M // #+FbHb?2b #27Q`2 Mv +?`+i2` i?i
r2 /QMǶi i`mbiX //BM; #+FbHb?2b #27Q`2 HT?#2iB+ +?`+i2`b Bb  #/
B/2 #2+mb2 i?BM;b HBF2 \b M/ \n ?p2  bT2+BH K2MBM;X "mi 2b+TBM;
2p2`vi?BM; i?iǶb MQi HT?MmK2`B+ Q` r?Bi2bT+2 Bb b72X
var name = " dea + hl [] rd ";
var text = " This dea + hl [] rd guy is super annoying .";
var escaped = name . replace (/[^\ w \s ]/g , "\\ $ &") ;

RdN
 var regexp = new RegExp ("\\ b (" + escaped + ") \\ b", " gi ") ;
console . log ( text . replace ( regexp , " _$1_ ") ) ;
// → This _dea + hl [] rd_ guy is super annoying .

h?2 b2`+? K2i?Q/

h?2 indexOf K2i?Q/ QM bi`BM;b +MMQi #2 +HH2/ rBi?  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMX
"mi i?2`2 Bb MQi?2` K2i?Q/- search- r?B+? /Q2b 2tT2+i  `2;mH` 2tT`2b@
bBQMX GBF2 indexOf- Bi `2im`Mb i?2 }`bi BM/2t QM r?B+? i?2 2tT`2bbBQM rb
7QmM/- Q` @R r?2M Bi rbMǶi 7QmM/X
console . log (" word ". search (/\ S /) );
// → 2
console . log (" ". search (/\ S /) ) ;
// → -1

lM7Q`imMi2Hv- i?2`2 Bb MQ rv iQ BM/B+i2 i?i i?2 Ki+? b?QmH/ bi`i i

 ;Bp2M Qzb2i UHBF2 r2 +M rBi? i?2 b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi iQ indexOfV- r?B+?
rQmH/ Q7i2M #2 mb27mHX

h?2 HbiAM/2t T`QT2`iv

h?2 exec K2i?Q/ bBKBH`Hv /Q2b MQi T`QpB/2  +QMp2MB2Mi rv iQ bi`i
b2`+?BM; 7`QK  ;Bp2M TQbBiBQM BM i?2 bi`BM;X "mi Bi /Q2b T`QpB/2 M
BM+QMp2MB2Mi rvX
_2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM Q#D2+ib ?p2 T`QT2`iB2bX PM2 bm+? T`QT2`iv Bb source
- r?B+? +QMiBMb i?2 bi`BM; i?i 2tT`2bbBQM rb +`2i2/ 7`QKX MQi?2`
T`QT2`iv Bb lastIndex- r?B+? +QMi`QHb- BM bQK2 HBKBi2/ +B`+mKbiM+2b-
r?2`2 i?2 M2ti Ki+? rBHH bi`iX
h?Qb2 +B`+mKbiM+2b `2 i?i i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM Kmbi ?p2 i?2
;HQ#H UgV QTiBQM 2M#H2/- M/ i?2 Ki+? Kmbi ?TT2M i?`Qm;? i?2 exec
K2i?Q/X ;BM-  KQ`2 bM2 bQHmiBQM rQmH/ ?p2 #22M iQ Dmbi HHQr
M 2ti` `;mK2Mi iQ #2 Tbb2/ iQ exec- #mi bMBiv Bb MQi  /2}MBM;
+?`+i2`BbiB+ Q7 Cpa+`BTiǶb `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM BMi2`7+2X
var pattern = / y / g ;
pattern . lastIndex = 3;

R3y
 var match = pattern . exec (" xyzzy ") ;
console . log ( match . index );
// → 4
console . log ( pattern . lastIndex ) ;
// → 5

A7 i?2 Ki+? rb bm++2bb7mH- i?2 +HH iQ exec miQKiB+HHv mT/i2b i?2
lastIndex T`QT2`iv iQ TQBMi 7i2` i?2 Ki+?X A7 MQ Ki+? rb 7QmM/-
lastIndex Bb b2i #+F iQ x2`Q- r?B+? Bb HbQ i?2 pHm2 Bi ?b BM  M2rHv
+QMbi`m+i2/ `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM Q#D2+iX
q?2M mbBM;  ;HQ#H `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM pHm2 7Q` KmHiBTH2 exec +HHb-
i?2b2 miQKiB+ mT/i2b iQ i?2 lastIndex T`QT2`iv +M +mb2 T`Q#H2KbX
uQm` `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM KB;?i #2 ++B/2MiHHv bi`iBM; i M BM/2t i?i
rb H27i Qp2` 7`QK  T`2pBQmb +HHX
var digit = /\ d / g ;
console . log ( digit . exec (" here it is : 1") ) ;
// → ["1"]
console . log ( digit . exec (" and now : 1") ) ;
// → null

MQi?2` BMi2`2biBM; 2z2+i Q7 i?2 ;HQ#H QTiBQM Bb i?i Bi +?M;2b i?2 rv
i?2 match K2i?Q/ QM bi`BM;b rQ`FbX q?2M +HH2/ rBi?  ;HQ#H 2tT`2b@
bBQM- BMbi2/ Q7 `2im`MBM; M ``v bBKBH` iQ i?i `2im`M2/ #v exec- match
rBHH }M/ HH Ki+?2b Q7 i?2 Tii2`M BM i?2 bi`BM; M/ `2im`M M ``v
+QMiBMBM; i?2 Ki+?2/ bi`BM;bX
console . log (" Banana ". match (/ an /g) ) ;
// → [" an ", " an "]

aQ #2 +miBQmb rBi? ;HQ#H `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMbX h?2 +b2b r?2`2 i?2v

`2 M2+2bb`vě+HHb iQ replace M/ TH+2b r?2`2 vQm rMi iQ 2tTHB+BiHv
mb2 lastIndexě`2 ivTB+HHv i?2 QMHv TH+2b r?2`2 vQm rMi iQ mb2 i?2KX

GQQTBM; Qp2` Ki+?2b

 +QKKQM Tii2`M Bb iQ b+M i?`Qm;? HH Q++m``2M+2b Q7  Tii2`M BM
 bi`BM;- BM  rv i?i ;Bp2b mb ++2bb iQ i?2 Ki+? Q#D2+i BM i?2 HQQT
#Q/v- #v mbBM; lastIndex M/ execX
var input = " A string with 3 numbers in it ... 42 and 88.";

R3R
 var number = /\ b (\ d +) \ b /g;
var match ;
while ( match = number . exec ( input ))
console . log (" Found " , match [1] , " at " , match . index ) ;
// → Found 3 at 14
// Found 42 at 33
// Found 88 at 40

h?Bb KF2b mb2 Q7 i?2 7+i i?i i?2 pHm2 Q7 M bbB;MK2Mi 2tT`2bbBQM
U=V Bb i?2 bbB;M2/ pHm2X aQ #v mbBM; match = number.exec(input) b i?2
+QM/BiBQM BM i?2 while bii2K2Mi- r2 T2`7Q`K i?2 Ki+? i i?2 bi`i Q7
2+? Bi2`iBQM- bp2 Bib `2bmHi BM  p`B#H2- M/ biQT HQQTBM; r?2M MQ
KQ`2 Ki+?2b `2 7QmM/X

S`bBM; M ALA }H2

hQ +QM+Hm/2 i?2 +?Ti2`- r2ǶHH HQQF i  T`Q#H2K i?i +HHb 7Q` `2;mH`
2tT`2bbBQMbX AK;BM2 r2 `2 r`BiBM;  T`Q;`K iQ miQKiB+HHv ?`p2bi
BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi Qm` 2M2KB2b 7`QK i?2 AMi2`M2iX Uq2 rBHH MQi +imHHv
r`Bi2 i?i T`Q;`K ?2`2- Dmbi i?2 T`i i?i `2/b i?2 +QM};m`iBQM }H2X
aQ``v iQ /BbTTQBMiXV h?2 +QM};m`iBQM }H2 HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
searchengine = http :// www . google . com / search ? q = $1
spitefulness =9.7

; comments are preceded by a semicolon ...

; each section concerns an individual enemy
[ larry ]
fullname = Larry Doe
type = kindergarten bully
website = http :// www . geocities . com / CapeCanaveral /11451

[ gargamel ]
fullname = Gargamel
type = evil sorcerer
outputdir =/ home / marijn / enemies / gargamel

h?2 2t+i `mH2b 7Q` i?Bb 7Q`Ki Ur?B+? Bb +imHHv  rB/2Hv mb2/ 7Q`Ki-
mbmHHv +HH2/ M ALA }H2V `2 b 7QHHQrb,
Ç "HMF HBM2b M/ HBM2b bi`iBM; rBi? b2KB+QHQMb `2 B;MQ`2/X

R3k
 Ç GBM2b r`TT2/ BM [ M/ ] bi`i  M2r b2+iBQMX

Ç GBM2b +QMiBMBM; M HT?MmK2`B+ B/2MiB}2` 7QHHQr2/ #v M = +?`@

+i2` //  b2iiBM; iQ i?2 +m``2Mi b2+iBQMX

Ç Mvi?BM; 2Hb2 Bb BMpHB/X

Pm` ibF Bb iQ +QMp2`i  bi`BM; HBF2 i?Bb BMiQ M ``v Q7 Q#D2+ib- 2+?
rBi?  name T`QT2`iv M/ M ``v Q7 b2iiBM;bX q2ǶHH M22/ QM2 bm+? Q#D2+i
7Q` 2+? b2+iBQM M/ QM2 7Q` i?2 ;HQ#H b2iiBM;b i i?2 iQTX
aBM+2 i?2 7Q`Ki ?b iQ #2 T`Q+2bb2/ HBM2 #v HBM2- bTHBiiBM; mT i?2 }H2
BMiQ b2T`i2 HBM2b Bb  ;QQ/ bi`iX q2 mb2/ string.split("\n") iQ /Q i?Bb
BM *?Ti2` eX aQK2 QT2`iBM; bvbi2Kb- ?Qr2p2`- mb2 MQi Dmbi  M2rHBM2
+?`+i2` iQ b2T`i2 HBM2b #mi  +``B;2 `2im`M +?`+i2` 7QHHQr2/ #v
 M2rHBM2 U"\r\n"VX :Bp2M i?i i?2 split K2i?Q/ HbQ HHQrb  `2;mH`
2tT`2bbBQM b Bib `;mK2Mi- r2 +M bTHBi QM  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM HBF2
/\r?\n/ iQ bTHBi BM  rv i?i HHQrb #Qi? "\n" M/ "\r\n" #2ir22M HBM2bX

function parseINI ( string ) {

// Start with an object to hold the top - level fields
var currentSection = { name : null , fields : []};
var categories = [ currentSection ];

string . split (/\ r ?\ n /) . forEach ( function ( line ) {

var match ;
if (/^\ s *(;.*) ? $ /. test ( line ) ) {
return ;
} else if ( match = line . match (/^\[(.*) \] $ /) ) {
currentSection = { name : match [1] , fields : []};
categories . push ( currentSection ) ;
} else if ( match = line . match (/^(\ w +) =(.*) $ /) ) {
currentSection . fields . push ({ name : match [1] ,
value : match [2]}) ;
} else {
throw new Error (" Line " + line + " is invalid .") ;
}
}) ;

return categories ;
}

R3j
h?Bb +Q/2 ;Q2b Qp2` 2p2`v HBM2 BM i?2 }H2- mT/iBM; i?2 dz+m``2Mi b2+iBQMǴ
Q#D2+i b Bi ;Q2b HQM;X 6B`bi- Bi +?2+Fb r?2i?2` i?2 HBM2 +M #2 B;MQ`2/-
mbBM; i?2 2tT`2bbBQM /^\s*(;.*)?$/X .Q vQm b22 ?Qr Bi rQ`Fb\ h?2 T`i
#2ir22M i?2 T`2Mi?2b2b rBHH Ki+? +QKK2Mib- M/ i?2 ? rBHH KF2 bm`2
Bi HbQ Ki+?2b HBM2b +QMiBMBM; QMHv r?Bi2bT+2X
A7 i?2 HBM2 Bb MQi  +QKK2Mi- i?2 +Q/2 i?2M +?2+Fb r?2i?2` i?2 HBM2
bi`ib  M2r b2+iBQMX A7 bQ- Bi +`2i2b  M2r +m``2Mi b2+iBQM Q#D2+i- iQ
r?B+? bm#b2[m2Mi b2iiBM;b rBHH #2 //2/X
h?2 Hbi K2MBM;7mH TQbbB#BHBiv Bb i?i i?2 HBM2 Bb  MQ`KH b2iiBM;-
r?B+? i?2 +Q/2 //b iQ i?2 +m``2Mi b2+iBQM Q#D2+iX
A7  HBM2 Ki+?2b MQM2 Q7 i?2b2 7Q`Kb- i?2 7mM+iBQM i?`Qrb M 2``Q`X
LQi2 i?2 `2+m``BM; mb2 Q7 ^ M/ $ iQ KF2 bm`2 i?2 2tT`2bbBQM Ki+?2b
i?2 r?QH2 HBM2- MQi Dmbi T`i Q7 BiX G2pBM; i?2b2 Qmi `2bmHib BM +Q/2
i?i KQbiHv rQ`Fb #mi #2?p2b bi`M;2Hv 7Q` bQK2 BMTmi- r?B+? +M #2
 /B{+mHi #m; iQ i`+F /QrMX
h?2 Tii2`M if (match = string.match(...)) Bb bBKBH` iQ i?2 i`B+F Q7 mbBM;
M bbB;MK2Mi b i?2 +QM/BiBQM 7Q` whileX uQm Q7i2M `2MǶi bm`2 i?i vQm`
+HH iQ match rBHH bm++22/- bQ vQm +M ++2bb i?2 `2bmHiBM; Q#D2+i QMHv
BMbB/2 M if bii2K2Mi i?i i2bib 7Q` i?BbX hQ MQi #`2F i?2 TH2bMi
+?BM Q7 if 7Q`Kb- r2 bbB;M i?2 `2bmHi Q7 i?2 Ki+? iQ  p`B#H2 M/
BKK2/Bi2Hv mb2 i?i bbB;MK2Mi b i?2 i2bi BM i?2 if bii2K2MiX

AMi2`MiBQMH +?`+i2`b
"2+mb2 Q7 Cpa+`BTiǶb BMBiBH bBKTHBbiB+ BKTH2K2MiiBQM M/ i?2 7+i
i?i i?Bb bBKTHBbiB+ TT`Q+? rb Hi2` b2i BM biQM2 b biM/`/ #2?p@
BQ`- Cpa+`BTiǶb `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb `2 `i?2` /mK# #Qmi +?`+i2`b
i?i /Q MQi TT2` BM i?2 1M;HBb? HM;m;2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- b 7` b
Cpa+`BTiǶb `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb `2 +QM+2`M2/-  dzrQ`/ +?`+i2`Ǵ Bb
QMHv QM2 Q7 i?2 ke +?`+i2`b BM i?2 GiBM HT?#2i UmTT2`+b2 Q` HQr@
2`+b2V M/- 7Q` bQK2 `2bQM- i?2 mM/2`b+Q`2 +?`+i2`X h?BM;b HBF2 û Q`
Ľ- r?B+? KQbi /2}MBi2Hv `2 rQ`/ +?`+i2`b- rBHH MQi Ki+? \w UM/ rBHH
Ki+? mTT2`+b2 \W- i?2 MQMrQ`/ +i2;Q`vVX
"v  bi`M;2 ?BbiQ`B+H ++B/2Mi- \s Ur?Bi2bT+2V /Q2b MQi ?p2 i?Bb
T`Q#H2K M/ Ki+?2b HH +?`+i2`b i?i i?2 lMB+Q/2 biM/`/ +QMbB/2`b
r?Bi2bT+2- BM+Hm/BM; i?BM;b HBF2 i?2 MQM#`2FBM; bT+2 M/ i?2 JQM;Q@

R39
HBM pQr2H b2T`iQ`X
aQK2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM BKTH2K2MiiBQMb BM Qi?2` T`Q;`KKBM; HM@
;m;2b ?p2 bvMit iQ Ki+? bT2+B}+ lMB+Q/2 +?`+i2` +i2;Q`B2b- bm+?
b dzHH mTT2`+b2 H2ii2`bǴ- dzHH TmM+imiBQMǴ- Q` dz+QMi`QH +?`+i2`bǴX
h?2`2 `2 THMb iQ // bmTTQ`i 7Q` bm+? +i2;Q`B2b Cpa+`BTi- #mi Bi
mM7Q`imMi2Hv HQQFb HBF2 i?2v rQMǶi #2 `2HBx2/ BM i?2 M2` 7mim`2X

amKK`v
_2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb `2 Q#D2+ib i?i `2T`2b2Mi Tii2`Mb BM bi`BM;bX h?2v
mb2 i?2B` QrM bvMit iQ 2tT`2bb i?2b2 Tii2`MbX
/abc/  b2[m2M+2 Q7 +?`+i2`b
/[abc]/ Mv +?`+i2` 7`QK  b2i Q7 +?`+i2`b
/[^abc]/ Mv +?`+i2` MQi BM  b2i Q7 +?`+i2`b
/[0-9]/ Mv +?`+i2` BM  `M;2 Q7 +?`+i2`b
/x+/ PM2 Q` KQ`2 Q++m``2M+2b Q7 i?2 Tii2`M x
/x+?/ PM2 Q` KQ`2 Q++m``2M+2b- MQM;`22/v
/x*/ w2`Q Q` KQ`2 Q++m``2M+2b
/x?/ w2`Q Q` QM2 Q++m``2M+2
/x{2,4}/ "2ir22M irQ M/ 7Qm` Q++m``2M+2b
/(abc)/  ;`QmT
/a|b|c/ Mv QM2 Q7 b2p2`H Tii2`Mb
/\d/ Mv /B;Bi +?`+i2`
/\w/ M HT?MmK2`B+ +?`+i2` UdzrQ`/ +?`+i2`ǴV
/\s/ Mv r?Bi2bT+2 +?`+i2`
/./ Mv +?`+i2` 2t+2Ti M2rHBM2b
/\b/  rQ`/ #QmM/`v
/^/ ai`i Q7 BMTmi
/$/ 1M/ Q7 BMTmi
 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM ?b  K2i?Q/ test iQ i2bi r?2i?2`  ;Bp2M bi`BM;
Ki+?2b BiX Ai HbQ ?b M exec K2i?Q/ i?i- r?2M  Ki+? Bb 7QmM/-
`2im`Mb M ``v +QMiBMBM; HH Ki+?2/ ;`QmTbX am+? M ``v ?b M
index T`QT2`iv i?i BM/B+i2b r?2`2 i?2 Ki+? bi`i2/X
ai`BM;b ?p2  match K2i?Q/ iQ Ki+? i?2K ;BMbi  `2;mH` 2tT`2b@
bBQM M/  search K2i?Q/ iQ b2`+? 7Q` QM2- `2im`MBM; QMHv i?2 bi`iBM;
TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 Ki+?X h?2B` replace K2i?Q/ +M `2TH+2 Ki+?2b Q7 

R38
Tii2`M rBi?  `2TH+2K2Mi bi`BM;X Hi2`MiBp2Hv- vQm +M Tbb  7mM+@
iBQM iQ replace- r?B+? rBHH #2 mb2/ iQ #mBH/ mT  `2TH+2K2Mi bi`BM; #b2/
QM i?2 Ki+? i2ti M/ Ki+?2/ ;`QmTbX
_2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb +M ?p2 QTiBQMb- r?B+? `2 r`Bii2M 7i2` i?2 +HQb@
BM; bHb?X h?2 i QTiBQM KF2b i?2 Ki+? +b2 BMb2MbBiBp2- r?BH2 i?2 g
QTiBQM KF2b i?2 2tT`2bbBQM ;HQ#H- r?B+?- KQM; Qi?2` i?BM;b- +mb2b
i?2 replace K2i?Q/ iQ `2TH+2 HH BMbiM+2b BMbi2/ Q7 Dmbi i?2 }`biX
h?2 RegExp +QMbi`m+iQ` +M #2 mb2/ iQ +`2i2  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM pHm2
7`QK  bi`BM;X
_2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb `2  b?`T iQQH rBi? M rFr`/ ?M/H2X h?2v
bBKTHB7v bQK2 ibFb i`2K2M/QmbHv #mi +M [mB+FHv #2+QK2 mMKM;2#H2
r?2M TTHB2/ iQ +QKTH2t T`Q#H2KbX S`i Q7 FMQrBM; ?Qr iQ mb2 i?2K
Bb `2bBbiBM; i?2 m`;2 iQ i`v iQ b?Q2?Q`M i?BM;b i?i i?2v +MMQi bM2Hv
2tT`2bb BMiQ i?2KX

1t2`+Bb2b
Ai Bb HKQbi mMpQB/#H2 i?i- BM i?2 +Qm`b2 Q7 rQ`FBM; QM i?2b2 2t2`@
+Bb2b- vQm rBHH ;2i +QM7mb2/ M/ 7`mbi`i2/ #v bQK2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMǶb
BM2tTHB+#H2 #2?pBQ`X aQK2iBK2b Bi ?2HTb iQ 2Mi2` vQm` 2tT`2bbBQM BMiQ
M QMHBM2 iQQH HBF2 /2#m;;2tX+QK iQ b22 r?2i?2` Bib pBbmHBxiBQM +Q``2@
bTQM/b iQ r?i vQm BMi2M/2/ M/ iQ 2tT2`BK2Mi rBi? i?2 rv Bi `2bTQM/b
iQ p`BQmb BMTmi bi`BM;bX

_2;2tT ;QH7
*Q/2 ;QH7 Bb  i2`K mb2/ 7Q` i?2 ;K2 Q7 i`vBM; iQ 2tT`2bb  T`iB+mH`
T`Q;`K BM b 72r +?`+i2`b b TQbbB#H2X aBKBH`Hv- `2;2tT ;QH7 Bb i?2
T`+iB+2 Q7 r`BiBM; b iBMv  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM b TQbbB#H2 iQ Ki+? 
;Bp2M Tii2`M- M/ QMHv i?i Tii2`MX
6Q` 2+? Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; Bi2Kb- r`Bi2  `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM iQ i2bi
r?2i?2` Mv Q7 i?2 ;Bp2M bm#bi`BM;b Q++m` BM  bi`BM;X h?2 `2;mH`
2tT`2bbBQM b?QmH/ Ki+? QMHv bi`BM;b +QMiBMBM; QM2 Q7 i?2 bm#bi`BM;b
/2b+`B#2/X .Q MQi rQ``v #Qmi rQ`/ #QmM/`B2b mMH2bb 2tTHB+BiHv K2M@
iBQM2/X q?2M vQm` 2tT`2bbBQM rQ`Fb- b22 r?2i?2` vQm +M KF2 Bi Mv
bKHH2`X

R3e
 RX +` M/ +i

kX TQT M/ T`QT

jX 72``2i- 72``v- M/ 72```B

9X Mv rQ`/ 2M/BM; BM BQmb

8X  r?Bi2bT+2 +?`+i2` 7QHHQr2/ #v  /Qi- +QKK- +QHQM- Q` b2KB@

+QHQM

eX  rQ`/ HQM;2` i?M bBt H2ii2`b

dX  rQ`/ rBi?Qmi i?2 H2ii2` 2

_272` iQ i?2 i#H2 BM i?2 +?Ti2` bmKK`v 7Q` ?2HTX h2bi 2+? bQHmiBQM
rBi?  72r i2bi bi`BM;bX

ZmQiBM; bivH2
AK;BM2 vQm ?p2 r`Bii2M  biQ`v M/ mb2/ bBM;H2 [mQiiBQM K`Fb i?`Qm;?@
Qmi iQ K`F TB2+2b Q7 /BHQ;m2X LQr vQm rMi iQ `2TH+2 HH i?2 /BHQ;m2
[mQi2b rBi? /Qm#H2 [mQi2b- r?BH2 F22TBM; i?2 bBM;H2 [mQi2b mb2/ BM +QM@
i`+iBQMb HBF2 `2MǶiX
h?BMF Q7  Tii2`M i?i /BbiBM;mBb?2b i?2b2 irQ FBM/b Q7 [mQi2 mb;2
M/ +`7i  +HH iQ i?2 replace K2i?Q/ i?i /Q2b i?2 T`QT2` `2TH+2K2MiX

LmK#2`b ;BM
 b2`B2b Q7 /B;Bib +M #2 Ki+?2/ #v i?2 bBKTH2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM /\d+/X
q`Bi2 M 2tT`2bbBQM i?i Ki+?2b QMHv Cpa+`BTi@bivH2 MmK#2`bX Ai
Kmbi bmTTQ`i M QTiBQMH KBMmb Q` THmb bB;M BM 7`QMi Q7 i?2 MmK#2`-
i?2 /2+BKH /Qi- M/ 2tTQM2Mi MQiiBQMě5e-3 Q` 1E10ě ;BM rBi? M
QTiBQMH bB;M BM 7`QMi Q7 i?2 2tTQM2MiX HbQ MQi2 i?i Bi Bb MQi M2+2bb`v
7Q` i?2`2 iQ #2 /B;Bib BM 7`QMi Q7 Q` 7i2` i?2 /Qi- #mi i?2 MmK#2` +MMQi
#2  /Qi HQM2X h?i Bb- .5 M/ 5. `2 pHB/ Cpa+`BTi MmK#2`b- #mi 
HQM2 /Qi BbMǶiX

R3d
Ry JQ/mH2b
1p2`v T`Q;`K ?b  b?T2X PM  bKHH b+H2- i?Bb b?T2 Bb /2i2`KBM2/
#v Bib /BpBbBQM BMiQ 7mM+iBQMb M/ i?2 #HQ+Fb BMbB/2 i?Qb2 7mM+iBQMbX S`Q@
;`KK2`b ?p2  HQi Q7 7`22/QK BM i?2 rv i?2v bi`m+im`2 i?2B` T`Q;`KbX
a?T2 7QHHQrb KQ`2 7`QK i?2 ibi2 Q7 i?2 T`Q;`KK2` i?M 7`QK i?2 T`Q@
;`KǶb BMi2M/2/ 7mM+iBQMHBivX
q?2M HQQFBM; i  H`;2` T`Q;`K BM Bib 2MiB`2iv- BM/BpB/mH 7mM+iBQMb
bi`i iQ #H2M/ BMiQ i?2 #+F;`QmM/X am+?  T`Q;`K +M #2 K/2 KQ`2
`2/#H2 B7 r2 ?p2  H`;2` mMBi Q7 Q`;MBxiBQMX
JQ/mH2b /BpB/2 T`Q;`Kb BMiQ +Hmbi2`b Q7 +Q/2 i?i- #v bQK2 +`Bi2`BQM-
#2HQM; iQ;2i?2`X h?Bb +?Ti2` 2tTHQ`2b bQK2 Q7 i?2 #2M2}ib i?i bm+? /B@
pBbBQM T`QpB/2b M/ b?Qrb i2+?MB[m2b 7Q` #mBH/BM; KQ/mH2b BM Cpa+`BTiX

q?v KQ/mH2b ?2HT

h?2`2 `2  MmK#2` Q7 `2bQMb r?v mi?Q`b /BpB/2 i?2B` #QQFb BMiQ +?T@
i2`b M/ b2+iBQMbX h?2b2 /BpBbBQMb KF2 Bi 2bB2` 7Q`  `2/2` iQ b22 ?Qr
i?2 #QQF Bb #mBHi mT M/ iQ }M/ bT2+B}+ T`ib i?i i?2v `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BMX
h?2v HbQ ?2HT i?2 mi?Q` #v T`QpB/BM;  +H2` 7Q+mb 7Q` 2p2`v b2+iBQMX
h?2 #2M2}ib Q7 Q`;MBxBM;  T`Q;`K BMiQ b2p2`H }H2b Q` KQ/mH2b `2
bBKBH`X ai`m+im`2 ?2HTb T2QTH2 r?Q `2MǶi v2i 7KBHB` rBi? i?2 +Q/2
}M/ r?i i?2v `2 HQQFBM; 7Q` M/ KF2b Bi 2bB2` 7Q` i?2 T`Q;`KK2`
iQ F22T i?BM;b i?i `2 `2Hi2/ +HQb2 iQ;2i?2`X
aQK2 T`Q;`Kb `2 2p2M Q`;MBx2/ HQM; i?2 KQ/2H Q7  i`/BiBQMH
i2ti- rBi?  r2HH@/2}M2/ Q`/2` BM r?B+? i?2 `2/2` Bb 2M+Qm`;2/ iQ ;Q
i?`Qm;? i?2 T`Q;`K M/ rBi? HQib Q7 T`Qb2 U+QKK2MibV T`QpB/BM; 
+Q?2`2Mi /2b+`BTiBQM Q7 i?2 +Q/2X h?Bb KF2b `2/BM; i?2 T`Q;`K 
HQi H2bb BMiBKB/iBM;ě`2/BM; mMFMQrM +Q/2 Bb mbmHHv BMiBKB/iBM;ě
#mi ?b i?2 /QrMbB/2 Q7 #2BM; KQ`2 rQ`F iQ b2i mTX Ai HbQ KF2b i?2
T`Q;`K KQ`2 /B{+mHi iQ +?M;2 #2+mb2 T`Qb2 i2M/b iQ #2 KQ`2 iB;?iHv

R33
BMi2`+QMM2+i2/ i?M +Q/2X h?Bb bivH2 Bb +HH2/ HBi2`i2 T`Q;`KKBM;X h?2
dzT`QD2+iǴ +?Ti2`b Q7 i?Bb #QQF +M #2 +QMbB/2`2/ HBi2`i2 T`Q;`KbX
b  ;2M2`H `mH2- bi`m+im`BM; i?BM;b +Qbib 2M2`;vX AM i?2 2`Hv bi;2b Q7
 T`QD2+i- r?2M vQm `2 MQi [mBi2 bm`2 v2i r?i ;Q2b r?2`2 Q` r?i FBM/
Q7 KQ/mH2b i?2 T`Q;`K M22/b i HH- A 2M/Q`b2  KBMBKHBbi- bi`m+im`2H2bb
iiBim/2X Cmbi Tmi 2p2`vi?BM; r?2`2p2` Bi Bb +QMp2MB2Mi iQ Tmi Bi mMiBH
i?2 +Q/2 bi#BHBx2bX h?i rv- vQm rQMǶi #2 rbiBM; iBK2 KQpBM; TB2+2b
Q7 i?2 T`Q;`K #+F M/ 7Q`i?- M/ vQm rQMǶi ++B/2MiHHv HQ+F vQm`b2H7
BMiQ  bi`m+im`2 i?i /Q2b MQi +imHHv }i vQm` T`Q;`KX

LK2bT+BM;
JQbi KQ/2`M T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2b ?p2  b+QT2 H2p2H #2ir22M ;HQ#H
U2p2`vQM2 +M b22 BiV M/ HQ+H UQMHv i?Bb 7mM+iBQM +M b22 BiVX Cpa+`BTi
/Q2b MQiX h?mb- #v /27mHi- 2p2`vi?BM; i?i M22/b iQ #2 pBbB#H2 QmibB/2
Q7 i?2 b+QT2 Q7  iQT@H2p2H 7mM+iBQM Bb pBbB#H2 2p2`vr?2`2X
LK2bT+2 TQHHmiBQM- i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7  HQi Q7 mM`2Hi2/ +Q/2 ?pBM; iQ
b?`2  bBM;H2 b2i Q7 ;HQ#H p`B#H2 MK2b- rb K2MiBQM2/ BM *?Ti2` 9-
r?2`2 i?2 Math Q#D2+i rb ;Bp2M b M 2tKTH2 Q7 M Q#D2+i i?i +ib HBF2
 KQ/mH2 #v ;`QmTBM; Ki?@`2Hi2/ 7mM+iBQMHBivX
h?Qm;? Cpa+`BTi T`QpB/2b MQ +imH KQ/mH2 +QMbi`m+i v2i- Q#D2+ib
+M #2 mb2/ iQ +`2i2 Tm#HB+Hv ++2bbB#H2 bm#MK2bT+2b- M/ 7mM+iBQMb
+M #2 mb2/ iQ +`2i2 M BbQHi2/- T`Bpi2 MK2bT+2 BMbB/2 Q7  KQ/mH2X
Gi2` BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- A rBHH /Bb+mbb  rv iQ #mBH/ `2bQM#Hv +QMp2@
MB2Mi- MK2bT+2@BbQHiBM; KQ/mH2b QM iQT Q7 i?2 T`BKBiBp2 +QM+2Tib i?i
Cpa+`BTi ;Bp2b mbX

_2mb2
AM  dz~iǴ T`QD2+i- r?B+? BbMǶi bi`m+im`2/ b  b2i Q7 KQ/mH2b- Bi Bb MQi
TT`2Mi r?B+? T`ib Q7 i?2 +Q/2 `2 M22/2/ iQ mb2  T`iB+mH` 7mM+iBQMX
AM Kv T`Q;`K 7Q` bTvBM; QM Kv 2M2KB2b Ub22 *?Ti2` NV- A r`Qi2 
7mM+iBQM 7Q` `2/BM; +QM};m`iBQM }H2bX A7 A rMi iQ mb2 i?i 7mM+iBQM BM
MQi?2` T`QD2+i- A Kmbi ;Q M/ +QTv Qmi i?2 T`ib Q7 i?2 QH/ T`Q;`K
i?i HQQF HBF2 i?2v `2 `2H2pMi iQ i?2 7mM+iBQMHBiv i?i A M22/ M/ Tbi2
i?2K BMiQ Kv M2r T`Q;`KX h?2M- B7 A }M/  KBbiF2 BM i?i +Q/2- AǶHH
}t Bi QMHv BM r?B+?2p2` T`Q;`K i?i AǶK rQ`FBM; rBi? i i?2 iBK2 M/

R3N
7Q`;2i iQ HbQ }t Bi BM i?2 Qi?2` T`Q;`KX
PM+2 vQm ?p2 HQib Q7 bm+? b?`2/- /mTHB+i2/ TB2+2b Q7 +Q/2- vQm rBHH
}M/ vQm`b2H7 rbiBM;  HQi Q7 iBK2 M/ 2M2`;v QM KQpBM; i?2K `QmM/
M/ F22TBM; i?2K mT@iQ@/i2X
SmiiBM; TB2+2b Q7 7mM+iBQMHBiv i?i biM/ QM i?2B` QrM BMiQ b2T`i2
}H2b M/ KQ/mH2b KF2b i?2K 2bB2` iQ i`+F- mT/i2- M/ b?`2 #2+mb2
HH i?2 p`BQmb TB2+2b Q7 +Q/2 i?i rMi iQ mb2 i?2 KQ/mH2 HQ/ Bi 7`QK
i?2 bK2 +imH }H2X
h?Bb B/2 ;2ib 2p2M KQ`2 TQr2`7mH r?2M i?2 `2HiBQMb #2ir22M KQ/mH2bě
r?B+? Qi?2` KQ/mH2b 2+? KQ/mH2 /2T2M/b QMě`2 2tTHB+BiHv bii2/X
uQm +M i?2M miQKi2 i?2 T`Q+2bb Q7 BMbiHHBM; M/ mT;`/BM; 2ti2`MH
KQ/mH2b UHB#``B2bVX
hFBM; i?Bb B/2 2p2M 7m`i?2`- BK;BM2 M QMHBM2 b2`pB+2 i?i i`+Fb
M/ /Bbi`B#mi2b ?mM/`2/b Q7 i?QmbM/b Q7 bm+? HB#``B2b- HHQrBM; vQm iQ
b2`+? 7Q` i?2 7mM+iBQMHBiv vQm M22/ M/- QM+2 vQm }M/ Bi- b2i mT vQm`
T`QD2+i iQ miQKiB+HHv /QrMHQ/ BiX
h?Bb b2`pB+2 2tBbibX Ai Bb +HH2/ LSJ UMTKDbXQ`;VX LSJ +QMbBbib Q7 M
QMHBM2 /i#b2 Q7 KQ/mH2b M/  iQQH 7Q` /QrMHQ/BM; M/ mT;`/BM;
i?2 KQ/mH2b vQm` T`Q;`K /2T2M/b QMX Ai ;`2r Qmi Q7 LQ/2XDb- i?2
#`Qrb2`H2bb Cpa+`BTi 2MpB`QMK2Mi r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb BM *?Ti2` ky- #mi
+M HbQ #2 mb27mH r?2M T`Q;`KKBM; 7Q` i?2 #`Qrb2`X

.2+QmTHBM;
MQi?2` BKTQ`iMi `QH2 Q7 KQ/mH2b Bb BbQHiBM; TB2+2b Q7 +Q/2 7`QK 2+?
Qi?2`- BM i?2 bK2 rv i?i i?2 Q#D2+i BMi2`7+2b 7`QK *?Ti2` e /QX 
r2HH@/2bB;M2/ KQ/mH2 rBHH T`QpB/2 M BMi2`7+2 7Q` 2ti2`MH +Q/2 iQ mb2X
b i?2 KQ/mH2 ;2ib mT/i2/ rBi? #m; }t2b M/ M2r 7mM+iBQMHBiv- i?2
2tBbiBM; BMi2`7+2 bivb i?2 bK2 UBi Bb bi#H2V bQ i?i Qi?2` KQ/mH2b +M
mb2 i?2 M2r- BKT`Qp2/ p2`bBQM rBi?Qmi Mv +?M;2b iQ i?2Kb2Hp2bX
LQi2 i?i  bi#H2 BMi2`7+2 /Q2b MQi K2M MQ M2r 7mM+iBQMb- K2i?Q/b-
Q` p`B#H2b `2 //2/X Ai Dmbi K2Mb i?i 2tBbiBM; 7mM+iBQMHBiv BbMǶi
`2KQp2/ M/ Bib K2MBM; Bb MQi +?M;2/X
 ;QQ/ KQ/mH2 BMi2`7+2 b?QmH/ HHQr i?2 KQ/mH2 iQ ;`Qr rBi?Qmi
#`2FBM; i?2 QH/ BMi2`7+2X h?Bb K2Mb 2tTQbBM; b 72r Q7 i?2 KQ/mH2Ƕb
BMi2`MH +QM+2Tib b TQbbB#H2 r?BH2 HbQ KFBM; i?2 dzHM;m;2Ǵ i?i i?2
BMi2`7+2 2tTQb2b TQr2`7mH M/ ~2tB#H2 2MQm;? iQ #2 TTHB+#H2 BM  rB/2

RNy
`M;2 Q7 bBimiBQMbX
6Q` BMi2`7+2b i?i 2tTQb2  bBM;H2- 7Q+mb2/ +QM+2Ti- bm+? b  +QM};m@
`iBQM }H2 `2/2`- i?Bb /2bB;M +QK2b Mim`HHvX 6Q` Qi?2`b- bm+? b  i2ti
2/BiQ`- r?B+? ?b KMv /Bz2`2Mi bT2+ib i?i 2ti2`MH +Q/2 KB;?i M22/
iQ ++2bb U+QMi2Mi- bivHBM;- mb2` +iBQMb- M/ bQ QMV- Bi `2[mB`2b +`27mH
/2bB;MX

lbBM; 7mM+iBQMb b MK2bT+2b

6mM+iBQMb `2 i?2 QMHv i?BM;b BM Cpa+`BTi i?i +`2i2  M2r b+QT2X aQ
B7 r2 rMi Qm` KQ/mH2b iQ ?p2 i?2B` QrM b+QT2- r2 rBHH ?p2 iQ #b2
i?2K QM 7mM+iBQMbX
*QMbB/2` i?Bb i`BpBH KQ/mH2 7Q` bbQ+BiBM; MK2b rBi? /v@Q7@i?2@
r22F MmK#2`b- b `2im`M2/ #v  Date Q#D2+iǶb getDay K2i?Q/,
var names = [" Sunday " , " Monday " , " Tuesday ", " Wednesday ",
" Thursday " , " Friday " , " Saturday "];
function dayName ( number ) {
return names [ number ];
}

console . log ( dayName (1) ) ;

// → Monday

h?2 dayName 7mM+iBQM Bb T`i Q7 i?2 KQ/mH2Ƕb BMi2`7+2- #mi i?2 names p`B@
#H2 Bb MQiX q2 rQmH/ T`272` MQi iQ bTBHH Bi BMiQ i?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2X
q2 +M /Q i?Bb,
var dayName = function () {
var names = [" Sunday " , " Monday ", " Tuesday " , " Wednesday " ,
" Thursday " , " Friday " , " Saturday "];
return function ( number ) {
return names [ number ];
};
}() ;

console . log ( dayName (3) ) ;

// → Wednesday

LQr names Bb  HQ+H p`B#H2 BM M UmMMK2/V 7mM+iBQMX h?Bb 7mM+iBQM Bb

RNR
+`2i2/ M/ BKK2/Bi2Hv +HH2/- M/ Bib `2im`M pHm2 Ui?2 +imH dayName
7mM+iBQMV Bb biQ`2/ BM  p`B#H2X q2 +QmH/ ?p2 T;2b M/ T;2b Q7 +Q/2
BM i?Bb 7mM+iBQM- rBi? Ryy HQ+H p`B#H2b- M/ i?2v rQmH/ HH #2 BMi2`MH
iQ Qm` KQ/mH2ěpBbB#H2 iQ i?2 KQ/mH2 Bib2H7 #mi MQi iQ QmibB/2 +Q/2X
q2 +M mb2  bBKBH` Tii2`M iQ BbQHi2 +Q/2 7`QK i?2 QmibB/2 rQ`H/
2MiB`2HvX h?2 7QHHQrBM; KQ/mH2 HQ;b  pHm2 iQ i?2 +QMbQH2 #mi /Q2b MQi
+imHHv T`QpB/2 Mv pHm2b 7Q` Qi?2` KQ/mH2b iQ mb2,
( function () {
function square ( x ) { return x * x ; }
var hundred = 100;

console . log ( square ( hundred )) ;

}) () ;
// → 10000

h?Bb +Q/2 bBKTHv QmiTmib i?2 b[m`2 Q7 Ryy- #mi BM i?2 `2H rQ`H/ Bi +QmH/
#2  KQ/mH2 i?i //b  K2i?Q/ iQ bQK2 T`QiQivT2 Q` b2ib mT  rB/;2i
QM  r2# T;2X Ai Bb r`TT2/ BM  7mM+iBQM iQ T`2p2Mi i?2 p`B#H2b Bi
mb2b BMi2`MHHv 7`QK TQHHmiBM; i?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2X
q?v /B/ r2 r`T i?2 MK2bT+2 7mM+iBQM BM  TB` Q7 T`2Mi?2b2b\
h?Bb ?b iQ /Q rBi?  [mB`F BM Cpa+`BTiǶb bvMitX A7 M 2tT`2bbBQM
bi`ib rBi? i?2 F2vrQ`/ function- Bi Bb  7mM+iBQM 2tT`2bbBQMX >Qr2p2`-
B7  bii2K2Mi bi`ib rBi? function- Bi Bb  7mM+iBQM /2+H`iBQM- r?B+?
`2[mB`2b  MK2 M/- MQi #2BM; M 2tT`2bbBQM- +MMQi #2 +HH2/ #v r`BiBM;
T`2Mi?2b2b 7i2` BiX uQm +M i?BMF Q7 i?2 2ti` r`TTBM; T`2Mi?2b2b b
 i`B+F iQ 7Q`+2 i?2 7mM+iBQM iQ #2 BMi2`T`2i2/ b M 2tT`2bbBQMX

P#D2+ib b BMi2`7+2b
LQr BK;BM2 i?i r2 rMi iQ // MQi?2` 7mM+iBQM iQ Qm` /v@Q7@i?2@
r22F KQ/mH2- QM2 i?i ;Q2b 7`QK  /v MK2 iQ  MmK#2`X q2 +MǶi
bBKTHv `2im`M i?2 7mM+iBQM MvKQ`2 #mi Kmbi r`T i?2 irQ 7mM+iBQMb BM
M Q#D2+iX
var weekDay = function () {
var names = [" Sunday " , " Monday ", " Tuesday " , " Wednesday " ,
" Thursday " , " Friday " , " Saturday "];
return {

RNk
 name : function ( number ) { return names [ number ]; },
number : function ( name ) { return names . indexOf ( name ) ; }
};
}() ;

console . log ( weekDay . name ( weekDay . number (" Sunday ") ) ) ;

// → Sunday

6Q` #B;;2` KQ/mH2b- ;i?2`BM; HH i?2 2tTQ`i2/ pHm2b BMiQ M Q#D2+i i
i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 7mM+iBQM #2+QK2b rFr`/ bBM+2 KMv Q7 i?2 2tTQ`i2/
7mM+iBQMb `2 HBF2Hv iQ #2 #B; M/ vQmǶ/ T`272` iQ r`Bi2 i?2K bQK2r?2`2
2Hb2- M2` `2Hi2/ BMi2`MH +Q/2X  +QMp2MB2Mi Hi2`MiBp2 Bb iQ /2+H`2
M Q#D2+i U+QMp2MiBQMHHv MK2/ exportsV M/ // T`QT2`iB2b iQ i?i
r?2M2p2` r2 `2 /2}MBM; bQK2i?BM; i?i M22/b iQ #2 2tTQ`i2/X AM i?2
7QHHQrBM; 2tKTH2- i?2 KQ/mH2 7mM+iBQM iF2b Bib BMi2`7+2 Q#D2+i b M
`;mK2Mi- HHQrBM; +Q/2 QmibB/2 Q7 i?2 7mM+iBQM iQ +`2i2 Bi M/ biQ`2
Bi BM  p`B#H2X UPmibB/2 Q7  7mM+iBQM- this `272`b iQ i?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2
Q#D2+iXV
( function ( exports ) {
var names = [" Sunday " , " Monday ", " Tuesday " , " Wednesday " ,
" Thursday " , " Friday " , " Saturday "];

exports . name = function ( number ) {

return names [ number ];
};
exports . number = function ( name ) {
return names . indexOf ( name ) ;
};
}) ( this . weekDay = {}) ;

console . log ( weekDay . name ( weekDay . number (" Saturday ") ) ) ;

// → Saturday

.2i+?BM; 7`QK i?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2

h?2 T`2pBQmb Tii2`M Bb +QKKQMHv mb2/ #v Cpa+`BTi KQ/mH2b BMi2M/2/
7Q` i?2 #`Qrb2`X h?2 KQ/mH2 rBHH +HBK  bBM;H2 ;HQ#H p`B#H2 M/ r`T
Bib +Q/2 BM  7mM+iBQM BM Q`/2` iQ ?p2 Bib QrM T`Bpi2 MK2bT+2X "mi

RNj
i?Bb Tii2`M biBHH +mb2b T`Q#H2Kb B7 KmHiBTH2 KQ/mH2b ?TT2M iQ +HBK
i?2 bK2 MK2 Q` B7 vQm rMi iQ HQ/ irQ p2`bBQMb Q7  KQ/mH2 HQM;bB/2
2+? Qi?2`X
qBi?  HBiiH2 THmK#BM;- r2 +M +`2i2  bvbi2K i?i HHQrb QM2 KQ/mH2
iQ /B`2+iHv bF 7Q` i?2 BMi2`7+2 Q#D2+i Q7 MQi?2` KQ/mH2- rBi?Qmi ;QBM;
i?`Qm;? i?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2X Pm` ;QH Bb  require 7mM+iBQM i?i- r?2M
;Bp2M  KQ/mH2 MK2- rBHH HQ/ i?i KQ/mH2Ƕb }H2 U7`QK /BbF Q` i?2 q2#-
/2T2M/BM; QM i?2 THi7Q`K r2 `2 `mMMBM; QMV M/ `2im`M i?2 TT`QT`Bi2
BMi2`7+2 pHm2X
h?Bb TT`Q+? bQHp2b i?2 T`Q#H2Kb K2MiBQM2/ T`2pBQmbHv M/ ?b i?2
//2/ #2M2}i Q7 KFBM; vQm` T`Q;`KǶb /2T2M/2M+B2b 2tTHB+Bi- KFBM;
Bi ?`/2` iQ ++B/2MiHHv KF2 mb2 Q7 bQK2 KQ/mH2 rBi?Qmi biiBM; i?i
vQm M22/ BiX
6Q` require r2 M22/ irQ i?BM;bX 6B`bi- r2 rMi  7mM+iBQM readFile-
r?B+? `2im`Mb i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7  ;Bp2M }H2 b  bi`BM;X U bBM;H2 bm+?
7mM+iBQM Bb MQi T`2b2Mi BM biM/`/ Cpa+`BTi- #mi /Bz2`2Mi Cpa+`BTi
2MpB`QMK2Mib- bm+? b i?2 #`Qrb2` M/ LQ/2XDb- T`QpB/2 i?2B` QrM rvb
Q7 ++2bbBM; }H2bX 6Q` MQr- H2iǶb Dmbi T`2i2M/ r2 ?p2 i?Bb 7mM+iBQMXV
a2+QM/- r2 M22/ iQ #2 #H2 iQ +imHHv 2t2+mi2 i?Bb bi`BM; b Cpa+`BTi
+Q/2X

1pHmiBM; /i b +Q/2

h?2`2 `2 b2p2`H rvb iQ iF2 /i U bi`BM; Q7 +Q/2V M/ `mM Bi b T`i
Q7 i?2 +m``2Mi T`Q;`KX
h?2 KQbi Q#pBQmb rv Bb i?2 bT2+BH QT2`iQ` eval- r?B+? rBHH 2t2+mi2
 bi`BM; Q7 +Q/2 BM i?2 +m``2Mi b+QT2X h?Bb Bb mbmHHv  #/ B/2 #2+mb2
Bi #`2Fb bQK2 Q7 i?2 bM2 T`QT2`iB2b i?i b+QT2b MQ`KHHv ?p2- bm+? b
#2BM; BbQHi2/ 7`QK i?2 QmibB/2 rQ`H/X
function evalAndReturnX ( code ) {
eval ( code ) ;
return x ;
}

console . log ( evalAndReturnX (" var x = 2") ) ;

// → 2

RN9
 #2ii2` rv Q7 BMi2`T`2iBM; /i b +Q/2 Bb iQ mb2 i?2 Function +QMbi`m+@
iQ`X h?Bb iF2b irQ `;mK2Mib,  bi`BM; +QMiBMBM;  +QKK@b2T`i2/
HBbi Q7 `;mK2Mi MK2b M/  bi`BM; +QMiBMBM; i?2 7mM+iBQMǶb #Q/vX
var plusOne = new Function (" n ", " return n + 1;") ;
console . log ( plusOne (4) ) ;
// → 5

h?Bb Bb T`2+Bb2Hv r?i r2 M22/ 7Q` Qm` KQ/mH2bX q2 +M r`T  KQ/mH2Ƕb
+Q/2 BM  7mM+iBQM- rBi? i?i 7mM+iBQMǶb b+QT2 #2+QKBM; Qm` KQ/mH2
b+QT2X

_2[mB`2
h?2 7QHHQrBM; Bb  KBMBKH BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 require,
function require ( name ) {
var code = new Function (" exports ", readFile ( name ) ) ;
var exports = {};
code ( exports ) ;
return exports ;
}

console . log ( require (" weekDay ") . name (1) ) ;

// → Monday

aBM+2 i?2 new Function +QMbi`m+iQ` r`Tb i?2 KQ/mH2 +Q/2 BM  7mM+iBQM-
r2 /QMǶi ?p2 iQ r`Bi2  r`TTBM; MK2bT+2 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 KQ/mH2 }H2
Bib2H7X M/ bBM+2 r2 KF2 exports M `;mK2Mi iQ i?2 KQ/mH2 7mM+iBQM-
i?2 KQ/mH2 /Q2b MQi ?p2 iQ /2+H`2 BiX h?Bb `2KQp2b  HQi Q7 +Hmii2`
7`QK Qm` 2tKTH2 KQ/mH2X
var names = [" Sunday " , " Monday " , " Tuesday ", " Wednesday ",
" Thursday " , " Friday " , " Saturday "];

exports . name = function ( number ) {

return names [ number ];
};
exports . number = function ( name ) {
return names . indexOf ( name );
};

RN8
q?2M mbBM; i?Bb Tii2`M-  KQ/mH2 ivTB+HHv bi`ib rBi?  72r p`B#H2
/2+H`iBQMb i?i HQ/ i?2 KQ/mH2b Bi /2T2M/b QMX
var weekDay = require (" weekDay ") ;
var today = require (" today ") ;

console . log ( weekDay . name ( today . dayNumber () ) ) ;

h?2 bBKTHBbiB+ BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 require ;Bp2M T`2pBQmbHv ?b b2p2`H

T`Q#H2KbX 6Q` QM2- Bi rBHH HQ/ M/ `mM  KQ/mH2 2p2`v iBK2 Bi Bb require
/- bQ B7 b2p2`H KQ/mH2b ?p2 i?2 bK2 /2T2M/2M+v Q`  require +HH Bb
Tmi BMbB/2  7mM+iBQM i?i rBHH #2 +HH2/ KmHiBTH2 iBK2b- iBK2 M/ 2M2`;v
rBHH #2 rbi2/X
h?Bb +M #2 bQHp2/ #v biQ`BM; i?2 KQ/mH2b i?i ?p2 H`2/v #22M
HQ/2/ BM M Q#D2+i M/ bBKTHv `2im`MBM; i?2 2tBbiBM; pHm2 r?2M QM2 Bb
HQ/2/ KmHiBTH2 iBK2bX
h?2 b2+QM/ T`Q#H2K Bb i?i Bi Bb MQi TQbbB#H2 7Q`  KQ/mH2 iQ /B`2+iHv
2tTQ`i  pHm2 Qi?2` i?M i?2 exports Q#D2+i- bm+? b  7mM+iBQMX 6Q`
2tKTH2-  KQ/mH2 KB;?i rMi iQ 2tTQ`i QMHv i?2 +QMbi`m+iQ` Q7 i?2
Q#D2+i ivT2 Bi /2}M2bX _B;?i MQr- Bi +MMQi /Q i?i #2+mb2 require
Hrvb mb2b i?2 exports Q#D2+i Bi +`2i2b b i?2 2tTQ`i2/ pHm2X
h?2 i`/BiBQMH bQHmiBQM 7Q` i?Bb Bb iQ T`QpB/2 KQ/mH2b rBi? MQi?2`
p`B#H2- module- r?B+? Bb M Q#D2+i i?i ?b  T`QT2`iv exportsX h?Bb
T`QT2`iv BMBiBHHv TQBMib i i?2 2KTiv Q#D2+i +`2i2/ #v require #mi +M
#2 Qp2`r`Bii2M rBi? MQi?2` pHm2 BM Q`/2` iQ 2tTQ`i bQK2i?BM; 2Hb2X
function require ( name ) {
if ( name in require . cache )
return require . cache [ name ];

var code = new Function (" exports , module " , readFile ( name ) ) ;
var exports = {} , module = { exports : exports };
code ( exports , module ) ;

require . cache [ name ] = module . exports ;

return module . exports ;
}
require . cache = Object . create ( null );

RNe
q2 MQr ?p2  KQ/mH2 bvbi2K i?i mb2b  bBM;H2 ;HQ#H p`B#H2 UrequireV
iQ HHQr KQ/mH2b iQ }M/ M/ mb2 2+? Qi?2` rBi?Qmi ;QBM; i?`Qm;? i?2
;HQ#H b+QT2X
h?Bb bivH2 Q7 KQ/mH2 bvbi2K Bb +HH2/ *QKKQMCa KQ/mH2b- 7i2` i?2
Tb2m/Q@biM/`/ i?i }`bi bT2+B}2/ BiX Ai Bb #mBHi BMiQ i?2 LQ/2XDb bvb@
i2KX _2H BKTH2K2MiiBQMb /Q  HQi KQ`2 i?M i?2 2tKTH2 A b?Qr2/X
JQbi BKTQ`iMiHv- i?2v ?p2  Km+? KQ`2 BMi2HHB;2Mi rv Q7 ;QBM; 7`QK
 KQ/mH2 MK2 iQ M +imH TB2+2 Q7 +Q/2- HHQrBM; #Qi? Ti?MK2b `2H@
iBp2 iQ i?2 +m``2Mi }H2 M/ KQ/mH2 MK2b i?i TQBMi /B`2+iHv iQ HQ+HHv
BMbiHH2/ KQ/mH2bX

aHQr@HQ/BM; KQ/mH2b
h?Qm;? Bi Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ mb2 i?2 *QKKQMCa KQ/mH2 bivH2 r?2M r`BiBM;
Cpa+`BTi 7Q` i?2 #`Qrb2`- Bi Bb bQK2r?i BMpQHp2/X h?2 `2bQM 7Q` i?Bb
Bb i?i `2/BM;  }H2 UKQ/mH2V 7`QK i?2 q2# Bb  HQi bHQr2` i?M `2/BM;
Bi 7`QK i?2 ?`/ /BbFX q?BH2  b+`BTi Bb `mMMBM; BM i?2 #`Qrb2`- MQi?BM;
2Hb2 +M ?TT2M iQ i?2 r2#bBi2 QM r?B+? Bi `mMb- 7Q` `2bQMb i?i rBHH
#2+QK2 +H2` BM *?Ti2` R9X h?Bb K2Mb i?i B7 2p2`v require +HH r2Mi
M/ 72i+?2/ bQK2i?BM; 7`QK bQK2 7`rv r2# b2`p2`- i?2 T;2 rQmH/
7`22x2 7Q`  TBM7mHHv HQM; iBK2 r?BH2 HQ/BM; Bib b+`BTibX
PM2 rv iQ rQ`F `QmM/ i?Bb T`Q#H2K Bb iQ `mM  T`Q;`K HBF2 "`Qrb2`@
B7v QM vQm` +Q/2 #27Q`2 vQm b2`p2 Bi QM  r2# T;2X h?Bb rBHH HQQF 7Q`
+HHb iQ require- `2bQHp2 HH /2T2M/2M+B2b- M/ ;i?2` i?2 M22/2/ +Q/2 BMiQ
 bBM;H2 #B; }H2X h?2 r2#bBi2 Bib2H7 +M bBKTHv HQ/ i?Bb }H2 iQ ;2i HH i?2
KQ/mH2b Bi M22/bX
MQi?2` bQHmiBQM Bb iQ r`T i?2 +Q/2 i?i KF2b mT vQm` KQ/mH2 BM 
7mM+iBQM bQ i?i i?2 KQ/mH2 HQ/2` +M }`bi HQ/ Bib /2T2M/2M+B2b BM i?2
#+F;`QmM/ M/ i?2M +HH i?2 7mM+iBQM- BMBiBHBxBM; i?2 KQ/mH2- r?2M i?2
/2T2M/2M+B2b ?p2 #22M HQ/2/X h?i Bb r?i i?2 bvM+?`QMQmb JQ/mH2
.2}MBiBQM UJ.V KQ/mH2 bvbi2K /Q2bX
Pm` i`BpBH T`Q;`K rBi? /2T2M/2M+B2b rQmH/ HQQF HBF2 i?Bb BM J.,
define ([" weekDay " , " today "] , function ( weekDay , today ) {
console . log ( weekDay . name ( today . dayNumber () ) ) ;
}) ;

RNd
h?2 define 7mM+iBQM Bb +2Mi`H iQ i?Bb TT`Q+?X Ai iF2b }`bi M ``v
Q7 KQ/mH2 MK2b M/ i?2M  7mM+iBQM i?i iF2b QM2 `;mK2Mi 7Q` 2+?
/2T2M/2M+vX Ai rBHH HQ/ i?2 /2T2M/2M+B2b UB7 i?2v ?p2MǶi H`2/v #22M
HQ/2/V BM i?2 #+F;`QmM/- HHQrBM; i?2 T;2 iQ +QMiBMm2 rQ`FBM; r?BH2
i?2 }H2b `2 #2BM; 72i+?2/X PM+2 HH /2T2M/2M+B2b `2 HQ/2/- define rBHH
+HH i?2 7mM+iBQM Bi rb ;Bp2M- rBi? i?2 BMi2`7+2b Q7 i?Qb2 /2T2M/2M+B2b
b `;mK2MibX
h?2 KQ/mH2b i?i `2 HQ/2/ i?Bb rv Kmbi i?2Kb2Hp2b +QMiBM  +HH
iQ defineX h?2 pHm2 mb2/ b i?2B` BMi2`7+2 Bb r?i2p2` rb `2im`M2/ #v
i?2 7mM+iBQM Tbb2/ iQ defineX >2`2 Bb i?2 weekDay KQ/mH2 ;BM,
define ([] , function () {
var names = [" Sunday " , " Monday ", " Tuesday " , " Wednesday " ,
" Thursday " , " Friday " , " Saturday "];
return {
name : function ( number ) { return names [ number ]; },
number : function ( name ) { return names . indexOf ( name ) ; }
};
}) ;

hQ #2 #H2 iQ b?Qr  KBMBKH BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 define- r2 rBHH T`2i2M/

r2 ?p2  backgroundReadFile 7mM+iBQM i?i iF2b  }H2MK2 M/  7mM+iBQM
M/ +HHb i?2 7mM+iBQM rBi? i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 }H2 b bQQM b Bi ?b }MBb?2/
HQ/BM; BiX U*?Ti2` Rd rBHH 2tTHBM ?Qr iQ r`Bi2 i?i 7mM+iBQMXV
6Q` i?2 Tm`TQb2 Q7 F22TBM; i`+F Q7 KQ/mH2b r?BH2 i?2v `2 #2BM;
HQ/2/- i?2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 define rBHH mb2 Q#D2+ib i?i /2b+`B#2 i?2
bii2 Q7 KQ/mH2b- i2HHBM; mb r?2i?2` i?2v `2 pBH#H2 v2i M/ T`QpB/BM;
i?2B` BMi2`7+2 r?2M i?2v `2X
h?2 getModule 7mM+iBQM- r?2M ;Bp2M  MK2- rBHH `2im`M bm+? M Q#D2+i
M/ 2Mbm`2 i?i i?2 KQ/mH2 Bb b+?2/mH2/ iQ #2 HQ/2/X Ai mb2b  ++?2
Q#D2+i iQ pQB/ HQ/BM; i?2 bK2 KQ/mH2 irB+2X
var defineCache = Object . create ( null );
var currentMod = null ;

function getModule ( name ) {

if ( name in defineCache )
return defineCache [ name ];

var module = { exports : null ,

RN3
 loaded : false ,
onLoad : []};
defineCache [ name ] = module ;
backgroundReadFile ( name , function ( code ) {
currentMod = module ;
new Function ("" , code ) () ;
}) ;
return module ;
}

q2 bbmK2 i?2 HQ/2/ }H2 HbQ +QMiBMb  UbBM;H2V +HH iQ defineX h?2
currentMod p`B#H2 Bb mb2/ iQ i2HH i?Bb +HH #Qmi i?2 KQ/mH2 Q#D2+i i?i
Bb +m``2MiHv #2BM; HQ/2/ bQ i?i Bi +M mT/i2 i?Bb Q#D2+i r?2M Bi }MBb?2b
HQ/BM;X q2 rBHH +QK2 #+F iQ i?Bb K2+?MBbK BM  KQK2MiX
h?2 define 7mM+iBQM Bib2H7 mb2b getModule iQ 72i+? Q` +`2i2 i?2 KQ/mH2
Q#D2+ib 7Q` i?2 +m``2Mi KQ/mH2Ƕb /2T2M/2M+B2bX Aib ibF Bb iQ b+?2/mH2
i?2 moduleFunction Ui?2 7mM+iBQM i?i +QMiBMb i?2 KQ/mH2Ƕb +imH +Q/2V
iQ #2 `mM r?2M2p2` i?Qb2 /2T2M/2M+B2b `2 HQ/2/X 6Q` i?Bb Tm`TQb2- Bi
/2}M2b  7mM+iBQM whenDepsLoaded i?i Bb //2/ iQ i?2 onLoad ``v Q7 HH
/2T2M/2M+B2b i?i `2 MQi v2i HQ/2/X h?Bb 7mM+iBQM BKK2/Bi2Hv `2im`Mb
B7 i?2`2 `2 biBHH mMHQ/2/ /2T2M/2M+B2b- bQ Bi rBHH /Q +imH rQ`F QMHv
QM+2- r?2M i?2 Hbi /2T2M/2M+v ?b }MBb?2/ HQ/BM;X Ai Bb HbQ +HH2/
BKK2/Bi2Hv- 7`QK define Bib2H7- BM +b2 i?2`2 `2 MQ /2T2M/2M+B2b i?i
M22/ iQ #2 HQ/2/X
function define ( depNames , moduleFunction ) {
var myMod = currentMod ;
var deps = depNames . map ( getModule ) ;

deps . forEach ( function ( mod ) {

if (! mod . loaded )
mod . onLoad . push ( whenDepsLoaded );
}) ;

function whenDepsLoaded () {
if (! deps . every ( function ( m ) { return m . loaded ; }) )
return ;

var args = deps . map ( function ( m ) { return m. exports ; }) ;

var exports = moduleFunction . apply ( null , args );
if ( myMod ) {

RNN
 myMod . exports = exports ;
myMod . loaded = true ;
myMod . onLoad . forEach ( function (f) { f () ; }) ;
}
}
whenDepsLoaded () ;
}

q?2M HH /2T2M/2M+B2b `2 pBH#H2- whenDepsLoaded +HHb i?2 7mM+iBQM i?i
?QH/b i?2 KQ/mH2- ;BpBM; Bi i?2 /2T2M/2M+B2bǶ BMi2`7+2b b `;mK2MibX
h?2 }`bi i?BM; define /Q2b Bb biQ`2 i?2 pHm2 i?i currentMod ?/ r?2M
Bi rb +HH2/ BM  p`B#H2 myModX _2K2K#2` i?i getModule- Dmbi #27Q`2
2pHmiBM; i?2 +Q/2 7Q`  KQ/mH2- biQ`2/ i?2 +Q``2bTQM/BM; KQ/mH2 Q#D2+i
BM currentModX h?Bb HHQrb whenDepsLoaded iQ biQ`2 i?2 `2im`M pHm2 Q7 i?2
KQ/mH2 7mM+iBQM BM i?i KQ/mH2Ƕb exports T`QT2`iv- b2i i?2 KQ/mH2Ƕb loaded
T`QT2`iv iQ i`m2- M/ +HH HH i?2 7mM+iBQMb i?i `2 rBiBM; 7Q` i?2 KQ/mH2
iQ HQ/X
h?Bb +Q/2 Bb  HQi ?`/2` iQ 7QHHQr i?M i?2 require 7mM+iBQMX Aib 2t@
2+miBQM /Q2b MQi 7QHHQr  bBKTH2- T`2/B+i#H2 Ti?X AMbi2/- KmHiBTH2
QT2`iBQMb `2 b2i mT iQ ?TT2M i bQK2 mMbT2+B}2/ iBK2 BM i?2 7mim`2-
r?B+? Q#b+m`2b i?2 rv i?2 +Q/2 2t2+mi2bX
 `2H J. BKTH2K2MiiBQM Bb- ;BM- [mBi2  HQi KQ`2 +H2p2` #Qmi
`2bQHpBM; KQ/mH2 MK2b iQ +imH l_Gb M/ ;2M2`HHv KQ`2 `Q#mbi i?M
i?2 QM2 b?QrM T`2pBQmbHvX h?2 _2[mB`2Ca U`2[mB`2DbXQ`;V T`QD2+i T`QpB/2b
 TQTmH` BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 i?Bb bivH2 Q7 KQ/mH2 HQ/2`X

AMi2`7+2 /2bB;M
.2bB;MBM; BMi2`7+2b 7Q` KQ/mH2b M/ Q#D2+i ivT2b Bb QM2 Q7 i?2 bm#iH2`
bT2+ib Q7 T`Q;`KKBM;X Mv MQMi`BpBH TB2+2 Q7 7mM+iBQMHBiv +M #2
KQ/2H2/ BM p`BQmb rvbX 6BM/BM;  rv i?i rQ`Fb r2HH `2[mB`2b BMbB;?i
M/ 7Q`2bB;?iX
h?2 #2bi rv iQ H2`M i?2 pHm2 Q7 ;QQ/ BMi2`7+2 /2bB;M Bb iQ mb2 HQib
Q7 BMi2`7+2běbQK2 ;QQ/- bQK2 #/X 1tT2`B2M+2 rBHH i2+? vQm r?i
rQ`Fb M/ r?i /Q2bMǶiX L2p2` bbmK2 i?i  TBM7mH BMi2`7+2 Bb dzDmbi
i?2 rv Bi BbǴX 6Bt Bi- Q` r`T Bi BM  M2r BMi2`7+2 i?i rQ`Fb #2ii2` 7Q`
vQmX

kyy
S`2/B+i#BHBiv
A7 T`Q;`KK2`b +M T`2/B+i i?2 rv vQm` BMi2`7+2 rQ`Fb- i?2v UQ` vQmV
rQMǶi ;2i bB/2i`+F2/ b Q7i2M #v i?2 M22/ iQ HQQF mT ?Qr iQ mb2 BiX h?mb-
i`v iQ 7QHHQr +QMp2MiBQMbX q?2M i?2`2 Bb MQi?2` KQ/mH2 Q` T`i Q7 i?2
biM/`/ Cpa+`BTi 2MpB`QMK2Mi i?i /Q2b bQK2i?BM; bBKBH` iQ r?i
vQm `2 BKTH2K2MiBM;- Bi KB;?i #2  ;QQ/ B/2 iQ KF2 vQm` BMi2`7+2
`2b2K#H2 i?2 2tBbiBM; BMi2`7+2X h?i rv- BiǶHH 722H 7KBHB` iQ T2QTH2
r?Q FMQr i?2 2tBbiBM; BMi2`7+2X
MQi?2` `2 r?2`2 T`2/B+i#BHBiv Bb BKTQ`iMi Bb i?2 +imH #2?pBQ` Q7
vQm` +Q/2X Ai +M #2 i2KTiBM; iQ KF2 M mMM2+2bb`BHv +H2p2` BMi2`7+2
rBi? i?2 DmbiB}+iBQM i?i BiǶb KQ`2 +QMp2MB2Mi iQ mb2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- vQm
+QmH/ ++2Ti HH FBM/b Q7 /Bz2`2Mi ivT2b M/ +QK#BMiBQMb Q7 `;mK2Mib
M/ /Q i?2 dz`B;?i i?BM;Ǵ 7Q` HH Q7 i?2KX P` vQm +QmH/ T`QpB/2 /Qx2Mb Q7
bT2+BHBx2/ +QMp2MB2M+2 7mM+iBQMb i?i T`QpB/2 bHB;?iHv /Bz2`2Mi ~pQ`b
Q7 vQm` KQ/mH2Ƕb 7mM+iBQMHBivX h?2b2 KB;?i KF2 +Q/2 i?i #mBH/b QM
vQm` BMi2`7+2 bHB;?iHv b?Q`i2`- #mi i?2v rBHH HbQ KF2 Bi Km+? ?`/2`
7Q` T2QTH2 iQ #mBH/  +H2` K2MiH KQ/2H Q7 i?2 KQ/mH2Ƕb #2?pBQ`X

*QKTQb#BHBiv
AM vQm` BMi2`7+2b- i`v iQ mb2 i?2 bBKTH2bi /i bi`m+im`2b TQbbB#H2 M/
KF2 7mM+iBQMb /Q  bBM;H2- +H2` i?BM;X q?2M2p2` T`+iB+H- KF2 i?2K
Tm`2 7mM+iBQMb Ub22 *?Ti2` jVX
6Q` 2tKTH2- Bi Bb MQi mM+QKKQM 7Q` KQ/mH2b iQ T`QpB/2 i?2B` QrM
``v@HBF2 +QHH2+iBQM Q#D2+ib- rBi? i?2B` QrM BMi2`7+2 7Q` +QmMiBM; M/
2ti`+iBM; 2H2K2MibX am+? Q#D2+ib rQMǶi ?p2 map Q` forEach K2i?Q/b-
M/ Mv 2tBbiBM; 7mM+iBQM i?i 2tT2+ib  `2H ``v rQMǶi #2 #H2 iQ
rQ`F rBi? i?2KX h?Bb Bb M 2tKTH2 Q7 TQQ` +QKTQb#BHBivěi?2 KQ/mH2
+MMQi #2 2bBHv +QKTQb2/ rBi? Qi?2` +Q/2X
PM2 2tKTH2 rQmH/ #2  KQ/mH2 7Q` bT2HH@+?2+FBM; i2ti- r?B+? r2
KB;?i M22/ r?2M r2 rMi iQ r`Bi2  i2ti 2/BiQ`X h?2 bT2HH@+?2+F2` +QmH/
#2 K/2 iQ QT2`i2 /B`2+iHv QM r?B+?2p2` +QKTHB+i2/ /i bi`m+im`2b
i?2 2/BiQ` mb2b M/ /B`2+iHv +HH BMi2`MH 7mM+iBQMb BM i?2 2/BiQ` iQ ?p2
i?2 mb2` +?QQb2 #2ir22M bT2HHBM; bm;;2biBQMbX A7 r2 ;Q i?i rv- i?2
KQ/mH2 +MMQi #2 mb2/ rBi? Mv Qi?2` T`Q;`KbX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/-
B7 r2 /2}M2 i?2 bT2HH@+?2+FBM; BMi2`7+2 bQ i?i vQm +M Tbb Bi  bBKTH2

kyR
bi`BM; M/ Bi rBHH `2im`M i?2 TQbBiBQM BM i?2 bi`BM; r?2`2 Bi 7QmM/ 
TQbbB#H2 KBbbT2HHBM;- HQM; rBi? M ``v Q7 bm;;2bi2/ +Q``2+iBQMb- i?2M
r2 ?p2 M BMi2`7+2 i?i +QmH/ HbQ #2 +QKTQb2/ rBi? Qi?2` bvbi2Kb
#2+mb2 bi`BM;b M/ ``vb `2 Hrvb pBH#H2 BM Cpa+`BTiX

Gv2`2/ BMi2`7+2b
q?2M /2bB;MBM; M BMi2`7+2 7Q`  +QKTH2t TB2+2 Q7 7mM+iBQMHBivěb2M/BM;
2KBH- 7Q` 2tKTH2ěvQm Q7i2M `mM BMiQ  /BH2KKX PM i?2 QM2 ?M/-
vQm /Q MQi rMi iQ Qp2`HQ/ i?2 mb2` Q7 vQm` BMi2`7+2 rBi? /2iBHbX h?2v
b?QmH/MǶi ?p2 iQ bim/v vQm` BMi2`7+2 7Q` ky KBMmi2b #27Q`2 i?2v +M
b2M/ M 2KBHX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- vQm /Q MQi rMi iQ ?B/2 HH i?2 /2iBHb
2Bi?2`ěr?2M T2QTH2 M22/ iQ /Q +QKTHB+i2/ i?BM;b rBi? vQm` KQ/mH2-
i?2v b?QmH/ #2 #H2 iQX
P7i2M i?2 bQHmiBQM Bb iQ T`QpB/2 irQ BMi2`7+2b,  /2iBH2/ HQr@H2p2H QM2
7Q` +QKTH2t bBimiBQMb M/  bBKTH2 ?B;?@H2p2H QM2 7Q` `QmiBM2 mb2X h?2
b2+QM/ +M mbmHHv #2 #mBHi 2bBHv mbBM; i?2 iQQHb T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 }`biX
AM i?2 2KBH KQ/mH2- i?2 ?B;?@H2p2H BMi2`7+2 +QmH/ Dmbi #2  7mM+iBQM
i?i iF2b  K2bb;2-  b2M/2` //`2bb- M/  `2+2Bp2` //`2bb M/ i?2M
b2M/b i?2 2KBHX h?2 HQr@H2p2H BMi2`7+2 rQmH/ HHQr 7mHH +QMi`QH Qp2`
2KBH ?2/2`b- ii+?K2Mib- >hJG KBH- M/ bQ QMX

amKK`v
JQ/mH2b T`QpB/2 bi`m+im`2 iQ #B;;2` T`Q;`Kb #v b2T`iBM; i?2 +Q/2
BMiQ /Bz2`2Mi }H2b M/ MK2bT+2bX :BpBM; i?2b2 KQ/mH2b r2HH@/2}M2/
BMi2`7+2b KF2b i?2K 2bB2` iQ mb2 M/ `2mb2 M/ KF2b Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ
+QMiBMm2 mbBM; i?2K b i?2 KQ/mH2 Bib2H7 2pQHp2bX
h?Qm;? i?2 Cpa+`BTi HM;m;2 Bb +?`+i2`BbiB+HHv mM?2HT7mH r?2M
Bi +QK2b iQ KQ/mH2b- i?2 ~2tB#H2 7mM+iBQMb M/ Q#D2+ib Bi T`QpB/2b KF2
Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ /2}M2 `i?2` MB+2 KQ/mH2 bvbi2KbX 6mM+iBQM b+QT2b +M #2
mb2/ b BMi2`MH MK2bT+2b 7Q` i?2 KQ/mH2- M/ Q#D2+ib +M #2 mb2/ iQ
biQ`2 b2ib Q7 2tTQ`i2/ pHm2bX
h?2`2 `2 irQ TQTmH`- r2HH@/2}M2/ TT`Q+?2b iQ bm+? KQ/mH2bX PM2
Bb +HH2/ *QKKQMCa JQ/mH2b M/ `2pQHp2b `QmM/  require 7mM+iBQM i?i
72i+?2b  KQ/mH2 #v MK2 M/ `2im`Mb Bib BMi2`7+2X h?2 Qi?2` Bb +HH2/

kyk
J. M/ mb2b  define 7mM+iBQM i?i iF2b M ``v Q7 KQ/mH2 MK2b
M/  7mM+iBQM M/- 7i2` HQ/BM; i?2 KQ/mH2b- `mMb i?2 7mM+iBQM rBi?
i?2B` BMi2`7+2b b `;mK2MibX

1t2`+Bb2b
JQMi? MK2b
q`Bi2  bBKTH2 KQ/mH2 bBKBH` iQ i?2 weekDay KQ/mH2 i?i +M +QMp2`i
KQMi? MmK#2`b Ux2`Q@#b2/- b BM i?2 Date ivT2V iQ MK2b M/ +M +QM@
p2`i MK2b #+F iQ MmK#2`bX :Bp2 Bi Bib QrM MK2bT+2 bBM+2 Bi rBHH M22/
M BMi2`MH ``v Q7 KQMi? MK2b- M/ mb2 THBM Cpa+`BTi- rBi?Qmi Mv
KQ/mH2 HQ/2` bvbi2KX

 `2im`M iQ 2H2+i`QMB+ HB72

>QTBM; i?i *?Ti2` d Bb biBHH bQK2r?i 7`2b? BM vQm` KBM/- i?BMF #+F iQ
i?2 bvbi2K /2bB;M2/ BM i?i +?Ti2` M/ +QK2 mT rBi?  rv iQ b2T`i2
i?2 +Q/2 BMiQ KQ/mH2bX hQ `27`2b? vQm` K2KQ`v- i?2b2 `2 i?2 7mM+iBQMb
M/ ivT2b /2}M2/ BM i?i +?Ti2`- BM Q`/2` Q7 TT2`M+2,
Vector
Grid
directions
directionNames
randomElement
BouncingCritter
elementFromChar
World
charFromElement
Wall
View
WallFollower
dirPlus
LifelikeWorld
Plant
PlantEater
SmartPlantEater
Tiger

kyj
.QMǶi 2t;;2`i2 M/ +`2i2 iQQ KMv KQ/mH2bX  #QQF i?i bi`ib 
M2r +?Ti2` 7Q` 2p2`v T;2 rQmH/ T`Q##Hv ;2i QM vQm` M2`p2b- B7 QMHv
#2+mb2 Q7 HH i?2 bT+2 rbi2/ QM iBiH2bX aBKBH`Hv- ?pBM; iQ QT2M Ry
}H2b iQ `2/  iBMv T`QD2+i BbMǶi ?2HT7mHX BK 7Q` i?`22 iQ }p2 KQ/mH2bX
uQm +M +?QQb2 iQ ?p2 bQK2 7mM+iBQMb #2+QK2 BMi2`MH iQ i?2B` KQ/mH2
M/ i?mb BM++2bbB#H2 iQ Qi?2` KQ/mH2bX
h?2`2 Bb MQ bBM;H2 +Q``2+i bQHmiBQM ?2`2X JQ/mH2 Q`;MBxiBQM Bb H`;2Hv
 Kii2` Q7 ibi2X

*B`+mH` /2T2M/2M+B2b
 i`B+Fv bm#D2+i BM /2T2M/2M+v KM;2K2Mi Bb +B`+mH` /2T2M/2M+B2b-
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rQ`Fb b HQM; b i?2 KQ/mH2b /Q MQi `2TH+2 i?2B` /27mHi exports Q#D2+i
rBi? MQi?2` pHm2 M/ bi`i ++2bbBM; 2+? Qi?2`Ƕb BMi2`7+2 QMHv 7i2`
i?2v }MBb? HQ/BM;X
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i?2 7mM+iBQM rQmH/ ?p2 iQ /Q iQ HHQr i?BbX

ky9
 dzh?2 2pHmiQ`- r?B+? /2i2`KBM2b i?2 K2MBM; Q7 2tT`2bbBQMb
BM  T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2- Bb Dmbi MQi?2` T`Q;`KXǴ
ě>H #2HbQM M/ :2`H/ ambbKM- ai`m+im`2 M/
AMi2`T`2iiBQM Q7 *QKTmi2` S`Q;`Kb

RR S`QD2+i,  S`Q;`KKBM;
GM;m;2
"mBH/BM; vQm` QrM T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2 Bb bm`T`BbBM;Hv 2bv Ub HQM;
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BMpQHp2/ BM #mBH/BM; vQm` QrM HM;m;2X AǶp2 Q7i2M 72Hi i?i bQK2 ?mKM
BMp2MiBQMb r2`2 bQ BKK2Mb2Hv +H2p2` M/ +QKTHB+i2/ i?i AǶ/ M2p2` #2
#H2 iQ mM/2`biM/ i?2KX "mi rBi?  HBiiH2 `2/BM; M/ iBMF2`BM;- bm+?
i?BM;b Q7i2M im`M Qmi iQ #2 [mBi2 KmM/M2X
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bBKTH2 HM;m;2 #mi QM2 i?i Bb TQr2`7mH 2MQm;? iQ 2tT`2bb Mv +QKTm@
iiBQM vQm +M i?BMF Q7X Ai rBHH HbQ HHQr bBKTH2 #bi`+iBQM #b2/ QM
7mM+iBQMbX

S`bBM;
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T`b2` b?QmH/ +QKTHBM M/ TQBMi Qmi i?2 2``Q`X
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/B;BibX o`B#H2 MK2b +M +QMbBbi Q7 Mv +?`+i2` i?i Bb MQi r?Bi2bT+2

ky8
M/ /Q2b MQi ?p2  bT2+BH K2MBM; BM i?2 bvMitX
TTHB+iBQMb `2 r`Bii2M i?2 rv i?2v `2 BM Cpa+`BTi- #v TmiiBM;
T`2Mi?2b2b 7i2` M 2tT`2bbBQM M/ ?pBM; Mv MmK#2` Q7 `;mK2Mib
#2ir22M i?Qb2 T`2Mi?2b2b- b2T`i2/ #v +QKKbX
do ( define (x , 10) ,
if ( >(x , 5) ,
print (" large ") ,
print (" small ") ) )

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BM Cpa+`BTi Ubm+? b >V `2 MQ`KH p`B#H2b BM i?Bb HM;m;2- TTHB2/
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value T`QT2`iv +QMiBMb i?2 bi`BM; Q` MmK#2` pHm2 i?i i?2v `2T`2b2MiX
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?p2  name T`QT2`iv i?i ?QH/b i?2 B/2MiB}2`Ƕb MK2 b  bi`BM;X 6BMHHv- "
apply" 2tT`2bbBQMb `2T`2b2Mi TTHB+iBQMbX h?2v ?p2 M operator T`QT2`iv
i?i `272`b iQ i?2 2tT`2bbBQM i?i Bb #2BM; TTHB2/- M/ i?2v ?p2 M args
T`QT2`iv i?i `272`b iQ M ``v Q7 `;mK2Mi 2tT`2bbBQMbX
h?2 >(x, 5) T`i Q7 i?2 T`2pBQmb T`Q;`K rQmH/ #2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ HBF2
i?Bb,
{
type : " apply " ,
operator : { type : " word " , name : " >"} ,
args : [
{ type : " word " , name : " x "} ,
{ type : " value " , value : 5}
]
}

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kye
#`M+?2b bTHBi M/ bTHBi ;BMX

do
define
x
10
if
>
x
5
print
"large"
print
"small"

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i?Bb 2tT`2bbBQMX q?2M T`bBM; bm#2tT`2bbBQMb Ui?2 `;mK2Mi iQ M T@
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`;mK2Mi 2tT`2bbBQM b r2HH b i?2 i2ti i?i `2KBMbX h?Bb i2ti Kv
BM im`M +QMiBM KQ`2 `;mK2Mib Q` Kv #2 i?2 +HQbBM; T`2Mi?2bBb i?i
2M/b i?2 HBbi Q7 `;mK2MibX

kyd
 h?Bb Bb i?2 }`bi T`i Q7 i?2 T`b2`,
function parseExpression ( program ) {
program = skipSpace ( program ) ;
var match , expr ;
if ( match = /^"([^"]*) "/. exec ( program ) )
expr = { type : " value " , value : match [1]};
else if ( match = /^\ d +\ b /. exec ( program ) )
expr = { type : " value " , value : Number ( match [0]) };
else if ( match = /^[^\ s () ,"]+/. exec ( program ) )
expr = { type : " word ", name : match [0]};
else
throw new SyntaxError (" Unexpected syntax : " + program );

return parseApply ( expr , program . slice ( match [0]. length ) ) ;

}

function skipSpace ( string ) {

var first = string . search (/\ S /) ;
if ( first == -1) return "";
return string . slice ( first ) ;
}

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h?Bb Bb r?i i?2 skipSpace 7mM+iBQM ?2HTb rBi?X
7i2` bFBTTBM; Mv H2/BM; bT+2- parseExpression mb2b i?`22 `2;mH` 2t@
T`2bbBQMb iQ bTQi i?2 i?`22 bBKTH2 UiQKB+V 2H2K2Mib i?i 1;; bmTTQ`ib,
bi`BM;b- MmK#2`b- M/ rQ`/bX h?2 T`b2` +QMbi`m+ib  /Bz2`2Mi FBM/ Q7
/i bi`m+im`2 /2T2M/BM; QM r?B+? QM2 Ki+?2bX A7 i?2 BMTmi /Q2b MQi
Ki+? QM2 Q7 i?2b2 i?`22 7Q`Kb- Bi Bb MQi  pHB/ 2tT`2bbBQM- M/ i?2
T`b2` i?`Qrb M 2``Q`X SyntaxError Bb  biM/`/ 2``Q` Q#D2+i ivT2- r?B+?
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r?B+? +?2+Fb r?2i?2` i?2 2tT`2bbBQM Bb M TTHB+iBQMX A7 bQ- Bi T`b2b 
T`2Mi?2bBx2/ HBbi Q7 `;mK2MibX
function parseApply ( expr , program ) {
program = skipSpace ( program ) ;
if ( program [0] != "(")

ky3
 return { expr : expr , rest : program };

program = skipSpace ( program . slice (1) ) ;

expr = { type : " apply " , operator : expr , args : []};
while ( program [0] != ") ") {
var arg = parseExpression ( program );
expr . args . push ( arg . expr );
program = skipSpace ( arg . rest ) ;
if ( program [0] == " ,")
program = skipSpace ( program . slice (1) ) ;
else if ( program [0] != ") ")
throw new SyntaxError (" Expected , or ) ") ;
}
return parseApply ( expr , program . slice (1) ) ;
}

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;Bp2MX
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7mM+iBQM i?i p2`B}2b i?i Bi ?b `2+?2/ i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 BMTmi bi`BM; 7i2`
T`bBM; i?2 2tT`2bbBQM UM 1;; T`Q;`K Bb  bBM;H2 2tT`2bbBQMV- M/ i?i
;Bp2b mb i?2 T`Q;`KǶb /i bi`m+im`2X
function parse ( program ) {
var result = parseExpression ( program ) ;
if ( skipSpace ( result . rest ). length > 0)
throw new SyntaxError (" Unexpected text after program ") ;
return result . expr ;
}

console . log ( parse ("+( a , 10) ") ) ;

kyN
 // → { type : " apply " ,
// operator : { type : " word " , name : "+"} ,
// args : [{ type : " word " , name : "a "} ,
// { type : " value " , value : 10}]}

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Qm` Tm`TQb2bX

h?2 2pHmiQ`
q?i +M r2 /Q rBi? i?2 bvMit i`22 7Q`  T`Q;`K\ _mM Bi- Q7 +Qm`b25
M/ i?i Bb r?i i?2 2pHmiQ` /Q2bX uQm ;Bp2 Bi  bvMit i`22 M/
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2pHmi2 i?2 2tT`2bbBQM i?i i?2 i`22 `2T`2b2Mib M/ `2im`M i?2 pHm2
i?i i?Bb T`Q/m+2bX
function evaluate ( expr , env ) {
switch ( expr . type ) {
case " value ":
return expr . value ;

case " word ":

if ( expr . name in env )
return env [ expr . name ];
else
throw new ReferenceError (" Undefined variable : " +
expr . name ) ;
case " apply ":
if ( expr . operator . type == " word " &&
expr . operator . name in specialForms )
return specialForms [ expr . operator . name ]( expr . args ,
env ) ;
var op = evaluate ( expr . operator , env );
if ( typeof op != " function ")
throw new TypeError (" Applying a non - function .") ;
return op . apply ( null , expr . args . map ( function ( arg ) {
return evaluate ( arg , env );
}) ) ;

kRy
 }
}

var specialForms = Object . create ( null );

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i?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi- vQm +MǶi /Q Mvi?BM; rBi? i?Bb HM;m;2 v2iX

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+m``2MiHv 2KTivX G2iǶb // bQK2 7Q`KbX
specialForms [" if "] = function ( args , env ) {
if ( args . length != 3)
throw new SyntaxError (" Bad number of args to if ") ;

if ( evaluate ( args [0] , env ) !== false )

kRR
 return evaluate ( args [1] , env );
else
return evaluate ( args [2] , env );
};

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Q` Bib i?B`/ `;mK2Mi- /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 }`biX
h?2 while 7Q`K Bb bBKBH`X
specialForms [" while "] = function ( args , env ) {
if ( args . length != 2)
throw new SyntaxError (" Bad number of args to while ") ;

while ( evaluate ( args [0] , env ) !== false )

evaluate ( args [1] , env );

// Since undefined does not exist in Egg , we return false ,

// for lack of a meaningful result .
return false ;
};

MQi?2` #bB+ #mBH/BM; #HQ+F Bb do- r?B+? 2t2+mi2b HH Bib `;mK2Mib 7`QK
iQT iQ #QiiQKX Aib pHm2 Bb i?2 pHm2 T`Q/m+2/ #v i?2 Hbi `;mK2MiX
specialForms [" do "] = function ( args , env ) {
var value = false ;
args . forEach ( function ( arg ) {
value = evaluate ( arg , env ) ;
}) ;
return value ;

kRk
 };

hQ #2 #H2 iQ +`2i2 p`B#H2b M/ ;Bp2 i?2K M2r pHm2b- r2 HbQ +`2i2 
7Q`K +HH2/ defineX Ai 2tT2+ib  rQ`/ b Bib }`bi `;mK2Mi M/ M 2tT`2b@
bBQM T`Q/m+BM; i?2 pHm2 iQ bbB;M iQ i?i rQ`/ b Bib b2+QM/ `;mK2MiX
aBM+2 define- HBF2 2p2`vi?BM;- Bb M 2tT`2bbBQM- Bi Kmbi `2im`M  pHm2X
q2ǶHH KF2 Bi `2im`M i?2 pHm2 i?i rb bbB;M2/ UDmbi HBF2 Cpa+`BTiǶb
= QT2`iQ`VX

specialForms [" define "] = function ( args , env ) {

if ( args . length != 2 || args [0]. type != " word ")
throw new SyntaxError (" Bad use of define ") ;
var value = evaluate ( args [1] , env ) ;
env [ args [0]. name ] = value ;
return value ;
};

h?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi
h?2 2MpB`QMK2Mi ++2Ti2/ #v evaluate Bb M Q#D2+i rBi? T`QT2`iB2b r?Qb2
MK2b +Q``2bTQM/ iQ p`B#H2 MK2b M/ r?Qb2 pHm2b +Q``2bTQM/ iQ i?2
pHm2b i?Qb2 p`B#H2b `2 #QmM/ iQX G2iǶb /2}M2 M 2MpB`QMK2Mi Q#D2+i
iQ `2T`2b2Mi i?2 ;HQ#H b+QT2X
hQ #2 #H2 iQ mb2 i?2 if +QMbi`m+i r2 Dmbi /2}M2/- r2 Kmbi ?p2 ++2bb
iQ "QQH2M pHm2bX aBM+2 i?2`2 `2 QMHv irQ "QQH2M pHm2b- r2 /Q MQi
M22/ bT2+BH bvMit 7Q` i?2KX q2 bBKTHv #BM/ irQ p`B#H2b iQ i?2 pHm2b
true M/ false M/ mb2 i?Qb2X

var topEnv = Object . create ( null ) ;

topEnv [" true "] = true ;

topEnv [" false "] = false ;

q2 +M MQr 2pHmi2  bBKTH2 2tT`2bbBQM i?i M2;i2b  "QQH2M pHm2X

var prog = parse (" if ( true , false , true ) ") ;
console . log ( evaluate ( prog , topEnv ));
// → false

hQ bmTTHv #bB+ `Bi?K2iB+ M/ +QKT`BbQM QT2`iQ`b- r2 rBHH HbQ //

kRj
bQK2 7mM+iBQM pHm2b iQ i?2 2MpB`QMK2MiX AM i?2 BMi2`2bi Q7 F22TBM;
i?2 +Q/2 b?Q`i- r2ǶHH mb2 new Function iQ bvMi?2bBx2  #mM+? Q7 QT2`iQ`
7mM+iBQMb BM  HQQT- `i?2` i?M /2}MBM; i?2K HH BM/BpB/mHHvX
["+" , " -" , "*" , "/" , "==" , " <" , " >"]. forEach ( function ( op ) {
topEnv [ op ] = new Function ("a , b", " return a " + op + " b ;") ;
}) ;

 rv iQ QmiTmi pHm2b Bb HbQ p2`v mb27mH- bQ r2ǶHH r`T console.log BM 

7mM+iBQM M/ +HH Bi printX
topEnv [" print "] = function ( value ) {
console . log ( value ) ;
return value ;
};

h?i ;Bp2b mb 2MQm;? 2H2K2Mi`v iQQHb iQ r`Bi2 bBKTH2 T`Q;`KbX h?2

7QHHQrBM; run 7mM+iBQM T`QpB/2b  +QMp2MB2Mi rv iQ r`Bi2 M/ `mM i?2KX
Ai +`2i2b  7`2b? 2MpB`QMK2Mi M/ T`b2b M/ 2pHmi2b i?2 bi`BM;b r2
;Bp2 Bi b  bBM;H2 T`Q;`KX
function run () {
var env = Object . create ( topEnv );
var program = Array . prototype . slice
. call ( arguments , 0) . join ("\ n ") ;
return evaluate ( parse ( program ) , env ) ;
}

h?2 mb2 Q7 Array.prototype.slice.call Bb  i`B+F iQ im`M M ``v@HBF2 Q#D2+i-

bm+? b arguments- BMiQ  `2H ``v bQ i?i r2 +M +HH join QM BiX Ai iF2b
HH i?2 `;mK2Mib ;Bp2M iQ run M/ i`2ib i?2K b i?2 HBM2b Q7  T`Q;`KX
run (" do ( define ( total , 0) ," ,
" define ( count , 1) ," ,
" while ( <( count , 11) ," ,
" do ( define ( total , +( total , count ) ) ," ,
" define ( count , +( count , 1) ) ) ) ," ,
" print ( total ) ) ") ;
// → 55

h?Bb Bb i?2 T`Q;`K r2Ƕp2 b22M b2p2`H iBK2b #27Q`2- r?B+? +QKTmi2b i?2
bmK Q7 i?2 MmK#2`b R iQ Ry- 2tT`2bb2/ BM 1;;X Ai Bb +H2`Hv m;HB2` i?M i?2

kR9
2[mBpH2Mi Cpa+`BTi T`Q;`K #mi MQi #/ 7Q`  HM;m;2 BKTH2K2Mi2/
BM H2bb i?M R8y HBM2b Q7 +Q/2X

6mM+iBQMb
 T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2 rBi?Qmi 7mM+iBQMb Bb  TQQ` T`Q;`KKBM; HM@
;m;2 BM/22/X
6Q`imMi2Hv- Bi Bb MQi ?`/ iQ //  fun +QMbi`m+i- r?B+? i`2ib Bib Hbi
`;mK2Mi b i?2 7mM+iBQMǶb #Q/v M/ i`2ib HH i?2 `;mK2Mib #27Q`2 i?i
b i?2 MK2b Q7 i?2 7mM+iBQMǶb `;mK2MibX
specialForms [" fun "] = function ( args , env ) {
if (! args . length )
throw new SyntaxError (" Functions need a body ") ;
function name ( expr ) {
if ( expr . type != " word ")
throw new SyntaxError (" Arg names must be words ") ;
return expr . name ;
}
var argNames = args . slice (0 , args . length - 1) . map ( name ) ;
var body = args [ args . length - 1];

return function () {
if ( arguments . length != argNames . length )
throw new TypeError (" Wrong number of arguments ") ;
var localEnv = Object . create ( env );
for ( var i = 0; i < arguments . length ; i ++)
localEnv [ argNames [i ]] = arguments [i ];
return evaluate ( body , localEnv );
};
};

6mM+iBQMb BM 1;; ?p2 i?2B` QrM HQ+H 2MpB`QMK2Mi- Dmbi HBF2 BM Cpa+`BTiX
q2 mb2 Object.create iQ KF2  M2r Q#D2+i i?i ?b ++2bb iQ i?2 p`B@
#H2b BM i?2 Qmi2` 2MpB`QMK2Mi UBib T`QiQivT2V #mi i?i +M HbQ +QMiBM
M2r p`B#H2b rBi?Qmi KQ/B7vBM; i?i Qmi2` b+QT2X
h?2 7mM+iBQM +`2i2/ #v i?2 fun 7Q`K +`2i2b i?Bb HQ+H 2MpB`QMK2Mi
M/ //b i?2 `;mK2Mi p`B#H2b iQ BiX Ai i?2M 2pHmi2b i?2 7mM+iBQM
#Q/v BM i?Bb 2MpB`QMK2Mi M/ `2im`Mb i?2 `2bmHiX

kR8
 run (" do ( define ( plusOne , fun (a , +(a , 1) )) ,",
" print ( plusOne (10) ) ) ") ;
// → 11

run (" do ( define ( pow , fun ( base , exp ," ,

" if (==( exp , 0) ," ,
" 1 ," ,
" *( base , pow ( base , -( exp , 1) ) ) ) ) ) ," ,
" print ( pow (2 , 10) ) ) ") ;
// → 1024

*QKTBHiBQM
q?i r2 ?p2 #mBHi Bb M BMi2`T`2i2`X .m`BM; 2pHmiBQM- Bi +ib /B`2+iHv
QM i?2 `2T`2b2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 T`Q;`K T`Q/m+2/ #v i?2 T`b2`X
*QKTBHiBQM Bb i?2 T`Q+2bb Q7 //BM; MQi?2` bi2T #2ir22M i?2 T`b@
BM; M/ i?2 `mMMBM; Q7  T`Q;`K- r?B+? i`Mb7Q`Kb i?2 T`Q;`K BMiQ
bQK2i?BM; i?i +M #2 2pHmi2/ KQ`2 2{+B2MiHv #v /QBM; b Km+? rQ`F
b TQbbB#H2 BM /pM+2X 6Q` 2tKTH2- BM r2HH@/2bB;M2/ HM;m;2b Bi Bb
Q#pBQmb- 7Q` 2+? mb2 Q7  p`B#H2- r?B+? p`B#H2 Bb #2BM; `272``2/ iQ-
rBi?Qmi +imHHv `mMMBM; i?2 T`Q;`KX h?Bb +M #2 mb2/ iQ pQB/ HQQFBM;
mT i?2 p`B#H2 #v MK2 2p2`v iBK2 Bi Bb ++2bb2/ M/ iQ /B`2+iHv 72i+?
Bi 7`QK bQK2 T`2/2i2`KBM2/ K2KQ`v HQ+iBQMX
h`/BiBQMHHv- +QKTBHiBQM BMpQHp2b +QMp2`iBM; i?2 T`Q;`K iQ K+?BM2
+Q/2- i?2 `r 7Q`Ki i?i  +QKTmi2`Ƕb T`Q+2bbQ` +M 2t2+mi2X "mi Mv
T`Q+2bb i?i +QMp2`ib  T`Q;`K iQ  /Bz2`2Mi `2T`2b2MiiBQM +M #2
i?Qm;?i Q7 b +QKTBHiBQMX
Ai rQmH/ #2 TQbbB#H2 iQ r`Bi2 M Hi2`MiBp2 2pHmiBQM bi`i2;v 7Q`
1;;- QM2 i?i }`bi +QMp2`ib i?2 T`Q;`K iQ  Cpa+`BTi T`Q;`K- mb2b
new Function iQ BMpQF2 i?2 Cpa+`BTi +QKTBH2` QM Bi- M/ i?2M `mMb i?2
`2bmHiX q?2M /QM2 `B;?i- i?Bb rQmH/ KF2 1;; `mM p2`v 7bi r?BH2 biBHH
#2BM; [mBi2 bBKTH2 iQ BKTH2K2MiX
A7 vQm `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?Bb iQTB+ M/ rBHHBM; iQ bT2M/ bQK2 iBK2 QM
Bi- A 2M+Qm`;2 vQm iQ i`v iQ BKTH2K2Mi bm+?  +QKTBH2` b M 2t2`+Bb2X

kRe
*?2iBM;
q?2M r2 /2}M2/ if M/ while- vQm T`Q##Hv MQiB+2/ i?i i?2v r2`2 KQ`2
Q` H2bb i`BpBH r`TT2`b `QmM/ Cpa+`BTiǶb QrM if M/ whileX aBKBH`Hv-
i?2 pHm2b BM 1;; `2 Dmbi `2;mH` QH/ Cpa+`BTi pHm2bX
A7 vQm +QKT`2 i?2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 1;;- #mBHi QM iQT Q7 Cpa+`BTi-
rBi? i?2 KQmMi Q7 rQ`F M/ +QKTH2tBiv `2[mB`2/ iQ #mBH/  T`Q;`K@
KBM; HM;m;2 /B`2+iHv QM i?2 `r 7mM+iBQMHBiv T`QpB/2/ #v  K+?BM2-
i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 Bb ?m;2X _2;`/H2bb- i?Bb 2tKTH2 ?QT27mHHv ;p2 vQm M
BKT`2bbBQM Q7 i?2 rv T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2b rQ`FX
M/ r?2M Bi +QK2b iQ ;2iiBM; bQK2i?BM; /QM2- +?2iBM; Bb KQ`2 2z2+@
iBp2 i?M /QBM; 2p2`vi?BM; vQm`b2H7X h?Qm;? i?2 iQv HM;m;2 BM i?Bb
+?Ti2` /Q2bMǶi /Q Mvi?BM; i?i +QmH/MǶi #2 /QM2 #2ii2` BM Cpa+`BTi-
i?2`2 `2 bBimiBQMb r?2`2 r`BiBM; bKHH HM;m;2b ?2HTb ;2i `2H rQ`F
/QM2X
am+?  HM;m;2 /Q2b MQi ?p2 iQ `2b2K#H2  ivTB+H T`Q;`KKBM;
HM;m;2X A7 Cpa+`BTi /B/MǶi +QK2 2[mBTT2/ rBi? `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQMb-
vQm +QmH/ r`Bi2 vQm` QrM T`b2` M/ 2pHmiQ` 7Q` bm+?  bm#HM;m;2X
P` BK;BM2 vQm `2 #mBH/BM;  ;BMi `Q#QiB+ /BMQbm` M/ M22/ iQ
T`Q;`K Bib #2?pBQ`X Cpa+`BTi KB;?i MQi #2 i?2 KQbi 2z2+iBp2 rv iQ
/Q i?BbX uQm KB;?i BMbi2/ QTi 7Q`  HM;m;2 i?i HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
behavior walk
perform when
destination ahead
actions
move left - foot
move right - foot

behavior attack
perform when
Godzilla in - view
actions
fire laser - eyes
launch arm - rockets

h?Bb Bb r?i Bb mbmHHv +HH2/  /QKBM@bT2+B}+ HM;m;2-  HM;m;2

iBHQ`2/ iQ 2tT`2bb  M``Qr /QKBM Q7 FMQrH2/;2X am+?  HM;m;2
+M #2 KQ`2 2tT`2bbBp2 i?M  ;2M2`H@Tm`TQb2 HM;m;2 #2+mb2 Bi Bb

kRd
/2bB;M2/ iQ 2tT`2bb 2t+iHv i?2 i?BM;b i?i M22/ 2tT`2bbBM; BM Bib /QKBM
M/ MQi?BM; 2Hb2X

1t2`+Bb2b
``vb
// bmTTQ`i 7Q` ``vb iQ 1;; #v //BM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; i?`22 7mM+iBQMb iQ
i?2 iQT b+QT2, array(...) iQ +QMbi`m+i M ``v +QMiBMBM; i?2 `;mK2Mi
pHm2b- length(array) iQ ;2i M ``vǶb H2M;i?- M/ element(array, n) iQ
72i+? i?2 Mi? 2H2K2Mi 7`QK M ``vX

*HQbm`2
h?2 rv r2 ?p2 /2}M2/ fun HHQrb 7mM+iBQMb BM 1;; iQ dz+HQb2 Qp2`Ǵ
i?2 bm``QmM/BM; 2MpB`QMK2Mi- HHQrBM; i?2 7mM+iBQMǶb #Q/v iQ mb2 HQ+H
pHm2b i?i r2`2 pBbB#H2 i i?2 iBK2 i?2 7mM+iBQM rb /2}M2/- Dmbi HBF2
Cpa+`BTi 7mM+iBQMb /QX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; T`Q;`K BHHmbi`i2b i?Bb, 7mM+iBQM f `2im`Mb  7mM+iBQM
i?i //b Bib `;mK2Mi iQ fǶb `;mK2Mi- K2MBM; i?i Bi M22/b ++2bb iQ
i?2 HQ+H b+QT2 BMbB/2 f iQ #2 #H2 iQ mb2 p`B#H2 aX
run (" do ( define (f , fun (a , fun (b , +( a , b)))) ,",
" print ( f (4) (5) ) ) ") ;
// → 9

:Q #+F iQ i?2 /2}MBiBQM Q7 i?2 fun 7Q`K M/ 2tTHBM r?B+? K2+?MBbK
+mb2b i?Bb iQ rQ`FX

*QKK2Mib
Ai rQmH/ #2 MB+2 B7 r2 +QmH/ r`Bi2 +QKK2Mib BM 1;;X 6Q` 2tKTH2- r?2M@
2p2` r2 }M/  ?b? bB;M U\#V- r2 +QmH/ i`2i i?2 `2bi Q7 i?2 HBM2 b 
+QKK2Mi M/ B;MQ`2 Bi- bBKBH` iQ // BM Cpa+`BTiX
q2 /Q MQi ?p2 iQ KF2 Mv #B; +?M;2b iQ i?2 T`b2` iQ bmTTQ`i
i?BbX q2 +M bBKTHv +?M;2 skipSpace iQ bFBT +QKK2Mib HBF2 i?2v `2
r?Bi2bT+2 bQ i?i HH i?2 TQBMib r?2`2 skipSpace Bb +HH2/ rBHH MQr HbQ
bFBT +QKK2MibX JF2 i?Bb +?M;2X

kR3
6BtBM; b+QT2
*m``2MiHv- i?2 QMHv rv iQ bbB;M  p`B#H2  pHm2 Bb defineX h?Bb
+QMbi`m+i +ib b  rv #Qi? iQ /2}M2 M2r p`B#H2b M/ iQ ;Bp2 2tBbiBM;
QM2b  M2r pHm2X
h?Bb K#B;mBiv +mb2b  T`Q#H2KX q?2M vQm i`v iQ ;Bp2  MQMHQ+H
p`B#H2  M2r pHm2- vQm rBHH 2M/ mT /2}MBM;  HQ+H QM2 rBi? i?2 bK2
MK2 BMbi2/X UaQK2 HM;m;2b rQ`F HBF2 i?Bb #v /2bB;M- #mi AǶp2 Hrvb
7QmM/ Bi  bBHHv rv iQ ?M/H2 b+QT2XV
//  bT2+BH 7Q`K set- bBKBH` iQ define- r?B+? ;Bp2b  p`B#H2  M2r
pHm2- mT/iBM; i?2 p`B#H2 BM M Qmi2` b+QT2 B7 Bi /Q2bMǶi H`2/v 2tBbi BM
i?2 BMM2` b+QT2X A7 i?2 p`B#H2 Bb MQi /2}M2/ i HH- i?`Qr  ReferenceError
Ur?B+? Bb MQi?2` biM/`/ 2``Q` ivT2VX
h?2 i2+?MB[m2 Q7 `2T`2b2MiBM; b+QT2b b bBKTH2 Q#D2+ib- r?B+? ?b K/2
i?BM;b +QMp2MB2Mi bQ 7`- rBHH ;2i BM vQm` rv  HBiiH2 i i?Bb TQBMiX uQm
KB;?i rMi iQ mb2 i?2 Object.getPrototypeOf 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? `2im`Mb i?2
T`QiQivT2 Q7 M Q#D2+iX HbQ `2K2K#2` i?i b+QT2b /Q MQi /2`Bp2 7`QK
Object.prototype- bQ B7 vQm rMi iQ +HH hasOwnProperty QM i?2K- vQm ?p2
iQ mb2 i?Bb +HmKbv 2tT`2bbBQM,
Object . prototype . hasOwnProperty . call ( scope , name ) ;

h?Bb 72i+?2b i?2 hasOwnProperty K2i?Q/ 7`QK i?2 Object T`QiQivT2 M/
i?2M +HHb Bi QM  b+QT2 Q#D2+iX

kRN
 dzh?2 #`Qrb2` Bb  `2HHv ?QbiBH2 T`Q;`KKBM; 2MpB`QMK2MiXǴ
ě.Qm;Hb *`Q+F7Q`/- h?2 Cpa+`BTi S`Q;`KKBM; GM;m;2
UpB/2Q H2+im`2V

Rk Cpa+`BTi M/ i?2 "`Qrb2`

h?2 M2ti T`i Q7 i?Bb #QQF rBHH iHF #Qmi r2# #`Qrb2`bX qBi?Qmi r2#
#`Qrb2`b- i?2`2 rQmH/ #2 MQ Cpa+`BTiX M/ 2p2M B7 i?2`2 r2`2- MQ QM2
rQmH/ 2p2` ?p2 TB/ Mv ii2MiBQM iQ BiX
q2# i2+?MQHQ;v ?b- 7`QK i?2 bi`i- #22M /2+2Mi`HBx2/- MQi Dmbi i2+?@
MB+HHv #mi HbQ BM i?2 rv Bi ?b 2pQHp2/X o`BQmb #`Qrb2` p2M/Q`b
?p2 //2/ M2r 7mM+iBQMHBiv BM / ?Q+ M/ bQK2iBK2b TQQ`Hv i?Qm;?i
Qmi rvb- r?B+? i?2M bQK2iBK2b 2M/2/ mT #2BM; /QTi2/ #v Qi?2`b M/
}MHHv b2i /QrM b  biM/`/X
h?Bb Bb #Qi?  #H2bbBM; M/  +m`b2X PM i?2 QM2 ?M/- Bi Bb 2KTQr2`BM;
iQ MQi ?p2  +2Mi`H T`iv +QMi`QH  bvbi2K #mi ?p2 Bi #2 BKT`Qp2/
#v p`BQmb T`iB2b rQ`FBM; BM HQQb2 +QHH#Q`iBQM UQ`- Q++bBQMHHv- QT2M
?QbiBHBivVX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- i?2 ?T?x`/ rv BM r?B+? i?2 q2#
rb /2p2HQT2/ K2Mb i?i i?2 `2bmHiBM; bvbi2K Bb MQi 2t+iHv  b?BMBM;
2tKTH2 Q7 BMi2`MH +QMbBbi2M+vX AM 7+i- bQK2 T`ib Q7 Bi `2 /QrM`B;?i
K2bbv M/ +QM7mbBM;X

L2irQ`Fb M/ i?2 AMi2`M2i

*QKTmi2` M2irQ`Fb ?p2 #22M `QmM/ bBM+2 i?2 RN8ybX A7 vQm Tmi +#H2b
#2ir22M irQ Q` KQ`2 +QKTmi2`b M/ HHQr i?2K iQ b2M/ /i #+F M/
7Q`i? i?`Qm;? i?2b2 +#H2b- vQm +M /Q HH FBM/b Q7 rQM/2`7mH i?BM;bX
A7 +QMM2+iBM; irQ K+?BM2b BM i?2 bK2 #mBH/BM; HHQrb mb iQ /Q rQM@
/2`7mH i?BM;b- +QMM2+iBM; K+?BM2b HH Qp2` i?2 THM2i b?QmH/ #2 2p2M
#2ii2`X h?2 i2+?MQHQ;v iQ bi`i BKTH2K2MiBM; i?Bb pBbBQM rb /2p2HQT2/
BM i?2 RN3yb- M/ i?2 `2bmHiBM; M2irQ`F Bb +HH2/ i?2 AMi2`M2iX Ai ?b
HBp2/ mT iQ Bib T`QKBb2X
 +QKTmi2` +M mb2 i?Bb M2irQ`F iQ bT2r #Bib i MQi?2` +QKTmi2`X
6Q` Mv 2z2+iBp2 +QKKmMB+iBQM iQ `Bb2 Qmi Q7 i?Bb #Bi@bT2rBM;- i?2
+QKTmi2`b i #Qi? 2M/b Kmbi FMQr r?i i?2 #Bib `2 bmTTQb2/ iQ `2T`2@

kky
b2MiX h?2 K2MBM; Q7 Mv ;Bp2M b2[m2M+2 Q7 #Bib /2T2M/b 2MiB`2Hv QM i?2
FBM/ Q7 i?BM; i?i Bi Bb i`vBM; iQ 2tT`2bb M/ QM i?2 2M+Q/BM; K2+?MBbK
mb2/X
 M2irQ`F T`QiQ+QH /2b+`B#2b  bivH2 Q7 +QKKmMB+iBQM Qp2`  M2irQ`FX
h?2`2 `2 T`QiQ+QHb 7Q` b2M/BM; 2KBH- 7Q` 72i+?BM; 2KBH- 7Q` b?`BM;
}H2b- Q` 2p2M 7Q` +QMi`QHHBM; +QKTmi2`b i?i ?TT2M iQ #2 BM72+i2/ #v
KHB+BQmb bQ7ir`2X
6Q` 2tKTH2-  bBKTH2 +?i T`QiQ+QH KB;?i +QMbBbi Q7 QM2 +QKTmi2`
b2M/BM; i?2 #Bib i?i `2T`2b2Mi i?2 i2ti dz*>h\Ǵ iQ MQi?2` K+?BM2
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<head >
< title > My home page </ title >
</ head >
<body >
<h1 > My home page </ h1 >
<p > Hello , I am Marijn and this is my home page . </p >
<p > I also wrote a book ! Read it
<a href =" http :// eloquentjavascript . net "> here </a >. </p >
</ body >
</ html >

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<! doctype html >

< title > My home page </ title >

<h1 > My home page </ h1 >

<p > Hello , I am Marijn and this is my home page .
<p > I also wrote a book ! Read it
<a href = http :// eloquentjavascript . net > here </a >.

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<! doctype html >
< html >
<head >
< title > My home page </ title >
</ head >
<body >
<h1 > My home page </ h1 >
<p > Hello , I am Marijn and this is my home page . </p >
<p > I also wrote a book ! Read it
<a href =" http :// eloquentjavascript . net "> here </a >. </p >
</ body >
</ html >

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My home page

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I also wrote a book! Read ithere .

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<p > My ostrich Gertrude : </p >
<p > < img id =" gertrude " src =" img / ostrich . png " > </p >

< script >

var ostrich = document . getElementById (" gertrude ") ;
console . log ( ostrich . src );
</ script >

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<p > One </ p >
<p > Two </ p >
<p > Three </ p >

< script >

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document . body . insertBefore ( paragraphs [2] , paragraphs [0]) ;
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<p > The < img src =" img / cat . png " alt =" Cat " > in the
< img src =" img / hat . png " alt =" Hat " >. </p >

<p > < button onclick =" replaceImages () " > Replace </ button > </p >

< script >

function replaceImages () {
var images = document . body . getElementsByTagName (" img ") ;
for ( var i = images . length - 1; i >= 0; i - -) {
var image = images [ i ];
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}
</ script >

:Bp2M  bi`BM;- createTextNode ;Bp2b mb  ivT2 j .PJ MQ/2 U i2ti MQ/2V-

r?B+? r2 +M BMb2`i BMiQ i?2 /Q+mK2Mi iQ KF2 Bi b?Qr mT QM i?2 b+`22MX
h?2 HQQT i?i ;Q2b Qp2` i?2 BK;2b bi`ib i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 HBbi Q7
MQ/2bX h?Bb Bb M2+2bb`v #2+mb2 i?2 MQ/2 HBbi `2im`M2/ #v  K2i?Q/
HBF2 getElementsByTagName UQ`  T`QT2`iv HBF2 childNodesV Bb HBp2X h?i Bb-
Bi Bb mT/i2/ b i?2 /Q+mK2Mi +?M;2bX A7 r2 bi`i2/ 7`QK i?2 7`QMi-
`2KQpBM; i?2 }`bi BK;2 rQmH/ +mb2 i?2 HBbi iQ HQb2 Bib }`bi 2H2K2Mi bQ
i?i i?2 b2+QM/ iBK2 i?2 HQQT `2T2ib- r?2`2 i Bb R- Bi rQmH/ biQT #2+mb2

kje
i?2 H2M;i? Q7 i?2 +QHH2+iBQM Bb MQr HbQ RX
A7 vQm rMi  bQHB/ +QHH2+iBQM Q7 MQ/2b- b QTTQb2/ iQ  HBp2 QM2- vQm +M
+QMp2`i i?2 +QHH2+iBQM iQ  `2H ``v #v +HHBM; i?2 ``v slice K2i?Q/
QM BiX
var arrayish = {0: " one ", 1: " two " , length : 2};
var real = Array . prototype . slice . call ( arrayish , 0) ;
real . forEach ( function ( elt ) { console . log ( elt ) ; }) ;
// → one
// two

hQ +`2i2 `2;mH` 2H2K2Mi MQ/2b UivT2 RV- vQm +M mb2 i?2 document.
createElement K2i?Q/X h?Bb K2i?Q/ iF2b  i; MK2 M/ `2im`Mb  M2r
2KTiv MQ/2 Q7 i?2 ;Bp2M ivT2X
h?2 7QHHQrBM; 2tKTH2 /2}M2b  miBHBiv elt- r?B+? +`2i2b M 2H2K2Mi
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7mM+iBQM Bb i?2M mb2/ iQ //  bBKTH2 ii`B#miBQM iQ  [mQi2X
< blockquote id =" quote " >
No book can ever be finished . While working on it we learn
just enough to find it immature the moment we turn away
from it .
</ blockquote >

< script >

function elt ( type ) {
var node = document . createElement ( type );
for ( var i = 1; i < arguments . length ; i ++) {
var child = arguments [ i ];
if ( typeof child == " string ")
child = document . createTextNode ( child );
node . appendChild ( child );
}
return node ;
}

document . getElementById (" quote ") . appendChild (

elt (" footer " , ---"" ,
elt (" strong " , " Karl Popper ") ,
" , preface to the second editon of " ,
elt (" em " , " The Open Society and Its Enemies ") ,
" , 1950") ) ;

kjd
 </ script >

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ii`B#mi2b
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 T`QT2`iv Q7 i?2 bK2 MK2 QM i?2 2H2K2MiǶb .PJ Q#D2+iX h?Bb Bb i?2
+b2 7Q`  HBKBi2/ b2i Q7 +QKKQMHv mb2/ biM/`/ ii`B#mi2bX
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iQ mb2 i?2 getAttribute M/ setAttribute K2i?Q/b iQ rQ`F rBi? i?2KX
<p data - classified =" secret " > The launch code is 00000000. </ p >
<p data - classified =" unclassified ">I have two feet . </p >

< script >

var paras = document . body . getElementsByTagName (" p ") ;
Array . prototype . forEach . call ( paras , function ( para ) {
if ( para . getAttribute (" data - classified ") == " secret ")
para . parentNode . removeChild ( para ) ;
}) ;
</ script >

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b  bBKTH2 2tKTH2- r2ǶHH r`Bi2  dzbvMit ?B;?HB;?i2`Ǵ i?i HQQFb 7Q`
<pre> i;b UdzT`27Q`Kii2/Ǵ- mb2/ 7Q` +Q/2 M/ bBKBH` THBMi2tiV rBi? 
data-language ii`B#mi2 M/ +`m/2Hv i`B2b iQ ?B;?HB;?i i?2 F2vrQ`/b 7Q`
i?i HM;m;2X

kj3
 function highlightCode ( node , keywords ) {
var text = node . textContent ;
node . textContent = ""; // Clear the node

var match , pos = 0;

while ( match = keywords . exec ( text )) {
var before = text . slice ( pos , match . index );
node . appendChild ( document . createTextNode ( before ));
var strong = document . createElement (" strong ") ;
strong . appendChild ( document . createTextNode ( match [0]) ) ;
node . appendChild ( strong ) ;
pos = keywords . lastIndex ;
}
var after = text . slice ( pos );
node . appendChild ( document . createTextNode ( after ) ) ;
}

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T`Q;`KKBM; HM;m;2 i?i i?2 2H2K2Mi +QMiBMbX
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q2 HQQT Qp2` HH Ki+?2b Q7 i?2 F2vrQ`/ 2tT`2bbBQM- TT2M/BM; i?2 i2ti
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b i2ti MQ/2b r`TT2/ BM <strong> U#QH/V 2H2K2MibX
q2 +M miQKiB+HHv ?B;?HB;?i HH T`Q;`Kb QM i?2 T;2 #v HQQTBM;
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HM;m;2X
var languages = {
javascript : /\ b ( function | return | var )\b/g /* ... etc */
};

function highlightAllCode () {
var pres = document . body . getElementsByTagName (" pre ") ;
for ( var i = 0; i < pres . length ; i ++) {
var pre = pres [ i ];
var lang = pre . getAttribute (" data - language ") ;
if ( languages . hasOwnProperty ( lang ) )
highlightCode ( pre , languages [ lang ]) ;

kjN
 }
}

>2`2 Bb M 2tKTH2,
<p > Here it is , the identity function : </p >
< pre data - language =" javascript ">
function id ( x ) { return x ; }
</ pre >

< script > highlightAllCode () ; </ script >

h?Bb T`Q/m+2b  T;2 i?i HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,

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rQ`/b Q` `2b2`p2/ rQ`/běi?2 T`QT2`iv mb2/ iQ ++2bb i?Bb ii`B#mi2 Bb
+HH2/ classNameX uQm +M HbQ ++2bb Bi mM/2` Bib `2H MK2- "class"- #v
mbBM; i?2 getAttribute M/ setAttribute K2i?Q/bX

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k9y
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<p style =" border : 3 px solid red ">
I m boxed in
</p >

< script >

var para = document . body . getElementsByTagName (" p ") [0];
console . log (" clientHeight :" , para . clientHeight ) ;
console . log (" offsetHeight :" , para . offsetHeight ) ;
</ script >

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QM i?2 b+`22MX q?2M  T`Q;`K bFb 7Q` i?2 TQbBiBQM Q` bBx2 Q7 bQK2i?BM;
#v `2/BM; T`QT2`iB2b bm+? b offsetHeight Q` +HHBM; getBoundingClientRect-
T`QpB/BM; +Q``2+i BM7Q`KiBQM HbQ `2[mB`2b +QKTmiBM;  HvQmiX
 T`Q;`K i?i `2T2i2/Hv Hi2`Mi2b #2ir22M `2/BM; .PJ HvQmi
BM7Q`KiBQM M/ +?M;BM; i?2 .PJ 7Q`+2b  HQi Q7 HvQmib iQ ?TT2M
M/ rBHH +QMb2[m2MiHv `mM `2HHv bHQrHvX h?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 b?Qrb M
2tKTH2 Q7 i?BbX Ai +QMiBMb irQ /Bz2`2Mi T`Q;`Kb i?i #mBH/ mT  HBM2
Q7 s +?`+i2`b k-yyy TBt2Hb rB/2 M/ K2bm`2b i?2 iBK2 2+? QM2 iF2bX
<p > < span id =" one " > </ span > </p >
<p > < span id =" two " > </ span > </p >

k9R
 < script >
function time ( name , action ) {
var start = Date . now () ; // Current time in milliseconds
action () ;
console . log ( name , " took ", Date . now () - start , " ms ") ;
}

time (" naive " , function () {

var target = document . getElementById (" one ") ;
while ( target . offsetWidth < 2000)
target . appendChild ( document . createTextNode (" X ") ) ;
}) ;
// → naive took 32 ms

time (" clever " , function () {

var target = document . getElementById (" two ") ;
target . appendChild ( document . createTextNode (" XXXXX ") ) ;
var total = Math . ceil (2000 / ( target . offsetWidth / 5) );
for ( var i = 5; i < total ; i ++)
target . appendChild ( document . createTextNode (" X ") ) ;
}) ;
// → clever took 1 ms
</ script >

aivHBM;
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<strong> KFBM; Bib +QMi2Mi #QH/ M/ <a> KFBM; Bi #Hm2 M/ mM/2`HBMBM;
BiX
h?2 rv M <img> i; b?Qrb M BK;2 Q` M <a> i; +mb2b  HBMF iQ
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mM/2`HBM2- +M #2 +?M;2/ #v mbX >2`2 Bb M 2tKTH2 mbBM; i?2 style
T`QT2`iv,
<p > < a href ="." > Normal link </a > </p >
<p > < a href ="." style =" color : green "> Green link </ a > </p >

k9k
h?2 b2+QM/ HBMF rBHH #2 ;`22M BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 /27mHi HBMF +QHQ`X

 bivH2 ii`B#mi2 Kv +QMiBM QM2 Q` KQ`2 /2+H`iBQMb- r?B+? `2 

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b2KB+QHQMb- b BM "color: red; border: none"X
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 #HQ+F Q` M BMHBM2 2H2K2MiX
This text is displayed < strong > inline </ strong > ,
< strong style =" display : block " > as a block </ strong >, and
< strong style =" display : none " > not at all </ strong >.

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/BbTHv2/ BMHBM2 rBi? i?2 i2ti `QmM/ i?2KX h?2 Hbi i; Bb MQi /BbTHv2/
i HHědisplay: none T`2p2Mib M 2H2K2Mi 7`QK b?QrBM; mT QM i?2 b+`22MX
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i  Hi2` iBK2X

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2`iB2b 7Q` HH TQbbB#H2 bivH2 T`QT2`iB2bX h?2 pHm2b Q7 i?2b2 T`QT2`iB2b `2
bi`BM;b- r?B+? r2 +M r`Bi2 iQ BM Q`/2` iQ +?M;2  T`iB+mH` bT2+i Q7
i?2 2H2K2MiǶb bivH2X
<p id =" para " style =" color : purple ">
Pretty text
</p >

< script >

k9j
 var para = document . getElementById (" para ") ;
console . log ( para . style . color );
para . style . color = " magenta ";
</ script >

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Ai +M #2 ;Bp2M BMbB/2  <style> i;X
< style >
strong {
font - style : italic ;
color : gray ;
}
</ style >
<p > Now < strong > strong text </ strong > is italic and gray . </p >

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k99
b?QmH/ #2 mMB[m2 rBi?BM i?2 /Q+mK2MiVX
. subtle {
color : gray ;
font - size : 80%;
}
# header {
background : blue ;
color : white ;
}
/* p elements , with classes a and b , and id main */
p. a .b # main {
margin - bottom : 20 px ;
}

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 <p > And if you go chasing
< span class =" animal " > rabbits </ span > </p >
<p > And you know you re going to fall </ p >
<p > Tell em a < span class =" character " > hookah smoking
< span class =" animal " > caterpillar </ span > </ span > </p >
<p > Has given you the call </ p >

< script >

function count ( selector ) {
return document . querySelectorAll ( selector ) . length ;
}
console . log ( count (" p ") ) ; // All <p > elements
// → 4
console . log ( count (". animal ") ) ; // Class animal
// → 2
console . log ( count (" p . animal ") ); // Animal inside of <p >
// → 2
console . log ( count (" p > . animal ") ) ; // Direct child of <p >
// → 1
</ script >

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 < table >
<tr >
<th > name </ th >
<th > height </ th >
<th > country </ th >
</ tr >
<tr >
<td > Kilimanjaro </ td >
<td >5895 </ td >
<td > Tanzania </ td >
</ tr >
</ table >

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k8k
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< script >
var button = document . querySelector (" button ") ;
button . addEventListener (" mousedown " , function ( event ) {
if ( event . which == 1)
console . log (" Left button ") ;
else if ( event . which == 2)
console . log (" Middle button ") ;
else if ( event . which == 3)
console . log (" Right button ") ;
}) ;
</ script >

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mousedown"VX

S`QT;iBQM
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 "mi B7 #Qi? i?2 T`;`T? M/ i?2 #miiQM ?p2  ?M/H2`- i?2 KQ`2
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+iBpi2 i?2 Qmi2` 2H2K2MiǶb +HB+F #2?pBQ`X
h?2 7QHHQrBM; 2tKTH2 `2;Bbi2`b "mousedown" ?M/H2`b QM #Qi?  #miiQM
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i?2 ?M/H2` 7Q` i?2 #miiQM +HHb stopPropagation- r?B+? rBHH T`2p2Mi i?2
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MQi?2` KQmb2 #miiQM- #Qi? ?M/H2`b rBHH `mMX
<p > A paragraph with a < button > button </ button >. </ p >
< script >
var para = document . querySelector (" p ") ;
var button = document . querySelector (" button ") ;
para . addEventListener (" mousedown " , function () {
console . log (" Handler for paragraph .") ;
}) ;
button . addEventListener (" mousedown " , function ( event ) {
console . log (" Handler for button .") ;
if ( event . which == 3)
event . stopPropagation () ;
}) ;
</ script >

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i?2v Q`B;BMi2/X uQm +M mb2 i?Bb T`QT2`iv iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i vQmǶ`2 MQi
++B/2MiHHv ?M/HBM; bQK2i?BM; i?i T`QT;i2/ mT 7`QK  MQ/2 vQm /Q
MQi rMi iQ ?M/H2X
Ai Bb HbQ TQbbB#H2 iQ mb2 i?2 target T`QT2`iv iQ +bi  rB/2 M2i 7Q`
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 HQM; HBbi Q7 #miiQMb- Bi Kv #2 KQ`2 +QMp2MB2Mi iQ `2;Bbi2`  bBM;H2
+HB+F ?M/H2` QM i?2 Qmi2` MQ/2 M/ ?p2 Bi mb2 i?2 target T`QT2`iv iQ

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};m`2 Qmi r?2i?2`  #miiQM rb +HB+F2/- `i?2` i?M `2;Bbi2` BM/BpB/mH
?M/H2`b QM HH Q7 i?2 #miiQMbX
< button >A </ button >
< button >B </ button >
< button >C </ button >
< script >
document . body . addEventListener (" click " , function ( event ) {
if ( event . target . nodeName == " BUTTON ")
console . log (" Clicked ", event . target . textContent ) ;
}) ;
</ script >

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<a href =" https :// developer . mozilla . org /" > MDN </a >
< script >
var link = document . querySelector (" a ") ;
link . addEventListener (" click ", function ( event ) {
console . log (" Nope .") ;
event . preventDefault () ;
}) ;
</ script >

h`v MQi iQ /Q bm+? i?BM;b mMH2bb vQm ?p2  `2HHv ;QQ/ `2bQM iQX 6Q`
T2QTH2 mbBM; vQm` T;2- Bi +M #2 mMTH2bMi r?2M i?2 #2?pBQ` i?2v

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2tT2+i Bb #`QF2MX
.2T2M/BM; QM i?2 #`Qrb2`- bQK2 2p2Mib +MǶi #2 BMi2`+2Ti2/X PM
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q Q` *QKKM/@qV +MMQi #2 ?M/H2/ #v Cpa+`BTiX

E2v 2p2Mib
q?2M  F2v QM i?2 F2v#Q`/ Bb T`2bb2/- vQm` #`Qrb2` }`2b  "keydown"
2p2MiX q?2M Bi Bb `2H2b2/-  "keyup" 2p2Mi }`2bX
<p > This page turns violet when you hold the V key . </p >
< script >
addEventListener (" keydown ", function ( event ) {
if ( event . keyCode == 86)
document . body . style . background = " violet ";
}) ;
addEventListener (" keyup ", function ( event ) {
if ( event . keyCode == 86)
document . body . style . background = "";
}) ;
</ script >

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mMBMi2MiBQMHHv ?m;2 pHm2bX
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QM i?2 F2vX h?2 charCodeAt K2i?Q/ QM bi`BM;b ;Bp2b mb  rv iQ }M/ i?Bb
+Q/2X
console . log (" Violet ". charCodeAt (0) );

k8d
 // → 86
console . log ("1". charCodeAt (0) ) ;
// → 49

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+Q/2b vQm M22/ Bb mbmHHv #v 2tT2`BK2MiBM;ě`2;Bbi2`  F2v 2p2Mi ?M/H2`
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+QK#BMiBQMb- vQm +M HbQ }M/ Qmi r?2i?2` i?2b2 F2vb `2 ?2H/ /QrM #v
HQQFBM; i i?2 shiftKey- ctrlKey- altKey- M/ metaKey T`QT2`iB2b Q7 F2v#Q`/
M/ KQmb2 2p2MibX
<p > Press Ctrl - Space to continue . </p >
< script >
addEventListener (" keydown ", function ( event ) {
if ( event . keyCode == 32 && event . ctrlKey )
console . log (" Continuing !") ;
}) ;
</ script >

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F2v i?i Bb #2BM; T`2bb2/X "mi r?i B7 vQm `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 +imH
i2ti #2BM; ivT2/\ :2iiBM; i?i i2ti 7`QK F2v +Q/2b Bb rFr`/X AMbi2/-
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UM/ `2T2i2/ HQM; rBi? "keydown" r?2M i?2 F2v Bb ?2H/V #mi QMHv 7Q`
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<p > Focus this page and type something . </p >
< script >
addEventListener (" keypress " , function ( event ) {
console . log ( String . fromCharCode ( event . charCode ) ) ;
}) ;
</ script >

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k83
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MQ/2 Q7 F2v 2p2MibX

JQmb2 +HB+Fb
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"mousedown" M/ "mouseup" 2p2Mib `2 bBKBH` iQ "keydown" M/ "keyup" M/
}`2 r?2M i?2 #miiQM Bb T`2bb2/ M/ `2H2b2/X h?2b2 rBHH ?TT2M QM i?2
.PJ MQ/2b i?i `2 BKK2/Bi2Hv #2HQr i?2 KQmb2 TQBMi2` r?2M i?2
2p2Mi Q++m`bX
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B7 A T`2bb /QrM i?2 KQmb2 #miiQM QM QM2 T`;`T? M/ i?2M KQp2 i?2
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T2M2/- vQm +M HQQF i Bib pageX M/ pageY T`QT2`iB2b- r?B+? +QMiBM i?2
2p2MiǶb +QQ`/BMi2b UBM TBt2HbV `2HiBp2 iQ i?2 iQT@H27i +Q`M2` Q7 i?2 /Q+@
mK2MiX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; BKTH2K2Mib  T`BKBiBp2 /`rBM; T`Q;`KX 1p2`v iBK2
vQm +HB+F i?2 /Q+mK2Mi- Bi //b  /Qi mM/2` vQm` KQmb2 TQBMi2`X a22
*?Ti2` RN 7Q`  H2bb T`BKBiBp2 /`rBM; T`Q;`KX
< style >
body {
height : 200 px ;
background : beige ;
}
. dot {
height : 8 px ; width : 8 px ;
border - radius : 4 px ; /* rounds corners */
background : blue ;
position : absolute ;
}
</ style >

k8N
 < script >
addEventListener (" click ", function ( event ) {
var dot = document . createElement (" div ") ;
dot . className = " dot ";
dot . style . left = ( event . pageX - 4) + " px ";
dot . style . top = ( event . pageY - 4) + " px ";
document . body . appendChild ( dot ) ;
}) ;
</ script >

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iBp2 iQ i?2 T`i Q7 i?2 /Q+mK2Mi i?i Bb +m``2MiHv b+`QHH2/ BMiQ pB2rX
h?2b2 +M #2 mb27mH r?2M +QKT`BM; KQmb2 +QQ`/BMi2b rBi? i?2 +QQ`@
/BMi2b `2im`M2/ #v getBoundingClientRect- r?B+? HbQ `2im`Mb pB2rTQ`i@
`2HiBp2 +QQ`/BMi2bX

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7mM+iBQMHBivX
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Q` rB/2`,
<p > Drag the bar to change its width : </p >
< div style =" background : orange ; width : 60 px ; height : 20 px ">
</ div >
< script >
var lastX ; // Tracks the last observed mouse X position
var rect = document . querySelector (" div ") ;
rect . addEventListener (" mousedown " , function ( event ) {
if ( event . which == 1) {
lastX = event . pageX ;
addEventListener (" mousemove " , moved );
event . preventDefault () ; // Prevent selection
}
}) ;

key
 function buttonPressed ( event ) {
if ( event . buttons == null )
return event . which != 0;
else
return event . buttons != 0;
}
function moved ( event ) {
if (! buttonPressed ( event ) ) {
removeEventListener (" mousemove ", moved );
} else {
var dist = event . pageX - lastX ;
var newWidth = Math . max (10 , rect . offsetWidth + dist );
rect . style . width = newWidth + " px ";
lastX = event . pageX ;
}
}
</ script >

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buttonPressed 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 2tKTH2 }`bi i`B2b buttons- M/ 7HHb #+F iQ
which r?2M i?i BbMǶi pBH#H2X
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Qp2`  ;Bp2M 2H2K2MiX
lM7Q`imMi2Hv- +`2iBM; bm+? M 2z2+i Bb MQi b bBKTH2 b bi`iBM; i?2

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MQ/2b Q7 i?2 MQ/2 QM r?B+? i?2 ?M/H2` Bb `2;Bbi2`2/X
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"mouseover"- r?i 2H2K2Mi i?2 TQBMi2` rb Qp2` #27Q`2 M/- BM i?2 +b2
Q7 "mouseout"- r?i 2H2K2Mi Bi Bb ;QBM; iQX q2 rMi iQ +?M;2 Qm` ?Qp2`
2z2+i QMHv r?2M i?2 relatedTarget Bb QmibB/2 Q7 Qm` i`;2i MQ/2X PMHv BM
i?i +b2 /Q2b i?Bb 2p2Mi +imHHv `2T`2b2Mi  +`QbbBM; Qp2` 7`QK QmibB/2
iQ BMbB/2 i?2 MQ/2 UQ` i?2 Qi?2` rv `QmM/VX
<p > Hover over this < strong > paragraph </ strong >. </ p >
< script >
var para = document . querySelector (" p ") ;
function isInside ( node , target ) {
for (; node != null ; node = node . parentNode )
if ( node == target ) return true ;
}
para . addEventListener (" mouseover " , function ( event ) {
if (! isInside ( event . relatedTarget , para ) )
para . style . color = " red ";
}) ;
para . addEventListener (" mouseout " , function ( event ) {
if (! isInside ( event . relatedTarget , para ) )
para . style . color = "";
}) ;
</ script >

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`2+?2b i?2 iQT Q7 i?2 /Q+mK2Mi Ur?2M node #2+QK2b MmHHV Q` }M/b i?2
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 < style >
p : hover { color : red }
</ style >
<p > Hover over this < strong > paragraph </ strong >. </ p >

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. progress {
border : 1 px solid blue ;
width : 100 px ;
position : fixed ;
top : 10 px ; right : 10 px ;
}
. progress > div {
height : 12 px ;
background : blue ;
width : 0%;
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body {
height : 2000 px ;
}
</ style >
< div class =" progress " > < div > </ div > </ div >
<p > Scroll me ... </ p >
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var bar = document . querySelector (". progress div ") ;
addEventListener (" scroll ", function () {
var max = document . body . scrollHeight - innerHeight ;
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bar . style . width = percent + "%";
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 </ script >

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<p > Age : < input type =" text " data - help =" Age in years " > </p >
<p id =" help " > </p >

< script >

var help = document . querySelector ("# help ") ;
var fields = document . querySelectorAll (" input ") ;
for ( var i = 0; i < fields . length ; i ++) {
fields [ i ]. addEventListener (" focus " , function ( event ) {
var text = event . target . getAttribute (" data - help ") ;

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 help . textContent = text ;
}) ;
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}) ;
}
</ script >

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addEventListener (" message ", function ( event ) {
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var squareWorker = new Worker (" code / squareworker . js ") ;
squareWorker . addEventListener (" message " , function ( event ) {
console . log (" The worker responded :" , event . data ) ;
}) ;
squareWorker . postMessage (10) ;
squareWorker . postMessage (24) ;

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< script >
document . body . style . background = " blue ";
setTimeout ( function () {
document . body . style . background = " yellow ";
} , 2000) ;
</ script >

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var bombTimer = setTimeout ( function () {
console . log (" BOOM !") ;
}, 500) ;

if ( Math . random () < 0.5) { // 50% chance

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 console . log (" Defused .") ;
clearTimeout ( bombTimer );
}

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 < textarea > Type something here ... </ textarea >
< script >
var textarea = document . querySelector (" textarea ") ;
var timeout ;
textarea . addEventListener (" keydown ", function () {
clearTimeout ( timeout ) ;
timeout = setTimeout ( function () {
console . log (" You stopped typing .") ;
}, 500) ;
}) ;
</ script >

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function displayCoords ( event ) {
document . body . textContent =
" Mouse at " + event . pageX + ", " + event . pageY ;
}

var scheduled = false , lastEvent ;

addEventListener (" mousemove ", function ( event ) {
lastEvent = event ;
if (! scheduled ) {
scheduled = true ;
setTimeout ( function () {
scheduled = false ;
displayCoords ( lastEvent );
} , 250) ;
}
}) ;
</ script >

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Q7 bm+? 2H2K2Mib M/- r?2M i?2 KQmb2 KQp2b- /BbTHv i?2K BM i?2 rF2
Q7 i?2 KQmb2 TQBMi2`X
h?2`2 `2 p`BQmb TQbbB#H2 TT`Q+?2b ?2`2X uQm +M KF2 vQm` bQHm@
iBQM b bBKTH2 Q` b +QKTH2t b vQm rMiX  bBKTH2 bQHmiBQM iQ bi`i rBi?
Bb iQ F22T  }t2/ MmK#2` Q7 i`BH 2H2K2Mib M/ +v+H2 i?`Qm;? i?2K- KQp@
BM; i?2 M2ti QM2 iQ i?2 KQmb2Ƕb +m``2Mi TQbBiBQM 2p2`v iBK2  "mousemove"
2p2Mi Q++m`bX

h#b
 i##2/ BMi2`7+2 Bb  +QKKQM /2bB;M Tii2`MX Ai HHQrb vQm iQ b2H2+i M
BMi2`7+2 TM2H #v +?QQbBM; 7`QK  MmK#2` Q7 i#b dzbiB+FBM; QmiǴ #Qp2
M 2H2K2MiX
AM i?Bb 2t2`+Bb2 vQmǶHH BKTH2K2Mi  bBKTH2 i##2/ BMi2`7+2X q`Bi2 
7mM+iBQM- asTabs- i?i iF2b  .PJ MQ/2 M/ +`2i2b  i##2/ BMi2`7+2
b?QrBM; i?2 +?BH/ 2H2K2Mib Q7 i?i MQ/2X Ai b?QmH/ BMb2`i  HBbi Q7 <button>
2H2K2Mib i i?2 iQT Q7 i?2 MQ/2- QM2 7Q` 2+? +?BH/ 2H2K2Mi- +QMiBMBM;
i2ti `2i`B2p2/ 7`QK i?2 data-tabname ii`B#mi2 Q7 i?2 +?BH/X HH #mi QM2 Q7
i?2 Q`B;BMH +?BH/`2M b?QmH/ #2 ?B//2M U;Bp2M  display bivH2 Q7 noneV- M/
i?2 +m``2MiHv pBbB#H2 MQ/2 +M #2 b2H2+i2/ #v +HB+FBM; i?2 #miiQMbX
q?2M Bi rQ`Fb- 2ti2M/ Bi iQ HbQ bivH2 i?2 +m``2MiHv +iBp2 #miiQM
/Bz2`2MiHvX

kdR
R8 S`QD2+i,  SHi7Q`K :K2
HH `2HBiv Bb  ;K2X
ěABM "MFb- h?2 SHv2` Q7 :K2b

Jv BMBiBH 7b+BMiBQM rBi? +QKTmi2`b- HBF2 i?i Q7 KMv FB/b- Q`B;@

BMi2/ rBi? +QKTmi2` ;K2bX A rb /`rM BMiQ i?2 iBMv +QKTmi2`@
bBKmHi2/ rQ`H/b i?i A +QmH/ KMBTmHi2 M/ BM r?B+? biQ`B2b UbQ`i Q7V
mM7QH/2/ěKQ`2- A bmTTQb2- #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 rv A +QmH/ T`QD2+i Kv BK;@
BMiBQM BMiQ i?2K i?M #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 TQbbB#BHBiB2b i?2v +imHHv Qz2`2/X
A rQmH/MǶi rBb?  +`22` BM ;K2 T`Q;`KKBM; QM MvQM2X Jm+? HBF2
i?2 KmbB+ BM/mbi`v- i?2 /Bb+`2TM+v #2ir22M i?2 KMv 2;2` vQmM; T2Q@
TH2 rMiBM; iQ rQ`F BM Bi M/ i?2 +imH /2KM/ 7Q` bm+? T2QTH2 +`2i2b
 `i?2` mM?2Hi?v 2MpB`QMK2MiX "mi r`BiBM; ;K2b 7Q` 7mM Bb KmbBM;X
h?Bb +?Ti2` rBHH rHF i?`Qm;? i?2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7  bBKTH2 THi@
7Q`K ;K2X SHi7Q`K ;K2b UQ` dzDmKT M/ `mMǴ ;K2bV `2 ;K2b i?i
2tT2+i i?2 THv2` iQ KQp2  };m`2 i?`Qm;?  rQ`H/- r?B+? Bb Q7i2M irQ@
/BK2MbBQMH M/ pB2r2/ 7`QK i?2 bB/2- M/ /Q HQib Q7 DmKTBM; QMiQ M/
Qp2` i?BM;bX

h?2 ;K2
Pm` ;K2 rBHH #2 `Qm;?Hv #b2/ QM .`F "Hm2 UrrrXH2bbKBHFX+QKf;K2bfRyV
#v h?QKb SH27X A +?Qb2 i?Bb ;K2 #2+mb2 Bi Bb #Qi? 2Mi2`iBMBM; M/
KBMBKHBbi- M/ #2+mb2 Bi +M #2 #mBHi rBi?Qmi iQQ Km+? +Q/2X Ai HQQFb
HBF2 i?Bb,

kdk
h?2 /`F #Qt `2T`2b2Mib i?2 THv2`- r?Qb2 ibF Bb iQ +QHH2+i i?2 v2HHQr
#Qt2b U+QBMbV r?BH2 pQB/BM; i?2 `2/ bimz UHp\VX  H2p2H Bb +QKTH2i2/
r?2M HH +QBMb ?p2 #22M +QHH2+i2/X
h?2 THv2` +M rHF `QmM/ rBi? i?2 H27i M/ `B;?i ``Qr F2vb M/
DmKT rBi? i?2 mT ``QrX CmKTBM; Bb  bT2+BHiv Q7 i?Bb ;K2 +?`+i2`X
Ai +M `2+? b2p2`H iBK2b Bib QrM ?2B;?i M/ Bb #H2 iQ +?M;2 /B`2+iBQM
BM KB/B`X h?Bb Kv MQi #2 2MiB`2Hv `2HBbiB+- #mi Bi ?2HTb ;Bp2 i?2 THv2`
i?2 722HBM; Q7 #2BM; BM /B`2+i +QMi`QH Q7 i?2 QMb+`22M pi`X
h?2 ;K2 +QMbBbib Q7  }t2/ #+F;`QmM/- HB/ Qmi HBF2  ;`B/- rBi?
i?2 KQpBM; 2H2K2Mib Qp2`HB/ QM i?i #+F;`QmM/X 1+? }2H/ QM i?2
;`B/ Bb 2Bi?2` 2KTiv- bQHB/- Q` HpX h?2 KQpBM; 2H2K2Mib `2 i?2 THv2`-
+QBMb- M/ +2`iBM TB2+2b Q7 HpX lMHBF2 i?2 `iB}+BH HB72 bBKmHiBQM
7`QK *?Ti2` d- i?2 TQbBiBQMb Q7 i?2b2 2H2K2Mib `2 MQi +QMbi`BM2/ iQ
i?2 ;`B/ěi?2B` +QQ`/BMi2b Kv #2 7`+iBQMH- HHQrBM; bKQQi? KQiBQMX

h?2 i2+?MQHQ;v
q2 rBHH mb2 i?2 #`Qrb2` .PJ iQ /BbTHv i?2 ;K2- M/ r2ǶHH `2/ mb2`
BMTmi #v ?M/HBM; F2v 2p2MibX
h?2 b+`22M@ M/ F2v#Q`/@`2Hi2/ +Q/2 Bb QMHv  iBMv T`i Q7 i?2 rQ`F
r2 M22/ iQ /Q iQ #mBH/ i?Bb ;K2X aBM+2 2p2`vi?BM; HQQFb HBF2 +QHQ`2/
#Qt2b- /`rBM; Bb mM+QKTHB+i2/, r2 +`2i2 .PJ 2H2K2Mib M/ mb2
bivHBM; iQ ;Bp2 i?2K  #+F;`QmM/ +QHQ`- bBx2- M/ TQbBiBQMX

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 q2 +M `2T`2b2Mi i?2 #+F;`QmM/ b  i#H2 bBM+2 Bi Bb M mM+?M;BM;
;`B/ Q7 b[m`2bX h?2 7`22@KQpBM; 2H2K2Mib +M #2 Qp2`HB/ QM iQT Q7 i?i-
mbBM; #bQHmi2Hv TQbBiBQM2/ 2H2K2MibX
AM ;K2b M/ Qi?2` T`Q;`Kb i?i ?p2 iQ MBKi2 ;`T?B+b M/ `2@
bTQM/ iQ mb2` BMTmi rBi?Qmi MQiB+2#H2 /2Hv- 2{+B2M+v Bb BKTQ`iMiX
Hi?Qm;? i?2 .PJ rb MQi Q`B;BMHHv /2bB;M2/ 7Q` ?B;?@T2`7Q`KM+2
;`T?B+b- Bi Bb +imHHv #2ii2` i i?Bb i?M vQm rQmH/ 2tT2+iX uQm br
bQK2 MBKiBQMb BM *?Ti2` RjX PM  KQ/2`M K+?BM2-  bBKTH2 ;K2
HBF2 i?Bb T2`7Q`Kb r2HH- 2p2M B7 r2 /QMǶi i?BMF #Qmi QTiBKBxiBQM Km+?X
AM i?2 M2ti +?Ti2`- r2 rBHH 2tTHQ`2 MQi?2` #`Qrb2` i2+?MQHQ;v- i?2
<canvas> i;- r?B+? T`QpB/2b  KQ`2 i`/BiBQMH rv iQ /`r ;`T?B+b-
rQ`FBM; BM i2`Kb Q7 b?T2b M/ TBt2Hb `i?2` i?M .PJ 2H2K2MibX

G2p2Hb
AM *?Ti2` d r2 mb2/ ``vb Q7 bi`BM;b iQ /2b+`B#2  irQ@/BK2MbBQMH
;`B/X q2 +M /Q i?2 bK2 ?2`2X Ai rBHH HHQr mb iQ /2bB;M H2p2Hb rBi?Qmi
}`bi #mBH/BM;  H2p2H 2/BiQ`X
 bBKTH2 H2p2H rQmH/ HQQF HBF2 i?Bb,
var simpleLevelPlan = [
" ",
" ",
" x = x ",
" x o o x ",
" x @ xxxxx x ",
" xxxxx x ",
" x !!!!!!!!!!!! x ",
" xxxxxxxxxxxxxx ",
" "
];

"Qi? i?2 }t2/ ;`B/ M/ i?2 KQpBM; 2H2K2Mib `2 BM+Hm/2/ BM i?2 THMX
h?2 x +?`+i2`b biM/ 7Q` rHHb- i?2 bT+2 +?`+i2`b 7Q` 2KTiv bT+2-
M/ i?2 2t+HKiBQM K`Fb `2T`2b2Mi }t2/- MQMKQpBM; Hp iBH2bX
h?2 @ /2}M2b i?2 TH+2 r?2`2 i?2 THv2` bi`ibX 1p2`v o Bb  +QBM- M/
i?2 2[mH bB;M U=V biM/b 7Q`  #HQ+F Q7 Hp i?i KQp2b #+F M/ 7Q`i?
?Q`BxQMiHHvX LQi2 i?i i?2 ;`B/ 7Q` i?2b2 TQbBiBQMb rBHH #2 b2i iQ +QMiBM

kd9
2KTiv bT+2- M/ MQi?2` /i bi`m+im`2 Bb mb2/ iQ i`+F i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7
bm+? KQpBM; 2H2K2MibX
q2ǶHH bmTTQ`i irQ Qi?2` FBM/b Q7 KQpBM; Hp, i?2 TBT2 +?`+i2` U|V
7Q` p2`iB+HHv KQpBM; #HQ#b- M/ v 7Q` /`BTTBM; Hpěp2`iB+HHv KQpBM;
Hp i?i /Q2bMǶi #QmM+2 #+F M/ 7Q`i? #mi QMHv KQp2b /QrM- DmKTBM;
#+F iQ Bib bi`i TQbBiBQM r?2M Bi ?Bib i?2 ~QQ`X
 r?QH2 ;K2 +QMbBbib Q7 KmHiBTH2 H2p2Hb i?i i?2 THv2` Kmbi +QKTH2i2X
 H2p2H Bb +QKTH2i2/ r?2M HH +QBMb ?p2 #22M +QHH2+i2/X A7 i?2 THv2`
iQm+?2b Hp- i?2 +m``2Mi H2p2H Bb `2biQ`2/ iQ Bib bi`iBM; TQbBiBQM- M/
i?2 THv2` Kv i`v ;BMX

_2/BM;  H2p2H
h?2 7QHHQrBM; +QMbi`m+iQ` #mBH/b  H2p2H Q#D2+iX Aib `;mK2Mi b?QmH/ #2
i?2 ``v Q7 bi`BM;b i?i /2}M2 i?2 H2p2HX
function Level ( plan ) {
this . width = plan [0]. length ;
this . height = plan . length ;
this . grid = [];
this . actors = [];

for ( var y = 0; y < this . height ; y ++) {

var line = plan [ y ] , gridLine = [];
for ( var x = 0; x < this . width ; x ++) {
var ch = line [ x ] , fieldType = null ;
var Actor = actorChars [ ch ];
if ( Actor )
this . actors . push ( new Actor ( new Vector (x , y ) , ch ) ) ;
else if ( ch == " x ")
fieldType = " wall ";
else if ( ch == "!")
fieldType = " lava ";
gridLine . push ( fieldType );
}
this . grid . push ( gridLine ) ;
}

this . player = this . actors . filter ( function ( actor ) {

return actor . type == " player ";

kd8
 }) [0];
this . status = this . finishDelay = null ;
}

6Q` #`2pBiv- i?2 +Q/2 /Q2b MQi +?2+F 7Q` KH7Q`K2/ BMTmiX Ai bbmK2b
i?i vQmǶp2 ;Bp2M Bi  T`QT2` H2p2H THM- +QKTH2i2 rBi?  THv2` bi`i
TQbBiBQM M/ Qi?2` 2bb2MiBHbX
 H2p2H biQ`2b Bib rB/i? M/ ?2B;?i- HQM; rBi? irQ ``vběQM2 7Q`
i?2 ;`B/ M/ QM2 7Q` i?2 +iQ`b- r?B+? `2 i?2 /vMKB+ 2H2K2MibX h?2
;`B/ Bb `2T`2b2Mi2/ b M ``v Q7 ``vb- r?2`2 2+? Q7 i?2 BMM2` ``vb
`2T`2b2Mib  ?Q`BxQMiH HBM2 M/ 2+? b[m`2 +QMiBMb 2Bi?2` MmHH- 7Q`
2KTiv b[m`2b- Q`  bi`BM; BM/B+iBM; i?2 ivT2 Q7 i?2 b[m`2ě"wall" Q`
"lava"X
h?2 +iQ`b ``v ?QH/b Q#D2+ib i?i i`+F i?2 +m``2Mi TQbBiBQM M/ bii2
Q7 i?2 /vMKB+ 2H2K2Mib BM i?2 H2p2HX 1+? Q7 i?2b2 Bb 2tT2+i2/ iQ ?p2 
pos T`QT2`iv i?i ;Bp2b Bib TQbBiBQM Ui?2 +QQ`/BMi2b Q7 Bib iQT@H27i +Q`M2`V-
 size T`QT2`iv i?i ;Bp2b Bib bBx2- M/  type T`QT2`iv i?i ?QH/b  bi`BM;
B/2MiB7vBM; i?2 2H2K2Mi U"lava"- "coin"- Q` "player"VX
7i2` #mBH/BM; i?2 ;`B/- r2 mb2 i?2 filter K2i?Q/ iQ }M/ i?2 THv2`
+iQ` Q#D2+i- r?B+? r2 biQ`2 BM  T`QT2`iv Q7 i?2 H2p2HX h?2 status T`QT@
2`iv i`+Fb r?2i?2` i?2 THv2` ?b rQM Q` HQbiX q?2M i?Bb ?TT2Mb-
finishDelay Bb mb2/ iQ F22T i?2 H2p2H +iBp2 7Q`  b?Q`i T2`BQ/ Q7 iBK2 bQ
i?i  bBKTH2 MBKiBQM +M #2 b?QrMX UAKK2/Bi2Hv `2b2iiBM; Q` /@
pM+BM; i?2 H2p2H rQmH/ HQQF +?2TXV h?Bb K2i?Q/ +M #2 mb2/ iQ }M/
Qmi r?2i?2`  H2p2H Bb }MBb?2/,
Level . prototype . isFinished = function () {
return this . status != null && this . finishDelay < 0;
};

+iQ`b
p2+iQ` hQ biQ`2 i?2 TQbBiBQM M/ bBx2 Q7 M +iQ`- r2 rBHH `2im`M iQ Qm`
i`mbiv Vector ivT2- r?B+? ;`QmTb M t@+QQ`/BMi2 M/  v@+QQ`/BMi2 BMiQ
M Q#D2+iX
function Vector (x , y ) {
this . x = x ; this . y = y;

kde
 }
Vector . prototype . plus = function ( other ) {
return new Vector ( this . x + other .x , this . y + other . y ) ;
};
Vector . prototype . times = function ( factor ) {
return new Vector ( this . x * factor , this . y * factor ) ;
};

h?2 times K2i?Q/ b+H2b  p2+iQ` #v  ;Bp2M KQmMiX Ai rBHH #2 mb27mH

r?2M r2 M22/ iQ KmHiBTHv  bT22/ p2+iQ` #v  iBK2 BMi2`pH iQ ;2i i?2
/BbiM+2 i`p2H2/ /m`BM; i?i iBK2X
AM i?2 T`2pBQmb b2+iBQM- i?2 actorChars Q#D2+i rb mb2/ #v i?2 Level
+QMbi`m+iQ` iQ bbQ+Bi2 +?`+i2`b rBi? +QMbi`m+iQ` 7mM+iBQMbX h?2
Q#D2+i HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
var actorChars = {
" @ ": Player ,
" o ": Coin ,
"=": Lava , "|": Lava , "v ": Lava
};

h?`22 +?`+i2`b KT iQ LavaX h?2 Level +QMbi`m+iQ` Tbb2b i?2 +iQ`Ƕb
bQm`+2 +?`+i2` b i?2 b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi iQ i?2 +QMbi`m+iQ`- M/ i?2
Lava +QMbi`m+iQ` mb2b i?i iQ /Dmbi Bib #2?pBQ` U#QmM+BM; ?Q`BxQMiHHv-
#QmM+BM; p2`iB+HHv- Q` /`BTTBM;VX
h?2 THv2` ivT2 Bb #mBHi rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; +QMbi`m+iQ`X Ai ?b  T`QT@
2`iv speed i?i biQ`2b Bib +m``2Mi bT22/- r?B+? rBHH ?2HT bBKmHi2 KQK2M@
imK M/ ;`pBivX
function Player ( pos ) {
this . pos = pos . plus ( new Vector (0 , -0.5) ) ;
this . size = new Vector (0.8 , 1.5) ;
this . speed = new Vector (0 , 0) ;
}
Player . prototype . type = " player ";

"2+mb2  THv2` Bb QM2@M/@@?H7 b[m`2b ?B;?- Bib BMBiBH TQbBiBQM Bb b2i

iQ #2 ?H7  b[m`2 #Qp2 i?2 TQbBiBQM r?2`2 i?2 @ +?`+i2` TT2`2/X
h?Bb rv- Bib #QiiQK HB;Mb rBi? i?2 #QiiQK Q7 i?2 b[m`2 Bi TT2`2/
BMX

kdd
 q?2M +QMbi`m+iBM;  /vMKB+ Lava Q#D2+i- r2 M22/ iQ BMBiBHBx2 i?2
Q#D2+i /Bz2`2MiHv /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 +?`+i2` Bi Bb #b2/ QMX .vMKB+
Hp KQp2b HQM; i Bib ;Bp2M bT22/ mMiBH Bi ?Bib M Q#bi+H2X i i?i
TQBMi- B7 Bi ?b  repeatPos T`QT2`iv- Bi rBHH DmKT #+F iQ Bib bi`i TQbBiBQM
U/`BTTBM;VX A7 Bi /Q2b MQi- Bi rBHH BMp2`i Bib bT22/ M/ +QMiBMm2 BM i?2
Qi?2` /B`2+iBQM U#QmM+BM;VX h?2 +QMbi`m+iQ` QMHv b2ib mT i?2 M2+2bb`v
T`QT2`iB2bX h?2 K2i?Q/ i?i /Q2b i?2 +imH KQpBM; rBHH #2 r`Bii2M
Hi2`X
function Lava ( pos , ch ) {
this . pos = pos ;
this . size = new Vector (1 , 1) ;
if ( ch == "=") {
this . speed = new Vector (2 , 0) ;
} else if ( ch == "|") {
this . speed = new Vector (0 , 2) ;
} else if ( ch == " v ") {
this . speed = new Vector (0 , 3) ;
this . repeatPos = pos ;
}
}
Lava . prototype . type = " lava ";

Coin +iQ`b `2 bBKTH2X h?2v KQbiHv Dmbi bBi BM i?2B` TH+2X "mi iQ HBp2M
mT i?2 ;K2  HBiiH2- i?2v `2 ;Bp2M  dzrQ##H2Ǵ-  bHB;?i p2`iB+H KQiBQM
#+F M/ 7Q`i?X hQ i`+F i?Bb-  +QBM Q#D2+i biQ`2b  #b2 TQbBiBQM b
r2HH b  wobble T`QT2`iv i?i i`+Fb i?2 T?b2 Q7 i?2 #QmM+BM; KQiBQMX
hQ;2i?2`- i?2b2 /2i2`KBM2 i?2 +QBMǶb +imH TQbBiBQM UbiQ`2/ BM i?2 pos
T`QT2`ivVX
function Coin ( pos ) {
this . basePos = this . pos = pos . plus ( new Vector (0.2 , 0.1) ) ;
this . size = new Vector (0.6 , 0.6) ;
this . wobble = Math . random () * Math . PI * 2;
}
Coin . prototype . type = " coin ";

AM *?Ti2` Rj- r2 br i?i Math.sin ;Bp2b mb i?2 v@+QQ`/BMi2 Q7  TQBMi

QM  +B`+H2X h?i +QQ`/BMi2 ;Q2b #+F M/ 7Q`i? BM  bKQQi? rp2 7Q`K
b r2 KQp2 HQM; i?2 +B`+H2- r?B+? KF2b i?2 bBM2 7mM+iBQM mb27mH 7Q`
KQ/2HBM;  rpv KQiBQMX

kd3
 hQ pQB/  bBimiBQM r?2`2 HH +QBMb KQp2 mT M/ /QrM bvM+?`QMQmbHv-
i?2 bi`iBM; T?b2 Q7 2+? +QBM Bb `M/QKBx2/X h?2 T?b2 Q7 Math.sin
Ƕb rp2- i?2 rB/i? Q7  rp2 Bi T`Q/m+2b- Bb kπ X q2 KmHiBTHv i?2 pHm2
`2im`M2/ #v Math.random #v i?i MmK#2` iQ ;Bp2 i?2 +QBM  `M/QK bi`iBM;
TQbBiBQM QM i?2 rp2X
q2 ?p2 MQr r`Bii2M HH i?2 T`ib M22/2/ iQ `2T`2b2Mi i?2 bii2 Q7 
H2p2HX
var simpleLevel = new Level ( simpleLevelPlan );
console . log ( simpleLevel . width , " by " , simpleLevel . height ) ;
// → 22 by 9

h?2 ibF ?2/ Bb iQ /BbTHv bm+? H2p2Hb QM i?2 b+`22M M/ iQ KQ/2H iBK2
M/ KQiBQM BMbB/2 i?2KX

1M+TbmHiBQM b  #m`/2M
JQbi Q7 i?2 +Q/2 BM i?Bb +?Ti2` /Q2b MQi rQ``v #Qmi 2M+TbmHiBQM 7Q`
irQ `2bQMbX 6B`bi- 2M+TbmHiBQM iF2b 2ti` 2zQ`iX Ai KF2b T`Q;`Kb
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function elt ( name , className ) {
var elt = document . createElement ( name ) ;
if ( className ) elt . className = className ;
return elt ;
}

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TT2M/ Bib2H7 M/  H2p2H Q#D2+iX
function DOMDisplay ( parent , level ) {
this . wrap = parent . appendChild ( elt (" div " , " game ") ) ;
this . level = level ;

this . wrap . appendChild ( this . drawBackground () ) ;

this . actorLayer = null ;
this . drawFrame () ;
}

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var scale = 20;

DOMDisplay . prototype . drawBackground = function () {

var table = elt (" table " , " background ") ;
table . style . width = this . level . width * scale + " px ";
this . level . grid . forEach ( function ( row ) {
var rowElt = table . appendChild ( elt (" tr ") );
rowElt . style . height = scale + " px ";
row . forEach ( function ( type ) {
rowElt . appendChild ( elt (" td ", type ) ) ;
}) ;
}) ;
return table ;
};

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rMi,
. background { background : rgb (52 , 166 , 251) ;
table - layout : fixed ;
border - spacing : 0; }
. background td { padding : 0; }
. lava { background : rgb (255 , 100 , 100) ; }
. wall { background : white ; }

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?p2 iQ #2 KmHiBTHB2/ #v scale iQ ;Q 7`QK ;K2 mMBib iQ TBt2HbX
DOMDisplay . prototype . drawActors = function () {
var wrap = elt (" div ") ;
this . level . actors . forEach ( function ( actor ) {
var rect = wrap . appendChild ( elt (" div ",
" actor " + actor . type ) ) ;
rect . style . width = actor . size . x * scale + " px ";
rect . style . height = actor . size . y * scale + " px ";
rect . style . left = actor . pos . x * scale + " px ";
rect . style . top = actor . pos .y * scale + " px ";
}) ;
return wrap ;
};

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`2mb2 i?2 +Hbb 7Q` i?2 Hp ;`B/ b[m`2b r?B+? r2 /2}M2/ 2`HB2`X
. actor { position : absolute ; }
. coin { background : rgb (241 , 229 , 89) ; }
. player { background : rgb (64 , 64 , 64) ; }

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+iQ`b BM i?2 ;K2- `2/`rBM; HH Q7 i?2K Bb MQi 2tT2MbBp2X
DOMDisplay . prototype . drawFrame = function () {
if ( this . actorLayer )
this . wrap . removeChild ( this . actorLayer );
this . actorLayer = this . wrap . appendChild ( this . drawActors () ) ;
this . wrap . className = " game " + ( this . level . status || "") ;
this . scrollPlayerIntoView () ;
};

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M+2biQ` 2H2K2Mi rBi?  ;Bp2M +HbbX
. lost . player {
background : rgb (160 , 64 , 64) ;
}
. won . player {
box - shadow : -4 px -7 px 8 px white , 4 px -7 px 8 px white ;
}

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i?2 H2p2HǶb iQT@H27i +Q`M2`X
. game {
overflow : hidden ;
max - width : 600 px ;
max - height : 450 px ;

k3j
 position : relative ;
}

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iBQM #v KMBTmHiBM; i?i 2H2K2MiǶb scrollLeft M/ scrollTop T`QT2`iB2b
r?2M i?2 THv2` Bb iQQ +HQb2 iQ i?2 2/;2X
DOMDisplay . prototype . scrollPlayerIntoView = function () {
var width = this . wrap . clientWidth ;
var height = this . wrap . clientHeight ;
var margin = width / 3;

// The viewport
var left = this . wrap . scrollLeft , right = left + width ;
var top = this . wrap . scrollTop , bottom = top + height ;

var player = this . level . player ;

var center = player . pos . plus ( player . size . times (0.5) )
. times ( scale ) ;

if ( center .x < left + margin )

this . wrap . scrollLeft = center .x - margin ;
else if ( center . x > right - margin )
this . wrap . scrollLeft = center .x + margin - width ;
if ( center .y < top + margin )
this . wrap . scrollTop = center . y - margin ;
else if ( center . y > bottom - margin )
this . wrap . scrollTop = center . y + margin - height ;
};

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QFvěi?2 .PJ rBHH +QMbi`BM i?2K iQ bM2 pHm2bX a2iiBM; scrollLeft

k39
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i?2 ;K2 KQp2b iQ i?2 M2ti H2p2H Q` `2b2ib  H2p2HX
DOMDisplay . prototype . clear = function () {
this . wrap . parentNode . removeChild ( this . wrap ) ;
};

q2 `2 MQr #H2 iQ /BbTHv Qm` iBMv H2p2HX

< link rel =" stylesheet " href =" css / game . css ">

< script >

var simpleLevel = new Level ( simpleLevelPlan ) ;
var display = new DOMDisplay ( document . body , simpleLevel ) ;
</ script >

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;K2X

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 bBx2V Qp2`HTb rBi? Mv MQM2KTiv bT+2 QM i?2 #+F;`QmM/ ;`B/,
Level . prototype . obstacleAt = function ( pos , size ) {
var xStart = Math . floor ( pos . x );
var xEnd = Math . ceil ( pos . x + size . x ) ;
var yStart = Math . floor ( pos . y );
var yEnd = Math . ceil ( pos . y + size . y ) ;

if ( xStart < 0 || xEnd > this . width || yStart < 0)

return " wall ";
if ( yEnd > this . height )
return " lava ";

k3e
 for ( var y = yStart ; y < yEnd ; y ++) {
for ( var x = xStart ; x < xEnd ; x ++) {
var fieldType = this . grid [ y ][ x ];
if ( fieldType ) return fieldType ;
}
}
};

h?Bb K2i?Q/ +QKTmi2b i?2 b2i Q7 ;`B/ b[m`2b i?i i?2 #Q/v Qp2`HTb rBi?
#v mbBM; Math.floor M/ Math.ceil QM i?2 #Q/vǶb +QQ`/BMi2bX _2K2K#2`
i?i ;`B/ b[m`2b `2 R×R mMBib BM bBx2X "v `QmM/BM; i?2 bB/2b Q7  #Qt mT
M/ /QrM- r2 ;2i i?2 `M;2 Q7 #+F;`QmM/ b[m`2b i?i i?2 #Qt iQm+?2bX

A7 i?2 #Q/v biB+Fb Qmi Q7 i?2 H2p2H- r2 Hrvb `2im`M "wall" 7Q` i?2 bB/2b
M/ iQT M/ "lava" 7Q` i?2 #QiiQKX h?Bb 2Mbm`2b i?i i?2 THv2` /B2b
r?2M 7HHBM; Qmi Q7 i?2 rQ`H/X q?2M i?2 #Q/v Bb 7mHHv BMbB/2 i?2 ;`B/- r2
HQQT Qp2` i?2 #HQ+F Q7 ;`B/ b[m`2b 7QmM/ #v `QmM/BM; i?2 +QQ`/BMi2b
M/ `2im`M i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 }`bi MQM2KTiv b[m`2 r2 }M/X
*QHHBbBQMb #2ir22M i?2 THv2` M/ Qi?2` /vMKB+ +iQ`b U+QBMb- KQpBM;
HpV `2 ?M/H2/ 7i2` i?2 THv2` KQp2/X q?2M i?2 KQiBQM ?b iF2M
i?2 THv2` BMiQ MQi?2` +iQ`- i?2 TT`QT`Bi2 2z2+iě+QHH2+iBM;  +QBM
Q` /vBM;ěBb +iBpi2/X
h?Bb K2i?Q/ b+Mb i?2 ``v Q7 +iQ`b- HQQFBM; 7Q` M +iQ` i?i Qp2`@
HTb i?2 QM2 ;Bp2M b M `;mK2Mi,
Level . prototype . actorAt = function ( actor ) {
for ( var i = 0; i < this . actors . length ; i ++) {
var other = this . actors [i ];
if ( other != actor &&
actor . pos . x + actor . size . x > other . pos .x &&
actor . pos . x < other . pos .x + other . size .x &&
actor . pos . y + actor . size . y > other . pos .y &&
actor . pos . y < other . pos .y + other . size .y)

k3d
 return other ;
}
};

+iQ`b M/ +iBQMb

h?2 animate K2i?Q/ QM i?2 Level ivT2 ;Bp2b HH +iQ`b BM i?2 H2p2H  +?M+2
iQ KQp2X Aib step `;mK2Mi Bb i?2 iBK2 bi2T BM b2+QM/bX h?2 keys Q#D2+i
+QMiBMb BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi i?2 ``Qr F2vb i?2 THv2` ?b T`2bb2/X
var maxStep = 0.05;

Level . prototype . animate = function ( step , keys ) {

if ( this . status != null )
this . finishDelay -= step ;

while ( step > 0) {

var thisStep = Math . min ( step , maxStep );
this . actors . forEach ( function ( actor ) {
actor . act ( thisStep , this , keys );
}, this ) ;
step -= thisStep ;
}
};

q?2M i?2 H2p2HǶb status T`QT2`iv ?b  MQM@MmHH pHm2 Ur?B+? Bb i?2 +b2
r?2M i?2 THv2` ?b rQM Q` HQbiV- r2 Kmbi +QmMi /QrM i?2 finishDelay
T`QT2`iv- r?B+? i`+Fb i?2 iBK2 #2ir22M i?2 TQBMi r?2`2 rBMMBM; Q`
HQbBM; ?TT2Mb M/ i?2 TQBMi r?2`2 r2 rMi iQ biQT b?QrBM; i?2 H2p2HX
h?2 while HQQT +mib i?2 iBK2 bi2T r2 `2 MBKiBM; BMiQ bmBi#Hv bKHH
TB2+2bX Ai 2Mbm`2b i?i MQ bi2T H`;2` i?M maxStep Bb iF2MX 6Q` 2tKTH2-
 step Q7 yXRk b2+QM/ rQmH/ #2 +mi BMiQ irQ bi2Tb Q7 yXy8 b2+QM/b M/ QM2
bi2T Q7 yXykX
+iQ` Q#D2+ib ?p2 M act K2i?Q/- r?B+? iF2b b `;mK2Mib i?2 iBK2
bi2T- i?2 H2p2H Q#D2+i- M/ i?2 keys Q#D2+iX >2`2 Bb QM2- 7Q` i?2 Lava +iQ`
ivT2- r?B+? B;MQ`2b i?2 keys Q#D2+i,
Lava . prototype . act = function ( step , level ) {
var newPos = this . pos . plus ( this . speed . times ( step ) ) ;

k33
 if (! level . obstacleAt ( newPos , this . size ) )
this . pos = newPos ;
else if ( this . repeatPos )
this . pos = this . repeatPos ;
else
this . speed = this . speed . times ( -1) ;
};

Ai +QKTmi2b  M2r TQbBiBQM #v //BM; i?2 T`Q/m+i Q7 i?2 iBK2 bi2T M/
Bib +m``2Mi bT22/ iQ Bib QH/ TQbBiBQMX A7 MQ Q#bi+H2 #HQ+Fb i?i M2r
TQbBiBQM- Bi KQp2b i?2`2X A7 i?2`2 Bb M Q#bi+H2- i?2 #2?pBQ` /2T2M/b
QM i?2 ivT2 Q7 i?2 Hp #HQ+Fě/`BTTBM; Hp ?b  repeatPos T`QT2`iv-
iQ r?B+? Bi DmKTb #+F r?2M Bi ?Bib bQK2i?BM;X "QmM+BM; Hp bBKTHv
BMp2`ib Bib bT22/ UKmHiBTHB2b Bi #v @RV BM Q`/2` iQ bi`i KQpBM; BM i?2
Qi?2` /B`2+iBQMX
*QBMb mb2 i?2B` act K2i?Q/ iQ rQ##H2X h?2v B;MQ`2 +QHHBbBQMb bBM+2 i?2v
`2 bBKTHv rQ##HBM; `QmM/ BMbB/2 Q7 i?2B` QrM b[m`2- M/ +QHHBbBQMb
rBi? i?2 THv2` rBHH #2 ?M/H2/ #v i?2 THv2`Ƕb act K2i?Q/X
var wobbleSpeed = 8 , wobbleDist = 0.07;

Coin . prototype . act = function ( step ) {

this . wobble += step * wobbleSpeed ;
var wobblePos = Math . sin ( this . wobble ) * wobbleDist ;
this . pos = this . basePos . plus ( new Vector (0 , wobblePos ) ) ;
};

h?2 wobble T`QT2`iv Bb mT/i2/ iQ i`+F iBK2 M/ i?2M mb2/ b M `@
;mK2Mi iQ Math.sin iQ +`2i2  rp2- r?B+? Bb mb2/ iQ +QKTmi2  M2r
TQbBiBQMX
h?i H2p2b i?2 THv2` Bib2H7X SHv2` KQiBQM Bb ?M/H2/ b2T`i2Hv T2`
tBb #2+mb2 ?BiiBM; i?2 ~QQ` b?QmH/ MQi T`2p2Mi ?Q`BxQMiH KQiBQM- M/
?BiiBM;  rHH b?QmH/ MQi biQT 7HHBM; Q` DmKTBM; KQiBQMX h?Bb K2i?Q/
BKTH2K2Mib i?2 ?Q`BxQMiH T`i,
var playerXSpeed = 7;

Player . prototype . moveX = function ( step , level , keys ) {

this . speed . x = 0;
if ( keys . left ) this . speed .x -= playerXSpeed ;
if ( keys . right ) this . speed .x += playerXSpeed ;

k3N
 var motion = new Vector ( this . speed . x * step , 0) ;
var newPos = this . pos . plus ( motion ) ;
var obstacle = level . obstacleAt ( newPos , this . size ) ;
if ( obstacle )
level . playerTouched ( obstacle );
else
this . pos = newPos ;
};

h?2 ?Q`BxQMiH KQiBQM Bb +QKTmi2/ #b2/ QM i?2 bii2 Q7 i?2 H27i M/
`B;?i ``Qr F2vbX q?2M  KQiBQM +mb2b i?2 THv2` iQ ?Bi bQK2i?BM;- i?2
H2p2HǶb playerTouched K2i?Q/- r?B+? ?M/H2b i?BM;b HBF2 /vBM; BM Hp M/
+QHH2+iBM; +QBMb- Bb +HH2/X Pi?2`rBb2- i?2 Q#D2+i mT/i2b Bib TQbBiBQMX
o2`iB+H KQiBQM rQ`Fb BM  bBKBH` rv #mi ?b iQ bBKmHi2 DmKTBM;
M/ ;`pBivX
var gravity = 30;
var jumpSpeed = 17;

Player . prototype . moveY = function ( step , level , keys ) {

this . speed . y += step * gravity ;
var motion = new Vector (0 , this . speed . y * step ) ;
var newPos = this . pos . plus ( motion ) ;
var obstacle = level . obstacleAt ( newPos , this . size ) ;
if ( obstacle ) {
level . playerTouched ( obstacle );
if ( keys . up && this . speed .y > 0)
this . speed . y = - jumpSpeed ;
else
this . speed . y = 0;
} else {
this . pos = newPos ;
}
};

i i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 K2i?Q/- i?2 THv2` Bb ++2H2`i2/ p2`iB+HHv iQ ++QmMi

7Q` ;`pBivX h?2 ;`pBiv- DmKTBM; bT22/- M/ T`2iiv Km+? HH Qi?2` +QM@
biMib BM i?Bb ;K2 ?p2 #22M b2i #v i`BH M/ 2``Q`X A i2bi2/ p`BQmb
pHm2b mMiBH A 7QmM/  +QK#BMiBQM A HBF2/X

kNy
 L2ti- r2 +?2+F 7Q` Q#bi+H2b ;BMX A7 r2 ?Bi M Q#bi+H2- i?2`2 `2 irQ
TQbbB#H2 Qmi+QK2bX q?2M i?2 mT ``Qr Bb T`2bb2/ M/ r2 `2 KQpBM;
/QrM UK2MBM; i?2 i?BM; r2 ?Bi Bb #2HQr mbV- i?2 bT22/ Bb b2i iQ 
`2HiBp2Hv H`;2- M2;iBp2 pHm2X h?Bb +mb2b i?2 THv2` iQ DmKTX A7 i?i
Bb MQi i?2 +b2- r2 bBKTHv #mKT2/ BMiQ bQK2i?BM;- M/ i?2 bT22/ Bb `2b2i
iQ x2`QX
h?2 +imH act K2i?Q/ HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,
Player . prototype . act = function ( step , level , keys ) {
this . moveX ( step , level , keys ) ;
this . moveY ( step , level , keys ) ;

var otherActor = level . actorAt ( this ) ;

if ( otherActor )
level . playerTouched ( otherActor . type , otherActor );

// Losing animation
if ( level . status == " lost ") {
this . pos . y += step ;
this . size . y -= step ;
}
};

7i2` KQpBM;- i?2 K2i?Q/ +?2+Fb 7Q` Qi?2` +iQ`b i?i i?2 THv2` Bb
+QHHB/BM; rBi? M/ ;BM +HHb playerTouched r?2M Bi }M/b QM2X h?Bb iBK2-
Bi Tbb2b i?2 +iQ` Q#D2+i b i?2 b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi #2+mb2 B7 i?2 Qi?2`
+iQ` Bb  +QBM- playerTouched M22/b iQ FMQr r?B+? +QBM Bb #2BM; +QHH2+i2/X
6BMHHv- r?2M i?2 THv2` /B2b UiQm+?2b HpV- r2 b2i mT  HBiiH2 MBKiBQM
i?i +mb2b i?2K iQ dzb?`BMFǴ Q` dzbBMFǴ /QrM #v `2/m+BM; i?2 ?2B;?i Q7
i?2 THv2` Q#D2+iX
M/ ?2`2 Bb i?2 K2i?Q/ i?i ?M/H2b +QHHBbBQMb #2ir22M i?2 THv2` M/
Qi?2` Q#D2+ib,
Level . prototype . playerTouched = function ( type , actor ) {
if ( type == " lava " && this . status == null ) {
this . status = " lost ";
this . finishDelay = 1;
} else if ( type == " coin ") {
this . actors = this . actors . filter ( function ( other ) {
return other != actor ;
}) ;

kNR
 if (! this . actors . some ( function ( actor ) {
return actor . type == " coin ";
}) ) {
this . status = " won ";
this . finishDelay = 1;
}
}
};

q?2M Hp Bb iQm+?2/- i?2 ;K2Ƕb biimb Bb b2i iQ "lost"X q?2M  +QBM Bb
iQm+?2/- i?i +QBM Bb `2KQp2/ 7`QK i?2 ``v Q7 +iQ`b- M/ B7 Bi rb i?2
Hbi QM2- i?2 ;K2Ƕb biimb Bb b2i iQ "won"X
h?Bb ;Bp2b mb  H2p2H i?i +M +imHHv #2 MBKi2/X HH i?i Bb KBbbBM;
MQr Bb i?2 +Q/2 i?i /`Bp2b i?2 MBKiBQMX

h`+FBM; F2vb
6Q`  ;K2 HBF2 i?Bb- r2 /Q MQi rMi F2vb iQ iF2 2z2+i QM+2 T2` F2v@
T`2bbX _i?2`- r2 rMi i?2B` 2z2+i UKQpBM; i?2 THv2` };m`2V iQ +QMiBMm2
?TT2MBM; b HQM; b i?2v `2 T`2bb2/X
q2 M22/ iQ b2i mT  F2v ?M/H2` i?i biQ`2b i?2 +m``2Mi bii2 Q7 i?2
H27i- `B;?i- M/ mT ``Qr F2vbX q2 rBHH HbQ rMi iQ +HH preventDefault
7Q` i?Qb2 F2vb bQ i?i i?2v /QMǶi 2M/ mT b+`QHHBM; i?2 T;2X
h?2 7QHHQrBM; 7mM+iBQM- r?2M ;Bp2M M Q#D2+i rBi? F2v +Q/2b b T`QT@
2`iv MK2b M/ F2v MK2b b pHm2b- rBHH `2im`M M Q#D2+i i?i i`+Fb i?2
+m``2Mi TQbBiBQM Q7 i?Qb2 F2vbX Ai `2;Bbi2`b 2p2Mi ?M/H2`b 7Q` "keydown"
M/ "keyup" 2p2Mib M/- r?2M i?2 F2v +Q/2 BM i?2 2p2Mi Bb T`2b2Mi BM i?2
b2i Q7 +Q/2b i?i Bi Bb i`+FBM;- mT/i2b i?2 Q#D2+iX
var arrowCodes = {37: " left ", 38: " up ", 39: " right "};

function trackKeys ( codes ) {

var pressed = Object . create ( null );
function handler ( event ) {
if ( codes . hasOwnProperty ( event . keyCode ) ) {
var down = event . type == " keydown ";
pressed [ codes [ event . keyCode ]] = down ;
event . preventDefault () ;
}

kNk
 }
addEventListener (" keydown ", handler );
addEventListener (" keyup ", handler );
return pressed ;
}

LQi2 ?Qr i?2 bK2 ?M/H2` 7mM+iBQM Bb mb2/ 7Q` #Qi? 2p2Mi ivT2bX Ai
HQQFb i i?2 2p2Mi Q#D2+iǶb type T`QT2`iv iQ /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2` i?2 F2v
bii2 b?QmH/ #2 mT/i2/ iQ i`m2 U"keydown"V Q` 7Hb2 U"keyup"VX

_mMMBM; i?2 ;K2

h?2 requestAnimationFrame 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? r2 br BM *?Ti2` Rj- T`QpB/2b
 ;QQ/ rv iQ MBKi2  ;K2X "mi Bib BMi2`7+2 Bb [mBi2 T`BKBiBp2ěmbBM;
Bi `2[mB`2b mb iQ i`+F i?2 iBK2 i r?B+? Qm` 7mM+iBQM rb +HH2/ i?2 Hbi
iBK2 `QmM/ M/ +HH requestAnimationFrame ;BM 7i2` 2p2`v 7`K2X
G2iǶb /2}M2  ?2HT2` 7mM+iBQM i?i r`Tb i?Qb2 #Q`BM; T`ib BM  +QMp2@
MB2Mi BMi2`7+2 M/ HHQrb mb iQ bBKTHv +HH runAnimation- ;BpBM; Bi  7mM+@
iBQM i?i 2tT2+ib  iBK2 /Bz2`2M+2 b M `;mK2Mi M/ /`rb  bBM;H2
7`K2X q?2M i?2 7`K2 7mM+iBQM `2im`Mb i?2 pHm2 false- i?2 MBKiBQM
biQTbX
function runAnimation ( frameFunc ) {
var lastTime = null ;
function frame ( time ) {
var stop = false ;
if ( lastTime != null ) {
var timeStep = Math . min ( time - lastTime , 100) / 1000;
stop = frameFunc ( timeStep ) === false ;
}
lastTime = time ;
if (! stop )
requestAnimationFrame ( frame ) ;
}
requestAnimationFrame ( frame );
}

A ?p2 b2i  KtBKmK 7`K2 bi2T Q7 Ryy KBHHBb2+QM/b UQM2@i2Mi? Q7 

b2+QM/VX q?2M i?2 #`Qrb2` i# Q` rBM/Qr rBi? Qm` T;2 Bb ?B//2M-
requestAnimationFrame +HHb rBHH #2 bmbT2M/2/ mMiBH i?2 i# Q` rBM/Qr Bb

kNj
b?QrM ;BMX AM i?Bb +b2- i?2 /Bz2`2M+2 #2ir22M lastTime M/ time rBHH
#2 i?2 2MiB`2 iBK2 BM r?B+? i?2 T;2 rb ?B//2MX /pM+BM; i?2 ;K2
#v i?i Km+? BM  bBM;H2 bi2T rBHH HQQF bBHHv M/ KB;?i #2  HQi Q7 rQ`F
U`2K2K#2` i?2 iBK2@bTHBiiBM; BM i?2 animate K2i?Q/VX
h?2 7mM+iBQM HbQ +QMp2`ib i?2 iBK2 bi2Tb iQ b2+QM/b- r?B+? `2 M
2bB2` [mMiBiv iQ i?BMF #Qmi i?M KBHHBb2+QM/bX
h?2 runLevel 7mM+iBQM iF2b  Level Q#D2+i-  +QMbi`m+iQ` 7Q`  /BbTHv-
M/- QTiBQMHHv-  7mM+iBQMX Ai /BbTHvb i?2 H2p2H UBM document.bodyV M/
H2ib i?2 mb2` THv i?`Qm;? BiX q?2M i?2 H2p2H Bb }MBb?2/ UHQbi Q` rQMV-
runLevel +H2`b i?2 /BbTHv- biQTb i?2 MBKiBQM- M/- B7 M andThen 7mM+iBQM
rb ;Bp2M- +HHb i?i 7mM+iBQM rBi? i?2 H2p2HǶb biimbX
var arrows = trackKeys ( arrowCodes ) ;

function runLevel ( level , Display , andThen ) {

var display = new Display ( document . body , level ) ;
runAnimation ( function ( step ) {
level . animate ( step , arrows ) ;
display . drawFrame ( step );
if ( level . isFinished () ) {
display . clear () ;
if ( andThen )
andThen ( level . status );
return false ;
}
}) ;
}

 ;K2 Bb  b2[m2M+2 Q7 H2p2HbX q?2M2p2` i?2 THv2` /B2b- i?2 +m``2Mi

H2p2H Bb `2bi`i2/X q?2M  H2p2H Bb +QKTH2i2/- r2 KQp2 QM iQ i?2 M2ti
H2p2HX h?Bb +M #2 2tT`2bb2/ #v i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? iF2b M
``v Q7 H2p2H THMb U``vb Q7 bi`BM;bV M/  /BbTHv +QMbi`m+iQ`,
function runGame ( plans , Display ) {
function startLevel ( n ) {
runLevel ( new Level ( plans [n ]) , Display , function ( status ) {
if ( status == " lost ")
startLevel ( n ) ;
else if ( n < plans . length - 1)
startLevel ( n + 1) ;
else

kN9
 console . log (" You win !") ;
}) ;
}
startLevel (0) ;
}

h?2b2 7mM+iBQMb b?Qr  T2+mHB` bivH2 Q7 T`Q;`KKBM;X "Qi? runAnimation

M/ runLevel `2 ?B;?2`@Q`/2` 7mM+iBQMb #mi `2 MQi BM i?2 bivH2 r2 br BM
*?Ti2` 8X h?2 7mM+iBQM `;mK2Mi Bb mb2/ iQ ``M;2 i?BM;b iQ ?TT2M
i bQK2 iBK2 BM i?2 7mim`2- M/ M2Bi?2` Q7 i?2 7mM+iBQMb `2im`Mb Mvi?BM;
mb27mHX h?2B` ibF Bb- BM  rv- iQ b+?2/mH2 +iBQMbX q`TTBM; i?2b2
+iBQMb BM 7mM+iBQMb ;Bp2b mb  rv iQ biQ`2 i?2K b  pHm2 bQ i?i i?2v
+M #2 +HH2/ i i?2 `B;?i KQK2MiX
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1p2Mi ?M/HBM; Bb HbQ M BMbiM+2 Q7 i?Bb bivH2- M/ r2 rBHH b22 Km+?
KQ`2 Q7 Bi r?2M rQ`FBM; rBi? ibFb i?i +M iF2 M `#Bi``v KQmMi
Q7 iBK2- bm+? b M2irQ`F `2[m2bib BM *?Ti2` Rd M/ BMTmi M/ QmiTmi
BM ;2M2`H BM *?Ti2` kyX
h?2`2 Bb  b2i Q7 H2p2H THMb pBH#H2 BM i?2 GAME_LEVELS p`B#H2 U/QrM@
HQ/#H2 7`QK 2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2if+Q/2OR8VX h?Bb T;2 722/b i?2K iQ
runGame- bi`iBM; M +imH ;K2,

< link rel =" stylesheet " href =" css / game . css ">

< body >

< script >
runGame ( GAME_LEVELS , DOMDisplay ) ;
</ script >
</ body >

1t2`+Bb2b
:K2 Qp2`
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Bb Qmi Q7 HBp2b- i?2 ;K2 `2bi`ib 7`QK i?2 #2;BMMBM;X
/Dmbi runGame iQ BKTH2K2Mi HBp2bX >p2 i?2 THv2` bi`i rBi? i?`22X

kN8
SmbBM; i?2 ;K2
JF2 Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ Tmb2 UbmbT2M/V M/ mMTmb2 i?2 ;K2 #v T`2bbBM;
i?2 1b+ F2vX
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2p2` i?2 1b+ F2v Bb ?BiX
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}`bi ;HM+2- #mi Bi Bb- B7 vQm `2``M;2 i?2 rv runLevel +HHb BiX
q?2M vQm ?p2 i?i rQ`FBM;- i?2`2 Bb bQK2i?BM; 2Hb2 vQm +QmH/ i`vX
h?2 rv r2 ?p2 #22M `2;Bbi2`BM; F2v#Q`/ 2p2Mi ?M/H2`b Bb bQK2r?i
T`Q#H2KiB+X h?2 arrows Q#D2+i Bb +m``2MiHv  ;HQ#H p`B#H2- M/ Bib
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<p > Normal HTML here . </p >
< svg xmlns =" http :// www . w3 . org /2000/ svg ">
< circle r ="50" cx ="50" cy ="50" fill =" red "/ >
< rect x ="120" y ="5" width ="90" height ="90"
stroke =" blue " fill =" none "/ >
</ svg >

h?2 xmlns ii`B#mi2 +?M;2b M 2H2K2Mi UM/ Bib +?BH/`2MV iQ  /Bz2`2Mi

sJG MK2bT+2X h?Bb MK2bT+2- B/2MiB}2/ #v  l_G- bT2+B}2b i?2
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< canvas width ="120" height ="60" > </ canvas >
<p > After canvas . </p >
< script >
var canvas = document . querySelector (" canvas ") ;
var context = canvas . getContext ("2 d ") ;
context . fillStyle = " red ";
context . fillRect (10 , 10 , 100 , 50) ;
</ script >

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T`QT2`iv- r?B+? Kv +QMiBM Mv TQbBiBp2 MmK#2`X
< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . strokeStyle = " blue ";
cx . strokeRect (5 , 5 , 50 , 50) ;
cx . lineWidth = 5;
cx . strokeRect (135 , 5 , 50 , 50) ;
</ script >

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< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . beginPath () ;
for ( var y = 10; y < 100; y += 10) {
cx . moveTo (10 , y ) ;
cx . lineTo (90 , y ) ;
}
cx . stroke () ;
</ script >

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M/ i?2M bi`QF2b Bi mbBM; i?2 stroke K2i?Q/X 1+? b2;K2Mi +`2i2/ rBi?
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< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . beginPath () ;
cx . moveTo (50 , 10) ;
cx . lineTo (10 , 70) ;
cx . lineTo (90 , 70) ;
cx . fill () ;
</ script >

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< canvas > </ canvas >

jyk
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var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . beginPath () ;
cx . moveTo (10 , 90) ;
// control =(60 ,10) goal =(90 ,90)
cx . quadraticCurveTo (60 , 10 , 90 , 90) ;
cx . lineTo (60 , 10) ;
cx . closePath () ;
cx . stroke () ;
</ script >

Ai T`Q/m+2b  Ti? i?i HQQFb HBF2 i?Bb,

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< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . beginPath () ;
cx . moveTo (10 , 90) ;
// control1 =(10 ,10) control2 =(90 ,10) goal =(50 ,90)
cx . bezierCurveTo (10 , 10 , 90 , 10 , 50 , 90) ;
cx . lineTo (90 , 10) ;
cx . lineTo (10 , 10) ;
cx . closePath () ;
cx . stroke () ;
</ script >

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bQK2r?i HBF2 i?2 `;mK2Mib iQ quadraticCurveToX h?2 }`bi TB` T`QpB/2b
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T`i Q7  +B`+H2 rBi? i?2 ;Bp2M `/BmbX h?2 arcTo K2i?Q/ i?2M /`rb i?2
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< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . beginPath () ;
cx . moveTo (10 , 10) ;
// control =(90 ,10) goal =(90 ,90) radius =20
cx . arcTo (90 , 10 , 90 , 90 , 20) ;
cx . moveTo (10 , 10) ;
// control =(90 ,10) goal =(90 ,90) radius =80
cx . arcTo (90 , 10 , 90 , 90 , 80) ;
cx . stroke () ;
</ script >

h?Bb T`Q/m+2b irQ `QmM/2/ +Q`M2`b rBi? /Bz2`2Mi `/BBX

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iQ // i?i T`i Q7 i?2 HBM2X
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iQ /`r  7mHH +B`+H2X
< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . beginPath () ;
// center =(50 ,50) radius =40 angle =0 to 7
cx . arc (50 , 50 , 40 , 0 , 7) ;
// center =(150 ,50) radius =40 angle =0 to π 12
cx . arc (150 , 50 , 40 , 0 , 0.5 * Math . PI ) ;
cx . stroke () ;
</ script >

h?2 `2bmHiBM; TB+im`2 +QMiBMb  HBM2 7`QK i?2 `B;?i Q7 i?2 7mHH +B`+H2
U}`bi +HH iQ arcV iQ i?2 `B;?i Q7 i?2 [m`i2`@+B`+H2 Ub2+QM/ +HHVX GBF2
Qi?2` Ti?@/`rBM; K2i?Q/b-  HBM2 /`rM rBi? arc Bb +QMM2+i2/ iQ i?2
T`2pBQmb Ti? b2;K2Mi #v /27mHiX uQmǶ/ ?p2 iQ +HH moveTo Q` bi`i 
M2r Ti? B7 vQm rMi iQ pQB/ i?BbX

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.`rBM;  TB2 +?`i
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`2bmHibX
h?2 results p`B#H2 +QMiBMb M ``v Q7 Q#D2+ib i?i `2T`2b2Mi i?2
bm`p2v `2bTQMb2bX
var results = [
{ name : " Satisfied " , count : 1043 , color : " lightblue "} ,
{ name : " Neutral " , count : 563 , color : " lightgreen "} ,
{ name : " Unsatisfied " , count : 510 , color : " pink "} ,
{ name : " No comment " , count : 175 , color : " silver "}
];

hQ /`r  TB2 +?`i- r2 /`r  MmK#2` Q7 TB2 bHB+2b- 2+? K/2 mT Q7

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MmK#2` Q7 `2bTQMb2b M/ i?2M KmHiBTHvBM; i?i MmK#2` Ui?2 M;H2 T2`
`2bTQMb2V #v i?2 MmK#2` Q7 T2QTH2 r?Q TB+F2/  ;Bp2M +?QB+2X
< canvas width ="200" height ="200" > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
var total = results . reduce ( function ( sum , choice ) {
return sum + choice . count ;
} , 0) ;
// Start at the top
var currentAngle = -0.5 * Math . PI ;
results . forEach ( function ( result ) {
var sliceAngle = ( result . count / total ) * 2 * Math . PI ;
cx . beginPath () ;

jye
 // center =100 ,100 , radius =100
// from current angle , clockwise by slice s angle
cx . arc (100 , 100 , 100 ,
currentAngle , currentAngle + sliceAngle ) ;
currentAngle += sliceAngle ;
cx . lineTo (100 , 100) ;
cx . fillStyle = result . color ;
cx . fill () ;
}) ;
</ script >

h?Bb /`rb i?2 7QHHQrBM; +?`i,

"mi  +?`i i?i /Q2bMǶi i2HH mb r?i Bi K2Mb BbMǶi p2`v ?2HT7mHX q2
M22/  rv iQ /`r i2ti iQ i?2 +MpbX

h2ti
 k. +Mpb /`rBM; +QMi2ti T`QpB/2b i?2 K2i?Q/b fillText M/ strokeText
X h?2 Hii2` +M #2 mb27mH 7Q` QmiHBMBM; H2ii2`b- #mi mbmHHv fillText Bb
r?i vQm M22/X Ai rBHH }HH i?2 ;Bp2M i2ti rBi? i?2 +m``2Mi fillColorX
< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . font = "28 px Georgia ";
cx . fillStyle = " fuchsia ";

jyd
 cx . fillText (" I can draw text , too !" , 10 , 50) ;
</ script >

uQm +M bT2+B7v i?2 bBx2- bivH2- M/ 7QMi Q7 i?2 i2ti rBi? i?2 font T`QT2`ivX
h?Bb 2tKTH2 Dmbi ;Bp2b  7QMi bBx2 M/ 7KBHv MK2X uQm +M // italic
Q` bold iQ i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 bi`BM; iQ b2H2+i  bivH2X
h?2 Hbi irQ `;mK2Mib iQ fillText UM/ strokeTextV T`QpB/2 i?2 TQbBiBQM
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i?2 bi`i Q7 i?2 i2tiǶb HT?#2iB+ #b2HBM2- r?B+? Bb i?2 HBM2 i?i H2ii2`b
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+?M;2 i?2 ?Q`BxQMiH TQbBiBQM #v b2iiBM; i?2 textAlign T`QT2`iv iQ "end
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"middle"- Q` "bottom"X
q2 rBHH +QK2 #+F iQ Qm` TB2 +?`i- M/ i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 H#2HBM; i?2
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AK;2b
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`i?2` rQ`F rBi? TBt2H /i U`bi2`b Q7 +QHQ`2/ /QibVX
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BiX "mi Bi +MMQi BKK2/Bi2Hv bi`i /`rBM; 7`QK i?Bb TB+im`2 #2+mb2
i?2 #`Qrb2` Kv MQi ?p2 72i+?2/ Bi v2iX hQ /2H rBi? i?Bb- r2 `2;Bbi2`
 "load" 2p2Mi ?M/H2` M/ /Q i?2 /`rBM; 7i2` i?2 BK;2 ?b HQ/2/X
< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
var img = document . createElement (" img ") ;
img . src = " img / hat . png ";
img . addEventListener (" load ", function () {
for ( var x = 10; x < 200; x += 30)

jy3
 cx . drawImage ( img , x , 10) ;
}) ;
</ script >

"v /27mHi- drawImage rBHH /`r i?2 BK;2 i Bib Q`B;BMH bBx2X uQm +M
HbQ ;Bp2 Bi irQ //BiBQMH `;mK2Mib iQ /B+ii2  /Bz2`2Mi rB/i? M/
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q?2M drawImage Bb ;Bp2M MBM2 `;mK2Mib- Bi +M #2 mb2/ iQ /`r QMHv
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+MpbV BMiQ r?B+? Bi b?QmH/ #2 +QTB2/X
h?Bb +M #2 mb2/ iQ T+F KmHiBTH2 bT`Bi2b UBK;2 2H2K2MibV BMiQ  bBM;H2
BK;2 }H2 M/ i?2M /`r QMHv i?2 T`i vQm M22/X 6Q` 2tKTH2- r2 ?p2
i?Bb TB+im`2 +QMiBMBM;  ;K2 +?`+i2` BM KmHiBTH2 TQb2b,

"v Hi2`MiBM; r?B+? TQb2 r2 /`r- r2 +M b?Qr M MBKiBQM i?i HQQFb
HBF2  rHFBM; +?`+i2`X
hQ MBKi2 i?2 TB+im`2 QM  +Mpb- i?2 clearRect K2i?Q/ Bb mb27mHX
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TBt2Hb ?B;?X h?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 HQ/b i?2 BK;2 M/ i?2M b2ib mT M
BMi2`pH U`2T2i2/ iBK2`V iQ /`r i?2 M2ti 7`K2,
< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
var img = document . createElement (" img ") ;
img . src = " img / player . png ";
var spriteW = 24 , spriteH = 30;
img . addEventListener (" load ", function () {
var cycle = 0;
setInterval ( function () {
cx . clearRect (0 , 0 , spriteW , spriteH ) ;
cx . drawImage ( img ,
// source rectangle

jyN
 cycle * spriteW , 0, spriteW , spriteH ,
// destination rectangle
0, 0 , spriteW , spriteH ) ;
cycle = ( cycle + 1) % 8;
}, 120) ;
}) ;
</ script >

h?2 cycle p`B#H2 i`+Fb Qm` TQbBiBQM BM i?2 MBKiBQMX 1+? 7`K2-
Bi Bb BM+`2K2Mi2/ M/ i?2M +HBTT2/ #+F iQ i?2 y iQ d `M;2 #v mbBM;
i?2 `2KBM/2` QT2`iQ`X h?Bb p`B#H2 Bb i?2M mb2/ iQ +QKTmi2 i?2 t@
+QQ`/BMi2 i?i i?2 bT`Bi2 7Q` i?2 +m``2Mi TQb2 ?b BM i?2 TB+im`2X

h`Mb7Q`KiBQM
"mi r?i B7 r2 rMi Qm` +?`+i2` iQ rHF iQ i?2 H27i BMbi2/ Q7 iQ i?2
`B;?i\ q2 +QmH/ // MQi?2` b2i Q7 bT`Bi2b- Q7 +Qm`b2X "mi r2 +M HbQ
BMbi`m+i i?2 +Mpb iQ /`r i?2 TB+im`2 i?2 Qi?2` rv `QmM/X
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iQ b2i  p2`iB+H b+H2X
< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
cx . scale (3 , .5) ;
cx . beginPath () ;
cx . arc (50 , 50 , 40 , 0 , 7) ;
cx . lineWidth = 3;
cx . stroke () ;
</ script >

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b ?B;?X

a+HBM; rBHH +mb2 2p2`vi?BM; #Qmi i?2 /`rM BK;2- BM+Hm/BM; i?2 HBM2

jRy
rB/i?- iQ #2 bi`2i+?2/ Qmi Q` b[m22x2/ iQ;2i?2` b bT2+B}2/X a+HBM; #v
 M2;iBp2 KQmMi rBHH ~BT i?2 TB+im`2 `QmM/X h?2 ~BTTBM; ?TT2Mb
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+QQ`/BMi2 bvbi2KX q?2M  ?Q`BxQMiH b+HBM; Q7 @R Bb TTHB2/-  b?T2
/`rM i t TQbBiBQM Ryy rBHH 2M/ mT i r?i mb2/ iQ #2 TQbBiBQM @RyyX
aQ iQ im`M  TB+im`2 `QmM/- r2 +MǶi bBKTHv // cx.scale(-1, 1) #27Q`2
i?2 +HH iQ drawImage bBM+2 i?i rQmH/ KQp2 Qm` TB+im`2 QmibB/2 Q7 i?2
+Mpb- r?2`2 Bi rQMǶi #2 pBbB#H2X uQm +QmH/ /Dmbi i?2 +QQ`/BMi2b ;Bp2M
iQ drawImage iQ +QKT2Mbi2 7Q` i?Bb #v /`rBM; i?2 BK;2 i t TQbBiBQM
@8y BMbi2/ Q7 yX MQi?2` bQHmiBQM- r?B+? /Q2bMǶi `2[mB`2 i?2 +Q/2 i?i
/Q2b i?2 /`rBM; iQ FMQr #Qmi i?2 b+H2 +?M;2- Bb iQ /Dmbi i?2 tBb
`QmM/ r?B+? i?2 b+HBM; ?TT2MbX
h?2`2 `2 b2p2`H Qi?2` K2i?Q/b #2bB/2b scale i?i BM~m2M+2 i?2 +QQ`@
/BMi2 bvbi2K 7Q`  +MpbX uQm +M `Qii2 bm#b2[m2MiHv /`rM b?T2b
rBi? i?2 rotate K2i?Q/ M/ KQp2 i?2K rBi? i?2 translate K2i?Q/X h?2
BMi2`2biBM;ěM/ +QM7mbBM;ěi?BM; Bb i?i i?2b2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb bi+F-
K2MBM; i?i 2+? QM2 ?TT2Mb `2HiBp2 iQ i?2 T`2pBQmb i`Mb7Q`KiBQMbX
aQ B7 r2 i`MbHi2 #v Ry ?Q`BxQMiH TBt2Hb irB+2- 2p2`vi?BM; rBHH #2
/`rM ky TBt2Hb iQ i?2 `B;?iX A7 r2 }`bi KQp2 i?2 +2Mi2` Q7 i?2 +QQ`/BMi2
bvbi2K iQ U8y-8yV M/ i?2M `Qii2 #v ky /2;`22b UyXRπ BM `/BMbV- i?i
`QiiBQM rBHH ?TT2M `QmM/ TQBMi U8y-8yVX

rotate(0.1*Math.PI)

translate(50, 50)

translate(50, 50)
rotate(0.1*Math.PI)

"mi B7 r2 }`bi `Qii2 #v ky /2;`22b M/ i?2M i`MbHi2 #v U8y-8yV- i?2

i`MbHiBQM rBHH ?TT2M BM i?2 `Qii2/ +QQ`/BMi2 bvbi2K M/ i?mb T`Q@
/m+2  /Bz2`2Mi Q`B2MiiBQMX h?2 Q`/2` BM r?B+? i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb `2
TTHB2/ Kii2`bX
hQ ~BT  TB+im`2 `QmM/ i?2 p2`iB+H HBM2 i  ;Bp2M t TQbBiBQM- r2 +M
/Q i?2 7QHHQrBM;,

jRR
 function flipHorizontally ( context , around ) {
context . translate ( around , 0) ;
context . scale ( -1 , 1) ;
context . translate ( - around , 0) ;
}

q2 KQp2 i?2 v@tBb iQ r?2`2 r2 rMi Qm` KB``Q` iQ #2- TTHv i?2 KB``Q`@
BM;- M/ }MHHv KQp2 i?2 v@tBb #+F iQ Bib T`QT2` TH+2 BM i?2 KB``Q`2/
mMBp2`b2X h?2 7QHHQrBM; TB+im`2 2tTHBMb r?v i?Bb rQ`Fb,
mirror

3 1 4 2

h?Bb b?Qrb i?2 +QQ`/BMi2 bvbi2Kb #27Q`2 M/ 7i2` KB``Q`BM; +`Qbb i?2
+2Mi`H HBM2X A7 r2 /`r  i`BM;H2 i  TQbBiBp2 t TQbBiBQM- Bi rQmH/- #v
/27mHi- #2 BM i?2 TH+2 r?2`2 i`BM;H2 R BbX  +HH iQ flipHorizontally }`bi
/Q2b  i`MbHiBQM iQ i?2 `B;?i- r?B+? ;2ib mb iQ i`BM;H2 kX Ai i?2M b+H2b-
~BTTBM; i?2 i`BM;H2 #+F iQ TQbBiBQM jX h?Bb Bb MQi r?2`2 Bi b?QmH/ #2- B7
Bi r2`2 KB``Q`2/ BM i?2 ;Bp2M HBM2X h?2 b2+QM/ translate +HH }t2b i?Bbě
Bi dz+M+2HbǴ i?2 BMBiBH i`MbHiBQM M/ KF2b i`BM;H2 9 TT2` 2t+iHv
r?2`2 Bi b?QmH/X
q2 +M MQr /`r  KB``Q`2/ +?`+i2` i TQbBiBQM URyy-yV #v ~BTTBM;
i?2 rQ`H/ `QmM/ i?2 +?`+i2`Ƕb p2`iB+H +2Mi2`X
< canvas > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
var img = document . createElement (" img ") ;
img . src = " img / player . png ";
var spriteW = 24 , spriteH = 30;
img . addEventListener (" load ", function () {
flipHorizontally ( cx , 100 + spriteW / 2) ;
cx . drawImage ( img , 0 , 0 , spriteW , spriteH ,

jRk
 100 , 0 , spriteW , spriteH ) ;
}) ;
</ script >

aiQ`BM; M/ +H2`BM; i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb

h`Mb7Q`KiBQMb biB+F `QmM/X 1p2`vi?BM; 2Hb2 r2 /`r 7i2` /`rBM;
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H2KX
Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ bp2 i?2 +m``2Mi i`Mb7Q`KiBQM- /Q bQK2 /`rBM; M/
i`Mb7Q`KBM;- M/ i?2M `2biQ`2 i?2 QH/ i`Mb7Q`KiBQMX h?Bb Bb mbmHHv
i?2 T`QT2` i?BM; iQ /Q 7Q`  7mM+iBQM i?i M22/b iQ i2KTQ``BHv i`Mb7Q`K
i?2 +QQ`/BMi2 bvbi2KX 6B`bi- r2 bp2 r?i2p2` i`Mb7Q`KiBQM i?2 +Q/2
i?i +HH2/ i?2 7mM+iBQM rb mbBM;X h?2M- i?2 7mM+iBQM /Q2b Bib i?BM;
UQM iQT Q7 i?2 2tBbiBM; i`Mb7Q`KiBQMV- TQbbB#Hv //BM; KQ`2 i`Mb7Q`@
KiBQMbX M/ }MHHv- r2 `2p2`i iQ i?2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQM i?i r2 bi`i2/
rBi?X
h?2 save M/ restore K2i?Q/b QM i?2 k. +Mpb +QMi2ti T2`7Q`K i?Bb
FBM/ Q7 i`Mb7Q`KiBQM KM;2K2MiX h?2v +QM+2TimHHv F22T  bi+F Q7
i`Mb7Q`KiBQM bii2bX q?2M vQm +HH save- i?2 +m``2Mi bii2 Bb Tmb?2/
QMiQ i?2 bi+F- M/ r?2M vQm +HH restore- i?2 bii2 QM iQT Q7 i?2 bi+F
Bb iF2M Qz M/ mb2/ b i?2 +QMi2tiǶb +m``2Mi i`Mb7Q`KiBQMX
h?2 branch 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2tKTH2 BHHmbi`i2b r?i vQm +M /Q
rBi?  7mM+iBQM i?i +?M;2b i?2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQM M/ i?2M +HHb MQi?2`
7mM+iBQM UBM i?Bb +b2 Bib2H7V- r?B+? +QMiBMm2b /`rBM; rBi? i?2 ;Bp2M
i`Mb7Q`KiBQMX
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i?2 H2M;i? /`QTb #2HQr 3X
< canvas width ="600" height ="300" > </ canvas >
< script >
var cx = document . querySelector (" canvas ") . getContext ("2 d ") ;
function branch ( length , angle , scale ) {
cx . fillRect (0 , 0 , 1 , length );

jRj
 if ( length < 8) return ;
cx . save () ;
cx . translate (0 , length );
cx . rotate ( - angle ) ;
branch ( length * scale , angle , scale ) ;
cx . rotate (2 * angle );
branch ( length * scale , angle , scale ) ;
cx . restore () ;
}
cx . translate (300 , 0) ;
branch (60 , 0.5 , 0.8) ;
</ script >

h?2 `2bmHi Bb  bBKTH2 7`+iHX

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b?T2 KB;?i HbQ #2 BMi2`2biBM;- #mi Bi Bb /2}MBi2Hv MQi  i`22X

"+F iQ i?2 ;K2

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#b2/ /BbTHv bvbi2K 7Q` i?2 ;K2 7`QK i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`X h?2 M2r
/BbTHv rBHH MQ HQM;2` #2 b?QrBM; Dmbi +QHQ`2/ #Qt2bX AMbi2/- r2ǶHH mb2
drawImage iQ /`r TB+im`2b i?i `2T`2b2Mi i?2 ;K2Ƕb 2H2K2MibX
q2 rBHH /2}M2 M Q#D2+i ivT2 CanvasDisplay- bmTTQ`iBM; i?2 bK2 BMi2`@
7+2 b DOMDisplay 7`QK *?Ti2` R8- MK2Hv- i?2 K2i?Q/b drawFrame M/

jR9
clearX
h?Bb Q#D2+i F22Tb  HBiiH2 KQ`2 BM7Q`KiBQM i?M DOMDisplayX _i?2`
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function CanvasDisplay ( parent , level ) {
this . canvas = document . createElement (" canvas ") ;
this . canvas . width = Math . min (600 , level . width * scale ) ;
this . canvas . height = Math . min (450 , level . height * scale ) ;
parent . appendChild ( this . canvas ) ;
this . cx = this . canvas . getContext ("2 d ") ;

this . level = level ;

this . animationTime = 0;
this . flipPlayer = false ;

this . viewport = {
left : 0,
top : 0 ,
width : this . canvas . width / scale ,
height : this . canvas . height / scale
};

this . drawFrame (0) ;

}

CanvasDisplay . prototype . clear = function () {

this . canvas . parentNode . removeChild ( this . canvas ) ;
};

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CanvasDisplay . prototype . drawFrame = function ( step ) {
this . animationTime += step ;

jR8
 this . updateViewport () ;
this . clearDisplay () ;
this . drawBackground () ;
this . drawActors () ;
};

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CanvasDisplay . prototype . updateViewport = function () {
var view = this . viewport , margin = view . width / 3;
var player = this . level . player ;
var center = player . pos . plus ( player . size . times (0.5) ) ;

if ( center .x < view . left + margin )

view . left = Math . max ( center . x - margin , 0) ;
else if ( center . x > view . left + view . width - margin )
view . left = Math . min ( center . x + margin - view . width ,
this . level . width - view . width );
if ( center .y < view . top + margin )
view . top = Math . max ( center .y - margin , 0) ;
else if ( center . y > view . top + view . height - margin )
view . top = Math . min ( center .y + margin - view . height ,
this . level . height - view . height ) ;
};

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 CanvasDisplay . prototype . clearDisplay = function () {
if ( this . level . status == " won ")
this . cx . fillStyle = " rgb (68 , 191 , 255) ";
else if ( this . level . status == " lost ")
this . cx . fillStyle = " rgb (44 , 136 , 214) ";
else
this . cx . fillStyle = " rgb (52 , 166 , 251) ";
this . cx . fillRect (0 , 0 ,
this . canvas . width , this . canvas . height );
};

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var otherSprites = document . createElement (" img ") ;
otherSprites . src = " img / sprites . png ";

CanvasDisplay . prototype . drawBackground = function () {

var view = this . viewport ;
var xStart = Math . floor ( view . left ) ;
var xEnd = Math . ceil ( view . left + view . width ) ;
var yStart = Math . floor ( view . top );
var yEnd = Math . ceil ( view . top + view . height ) ;

for ( var y = yStart ; y < yEnd ; y ++) {

for ( var x = xStart ; x < xEnd ; x ++) {
var tile = this . level . grid [y ][ x ];
if ( tile == null ) continue ;
var screenX = ( x - view . left ) * scale ;
var screenY = ( y - view . top ) * scale ;
var tileX = tile == " lava " ? scale : 0;
this . cx . drawImage ( otherSprites ,
tileX , 0 , scale , scale ,
screenX , screenY , scale , scale );
}
}
};

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var playerSprites = document . createElement (" img ") ;
playerSprites . src = " img / player . png ";
var playerXOverlap = 4;

CanvasDisplay . prototype . drawPlayer = function (x , y , width ,

height ) {
var sprite = 8 , player = this . level . player ;
width += playerXOverlap * 2;
x -= playerXOverlap ;
if ( player . speed . x != 0)
this . flipPlayer = player . speed .x < 0;

if ( player . speed . y != 0)

jR3
 sprite = 9;
else if ( player . speed .x != 0)
sprite = Math . floor ( this . animationTime * 12) % 8;

this . cx . save () ;
if ( this . flipPlayer )
flipHorizontally ( this . cx , x + width / 2) ;

this . cx . drawImage ( playerSprites ,

sprite * width , 0 , width , height ,
x, y , width , height ) ;

this . cx . restore () ;
};

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/`rBM; HH i?2 +iQ`b BM i?2 ;K2X
CanvasDisplay . prototype . drawActors = function () {
this . level . actors . forEach ( function ( actor ) {
var width = actor . size .x * scale ;
var height = actor . size . y * scale ;
var x = ( actor . pos . x - this . viewport . left ) * scale ;
var y = ( actor . pos . y - this . viewport . top ) * scale ;
if ( actor . type == " player ") {
this . drawPlayer (x , y , width , height ) ;
} else {
var tileX = ( actor . type == " coin " ? 2 : 1) * scale ;
this . cx . drawImage ( otherSprites ,
tileX , 0 , width , height ,
x, y , width , height ) ;
}
} , this ) ;
};

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bT`Bi2- i?Bb Bb  MQMBbbm2X "mi BK;BM2 i?i r2 M22/ iQ /`r ?mM/`2/b
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drawImage +HHb 2p2`v 7`K2X

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/`2bb #`- i?2 #`Qrb2` }`bi HQQFb mT i?2 //`2bb Q7 i?2 b2`p2` bbQ+Bi2/
rBi? 2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2i M/ i`B2b iQ QT2M  h*S +QMM2+iBQM iQ Bi
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++2Tib i?2 +QMM2+iBQM- i?2 #`Qrb2` b2M/b bQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb,
GET /17 _http . html HTTP /1.1
Host : eloquentjavascript . net
User - Agent : Your browser s name

h?2M i?2 b2`p2` `2bTQM/b- i?`Qm;? i?i bK2 +QMM2+iBQMX

HTTP /1.1 200 OK
Content - Length : 65585
Content - Type : text / html
Last - Modified : Wed , 09 Apr 2014 10:48:09 GMT

<! doctype html >

... the rest of the document

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GET /17 _http . html HTTP /1.1

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h?2 }`bi rQ`/ Bb i?2 K2i?Q/ Q7 i?2 `2[m2biX GET K2Mb i?i r2 rMi iQ
;2i i?2 bT2+B}2/ `2bQm`+2X Pi?2` +QKKQM K2i?Q/b `2 DELETE iQ /2H2i2 
`2bQm`+2- PUT iQ `2TH+2 Bi- M/ POST iQ b2M/ BM7Q`KiBQM iQ BiX LQi2 i?i
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7i2` i?2 `2bQm`+2 Ti?- i?2 }`bi HBM2 Q7 i?2 `2[m2bi K2MiBQMb HTTP/1.1
iQ BM/B+i2 i?2 p2`bBQM Q7 i?2 >hhS T`QiQ+QH Bi Bb mbBM;X
h?2 b2`p2`Ƕb `2bTQMb2 rBHH bi`i rBi?  p2`bBQM b r2HH- 7QHHQr2/ #v i?2
biimb Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2- }`bi b  i?`22@/B;Bi biimb +Q/2 M/ i?2M b 
?mKM@`2/#H2 bi`BM;X
HTTP /1.1 200 OK

aiimb +Q/2b bi`iBM; rBi?  k BM/B+i2 i?i i?2 `2[m2bi bm++22/2/X *Q/2b
bi`iBM; rBi? 9 K2M i?2`2 rb bQK2i?BM; r`QM; rBi? i?2 `2[m2biX 9y9
Bb T`Q##Hv i?2 KQbi 7KQmb >hhS biimb +Q/2ěBi K2Mb i?i i?2 `2@
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i?2 2tKTH2 `2bTQMb2,
Content - Length : 65585
Content - Type : text / html
Last - Modified : Wed , 09 Apr 2014 10:48:09 GMT

h?Bb i2HHb mb i?2 bBx2 M/ ivT2 Q7 i?2 `2bTQMb2 /Q+mK2MiX AM i?Bb +b2-
Bi Bb M >hJG /Q+mK2Mi Q7 e8-838 #vi2bX Ai HbQ i2HHb mb r?2M i?i
/Q+mK2Mi rb Hbi KQ/B}2/X

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`2[m2bi #2+mb2  b2`p2` KB;?i #2 b2`pBM; KmHiBTH2 ?QbiMK2b QM  bBM;H2
AS //`2bb- M/ rBi?Qmi i?i ?2/2`- i?2 b2`p2` rQMǶi FMQr r?B+? ?Qbi
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7i2` i?2 ?2/2`b- #Qi? `2[m2bib M/ `2bTQMb2b Kv BM+Hm/2  #HMF
HBM2 7QHHQr2/ #v  #Q/v- r?B+? +QMiBMb i?2 /i #2BM; b2MiX GET M/
DELETE `2[m2bib /QMǶi b2M/ HQM; Mv /i- #mi PUT M/ POST `2[m2bib /QX
aBKBH`Hv- bQK2 `2bTQMb2 ivT2b- bm+? b 2``Q` `2bTQMb2b- /Q MQi `2[mB`2 
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b r2 br BM i?2 2tKTH2-  #`Qrb2` rBHH KF2  `2[m2bi r?2M r2 2Mi2`
 l_G BM Bib //`2bb #`X q?2M i?2 `2bmHiBM; >hJG T;2 `272`2M+2b
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 KQ/2`i2Hv +QKTHB+i2/ r2#bBi2 +M 2bBHv BM+Hm/2 Mvr?2`2 7`QK Ry
iQ kyy `2bQm`+2bX hQ #2 #H2 iQ 72i+? i?Qb2 [mB+FHv- #`Qrb2`b rBHH KF2
b2p2`H `2[m2bib bBKmHiM2QmbHv- `i?2` i?M rBiBM; 7Q` i?2 `2bTQMb2b
QM2 i  iBK2X am+? /Q+mK2Mib `2 Hrvb 72i+?2/ mbBM; GET `2[m2bibX
>hJG T;2b Kv BM+Hm/2 7Q`Kb- r?B+? HHQr i?2 mb2` iQ }HH Qmi BM7Q`@
KiBQM M/ b2M/ Bi iQ i?2 b2`p2`X h?Bb Bb M 2tKTH2 Q7  7Q`K,
< form method =" GET " action =" example / message . html ">
<p > Name : < input type =" text " name =" name " > </p >
<p > Message : <br > < textarea name =" message " > </ textarea > </p >
<p > < button type =" submit "> Send </ button > </p >
</ form >

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MK2 M/  H`;2` QM2 iQ r`Bi2  K2bb;2 BMX q?2M vQm +HB+F i?2 a2M/
#miiQM- i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM BM i?Qb2 }2H/b rBHH #2 2M+Q/2/ BMiQ  [m2`v bi`BM;X
q?2M i?2 <form> 2H2K2MiǶb method ii`B#mi2 Bb GET UQ` Bb QKBii2/V- i?i
[m2`v bi`BM; Bb i+F2/ QMiQ i?2 action l_G- M/ i?2 #`Qrb2` KF2b  GET
`2[m2bi iQ i?i l_GX
GET / example / message . html ? name = Jean & message = Yes %3 F HTTP /1.1

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h?2 bi`i Q7  [m2`v bi`BM; Bb BM/B+i2/ #v  [m2biBQM K`FX 7i2` i?i
7QHHQr TB`b Q7 MK2b M/ pHm2b- +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ i?2 name ii`B#mi2 QM
i?2 7Q`K }2H/ 2H2K2Mib M/ i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?Qb2 2H2K2Mib- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
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b %3F- Bb QM2 Q7 i?Qb2X h?2`2 b22Kb iQ #2 M mMr`Bii2M `mH2 i?i 2p2`v
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2M+Q/2 i?2 +?`+i2` +Q/2X AM i?Bb +b2- j6- r?B+? Bb ej BM /2+BKH MQi@
iBQM- Bb i?2 +Q/2 Q7  [m2biBQM K`F +?`+i2`X Cpa+`BTi T`QpB/2b i?2
encodeURIComponent M/ decodeURIComponent 7mM+iBQMb iQ 2M+Q/2 M/ /2+Q/2
i?Bb 7Q`KiX
console . log ( encodeURIComponent (" Hello & goodbye ") ) ;
// → Hello %20%26%20 goodbye
console . log ( decodeURIComponent (" Hello %20%26%20 goodbye ") ) ;
// → Hello & goodbye

A7 r2 +?M;2 i?2 method ii`B#mi2 Q7 i?2 >hJG 7Q`K BM i?2 2tKTH2 r2

br 2`HB2` iQ POST- i?2 >hhS `2[m2bi K/2 iQ bm#KBi i?2 7Q`K rBHH mb2
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i?M //BM; Bi iQ i?2 l_GX
POST / example / message . html HTTP /1.1
Content - length : 24
Content - type : application /x - www - form - urlencoded

name = Jean & message = Yes %3 F

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b  #`Qrb2`- FMQrb i?i Bi b?QmH/MǶi #HBM/Hv KF2 POST `2[m2bib #mi rBHH
Q7i2M BKTHB+BiHv KF2 GET `2[m2bibě7Q` 2tKTH2- iQ T`272i+?  `2bQm`+2
Bi #2HB2p2b i?2 mb2` rBHH bQQM M22/X
h?2 M2ti +?Ti2` rBHH `2im`M iQ 7Q`Kb M/ iHF #Qmi ?Qr r2 +M b+`BTi

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h?2 BMi2`7+2 i?`Qm;? r?B+? #`Qrb2` Cpa+`BTi +M KF2 >hhS `2@
[m2bib Bb +HH2/ XMLHttpRequest UMQi2 i?2 BM+QMbBbi2Mi +TBiHBxiBQMVX Ai
rb /2bB;M2/ #v JB+`QbQ7i- 7Q` Bib AMi2`M2i 1tTHQ`2` #`Qrb2`- BM i?2 Hi2
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rQ`H/ Q7 #mbBM2bb bQ7ir`2ě rQ`H/ r?2`2 JB+`QbQ7i ?b Hrvb #22M i
?QK2X AM 7+i- Bi rb bQ TQTmH` i?i i?2 +`QMvK sJG rb i+F2/ QMiQ
i?2 7`QMi Q7 i?2 MK2 Q7 M BMi2`7+2 7Q` >hhS- r?B+? Bb BM MQ rv iB2/
iQ sJGX
h?2 MK2 BbMǶi +QKTH2i2Hv MQMb2MbB+H- i?Qm;?X h?2 BMi2`7+2 HHQrb
vQm iQ T`b2 `2bTQMb2 /Q+mK2Mib b sJG B7 vQm rMiX *QM~iBM; irQ
/BbiBM+i +QM+2Tib UKFBM;  `2[m2bi M/ T`bBM; i?2 `2bTQMb2V BMiQ 
bBM;H2 i?BM; Bb i2``B#H2 /2bB;M- Q7 +Qm`b2- #mi bQ Bi ;Q2bX
q?2M i?2 XMLHttpRequest BMi2`7+2 rb //2/ iQ AMi2`M2i 1tTHQ`2`- Bi
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i?2 mb2` rb ivTBM; bQK2i?BM; BMiQ  i2ti }2H/X h?2 b+`BTi rQmH/ b2M/
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?/ bQK2 /i#b2 Q7 TQbbB#H2 BMTmib- rQmH/ Ki+? i?2 /i#b2 2Mi`B2b
;BMbi i?2 T`iBH BMTmi M/ b2M/ #+F TQbbB#H2 +QKTH2iBQMb iQ b?Qr i?2
mb2`X h?Bb rb +QMbB/2`2/ bT2+i+mH`ěT2QTH2 r2`2 mb2/ iQ rBiBM; 7Q`
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i?BM;b BM Bib #`Qrb2`- JQxBHH +QTB2/ i?2 BMi2`7+2- BM+Hm/BM; i?2 #Q;mb
MK2X h?2 M2ti ;2M2`iBQM Q7 #`Qrb2`b 7QHHQr2/ i?Bb 2tKTH2- M/ iQ/v
XMLHttpRequest Bb  /2 7+iQ biM/`/ BMi2`7+2X

a2M/BM;  `2[m2bi
hQ KF2  bBKTH2 `2[m2bi- r2 +`2i2  `2[m2bi Q#D2+i rBi? i?2 XMLHttpRequest
+QMbi`m+iQ` M/ +HH Bib open M/ send K2i?Q/bX

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 var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open (" GET " , " example / data . txt " , false );
req . send ( null ) ;
console . log ( req . responseText );
// → This is the content of data . txt

h?2 open K2i?Q/ +QM};m`2b i?2 `2[m2biX AM i?Bb +b2- r2 +?QQb2 iQ KF2
 GET `2[m2bi 7Q` i?2 2tKTH2f/iXiti }H2X l_Gb i?i /QMǶi bi`i rBi?
 T`QiQ+QH MK2 Ubm+? b ?iiT,V `2 `2HiBp2- r?B+? K2Mb i?i i?2v
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 bHb? UfV- i?2v `2TH+2 i?2 +m``2Mi Ti?- r?B+? Bb i?2 T`i 7i2` i?2
b2`p2` MK2X q?2M i?2v /Q MQi- i?2 T`i Q7 i?2 +m``2Mi Ti? mT iQ M/
BM+Hm/BM; Bib Hbi bHb? +?`+i2` Bb Tmi BM 7`QMi Q7 i?2 `2HiBp2 l_GX
7i2` QT2MBM; i?2 `2[m2bi- r2 +M b2M/ Bi rBi? i?2 send K2i?Q/X h?2
`;mK2Mi iQ b2M/ Bb i?2 `2[m2bi #Q/vX 6Q` GET `2[m2bib- r2 +M Tbb nullX
A7 i?2 i?B`/ `;mK2Mi iQ open rb false- send rBHH `2im`M QMHv 7i2` i?2
`2bTQMb2 iQ Qm` `2[m2bi rb `2+2Bp2/X q2 +M `2/ i?2 `2[m2bi Q#D2+iǶb
responseText T`QT2`iv iQ ;2i i?2 `2bTQMb2 #Q/vX
h?2 Qi?2` BM7Q`KiBQM BM+Hm/2/ BM i?2 `2bTQMb2 +M HbQ #2 2ti`+i2/
7`QK i?Bb Q#D2+iX h?2 biimb +Q/2 Bb ++2bbB#H2 i?`Qm;? i?2 status T`QT@
2`iv- M/ i?2 ?mKM@`2/#H2 biimb i2ti Bb ++2bbB#H2 i?`Qm;? statusTextX
>2/2`b +M #2 `2/ rBi? getResponseHeaderX
var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open (" GET " , " example / data . txt " , false );
req . send ( null ) ;
console . log ( req . status , req . statusText ) ;
// → 200 OK
console . log ( req . getResponseHeader (" content - type ") ) ;
// → text / plain

>2/2` MK2b `2 +b2@BMb2MbBiBp2X h?2v `2 mbmHHv r`Bii2M rBi? 

+TBiH H2ii2` i i?2 bi`i Q7 2+? rQ`/- bm+? b dz*QMi2Mi@hvT2Ǵ- #mi
dz+QMi2Mi@ivT2Ǵ M/ dz+PMh2Li@hvS2Ǵ `272` iQ i?2 bK2 ?2/2`X
h?2 #`Qrb2` rBHH miQKiB+HHv // bQK2 `2[m2bi ?2/2`b- bm+? b
dz>QbiǴ M/ i?Qb2 M22/2/ 7Q` i?2 b2`p2` iQ };m`2 Qmi i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 #Q/vX
"mi vQm +M // vQm` QrM ?2/2`b rBi? i?2 setRequestHeader K2i?Q/X
h?Bb Bb M22/2/ QMHv 7Q` /pM+2/ mb2b M/ `2[mB`2b i?2 +QQT2`iBQM Q7
i?2 b2`p2` vQm `2 iHFBM; iQě b2`p2` Bb 7`22 iQ B;MQ`2 ?2/2`b Bi /Q2b

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bvM+?`QMQmb _2[m2bib
AM i?2 2tKTH2b r2 br- i?2 `2[m2bi ?b }MBb?2/ r?2M i?2 +HH iQ send `2@
im`MbX h?Bb Bb +QMp2MB2Mi #2+mb2 Bi K2Mb T`QT2`iB2b bm+? b responseText
`2 pBH#H2 BKK2/Bi2HvX "mi Bi HbQ K2Mb i?i Qm` T`Q;`K Bb bmb@
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+?`QMQmbX h?Bb K2Mb i?i r?2M r2 +HH send- i?2 QMHv i?BM; i?i ?T@
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pBH#H2X
6Q` i?Bb- r2 Kmbi HBbi2M 7Q` i?2 "load" 2p2Mi QM i?2 `2[m2bi Q#D2+iX
var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open (" GET " , " example / data . txt " , true );
req . addEventListener (" load " , function () {
console . log (" Done :" , req . status );
}) ;
req . send ( null ) ;

Cmbi HBF2 i?2 mb2 Q7 requestAnimationFrame BM *?Ti2` R8- i?Bb 7Q`+2b mb iQ

mb2 M bvM+?`QMQmb bivH2 Q7 T`Q;`KKBM;- r`TTBM; i?2 i?BM;b i?i
?p2 iQ #2 /QM2 7i2` i?2 `2[m2bi BM  7mM+iBQM M/ ``M;BM; 7Q` i?i iQ
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62i+?BM; sJG .i

q?2M i?2 `2bQm`+2 `2i`B2p2/ #v M XMLHttpRequest Q#D2+i Bb M sJG /Q+m@
K2Mi- i?2 Q#D2+iǶb responseXML T`QT2`iv rBHH ?QH/  T`b2/ `2T`2b2MiiBQM

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Q7 i?Bb /Q+mK2MiX h?Bb `2T`2b2MiiBQM rQ`Fb Km+? HBF2 i?2 .PJ /Bb@
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`2bTQM/b iQ i?2 document Q#D2+iX Aib documentElement T`QT2`iv `272`b iQ i?2
Qmi2` i; Q7 i?2 sJG /Q+mK2MiX AM i?2 7QHHQrBM; /Q+mK2Mi U2tK@
TH2f7`mBiXtKHV- i?i rQmH/ #2 i?2 <fruits> i;,
< fruits >
< fruit name =" banana " color =" yellow "/ >
< fruit name =" lemon " color =" yellow "/ >
< fruit name =" cherry " color =" red "/ >
</ fruits >

q2 +M `2i`B2p2 bm+?  }H2 HBF2 i?Bb,

var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open (" GET " , " example / fruit . xml " , false );
req . send ( null ) ;
console . log ( req . responseXML . querySelectorAll (" fruit ") . length ) ;
// → 3

sJG /Q+mK2Mib +M #2 mb2/ iQ 2t+?M;2 bi`m+im`2/ BM7Q`KiBQM rBi?

i?2 b2`p2`X h?2B` 7Q`Kěi;b M2bi2/ BMbB/2 Qi?2` i;běH2M/b Bib2H7 r2HH
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7Q` T`Q;`Kb M/ 7Q` ?mKMbX
var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open (" GET " , " example / fruit . json ", false );
req . send ( null ) ;
console . log ( JSON . parse ( req . responseText ) ) ;
// → { banana : " yellow " , lemon : " yellow ", cherry : " red "}

>hhS bM/#QtBM;
JFBM; >hhS `2[m2bib BM r2# T;2 b+`BTib QM+2 ;BM `Bb2b +QM+2`Mb
#Qmi b2+m`BivX h?2 T2`bQM r?Q +QMi`QHb i?2 b+`BTi KB;?i MQi ?p2 i?2

jjR
bK2 BMi2`2bib b i?2 T2`bQM QM r?Qb2 +QKTmi2` Bi Bb `mMMBM;X JQ`2
bT2+B}+HHv- B7 A pBbBi i?2K}XQ`;- A /Q MQi rMi Bib b+`BTib iQ #2 #H2
iQ KF2  `2[m2bi iQ Kv#MFX+QK- mbBM; B/2MiB7vBM; BM7Q`KiBQM 7`QK
Kv #`Qrb2`- rBi? BMbi`m+iBQMb iQ i`Mb72` HH Kv KQM2v iQ bQK2 `M/QK
K} ++QmMiX
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#`Qrb2`b i?i Bi Bb QFv 7Q` i?2 `2[m2bi iQ +QK2 7`QK Qi?2` /QKBMb,
Access - Control - Allow - Origin : *

#bi`+iBM; `2[m2bib
AM *?Ti2` Ry- BM Qm` BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 J. KQ/mH2 bvbi2K- r2
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r?2M Bi ?/ }MBb?2/ 72i+?BM; BiX >2`2Ƕb  bBKTH2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 i?i
7mM+iBQM,
function backgroundReadFile ( url , callback ) {
var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open (" GET " , url , true ) ;
req . addEventListener (" load ", function () {
if ( req . status < 400)
callback ( req . responseText ) ;
}) ;
req . send ( null ) ;
}

h?Bb bBKTH2 #bi`+iBQM KF2b Bi 2bB2` iQ mb2 XMLHttpRequest 7Q` bBKTH2

GET `2[m2bibX A7 vQm `2 r`BiBM;  T`Q;`K i?i ?b iQ KF2 >hhS
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mT `2T2iBM; i?2 m;Hv XMLHttpRequest Tii2`M HH i?`Qm;? vQm` +Q/2X

jjk
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iQ T`QpB/2 i?i +Q/2 rBi?  rv iQ dz+HH mb #+FǴ Hi2`X
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MQi?2` p`BMi 7Q` POST `2[m2bib Q`  KQ`2 ;2M2`B+ QM2 i?i bmTTQ`ib p`@
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7Q` XMLHttpRequestX
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mTV- Bi /Q2b MQi?BM;X h?Bb KB;?i #2 QFv- BM bQK2 +B`+mKbiM+2b- #mi
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BKTiB2Mi- M/ +QMbB/2` i?2 bBi2 mb2H2bbHv ~FvX
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i?i r2 +M iF2 TT`QT`Bi2 +iBQMX 6Q` 2tKTH2- r2 +QmH/ `2KQp2 i?2
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#2+mb2 i?2 +HH iQ backgroundReadFile `2im`Mb BKK2/Bi2HvX *QMi`QH i?2M
H2p2b i?2 try #HQ+F- M/ i?2 7mM+iBQM Bi rb ;Bp2M rQMǶi #2 +HH2/ mMiBH
Hi2`X
try {
backgroundReadFile (" example / data . txt ", function ( text ) {
if ( text != " expected ")
throw new Error (" That was unexpected ") ;
}) ;
} catch (e ) {
console . log (" Hello from the catch block ") ;
}

jjj
hQ ?M/H2 7BHBM; `2[m2bib- r2 ?p2 iQ HHQr M //BiBQMH 7mM+iBQM iQ #2
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iBp2Hv- r2 +M mb2 i?2 +QMp2MiBQM i?i B7 i?2 `2[m2bi 7BHb- M //BiBQMH
`;mK2Mi /2b+`B#BM; i?2 T`Q#H2K Bb Tbb2/ iQ i?2 `2;mH` +HH#+F 7mM+@
iBQMX >2`2Ƕb M 2tKTH2,
function getURL ( url , callback ) {
var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open (" GET " , url , true ) ;
req . addEventListener (" load ", function () {
if ( req . status < 400)
callback ( req . responseText ) ;
else
callback ( null , new Error (" Request failed : " +
req . statusText ));
}) ;
req . addEventListener (" error ", function () {
callback ( null , new Error (" Network error ") );
}) ;
req . send ( null ) ;
}

q2 ?p2 //2/  ?M/H2` 7Q` i?2 "error" 2p2Mi- r?B+? rBHH #2 bB;MH2/
r?2M i?2 `2[m2bi 7BHb 2MiB`2HvX q2 HbQ +HH i?2 +HH#+F 7mM+iBQM rBi?
M 2``Q` `;mK2Mi r?2M i?2 `2[m2bi +QKTH2i2b rBi?  biimb +Q/2 i?i
BM/B+i2b M 2``Q`X
*Q/2 mbBM; getURL Kmbi i?2M +?2+F r?2i?2` M 2``Q` rb ;Bp2M M/- B7
Bi }M/b QM2- ?M/H2 BiX
getURL (" data / nonsense . txt ", function ( content , error ) {
if ( error != null )
console . log (" Failed to fetch nonsense . txt : " + error ) ;
else
console . log (" nonsense . txt : " + content ) ;
}) ;

h?Bb /Q2b MQi ?2HT r?2M Bi +QK2b iQ 2t+2TiBQMbX q?2M +?BMBM; b2p2`H
bvM+?`QMQmb +iBQMb iQ;2i?2`- M 2t+2TiBQM i Mv TQBMi Q7 i?2 +?BM
rBHH biBHH UmMH2bb vQm r`T 2+? ?M/HBM; 7mM+iBQM BM Bib QrM try/catch
#HQ+FV HM/ i i?2 iQT H2p2H M/ #Q`i vQm` +?BM Q7 +iBQMbX

jj9
S`QKBb2b
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HHQr M mM2tT2+i2/ 2t+2TiBQM iQ +mi i?2 T`Q;`K b?Q`i BM  +`m/2 rvX
//BiBQMHHv- ``M;BM; 7Q` +Q``2+i 2``Q` ?M/HBM; r?2M i?2 2``Q` ?b iQ
~Qr i?`Qm;? KmHiBTH2 +HH#+F 7mM+iBQMb M/ catch #HQ+Fb Bb i2/BQmbX
h?2`2 ?p2 #22M  HQi Q7 ii2KTib iQ bQHp2 i?Bb rBi? 2ti` #bi`+iBQMbX
PM2 Q7 i?2 KQ`2 bm++2bb7mH QM2b Bb +HH2/ T`QKBb2bX S`QKBb2b r`T M
bvM+?`QMQmb +iBQM BM M Q#D2+i- r?B+? +M #2 Tbb2/ `QmM/ M/ iQH/
iQ /Q +2`iBM i?BM;b r?2M i?2 +iBQM }MBb?2b Q` 7BHbX h?Bb BMi2`7+2 Bb
b2i iQ #2+QK2 T`i Q7 i?2 M2ti p2`bBQM Q7 i?2 Cpa+`BTi HM;m;2 #mi
+M H`2/v #2 mb2/ b  HB#``vX
h?2 BMi2`7+2 7Q` T`QKBb2b BbMǶi 2MiB`2Hv BMimBiBp2- #mi Bi Bb TQr2`7mHX
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i`2iK2Mi i rrrXT`QKBb2DbXQ`;X
hQ +`2i2  T`QKBb2 Q#D2+i- r2 +HH i?2 Promise +QMbi`m+iQ`- ;BpBM; Bi 
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b2+QM/ b?QmH/ #2 +HH2/ r?2M Bi 7BHbX
PM+2 ;BM- ?2`2 Bb Qm` r`TT2` 7Q` GET `2[m2bib- i?Bb iBK2 `2im`MBM; 
T`QKBb2X q2ǶHH bBKTHv +HH Bi get i?Bb iBK2X
function get ( url ) {
return new Promise ( function ( succeed , fail ) {
var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open (" GET " , url , true ) ;
req . addEventListener (" load " , function () {
if ( req . status < 400)
succeed ( req . responseText ) ;
else
fail ( new Error (" Request failed : " + req . statusText ) ) ;
}) ;
req . addEventListener (" error " , function () {
fail ( new Error (" Network error ") ) ;
}) ;
req . send ( null ) ;
}) ;

jj8
 }

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irQ 7mM+iBQMb, QM2 iQ ?M/H2 bm++2bb M/ QM2 iQ ?M/H2 7BHm`2X
get (" example / data . txt ") . then ( function ( text ) {
console . log (" data . txt : " + text );
}, function ( error ) {
console . log (" Failed to fetch data . txt : " + error ) ;
}) ;

aQ 7`- i?Bb Bb Dmbi MQi?2` rv iQ 2tT`2bb i?2 bK2 i?BM; r2 H`2/v 2t@
T`2bb2/X Ai Bb QMHv r?2M vQm M22/ iQ +?BM +iBQMb iQ;2i?2` i?i T`QKBb2b
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7mM+iBQM- bm++22/BM; Q` 7BHBM; rBi? i?2 bK2 pHm2 r?2M Bi Bb `2bQHp2/X
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`2im`M2/ #v then BKK2/Bi2Hv bm++22/b rBi? i?i pHm2 b Bib `2bmHiX
h?Bb K2Mb vQm +M mb2 then iQ i`Mb7Q`K i?2 `2bmHi Q7  T`QKBb2X 6Q`
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l_G- T`b2/ b CaPL,
function getJSON ( url ) {
return get ( url ) . then ( JSON . parse );
}

h?i Hbi +HH iQ then /B/ MQi bT2+B7v  7BHm`2 ?M/H2`X h?Bb Bb HHQr2/X
h?2 2``Q` rBHH #2 Tbb2/ iQ i?2 T`QKBb2 `2im`M2/ #v then- r?B+? Bb 2t+iHv
r?i r2 rMiěgetJSON /Q2b MQi FMQr r?i iQ /Q r?2M bQK2i?BM; ;Q2b
r`QM;- #mi ?QT27mHHv Bib +HH2` /Q2bX
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i?i- b?Qrb i?2 rQ`/ HQ/BM;X h?2 CaPL }H2b +QMiBM BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi
T2QTH2- rBi? HBMFb iQ }H2b i?i `2T`2b2Mi Qi?2` T2QTH2 BM T`QT2`iB2b bm+?

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b father- mother- Q` spouseX
q2 rMi iQ ;2i i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 KQi?2` Q7 i?2 bTQmb2 Q7 2tKTH2f#2`iXDbQMX
M/ B7 bQK2i?BM; ;Q2b r`QM;- r2 rMi iQ `2KQp2 i?2 HQ/BM; i2ti M/
b?Qr M 2``Q` K2bb;2 BMbi2/X >2`2 Bb ?Qr i?i KB;?i #2 /QM2 rBi?
T`QKBb2b,
< script >
function showMessage ( msg ) {
var elt = document . createElement (" div ") ;
elt . textContent = msg ;
return document . body . appendChild ( elt ) ;
}

var loading = showMessage (" Loading ...") ;

getJSON (" example / bert . json ") . then ( function ( bert ) {
return getJSON ( bert . spouse ) ;
}) . then ( function ( spouse ) {
return getJSON ( spouse . mother );
}) . then ( function ( mother ) {
showMessage (" The name is " + mother . name ) ;
}) . catch ( function ( error ) {
showMessage ( String ( error )) ;
}) . then ( function () {
document . body . removeChild ( loading );
}) ;
</ script >

h?2 `2bmHiBM; T`Q;`K Bb `2HiBp2Hv +QKT+i M/ `2/#H2X h?2 catch

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// → INPUT
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< button disabled >I m out </ button >

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j98
form> 2H2K2Mi- BM im`M- ?b  T`QT2`iv +HH2/ elements i?i +QMiBMb M
``v@HBF2 +QHH2+iBQM Q7 i?2 }2H/b BMbB/2 BiX
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B/2MiB}2/ r?2M i?2 7Q`K Bb bm#KBii2/X Ai +M HbQ #2 mb2/ b  T`QT2`iv
MK2 r?2M ++2bbBM; i?2 7Q`KǶb elements T`QT2`iv- r?B+? +ib #Qi? b M
``v@HBF2 Q#D2+i U++2bbB#H2 #v MmK#2`V M/  KT U++2bbB#H2 #v MK2VX
< form action =" example / submit . html " >
Name : < input type =" text " name =" name " > < br >
Password : < input type =" password " name =" password "><br >
< button type =" submit " > Log in </ button >
</ form >
< script >
var form = document . querySelector (" form ") ;
console . log ( form . elements [1]. type ) ;
// → password
console . log ( form . elements . password . type ) ;
// → password
console . log ( form . elements . name . form == form ) ;
// → true
</ script >

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#2?pBQ` #v +HHBM; preventDefault QM i?2 2p2Mi Q#D2+iX
< form action =" example / submit . html " >
Value : < input type =" text " name =" value ">
< button type =" submit " > Save </ button >
</ form >
< script >
var form = document . querySelector (" form ") ;
form . addEventListener (" submit " , function ( event ) {
console . log (" Saving value " , form . elements . value . value ) ;
event . preventDefault () ;
}) ;

j9e
 </ script >

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T;2X

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#mi ?p2 bQK2 i`Qm#H2 bT2HHBM; ?Bb MK2X h?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 rB`2b mT
 <textarea> i; rBi? M 2p2Mi ?M/H2` i?i- r?2M vQm T`2bb 6k- BMb2`ib
i?2 bi`BM; dzE?b2F?2KrvǴ 7Q` vQmX
< textarea > </ textarea >
< script >
var textarea = document . querySelector (" textarea ") ;
textarea . addEventListener (" keydown ", function ( event ) {
// The key code for F2 happens to be 113
if ( event . keyCode == 113) {
replaceSelection ( textarea , " Khasekhemwy ") ;
event . preventDefault () ;
}
}) ;

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 function replaceSelection ( field , word ) {
var from = field . selectionStart , to = field . selectionEnd ;
field . value = field . value . slice (0 , from ) + word +
field . value . slice ( to );
// Put the cursor after the word
field . selectionStart = field . selectionEnd =
from + word . length ;
}
</ script >

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+m``2Mi H2M;i? Q7 i?2 i2ti 2Mi2`2/,
< input type =" text " > length : < span id =" length " >0 </ span >
< script >
var text = document . querySelector (" input ") ;
var output = document . querySelector ("# length ") ;
text . addEventListener (" input ", function () {
output . textContent = text . value . length ;
}) ;
</ script >

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< input type =" checkbox " id =" purple " >
< label for =" purple " > Make this page purple </ label >
< script >

j93
 var checkbox = document . querySelector ("# purple ") ;
checkbox . addEventListener (" change ", function () {
document . body . style . background =
checkbox . checked ? " mediumpurple " : "";
}) ;
</ script >

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Color :
< input type =" radio " name =" color " value =" mediumpurple " > Purple
< input type =" radio " name =" color " value =" lightgreen " > Green
< input type =" radio " name =" color " value =" lightblue " > Blue
< script >
var buttons = document . getElementsByName (" color ") ;
function setColor ( event ) {
document . body . style . background = event . target . value ;
}
for ( var i = 0; i < buttons . length ; i ++)
buttons [ i ]. addEventListener (" change " , setColor ) ;
</ script >

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i?2 HvQmi Q7 i?2 QTiBQMb mM/2` Qm` +QMi`QH- i?2 TT2`M+2 Q7  <select>
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 bBM;H2 QTiBQMX
< select multiple >
< option > Pancakes </ option >
< option > Pudding </ option >
< option > Ice cream </ option >
</ select >

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#BibX >QH/ *i`H UQ` *QKKM/ QM  J+V iQ b2H2+i KmHiBTH2 QTiBQMbX

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 < select multiple >
< option value ="1" >0001 </ option >
< option value ="2" >0010 </ option >
< option value ="4" >0100 </ option >
< option value ="8" >1000 </ option >
</ select > = < span id =" output " >0 </ span >
< script >
var select = document . querySelector (" select ") ;
var output = document . querySelector ("# output ") ;
select . addEventListener (" change " , function () {
var number = 0;
for ( var i = 0; i < select . options . length ; i ++) {
var option = select . options [ i ];
if ( option . selected )
number += Number ( option . value ) ;
}
output . textContent = number ;
}) ;
</ script >

6BH2 }2H/b
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dz+?QQb2 }H2Ǵ Q` dz#`Qrb2Ǵ- rBi? BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi i?2 +?Qb2M }H2 M2ti iQ
BiX
< input type =" file " >
< script >
var input = document . querySelector (" input ") ;
input . addEventListener (" change ", function () {
if ( input . files . length > 0) {
var file = input . files [0];

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 console . log (" You chose " , file . name ) ;
if ( file . type )
console . log (" It has type ", file . type ) ;
}
}) ;
</ script >

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bm+? b text/plain Q` image/jpegVX
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#2BM; bBKBH` iQ XMLHttpRequest #mi 7Q` }H2bX
< input type =" file " multiple >
< script >
var input = document . querySelector (" input ") ;
input . addEventListener (" change ", function () {
Array . prototype . forEach . call ( input . files , function ( file ) {
var reader = new FileReader () ;
reader . addEventListener (" load ", function () {
console . log (" File " , file . name , " starts with " ,
reader . result . slice (0 , 20) ) ;
}) ;
reader . readAsText ( file );
}) ;
}) ;
</ script >

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+QMiBMb i?2 }H2Ƕb +QMi2MiX

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 h?2 2tKTH2 mb2b Array.prototype.forEach iQ Bi2`i2 Qp2` i?2 ``v bBM+2
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Bi2`iBQMb Q7 i?2 HQQTX
FileReaderb HbQ }`2 M "error" 2p2Mi r?2M `2/BM; i?2 }H2 7BHb 7Q` Mv
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A7 vQm /QMǶi rMi iQ `2K2K#2` i?2 /2iBHb Q7 v2i MQi?2` BM+QMbBbi2Mi
bvM+?`QMQmb BMi2`7+2- vQm +QmH/ r`T Bi BM  Promise Ub22 *?Ti2` RdV
HBF2 i?Bb,
function readFile ( file ) {
return new Promise ( function ( succeed , fail ) {
var reader = new FileReader () ;
reader . addEventListener (" load " , function () {
succeed ( reader . result );
}) ;
reader . addEventListener (" error ", function () {
fail ( reader . error );
}) ;
reader . readAsText ( file );
}) ;
}

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?Qr iQ /Q i?i BM *?Ti2` kyX "mi i?Bb //b  HQi Q7 2ti` rQ`F M/

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+QKTH2tBivX aQK2iBK2b Bi Bb 2MQm;? iQ Dmbi F22T i?2 /i BM i?2 #`Qrb2`X
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localStorage . setItem (" username " , " marijn ") ;
console . log ( localStorage . getItem (" username ") ) ;
// → marijn
localStorage . removeItem (" username ") ;

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BM  <textarea>X  MQi2 +M #2 //2/ #v +HB+FBM;  #miiQMX
Notes : < select id =" list " > </ select >
< button onclick =" addNote () " > new </ button ><br >
< textarea id =" currentnote " style =" width : 100%; height : 10 em " >
</ textarea >

< script >

var list = document . querySelector ("# list ") ;
function addToList ( name ) {
var option = document . createElement (" option ") ;
option . textContent = name ;
list . appendChild ( option ) ;
}

// Initialize the list from localStorage

j89
 var notes = JSON . parse ( localStorage . getItem (" notes ") ) ||
{" shopping list ": ""};
for ( var name in notes )
if ( notes . hasOwnProperty ( name ) )
addToList ( name ) ;

function saveToStorage () {
localStorage . setItem (" notes ", JSON . stringify ( notes ) ) ;
}

var current = document . querySelector ("# currentnote ") ;

current . value = notes [ list . value ];

list . addEventListener (" change " , function () {

current . value = notes [ list . value ];
}) ;
current . addEventListener (" change " , function () {
notes [ list . value ] = current . value ;
saveToStorage () ;
}) ;

function addNote () {
var name = prompt (" Note name ", "") ;
if (! name ) return ;
if (! notes . hasOwnProperty ( name )) {
notes [ name ] = "";
addToList ( name ) ;
saveToStorage () ;
}
list . value = name ;
current . value = notes [ name ];
}
</ script >

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rBi? vQm` KQmb2- M/ bp2 i?2KX h?Bb Bb r?i Bi rBHH HQQF HBF2,

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function elt ( name , attributes ) {
var node = document . createElement ( name ) ;
if ( attributes ) {
for ( var attr in attributes )
if ( attributes . hasOwnProperty ( attr ) )
node . setAttribute ( attr , attributes [ attr ]) ;
}
for ( var i = 2; i < arguments . length ; i ++) {
var child = arguments [i ];
if ( typeof child == " string ")
child = document . createTextNode ( child );
node . appendChild ( child ) ;
}
return node ;
}

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var controls = Object . create ( null );

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 function createPaint ( parent ) {
var canvas = elt (" canvas ", { width : 500 , height : 300}) ;
var cx = canvas . getContext ("2 d ") ;
var toolbar = elt (" div " , { class : " toolbar "}) ;
for ( var name in controls )
toolbar . appendChild ( controls [ name ]( cx ) ) ;

var panel = elt (" div " , { class : " picturepanel "} , canvas ) ;
parent . appendChild ( elt (" div " , null , panel , toolbar ) ) ;
}

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var tools = Object . create ( null ) ;

controls . tool = function ( cx ) {

var select = elt (" select ") ;
for ( var name in tools )
select . appendChild ( elt (" option ", null , name ) ) ;

cx . canvas . addEventListener (" mousedown " , function ( event ) {

if ( event . which == 1) {
tools [ select . value ]( event , cx );
event . preventDefault () ;
}

jek
 }) ;

return elt (" span " , null , " Tool : ", select ) ;
};

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bm#i`+i i?2 iQT@H27i +Q`M2` Q7 i?2 +Mpb 7`QK i?2K iQ ;2i  TQbBiBQM
`2HiBp2 iQ i?i +Q`M2`X
function relativePos ( event , element ) {
var rect = element . getBoundingClientRect () ;
return { x : Math . floor ( event . clientX - rect . left ) ,
y: Math . floor ( event . clientY - rect . top ) };
}

a2p2`H Q7 i?2 /`rBM; iQQHb M22/ iQ HBbi2M 7Q` "mousemove" 2p2Mib b HQM;
b i?2 KQmb2 #miiQM Bb ?2H/ /QrMX h?2 trackDrag 7mM+iBQM iF2b +`2 Q7
i?2 2p2Mi `2;Bbi`iBQM M/ mM`2;Bbi`iBQM 7Q` bm+? bBimiBQMbX
function trackDrag ( onMove , onEnd ) {
function end ( event ) {
removeEventListener (" mousemove " , onMove ) ;
removeEventListener (" mouseup ", end ) ;
if ( onEnd )
onEnd ( event ) ;
}
addEventListener (" mousemove ", onMove );
addEventListener (" mouseup ", end );
}

jej
h?Bb 7mM+iBQM iF2b irQ `;mK2MibX PM2 Bb  7mM+iBQM iQ +HH 7Q` 2+?
"mousemove" 2p2Mi- M/ i?2 Qi?2` Bb  7mM+iBQM iQ +HH r?2M i?2 KQmb2 #mi@
iQM Bb `2H2b2/X 1Bi?2` `;mK2Mi +M #2 QKBii2/ r?2M Bi Bb MQi M22/2/X
h?2 HBM2 iQQH mb2b i?2b2 irQ ?2HT2`b iQ /Q i?2 +imH /`rBM;X
tools . Line = function ( event , cx , onEnd ) {
cx . lineCap = " round ";

var pos = relativePos ( event , cx . canvas ) ;

trackDrag ( function ( event ) {
cx . beginPath () ;
cx . moveTo ( pos .x , pos .y) ;
pos = relativePos ( event , cx . canvas );
cx . lineTo ( pos .x , pos .y) ;
cx . stroke () ;
} , onEnd ) ;
};

h?2 7mM+iBQM bi`ib #v b2iiBM; i?2 /`rBM; +QMi2tiǶb lineCap T`QT2`iv iQ

"round"- r?B+? +mb2b #Qi? 2M/b Q7  bi`QF2/ Ti? iQ #2 `QmM/ `i?2`
i?M i?2 /27mHi b[m`2 7Q`KX h?Bb Bb  i`B+F iQ KF2 bm`2 i?i KmHiBTH2
b2T`i2 HBM2b- /`rM BM `2bTQMb2 iQ b2T`i2 2p2Mib- HQQF HBF2  bBM;H2-
+Q?2`2Mi HBM2X qBi? #B;;2` HBM2 rB/i?b- vQm rBHH b22 ;Tb i +Q`M2`b B7
vQm mb2 i?2 /27mHi ~i HBM2 +TbX
h?2M- 7Q` 2p2`v "mousemove" 2p2Mi i?i Q++m`b b HQM; b i?2 KQmb2
#miiQM Bb /QrM-  bBKTH2 HBM2 b2;K2Mi Bb /`rM #2ir22M i?2 KQmb2Ƕb QH/
M/ M2r TQbBiBQM- mbBM; r?i2p2` strokeStyle M/ lineWidth ?TT2M iQ #2
+m``2MiHv b2iX
h?2 onEnd `;mK2Mi iQ tools.Line Bb bBKTHv Tbb2/ i?`Qm;? iQ trackDragX
h?2 MQ`KH rv iQ `mM iQQHb rQMǶi Tbb  i?B`/ `;mK2Mi- bQ r?2M mbBM;
i?2 HBM2 iQQH- i?i `;mK2Mi rBHH ?QH/ undefined- M/ MQi?BM; ?TT2Mb
i i?2 2M/ Q7 i?2 KQmb2 /`;X h?2 `;mK2Mi Bb i?2`2 iQ HHQr mb iQ
BKTH2K2Mi i?2 2`b2 iQQH QM iQT Q7 i?2 HBM2 iQQH rBi? p2`v HBiiH2 //BiBQMH
+Q/2X
tools . Erase = function ( event , cx ) {
cx . globalCompositeOperation = " destination - out ";
tools . Line ( event , cx , function () {
cx . globalCompositeOperation = " source - over ";
}) ;

je9
 };

h?2 globalCompositeOperation T`QT2`iv BM~m2M+2b i?2 rv /`rBM; QT2`@

iBQMb QM  +Mpb +?M;2 i?2 +QHQ` Q7 i?2 TBt2Hb i?2v iQm+?X "v /27mHi-
i?2 T`QT2`ivǶb pHm2 Bb "source-over"- r?B+? K2Mb i?i i?2 /`rM +QHQ`
Bb Qp2`HB/ QM i?2 2tBbiBM; +QHQ` i i?i bTQiX A7 i?2 +QHQ` Bb QT[m2- Bi
rBHH bBKTHv `2TH+2 i?2 QH/ +QHQ`- #mi B7 Bi Bb T`iBHHv i`MbT`2Mi- i?2
irQ rBHH #2 KBt2/X
h?2 2`b2 iQQH b2ib globalCompositeOperation iQ "destination-out"- r?B+?
?b i?2 2z2+i Q7 2`bBM; i?2 TBt2Hb r2 iQm+?- KFBM; i?2K i`MbT`2Mi
;BMX
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 bBM;H2 TBt2H rB/2 Ui?2 /27mHi strokeStyle M/ lineWidth 7Q`  +MpbV M/
2`b2 i?2K ;BMX Ai Bb  rQ`FBM;- H#2Bi `i?2` HBKBi2/- TBMi T`Q;`KX

*QHQ` M/ #`mb? bBx2

bbmKBM; i?i mb2`b rBHH rMi iQ /`r BM +QHQ`b Qi?2` i?M #H+F M/
mb2 /Bz2`2Mi #`mb? bBx2b- H2iǶb // +QMi`QHb 7Q` i?Qb2 irQ b2iiBM;bX
AM *?Ti2` R3- A /Bb+mbb2/  MmK#2` Q7 /Bz2`2Mi 7Q`K }2H/bX *QHQ`
}2H/b r2`2 MQi KQM; i?Qb2X h`/BiBQMHHv- #`Qrb2`b /QMǶi ?p2 #mBHi@BM
bmTTQ`i 7Q` +QHQ` TB+F2`b- #mi BM i?2 Tbi 72r v2`b-  MmK#2` Q7 M2r 7Q`K
}2H/ ivT2b ?p2 #22M biM/`/Bx2/X PM2 Q7 i?Qb2 Bb <input type="color">
X Pi?2`b BM+Hm/2 "date"- "email"- "url"- M/ "number"X LQi HH #`Qrb2`b
bmTTQ`i i?2K v2iěi i?2 iBK2 Q7 r`BiBM;- MQ p2`bBQM Q7 AMi2`M2i 1tTHQ`2`
bmTTQ`ib +QHQ` }2H/bX h?2 /27mHi ivT2 Q7 M <input> i; Bb "text"- M/
r?2M M mMbmTTQ`i2/ ivT2 Bb mb2/- #`Qrb2`b rBHH i`2i Bi b  i2ti }2H/X
h?Bb K2Mb i?i AMi2`M2i 1tTHQ`2` mb2`b `mMMBM; Qm` TBMi T`Q;`K rBHH
?p2 iQ ivT2 BM i?2 MK2 Q7 i?2 +QHQ` i?2v rMi- `i?2` i?M b2H2+i Bi
7`QK  +QMp2MB2Mi rB/;2iX
h?Bb Bb r?i  +QHQ` TB+F2` Kv HQQF HBF2,

je8
 controls . color = function ( cx ) {
var input = elt (" input " , { type : " color "}) ;
input . addEventListener (" change ", function () {
cx . fillStyle = input . value ;
cx . strokeStyle = input . value ;
}) ;
return elt (" span " , null , " Color : " , input ) ;
};

q?2M2p2` i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 +QHQ` }2H/ +?M;2b- i?2 /`rBM; +QMi2tiǶb
fillStyle M/ strokeStyle `2 mT/i2/ iQ ?QH/ i?2 M2r pHm2X
h?2 }2H/ 7Q` +QM};m`BM; i?2 #`mb? bBx2 rQ`Fb bBKBH`HvX
controls . brushSize = function ( cx ) {
var select = elt (" select ") ;
var sizes = [1 , 2 , 3 , 5, 8 , 12 , 25 , 35 , 50 , 75 , 100];
sizes . forEach ( function ( size ) {
select . appendChild ( elt (" option ", { value : size } ,
size + " pixels ") ) ;
}) ;
select . addEventListener (" change " , function () {
cx . lineWidth = select . value ;
}) ;
return elt (" span " , null , " Brush size : " , select ) ;

jee
 };

h?2 +Q/2 ;2M2`i2b QTiBQMb 7`QK M ``v Q7 #`mb? bBx2b- M/ ;BM 2M@
bm`2b i?i i?2 +MpbǶ lineWidth Bb mT/i2/ r?2M  #`mb? bBx2 Bb +?Qb2MX

apBM;
hQ 2tTHBM i?2 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 bp2 HBMF- A Kmbi }`bi i2HH vQm #Qmi
/i l_GbX  /i l_G Bb  l_G rBi? /i, b Bib T`QiQ+QHX lMHBF2
`2;mH` ?iiT, M/ ?iiTb, l_Gb- /i l_Gb /QMǶi TQBMi i  `2bQm`+2
#mi `i?2` +QMiBM i?2 2MiB`2 `2bQm`+2 BM i?2KX h?Bb Bb  /i l_G
+QMiBMBM;  bBKTH2 >hJG /Q+mK2Mi,
data : text / html , < h1 style =" color : red "> Hello ! </ h1 >

.i l_Gb `2 mb27mH 7Q` p`BQmb ibFb- bm+? b BM+Hm/BM; bKHH BK;2b
/B`2+iHv BM  bivH2 b?22i }H2X h?2v HbQ HHQr mb iQ HBMF iQ }H2b i?i r2
+`2i2/ QM i?2 +HB2Mi bB/2- BM i?2 #`Qrb2`- rBi?Qmi }`bi KQpBM; i?2K iQ
bQK2 b2`p2`X
*Mpb 2H2K2Mib ?p2  +QMp2MB2Mi K2i?Q/- +HH2/ toDataURL- r?B+? rBHH
`2im`M  /i l_G i?i +QMiBMb i?2 TB+im`2 QM i?2 +Mpb b M BK;2
}H2X q2 /QMǶi rMi iQ mT/i2 Qm` bp2 HBMF 2p2`v iBK2 i?2 TB+im`2 Bb
+?M;2/- ?Qr2p2`X 6Q` #B; TB+im`2b- i?i BMpQHp2b KQpBM; [mBi2  HQi Q7
/i BMiQ  HBMF M/ rQmH/ #2 MQiB+2#Hv bHQrX AMbi2/- r2 `B; i?2 HBMF
iQ mT/i2 Bib href ii`B#mi2 r?2M2p2` Bi Bb 7Q+mb2/ rBi? i?2 F2v#Q`/ Q`
i?2 KQmb2 Bb KQp2/ Qp2` BiX
controls . save = function ( cx ) {
var link = elt (" a " , { href : "/"} , " Save ") ;
function update () {
try {
link . href = cx . canvas . toDataURL () ;
} catch ( e ) {
if ( e instanceof SecurityError )
link . href = " javascript : alert (" +
JSON . stringify (" Can t save : " + e . toString () ) + ") ";
else
throw e ;
}
}

jed
 link . addEventListener (" mouseover " , update ) ;
link . addEventListener (" focus ", update ) ;
return link ;
};

h?mb- i?2 HBMF Dmbi [mB2iHv bBib i?2`2- TQBMiBM; i i?2 r`QM; i?BM;- #mi
r?2M i?2 mb2` TT`Q+?2b Bi- Bi K;B+HHv mT/i2b Bib2H7 iQ TQBMi i i?2
+m``2Mi TB+im`2X
A7 vQm HQ/  #B; BK;2- bQK2 #`Qrb2`b rBHH +?QF2 QM i?2 ;BMi /i
l_Gb i?i i?Bb T`Q/m+2bX 6Q` bKHH TB+im`2b- i?Bb TT`Q+? rQ`Fb rBi?@
Qmi T`Q#H2KX
"mi ?2`2 r2 QM+2 ;BM `mM BMiQ i?2 bm#iH2iB2b Q7 #`Qrb2` bM/#QtBM;X
q?2M M BK;2 Bb HQ/2/ 7`QK  l_G QM MQi?2` /QKBM- B7 i?2 b2`p2`Ƕb
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+QMiBM BM7Q`KiBQM i?i i?2 mb2` Kv HQQF i #mi i?i i?2 b+`BTi Kv
MQiX
q2 Kv ?p2 `2[m2bi2/  TB+im`2 i?i +QMiBMb T`Bpi2 BM7Q`KiBQM
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i?2 mb2`Ƕb b2bbBQMX A7 b+`BTib +QmH/ ;2i BM7Q`KiBQM Qmi Q7 i?i TB+im`2-
i?2v +QmH/ bMQQT QM i?2 mb2` BM mM/2bB`#H2 rvbX
hQ T`2p2Mi i?2b2 FBM/b Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM H2Fb- #`Qrb2`b rBHH K`F  +M@
pb b iBMi2/ r?2M M BK;2 i?i i?2 b+`BTi Kv MQi b22 Bb /`rM QMiQ
BiX SBt2H /i- BM+Hm/BM; /i l_Gb- Kv MQi #2 2ti`+i2/ 7`QK  iBMi2/
+MpbX uQm +M r`Bi2 iQ Bi- #mi vQm +M MQ HQM;2` `2/ BiX
h?Bb Bb r?v r2 M22/ i?2 try/catch bii2K2Mi BM i?2 update 7mM+iBQM 7Q`
i?2 bp2 HBMFX q?2M i?2 +Mpb ?b #2+QK2 iBMi2/- +HHBM; toDataURL
rBHH `Bb2 M 2t+2TiBQM i?i Bb M BMbiM+2 Q7 SecurityErrorX q?2M i?i
?TT2Mb- r2 b2i i?2 HBMF iQ TQBMi i v2i MQi?2` FBM/ Q7 l_G- mbBM; i?2
Dpb+`BTi, T`QiQ+QHX am+? HBMFb bBKTHv 2t2+mi2 i?2 b+`BTi ;Bp2M 7i2` i?2
+QHQM r?2M i?2v `2 7QHHQr2/ bQ i?i i?2 HBMF rBHH b?Qr M alert rBM/Qr
BM7Q`KBM; i?2 mb2` Q7 i?2 T`Q#H2K r?2M Bi Bb +HB+F2/X

GQ/BM; BK;2 }H2b

h?2 }MH irQ +QMi`QHb `2 mb2/ iQ HQ/ BK;2b 7`QK HQ+H }H2b M/ 7`QK
l_GbX q2ǶHH M22/ i?2 7QHHQrBM; ?2HT2` 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? i`B2b iQ HQ/ M

je3
BK;2 }H2 7`QK  l_G M/ `2TH+2 i?2 +QMi2Mib Q7 i?2 +Mpb rBi? Bi,
function loadImageURL ( cx , url ) {
var image = document . createElement (" img ") ;
image . addEventListener (" load " , function () {
var color = cx . fillStyle , size = cx . lineWidth ;
cx . canvas . width = image . width ;
cx . canvas . height = image . height ;
cx . drawImage ( image , 0, 0) ;
cx . fillStyle = color ;
cx . strokeStyle = color ;
cx . lineWidth = size ;
}) ;
image . src = url ;
}

q2 rMi iQ +?M;2 i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 +Mpb iQ T`2+Bb2Hv }i i?2 BK;2X 6Q`
bQK2 `2bQM- +?M;BM; i?2 bBx2 Q7  +Mpb rBHH +mb2 Bib /`rBM; +QMi2ti
iQ 7Q`;2i +QM};m`iBQM T`QT2`iB2b bm+? b fillStyle M/ lineWidth- bQ i?2
7mM+iBQM bp2b i?Qb2 M/ `2biQ`2b i?2K 7i2` Bi ?b mT/i2/ i?2 +Mpb
bBx2X
h?2 +QMi`QH 7Q` HQ/BM;  HQ+H }H2 mb2b i?2 FileReader i2+?MB[m2 7`QK
*?Ti2` R3X T`i 7`QK i?2 readAsText K2i?Q/ r2 mb2/ i?2`2- bm+? `2/2`
Q#D2+ib HbQ ?p2  K2i?Q/ +HH2/ readAsDataURL- r?B+? Bb 2t+iHv r?i r2
M22/ ?2`2X q2 HQ/ i?2 }H2 i?i i?2 mb2` +?Qb2 b  /i l_G M/ Tbb
Bi iQ loadImageURL iQ Tmi Bi BMiQ i?2 +MpbX
controls . openFile = function ( cx ) {
var input = elt (" input " , { type : " file "}) ;
input . addEventListener (" change ", function () {
if ( input . files . length == 0) return ;
var reader = new FileReader () ;
reader . addEventListener (" load " , function () {
loadImageURL ( cx , reader . result ) ;
}) ;
reader . readAsDataURL ( input . files [0]) ;
}) ;
return elt (" div " , null , " Open file : " , input ) ;
};

GQ/BM;  }H2 7`QK  l_G Bb 2p2M bBKTH2`X "mi rBi?  i2ti }2H/- Bi Bb
H2bb +H2` r?2M i?2 mb2` ?b }MBb?2/ r`BiBM; i?2 l_G- bQ r2 +MǶi bBKTHv

jeN
HBbi2M 7Q` "change" 2p2MibX AMbi2/- r2 rBHH r`T i?2 }2H/ BM  7Q`K M/
`2bTQM/ r?2M i?2 7Q`K Bb bm#KBii2/- 2Bi?2` #2+mb2 i?2 mb2` T`2bb2/
1Mi2` Q` #2+mb2 i?2v +HB+F2/ i?2 HQ/ #miiQMX
controls . openURL = function ( cx ) {
var input = elt (" input " , { type : " text "}) ;
var form = elt (" form " , null ,
" Open URL : " , input ,
elt (" button " , { type : " submit "} , " load ") ) ;
form . addEventListener (" submit " , function ( event ) {
event . preventDefault () ;
loadImageURL ( cx , input . value );
}) ;
return form ;
};

q2 ?p2 MQr /2}M2/ HH i?2 +QMi`QHb i?i Qm` bBKTH2 TBMi T`Q;`K
M22/b- #mi Bi +QmH/ biBHH mb2  72r KQ`2 iQQHbX

6BMBb?BM; mT
q2 +M 2bBHv //  i2ti iQQH i?i mb2b prompt iQ bF i?2 mb2` r?B+? bi`BM;
Bi b?QmH/ /`rX
tools . Text = function ( event , cx ) {
var text = prompt (" Text :" , "") ;
if ( text ) {
var pos = relativePos ( event , cx . canvas );
cx . font = Math . max (7 , cx . lineWidth ) + " px sans - serif ";
cx . fillText ( text , pos .x , pos .y) ;
}
};

uQm +QmH/ // 2ti` }2H/b 7Q` i?2 7QMi bBx2 M/ i?2 7QMi- #mi 7Q` bBKTHB+@
BivǶb bF2- r2 Hrvb mb2  bMb@b2`B7 7QMi M/ #b2 i?2 7QMi bBx2 QM i?2
+m``2Mi #`mb? bBx2X h?2 KBMBKmK bBx2 Bb d TBt2Hb #2+mb2 i2ti bKHH2`
i?M i?i Bb mM`2/#H2X
MQi?2` BM/BbT2Mb#H2 iQQH 7Q` /`rBM; Ki2m`Bb? +QKTmi2` ;`T?B+b
Bb i?2 bT`v TBMi iQQHX h?Bb QM2 /`rb /Qib BM `M/QK HQ+iBQMb mM/2`
i?2 #`mb? b HQM; b i?2 KQmb2 Bb ?2H/ /QrM- +`2iBM; /2Mb2` Q` H2bb /2Mb2

jdy
bT2+FHBM; #b2/ QM ?Qr 7bi Q` bHQr i?2 KQmb2 KQp2bX
tools . Spray = function ( event , cx ) {
var radius = cx . lineWidth / 2;
var area = radius * radius * Math . PI ;
var dotsPerTick = Math . ceil ( area / 30) ;

var currentPos = relativePos ( event , cx . canvas ) ;

var spray = setInterval ( function () {
for ( var i = 0; i < dotsPerTick ; i ++) {
var offset = randomPointInRadius ( radius );
cx . fillRect ( currentPos . x + offset .x ,
currentPos . y + offset .y , 1 , 1) ;
}
} , 25) ;
trackDrag ( function ( event ) {
currentPos = relativePos ( event , cx . canvas ) ;
} , function () {
clearInterval ( spray );
}) ;
};

h?2 bT`v iQQH mb2b setInterval iQ bTBi Qmi +QHQ`2/ /Qib 2p2`v k8 KBHHBb2+@
QM/b b HQM; b i?2 KQmb2 #miiQM Bb ?2H/ /QrMX h?2 trackDrag 7mM+iBQM
Bb mb2/ iQ F22T currentPos TQBMiBM; i i?2 +m``2Mi KQmb2 TQbBiBQM M/ iQ
im`M Qz i?2 BMi2`pH r?2M i?2 KQmb2 #miiQM Bb `2H2b2/X
hQ /2i2`KBM2 ?Qr KMv /Qib iQ /`r 2p2`v iBK2 i?2 BMi2`pH }`2b-
i?2 7mM+iBQM +QKTmi2b i?2 `2 Q7 i?2 +m``2Mi #`mb? M/ /BpB/2b i?i #v
jyX hQ }M/  `M/QK TQbBiBQM mM/2` i?2 #`mb?- i?2 randomPointInRadius
7mM+iBQM Bb mb2/X
function randomPointInRadius ( radius ) {
for (;;) {
var x = Math . random () * 2 - 1;
var y = Math . random () * 2 - 1;
if ( x * x + y * y <= 1)
return { x : x * radius , y : y * radius };
}
}

h?Bb 7mM+iBQM ;2M2`i2b TQBMib BM i?2 b[m`2 #2ir22M U@R-@RV M/ UR-RVX
lbBM; i?2 Svi?;Q`2M i?2Q`2K- Bi i2bib r?2i?2` i?2 ;2M2`i2/ TQBMi HB2b

jdR
rBi?BM  +B`+H2 Q7 `/Bmb RX b bQQM b i?2 7mM+iBQM }M/b bm+?  TQBMi- Bi
`2im`Mb i?2 TQBMi KmHiBTHB2/ #v i?2 radius `;mK2MiX
h?2 HQQT Bb M2+2bb`v 7Q`  mMB7Q`K /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 /QibX h?2 bi`B;?i@
7Q`r`/ rv Q7 ;2M2`iBM;  `M/QK TQBMi rBi?BM  +B`+H2 rQmH/ #2 iQ mb2
 `M/QK M;H2 M/ /BbiM+2 M/ +HH Math.sin M/ Math.cos iQ +`2i2 i?2
+Q``2bTQM/BM; TQBMiX "mi rBi? i?i K2i?Q/- i?2 /Qib `2 KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ
TT2` M2` i?2 +2Mi2` Q7 i?2 +B`+H2X h?2`2 `2 Qi?2` rvb `QmM/ i?i-
#mi i?2vǶ`2 KQ`2 +QKTHB+i2/ i?M i?2 T`2pBQmb HQQTX
q2 MQr ?p2  7mM+iBQMBM; TBMi T`Q;`KXU5BMi2`+iBp2 _mM i?2 +Q/2
#2HQr iQ i`v BiX5V

1t2`+Bb2b
h?2`2 Bb biBHH TH2Miv Q7 `QQK 7Q` BKT`Qp2K2Mi BM i?Bb T`Q;`KX G2iǶb //
 72r KQ`2 72im`2b b 2t2`+Bb2bX

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.2}M2  iQQH +HH2/ Rectangle i?i }HHb  `2+iM;H2 Ub22 i?2 fillRect K2i?Q/
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#2 mb2/ iQ TQbBiBQM M 2H2K2Mi T`2+Bb2Hv mM/2` i?2 KQmb2- #v b2iiBM; i?2
left- top- width- M/ height bivH2b iQ i?2 +Q``2+i TBt2H pHm2bX

jdk
*QHQ` TB+F2`
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i?2 /`rBM; +QMi2ti- r?B+? `2im`Mb  `2+iM;mH` TB2+2 Q7 i?2 BK;2 b
M Q#D2+i rBi? width- height- M/ data T`QT2`iB2bX h?2 data T`QT2`iv ?QH/b
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QM+2 r?2M i?2 TBt2H ?b #22M +QHQ`2/ `2/X
function pixelAt ( cx , x , y ) {
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var canvas = document . createElement (" canvas ") ;

var cx = canvas . getContext ("2 d ") ;
pixelAt ( cx , 10 , 10) ;
// → [0 , 0 , 0 , 0]

cx . fillStyle = " red ";

cx . fillRect (10 , 10 , 1 , 1) ;
pixelAt ( cx , 10 , 10) ;
// → [255 , 0 , 0, 255]

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jdj
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jd9
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jd8
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bm+? b  #`Qrb2`Ƕb XMLHttpRequest Q#D2+i- /Bb+mbb2/ BM *?Ti2` RdX M
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jde
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BM i?2 #`Qrb2`- bQ i?2 +QKKmMBiv `QmM/ i?2 HM;m;2 rb mb2/ iQ M
bvM+?`QMQmb T`Q;`KKBM; bivH2X

bvM+?`QMB+Biv
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M/ i?2M /Q bQK2 bBKTH2 T`Q+2bbBM; rBi? i?2 `2bmHiX
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i?i i?2 b2+QM/ `2[m2bi rBHH #2 bi`i2/ QMHv r?2M i?2 }`bi ?b }MBb?2/X
h?2 iQiH iBK2 iF2M rBHH #2 i H2bi i?2 bmK Q7 i?2 irQ `2bTQMb2 iBK2bX
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i?`2/ i?i BMBiBi2/ i?2 AfP +QMiBMm2b `mMMBM;- M/ i?2 AfP Bib2H7 Bb
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jdd
 synchronous, single thread of control

synchronous, two threads of control

asynchronous

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bi`B;?i HBM2 KQ`2 rFr`/X
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// [mBi2  HQi Q7 MQBb2 M/ BM/B`2+iBQM iQ  T`Q;`KX q?2i?2` i?Bb bivH2
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Bi iF2b bQK2 ;2iiBM; mb2/ iQX
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//  HQi Q7 +QKTH2tBivX h?Qm;? +HH#+Fb /QMǶi i2M/ iQ H2/ iQ bBKTH2
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h?2 MQ/2 +QKKM/

q?2M LQ/2XDb Bb BMbiHH2/ QM  bvbi2K- Bi T`QpB/2b  T`Q;`K +HH2/
node- r?B+? Bb mb2/ iQ `mM Cpa+`BTi }H2bX av vQm ?p2  }H2 hello.js-
+QMiBMBM; i?Bb +Q/2,
var message = " Hello world ";
console . log ( message ) ;

uQm +M i?2M `mM node 7`QK i?2 +QKKM/ HBM2 HBF2 i?Bb iQ 2t2+mi2 i?2
T`Q;`K,
$ node hello . js

jd3
 Hello world

h?2 console.log K2i?Q/ BM LQ/2 /Q2b bQK2i?BM; bBKBH` iQ r?i Bi /Q2b

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Cpa+`BTi +QMbQH2X
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$ node
> 1 + 1
2
> [ -1 , -2 , -3]. map ( Math . abs )
[1 , 2 , 3]
> process . exit (0)
$

h?2 process p`B#H2- Dmbi HBF2 i?2 console p`B#H2- Bb pBH#H2 ;HQ#HHv BM
LQ/2X Ai T`QpB/2b p`BQmb rvb iQ BMbT2+i M/ KMBTmHi2 i?2 +m``2Mi
T`Q;`KX h?2 exit K2i?Q/ 2M/b i?2 T`Q+2bb M/ +M #2 ;Bp2M M 2tBi
biimb +Q/2- r?B+? i2HHb i?2 T`Q;`K i?i bi`i2/ node UBM i?Bb +b2- i?2
+QKKM/@HBM2 b?2HHV r?2i?2` i?2 T`Q;`K +QKTH2i2/ bm++2bb7mHHv U+Q/2
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_2/#H2 bi`2Kb `2  HBiiH2 KQ`2 BMpQHp2/X "Qi? i?2 request p`B#H2
i?i rb Tbb2/ iQ i?2 >hhS b2`p2`Ƕb +HH#+F 7mM+iBQM M/ i?2 response
p`B#H2 Tbb2/ iQ i?2 >hhS +HB2Mi `2 `2/#H2 bi`2KbX U b2`p2` `2/b
`2[m2bib M/ i?2M r`Bi2b `2bTQMb2b- r?2`2b  +HB2Mi }`bi r`Bi2b  `2[m2bi
M/ i?2M `2/b  `2bTQMb2XV _2/BM; 7`QK  bi`2K Bb /QM2 mbBM; 2p2Mi
?M/H2`b- `i?2` i?M K2i?Q/bX
P#D2+ib i?i 2KBi 2p2Mib BM LQ/2 ?p2  K2i?Q/ +HH2/ on i?i Bb

j3e
bBKBH` iQ i?2 addEventListener K2i?Q/ BM i?2 #`Qrb2`X uQm ;Bp2 Bi M
2p2Mi MK2 M/ i?2M  7mM+iBQM- M/ Bi rBHH `2;Bbi2` i?i 7mM+iBQM iQ #2
+HH2/ r?2M2p2` i?2 ;Bp2M 2p2Mi Q++m`bX
_2/#H2 bi`2Kb ?p2 "data" M/ "end" 2p2MibX h?2 }`bi Bb }`2/ 2p@
2`v iBK2 bQK2 /i +QK2b BM- M/ i?2 b2+QM/ Bb +HH2/ r?2M2p2` i?2
bi`2K Bb i Bib 2M/X h?Bb KQ/2H Bb KQbi bmBi2/ 7Q` dzbi`2KBM;Ǵ /i-
r?B+? +M #2 BKK2/Bi2Hv T`Q+2bb2/- 2p2M r?2M i?2 r?QH2 /Q+mK2Mi
BbMǶi pBH#H2 v2iX  }H2 +M #2 `2/ b  `2/#H2 bi`2K #v mbBM; i?2
fs.createReadStream 7mM+iBQMX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; +Q/2 +`2i2b  b2`p2` i?i `2/b `2[m2bi #Q/B2b M/
bi`2Kb i?2K #+F iQ i?2 +HB2Mi b HH@mTT2`+b2 i2ti,
var http = require (" http ") ;
http . createServer ( function ( request , response ) {
response . writeHead (200 , {" Content - Type ": " text / plain "}) ;
request . on (" data " , function ( chunk ) {
response . write ( chunk . toString () . toUpperCase () );
}) ;
request . on (" end " , function () {
response . end () ;
}) ;
}) . listen (8000) ;

h?2 chunk p`B#H2 Tbb2/ iQ i?2 /i ?M/H2` rBHH #2  #BM`v Buffer-
r?B+? r2 +M +QMp2`i iQ  bi`BM; #v +HHBM; toString QM Bi- r?B+? rBHH
/2+Q/2 Bi mbBM; i?2 /27mHi 2M+Q/BM; Ulh6@3VX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; TB2+2 Q7 +Q/2- B7 `mM r?BH2 i?2 mTT2`+bBM; b2`p2` Bb
`mMMBM;- rBHH b2M/  `2[m2bi iQ i?i b2`p2` M/ r`Bi2 Qmi i?2 `2bTQMb2 Bi
;2ib,
var http = require (" http ") ;
var request = http . request ({
hostname : " localhost " ,
port : 8000 ,
method : " POST "
}, function ( response ) {
response . on (" data " , function ( chunk ) {
process . stdout . write ( chunk . toString () ) ;
}) ;
}) ;
request . end (" Hello server ") ;

j3d
h?2 2tKTH2 r`Bi2b iQ process.stdout Ui?2 T`Q+2bbǶ biM/`/ QmiTmi- b
 r`Bi#H2 bi`2KV BMbi2/ Q7 mbBM; console.logX q2 +MǶi mb2 console.log
#2+mb2 Bi //b M 2ti` M2rHBM2 +?`+i2` 7i2` 2+? TB2+2 Q7 i2ti i?i
Bi r`Bi2b- r?B+? BbMǶi TT`QT`Bi2 ?2`2X

 bBKTH2 }H2 b2`p2`

G2iǶb +QK#BM2 Qm` M2r7QmM/ FMQrH2/;2 #Qmi >hhS b2`p2`b M/ iHFBM;
iQ i?2 }H2 bvbi2K M/ +`2i2  #`B/;2 #2ir22M i?2K, M >hhS b2`p2`
i?i HHQrb `2KQi2 ++2bb iQ  }H2 bvbi2KX am+?  b2`p2` ?b KMv mb2bX
Ai HHQrb r2# TTHB+iBQMb iQ biQ`2 M/ b?`2 /i Q` ;Bp2  ;`QmT Q7
T2QTH2 b?`2/ ++2bb iQ  #mM+? Q7 }H2bX
q?2M r2 i`2i }H2b b >hhS `2bQm`+2b- i?2 >hhS K2i?Q/b GET- PUT-
M/ DELETE +M #2 mb2/ iQ `2/- r`Bi2- M/ /2H2i2 i?2 }H2b- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
q2 rBHH BMi2`T`2i i?2 Ti? BM i?2 `2[m2bi b i?2 Ti? Q7 i?2 }H2 i?i i?2
`2[m2bi `272`b iQX
q2 T`Q##Hv /QMǶi rMi iQ b?`2 Qm` r?QH2 }H2 bvbi2K- bQ r2ǶHH BM@
i2`T`2i i?2b2 Ti?b b bi`iBM; BM i?2 b2`p2`Ƕb rQ`FBM; /B`2+iQ`v- r?B+?
Bb i?2 /B`2+iQ`v BM r?B+? Bi rb bi`i2/X A7 A `M i?2 b2`p2` 7`QK /home/
marijn/public/ UQ` C:\Users\marijn\public\ QM qBM/QrbV- i?2M  `2[m2bi 7Q`
/file.txt b?QmH/ `272` iQ /home/marijn/public/file.txt UQ` C:\Users\marijn\
public\file.txtVX
q2ǶHH #mBH/ i?2 T`Q;`K TB2+2 #v TB2+2- mbBM; M Q#D2+i +HH2/ methods
iQ biQ`2 i?2 7mM+iBQMb i?i ?M/H2 i?2 p`BQmb >hhS K2i?Q/bX
var http = require (" http ") , fs = require (" fs ") ;

var methods = Object . create ( null );

http . createServer ( function ( request , response ) {

function respond ( code , body , type ) {
if (! type ) type = " text / plain ";
response . writeHead ( code , {" Content - Type ": type }) ;
if ( body && body . pipe )
body . pipe ( response );
else
response . end ( body );
}

j33
 if ( request . method in methods )
methods [ request . method ]( urlToPath ( request . url ) ,
respond , request );
else
respond (405 , " Method " + request . method +
" not allowed .") ;
}) . listen (8000) ;

h?Bb bi`ib  b2`p2` i?i Dmbi `2im`Mb 9y8 2``Q` `2bTQMb2b- r?B+? Bb i?2
+Q/2 mb2/ iQ BM/B+i2 i?i  ;Bp2M K2i?Q/ BbMǶi ?M/H2/ #v i?2 b2`p2`X
h?2 respond 7mM+iBQM Bb Tbb2/ iQ i?2 7mM+iBQMb i?i ?M/H2 i?2 p`BQmb
K2i?Q/b M/ +ib b  +HH#+F iQ }MBb? i?2 `2[m2biX Ai iF2b M >hhS
biimb +Q/2-  #Q/v- M/ QTiBQMHHv  +QMi2Mi ivT2 b `;mK2MibX A7 i?2
pHm2 Tbb2/ b i?2 #Q/v Bb  `2/#H2 bi`2K- Bi rBHH ?p2  pipe K2i?Q/-
r?B+? Bb mb2/ iQ 7Q`r`/  `2/#H2 bi`2K iQ  r`Bi#H2 bi`2KX A7 MQi-
Bi Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 2Bi?2` null UMQ #Q/vV Q`  bi`BM; M/ Bb Tbb2/ /B`2+iHv
iQ i?2 `2bTQMb2Ƕb end K2i?Q/X
hQ ;2i  Ti? 7`QK i?2 l_G BM i?2 `2[m2bi- i?2 urlToPath 7mM+iBQM mb2b
LQ/2Ƕb #mBHi@BM "url" KQ/mH2 iQ T`b2 i?2 l_GX Ai iF2b Bib Ti?MK2-
r?B+? rBHH #2 bQK2i?BM; HBF2 /file.txt- /2+Q/2b i?i iQ ;2i `B/ Q7 i?2 %20
@bivH2 2b+T2 +Q/2b- M/ T`2}t2b  bBM;H2 /Qi iQ T`Q/m+2  Ti? `2HiBp2
iQ i?2 +m``2Mi /B`2+iQ`vX
function urlToPath ( url ) {
var path = require (" url ") . parse ( url ) . pathname ;
return "." + decodeURIComponent ( path ) ;
}

A7 vQm `2 rQ``B2/ #Qmi i?2 b2+m`Biv Q7 i?2 urlToPath 7mM+iBQM- vQm `2
`B;?iX q2 rBHH `2im`M iQ i?i BM i?2 2t2`+Bb2bX
q2 rBHH b2i mT i?2 GET K2i?Q/ iQ `2im`M  HBbi Q7 }H2b r?2M `2/BM; 
/B`2+iQ`v M/ iQ `2im`M i?2 }H2Ƕb +QMi2Mi r?2M `2/BM;  `2;mH` }H2X
PM2 i`B+Fv [m2biBQM Bb r?i FBM/ Q7 Content-Type ?2/2` r2 b?QmH/ //
r?2M `2im`MBM;  }H2Ƕb +QMi2MiX aBM+2 i?2b2 }H2b +QmH/ #2 Mvi?BM;- Qm`
b2`p2` +MǶi bBKTHv `2im`M i?2 bK2 ivT2 7Q` HH Q7 i?2KX "mi LSJ +M
?2HT rBi? i?iX h?2 mime T+F;2 U+QMi2Mi ivT2 BM/B+iQ`b HBF2 text/plain
`2 HbQ +HH2/ JAJ1 ivT2bV FMQrb i?2 +Q``2+i ivT2 7Q`  ?m;2 MmK#2`
Q7 }H2 2ti2MbBQMbX
A7 vQm `mM i?2 7QHHQrBM; npm +QKKM/ BM i?2 /B`2+iQ`v r?2`2 i?2 b2`p2`

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b+`BTi HBp2b- vQmǶHH #2 #H2 iQ mb2 require("mime") iQ ;2i ++2bb iQ i?2
HB#``v,
$ npm install mime
npm http GET https :// registry . npmjs . org / mime
npm http 304 https :// registry . npmjs . org / mime
mime@1 .2.11 node_modules / mime

q?2M  `2[m2bi2/ }H2 /Q2b MQi 2tBbi- i?2 +Q``2+i >hhS 2``Q` +Q/2 iQ
`2im`M Bb 9y9X q2 rBHH mb2 fs.stat- r?B+? HQQFb mT BM7Q`KiBQM QM  }H2-
iQ }M/ Qmi #Qi? r?2i?2` i?2 }H2 2tBbib M/ r?2i?2` Bi Bb  /B`2+iQ`vX
methods . GET = function ( path , respond ) {
fs . stat ( path , function ( error , stats ) {
if ( error && error . code == " ENOENT ")
respond (404 , " File not found ") ;
else if ( error )
respond (500 , error . toString () ) ;
else if ( stats . isDirectory () )
fs . readdir ( path , function ( error , files ) {
if ( error )
respond (500 , error . toString () ) ;
else
respond (200 , files . join ("\ n ") ) ;
}) ;
else
respond (200 , fs . createReadStream ( path ) ,
require (" mime ") . lookup ( path ) ) ;
}) ;
};

"2+mb2 Bi ?b iQ iQm+? i?2 /BbF M/ i?mb KB;?i iF2  r?BH2- fs.stat Bb
bvM+?`QMQmbX q?2M i?2 }H2 /Q2b MQi 2tBbi- fs.stat rBHH Tbb M 2``Q`
Q#D2+i rBi?  code T`QT2`iv Q7 "ENOENT" iQ Bib +HH#+FX Ai rQmH/ #2 MB+2 B7
LQ/2 /2}M2/ /Bz2`2Mi bm#ivT2b Q7 Error 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi ivT2b Q7 2``Q`- #mi
Bi /Q2bMǶiX AMbi2/- Bi Dmbi Tmib Q#b+m`2- lMBt@BMbTB`2/ +Q/2b BM i?2`2X
q2 `2 ;QBM; iQ `2TQ`i Mv 2``Q`b r2 /B/MǶi 2tT2+i rBi? biimb +Q/2
8yy- r?B+? BM/B+i2b i?i i?2 T`Q#H2K 2tBbib BM i?2 b2`p2`- b QTTQb2/ iQ
+Q/2b bi`iBM; rBi? 9 Ubm+? b 9y9V- r?B+? `272` iQ #/ `2[m2bibX h?2`2
`2 bQK2 bBimiBQMb BM r?B+? i?Bb Bb MQi 2MiB`2Hv ++m`i2- #mi 7Q`  bKHH
2tKTH2 T`Q;`K HBF2 i?Bb- Bi rBHH ?p2 iQ #2 ;QQ/ 2MQm;?X

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 h?2 stats Q#D2+i `2im`M2/ #v fs.stat i2HHb mb  MmK#2` Q7 i?BM;b #Qmi
 }H2- bm+? b Bib bBx2 Usize T`QT2`ivV M/ Bib KQ/B}+iBQM /i2 Umtime
T`QT2`ivVX >2`2 r2 `2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 [m2biBQM Q7 r?2i?2` Bi Bb 
/B`2+iQ`v Q`  `2;mH` }H2- r?B+? i?2 isDirectory K2i?Q/ i2HHb mbX
q2 mb2 fs.readdir iQ `2/ i?2 HBbi Q7 }H2b BM  /B`2+iQ`v M/- BM v2i
MQi?2` +HH#+F- `2im`M Bi iQ i?2 mb2`X 6Q` MQ`KH }H2b- r2 +`2i2 
`2/#H2 bi`2K rBi? fs.createReadStream M/ Tbb Bi iQ respond- HQM;
rBi? i?2 +QMi2Mi ivT2 i?i i?2 "mime" KQ/mH2 ;Bp2b mb 7Q` i?2 }H2Ƕb MK2X
h?2 +Q/2 iQ ?M/H2 DELETE `2[m2bib Bb bHB;?iHv bBKTH2`X
methods . DELETE = function ( path , respond ) {
fs . stat ( path , function ( error , stats ) {
if ( error && error . code == " ENOENT ")
respond (204) ;
else if ( error )
respond (500 , error . toString () ) ;
else if ( stats . isDirectory () )
fs . rmdir ( path , respondErrorOrNothing ( respond ) ) ;
else
fs . unlink ( path , respondErrorOrNothing ( respond ) ) ;
}) ;
};

uQm Kv #2 rQM/2`BM; r?v i`vBM; iQ /2H2i2  MQM2tBbi2Mi }H2 `2im`Mb 

ky9 biimb- `i?2` i?M M 2``Q`X q?2M i?2 }H2 i?i Bb #2BM; /2H2i2/ Bb MQi
i?2`2- vQm +QmH/ bv i?i i?2 `2[m2biǶb Q#D2+iBp2 Bb H`2/v 7mH}HH2/X h?2
>hhS biM/`/ 2M+Qm`;2b T2QTH2 iQ KF2 `2[m2bib B/2KTQi2Mi- r?B+?
K2Mb i?i TTHvBM; i?2K KmHiBTH2 iBK2b /Q2b MQi T`Q/m+2  /Bz2`2Mi
`2bmHiX
function respondErrorOrNothing ( respond ) {
return function ( error ) {
if ( error )
respond (500 , error . toString () ) ;
else
respond (204) ;
};
}

q?2M M >hhS `2bTQMb2 /Q2b MQi +QMiBM Mv /i- i?2 biimb +Q/2 ky9
UdzMQ +QMi2MiǴV +M #2 mb2/ iQ BM/B+i2 i?BbX aBM+2 r2 M22/ iQ T`QpB/2

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+HH#+Fb i?i 2Bi?2` `2TQ`i M 2``Q` Q` `2im`M  ky9 `2bTQMb2 BM  72r
/Bz2`2Mi bBimiBQMb- A r`Qi2  respondErrorOrNothing 7mM+iBQM i?i +`2i2b
bm+?  +HH#+FX
h?Bb Bb i?2 ?M/H2` 7Q` PUT `2[m2bib,
methods . PUT = function ( path , respond , request ) {
var outStream = fs . createWriteStream ( path ) ;
outStream . on (" error " , function ( error ) {
respond (500 , error . toString () );
}) ;
outStream . on (" finish " , function () {
respond (204) ;
}) ;
request . pipe ( outStream );
};

>2`2- r2 /QMǶi M22/ iQ +?2+F r?2i?2` i?2 }H2 2tBbiběB7 Bi /Q2b- r2ǶHH Dmbi
Qp2`r`Bi2 BiX q2 ;BM mb2 pipe iQ KQp2 /i 7`QK  `2/#H2 bi`2K
iQ  r`Bi#H2 QM2- BM i?Bb +b2 7`QK i?2 `2[m2bi iQ i?2 }H2X A7 +`2iBM;
i?2 bi`2K 7BHb- M "error" 2p2Mi Bb `Bb2/ 7Q` Bi- r?B+? r2 `2TQ`i BM
Qm` `2bTQMb2X q?2M i?2 /i Bb i`Mb72``2/ bm++2bb7mHHv- pipe rBHH +HQb2
#Qi? bi`2Kb- r?B+? rBHH +mb2  "finish" 2p2Mi iQ }`2 QM i?2 r`Bi#H2
bi`2KX q?2M i?i ?TT2Mb- r2 +M `2TQ`i bm++2bb iQ i?2 +HB2Mi rBi? 
ky9 `2bTQMb2X
h?2 7mHH b+`BTi 7Q` i?2 b2`p2` Bb pBH#H2 i 2HQ[m2MiDpb+`BTiXM2if+Q/2f}H2nb2`p2`XDbX
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M/ Q7 +Qm`b2- vQm +M KQ/B7v M/ 2ti2M/ Bi iQ bQHp2 i?Bb +?Ti2`Ƕb 2t@
2`+Bb2b Q` iQ 2tT2`BK2MiX
h?2 +QKKM/@HBM2 iQQH curl- rB/2Hv pBH#H2 QM lMBt@HBF2 bvbi2Kb- +M
#2 mb2/ iQ KF2 >hhS `2[m2bibX h?2 7QHHQrBM; b2bbBQM #`B2~v i2bib Qm`
b2`p2`X LQi2 i?i -X Bb mb2/ iQ b2i i?2 `2[m2biǶb K2i?Q/ M/ -d Bb mb2/
iQ BM+Hm/2  `2[m2bi #Q/vX
$ curl http :// localhost :8000/ file . txt
File not found
$ curl -X PUT -d hello http :// localhost :8000/ file . txt
$ curl http :// localhost :8000/ file . txt
hello
$ curl -X DELETE http :// localhost :8000/ file . txt
$ curl http :// localhost :8000/ file . txt

jNk
 File not found

h?2 }`bi `2[m2bi 7Q` file.txt 7BHb bBM+2 i?2 }H2 /Q2b MQi 2tBbi v2iX h?2
PUT `2[m2bi +`2i2b i?2 }H2- M/ #2?QH/- i?2 M2ti `2[m2bi bm++2bb7mHHv
`2i`B2p2b BiX 7i2` /2H2iBM; Bi rBi?  DELETE `2[m2bi- i?2 }H2 Bb ;BM
KBbbBM;X

1``Q` ?M/HBM;
AM i?2 +Q/2 7Q` i?2 }H2 b2`p2`- i?2`2 `2 bBt TH+2b r?2`2 r2 `2 2t@
THB+BiHv `QmiBM; 2t+2TiBQMb i?i r2 /QMǶi FMQr ?Qr iQ ?M/H2 BMiQ 2``Q`
`2bTQMb2bX "2+mb2 2t+2TiBQMb `2MǶi miQKiB+HHv T`QT;i2/ iQ +HH@
#+Fb #mi `i?2` Tbb2/ iQ i?2K b `;mK2Mib- i?2v ?p2 iQ #2 ?M/H2/
2tTHB+BiHv 2p2`v iBK2X h?Bb +QKTH2i2Hv /272ib i?2 /pMi;2 Q7 2t+2T@
iBQM ?M/HBM;- MK2Hv- i?2 #BHBiv iQ +2Mi`HBx2 i?2 ?M/HBM; Q7 7BHm`2
+QM/BiBQMbX
q?i ?TT2Mb r?2M bQK2i?BM; +imHHv i?`Qrb M 2t+2TiBQM BM i?Bb
bvbi2K\ aBM+2 r2 `2 MQi mbBM; Mv try #HQ+Fb- i?2 2t+2TiBQM rBHH T`QT@
;i2 iQ i?2 iQT Q7 i?2 +HH bi+FX AM LQ/2- i?i #Q`ib i?2 T`Q;`K M/
r`Bi2b BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi i?2 2t+2TiBQM UBM+Hm/BM;  bi+F i`+2V iQ i?2
T`Q;`KǶb biM/`/ 2``Q` bi`2KX
h?Bb K2Mb i?i Qm` b2`p2` rBHH +`b? r?2M2p2`  T`Q#H2K Bb 2M+QmM@
i2`2/ BM i?2 b2`p2`Ƕb +Q/2 Bib2H7- b QTTQb2/ iQ bvM+?`QMQmb T`Q#H2Kb-
r?B+? rBHH #2 Tbb2/ b `;mK2Mib iQ i?2 +HH#+FbX A7 r2 rMi2/ iQ
?M/H2 HH 2t+2TiBQMb `Bb2/ /m`BM; i?2 ?M/HBM; Q7  `2[m2bi- iQ KF2
bm`2 r2 b2M/  `2bTQMb2- r2 rQmH/ ?p2 iQ // try/catch #HQ+Fb iQ 2p2`v
+HH#+FX
h?Bb Bb MQi rQ`F#H2X JMv LQ/2 T`Q;`Kb `2 r`Bii2M iQ KF2 b
HBiiH2 mb2 Q7 2t+2TiBQMb b TQbbB#H2- rBi? i?2 bbmKTiBQM i?i B7 M 2t+2T@
iBQM Bb `Bb2/- Bi Bb MQi bQK2i?BM; i?2 T`Q;`K +M ?M/H2- M/ +`b?BM;
Bb i?2 `B;?i `2bTQMb2X
MQi?2` TT`Q+? Bb iQ mb2 T`QKBb2b- r?B+? r2`2 BMi`Q/m+2/ BM *?Ti2`
RdX h?Qb2 +i+? 2t+2TiBQMb `Bb2/ #v +HH#+F 7mM+iBQMb M/ T`QT;i2
i?2K b 7BHm`2bX Ai Bb TQbbB#H2 iQ HQ/  T`QKBb2 HB#``v BM LQ/2 M/ mb2
i?i iQ KM;2 vQm` bvM+?`QMQmb +QMi`QHX 62r LQ/2 HB#``B2b BMi2;`i2
T`QKBb2b- #mi Bi Bb Q7i2M i`BpBH iQ r`T i?2KX h?2 2t+2HH2Mi "promise
" KQ/mH2 7`QK LSJ +QMiBMb  7mM+iBQM +HH2/ denodeify- r?B+? iF2b

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M bvM+?`QMQmb 7mM+iBQM HBF2 fs.readFile M/ +QMp2`ib Bi iQ  T`QKBb2@
`2im`MBM; 7mM+iBQMX
var Promise = require (" promise ") ;
var fs = require (" fs ") ;

var readFile = Promise . denodeify ( fs . readFile );

readFile (" file . txt " , " utf8 ") . then ( function ( content ) {
console . log (" The file contained : " + content ) ;
}, function ( error ) {
console . log (" Failed to read file : " + error ) ;
}) ;

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Bb +2Mi2`2/ `QmM/ i?2 /talks Ti?X Si?b i?i /Q MQi bi`i rBi? /talks
rBHH #2 mb2/ 7Q` b2`pBM; biiB+ }H2běi?2 >hJG M/ Cpa+`BTi +Q/2 i?i
BKTH2K2Mib i?2 +HB2Mi@bB/2 bvbi2KX
 GET `2[m2bi iQ /talks `2im`Mb  CaPL /Q+mK2Mi HBF2 i?Bb,
{" serverTime ": 1405438911833 ,
" talks ": [{" title ": " Unituning ",
" presenter ": " Carlos " ,
" summary ": " Modifying your cycle for extra style " ,
" comment ": []}]}

h?2 serverTime }2H/ rBHH #2 mb2/ iQ KF2 `2HB#H2 HQM; TQHHBM; TQbbB#H2X A
rBHH `2im`M iQ Bi Hi2`X
*`2iBM;  M2r iHF Bb /QM2 #v KFBM;  PUT `2[m2bi iQ  l_G HBF2
/talks/Unituning- r?2`2 i?2 T`i 7i2` i?2 b2+QM/ bHb? Bb i?2 iBiH2 Q7 i?2
iHFX h?2 PUT `2[m2biǶb #Q/v b?QmH/ +QMiBM  CaPL Q#D2+i i?i ?b
presenter M/ summary T`QT2`iB2bX
aBM+2 iHF iBiH2b Kv +QMiBM bT+2b M/ Qi?2` +?`+i2`b i?i Kv
MQi TT2` MQ`KHHv BM  l_G- iBiH2 bi`BM;b Kmbi #2 2M+Q/2/ rBi? i?2
encodeURIComponent 7mM+iBQM r?2M #mBH/BM; mT bm+?  l_GX

console . log ("/ talks /" + encodeURIComponent (" How to Idle ") ) ;
// → / talks / How %20 to %20 Idle

 `2[m2bi iQ +`2i2  iHF #Qmi B/HBM; KB;?i HQQF bQK2i?BM; HBF2 i?Bb,
PUT / talks / How %20 to %20 Idle HTTP /1.1

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 Content - Type : application / json
Content - Length : 92

{" presenter ": " Dana " ,

" summary ": " Standing still on a unicycle "}

am+? l_Gb HbQ bmTTQ`i GET `2[m2bib iQ `2i`B2p2 i?2 CaPL `2T`2b2MiiBQM
Q7  iHF M/ DELETE `2[m2bib iQ /2H2i2  iHFX
//BM;  +QKK2Mi iQ  iHF Bb /QM2 rBi?  POST `2[m2bi iQ  l_G HBF2
/talks/Unituning/comments- rBi?  CaPL Q#D2+i i?i ?b author M/ message
T`QT2`iB2b b i?2 #Q/v Q7 i?2 `2[m2biX
POST / talks / Unituning / comments HTTP /1.1
Content - Type : application / json
Content - Length : 72

{" author ": " Alice " ,

" message ": " Will you talk about raising a cycle ?"}

hQ bmTTQ`i HQM; TQHHBM;- GET `2[m2bib iQ /talks Kv BM+Hm/2  [m2`v T@
`K2i2` +HH2/ changesSince- r?B+? Bb mb2/ iQ BM/B+i2 i?i i?2 +HB2Mi Bb
BMi2`2bi2/ BM mT/i2b i?i ?TT2M2/ bBM+2  ;Bp2M TQBMi BM iBK2X q?2M
i?2`2 `2 bm+? +?M;2b- i?2v `2 BKK2/Bi2Hv `2im`M2/X q?2M i?2`2
`2MǶi- i?2 `2bTQMb2 Bb /2Hv2/ mMiBH bQK2i?BM; ?TT2Mb Q` mMiBH  ;Bp2M
iBK2 T2`BQ/ Ur2 rBHH mb2 Ny b2+QM/bV ?b 2HTb2/X
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i?2 bi`i Q7 RNdy- i?2 bK2 ivT2 Q7 MmK#2` i?i Bb `2im`M2/ #v Date.now
()X hQ 2Mbm`2 i?i Bi `2+2Bp2b HH mT/i2b M/ /Q2bMǶi `2+2Bp2 i?2 bK2
mT/i2 KQ`2 i?M QM+2- i?2 +HB2Mi Kmbi Tbb i?2 iBK2 i r?B+? Bi Hbi
`2+2Bp2/ BM7Q`KiBQM 7`QK i?2 b2`p2`X h?2 b2`p2`Ƕb +HQ+F KB;?i MQi #2
2t+iHv BM bvM+ rBi? i?2 +HB2MiǶb +HQ+F- M/ 2p2M B7 Bi r2`2- Bi rQmH/ #2
BKTQbbB#H2 7Q` i?2 +HB2Mi iQ FMQr i?2 T`2+Bb2 iBK2 i r?B+? i?2 b2`p2`
b2Mi  `2bTQMb2 #2+mb2 i`Mb72``BM; /i Qp2` i?2 M2irQ`F iF2b iBK2X
h?Bb Bb i?2 `2bQM 7Q` i?2 2tBbi2M+2 Q7 i?2 serverTime T`QT2`iv BM `2@
bTQMb2b b2Mi iQ GET `2[m2bib iQ /talksX h?i T`QT2`iv i2HHb i?2 +HB2Mi i?2
T`2+Bb2 iBK2- 7`QK i?2 b2`p2`Ƕb T2`bT2+iBp2- i r?B+? i?2 /i Bi `2+2Bp2b
rb +`2i2/X h?2 +HB2Mi +M i?2M bBKTHv biQ`2 i?Bb iBK2 M/ Tbb Bi
HQM; BM Bib M2ti TQHHBM; `2[m2bi iQ KF2 bm`2 i?i Bi `2+2Bp2b 2t+iHv i?2
mT/i2b i?i Bi ?b MQi b22M #27Q`2X

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 GET / talks ? changesSince =1405438911833 HTTP /1.1

( time passes )

HTTP /1.1 200 OK

Content - Type : application / json
Content - Length : 95

{" serverTime ": 1405438913401 ,

" talks ": [{" title ": " Unituning ",
" deleted ": true }]}

q?2M  iHF ?b #22M +?M;2/- ?b #22M M2rHv +`2i2/- Q` ?b  +QKK2Mi
//2/- i?2 7mHH `2T`2b2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 iHF Bb BM+Hm/2/ BM i?2 `2bTQMb2 iQ
i?2 +HB2MiǶb M2ti TQHHBM; `2[m2biX q?2M  iHF Bb /2H2i2/- QMHv Bib iBiH2
M/ i?2 T`QT2`iv deleted `2 BM+Hm/2/X h?2 +HB2Mi +M i?2M // iHFb
rBi? iBiH2b Bi ?b MQi b22M #27Q`2 iQ Bib /BbTHv- mT/i2 iHFb i?i Bi rb
H`2/v b?QrBM;- M/ `2KQp2 i?Qb2 i?i r2`2 /2H2i2/X
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7m`i?2` T`Qi2+iBQM Bb HBF2Hv iQ 2M/ BM /Bbbi2`X
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TbbrQ`/X

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i?Bb b2+iBQM `mMb QM LQ/2XDbX

_QmiBM;
Pm` b2`p2` rBHH mb2 http.createServer iQ bi`i M >hhS b2`p2`X AM i?2
7mM+iBQM i?i ?M/H2b  M2r `2[m2bi- r2 Kmbi /BbiBM;mBb? #2ir22M i?2

9y9
p`BQmb FBM/b Q7 `2[m2bib Ub /2i2`KBM2/ #v i?2 K2i?Q/ M/ i?2 Ti?V
i?i r2 bmTTQ`iX h?Bb +M #2 /QM2 rBi?  HQM; +?BM Q7 if bii2K2Mib-
#mi i?2`2 Bb  MB+2` rvX
 `Qmi2` Bb  +QKTQM2Mi i?i ?2HTb /BbTi+?  `2[m2bi iQ i?2 7mM+iBQM
i?i +M ?M/H2 BiX uQm +M i2HH i?2 `Qmi2`- 7Q` 2tKTH2- i?i PUT `2[m2bib
rBi?  Ti? i?i Ki+?2b i?2 `2;mH` 2tT`2bbBQM /^\/talks\/([^\/]+)$/
Ur?B+? Ki+?2b /talks/ 7QHHQr2/ #v  iHF iBiH2V +M #2 ?M/H2/ #v 
;Bp2M 7mM+iBQMX AM //BiBQM- Bi +M ?2HT 2ti`+i i?2 K2MBM;7mH T`ib Q7
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2tT`2bbBQM M/ Tbb i?Qb2 iQ i?2 ?M/H2` 7mM+iBQMX
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r`Bi2 QM2 Qm`b2Hp2b iQ BHHmbi`i2 i?2 T`BM+BTH2X
h?Bb Bb router.js- r?B+? r2 rBHH Hi2` require 7`QK Qm` b2`p2` KQ/mH2,
var Router = module . exports = function () {
this . routes = [];
};

Router . prototype . add = function ( method , url , handler ) {

this . routes . push ({ method : method ,
url : url ,
handler : handler }) ;
};

Router . prototype . resolve = function ( request , response ) {

var path = require (" url ") . parse ( request . url ) . pathname ;

return this . routes . some ( function ( route ) {

var match = route . url . exec ( path ) ;
if (! match || route . method != request . method )
return false ;

var urlParts = match . slice (1) . map ( decodeURIComponent );

route . handler . apply ( null , [ request , response ]
. concat ( urlParts ));
return true ;
}) ;
};

h?2 KQ/mH2 2tTQ`ib i?2 Router +QMbi`m+iQ`X  `Qmi2` Q#D2+i HHQrb M2r
?M/H2`b iQ #2 `2;Bbi2`2/ rBi? i?2 add K2i?Q/ M/ +M `2bQHp2 `2[m2bib

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rBi? Bib resolve K2i?Q/X
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i  iBK2 UBM i?2 Q`/2` BM r?B+? i?2v r2`2 /2}M2/V M/ biQT- `2im`MBM;
true- r?2M  Ki+?BM; QM2 Bb 7QmM/X
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i?2 bi`BM;b i?2v Ki+? `2 Tbb2/ iQ i?2 ?M/H2` b 2ti` `;mK2MibX
h?2b2 bi`BM;b ?p2 iQ #2 l_G@/2+Q/2/ bBM+2 i?2 `r l_G +QMiBMb %20@
bivH2 +Q/2bX

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i?2 b2`p2` Kmbi BMi2`T`2i Bi b  `2[m2bi 7Q`  }H2 BM i?2 public /B`2+iQ`vX
Ai rQmH/ #2 TQbbB#H2 iQ mb2 i?2 }H2 b2`p2` /2}M2/ BM *?Ti2` ky iQ b2`p2
bm+? }H2b- #mi r2 M2Bi?2` M22/ MQ` rMi iQ bmTTQ`i PUT M/ DELETE `2[m2bib
QM }H2b- M/ r2 rQmH/ HBF2 iQ ?p2 /pM+2/ 72im`2b bm+? b bmTTQ`i
7Q` ++?BM;X aQ H2iǶb mb2  bQHB/- r2HH@i2bi2/ biiB+ }H2 b2`p2` 7`QK LSJ
BMbi2/X
A QTi2/ 7Q` ecstaticX h?Bb BbMǶi i?2 QMHv bm+? b2`p2` QM LSJ- #mi Bi
rQ`Fb r2HH M/ }ib Qm` Tm`TQb2bX h?2 ecstatic KQ/mH2 2tTQ`ib  7mM+@
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?M/H2` 7mM+iBQMX q2 mb2 i?2 root QTiBQM iQ i2HH i?2 b2`p2` r?2`2 Bi
b?QmH/ HQQF 7Q` }H2bX h?2 ?M/H2` 7mM+iBQM ++2Tib request M/ response
T`K2i2`b M/ +M #2 Tbb2/ /B`2+iHv iQ createServer iQ +`2i2  b2`p2`
i?i b2`p2b QMHv }H2bX q2 rMi iQ }`bi +?2+F 7Q` `2[m2bib i?i r2 ?M/H2
bT2+BHHv- i?Qm;?- bQ r2 r`T Bi BM MQi?2` 7mM+iBQMX
var http = require (" http ") ;
var Router = require ("./ router ") ;
var ecstatic = require (" ecstatic ") ;

var fileServer = ecstatic ({ root : "./ public "}) ;

var router = new Router () ;

http . createServer ( function ( request , response ) {

if (! router . resolve ( request , response ) )

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 fileServer ( request , response ) ;
}) . listen (8000) ;

h?2 respond M/ respondJSON ?2HT2` 7mM+iBQMb `2 mb2/ i?`Qm;?Qmi i?2
b2`p2` +Q/2 iQ b2M/ Qz `2bTQMb2b rBi?  bBM;H2 7mM+iBQM +HHX
function respond ( response , status , data , type ) {
response . writeHead ( status , {
" Content - Type ": type || " text / plain "
}) ;
response . end ( data ) ;
}

function respondJSON ( response , status , data ) {

respond ( response , status , JSON . stringify ( data ) ,
" application / json ") ;
}

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h?2 b2`p2` F22Tb i?2 iHFb i?i ?p2 #22M T`QTQb2/ BM M Q#D2+i +HH2/
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b >hhS `2bQm`+2b mM/2` /talks/[title]- bQ r2 M22/ iQ // ?M/H2`b iQ
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rQ`F rBi? i?2KX
h?2 ?M/H2` 7Q` `2[m2bib i?i GET  bBM;H2 iHF Kmbi HQQF mT i?2 iHF M/
`2bTQM/ 2Bi?2` rBi? i?2 iHFǶb CaPL /i Q` rBi?  9y9 2``Q` `2bTQMb2X
var talks = Object . create ( null ) ;

router . add (" GET " , /^\/ talks \/([^\/]+) $ / ,

function ( request , response , title ) {
if ( title in talks )
respondJSON ( response , 200 , talks [ title ]) ;
else
respond ( response , 404 , " No talk " + title + " found ") ;
}) ;

.2H2iBM;  iHF Bb /QM2 #v `2KQpBM; Bi 7`QK i?2 talks Q#D2+iX

router . add (" DELETE " , /^\/ talks \/([^\/]+) $ / ,

9yd
 function ( request , response , title ) {
if ( title in talks ) {
delete talks [ title ];
registerChange ( title ) ;
}
respond ( response , 204 , null );
}) ;

h?2 registerChange 7mM+iBQM- r?B+? r2 rBHH /2}M2 Hi2`- MQiB}2b rBiBM;

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hQ `2i`B2p2 i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 CaPL@2M+Q/2/ `2[m2bi #Q/B2b- r2 /2}M2 
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T`b2b Bi b CaPL- M/ i?2M +HHb  +HH#+F 7mM+iBQMX
function readStreamAsJSON ( stream , callback ) {
var data = "";
stream . on (" data " , function ( chunk ) {
data += chunk ;
}) ;
stream . on (" end " , function () {
var result , error ;
try { result = JSON . parse ( data ); }
catch ( e ) { error = e; }
callback ( error , result );
}) ;
stream . on (" error " , function ( error ) {
callback ( error ) ;
}) ;
}

PM2 ?M/H2` i?i M22/b iQ `2/ CaPL `2bTQMb2b Bb i?2 PUT ?M/H2`- r?B+?
Bb mb2/ iQ +`2i2 M2r iHFbX Ai ?b iQ +?2+F r?2i?2` i?2 /i Bi rb ;Bp2M
?b presenter M/ summary T`QT2`iB2b- r?B+? `2 bi`BM;bX Mv /i +QKBM;
7`QK QmibB/2 i?2 bvbi2K KB;?i #2 MQMb2Mb2- M/ r2 /QMǶi rMi iQ +Q``mTi
Qm` BMi2`MH /i KQ/2H- Q` 2p2M +`b?- r?2M #/ `2[m2bib +QK2 BMX
A7 i?2 /i HQQFb pHB/- i?2 ?M/H2` biQ`2b M Q#D2+i i?i `2T`2b2Mib i?2
M2r iHF BM i?2 talks Q#D2+i- TQbbB#Hv Qp2`r`BiBM; M 2tBbiBM; iHF rBi?
i?Bb iBiH2- M/ ;BM +HHb registerChangeX
router . add (" PUT " , /^\/ talks \/([^\/]+) $ / ,
function ( request , response , title ) {

9y3
 readStreamAsJSON ( request , function ( error , talk ) {
if ( error ) {
respond ( response , 400 , error . toString () ) ;
} else if (! talk ||
typeof talk . presenter != " string " ||
typeof talk . summary != " string ") {
respond ( response , 400 , " Bad talk data ") ;
} else {
talks [ title ] = { title : title ,
presenter : talk . presenter ,
summary : talk . summary ,
comments : []};
registerChange ( title ) ;
respond ( response , 204 , null ) ;
}
}) ;
}) ;

//BM;  +QKK2Mi iQ  iHF rQ`Fb bBKBH`HvX q2 mb2 readStreamAsJSON iQ

;2i i?2 +QMi2Mi Q7 i?2 `2[m2bi- pHB/i2 i?2 `2bmHiBM; /i- M/ biQ`2 Bi
b  +QKK2Mi r?2M Bi HQQFb pHB/X
router . add (" POST " , /^\/ talks \/([^\/]+) \/ comments$ / ,
function ( request , response , title ) {
readStreamAsJSON ( request , function ( error , comment ) {
if ( error ) {
respond ( response , 400 , error . toString () ) ;
} else if (! comment ||
typeof comment . author != " string " ||
typeof comment . message != " string ") {
respond ( response , 400 , " Bad comment data ") ;
} else if ( title in talks ) {
talks [ title ]. comments . push ( comment );
registerChange ( title ) ;
respond ( response , 204 , null ) ;
} else {
respond ( response , 404 , " No talk " + title + " found ") ;
}
}) ;
}) ;

h`vBM; iQ //  +QKK2Mi iQ  MQM2tBbi2Mi iHF b?QmH/ `2im`M  9y9 2``Q`-

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Q7 +Qm`b2X

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h?2 KQbi BMi2`2biBM; bT2+i Q7 i?2 b2`p2` Bb i?2 T`i i?i ?M/H2b HQM;
TQHHBM;X q?2M  GET `2[m2bi +QK2b BM 7Q` /talks- Bi +M #2 2Bi?2`  bBKTH2
`2[m2bi 7Q` HH iHFb Q`  `2[m2bi 7Q` mT/i2b- rBi?  changesSince T`K@
2i2`X
h?2`2 rBHH #2 p`BQmb bBimiBQMb BM r?B+? r2 ?p2 iQ b2M/  HBbi Q7 iHFb
iQ i?2 +HB2Mi- bQ r2 }`bi /2}M2  bKHH ?2HT2` 7mM+iBQM i?i ii+?2b i?2
serverTime }2H/ iQ bm+? `2bTQMb2bX

function sendTalks ( talks , response ) {

respondJSON ( response , 200 , {
serverTime : Date . now () ,
talks : talks
}) ;
}

h?2 ?M/H2` Bib2H7 M22/b iQ HQQF i i?2 [m2`v T`K2i2`b BM i?2 `2[m2biǶb
l_G iQ b22 r?2i?2`  changesSince T`K2i2` Bb ;Bp2MX A7 vQm ;Bp2 i?2
"url" KQ/mH2Ƕb parse 7mM+iBQM  b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi Q7 true- Bi rBHH HbQ T`b2
i?2 [m2`v T`i Q7  l_GX h?2 Q#D2+i Bi `2im`Mb rBHH ?p2  query T`QT2`iv-
r?B+? ?QH/b MQi?2` Q#D2+i i?i KTb T`K2i2` MK2b iQ pHm2bX
router . add (" GET " , /^\/ talks$ / , function ( request , response ) {
var query = require (" url ") . parse ( request . url , true ) . query ;
if ( query . changesSince == null ) {
var list = [];
for ( var title in talks )
list . push ( talks [ title ]) ;
sendTalks ( list , response ) ;
} else {
var since = Number ( query . changesSince );
if ( isNaN ( since ) ) {
respond ( response , 400 , " Invalid parameter ") ;
} else {
var changed = getChangedTalks ( since );
if ( changed . length > 0)
sendTalks ( changed , response );
else

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 waitForChanges ( since , response );
}
}
}) ;

q?2M i?2 changesSince T`K2i2` Bb KBbbBM;- i?2 ?M/H2` bBKTHv #mBH/b

mT  HBbi Q7 HH iHFb M/ `2im`Mb i?iX
Pi?2`rBb2- i?2 changesSince T`K2i2` }`bi ?b iQ #2 +?2+F2/ iQ KF2
bm`2 i?i Bi Bb  pHB/ MmK#2`X h?2 getChangedTalks 7mM+iBQM- iQ #2 /2}M2/
b?Q`iHv- `2im`Mb M ``v Q7 +?M;2/ iHFb bBM+2  ;Bp2M TQBMi BM iBK2X A7
Bi `2im`Mb M 2KTiv ``v- i?2 b2`p2` /Q2b MQi v2i ?p2 Mvi?BM; iQ b2M/
#+F iQ i?2 +HB2Mi- bQ Bi biQ`2b i?2 `2bTQMb2 Q#D2+i UmbBM; waitForChangesV
iQ #2 `2bTQM/2/ iQ i  Hi2` iBK2X
var waiting = [];

function waitForChanges ( since , response ) {

var waiter = { since : since , response : response };
waiting . push ( waiter ) ;
setTimeout ( function () {
var found = waiting . indexOf ( waiter );
if ( found > -1) {
waiting . splice ( found , 1) ;
sendTalks ([] , response );
}
} , 90 * 1000) ;
}

h?2 splice K2i?Q/ Bb mb2/ iQ +mi  TB2+2 Qmi Q7 M ``vX uQm ;Bp2 Bi
M BM/2t M/  MmK#2` Q7 2H2K2Mib- M/ Bi Kmii2b i?2 ``v- `2KQpBM;
i?i KMv 2H2K2Mib 7i2` i?2 ;Bp2M BM/2tX AM i?Bb +b2- r2 `2KQp2 
bBM;H2 2H2K2Mi- i?2 Q#D2+i i?i i`+Fb i?2 rBiBM; `2bTQMb2- r?Qb2 BM/2t
r2 7QmM/ #v +HHBM; indexOfX A7 vQm Tbb //BiBQMH `;mK2Mib iQ splice-
i?2B` pHm2b rBHH #2 BMb2`i2/ BMiQ i?2 ``v i i?2 ;Bp2M TQbBiBQM- `2TH+BM;
i?2 `2KQp2/ 2H2K2MibX
q?2M  `2bTQMb2 Q#D2+i Bb biQ`2/ BM i?2 waiting ``v-  iBK2Qmi Bb
BKK2/Bi2Hv b2iX 7i2` Ny b2+QM/b- i?Bb iBK2Qmi b22b r?2i?2` i?2 `2[m2bi
Bb biBHH rBiBM; M/- B7 Bi Bb- b2M/b M 2KTiv `2bTQMb2 M/ `2KQp2b Bi 7`QK
i?2 waiting ``vX
hQ #2 #H2 iQ }M/ 2t+iHv i?Qb2 iHFb i?i ?p2 #22M +?M;2/ bBM+2 

9RR
;Bp2M TQBMi BM iBK2- r2 M22/ iQ F22T i`+F Q7 i?2 ?BbiQ`v Q7 +?M;2bX _2;@
Bbi2`BM;  +?M;2 rBi? registerChange rBHH `2K2K#2` i?i +?M;2- HQM;
rBi? i?2 +m``2Mi iBK2- BM M ``v +HH2/ changesX q?2M  +?M;2 Q++m`b-
i?i K2Mb i?2`2 Bb M2r /i- bQ HH rBiBM; `2[m2bib +M #2 `2bTQM/2/
iQ BKK2/Bi2HvX
var changes = [];

function registerChange ( title ) {

changes . push ({ title : title , time : Date . now () }) ;
waiting . forEach ( function ( waiter ) {
sendTalks ( getChangedTalks ( waiter . since ) , waiter . response ) ;
}) ;
waiting = [];
}

6BMHHv- getChangedTalks mb2b i?2 changes ``v iQ #mBH/ mT M ``v Q7

+?M;2/ iHFb- BM+Hm/BM; Q#D2+ib rBi?  deleted T`QT2`iv 7Q` iHFb i?i
MQ HQM;2` 2tBbiX q?2M #mBH/BM; i?i ``v- getChangedTalks ?b iQ 2Mbm`2
i?i Bi /Q2bMǶi BM+Hm/2 i?2 bK2 iHF irB+2 bBM+2 i?2`2 KB;?i ?p2 #22M
KmHiBTH2 +?M;2b iQ  iHF bBM+2 i?2 ;Bp2M iBK2X
function getChangedTalks ( since ) {
var found = [];
function alreadySeen ( title ) {
return found . some ( function ( f) { return f . title == title ;}) ;
}
for ( var i = changes . length - 1; i >= 0; i - -) {
var change = changes [i ];
if ( change . time <= since )
break ;
else if ( alreadySeen ( change . title ))
continue ;
else if ( change . title in talks )
found . push ( talks [ change . title ]) ;
else
found . push ({ title : change . title , deleted : true }) ;
}
return found ;
}

h?i +QM+Hm/2b i?2 b2`p2` +Q/2X _mMMBM; i?2 T`Q;`K /2}M2/ bQ 7` rBHH

9Rk
;2i vQm  b2`p2` `mMMBM; QM TQ`i 3yyy- r?B+? b2`p2b }H2b 7`QK i?2 public
bm#/B`2+iQ`v HQM;bB/2  iHF@KM;BM; BMi2`7+2 mM/2` i?2 /talks l_GX

h?2 +HB2Mi
h?2 +HB2Mi@bB/2 T`i Q7 i?2 iHF@KM;BM; r2#bBi2 +QMbBbib Q7 i?`22 }H2b,
M >hJG T;2-  bivH2 b?22i- M/  Cpa+`BTi }H2X

>hJG
Ai Bb  rB/2Hv mb2/ +QMp2MiBQM 7Q` r2# b2`p2`b iQ i`v iQ b2`p2  }H2 MK2/
index.html r?2M  `2[m2bi Bb K/2 /B`2+iHv iQ  Ti? i?i +Q``2bTQM/b
iQ  /B`2+iQ`vX h?2 }H2 b2`p2` KQ/mH2 r2 mb2- ecstatic- bmTTQ`ib i?Bb
+QMp2MiBQMX q?2M  `2[m2bi Bb K/2 iQ i?2 Ti? /- i?2 b2`p2` HQQFb 7Q`
i?2 }H2 ./public/index.html U./public #2BM; i?2 `QQi r2 ;p2 BiV M/ `2im`Mb
i?i }H2 B7 7QmM/X
h?mb- B7 r2 rMi  T;2 iQ b?Qr mT r?2M  #`Qrb2` Bb TQBMi2/ i Qm`
b2`p2`- r2 b?QmH/ Tmi Bi BM public/index.htmlX h?Bb Bb ?Qr Qm` BM/2t }H2
bi`ib,
<! doctype html >

< title > Skill Sharing </ title >

< link rel =" stylesheet " href =" skillsharing . css ">

<h1 > Skill sharing </ h1 >

<p > Your name : < input type =" text " id =" name " > </p >

< div id =" talks " > </ div >

Ai /2}M2b i?2 /Q+mK2Mi iBiH2 M/ BM+Hm/2b  bivH2 b?22i- r?B+? /2}M2b
 72r bivH2b iQ- KQM; Qi?2` i?BM;b- //  #Q`/2` `QmM/ iHFbX h?2M
Bi //b  ?2/BM; M/  MK2 }2H/X h?2 mb2` Bb 2tT2+i2/ iQ Tmi i?2B`
MK2 BM i?2 Hii2` bQ i?i Bi +M #2 ii+?2/ iQ iHFb M/ +QKK2Mib i?2v
bm#KBiX
h?2 <div> 2H2K2Mi rBi? i?2 A. "talks" rBHH +QMiBM i?2 +m``2Mi HBbi Q7
iHFbX h?2 b+`BTi }HHb i?2 HBbi BM r?2M Bi `2+2Bp2b iHFb 7`QK i?2 b2`p2`X

9Rj
 L2ti +QK2b i?2 7Q`K i?i Bb mb2/ iQ +`2i2  M2r iHFX
< form id =" newtalk " >
<h3 > Submit a talk </ h3 >
Title : < input type =" text " style =" width : 40 em " name =" title ">
<br >
Summary : < input type =" text " style =" width : 40 em " name ="
summary ">
< button type =" submit " > Send </ button >
</ form >

h?2 b+`BTi rBHH //  "submit" 2p2Mi ?M/H2` iQ i?Bb 7Q`K- 7`QK r?B+? Bi
+M KF2 i?2 >hhS `2[m2bi i?i i2HHb i?2 b2`p2` #Qmi i?2 iHFX
L2ti +QK2b  `i?2` Kvbi2`BQmb #HQ+F- r?B+? ?b Bib display bivH2 b2i
iQ none- T`2p2MiBM; Bi 7`QK +imHHv b?QrBM; mT QM i?2 T;2X *M vQm
;m2bb r?i Bi Bb 7Q`\
< div id =" template " style =" display : none ">
< div class =" talk " >
<h2 >{{ title }} </ h2 >
<div > by < span class =" name " >{{ presenter }} </ span > </ div >
<p >{{ summary }} </ p >
< div class =" comments " > </ div >
<form >
< input type =" text " name =" comment " >
< button type =" submit " > Add comment </ button >
< button type =" button " class =" del "> Delete talk </ button >
</ form >
</ div >
< div class =" comment " >
< span class =" name " >{{ author }} </ span >: {{ message }}
</ div >
</ div >

*`2iBM; +QKTHB+i2/ .PJ bi`m+im`2b rBi? Cpa+`BTi +Q/2 T`Q/m+2b

m;Hv +Q/2X uQm +M KF2 i?2 +Q/2 bHB;?iHv #2ii2` #v BMi`Q/m+BM; ?2HT2`
7mM+iBQMb HBF2 i?2 elt 7mM+iBQM 7`QK *?Ti2` Rj- #mi i?2 `2bmHi rBHH biBHH
HQQF rQ`b2 i?M >hJG- r?B+? +M #2 i?Qm;?i Q7 b  /QKBM@bT2+B}+
HM;m;2 7Q` 2tT`2bbBM; .PJ bi`m+im`2bX
hQ +`2i2 .PJ bi`m+im`2b 7Q` i?2 iHFb- Qm` T`Q;`K rBHH /2}M2  bBK@
TH2 i2KTHiBM; bvbi2K- r?B+? mb2b ?B//2M .PJ bi`m+im`2b BM+Hm/2/ BM

9R9
i?2 /Q+mK2Mi iQ BMbiMiBi2 M2r .PJ bi`m+im`2b- `2TH+BM; i?2 TH+2@
?QH/2`b #2ir22M /Qm#H2 #`+2b rBi? i?2 pHm2b Q7  bT2+B}+ iHFX
6BMHHv- i?2 >hJG /Q+mK2Mi BM+Hm/2b i?2 b+`BTi }H2 i?i +QMiBMb i?2
+HB2Mi@bB/2 +Q/2X
< script src =" skillsharing_client . js " > </ script >

ai`iBM; mT
h?2 }`bi i?BM; i?2 +HB2Mi ?b iQ /Q r?2M i?2 T;2 Bb HQ/2/ Bb bF
i?2 b2`p2` 7Q` i?2 +m``2Mi b2i Q7 iHFbX aBM+2 r2 `2 ;QBM; iQ KF2
 HQi Q7 >hhS `2[m2bib- r2 rBHH ;BM /2}M2  bKHH r`TT2` `QmM/
XMLHttpRequest- r?B+? ++2Tib M Q#D2+i iQ +QM};m`2 i?2 `2[m2bi b r2HH
b  +HH#+F iQ +HH r?2M i?2 `2[m2bi }MBb?2bX
function request ( options , callback ) {
var req = new XMLHttpRequest () ;
req . open ( options . method || " GET ", options . pathname , true ) ;
req . addEventListener (" load ", function () {
if ( req . status < 400)
callback ( null , req . responseText );
else
callback ( new Error (" Request failed : " + req . statusText ))
;
}) ;
req . addEventListener (" error ", function () {
callback ( new Error (" Network error ") );
}) ;
req . send ( options . body || null );
}

h?2 BMBiBH `2[m2bi /BbTHvb i?2 iHFb Bi `2+2Bp2b QM i?2 b+`22M M/ bi`ib
i?2 HQM;@TQHHBM; T`Q+2bb #v +HHBM; waitForChangesX
var lastServerTime = 0;

request ({ pathname : " talks "} , function ( error , response ) {

if ( error ) {
reportError ( error ) ;
} else {
response = JSON . parse ( response ) ;

9R8
 displayTalks ( response . talks );
lastServerTime = response . serverTime ;
waitForChanges () ;
}
}) ;

h?2 lastServerTime p`B#H2 Bb mb2/ iQ i`+F i?2 iBK2 Q7 i?2 Hbi mT/i2
i?i rb `2+2Bp2/ 7`QK i?2 b2`p2`X 7i2` i?2 BMBiBH `2[m2bi- i?2 +HB2MiǶb
pB2r Q7 i?2 iHFb +Q``2bTQM/b iQ i?2 pB2r i?i i?2 b2`p2` ?/ r?2M Bi
`2bTQM/2/ iQ i?i `2[m2biX h?mb- i?2 serverTime T`QT2`iv BM+Hm/2/ BM i?2
`2bTQMb2 T`QpB/2b M TT`QT`Bi2 BMBiBH pHm2 7Q` lastServerTimeX
q?2M i?2 `2[m2bi 7BHb- r2 /QMǶi rMi iQ ?p2 Qm` T;2 Dmbi bBi i?2`2-
/QBM; MQi?BM; rBi?Qmi 2tTHMiBQMX aQ r2 /2}M2  bBKTH2 7mM+iBQM +HH2/
reportError- r?B+? i H2bi b?Qrb i?2 mb2`  /BHQ; i?i i2HHb i?2K bQK2@
i?BM; r2Mi r`QM;X
function reportError ( error ) {
if ( error )
alert ( error . toString () );
}

h?2 7mM+iBQM +?2+Fb r?2i?2` i?2`2 Bb M +imH 2``Q`- M/ Bi H2`ib QMHv
r?2M i?2`2 Bb QM2X h?i rv- r2 +M HbQ /B`2+iHv Tbb i?Bb 7mM+iBQM iQ
request 7Q` `2[m2bib r?2`2 r2 +M B;MQ`2 i?2 `2bTQMb2X h?Bb KF2b bm`2
i?i B7 i?2 `2[m2bi 7BHb- i?2 2``Q` Bb `2TQ`i2/ iQ i?2 mb2`X

.BbTHvBM; iHFb
hQ #2 #H2 iQ mT/i2 i?2 pB2r Q7 i?2 iHFb r?2M +?M;2b +QK2 BM- i?2
+HB2Mi Kmbi F22T i`+F Q7 i?2 iHFb i?i Bi Bb +m``2MiHv b?QrBM;X h?i
rv- r?2M  M2r p2`bBQM Q7  iHF i?i Bb H`2/v QM i?2 b+`22M +QK2b
BM- i?2 iHF +M #2 `2TH+2/ UBM TH+2V rBi? Bib mT/i2/ 7Q`KX aBKBH`Hv-
r?2M BM7Q`KiBQM +QK2b BM i?i  iHF Bb #2BM; /2H2i2/- i?2 `B;?i .PJ
2H2K2Mi +M #2 `2KQp2/ 7`QK i?2 /Q+mK2MiX
h?2 7mM+iBQM displayTalks Bb mb2/ #Qi? iQ #mBH/ mT i?2 BMBiBH /BbTHv
M/ iQ mT/i2 Bi r?2M bQK2i?BM; +?M;2bX Ai rBHH mb2 i?2 shownTalks
Q#D2+i- r?B+? bbQ+Bi2b iHF iBiH2b rBi? .PJ MQ/2b- iQ `2K2K#2` i?2
iHFb Bi +m``2MiHv ?b QM i?2 b+`22MX

9Re
 var talkDiv = document . querySelector ("# talks ") ;
var shownTalks = Object . create ( null );

function displayTalks ( talks ) {

talks . forEach ( function ( talk ) {
var shown = shownTalks [ talk . title ];
if ( talk . deleted ) {
if ( shown ) {
talkDiv . removeChild ( shown );
delete shownTalks [ talk . title ];
}
} else {
var node = drawTalk ( talk );
if ( shown )
talkDiv . replaceChild ( node , shown ) ;
else
talkDiv . appendChild ( node );
shownTalks [ talk . title ] = node ;
}
}) ;
}

"mBH/BM; mT i?2 .PJ bi`m+im`2 7Q` iHFb Bb /QM2 mbBM; i?2 i2KTHi2b
i?i r2`2 BM+Hm/2/ BM i?2 >hJG /Q+mK2MiX 6B`bi- r2 Kmbi /2}M2
instantiateTemplate- r?B+? HQQFb mT M/ }HHb BM  i2KTHi2X
h?2 name T`K2i2` Bb i?2 i2KTHi2Ƕb MK2X hQ HQQF mT i?2 i2KTHi2
2H2K2Mi- r2 b2`+? 7Q` M 2H2K2Mi r?Qb2 +Hbb MK2 Ki+?2b i?2 i2KTHi2
MK2- r?B+? Bb  +?BH/ Q7 i?2 2H2K2Mi rBi? A. "template"X lbBM; i?2
querySelector K2i?Q/ KF2b i?Bb 2bvX h?2`2 r2`2 i2KTHi2b MK2/ "
talk" M/ "comment" BM i?2 >hJG T;2X

function instantiateTemplate ( name , values ) {

function instantiateText ( text ) {
return text . replace (/\{\{(\ w +) \}\}/ g , function (_ , name ) {
return values [ name ];
}) ;
}
function instantiate ( node ) {
if ( node . nodeType == document . ELEMENT_NODE ) {
var copy = node . cloneNode () ;
for ( var i = 0; i < node . childNodes . length ; i ++)
copy . appendChild ( instantiate ( node . childNodes [ i ]) ) ;

9Rd
 return copy ;
} else if ( node . nodeType == document . TEXT_NODE ) {
return document . createTextNode (
instantiateText ( node . nodeValue ));
} else {
return node ;
}
}

var template = document . querySelector ("# template ." + name ) ;

return instantiate ( template );
}

h?2 cloneNode K2i?Q/- r?B+? HH .PJ MQ/2b ?p2- +`2i2b  +QTv Q7 
MQ/2X Ai rQMǶi +QTv i?2 MQ/2Ƕb +?BH/ MQ/2b mMH2bb true Bb ;Bp2M b  }`bi
`;mK2MiX h?2 instantiate 7mM+iBQM `2+m`bBp2Hv #mBH/b mT  +QTv Q7 i?2
i2KTHi2- }HHBM; BM i?2 i2KTHi2 b Bi ;Q2bX
h?2 b2+QM/ `;mK2Mi iQ instantiateTemplate b?QmH/ #2 M Q#D2+i- r?Qb2
T`QT2`iB2b ?QH/ i?2 bi`BM;b i?i `2 iQ #2 }HH2/ BMiQ i?2 i2KTHi2X 
TH+2?QH/2` HBF2 {{title}} rBHH #2 `2TH+2/ rBi? i?2 pHm2 Q7 valuesǶ title
T`QT2`ivX
h?Bb Bb  +`m/2 TT`Q+? iQ i2KTHiBM;- #mi Bi Bb 2MQm;? iQ BKTH2K2Mi
drawTalkX

function drawTalk ( talk ) {

var node = instantiateTemplate (" talk " , talk ) ;
var comments = node . querySelector (". comments ") ;
talk . comments . forEach ( function ( comment ) {
comments . appendChild (
instantiateTemplate (" comment " , comment ));
}) ;

node . querySelector (" button . del ") . addEventListener (

" click " , deleteTalk . bind ( null , talk . title ) ) ;

var form = node . querySelector (" form ") ;

form . addEventListener (" submit " , function ( event ) {
event . preventDefault () ;
addComment ( talk . title , form . elements . comment . value ) ;
form . reset () ;
}) ;

9R3
 return node ;
}

7i2` BMbiMiBiBM; i?2 "talk" i2KTHi2- i?2`2 `2 p`BQmb i?BM;b i?i M22/
iQ #2 Ti+?2/ mTX 6B`bi- i?2 +QKK2Mib ?p2 iQ #2 }HH2/ BM #v `2T2i2/Hv
BMbiMiBiBM; i?2 "comment" i2KTHi2 M/ TT2M/BM; i?2 `2bmHib iQ i?2
MQ/2 rBi? +Hbb "comments"X L2ti- 2p2Mi ?M/H2`b ?p2 iQ #2 ii+?2/ iQ
i?2 #miiQM i?i /2H2i2b i?2 ibF M/ i?2 7Q`K i?i //b  M2r +QKK2MiX

lT/iBM; i?2 b2`p2`

h?2 2p2Mi ?M/H2`b `2;Bbi2`2/ #v drawTalk +HH i?2 7mM+iBQM deleteTalk M/
addComment iQ T2`7Q`K i?2 +imH +iBQMb `2[mB`2/ iQ /2H2i2  iHF Q` //
 +QKK2MiX h?2b2 rBHH M22/ iQ #mBH/ mT l_Gb i?i `272` iQ iHFb rBi? 
;Bp2M iBiH2- 7Q` r?B+? r2 /2}M2 i?2 talkURL ?2HT2` 7mM+iBQMX
function talkURL ( title ) {
return " talks /" + encodeURIComponent ( title ) ;
}

h?2 deleteTalk 7mM+iBQM }`2b Qz  DELETE `2[m2bi M/ `2TQ`ib i?2 2``Q`
r?2M i?i 7BHbX
function deleteTalk ( title ) {
request ({ pathname : talkURL ( title ) , method : " DELETE "} ,
reportError ) ;
}

//BM;  +QKK2Mi `2[mB`2b #mBH/BM; mT  CaPL `2T`2b2MiiBQM Q7 i?2

+QKK2Mi M/ bm#KBiiBM; i?i b T`i Q7  POST `2[m2biX
function addComment ( title , comment ) {
var comment = { author : nameField . value , message : comment };
request ({ pathname : talkURL ( title ) + "/ comments " ,
body : JSON . stringify ( comment ) ,
method : " POST "} ,
reportError ) ;
}

h?2 nameField p`B#H2 mb2/ iQ b2i i?2 +QKK2MiǶb author T`QT2`iv Bb 

`272`2M+2 iQ i?2 <input> }2H/ i i?2 iQT Q7 i?2 T;2 i?i HHQrb i?2 mb2`
iQ bT2+B7v i?2B` MK2X q2 HbQ rB`2 mT i?i }2H/ iQ localStorage bQ i?i

9RN
Bi /Q2b MQi ?p2 iQ #2 }HH2/ BM ;BM 2p2`v iBK2 i?2 T;2 Bb `2HQ/2/X
var nameField = document . querySelector ("# name ") ;

nameField . value = localStorage . getItem (" name ") || "";

nameField . addEventListener (" change " , function () {

localStorage . setItem (" name ", nameField . value ) ;
}) ;

h?2 7Q`K i i?2 #QiiQK Q7 i?2 T;2- 7Q` T`QTQbBM;  M2r iHF- ;2ib 
"submit" 2p2Mi ?M/H2`X h?Bb ?M/H2` T`2p2Mib i?2 2p2MiǶb /27mHi 2z2+i
Ur?B+? rQmH/ +mb2  T;2 `2HQ/V- +H2`b i?2 7Q`K- M/ }`2b Qz  PUT
`2[m2bi iQ +`2i2 i?2 iHFX
var talkForm = document . querySelector ("# newtalk ") ;

talkForm . addEventListener (" submit " , function ( event ) {

event . preventDefault () ;
request ({ pathname : talkURL ( talkForm . elements . title . value ) ,
method : " PUT ",
body : JSON . stringify ({
presenter : nameField . value ,
summary : talkForm . elements . summary . value
}) } , reportError );
talkForm . reset () ;
}) ;

LQiB+BM; +?M;2b
A b?QmH/ TQBMi Qmi i?i i?2 p`BQmb 7mM+iBQMb i?i +?M;2 i?2 bii2 Q7
i?2 TTHB+iBQM #v +`2iBM; Q` /2H2iBM; iHFb Q` //BM;  +QKK2Mi /Q
#bQHmi2Hv MQi?BM; iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i i?2 +?M;2b i?2v KF2 `2 pBbB#H2 QM
i?2 b+`22MX h?2v bBKTHv i2HH i?2 b2`p2` M/ `2Hv QM i?2 HQM;@TQHHBM;
K2+?MBbK iQ i`B;;2` i?2 TT`QT`Bi2 mT/i2b iQ i?2 T;2X
:Bp2M i?2 K2+?MBbK i?i r2 BKTH2K2Mi2/ BM Qm` b2`p2` M/ i?2 rv
r2 /2}M2/ displayTalks iQ ?M/H2 mT/i2b Q7 iHFb i?i `2 H`2/v QM
i?2 T;2- i?2 +imH HQM; TQHHBM; Bb bm`T`BbBM;Hv bBKTH2X
function waitForChanges () {

9ky
 request ({ pathname : " talks ? changesSince =" + lastServerTime } ,
function ( error , response ) {
if ( error ) {
setTimeout ( waitForChanges , 2500) ;
console . error ( error . stack ) ;
} else {
response = JSON . parse ( response );
displayTalks ( response . talks ) ;
lastServerTime = response . serverTime ;
waitForChanges () ;
}
}) ;
}

h?Bb 7mM+iBQM Bb +HH2/ QM+2 r?2M i?2 T`Q;`K bi`ib mT M/ i?2M F22Tb
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Module " grid "
Vector
Grid
directions
directionNames

Module " world "

( randomElement )
( elementFromChar )
( charFromElement )

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 View
World
LifelikeWorld
directions [ reexported ]

Module " simple_ecosystem "

( randomElement ) [ duplicated ]
( dirPlus )
Wall
BouncingCritter
WallFollower

Module " ecosystem "

Wall [ duplicated ]
Plant
PlantEater
SmartPlantEater
Tiger

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