Obituaries of

Eminent
Men

Ibn Khallikan’s
Biographical Dictionary – Book 3
Translated by Baron Mac Guckin de Slane
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 I B N IiHALLIKAN'S

KIOGRA PHICAL DICTIONARY

TRANSLATED FROM T H E AHARI(:

B" MAC G U C K I N DE Sl,ANE,

MEaIBElt 01: T H E FREXCB INSTITUTE, ACADEMIE DES lNSCRlPTlONS ET BELLES-I.ETTllEd, ET( .

V O L . T11.

PARIS,
PRIXTED FOR THE

OKIEKTXI, T K A 3 S L A T I O N FUND O F GREAT RRITAIIV AND I R E L A N D .

~Il~~.~ccI.x~III.

! Corrected repriut.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

ABU AB11 A L L A H AL-HUMAIDJ.

Tile celebrated h@z Abh hbd Allah Muhamrnad Ibn Abi Nasr Falhh Ibn Abd Allall
Ibn Humaid lbn Yasil al-Humaidi was a member of the tribe of Azd and a native
of the island of Majorca; but his family originally belonged to ar-Rusiifa, a suburb
of Cordova. He delivered traditional information on the authority of Ali Ibn Hazm
az-Zbhiri (vol. II. p. 267),to whom he had been particularly attached, and from
whose lips he had learned so much that he became generally known by the appel-
lation of Ibn Rum's disciple. One of the other masters whose authority he cited
was Abii Omar Ydsuf Ihn Abd al-Barr, the author of the Kidb ablsttydb (l).In the
year 448 (A. D. 1056-7), he set out for the East and made the pilgrimage to Mekka.
Having heard Traditions taught in that city and in Ifrikiya, Spain, Egypt, Syria, and
Ir&, he finally took up his residence in Baghdad. He bore a high reputation for
nobleness of character, learning, solid information, piety, and devotion ; the progress
which he made in studying the written texts of the Traditions was evidently a mark
of divine grace. The emir Ibn Mbkfila (col. II. p. 248), the aulhor of ihe Ikmdl,
speaks of him in these terms: ('We have been informed by our friend -4bG Abd
" Allah al-Humaidi, a man of great learning, talent, and intelligence; "-he then
adds: And I never saw his like for virtue, austerity of life, piety, and application
" to study." 81-Tlurnaidi is the author of a celebrated work, entitled: ad-hmo
VOL 111. 1
 -
3 IHN KHALLIKAN'S

hoin aS-Salrbhain (!he united contents of the Sahths) of 81-Bulchdri and l u s l i m ; this
he taught publicly. Another of his works is a history of the learned men
Spain, to which he gave the title of Judwa tal-Muluktabis (a brand for him who
light his fire), and n-hieh forms one volume. In the preface, he mentions
that he wrote it, from memory, at the request of some persons in Baglldad. He used
to say: "There are three points connected with the study of the Traditions to which,
first of all, attention should be direcled ; namely, the (llal or) defects prejudicial
to their authenticity, and the best treatise thereon is that of ad-Dlrakutni (vol. IZ.
p. 239); the Mdtalif PO i\lukhtali/(synonymy ofproper names), and the best work
on the subject is that of the emir Abti Nasr lbn MBkbla; the third point is, to lcnow
the precise date of each traditionist's death, but on this we possess no work. 1 un-
dertook to compile one on the subject, and the emir told me to draw it up in chro-
nological order and, under each year, to arrange the names alphabetically."--
.. Rut," says Abd Hakr lbn Tarlibin (2)' his attention was so much engaged by the
& &

two SahOhs, that he died without being able to execute t l ~ a ttask." The sanlc per-
son relates as follows: "Abil Abd Allah al-Humaidi recited to u s the following verses
composed by himself :

" Visiting (learned) men produces nothing useful; all we gain by it is (that we rang af'ter-
b.wccrds repent their words under) the stupid form of an it is said, or such a one said. Visit
" them therefore but seldom; unless it be to acquire knowledge or amend thy conduct."

:\l-Humaidi met the Khatib AbB Bakr (vol.I. p. 75) at Damascus, and has given
some information on his authority; and his own authority is occasionally cited by the
Khatib. He was born some time before the year 420 (A. D. 1029), and h e died
at Baghdad on the eve of Tuesday, the 17th of Zii 'l-Hijja, A. H. 488 (18th Dec.,
4. D. 1095). As-Samlni says, in his Ansdb, under the word al-Mayllraki (belonging
lo Jlojorca), that al-Humaidi's death took place in the month of Safar, A . If. 491 ;
so, at least, I found it written in the abridgment which Ali Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari
(vol. 11. p. 288) made of that work. Suspecting this to be a fault of my own copy,
I examined the passage in a number of other manuscripts, and found them all to
agree; as-SamAni's original work, of which we possess Ibn al-Athir's abridgment, I
had no means of consul~ing.as it was not to be found i n this country (Egypt). The
great discordance of these two dates remained upon my mind, and having, at length,
mnsulted a s s a m h i ' s Supplement, I met with the following passage: Al-Humaidi
6 t dled on tlic eve of Tuesday, the 17111 of ZO 'l-liijja, A . 11. 488, and was interred
thc next morning in the cemetery at the Abrcz gate, near the tomb of Abii Ishak
as-Shirdzi. The funeral prayer was said over the corpse in tlic great mosque o l
a the citadel (JdmE 'l-Kasr), by the jurisconsult Ahb Rakr D[uhanlmad lbn Ahmad

" as-Shishi (vol. 11. p. 625); but, in the month of Safar, A. H. 4.9 l,it was removed

' ' to the cemetery at the Harb gate and buried near the tonlb of Bishr Ibn al-Hirill1
al-Hifi (vol. I. p. 257)." By this I perceived that the fault originated wilh Ibn
nl-Athir whilst he was making his abridgment; the copy of the work which he was
then condensing nlay have liere offered a fault of the transcriber, and Ibn al-Ahir
copied it without searching for the date in other quarters; or perhaps the copyist may
have omitted a line, a circumstance which sometimes happens.-.ill-Humaidi was so
called afier his ancestor Humaid: I have been informed by an llistorical writer, illat
Iie found this surnanle mentioned, in a work on history, as being derived fro111 the
name of Humaid, the son of Abd ar-Rahmin, the son of Adf (3); hut this derivation
is false, for Abii Abd Allall al-Humaidi belonged to the tribe of Azd, and Abd ar-Hall-
~lliinto the Zuhra family, a branch of the tribe of ICoraish: how tlien could any rcla-
tionsllip have subsisted beiween them?--MayGraka (Majorca) is the narllc of an island
in the Western Sea, near the land of Spain.

( l ) T11e life of this hdfi; is gl\cti by our author.

(9,) Abb Bakr Ihn TarkhAn was one of the masters under wflom Ibn al-drabi studled at Baghdad.--(S~lal.
(3) Abd ar-RahmAn lbn AOf az-Zuhri, an emlnent member of the tribe of Koraish, and olle of the cght firs
cc~nvertsto Islamism, was also one of the ten persons to who~nhluhammad promised paradise. Before his
c%ouvcrslnnhe bore the name of Abd al-Kaaba. During the persecution, hc took refuge in AbyssinLa. l i t
fi~ughtat thc conilmt of Badr and at all the other engagements in which Muhammad commanded; at t 1 1 ~
battle of Ohud, he rdcciverl a severe wound in the leg, and halted ever after. In the lifetime of hluhamtna~l,
he acted as mufti. On the death of Omar, he was one of the six delegates (ashdb m-Shtira) appoirited to nlakc
choice of another khalif. His birth took place ten years afier the year of the Elephant; he died at Itledinn
A . H. 39- (A. D. 652-3), at the age of seventy-five, and was interred in the Baki cemetery. Hc had acquil'cd
great wealth in mercantile pursuits. On one occasion, he contri1,uted half his property to the service of Is-
lamism; anolher time, he sold lands to the value of forty thousand dinars, and bestowed the amount on t l l p
poor. IIe equipped also five hundred horse and fifteen hundred foot for the cause of reiigion. 011 his (leatll,
the eighth part of his estate, the share allotted by law to the widows of the deceased, amoiinted to three hundred
and twenty thousand (pieces of silve~).-(Siar as-Salaf. -Al-Bahr az-Zdkhir.)
 . \ h i Abd Allall Mullammad Ibn Aii Ibn Omar 1bn hJoliammad al-'famimi (alemher
iho tribe o/. Tamfm) al-Mizari was a doctor of the sect of Milik and one of t l ~ c
most noted persons of the age for his knowledge of the Tradiiions and the manner in
which he lectured on that subject. He composed a good commentary on Muslim's
Snhlh, and entitled it Kd6b al-Jfolim bi fawllid kitdb Nuslinz (the indicuior of the
instructive passages contained in the book of Muslim) ; this work served the lid& Iyid
(col. 11. p. 417) as the basis of his lkmdl, which is, in fact, the complement of al-
Nizari's treatise. He composed also a number of philolagical works and a book
called Iddh al-L!Ialohsull fi Burhdn il-Opdl (1). This doctor, so highly distinguished
for his talents and varied information, died at al-l'lahdiya (in the province of Tunis)
on the i 8 t h of the first Rabi, A. B. 536 (22nd Oct., A. I). 114.1), aged eighty-three
years, and was buried at al-Monastir. Some place his deatli on Monday, the second
(lay of hat month.-Mdzari means Belonging lo Mdzar (nfaa-zara),a village in the
island of Sicily.

( 1 , This \vi)rk is 110t nidiced by Hiijji Khnlifa; its title seclns tn indicate that it was a cummentni.y on ;
I

\\1)1.h of divinity or jurisprud~'ncc,entitled: Burhdn al-Ostil (demonst~ationof'l~rinclples).

A R U M U S A AL-ISPAHANI.

ALh Mhsa Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr Omar Ibn Abi Isa Ahmad Ibn Omar Ibn
31uhamrnad ibn Abi Isa aldspahlni al-Madini, the first hdfiz of the age for his vast
lllemory and learning, composed a number of useful works on the Traditions and
their subsidiary sciences. His Kilbb al-Mughiih (the assister), i n one volume, forms
 I3IO(;RAP!ILCAI, UlCTIONARF. ;i

ille co,nplemcnt of al-llarawi's KitdB ul-Gkartbain (vol. 1. 11. 78) ; in it he corrccts

tllc faults of that author, and it is really a useful book. He left also a small volume,
entitled KdGb az-Zi&d&dbt (book o f addilons), designed by him as a supplement to tlre
Ansdb, a work composed by his master Abh 'l-Fad1 l u h a m m a d Ibn TBlrir al-hIa4-
nisi (l): i z illis treatise hc indicates the errors and omissions of tlre Altsdb. After
travelling abroad in search of Traditions, he returned to Ispahiin and conlinued to
reside in that city. He was born in the month of ZB 'l-Kaada, A. H. 501 (June-July,
A . D. I i O B ) , and h e died on the eve of Wednesday, the 9111 of the first Jumlda,
A. H. 581 (August, A. D. 1185). His birth and death took place at 1spahln.-
45adini means belonging lo ihe city (madina) of lspa/~&n;the hdfijiz Abd 'S-Saarl as-Sa-
mini states, in his Amlib, that this adjective may mean : 1. belonging to Medlnn;
2.belonging to Marw; 3. belonging to Naisdpdr; 4. belonging to l s p n h h ; 5. be-
longing to the city (madina) of al-l~ub&mk, near Kazwln; 6. belonging to Bukhdra;
7. belonging to Samarkand; 8. belonging to Nasuf. He adds that, to express belong-
ing to ikfedtna, the relative adjective Madani is generally used.

(1) Scc t llc next ariicl?.

A B U ' L - F A D L I B N AL-KATSARANI AT,-MAKDISI.

The hdfiz Abb 'l-Fad1 Muhammad Ibn TBhir l h n Ali Ibn Ahmad al-Makdisi, genc-
rally called Ibn al-Kaisarilni, was one of those doctors who had undertaken long
journeys i n search of Traditions. He heard (traditional information deliuered) in
Hijhz, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotabiia and its northern borders, Arabian and Persian
lrhk, Fars, Khhzestiin, and Khorilsin. He then took up his abode i n Hamadln and
obtained a high reputation for his knowledge of the Tradilions and his learning in
the sciences connected with them. A great number of works and compilations were
drawn u p by him on that subject, and they all serve to prove the extent of his learn-
i n g and the correctness of his information. He composed an Atr&f (or index) to the
Six B o o b , ihat is to say, to the Sahihs of al-Bukhiiri, Muslim, Abii DPwiid, at-Tir-
midi, an-Rasii, and lbn iiija; he drew up also a n Atr(il to ad-Dlrakutni's Ghardib
!obrtuue t d ~ ~ toccurririg
is in rhe Tradilions-),and to tllc KilO ol-Ansdb (book o/ pa-
~ r o n y m i ~ ~This
) . last work forms a small volume, and is the same for which llle
hdjz Abii i$sa al-Ispahlni (see the preceding article) composed a supplement. llc
was well versed in the science of Siiftsm and its different branches; there even exists
a work by him on the subject. He left also some good poetry. The hdfiz Abii Mesa
and some others wrote Traditions under his dictation. Abh 'l-Fad1 al-Makdisi was
born at Bait al-IIakakdis (the house of the holy place, lerusalcm)on the 6th of Shawwil,
A. H. 448 (18th Dec., A. D. 1056); he commenced learning Traditions in 110;hc
went to Baghdad in 467 (A. D. 1074-51, and afterwards returned to Jerusalem. whcrc
Ile assumed the pil~rim-dressand proceeded to Mekka. Ile died at Baghdad on Fri-
day, the 28th of the first Habi, A. H. 507 (14th Sept., A. D. 1113), on his return
from tlie pilgrimage, which duty he had fulfilled more than once. His body was
interred in the Old Cemetery (al-Makbara ~al-Atlk~), situated on the west bank of thc
Tigris. Some place his death on Thursday, the 201h of the month just named.-
His son AbC Zari Tiihir Ibn Muhatl~madal-Jlakdisi was renowned for the extent and
high authority of his information in the Traditions; but he was unacpuainted with
the science (ofjurisprudence), his father having merely sent him, when a boy, to hear
the lessons of some (traditionists), such as Abii Muhammad Abd ar-Rahmin Ibn
Ahn~adad-Dhbi (91, who was then teaching at Rai, Abh 'l-Fath Abdbs Ihn Abd Allah,
at Hamadin, Abii Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Othm8n 31-Khmikhi, and Abii 'l-Ilasan
Maklii Ibn Manser as-Sallir. He then took him to Baghdad, where he heard (lie
lessons of Abd 'I-KAsim .41i 1bn Ahmad Ibn Raiyin and other masters. On the
death of his father, Ire settled at Hamadin, whence he proceeded to Baghdad (every
year) to join the pilgrim caravan and teach there the greater part of the Traditions
which he bad learned. Amongst those who received Traditions from him were the
rizir Abh '~-lUuzaffarYahya Ibn Hubaira (l)and others. He was born at Rai, A. H.
481 (h. D. 1088-g), and he died at Hamadin on fednesday, the 7 t h of the latter
Kabi, A. H. 566 (19th Dec., A. D. il7O).-Xaisardni means belonging to Kaisariya
(Cesarea),a maritime village of Syria, which is now in the hands of the Franks (21,
whom God confound l

( L ) lbn Khallikin gives a notice on this vlzir.

19' Cosarea was retaken by the sultan Bibars ~n the year 6 6 3 (A. D. 2565).
 iiElU ABD ALLAII IBN M A N D A .

AKI Abd Allall Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ihn Manda al-Abdi, a celebrated tmnsmit-
tel. of traditional information and the author of a history of Ispallin, was a hiifaz of

!he highest authority. Hc belonged to a family of eminence which produced a

number of learned men ; he did not draw his origin from the tribe of hbd (as the sur-
name Abdi would imply), but flarra, his mother, was connected with the fribe of Ahd
Y61il (1) ~hroughher father Rfuhammad, and Ibn Manda bore this surname after his
rnaternal ancestors. The h&@ Abti &liisa al-Ispahini mentions him in the 22"dddt
(see p. 5 of this vol.) and traces up his genealogy, but this list I shall not insert on
account of its length. Al-Hbzimi (see p. 11 of this vol.) speaks of him also in the
Kitdb a!-Ojdla, but omits the genealogy. The hdfiz Ihn llanda died A . 11. 301
[A. 1). 913-4).-In a subsequent part of this work, we shall give the life of h i s
clescendant, Ynhya lbn Abd nl-Wahhib.

( l ) Alrtl YAlil. thc son of Jurhnrn, lrrt his nnmr to a Vcmrriitc trihc cstablishctl in Hijaz.

AL-PARABRI.

.4bh Abcl Allah Muhammad lbn Ybsuf Ibn Matar Ibn Shlih Ibn Bishr al-Farabri is
well known as the teacher, from memory, of al-Bukhhri's SahBh, which work he had
learned under the author. People came from all quarlers to hear him repeat this
book. He was horn A. H. 231 (A. 1). 545-6), and he died on the 3rd of Shawwll,
A . B. 320 (October, A. D. 932).-Farabri means belonging to Farabr, a town situa-
led on tile bank of tile Jihhn (Oxus), and in the neigihollrl~oot\of 1hlhllhn.-Al-j'a-
ribri nos one of al-Rukhiri's pupils, and the last survivar 01 ~IIOSCW ~ I Olou#lll, bonl
nlenlory, their master's SoAih.

AL-FURAWI.

I b i l Abd Allall lltlllamnlacl Ibn al-Fadl Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhamrrlad Ibn Alimad
fbn hbi 'I-Abbk as-Siiidi 81-Furawi an-NaishpGri (nutbe of NaisdpQr), surnamed
liarnil ad-nin ( p e f e c t in religion) (l), was a distinguished jurisconsull and tra-
(iitionist. He attended the sittings of the ImPm al-Haramain, author OF lllc Nihdya
iu6~Wolhb(vol. 11. p. 121), and took notes of his lessons on the fundamentals (of
jurisprudence). AI-Furiiwi passed his youfh among the Sllfis, and became a doctor
of the law, a traditionist, a mtsfii, a controvertist, and a preacher. Thoiigh acl-
vaneed in age, he used to carry food to the travellers who came to see him, and even
served them at table. Having set out on the pilgrimage to Mekka, he peached before
crowded assemblies at Baghdad and the other towns through which hc pssed. In
the two Holy Cities (of Mekka and MedEna), he gave public lessons. On his return to
Naisipiir, he took his seat as professor in the Ndsihiya college, and discharged also
the duties of amdm in the Mosque of al-Motarriz. lie learned Muslim's Sahlh from
AM al-GhPfir al-Fbisi (vol. II. p. 170), and al-BukhPri's from Said Ibn Abi Said-
Bis other masters were Abb lshak as-Shirizi ((vol. I. p. g), Abh Bakr Ahmad al-Bai-
haki (col. I. p. 57),Abii 'l-Khim Abd al-Karim Ibn Hawizin al-Kushairi (vol. II.
p. 152), and the Imim al-Haramain. He was the sole person authorised to repeat
and erplain some of the hdjz al-Baihaki's works, such as the Daldil an-Nubdwa
(proofs of Muhammad's prophetic rnirdon), abdsmd w a 'S-Sif't (the names and attri-
butu of the Dicinity), al-Baatk w a 'n-NushC (the resurrection and revivification of
mankind), and the two collections of prayers, the greater and the less. It was
(punnifigly) said of him: aCFurdzoi alfu rkwi (aGFurdwi i s worlh one ihousand
trunamitlers of tradilional informaiion). He was born at NaisPpiir, A. H. 441 (A. D.
 BIOGRAPIIiCAl~DICTIONARY. !f

1049-50j, some say, h42; at the age of six years he commenced learning Tmtlitions,
and hc died on Thursday morning, the 2lst-some say, the 92nd-of Shawwhl, A . (1.
530 (24th July, A . D. !136).-Furdwi means belonging lo Furdwa, a village on tile
frontiers of Khowirezm ; it is calletl also Rib& Furhwa, and was huilt in thc kl~alifatc
of al-Ylmbn, by Abd Allah Ihn Tdhir, tlie governor of KIloAsiin.

( 4 ) According to al-YAfi, in his M i d , and al-Othmioi, in his Tubukdt al-b'ukuhri, al-l:ur;\wi I~orcalso ~111:

surname of Fakih al-Haram (the jurisconsult o f the sacred tcrritor-y o f M e k k a ) .

Al~ir Bakr Muhammad Ibn al-Husain Ibn Abd Allafi al-Ajurri, a jurisconsult of
the sect of asShdfi and a traditionjst, is the author of that collection of forty Tradi-
tions which is called after him Arbatn al-Ajurri. This doctor, who was noted for
his piety and virtue, delivered Traditions on the authority of Abli Muslim al-Kajji,
Abii Shoaib al-IIarrbni, Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Hulwdni, al-Mufaddal Ibn Muhammad
al-Jundi, and a great number of other masters contemporary with them. Muham-
mad Ibn Ishak an-NadPm mentions him in the work entitled al-Fihrest (1). Al-
Ajurri composed many treatises on the law and the Traditions. I n the History of
Bagl~dad, the Khatib Abii Bakr al-Baghdddi (vol. 1. p. 75) speaks of him as con-
scientious, veracious, pious, and the author of numerous works. He taught Tradi-
tions at Baghdad previously to tlie year 330 (A. I). 94.1). llc then proceeded to
Mekka, and continued to reside there till his deaih. A number of the h&/izesgave
Traditions on his authority, and Abti Poaim al-Tspahdni (vol. I. p. 74), the author
of the Hilyn tal-Awlid, was one of them. A certain learned man informed me that
when al-Ajul-ri entered Mekka, he exclaimed, in admiration : I implore of thee,
0 God! the favour to remain here one year; " and that he heard a voice reply :
c6 Nay, thirty years." He survived thirty years, and died at Mekka in the rnonth of
Muharram, A . H. 360 (November, A . D. 970). The Khatib says that he found this
date on his tombstone.--Ajurri is derived from Ajurr (brick), but 1 know not why
VOL. 111. B
l0 1BN I i H A I , I , l K A N ' S
Ile this surname.--l since fount1 the following marginal riot(: 111 (:ol)y ()l'
lbn Bashhw$/'s) ,$i/al: Tlie i m i m Abd Bakr, surllarned al-Ajurri 1)~cilrisch(:
belonged to a village near Baglidad called al-Ajurr, rrsided a t MckIii~,a n d (lird
there on the 1 s t of Nuhar~.arn,A . R. 360."

bS-SALAM,3I T H E HA I712

; ~ b f i'l.FaJl Fluhammad Ibn Rdsir Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ali l b n ilnlr, a llfilivc o f
Baghdad, and generally known by the surname of as-salimi, was an acconl~listlcrl
and [he most eminent h#r in Baghdad at that epoch. posscsscd great
literary acquirernenb, having studied philology under Abh Zakariya at-'Iil)rizi (1)-
The copies which lie made of books were very correct. lle was indefatigable in
the search OF instructive observations, and these he carefully noted down. A great
quantity of information has been given on his authority by the very first masters.
The learned men of that age were his pupils, and the hllfiz AbCl 'I-Faraj 1bn al-Jauzi
(vol. 11. p. 96), who war one of the number, ciles his authority very frequently.
The h&jr Abd Saad as-Samdni (vol. 11. p. 156) menlions him in his different works.
As-SalPmi's birth occurred on the eve of Saturday, the 15th of ShaabBn , A. 1-1. h67
[April, A. D. 1075), and he died at Baghdad on the cve of Tuesday, the 18th ol
Sbaabh, A. H. 550 (16th Oct., A. D. 1155). The next morning, his hody was
carried forth, and funeral prayers were said over it thrice, near tile mosque of the
; it was then taken across the river to the mosque (Jdmt) of
Sultan ( J d d '~SultGn)
al-Mansfir, where the funeral service was again performed, after which they bore it
to the Harhiya cemetery, at the Harb gate, and interred it under the sidra (2), at the
side of Abfi Bansfir fbn al-AnhHri the preacher's tomb.-" So/dnZimeans
of
" Jhiffia t ~ 8 - S o l h(the cif! of welfare), that is, Baghdad. Such," says as-Saminj,
" was the note written by himself on his own surname ."

His life is given by

(I) Ibn Khallikh.
(3)The word ddm means l o b t r e e . It may perhaps derignate here some religious edifice.
 Aluh Ltakr Muhaulmad Ibn Abi Othmin Miisa lbn (Jthm8n Ibn Ilili~saIhn 0tl11l);irl
11Ln lliizim al-l-lizimi al-llamadlini (na~ivcof Ikrrnaddn), surnamed Zuin ad-Din (orno-
merit of' religion), was distinguished ljy the exactitude of his information as a hlifis
and the eminent sanctity of his life. )raving Icarncd ljy heart tllc sac:l.cd l i o r l n , hc
attended the lessons of Abil 'l-\Vakt Abd al-Auwal as-Sijaei (vol. I I . p. 171j a t llama-
d i n , and learned Trarlitions in Illc same city from Abh Mansfir Sllehcrddr I11n Shi-
riiyah the I)ailcmile, Abh Zard l'dllir Jbn Mullammad al-Makdisi (see p. Ii of lltis
P:o~.),the hlifiz Abh 'l-Ali al-flasan Ihn Ahmad ( l ) , a n d a great numbcr of o111clrmas-
ters. Ile studicrl the law at Ilaghdad under tllc shaikli Jamhl ad-])in Wflliilr l b r ~
Fadlhn (2)and others; illere also hc 'heard Traditions delivercd by Abii 'I-liusain Abd
al-llaklr ancl Abli Nasr Abd ar-lial~im,thc sons of Abd al-Khilik Ibn Ahniad Ibn
Yiisuf, AbQ '1-Path Ohaid Allah Ihn Abd Allah Ibn Shiitil, ant1 olliers. IIc ilren un-
dertook to collect Traditions himself, ancl with that view 11e visiled a nunlbcr of 1l1o
cities of IrBk, whcncc h e proceeded to Syria, Mosul, Pars, IspahBn, l I a m a d d ~ ~and ,
lilost of the towns in tlle province of Adarbaijln. I-Ie wrote down Tradilions 11ndc.l-
the dictation of nearly all the sha.ikhs at these places, and devoted his atlention so spe-
cially to this branch of study, that he atlaincd in it a great eminence and a higlr
reputation. He conlposed on this and on other subjects a number of instructive
works, such as the Ndsih wa 'I-Mansdh on (the annulling and the annulled) Tlarli-
tions; the h'ildh ul-Faisal (discriminoltor), treating of those patronymics i l ~ emeaning
of which might be mistaken (mushtabih amnisba); the Kdhb al-0jdla (the ready as-
sister) on patronymics; a work on geographical synonyms and the names of places
which, when written, are liable to be mispronounced; the Silsila lad-llnhnh (grrldcl~,
chain), lreating of llie Traditions delivered by l b n Jianbal (vol. I. p. 4IL) on thc au-
tllorily of as-Sliifi (vol. 11. p. 569) ; the Shurdl a/-Aiyirnmn (qualities required iv, art
irnbm), etc. He resided at Baghdad, on the east side o l the river, constantly engaged
in study and the practice of virtue, till fate cut through the branch of his lib w l ~ i l s ~
yet green. This event happened at Baghdad on the eve of Monday, the 28th of the
first Jumida, A. U . 584 (25th July, A L). 11881. lle was interred in the Sh4ntzi
cemetery ( ~ o lI.. p 5561, close to (the grave of) Samndn lhn llnmra (31, and ol)positr!
10 the tomb of al-Junaid (vol. I. p. 338). Crowds of peoplc allerrdc(1 111c luncral
service which was said over him in the court of the mosque ol llte Cosllc ( J h i
..

'I-h'asr.); the body was then iakcn to the west side of the river, and he prayer was
tilere repealed. His books were dislributed among the traditionisls. AI-118zirni was
1)orn A. H. 548 (h. D. 1153-4), or 549, on the road leading 10 HarnatlBn. Ile was
carried 10 that city, and in it he passed his youth.-Hc bore tlle surnomc of' ll4,zi~ni
hecause one of his ancestors was called Hdzirn,

( l ) ~ b f 'il - ~ l bal-Hasan ibn Ahmad, a ItdFz and teacher of thc I(0rLn-realfi?lp, (li~tlA. 11. 569 ( A . 1)- 1 1 7 R - h ) 7
eighty-one years. He was a native of Hamad%n.-(Nuj~im. ~uffdz.)
(ej The learned irndm JamBl ad-Dln Abli 'l-KAsim WAthik Ibn Ali Ibn al-Fad1 lhn Ilihat All;~hlhn l;;1dli211,
n dlxictorof the Shafite sect, was bvrn at Baghdad, A. H. 515 (A. L). 1121 -2). I Ic lrlntlc his s ~ . ~ ~ t lilli oIiicuh-
s
tiad and NaidpOr, and became professor in the Nizdmiya college of the formcr city. llis rlca~l~
nc:r:nrrcrl ill

ShaabAn, d . H, 595 (June, A. D. 1199). The author of the Tahakdt al-Fuknlrd o1)scrvcs that sorrio [Iorsorls
call tbis doctor Yahya, not TVdthik, and Ibn KAdi Shohha gives him the name of Y(~li!lnin itis Ilhlnkdt as.
Shdfiyin. The latter author says that Ibn F a d l h held a high rank as a jurisconsult, a thrologiii~~,
a contr-o-
vertist, and a dialectician. The author of the Tabukdt a/-Fukahd informs us that A11h Ahd All;~hMu~~;rr~lni:ltl,
the son of this Ibn FadlAn, was professor at the Mustansiriya college in Baghdad, that hc actctl ;IS Kdrlt
'I-Ekddt (chief judge) for the khalif an-Nasir li-Dln Illah, and died A. H. 631 (A. D. 1333-4).
(3) Abh 'l-Hasan Samnbn lbil Bamza 'I-KhatiwAs was a disciple of Sari'as-Sakati (vol. I. p. 655) nntl othnr
*C@. He used to discourse M-ith great eloquence on the love of God, and replied, whcrr ;lskcd what was
$$@m:c' to pssm nothing and to let nothing possess you." This eminent shailclr diet1 somc time aftc!r nl-
~unaid.--(hw&%haatdnwdr fi Tabakdt il-Akhydr, by Abd al-Wahhib as-ShArAni; MS. of thc nibliothLIrluc inc-
udriale, Supplement.)

ABU-BAKR IBN ATA-ARAB[.

-4bB Bakr Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abd Allall I b n Ahmad,
generally known by the surname of 3bn al-hrabi, was a celebrated hbfiz, n member
of the tribe of MaaGr and a native of Seville in Spain. Ibn Bashkuwhl speaks of him
in these terms, in his Silal: That idfiz filled with learning to overflowing; the last
 of tllc erudite, the last imdm and thc last hdfiz of Spain. I met him in the city ot
Seville on Monday morning, the 2nd of the latter Jumida, A. H. 516 (August, h. D.
. 1l",).He informed mc that it was on Sunday, the ist of tllc first Rabi, A. t1.4.85
(April, A. D. 1092), that he set out with his father on their journey 10 the East (l),
and that he went to Syria, where he met Abb Bakr Muhammad Ibn al-Walid at-
L. Tortiislli (vol. II. p. 6651, under whom he studied jurisprudence. Having gone to
Baghdad, he heard Traditions fromu-some of the most eminent masters-'' and
then proceeded to H i j h . FIe performed the pilgrimage in the year 489, and, on
L a his return to Baghdad, he became the pupil of Ab8 Bakr as-shishi (vol. II. p. 625),

Abii HPmid al-Ghazzlli (vol. 11. p. 6211, and other doctors and philologers. He
then left Baghdad. In Jlisr and Alexandria, he met a great number of tradi-
tionists, ant1 wrote down Traditions under their diclation, communicating to them
the fruits of his own researches whilst he reccivcd theirs. I n the year 493, he
returned to Spain, and entered Seville with a grrater stock of information than any
person who Itad travelled to the East ever brought back before. IIe was deeply
C L versed in a variety ol sciences, and had attained a high proficiency in all the bran-
d' c l ~ e sof learning; on such subjects he discoursed with greai abilily, and, being
C ( enabled by his penetrating genius to colnprellend them all, he displayed lllc utmost
ardour in diffusing information, whilst h e cmployed the acuteness of liis mind in
distinguishing what was exact therein from what was not. We may add that he
was equally distinguished by the amenity of his character, the charm of his man-
'. ners, his affability, humility, nobleness of mind, obliging disposition, and con-
s. stancy in friendship. Having been appointed kddi in his native town, he rendered
the highest service to the inhabitants by the firmness with which he discharged his
dulies and the severity which made liim an object of terror for the wicked. On his
removal from office, h e turned his mind to the task of diffusing learning. 1 asked
him the date of his birth, and h e informed me that he was born on tlie eve of
L Thursday, the 21st of ShaabBn, A. H. 4 6 8 (April, A . D . 1076). He died in Nortlt
'L Africa and was interred in the city of Fez, in the nionill of the latter Habi, A. H.
54.3 (August-September, A. D. 1168)." To these words of Ibn BashkuwPl L may
add that the h&@ Ibn al-Arabi left a number of works, and amongst others that en-
titled d-Adrida tal-Ahwadi fi Sharh it-Tirmidi (the fluency of the expert, being a com-
mentary on the Troditions collected hy at-Tirmidr). He was born at Seville; some
say, in the year 469 ( B . I). 1076-7). His death is slated to have taken place in the
lnontll of ille lir.st Jurlllda, whilst he was returning from blurocco to Fez, and at s
day's journey from the latter city. His corpse was transported to Fcz and inlcrred i l l
the eernetely of al-JaiyPni (21.-His father was born A. H. 535 (A. L). 1043-41, and
he died in the month of Muharran~,b. H. 493 (November-December, A . I). 1099), i n
ligypt, on his return froni the journey wl~ielilie and his son had made to the East ;
he was an accomplished scholar and on able 1;dtib.-The title of Ibn al-Arabi's worL,
al-Adrida tal-4lrwadz, requires explanation ; udrida means cornrna,rd of language; the!
say: Sneh a o~rchas a?L eztreme adrida, to indicate that he lias n great cno~mandoi'
language ; ohwadi means one who gcis i h r o q h business /iyht!y, owing to liis s k i l l ,
or, according to al-Asmii, one expert in business, complelcly master of it, o l d mlra
lets no part of i t escape his atlention.

(1) Ibn dl-Arab1 \+rote ail nccourit ut this jonrney; Ibn hllaldlin meotio:15 i t , in h ~ H~story
s of the IIcrI~cl'h
uuder the title of Rthla (journey), and informs us that thc author speaks i n it of his slii~wi'eckon the CoiiSl

of Barka, where he and his father were hospitably treated by the nomadic Arabs of that regioli.
13) Thls doctor must not be confounded with the malikite [In AraLz, the author of a large volu~rlcof 1114 -
st~cismm five hundred et sixty chapters, and entitled ul-Fuldhn tal-blakkryrr (Mekkon reoelations). TLlc
ter's names were Muhi ad-Din Muhammail lbn A l l ; he dletl A. H. C38 (A. D. 1 3 4 0 ) .

Abti lkkr Muhammad lbn al-Hasan lbn Muhammad ibn Zild d-lukri (teacher 01
de readings ofthe liwdn, andj surnamed an-Nakkdsh, belonged to a family of Flosul,
but was born and brought up at Baghdad. He possessed great learning i n the Kordn
and its interpretation, on which last subject he composed a work entitled: Shafa as-
StdQr (nterlicine of th heart). Amongst his other productions we may notice the
Ishdra !indication\, on the obscure terms of the Korio ; the Maudih (elucidator),on
the ~ 0 6 nand its style ; the Didd el-dkl (con!~aryto reason) ; the Mandsik (riles o]
derotion); the Fahnt a/-Manbsik (comprehension of the rites).; the Akhblr a!-Kusiwsds (1)
(hlstotg of the ~tory-tellers); the Uhamm al-flasad (diyruise of envy) ; [he Duihil an-
.I1s,$~jujat (proofs of iliuhammad's prophelie mission) ; the AblodB ( h o r s , or rlrtrplers),
In the Korln ; the Iran&Dhdt a l - h i i d (the l r n m of marry colunans) [ l ) ; the greater,
the less, and the medium dictionary of Korin-readers and their readings; the greater
Drioli of the Seven (readings), with the reasons (or defecls (1))of these readings; the lesser
llook of the Seven (readings); the medium Book of the Seven. He travelled very
~ n u c hi n the East and i n tlie West. He heard Traditions delivered at Klifa, Basra,
and Pekka, in Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia, at Mosul, in Persian Irak, Khorisin,
and Transoxiana, but some of those which he taught are merely rejected Traditions
headed with approved isndds (2). His name happening to be mentioned in the pre-
sence of Talha Ibn Rluhammad Ibn Jaafar, this person said: He was false in his
Traditions, and addicted to story-telling." He delivered orally pieces of literature
on the autl~orityof the most eminent among the learned, and his own authority was
cited by them for somc which they delivered. Al-Barklni (3) said : " All the Tradi-
tions taught by an-Nakklsh are faulty, and, in his interpretation of [he Korin, there
4 < is not a single genuine Tradition." An-Nakkbsh was born A. H. 266 (A. D.
8'79-80);some say, 265; and he died on Tuesday, the 2nd of Shawwil, A. 11. 351
(4th Nov., A . D. 962). The nest day, he was interred. By other accounts his
death is placed a year sooner, or a year later.-Nakkdsh means a painter ofwalk
and ceilings, etc.; which profession this doctor had followed in the early part of his
life.

(1) !+c Lane's Thousand and one Nights, vol. 11. p. 343, for the description of this fabulous place.
(S) See Introdoction to vol. I. p. xxii.
(9,) The h@; Ahil Bakr hhmad Ibn Bfuhammad Ibn lhmad Ibn Ghalib al-Barkhi, born (at Bnrkbn, u vil-
lage) in KhowArezm, A. H. 339 (A. D. 950-l), died in the month of Rajab, A. H. 495 (May-June, A. D. 1034).
He had some acquaintance with Arabic philology (arabiya), and composed a Mumad, or body of authentic
Traditions, in which he inserted the contents of al-Bukhlri's Sohih and those of Muslim's. The Khatib, who,
as well as al-Baihaki and Abh Ishak as-ShEr%zi, gave some Traditions on his authority, says: "Amongst all
- :our masters, we did not find one possessing more solid information than he. His piety was conspicuous,
" and he possessed deep learning in the la\v."-(Nuj2im. AI-Yall. Tab. al-Hufldz.)
 ~ b i ,.I-tlasan JIllhammad l b n Ahmad Ibn Aiyilb ihn as-salt Ibn Sllanabhd an
master of the Korkn-reading and a native of Baghdad, was a pious and well-
intmtioned, but weak-minded man. It is said that he uttered much nonsense and
little I.eal learning. Having become the sole depository of some rare and singular
of the Kol.ln, introduced them into his recitations from that book whilst
presiding at the public prayer (l).By this he incurred general reprehension, and
the \izir Abu Ali Muhammad Ibn Mukla, the celebrated penman, having been
informed that he had changed some passages of the Koran by substituting certain
words for others which belonged to the primitive revealed text, had the delinquent
brough1 before him, in the beginning of the month of the latter Rabi, A . H. 323
($larch, -4. L). 935). and kept him prisoner in his house for some days. On Sun-
day, the 7th of the same month, he convoked an assembly composed of the kddi
Abii 'l-Husain Omar lbn Muhammad, Abii Bakr Ahmad Ibn Mlisa Ibn al-Abbhs Ibn
Nujdhid, teacher of the Korbn-readings, and other persons of the same profcssion.
Ibn Shanabhd was then brought in and examined in the presence of the vizir, but h e
replied with great insolence to him, {he kui, and Ibn Mujhhid, calling them persons
of little information, and reproaching them with not having travelled in the pursuit
of learnir~gas he had done; the kddi was even ireated by him as a mere dotard.
On this, the vizir ordered him to be flogged, and the prisoner, whilst undergoing this
punishment, which consisted in seven distinct beatings, invoked God's vengeance
on ibn Mukla, praying that his hand might be cut off and his prosperity ruined; a n d
such was really the ease, as will be seen i n our account of that vizir's life. They then
examined him relatively to the readings which he was accused of having employed,
and he answered by denying those which gave scandal, and declaring that some rea-
ders did make lise of the others. Being called on to recant, he consented alld said :
-'1 remunce mg manner of reading, and i n future I shall follow n o other than (hat
" of the manuscript drawn up by (the khalif) Othmln I b n Affin, and that is
" publicly received." The vizir ordered this declaration to be taken down, and made
subscribe his name to it. This subscription contained evidently the expression
of Ibn Shanabud's sincere repentance. The words of Ihc document were : c $lu -
I

hamlnad I b n A h n ~ a d ,generally known by the name of Ibn ShanabOd, being ques-

tioned as to the report of his liaving thus read (the verse o f the Kordrt) : I.Vheu
you are called to prayer on the dny oflhe assembly, go (2)to the eor~~memoratioa of
God; he acknowledged it. And being questioned as to the reading: and (do) ye
make this your gratitude lhat ye declare (the Korhn) to be Jhlse? (3), lie acknow-
ledged it ; and, as to thc reading : I-nay the hands of A M Lnhab perish, sad he has
already perished (4, he acknowledged it; and, as to thc reading: became there
was n king before them who took ecery ship by Prce ( 5 ) , he acknowleOged it ; a n d ,
as to the reading : like wool carded ( G ) , lie acknowledged it ; and, as to : his (luy
will s a w thee on accounl of thy invocation (7), he acknowledged i t ; and, as to : and,
when he fell down, the men plairrly perceived that the Genii, had they Imow?l tkul
which 4s secret, had not continued a year in igno~niwiouspunishmen! (g), he acknow-
ledged it; and, as to : by the night tohat it spycads its slradesl by tlie cloy zohc,~t r
shincth forth! by the male and the female! (g),he acknowledged it; and, as to : the
infidels have already charged (hluhamniad) with inzposlure, but (t11c pirnislimentj
shall be eiernal(1O ) , 1le acknowledged it; and, as to : a d that !here may be a ],and
" of you inviting to the besl (religion), and co~ntnandingthat which is just, and f i r . -
#' bidding that whiclt is cci!, and asking God's assistance against (the misfor~unus,
" which hefall tllem ; these shall he happy ones! (!l), he acknowledged i t ; and, as to:
< if you do it not, there will be irouhle in the earth and wide spread corruption ( 1 9,
G

h e acknowledged it. And the witnesses here present have wriiten their testimonies
to this instrument, declaring it to accord with liis own declaration, and Ibn Shana-
blid has written with his own hand what follows:-I, Muhammad, the son of
Ahmad, the son of Aiyiih, generally known by the namc of Ibn Sliannhhcl, acknow-
ledge the contents of this paper to be true, and to be my words and belief; and
I take to witness Almighty God and the persons here present. And if 1act against
'' this declaration, or if any thing in my conduct denote other senliments than tllose
here expressed, I declare that the Commander of the faithful may lawfully shed
" m y blood. Written on Sunday, the 7th of the first Rabi, of the year 323, at the
silting 11eid by the vizir Abli Ali Bluhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Blukla; may he long
enjoy the favour of God! " Abh Aiyhb as-Simsbr then interceded with the vizir
i n order to procure Ibn Sflannfihd's liberation, hut observed to him tbat if he allowed
his prisoner to return home, the unfortunate man would be murdered by the popu-
VOL. 111. 3
 It; IBN l i H A l 8 l I I K A N Y S
lace. He, tllerefore, requested that 1lc sl~ouldbe sent b y nigl~t10 al-hladiin, w l~rrirc,
after a bn days' delay, he might privately return to his ltouse i n ibgl~(l:~(l, nrl(i 1io1
appear i n p b l i c for some time. The vizir granted this request and scnl Jhn S l ~ a n n -
Iliid to al-ladiin. This reader died at Baglidad on Monday, llle 3nl of Safar, h . 11.
328 (20th Nov., A . D. 939) ; some say I hot he died a prisoner i n the sultan's palncc.
--.4hd Bakr Ibn l u j l h i d died on Wednesday, the i 8111 of Stlaabin, h . Ii. 324.
(13th July, 1.D. 9363, and was interred in a mausoleum erected for llirn i n tllc Sbk
a[-Iir (the pmficme market). His birth took place in the year 245 (A 1). 859-60).

(1) Literal].; : He read [the Kordn) with them, in the Mifv46.

(8) Go; in rirabic, fgmd~i. The receivod text has fasaz2 ( h ~ s f e n ) .See Koran, sfirat F%, vorsr! 9.
13) For (shukr), the EiorAn has risk (sustenance). Sale renders tlic pnssagc t h i s : '' And tlo ycL
h receive from God), that YC deny (ljourselves t o //c ob/iclctl to hint
m a k (this return for) your food ( ~ h i c ye
'' the same)." Silrat 5 6 , verse 91.
fill.

!$1 Kad tabto, for the received reading tabba (and mag he perish). Shmt 11I , vcrSsr~1.
j) Before (cimdm), in place of behind (ward). S ~ r a 18,
t verse 78.
(6) Wool (Af),in place of ~ c ~ o~f ovarious
l colours (ihn). Shrat 10 1, verse 4.
(7) On aecount o f thy ifitlocation (bi niddiku), in place of with thy body (hi-bndanikn). S~'l~sni
10, verse 02.
(8) The K o r h has: ''And when he fell down, the Genii plainly perceived t,hat, if t.hcy Itittl k n c ~ ~ ~II,;~I
fr~
': which is secret, they had not continued i n ignominious punishment." Sllrat 3 4 , vrrs(3 I 3 .
(9) Korztn, sarat 98, verses 2 and 2. The last words are riot to he found there.
{ l o j The Konin has: "Ye h a w already charged," ~ t c . Shrat 2 5 , ve,rse 7 7 .
(11) IiorAn, sdrat 3, verse 100. Ibn Shanab~ldread &et (band) Iorommet (pcoplo), a.nd irlscrtctl tht: wortls:
urtd asking God's assistance, etc.
i12) Kodn, S, verse 74. Ibn Shanabhd substituted arid (wide) for kabfr (grcnl). jutly~crrorrL
specimens, his readings were generally plausible.

IBN AS-SA hlMAK.

I l 'l-.Was Muhamrnad Ibn Sabih, surnamed Al-Mazkbr (l), and generally

known by ihe appellation of Ibn as-SammAk, was a mawla to the tribe of ljl, a nalivc
of Kdfa, and a professional narrator of anecdotes. His devotion and self-morlificn-
 tion, tllc elegance of his language, his pious exl~ortationsand sayings, wllicl~ wcro
collected and learned by heart, acquired hirn great celebrity. Ife met some of tlil:
Moslims belonging to the class called as- sad^ al-Auujal (2)) sudl as Tlislrinl l i l k i
Orwa (3)and al-Aamash (vol. I. 1,. 587), and received inforruation from I ~ I C I ;I ~Trd-
ditions were given on his authorily by Allmad Ibn IIanbal and that irndftz's contcrri-
poraries. It was in the time of Hdrhn ar-Hashid that Ile left Kilfa, his native placc,
and proceedecl to Baghdad ; after rentaining in illat city for some limu, Ile rctul.r~c!i
to Khfa and died there. One of Iris sayings was : Fear God as if you had n c aSr ~
obeyed him, and hope in liim as if you had never disobeyed l ~ i n i . " 1ltirGa al.-
Hashid, having one day declared, an oatll, that Ile himself was one of those rvllr.
were to enter Paradise, consulted doctors of the Inw on the subject ( 4 ) . Yonc 01'
tflenl opined that he was one ol those persons, and as Ihn as-Samnii'tk's nanic o i ! b
then mentioned to him, he had him called in and asked his opinion. l bl: as-Sa~ii-
mik proposed to him this question: '' Had the Commander of tlre laillrful cvcr
the occasion of committing an act of disobedience towards God, and abstained fro111
it through fear of offending him? "--l6 Yes," said ar-linsl~td; "in my youth, I
fell i n love with a slave-girl belonging to a person in my service, and, having oncc
c c found a favourable opportunity, J resolved on committing wit11 her 01c evil clcetl,

but reflecting on the fire of hell and its terrors, and. recollecling that fornication
was one of the grievous sins, 1 abstained from the girl through fear of Almighly
G ~ d . " - ~ ~ T h e nlet the Commander of thc ftiitl~fulrejoice! tllou ari one uE tllosc
who shall enter Paradise," said Ibn as-Sammik. -" Row," said ar-liashid, '' dos[
thou know that? "-'sFrom the words of the Allnighty himself," replied llle
other; h e has said : But whoe~ershall have dreaded /he appcarhtg before his Lord
and shall have restrained his sou2 f r o m l u s t ; verily Paradise shall be his abode (S)."
These words gave ar-Rashid great joy. Ibn as-Sammilc went one day 10 inlcrcedc
wit11 a grandee i n favour of a man for whom he fell interested, and Ile addressed I r i m
in these terms : The beseecher and the besought will feel llonourell if t l ~ erequesl
d c for which 1 come be granted, and disgraced if it be refused. Choosc, tllerefore, fur
thyself the honour of giving, not the shame of refusing, and clloose for me thc
c c honour of obtaining, not the shame of being refused." Tlle request was granted.
One of his sayings was : He rvlzo, being inclined to 111c world, is sated will1 ils
" sweetness, shall be drenched with the bitterness of the olher world, tl~ougllhe
" abhor it." Having held a discourse one day in. thc hearing of his slave-girl, he
-,r I I H3 litlXI.I,lliAN'S
asked h e r what she t l ~ o ~ ~ gofl iit.t She replied t l ~ a it t would l~avebeen good, mere i t
not fur the repetitions. But," said he, I employ repetitions i n order to 111ake
lllose nntlerstnnd s l l o do not."-6c Yes," s l ~ ereplied; " and to make those ander-
stand \v110 do not, you wary tlrose rvho do." The anecdotes told of l l i ~ nand t11c
6 t

crllortations ivbicll he delivered are very numerous. He died at Kiifa, A. 11. 183
( A . D. 789-80).-4m~ndk means a seller, or a catcher of fish (samok).

(1) Al-;Uo:klir signities the meniioned, the well-rememLsred. It is herc crnployctl 3s n srunamc, for ill

ttlt. Su,,inl, under the year 1 8 3 , there is a n article on hirn in which he 1s called Yultun~nirid1h2 SnLlh Abzi
' 1 - ; l t h t b ol-Xllazktir.
t , This expression $er\-cs to designatt' the Tabis of the first generation, thc imrned~atcdisciples of tllc corn
Izanions.
( 3 ) Ills lif? is given by our author.
(I) Itad his oath t~eerltleclarcd false, he ~ a u l dhave been obligctf, iii conscience, to expiate it according to
the prescribed forms. See vol I. p. 53, n. 8.
15\ liorin, silrat 79. verse 4 0 .

A H U TALlB A L - M A R K [ .

;\Bli TAlib Muhammad Ihn Ali i h n dtiya al-l-fdrithi al-Makki, a celebrated preacher
and the author of the work entitled K l i ~nCKulllb (food fur he hcart) (l), was noled
for his pieiy and the austerity of his life. He pronounced discourses in the mosque,
and composed some treatises on the Tauhld (2). Al-Jabal (Persian Irak) was his
native country, but, as he had resided at illekka, he obtained the surname of al-Makki.
He carried the practices of self-mortification to such a length that, i t is said, he ab-
stained from ordinary food during a considerable period and lived on nothing hut
wild herbs. In the use of this nutriment he persevered so long that his skin took a
green tinge. In the Traditions and Siifisrn he received the lessons of numerous
masters. He went to Basra after the death of Abii 'I-Hasan Ibn SiiIim and repre-
sented himself as a follower of his doctrines (3). Having proceeded to Baghdad, he
gave a public exhortation, but got so much embroiled i n his discourse that the people
nenl array and left him. luhammacl 1bn Tahir al-lakdisi (p. 5 of this vol.) relates,
in his Ailscib, that, when Abi~TTdlib al-blakki \vent to Baglldad and prcoched to tile
crowt.ded congregation which had assembled to hear him, he got cmbroiled in his
discourse, and, in one passage, i t is well recollecled that he said: Nollling is more
hurlful to the creature than the creator (4)." This made the people exclaim
against him as a heretic, and, finding himself abandoned by them, he renounced
preaching. Abfi T6lib al-Makki died at Baghdad on the 6th of the latter Jum8da,
A. R. 386 (7th June, A. D. 996), and was interred in the Illdlikiya cemetery, on the
eastern side (of Ihe Tigris). His tomb is a well-known monument and attracts pious
visitors. - Hdrithi means related to al-Hdrilh, or 10 al-lldritha; a number of tribes
are designated by these names, and I do not know to which Abit Tilib belonged. -
ilfakki signifies natice of hfekka.

(I) This work was d~signatedas ii guide to novices entering into the szifi, or contemplative lifb.
(2) Tuuhiil signifies the yrol'ession of the divine unity, but, in the technical language OS the Silfis, it means :
LIIC ut~zficatronof t11csoul uath the D i ~ i r l i t ? . This 1s the hlphcst station to \.ihicll the soul can be elevated bl
n l~racticcsor thc rie1i)ut Ilk.
t ~ o[he
~ ~ ~ i i t e ; r i p l , ~and
(3) This ILn SJl~rnappears to hare been a sfifi.
14) He probably rnrnnt to sal thnn the world, but pronounced khr2lzk instead-of khalh.

IBN SAMOUN.

AbG 'l-Husain bluhammad lbn Ahmad Ibn Ismail Ibn Anbas Ibn Isrnafl, sur-
named Ibn Samdun, was a native of Baghdad and a celebrated preacher. For ex-
temporaneous speaking he had not an equal, and, in the eloquence of his exhorta-
tions, the charm of his allusions, and the grace of his style, he remained without a
rival. Amongst the eminent doctors whom he met with and on whose authority he
delivered Traditions, we may mention Abii Bakr asShibli (vol. I. p. 511). The Sdhib
AbC 'I-Ktisirn Ismail Ibn Abbiid (vol. I. p. 212) relates that he heard Ibn SamBun utter
these words one day, whert seated in the preacher's chair : Extolled be the Being
--
43 IBA K H A L L I K A N ' S
66 wllo haill enabled (man) to speak by (means o/' U. pkcc 00 flesll, and to sec by
(means of a piece of) fat, and to hear by (means ol) a bone I "-an ingenious allu-
sion t3 the tongue, rho eye, and tlie ear. One of his sayings was: "Seeing sin 10
be vile, I renounced it tllrough a feeling of dignity. and it was replaced in 111c
6 . by devotion." His discourses abounded in delicate turns of thougl~t. Tlre people
Ir& had tl1e lligllest opinion of his merit and were his entliusiasiic admirers. I f
is of him that al-Hariri speaks, in the beginning of his twenty-first n~okdma,entitled
ar-fidiiya (l), where he says: " And I saw there, a certain morning, bands aftcl.
bands, s\varrning like locusts and running like race-horses ; describing to cacll olltcr
the preacher whom they mere going to hear, andsetting Ibn SamSun benealh him."
>ever did such a preacher exist since that time. He died at Baghdad in the montll
of 26 'I-Hijja, 4. H. 387 (December, A. D. 997); some say, on Friday, the 15tl1of
Zii 'l-Iiaada of that year; and was buried at llis residence, in the street called Shiiri
'l-httibiyin (2). On Thursday, the 11th of Rajab. A . H. 426, his corpse was rernovcd
to the cemetery at the Harb gate and there interred; i t is said that his sllroud was
still in perfect preservatio11.-Sam6ui~ is stated to be an alteration of Ism&, he name
of his grand-father.-Tlie primitive signification of Anbas (the name o h i s great-grand-
father) is laon ;but [lie word was subsequently employed as a proper nanle Ear men.
The letter n of this word is not a radical ; anbas being forrncd from abas (lo frown)
as final is formed from (d1.

( l ) See dc Sacy S Harin, page r *ic.

(1) ;itlaLtyin signifies makers of tabby, the silk stuff so ~aitt>rj.

AB[: ABD ALLAH AL-HASHIII, T H E A S C E T I C .

Abh Abd Allah blul~ammadIbn Allmad Ibn lbrahim al-Kurashi al-HPshimi (de-
scended from Hhhina of ihe tribe of Koraish), a holy and pious ascetic and a native of
al-Jazira lal-Khadd (Algezirasin Spain), was distinguished by the gift of miracles.
1 ])card tllc people of Egypt relate most extraordinary things of Ilim, and 1 saw a
of his disciples, who had all participated in the divine favour shonn to their
~naster;from them I learned that he had promised to some of his folio\\-ers an exal-
tation in God's grace and that they really attained it. He ranked among the great
saints of the first class. In his native country, the West, he frequented the society
of the most eminent ascelics and profited by their instructions. On his arrival in
Egypt, all those who became his disciples, or even saw him, derived advantage from
the circumstance. Having gone to Syria on a pilgrimage 10 Jerusalem, he continued
there till his death, This event took place on the 6th of Zh '1-Hijja, A. H. 599
(17th August, A. D. 1203). The funeral prayer was said over him in the (great
mosque called) al-Masjid al-lksa. He died at tlre age of fifty-five years. His tomb
j s a remarkable object and attracts pious visitors, anxious to participate in the divine
favour tl~roug11his merits.--Al-Jazba tal-Khadrb (thegreen island) is a city in Spain,
opposite to Ceuta.-One of his counsels to his disciples was : " Journey towards God
tllougli you be lame or crippled (in soul); to wait for healing is to lose time."

IBN AL-AARABI.

The pliilologer Abli Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Zitid, generally known by the sup-
name of Ibn al-Addbi, was a native of Kifa and a mawla to the Hdshim family, being
a client of al-Abbhs l b n Muhammad lbn Ali Ibn Abd Allah Ibn al-Abbls Tbn Abd
al-I'vIuttalib (Ibn NCishim). His father Zild was a slave brought from Sind ; others say,
a rnazola to the Ban6 Shaibhn, or to some other tribe; but the first statement is the
truest. Ibn al-Alrhbi had a cast in his eyes (1). He was a genealogist, a philologer
of the highest reputation, and one of those who transmitted orally the poenls com-
posed by the Arabic tribes. It is said that, of all the learned men of Kiifa, Ibn al-
Birlbi came nearest to those of Basra in respect to the readings of the .poems taught
by him (2). He was brought up by al-Mufaddal I b n Huhammad ad-Dabbi, the autllor
(a),
of the Mzrfuddaliydl who had married his mother. He obtained his knowledge
of lilerafure lrom jlim, dbc hloawia ad-Uarir (l>oi. 1, 11. 187), ;~I-kisili~
11111 bliti111

l b n 4bd ar-flahman Ibn Abd AIIalI Ibn MasOd, tllc sunlc wllorn 111~ lillalif' nl-Milli(l~
appointed kdIli (41, and al-Kisli (vol. 11. p. 3.37). Amongsl h i s own disciples u ( : ~ * ( ~
lbralljm a]-Harbi (vol. I . p. G),AbB 'I-Ahbis T1161al1 b01. I. p. ss),n ~ l ( l ;is-
i l j r ~

Sikkit (S). IIe examined closely the I~roduclionsof lhc learned, snd ])oirrlu(l 0111 ;I
great number of faults committed by those w l ~ otransmitled down pllilolnyionl in for-
mation. Be held the first rank by his knowledge of tlic rare and cxnl l e r l o x p r n a s i ~ i ~ i ~
of the language (al-kalbm al-gharlh), and he pretended that A b i ~Ol)ai(ln and al-Asrtri~
never produced anything good. He said that it was allowable in Arabic to s t ~ l ~t sut ~~ i
the letter (&)for the letter z(i ( h ) , and vice versa, and (ha1 nu onc sl~ouldl,(.
censured for so doing; he then recited this verse :

To God I cornpiain of a friet~dwhom I love, and who, in threc things, has usci1r:cl lliy ;III~(*I.
(ghdid);

-Pronouncing ghliid instead of yhdiz; and thus," said hc, did 1 Ilc!:lr it pro-
S ' &'

s~ nounced by the most correct speakers among the desert Arabs." 11;s sitlings
were attended by crowds of people, anxious for instruclion, and to thcm 11ci ~ l l d r ~ ~ s e d
his dictations (6). 4bh 'l-Abbbs Thilal-r said ; I attended the si ttings t ~ c(ll I J~ I~) I I
al-ldrdbi, and saw Ihere upwards of one hundred persons, some asliing 11i1n (plus-
" tions and others reading to hini ; and he answered every question willlout (corrsull-
" rng) a book. I followed 11is lessons upwards ol ten years, and I ncvcr saw liinl
with a book in his hand; and yet lle dicfated to liis pupils camcl-loads of (philolo-
" gical) information." Never was a man seen \v110 knew by l~earta greater quantity
of poety. Observing one day at tiis sitting two persons engaged in conversoiion, IIC
learned with surprise, on asking thcm whence they came, that one belonged to isfijl l)
(in Trommiano) and the other to Spain. He then recited this verse :
( IVe are) two companions, widely separated till time joined us; the separated sometinres Ineel
and unite together.

Bfter \vhicli he dictated to the assembly the rest of the piece, whicl). ran as follows :

We halted at the lent of a female, allied both to the tribe of Kais and to the Arabs of lcnl(!r).
nobly descended from pious forefathers; and she said, whilst letting down the curlain uf illc tent
between us (and her): " What is your country? who are you two men? " I replietl : PI)
and his people are of the tribe of Tamim; I and nly relatives are from Yernn),
" col~)panion
 IIIOCRAPIIICAI, D I C T I O N A R Y . 25
( We clre) two companions, widcly separated till lirne joined us ; the separated sometimes m c c ~
and unite together."

Abh 'l-Abbb Thdlab gives the following lines as liaving been dictated to him and
his fellow-students by lhn al-Ahrbbi :

May God shed his favour on a tribe whose dwelling-place is near Butn3n 1 may blessings attend
the youths therein and the men gray with years! 'rhough they reside far away, I and they are
(united) like wine mingled with water in the glass.

Amongst the works conlposed by Ibn al-Abriibi were : the Kildb an-Nawb(lir (look
of anccdoles), a large work ; the KildB al-Anwd (7); the Sifat al-Kllail (description o f
the horse); the Sifut az-Zarb' (description of corn in !he blade); the Kifdb an-Nalrlit
(book o f plants) ; the Kitdb al-Khail (book of horses) ; the T6rEkh a!-Kabbil (history [or
epochs] of the tribe.~); h e Madni as-Shlr (fine ideas occurring in poetry) ; the Tafstr al-
AmthriE (explanation of proaerbs) ; the Kitdb al-Alfdz (cocabulary); the Nisab al-Khail
(pedigrees of ~uumous]Iromes) ; the Nazuddir az-ZubairiyEn (anccdolcs respecting ihc
family of Zubnir); the Nawddir bani Fakds (a~~ecdotes of the sons 01Fukds); the Kitdh
ad-Dublib (book on flies), etc. (8). The anecdotes told of him, and thc pl~ilological
observations which he dictated, are very numerous. Thdlab said : I heard Ibn al-
Adrdbi mention that he was born on the night of the i m b m Abh Hanifa's death; "
and this, according to the most authentic account, took place in the month of Rajab,
A . H. 150 (August, A. D. 761). Ibn al-Ahrbbi died at Sarra man ria on the 16th
of Shaabbn, A . H, 231 (16th April, A. D. 846); at-Tabari says, in his History, on
Wednesday, the 13th of that month. Some place his death in the year 230, but the
former date is nearer the truth. The funeral prayer was said over the corpse by the
k&di Ahmad Ihn Abi Duwdd al-Igbdi (vol. I. p. 61).-The relative adjective AdrdBi
is derived from Adrdb; AbG Bakr Muhammad Ibn Ozair as-Sijisibni (g), generally
known by the appellation of al-Ozairi, says, in the work wherein he explains the un-
common words occurring in the Kordn : They call a man Adjam or Adjarni, if there
( (

4 cbe an djma (impediment)in his tongue (or language), even though he belong to the
" Arabian race; and they call a Persian Ajarni, even though he speak (Arabic) with
correctness. A man is Ad~dbi,if he be an inhabitant of the desert, though not
'' an Arab; and he is Arabi, if he belong to the Arabian race, even though not an
" inhabitant of the desert."-lsf.I'jllb is a city in the farthest part of the East; I ima-
VOL. 111. 4
gine i t to belong to tlie climate (kingdom) of China, or to be near i t (10) . - f l u l ~ i d n
is a plural of bain, which word signifies a low ground.

( l ) Obliquity of vision was considered I,? the Arabs as a mark of bealll).

(2) See ~ o l 1.
. page 379.
(3)
>l--$bb&(or Abil ~ b dar-HallmPn) al-Mufaddal lb11 blolri~ms1;111
11111Yalil llln 1\iIlllils l l l l l SfiIilll, ;l
I l i l ~ i l l~~i ( l ~ ( 1
!nember of the tribe of Dabba, a branch of that of Thalaba Ibn as-Sind, Was a llativc of lifir:i.
tvirh lbrahim Ibn Allah Ibo Hasan, surnamed an-Nafs az-zaluya, ~ 1 1 0~ C V O ~ ~rgikifl~t
C L ~ ;d-Milll~ilri l l ~ I I I '

!ear 1 4 5 (A. D. 762-S), he ass taken @soner, but received his pardon bilm tllat klialil, al,tacllcd hinl
~110 10
the service of his son al-Mahdi. It was for this young prince that hc colnpiled his Muffl(ltlnliytlt, iL sc~lrclic'rt~
one hundred and twenty-eight kasidos composed by the Arabs. He died A. H. 1 6 8 (A. D. 781-5). 111 lllrr
manuscripts of the Mufaddaliydt, the number and the order of these pocms vary, having I~cctnt i ~ i l g l ~l rti ~ l i -
tionally by differents persons. They were commented by Ibn al-AArAbi and A~I'I ZakariyA at-TabrPzi. 'Tli(8
collection commences with the poems of Taabbata Sharran. The other works of al-Mufaddal ad-llabbi were,
a hook of proverbs, a treatise on prosody, another on the ideas usually expressed in poetry, itntl ;L vocilbt~larv.
41-Yufaddal was held to be ot' the first authority as a philologer, a genealogist, ant1 n relator of l l ~ cp~~crrls
;I ntl

L~ltle-daysof the desert Arabs. Jahza (vol. I . p . 128) tells the following anecdotc of him : '' W C wcrr! I ( 1 ~ r -
Iller at ar-Rashid's, and he said to al-Mufaddal: Let 11s know the best lhing the Arabs have ~ i l i dof" LII(~
c
'. wolf, arLd you shall have this ring,' which cost one thousand six hundrerl dinars (gold ~ ~ i c c c s ) '1'11~~
. ot11cr
" replied : 'The best thing s a d of him is this :

'' ' tie sleeps nlL11 one eye and guards against danger with the othcr; 111~1sat once! 1vilki11g allcl
'-- sleeping.'
'- Ar-Rashid here said: c God brought that, passage to your lips for the sole purpose of taking away Iny ring.'
*' He then handed it to him. When Zubaida, ar-Rashid's cousin and favorite wife, was told of Lhc ciralm-
" stance, she sent al-Itiufaddal one thousand six hundred pieces of gold fir ttm ring, mhich sllc ollllrcd to ar-
'' Rashid, observing that she had remarked how much he llhetl it. The liliallf ~ r r ~ ~ r ~ c d i apt vc lt yb it to al-Mu-
" faddal a second time, saylng : c Keep it and keep the money, for I am not a person to take back what 1 give
&way.'"--(Fihrest, fol. 95. Nujdm. See also my Diwan d'Amro 'l-Kais, g. 117).--It was probably a n edi-
tion of theMufaddaliydt which Ibn al-Anbari gave under the title of the Jdhiliyclt. Sce his lilc in tllis volume
(4) Al-likim lbn Maan Ibn Abd ar-Rahmiln Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Mashd al-Mashdi, a rlativc of Kllh, srlr-
passed all his contemporaries by the variety of his information; the Traditions anrl trailitionisls, poclry ant1
poets, hisloq and historians, scolastic theology and theologians, genealogy and gencaloglsts, k i n g thc sub-
jm On which he displayed the extent of his acquirements. IIe died A . H. I 7b (A. D. 791-9).-Pihrest,
f01. 77. Nujairn.)
(5) The life of Yakfib Ibn as-Sikkit will be found in this work.
( 6 ) See vol. 11. page 159.
Like many other works bearing the same title, this one doubtless contained observations, in prose and
v e m , rektim to the supposed influence of the a w d , or mansions of the moon, on the weather.
is) The nature of and similar works is explained in the Lntmduction to the first vnluma, page xxiii.
 B I O G R A P H I C A L D[CTIONART, 27
LI 1

(9) Ab11 Bakr Muhammad Ibn Ozair (39)

as-Sijistlni, t l ~ cauthor of tlie Clrdrib ((1-h'urdn (vrn-e expres-
sions occurviny in the Kordn), a work on the co~npositio~i
of wlrich he sl~ciltliltccn yews, was a Inail of great
lxety ancl vlrtae. Iic resided at Zlaghdad and was still living towards A . 11. 3 3 0 (A. D. 941-2). Ilis L'atl~cr's
name is often mistaken for Aziz (3.3). (Ad-Dahabi's Tdrikh ul-I,xldm, No. ( ; L ( ; . )
(10) This place lay in Transoxiana.

Abh 'n-Nadr l ~ u h a m m a dI b n a s S i i b Ibn Bishr, or hIubashshir, Ibn Amr al-

Ralbi, a native of Kdfa, the author of a commentary on the Korbn and a genealogist,
was a masler of the highest authority in these two branches of science. Muhammad
lbn Saad (l) sets forth his genealogy t l ~ u s :Muhammad Ibn as-Shib al-Kalbi lbn Bishr
Ibn Amr Ibn al-Hirill1 Ibn Abd al-I-Ihrith Ibn Abd al-Ozza Ibn Amr al-Kais lbr!
Admir Ibn an-Nomiin Ibn Abmir Ibn Abdiin Ibn Kinrina Ibn Ahf Ibn Ozra Ibn %aid
Ibn Abd al-TJbt Ihn Rufaida Ibn Thaur Ibn Kalb. I then consulted Hislliim Ibn al-
Kalbi's Book of Geneatogies, and found their descent given as here indicated, with
the exception of the link Abd a!-Hdrith, which is omitted.-The following anecdote
was related by him and has been transmitted down by his son Hishbm : I went into
" the house of Dirdr Ibn Otbrid Ibn HAjib Ibn ZurAra at-Tamimi, at Kbfa, and found

" with him a man like a mouse wriggling in a hole (2); and this was al-Farazdak the

" poet. Dirbr winked at me and told me to ask him who he was. I put the ques-
" tion, and the other replied: If thou art genealogist, trace down my descent; 1 am
" ' sprung from Tamim.'--I immediately repeated the list of Tamim's descendants,
till I came to GhAlib, the father of al-Farazdak, of whom l said : ' And Ghllib begot
" ' Hammim"-this was al-Farazdak's real name.--" On this al-Farazdak sat up
" and exclaimed: By Allah! my parents never called me by that name hut for a
" ' single hour of my life.'--& And, by Allah ! ' replied I, I know the day on which
g

" ' thy father called thee al-Farazdak.'-6 What day was it?'-' He sent thee out on
" some business, and, as 1110~wert walking forth with a mustuka, (or furred cloak,)
" ' on thy shoulders, he said : By Allah! one would take thee for a fairazdak (a loan
6' 6 made by the farmer of sucll and sucfi a village, in tile mountain (3)s'-' T J l a t is
6 . G quile true,' the poet. He then asked me if 1 could repeal ally of ''is
g ( poems. No,' said I, but can repeat one hundred or Jarir's ( ~ 0 1 -1- P Q g c 29441
66 L karidas.'-' lie, thou cans1 repeat lbn 81-Marhglla's (vol. 1. p. 297)
verses, and canst not repeat mine l By Allall l I shall salirize the tribe of Kalb
for a ~rllole year, unless tllou do HS muell for me as for Jarir.' Tlds lllrcat in-
duced rile to visit him repealedly and read o r e r liis Nalidis (6)under llis tuilion,
alil~ougl~1 had not the least use for them."-Mustuka means U fur cloak with luny
sleeces; its plural is masdrih. Sonie persons pronounce mustaka, not mustuka. A
~radilioninforms us that Omar prayed in a musruka, and we learn from anolller lra-
(lition delivered by Anas Jbn Milik, ihat the king of (he Greeks sent a mrsiuka of
flowered silk to ihe blessed Prophet, who put it on: And 1 ihink," said he, " I
" still see his hands as they appeared (at the eztremity of the sleeves)." He then sent
it to Jaafar, the son of Ali Ibn Tilib, who said to the Prophet : Send it to thy bro-
' ' flier the Najh h i (king of Abyssinia)." An-Nadr Ibn Shu mail (5)says that the mus-
tuku is a sort of wide robe.-!Jlluhamn~ad Ibn al-Ralbi was a follower of Abd Allah
lbn Saba (6),him who taught that Ali Jbn Abi Tilib was not dead, and that Ile woultl
return into the world.-Sofyin ath-Thauri (vol. I. page 576) and Muhalnmad l b n
lshak (col. 11. page 677) cited his auihorily for some of their Traditions, but, lest it
sllould be known who he \vas, they gave them under this form : We were told by
.' A65 'n-Nudrihat," etc. (7). Thisal-galbi fought at the battle of Dair at-Jarnijim (B),
on {he side of Abd ar-RahmHn Ibn Muhammad I6n al-Ashatlr Ibn Kais al-Kindi; his
grand-father Bishr, his father as-S8i b, and his uncles Obaid and Abd ar-RalImin fougllt
under the khalif Ali at the battles of ihe Camel (A. H. 36) and Siffin (A. M. 37):
As-Saib was slain with ~ - I S % I Ibn az-Zubair, and tllc following verses were pronounced
on his death by Ibn WarkC an-Nak'ii :

Who will tell Obaid (g), for me, that I struck o!T his brother's head with the sharp sword. If
he wish to know where he is, tell him that he reposes near ad-Dairain, withont a pillow. I struck
on his head with my sword intentionally, and thus rendered orphans Sofyin and Muha~nmad.

SofyPn and Muhammad were the sons of as-SCb.-Muhammad I b n al-Kalbi died

at K B h in ihe year 146 (A. D. 763-4). Under the letter H we shall give the life of
his son Abh 'l-Mundir Hishim, the celebrakd .-Kalbi means descended
from Kdb, the son of W a h r a ; the tribe of Kalb forms a large branch of that of Ku-
 II1OGK:iI'BIC;;iI. D I C T I O N A R Y . 2!1

dia, and a great number of persons have derived their palrony~nicfrom it.--,lluahka
is a Persian word admitted into the Arabic language (10).

( I ) His life will be found in this volume.

(2) Or, according to another reading: similern mcntula molienti in vulva. The COLIpiInSOns iirc not clear.
( 8 ) Or, like Farazdak, the dihkdn of such and such a village," etc. In the life of al-Farazdak, we shall
l i d mentioned that he received the nickname of Fnmzdak (douyli) because his face was marked with the small-
pox. The similitude appears to lie here in the porous appearance of leavened bread.
(4) Nukriis is the plural of nakisa; this word means : Carmen alteri carmini contradiccns et argumenturn
eius quasi dissolvens. These poems were probably al-Farazdak's answers to thoze of Jaris.
(5) His life will be found in this work.
(6) See Sale's Preliminary Discourse, section V111, and Dr. Cureton's Sharastdni, Arabic text, p. \rr.
(7) From this it appears that the authority of Ibn al-Kalbi as a traditionist was not much esteemed.
(8) The battle of Dais al-JamAjim was fought A . II. 82. The fullest account we possess of Ibn al-Ashith's
revolt is thxt given by Price in his Retrospect, vol. I. p. 455 et seq.
(9) The word Olaid (little Atd Allah) is employed here as a term of contempt, to designate the antikkialit
Abd Allah lbn az-Zuhair.
I101 Tlio 1)ersian word to \vhich our author alludes is probably mushteh (b).

KUTKUB.

hbii Ali BIuhammad Ibn al-Mustantr Ibn Ahmad, the grammarian and philologer,
generally known by the name of Kutrub, was a native of Basra and a rnawla of
Sdlim Ibn Ziad. He acquired his philological information from Sibawaih (vol. I I .
p. 396) and s o m of the learned men of Basra. Ardent for the acquisition of know-
ledge and devoted to study, he always went to Sibawaih's lessons much earlier than
the other pupils, and this induced his master to say to him one day : Thou art
nothing else but a night-kutrub," and this surname stuck to him. The kdmb is
a little animal always running about (l).Ibn al-Mustanir was one of the chief (philo-
logers) of the age ; his works are : the Madni 'I-Kurdn (rhelorical figures of fhe Kordn),
the Kildb al-lshtikdk (treatise on etymology), the Kitdb al-KawCifi (treatise on rhymes),
the Kildb am-Nucodliir (book of anecdotes), the Kit& al-dzmina (book of the times
30 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
[seasons!]), the &tab aCFurk (on the clifhence bc~wecnihe nantcs giver1 20 2 6 rnetjh-
~
bm of rhe hurlan body and rhose given to the same members in animals), the Kirdb al-
BsncQt (book o f cries [or interjections] ),ille Kitdb as-Sir& (book of rpithets), the Kildb
al-llol fi 'n-A'ahwi (on ihe exansples generally used in grammar) (2),the Kilhb al-Adhddd
(on the words bearing each two diferend signifitations), the Iiirtib KhdL al-khras (on
the frame of ihc horse), the Kitllb iOiulk al-lnsdn (on the human frame), the Kitdb Ghu-
rfb al-liadiih (on the unzc,~zhalcxpressions occurring in. the Traditions), the Kirdb al-
Hamza (on the [eller hamza), the X i ~ d bfaula w n afula (on the change ofsigaificaliot~
tm(leryoae by cerlain verbs in passing from the first to the fourlh form), llle Kildb ar-
Radii ala 'l-illulhidtn fi Tashdbuh aCKurdn (refutalion of the impious, wirh r c q e ~ t
to ihe passages of the Kordn which, if taken liierally, would lead to anthropomor-
phisni), etc. He was the first author who composed one of those pliiiological treatises
called Ternaries (sec col. 11.p. 63); his work, though small, has the merit of prio-
rity, and served for model to Ibn as-Sid al-Batalyausi (vol. l!. p. 61) in Iiis; the latter
forms a large book. I have seen a third Ternary composed by a nalive of Tnuris
(labrtsi), who was, l~owever,a different person from the Abh Zakariyii at-Tabrizi,
wlrose life is given in this ~vork, I do not at present recollect the author's name,
but the llork itself is of considerable extent and merit. After all, it was Kutrub wtlo
marked out the way. Kutrub was preceptor to Abh Dulafs sons (vol. It. p. 502).
The following verses are attributed to him by (Hbrdn) Ibn a1 Munajjim in his I(itd(,
al-Bdr6 (3):

hough thou art not with me, thy remembrance is; my heart sees thee, though thou art
absent from my sight. The eye can see the beloved and perceive her absence ; but the interior
of the heart is never deprived of her presence.

These verses are very well known, but it is only from this work that I learned who
wastheir author. Kutrub died A. R. 206 (A. D. 821-2). Some say that his real
name was dhmad Ibn Muharnmad, and others, al-Hasan Ibn Muharnmad; but that
given at the head of this article comes probably nearest to the truth.

( l ) Accordingto our dictionaries, the word kulmb may signify a field-mouse, or an owl, or an insect that
plays about on the surface of the water. It means also an elf or goblin.
(2) This titlemag signify also: on faults of grammar.
(3) The Iife of this Ibn al-Munajjim wiU be given later.
 Abc 'I-Abbas l\luhammad, generally known by the name of al-Mubarrad, was lire
son of Yazid Ibn Abd al-Akbar Ibn Omair Ibn Hassdn Ibn Sulaimdn Ibn Saad Ibn
Abd Allah Ibn Zaid Ibn Bldlik Ibn al-Hbrith Ibn Admir Ibn Abd Allah lbn Bild Ibn
-4Sf Ibn Aslam Ihn Ahjan Ibn Kaab lbn al-Harith Ibn Kaab lbn Abd Allah lbn
Jlilik Jbn an-Nadr lbn al-Asad Ihn al-Ghaulh. The Aiif of this list was called also
Thurnbla; and Ibn al-Kalbi, who makes the same observation, adds that al-Asad is
the same person as al-Azd (the progenitor of the tribe of lhat nanze). The gram-
marian al-Mularrad, surnamed ath-Thumhli al-Azdi (descended from Thuimdld ofthe
tribe of Azd), was a native of Basra, but resided at Baghdad. This eminent philo-
loger and grammarian composed a number of works on literary subjects, such as the
h'iitnil (perfect),the Rauda [meadow),the Mukladib (rough draught), etc. He studied
under Abh Othmln al-Wtizini (vol. I. p. 264) and Ahh Zldtim as-Sijistiini (vol. l.
p. 603); amongst he many eminent masters who had received lessons from him,
Niftawaih (vol. I. p. 26) was one of the most distinguished. Al-Mubarrad was a
contemporary of Abii 'I-Abbds Allmad Ibn Yahya, surnamed Thtilab (vol. I. p. 83),
the author of the F a d h ; illey were both deeply learned, and with them terminated
the series of the great philologers. I t was of them that a contemporary, Abh Bakr
Ibn Abi 'ldzhar, said, in one of his poems :

Searcher of knowledge! act not foolishly, but have recourse to aI-Muharrad or to Thdlab. In
the111you will find united the learning of all other men ; remain not then (in zgnorurtce, lest $ 0 ~ 1
I
Ce shunned) like a mangy camel. All the knowledge in the world, from East to Rest, is con-
centrated in these two.

AI-Mubarrad liked to meet with ThPlab, because he had then an opportunity of

discussing questions with him and iicquiring information ; but this was highly dis-
agreeable to Thdlab, who, therefore, avoided him. Abh 'l-Khsim Jaafar Ibn Muham-
mad Ibn Llamdbn, a jurisconsult of Mosul and a friend to both, related as follows :
" I asked Abii Abd Allah ad-Dainawari, Thilab's son-in-law, why his relative had
" such a dislike to meeting with al-Mubarrad, and he replied, because al-lubarrad
:j 2 I B N I{HALLII(AN'S
himself jviih elegance anrl charmed the hearer by his irrgoniot~s;~llusinns.
purily of language, and clearness of expression ; wl~ereasTllllnl)'~n ~ o d cill' s ~ m -k
L ing was that usual with persons accustomed to teaell. It, tl~ereforc,11al)pencrlillal.
when they met, the assembly were seduced by al-laharrad's outward sllow llcforc
they could appreciate (TI~Plab'sreal) r o r ~ h . ' ' AI-lubarrad dielalerl a great qtrankity
of information and abounded in anecdote. One ol the relations dictakd by l l i ~ r rwas
itle follouin,n: Abb Jaafar al-Mansbr appointed a person to act as gunldian of llle
blind, the orphans, and distressed house-keepers who were widows. A man rc-
c . dured to great misery went one day with his son to this officer and said : ' Would

$ b you have the kindness to inscribe my name on the list of dislresscrl l~ouse-
g L keepers?
g Those house-keepers are females,' observed Lhe guardian, Ilow lhen
'-C

g' can I inscribe you among them? '-' Well,' said the man, c put me on the blind
C

* list.'-' That I will,' answered the other, ' for God hall1 said: It IS rrot t l ~ ccyca
( ' which are blind, but the hearts eonlained in nacn's bosoms (l).'-' Ant1 inscri1)c
g

my boy on the list of orphans.'-'That also I shall do, for lle who has n la(ltcr
'' ' like you is really an orphan.' The man then withdrew, after ol~laininghis in-
" scription on the blind list and that of his son on the list of orpl~ans." /\ ccrlain
grandee having asked al-Mubarrad to procure llilrl a preceptor for liis son, lle srnt
him one with a letter to this effect: I here send what you wished fur, and l rnny
' ' say this much for him and in his name:

" When I visit princes, all the protection I require is, that they put my talents to the test. "

The idea of this verse is borrowed from a note adressed to a l - M l m h l)y Allmfid
Ibn Yiisuf (vol. I. p. 271) the kdhb, on the day of Newrfiz (2)'will1 the present of an
embroidered robe: 1 have sent to the Commander of the faithful an embroidered
robe which will speak for itself. Adieu." I once saw al-Mubarrad in a dream,
and the singularity of our conversation was such that I am induced to relate i l : In
the year 636 (A. D. 1238-g), 1passed five months in Alexandria, and happening to
haye with me al%ubarradYsK&miland Ibn Abd Rabbih's lhd (vol. I. p. 92), 1perused
them occasionally. In the latter work I remarked a chapter entitled: Mislakes of
which we15 hone teen accused, and containing verses in which it had becn pretended
that the authors were mistaken, whereas they were really in the right ; tlle blunders
having been made by critics not sufficiently acquainted with the subjecls lhey were
 Amonsgt the persons mentioned in this chapter is al-llobarrod, of nllom
t]le aut!~orsays: And similar to this is a mistake committed hy hlullnn~nladibn
c c Tezid (01-illubarradj \he grammarian, i n his Aauda, ~ v l ~ e lie
r c blames al-IIasan i h n
L IIiini-meaning Abii Nuwis-for having said :

L'(The trihe o f ) Balcr Ibn Wiil 1x1s left no rccollcctions but that ol its foolis11 worl~an(llmjlk6)
and its lying man. "

Because,' says al-bluharrad, ' by the uord ha~riliCLt l ~ cpoet meant the man called
LHabannaka al-Kaisi, and Ile sliould not, Qiereforc, have dcsignatcrl him as hamkd
) Now the fact is that ALii Nowls meailt the bnlale o f t l ~ ctrihc of Ijl
called Duglln, nllase :illincss was proverbial, and ljl is a branch oT tile irihe of
Bakr." By tliis, lllc autllor of the 1lid mcaiit to say that al-JIubnrrad, in blaming
Abil Nuriiis for 11aving llere rnade use of tlie word /taf)z/i-& (slulla), imagined illat
tile poet had in vicw IIabnnnalia, and, as llabannalia \vas a man, that i ~ sllould
e have
said ahalnk (stullris),not lramh6; wl~ercasaccording to lbn Ahd Ilabbih, ille poet really
meant ille ~ ~ - o n l acalled
n Iduglla. Tllereforc, concludcs the author of the Ilcd, it
is al-Jfubarrad ~ l i ois i n the wrong, not Abb Nuwbs. A fcw nights aller reading
tllis passagc, I clrennlt that I was in Aleppo, in the cullcge of tile kddi Ball3 ad-Din
l b n Sl~addicl,where I llad formerly pursued my studies. And it seemed as if we
were saying illc afternoon prayer i n [lie place appropriated to illat purpose, and that
a number of people were tllere assembled. When the prayer was ended, I stood up
to retire and h e n saw, at tlie lower end of the room, a man standing and praying.
Being informcd by one of the persons present that it was Abli 'I-Abbis al-lifubarrad,
I wcnt orer and sat down beside him, waiting till lle had done. 1 then salutcd him
and said : f am now reading your work, the KdmiE;" on \~llichh e aslied me
if I had seen llis Rauda. I rcplied that I had not, and this was in fact the trull~,as
I had never seen the work. Well," said he, come wit11 me, and I will show it
'' to you." On this, I arose and went up ~ v i t hhim to liis cllamber, wherein I per-
ceived a great quantity of books. He then sat down before them, looking for his
Rauda, and I took my seat at some distance. Having drawn out a volume, he handed
it to me. I opened it and, placing it on my knees, I said to him : They have re-
" marked a mistake of yours in tliis book."-L6 What mistake can they have remarked
" i n it? "-"Tlley say that you found fault with Abli Nu\v&s for having said so and
" so in such a verse."-" He was certainly wrong there."--" Nay," said I, "he
VOL. 111. 5
id %as in tile right, and ihey say that you were in the wrong when yot~accuscd liim
.' -
a mistake."-"l-Io~~ can that be?" 1 then told him nllal l l ~ caull,or
of tile Ikd llad said, on nllicll he bit the end o l l ~ i sf nger and stared nl m e in arnarc-
ment, looking quile abaslled and unable to utter a word. 1Ic remained i n tlic
same posture till I awke. My only motive for mentioning I l l i s dream is its singu-
larity. .M-3Iubarrad was born on Monday, the festival of the Sacrifice, A. )I. 210
(25th larcb, A. D. 826);sornc say in A. H. 207 (A. 1). 822-3). IIc dicd at Daghdad
on Dlonday, the 27th of Zd 'l-Hijja-some say, oI Zd 'l-Kaada, A. 11. 2RG (5111h e . ,
I. D. 899); but others place his death in A. H. 885. He was inlerrcd in a house
bought for the purpose, and situated in the cemetery at the Khk gate. The filncral
service was said over him by the kMi Abd h1uhammad Yhsuf IBn Yii11Sb (vol. II.
p. 662). The following lincs, written after his death by Abh I3altr al-1Iasan Ibn al-
Alllf (2101. I. p. 398), are currently known, and were frcquenlly rccitcd by l b n al-
Jan-iliki (3) :

Al-Mubarrad is gone! his days are past! and Thilab must follow al-Blubarrad. Bc2lold he
mansion of literature half demolished, and destruction awaiting ~llcrcmaindcr. l,nrricnl what
time has snatched away, and prepare your minds for another privalion. Lay in a 1)rovisionout
of Th2lab's learning, for he shall soon drink of the samc cup as al-Rlubarrarl. I sllould tell you
even to take note of his sigla, if it were possible to write them down.

A similar idea is illus expressed by Abii Abd Allah 81-Husoin Ibn Ali an-Namari (h),
a pllilologer of Basra, in a piece of verse recited by liim on learning the dcatll of
his rival Abii Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn al-hlualla al-Azdi :

hl-Azdi is gone$andan-Narnari is going; the parts of one whole are always closely united. Ilc
was my brother, the partaker of my love, although he never repaid me that debt nor acknow-
ledged that obligation. A coolness always reigned between us, but it redounded to his honour
and my own. For I never despised the men of Azd, although their country was far apart horn
mine.

-Thurnbli means descended from Tliurndla, a person whose real name was Aiif Ibn
Aslam and from whom a branch of the tribe of Azd drew its origin. AI-Mubar-
rad says, in his Kitdb al-lshtikdk: &<Thistribe was called Tltumdla, because i t lost
'* most of its members in a battle, and the people said : There is only a thumdla of
" illem remaining. Tt~umdlameans o feeble remnant."-The following satirical
lines were composed on al-hlubarrad and his tribe by a contemporary poet; AbG
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTION,tI\I', 35
Ali al-KBli (vol. I. p. 210) attributes them, in his Anadli, to Abd as-Samad Ibn al-
Muaddal :

\Ye asked every tribe where was (the tribe of) Thu!nila, and they asked us ~ v l ~ a l Thu-
mSla. I told them tliat to it belo~~ged 8luhammad Ibn Yazid, and they said : " You make it less
" know to us than ever." Then al-Mubarrad epokc to me a11d said : '' Spare my feelings ; that
" tribe of mine is a vile race."

It is even stated that these verses were composed by al-Mubarrad himself, from a
desire of being known as a member of this tribe: his verses got inlo circulation, and
he thus obtained his ~vish. IIe used frequently to recile these lines at his assemblies :

0 you who, in sumptuous array, strut about like princes and scorn the hatred of the poor;
know that the saildle-cloth chaugeth not lhe rialut-e of tile ass, neither do splerlriid trappings
change t t ~ enature of the pack- horse.

The learned explain diversely the origin of his surnamc al-Muburrad, and here
is \\--hat the Rdfiz Abii ']-Faraj Ibn ai-Jauzi (col. 11. p. 96) says, in his treatise on
patronymics: c < 81-Mubarrad being asked how lie came by this surname related as
" follows : The chief of the shurta (police-guards) wanted mc to pass the evening
" with him in conviviality and conversation, but not wisl~ingto go, I went to Abfi
c & HLtim as-Sijisthni's. Soon after, a messenger of that officer (w&Ei)came in
c c search of me, and Ahh Hdiim bid me hide in the wicker-case of a large earthen

L water-jar. Having followed his advice, he put on the lid, and went to the
messenger, saying: L Be is not i n my house.'--(Nay,' said the other, I am
' told that lle is in it.'-' Well,' replied Abli Hbtim, come in and Iook for .

" ' him.' The man went in, and searched every corner of the house, without
" noticing the wicker-case. '&'hen he went away, Abii Bhtim clapped his hands,
" calling at the same time towards the case : Al-nlilbarrad! al-fibarrad l (who
" wants cool water l) ' When the public heard of this, they kept it up against
" me." Some say that this surname was given to him by his master Abli Othmdn
al-blhini, and others again explain it in a different manner.-Habannaka was the
surname given to Abii 'I-Wadait-or Abir Nbfi-Yazid Ibn Thaurtn al-Kaisi,
whose stupidity had become so notorious that it was proverbially said: (Such a one
is) more stupid than Habannaka al-Kaisi.-One of his camels having gone astray,
he offered two camels to whoever would bring it back. They said to him : " How
 36 IBN IIHALLIK AN'S
can you offer two camels for one?" and he rc~licd:"You do not Lnow l l ~ cplca-
Vcrscs wcrc
l Lsure it is to find what one has lost." Tliis gave rise to \lie provcrl).
also made on him \vliicli got current (anlong !RC i d e s ) , and tlic followi~lgpiece,
composed by Yahya Ibn al-Mublralc al-Yazidi, a person wliosc lilc wc sl~allgive,
and directed against Shaiba Ibn al-Wolid al-Ahsi, the uncle of Daktilia, c o n l ~ i n san
allusion to the same subject :

Live protected by fortune, and thy (natural) slupidily will Iiarm lllcc no! ; lllosc wl~anl wc
see living in prosperity arc merely the favoritcs of fortune. Tlw rr~nrlor lalc11~is oftcn poor,
and the fool enjoys opulence. Live protected by forlunc, and you inay 1x2 l i l i ~Ilaba~l~lakaal-
Kaisi or Sbaiba Ibn al-Walid.

The circumstance which induced al-Yazidi to compose llrese lines was, tl~nl,bcing
in a discussion wit11 al-Kisdi at tlie court of al-Malltli and in t l ~ cprcscncc or lllat
khalif, he remarked that Shaiba Ibn al-Walid, who liappenccl to bc ll~erc,tlisplilyccl
great partiality against him and favoured his adversary. IIc, in conscqucncc, lasllod
him in a number of pieces, one of which was that herc giycn.-Drrgha rvus 1 1 1 ~
surname of Miriya, the daughter of Rabia Ibn Saad lbn Ijl Ibn I,ujairl~. Tlris ]labin
bore the surname of Ynghnaj or Nigknaj. Dugha's silliness 11ccnrnc so nolorious
that it was currently said : (Such a one is) a greater fool ihan Du~gha. Ibn al-
Kalbi assigns her a different origin in his Jamhara lun-Nisab; in spcal<ing of 111~
descendants oE al-.inbar, he says: .'And Jundub, the son of al-Anbar, cngcndcred
" Adi, Iiaab, and Owaij; their molher was MPriya, i l ~ edaugl~tcrof liabia Ibn Saad
" Ibn Ijl, or, according to anollier statement, she was Dugba, t11c daugllter of Mngll-

. " naj Jbn lyid." He, tllerefore, considers hldriya and Uuglra as diffcrcnt pcrsons ;
whether he be in the right or not, God only knows! What cstablishcd lrcr rl~;lmclcr
for silliness was illat, having brought fort11 a cllild and hearing it cry, she said to llcr
mother : " 1s it the jaar which opens its mouth (yaftahfd.lil) ? " to wl~icllthc rnotl~er
replied : "Yes; and it reviles its faihcr (yasuhb abdild)." T l ~ cword j a r , in its pri-
mitive acceptation, signifies the dung of any wild animal armed will, ehws, but il was
then applied7 by a species of licence, to the excrernents of other snimds. l)ugl1~,
on bringing fort11 her child, imagined that it was an eecrementitious disclkarge, and
on bearing the child cry, she was filled with wonder and asked wllcnce ille noise
p ~ e e e d e d . She had married a member of the family of al-Anbar Ibn Amr Ibn
Tarnim9 and, on her account, the Ban6 '1-Anbar were called the Band 'l-Jaard ((ilii
podicis).-These notes, though foreign to our subject, furnish some curious particu-
lars, and that induces me to insert them.

(1) KorAn, siirat 99, verse 45.

(2) See vol. I. page 340.
(3) The life of Ibn al-Ja~vlllkiis given by Ibn Khallikan.
( L ) The author of the Fihrest notices two persons of the narne of Abh Abd Allah an-Namari; the first as au-
thor of a. treatise on colours, entitled Kitdb U!-Luad fi 'l-Altttln, of n work cnlitled M d n i 'Z-Hantlistc, per-
haps a eonlmentary on the Hamclrn of Abh TammArn, a1111 of a treatise having for title &\? l $ . - ~ h ~
other Abb Abd Allah an-h'amari spohe with fxility the l a n p a g c of goocl suciety all11 that of tile people
&,bat,
r?J&
composed by him.-Fthrest,
says the author of the Fihrest, no works are rnenliolled as having been
ful. 11 2, 191.

I B N DURAID.

Abii Bakr Mullammad Ibn al-Hasan Ihn Duraid Ibn Attlhiya Ibn Hantam Ibn
Hasan Ibn Bamiimi Tbn Jarw Ibn Wlsi Ibn Wahb IBn Salama Ibn Hhdir Ibn Asad
Ibn Adi I b n -4mr Ibn Mdlik Ibn Fahm Ibn Ghhninl Ibn Daus Ibn UdthGn Ibn Abd
Allah Ibn ZahrAn Ibn Kaab Ibn al-Hdrith Ibn KaaL Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Mblik Ibn
Nasr Tbn al-Azd Ibn al-Gauth Ibn Nabt Ibn Miililr: Ibn Zaid Ibn Kahlbn Ibn Saba Ibn
Yashjrib Ibn Ydrub Ibn Kahtbn, a member of the tribe of Azd and a native of Basra,
was tlle most nccomplislled scllolar, the ablest philologer, and the first poet of the age.
Al-Mashdi speaks of him in these terms, in his J f i ~ t l ad-Dahab
j : "And, at Baghdad,
Ibn Duraid was one of those ~ ~ 1 1 0in, our times, excelled as a poet and attained
en~inenceas a philologer. I n tliis science he held the rank of al-Klialil Ibn Ahmad
' c (vol. I. p . 4-93), and made known peculiarities of the (Arabic)language which llad

" not been noticed in the works of his predecessors. I n poetry he could assume
" every tone, from grave to gay; and his poetical productions are too numerous to be
" reckoned; otller\vise, we sl~ouldindicate the greater part of them in this book. Ono
" of his best pieces is the kaslda, so well known under the title of al-Maksdra, jn
 nhicll he ihe of al-Sli611 Ibn lfikll ancl i~isson ; llle former,
named Abd .illah Ihn ljuharnrnad Ibn l i k l l , and tlie lalkr, hl~ir'I-AIIIX'~SIsmail
Ibn l\]ld Alla[, (l).It is said 11131, in this poem, hc has i~rscrlctlnlusl of L ~ ) c words
terminated by a sliort alif (a~alis~lr).It begins illus :

Sccst dlou not that m y l~cndressembles by ils celo~~rllrc r;lys of moraillg ( i ~ ~ ~ ~ f i ~ U!)-
fi?,i~y)
&& &rac~!h tile training robe of darhness, and that its wl~itc(1~ob.s) sl~i~ic
t11r011gli lllc hlack, as
shineth the firc in a log of Ghada wood? (2).

1ben adds : In this well-ltnown kastda, h e has had a nulnl)cr of inlitalors, sucli
as ~ b f 'l-Kisim
i Ali Tbn nlullammad Ibn Abi ' l - h h m al-hr-llilii at-yancllilli "
11. p. 304)) etc.-Tllis poem has occupied lllc nllenlion o f rllilnf' w ~ ' ~ ~ c Iill' s ,
ancient and rnodcrn tjlnes ; tlleg explained its meaning and cl~l(~id;ll~(] Lllc signifi-
cation of its but the l't~llcstand best of lllesc cornmenlarics is l.1131colilposcd
the jurisconsult Abh .khd Allah R3uhamrnad Ibn Allmad Ibn Ilisl\in~11)111brnl1i1.n
81-Lskhmi as-Sibti (3), a modern author tvllo died towarrls A. 11. 570 (11. 1). 1 175).
It lvas conln~entedalso by the irnli~nAbii Ahd Allall Muliammatl ll)n JaaSa~*ill-liiixzciz,
the author of the philological treatise, the Kildb 01-Jdm8: we sl~allgivc ll~iswrilcr's
life. Amongst Ibn Duraid's most celebrated works are: i11e Ifiitdb al-Jualltnra (thc
coihtion), a highly-esteemed pllilological treatise (4); tile Kitdlr al-hhlilidk (un ihc
eiylnvloyy of prqcr numes) (5); ille Kithb as-Sarj wa 'l-Lijdna (on iha suurldlc and
bridle) (6); a large and a small book on horses; a treatise on lllc Arrrud (influence of
the stars 0th the tvraiher); the Kit& al-dhklabis (book foor him who seeks i,rfor~nalion);
the Etdb nl-JI~rliihin(tlrc elzicidotor (l)) ; the Kiidb Zahwdr &Arab (thn Arabs ~ ~ o l c d
for visiting their /~-icuds);the Kztdl) (11-Lughhl (or4 the dinlcds or idioniatie cxprcssions
of the Arabs) ; the Kitdb as-Sildh (on weapons); the ICitdb Ghcrrtb al-l{urdn (on ihc
0Qfl~e expreasions of the Koran) ; illis work he left unfinisllcd; ille Glfihal-J@jlana
(chosen selecli~)~)ta sinall book, but full of informalion ; illc Wislt& (eszjjroidcrfi,-J
beir)!a short hut instruelive treatise. He eomposcd also solne ]lcnutiful poel,<y, and
the men of learning in former times used to say : '<Ibn nuraid is tile most lcnrncJ
" amongst the poets, and ablest poet a~nongsttile learned." One of llis picces
offers the following fine passage :

A brilliant (~jzaidm);did her cheeks display their brigbtncss to tile I-isisgsun, ilc could not
shine; (he?.zctnist) is h pliant I~ranehwaving on r roul~dsand-llill (tlre BaunclLcs),and over it is
Seen a moon (hey face) sbinii~gthrough tllc cover of the night ((her d a ~ klrair). Were beauty
 BIOGRAPkIICAL, DICTIONARY. 30
told to choose its reprcscn~ative,it \~ouldnot pass her by; and wcrc it told to address ally other
female, it would not speak. The darkness of her [lair (slicides the ?c~o).Ma n d ) m a k s us think
the s r ~ nis set; the brightness of her face (cnliglticns it nnd) makes us think him rising. She
appears, and her lustre dazzles eyery eye; woe befall the eyes that close not then !

Were I not apprehensive of lengthening this article too much, I would give nu-
merous passages from 1lis poetry. He was born at Basra in the street [sikka)of Shlih,
A. H. 223 (A. D. 837-8); he passed his youth in that city, and tliere he made his
studies. His masters were Abh Ilhtim as-Sijisthni (vol. I. p. 603), ar-Kiishi (vol. U.
p. I O ) , Abd ar-Rahmin Ibn Ab(1 Allall, surnamed lhe nephew of al-Asvndi (Ibu, Akhl
'l-Armdi) ('l), Abil O t l ~ m j nSaid Ibn Hlriin al-Ushn3ndiini (S), author of the Kildh
al-dladni, and others. Ile left Basra in company with his paternal uncle al-Husain,
when the Zenj stormed that city and nlurdered ar-Ribshi (uol. Il. p. 11). He then
dwelt at OmPn (9) twelve years. Having returned to Basra, where he again resided
for a time, he set out lor Persia and there became the companion of the sons of
Rlikkl who were at that epoch the administrators of the province of Fars. It was for
them that Ile composed his Jarnhara. They appointed him director of the govern-
ment office of Fars, and no official papers were published without 1lis approval,
neither v a s any order executory without his signature. He gained large sums in
their service, but, being prodigal of his money and always ready to oblige, he never
kept a dirhem in his possession, and indulged his generous inclinations to their full
extent. I n his Icas$da, the JIaksz2ra, he introduced the eulogium of his patrons and
received from them a present of ten thousand pieces of gold. In the year 308 (A. D.
920-l), subsequently to the deposition of the sons of Mikil and their removal to Rho-
rlsbn, he proceeded to Baghdad, where he found a generous protector in Ali Ibn
Mullammad al-Rhurviiri. The imarn al-Rluktadir having been informed by al-Elm-
w$ri of the history and high literary attainments of his guest, settled on him a
monthly pension of fifty dinars, and this allowance was regularly continued to him
as long as he lived. Ihn Duraid could repeat from memory a vast number of
poems and other pieces; in the quantity of productions which he had learned by
heart, he surpassed all his predecessors, and, when students were reading, under
his tuition, the poetical compositions of the Arabs of the desert, he would repeat,
from memory, the remainder of the piece ~vhichhis pupil had commenced. Ad-
DPrakutni (vol. 11. p. 239) having been asked if lbn Duraid was to be considered as
a true transmitter of pieces preserved by tradition, replied that some doubts bad been
 on indeed, i t is said illat ~ I Cwas careltlsa i l l llis (lcliv~l'y0 f
these pieees, altribuling lllem to illc Gnt aulllor NIIOSC llanle ColllC ll[)ll(ll'llllls(. ' r 1 1 1 ~
plliloloaer hbfi Jlansdr al-i\e]lari (page 4 8 of lhis VOL.) rcliktcs illal. I ~ i l \ill^ fi()ll(: 1"
see Ibn Duririd,he found llim drunk, 4' and tlicrchrc," said ilc, " J I ~ ( ~ Y r(~tur~l(v1
..
~ I .

to his llorrseagain.7y When we wen1 lir sec hinl," mid ibn S I ~ i h i n(l:o.!. I .
p. 3.21.), Itre nere slloelted at the sight of lutes li111lg ~ 1 on
) l l l ~\\:l11 i l i ~ ( I of I F ~ I I C
c~unmiIedw-iillwater.7' Itisrelatedthatabeggarl~avingc~k~dl~i~ii ~~~s~IIIcIII~
be bestowed on him a keg of wine, having nolllillg elsc to give at t l ~ c~ ~ I I I ( : . OIICo f
liis boys disapproved of illis act and said to 11im: " How can you possil)l y givc ainc
' c in charity (to)?"--U Why," replied Ibn Duroid, '' h a t was t l ~ co ~l ry 11li11g1 lla(l."
Same time afterwards, he received ten kegs of wine as a prescrrt, 011 n l l i c - l 1 l ~ c01)-
served Lo dic same boy: We bestowed orie kcg arld rcccivc it 1~;lelii(:t~fol(l. A l'

great number of similar stories are told of him. Towards l l ~ eilincliclll yrnr OF his
age. Ile lost tl~euse of his side by a paralytic stroke, but rccovcrcd J l y (lrillLillg Illlbriilr:.
He tllcn relapsed deeper illan ever into his old l~abitsant1 dct~iotlIlirl~sc*lfrlo irltllll-
gence. He resumed also his lessons, reciting arid diclaiing to liis sc.lrolar.s; 1)111,
year aftemards, having eaten some!hingwhicI~ disagrcod wi tll Ilinl, 1l1cl):~lsyrclllrnctl.
A11 his body, from head to foot, was completely paralysed, l ~ u IIC l could still wcrvc his
hands in a slight degree. When in this date, he ultcrcrl cries of puio il i i l l y [)orson
happened to enter the room, even rvithout going ncar him. Alluding 10 illis, Ibis
disciple Abii hli Ismail al-Kili al-Baghdidi (vol.1. p. 210) made tile l ~ l l ~ ~ vrc~llarlc
i :
'G I said to myself: The Almighty has punislled lli~nilius, for llaving said, in his dlak
"sBra, 1)-hen speaking of time and its effects:

(0Time!) thou hast engaged with o ~ l owho, if the splicrcs loll on hirn P s ~ navcry poilll
of heaven, would not utter a complain1 (Ii)."

And 1lis sufferings were such illat he would cry out like onc trod under h o t or
" pricked wilh needles, altl~ouglltbe person who went in did not a~q)roa(:l~ lliln."
Though reduced to ihis miserable state, he retained all his mental Lcullics, and
answered with perfect justness every question wl~icllwas proposed to I I ~ L I I . " 1Ie
" survived this attack two years," says Abh Ali, and, .ivl~ilstlle was in tllol stalc,
G.

" I consulted him on the points of philology respecting wllicll I had doul,ls, and, as
" quick as thought, he returned me satisfactory answers. I asked lliril, 0110 (lay, B
.
" queslion relative to a certain verse, and lie replied: Had the ligfrt of nby eyeballs
 been extinguished, you would not have found a person capable of satishiq
your thirst for tln~tuledge. And these very words, my son, were addressed to
me by AbB HAtim when I once happened to ask him a question; and be told
( c
me that al-Asmhi had spoken them to hinl under the same circun~stances.'"-
I~ To the last question I ever addressed to him," said Abfi Ali, c c he made this
b G reply : Hdl al-jarid ddn al-karCd (cltoking has put a stop to verses); ' and these
a were thc last words I heard him ulter. Before that time, he used frequently to
C c recite this verse, applying it to himself :

Wretch that I am! a life of pleasure was not mine, neither have P wrought a good deed
" whereby I might please God."

The following anecdote," says al-Marzuhhni (12j, I ' was related to me by Ibn
t c

Duraid : I Tell from [the top o f ) my house in Fars, and broke my collar-bone.
C c I passed a sleepless night, and towards morning, having just closed my eyes, I

G c dreamt that n iall pale man with a thin beard came to my room, and, having taken

hold of ihe door posts, one in each hand, 11e said : ' Repeat to me the best verses
you ever composed on wine.' I replied lhat Ahii Nuwls (vol. I. p. 391) had left
" nothing for me or any one else to say on tlie subject. ' Well,' said he, ' l am a
' I better poet than Ab-ir NuwBs.' This induced me to ask him who he was, and he
answered : Abii NAjiya, a native of Syria.' He then recited to me these lines :

" Red before it is mixed and pale after, (this zuinc) comes forth arrayed it1 a double robe
" of narcissus (gellow) ancl of anemony (red); pure, it resembles the cheeks of thc belovcd;
" mixed, it assumes the (pallid) hue of the lover."

When lie liad done, I declared the verses bad, and, on his asking my reason,
" I replied : ' You hegin by calling it red, and then you say arrayed in narcissus
" and i n ancmony, thus pulling the yellow colour first; wliy did you so?'-
" ' Sue11 l~ypercriticism is most uhtimely, you reprobate l ' was his answer." In
another version of this anecdote, it is stated that Abii Ali 'l-Fririsi said : " Ibn Duraid
" recited me these two lines, composed by himself, and told me that Satan appeared
" to him in a dream and asked him if lie had not essayed to rival Abh Nuwls? Ibn
" Duraid answered that he had. c Well,' said Satan, ' your verses are not bad, but
" YOU liave committed one fault.' " The rest of the narration agrees with what
C

precedes.-Ibn Duraid died at Baglldad on Wednesday, the i'lth of ShaabPn,

VOL. III. 6
 1111: rivcl-, ill
A. H. 321 (12th Auyst, A. D. 933), and was h~iricdon tlic cast side
the .4bbPsiya cemetery. His tomb is situated behind llle bazar w l l e ~ :arnls are sold,
near the main street jas-Sh&~t'I-Aazam). Tllc cclcbralcd ~ o l a z c l i l cdirillu A l ) i ~
&&im Abd as-Sal$m al-Jubb8i (vol. 11.p. 138) died the same day, rind h i s causal
the people to say : To-day, philology and dogmatic tllcology liavc ccnscd to exist l "
It is stated that he lived pecisely ninety-three years. Jnliza tal-Bar~iii~lti (uul. l .
p. 118) lamented his death in the following lines :
When Ibn Duraid made the third with the grave-stone and the ear111 (bwnh), I lost all in lac-
ing him. I, at first, lamented the departure of generosity, but I now lanicnc t l l r (k1l)iirlare of
generosity and erudition.

Torab (an unusual word) is the plural of torba, (a heap o[earlk.)-1)uvnirl is tlie
larkhim diminutive of Adrad (toothless). This species of diminutive is ealle(1 tnrlrhbn
(roffening), because the letter a, the initial of the primitive word, is s~lpprcsscd;it is
thus that of aswad and azhar they form suwaid and zuhair.--llanlot~,, lllc nnnie
of one of his ancestors (mentioned at ihe cornrncnccmcnt ofthis article), mcons ;Innarlhot
jar coated with green varnish; it is used also as a proper name for men .-llnlrtdmi,
another of his ancestors, was, according to the emir Abii Nasr lbn Mbki~ln(ool. 11.
p. 288), the first of the family who became a convert to Islamism. IIc wns orlc of
the seventy horsemen who accompanied Amr Ibn al-ABsi from Omtin 10 Rl(!dinn, on
learning that the Prophet was dead ; the circumstance is wcll-ltnown (13).--lfdl (11-
jartd dlln al-kadd is a well-known proverb ; it originated with Ahid Iltil ul-Allras, on
ante-islamic poet, who pronounced these words on meeting an-Pomkn
.--- - 11111 al-Mundir
al-Labhmi, the last king of Hlra, in one of his bad days (Id). An-Nomtio rcsolvcd
to put him to death according to the custom he had adoplcd, bul first nslc(~1liim 10
repeat some verses of his own composing ; Abfd, who had discovered his i n (cnlions,
replied: Hdl ai-jadd ddn al-karld (choking has put a slop to verses). It wls as if
the poet had said: Strangulation has put a stop to the reciting o l verses. It is a well
known story, and I merely give its outline here.-ABBd, for so his name must bc
pronounced, was a celebrated poet; he was born about the same lime as Abd d-
MutIuttalib Ibn Hishim, the grand-father of the Prophet.

(1) A m d n g to ad-Dahabi, in his Annals, life of Ibn Duraid, that philologer was employed by ADd Alliill
Lbn was then governor of al-AhwAz for the khalif al-Muktadir, as preceptor to his son Ismall.-
B6S. No. 646, fol. 115 v.
 BIOGRAPHICAJ, DICTIONARY. 43
(2) See vol. !I. page & 5 3 .
(3) The maliuscript of tho Bibliothdque Imp&riale, No. 490, afzchn foncls, contains a. vcry ;~mplcand
learrled commcntnry on Ibn Duraid's Makszira. Although the first pages of this com~ncntaryhave disap,,carcd,
it may becasily pcrccivcd, by a comparison with thc cdition of the Malcszira and of the comrnentary of 1l)n Ilislhirn,
the first part of which was published at Copenhagen in l 8 2 8 by L. N. noisen, that the B~bliollti.yuer ~ , q ) l r t a l e
possesscs, in this MS., the great conirncl~taryof Ibn IXisl12m nl-Lakhmi, and that thc printcd ~ditionof it is a
mere abridgment.
(4) A copy of the last half of the Jamharn is in the h'ihliotkdpue Irnpdriale.
1)y 1)rofcssor\VustcnfcId, at Gottingcu, in 2 8 5 4 ,
( 5 ) The Arabic text of this usefill work has bcen pi~blisl~cd
under the title of Ibn Doreid's genealogiscii-etyntologiscltes IIn~tclLucii.
(G) See the observations in pagc xsiii of thc Introduction to vol. I.
(7) C C Zbn Alchi '1-Asmai: al-Ynzldi \vritcs i I s follows: Ilis namc was Ahd nr-Riil~m&nAll11 hfllhnmrnad;
cc some say, Ahii 'l-ITnsan. IIe was a dull heavy rnnu, hut tlrc pieccs w l ~ i c lm
l ~ Iransrnittctl orally on the nu-
Cc thority of his unclc and otllcr lcarnctl men arc Ilcld to bc corrcct. IIc composctl n trcatisc on lllc ideas oc-
curring in poetry ( R l a d n i 's-Sliit-)."-(li'iliresl, fol. 75 v.)
(8) Thc nalnc uf A11h OthmSri al-UslinAnd?lnioccurs in the I'ilrrcst, fol. R 1 v. and 11Li v. ITc is there stated
to havc bccn onc of thc lcnrnetl men of Basra arid thc ;111t1lorof a Kitdh dlaltni 's-Shir, ;lnd a IiiiOb al-Abydt.
(9) Perhaps the word must bc prooounc~tlAnnndn. Tllcrc was a c~Lyor (Ilia name iri the BalkA of
dL65

Syrmia. OmAn is tlii~l1)rc~vinccof Ar,111i,lwllicl~is situated at the cntrnncc of thc Persian gult'.
(10) Acrordi~l,rr~ C Jthe Mosli~nlaw, wine is a tliirlg of no \aluc,
(1I ) Horacc has said, in a similar strain : Si rractrls illabnlur orl~is,I~npncitlurr~
fcricnl ~.uin;c.-(011. 3. a. 7.)
( l 2) Ilis lilt? will bc found in this volume.
(13) Nonc of the historinns wl~olnI ~ I ~ L VCCO I I S U ~ ~nlllldc
C~ to tl~iscircnms~ancc.
(14) Sce Pococke's Specimen hzst. ar. 2nd ed. p. 73, and Caussin tlc l'crccval's Essai su7. I'histoire des
Arabes, torn. 11. pagc 1 0 4 .
!

ABU OMAR AZ-ZAIIID AL-MUTARRIZ.

Abii Omar Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Willid Ibn Abi Hdshirn al-Biiwardi, generally
known by tbe appellation of al-Mutarriz and surnamed Ghuldm Thalab (Thalab's
. . boy),
received also the denomination of az-ZAliid (the ascelic) br liis mortified life, and
ranked among the most eminent and the most learned of the philologers. For a
considerable time, he had been an assiduous disciple of Abb 'I-AbbAs Tllalab (vol. 1.
p. 83), and to this circumstance he was indebted for his surname. He acquired a
great stock of information under the tuition of that master, on whose work, the F d h ,
44 IBN KEIALI~IKAN'S
he composedtwo treatises : the first, a small ~ 0 l u m eof corrections, and cntitled
One
al-las$h jo~nissionsin the Fa&) ; the second, a commentary, forming
lume. His works were the al-l'awblitt (book ~ [ j c w e l s;) xilab aL-
Jrrrjd,li; the Kii&b (the elucidator); the Kildb as-shdl (book of hours) ;
Kit& Yathazlm wa Laila (book of the day and IBe night); the Kitdb al-dg'lhslahsan (Ihe
approved); the al-.4shardl (book of dccesnarics) ; the ILi(db a s - s ~ ~ h '(treatise
a on
counsel); the Kit& al-BuyoQ (~reatiseon sa/es); a treatise on the meaning of the
names of the poets ; a work on the Arabian tribes; the Kitdb al-MaLndn lwa ' l - ~ k ~ h t d m
(the concealed and the hidden) ; the Kitdb at-Tufdha (on the apple) ; tllc ~ i t d bu ! - ~ I ~ u -
ddkhil ; the Ilal al-Mudiikhil ; the Kitdh an-Nawlldir (book of anecdoles) ; ihe KitdB Fdit
at-Atn (omissions of [al-Khalil Ibn Ahmad (vol. I. p. (193) i n his work] the Atn),
the Kiidb Fdit al-Jamham (omissions o f [Ibn Duraid ( p. 38 of this vol.) i n his
work] the Jamhara), and a notice on tile cxprcssions which the Arabs of tllc desert
reprehended as inaccurate in the lessons and writings of AbEI OBaid (vol. 11. p. 4.86).
Many rare and obsolete terms of the language were madc lcnown by Al)ii O~nar,
and the greater port of the words indicated by Ibn as-Sid al-Datalyausi ( 7 ~ 0 1 . 11.
p. 61), in his Ternary, is taken from hibindications. Many curious anecdotes are
told of this philologer. The inforn~ation which he communicalcil to his scliolnrs
was then transmitted down by AbB '1-Hasan Muhammad Ibn ZarkFlyn, A68 Ali 1bn
Shhdin, and others. His birth took place in the year 261 (A. D. 874-5), and he
died at Baglldad, on Sunday, the 13th of Zh 'l-Kaada, A. 11. 345 (16th February,
A. D. 957), or 344. He was interred the next day in the cloister (svfa) situatcd
near the tomb of MBrfif al-Karklri (l), from which it is only separated by the road.
Abb Omar's application to study and his zeal for the acquisition of knowledge hin-
dered him from employing means to gain wealth and retained him conslantly in a
state of poverty. The quantity of information which he communicated to his dis-
ciples and of the pieces which h e knew by heart was so great that the learned men of
that time impugned as false the greater part of his philological observations, and
they used to say that if a bird flew by, Abd Omar would bring forward something
On the subject, heading it with these words : Thalab told us, on the authority of
" Ibn al-*irhbi, that," etc.
Some anecdotes of that kind are effectively related of
him-
is considered, however, as a correct and trustworthy Traditionist by all
masters in. that branch of knowledge. The greater portion of the works
and pieces which he taught was dictated by him, from memory, without his having
 BIOGRAPNICAI, D I C T I O S X R Y . 49

recourse to a book; it is said that the philological matter which lie thus made known
filled thirty thousand leaves of paper. It was this copiousness which exposed him
to the imputation of falsehood. A number of persons concerted together and ima-
gined a question which they might propose to him; when they obtained his answer,
they let a year pass over, and then submitted to him the same question, but his
answer corresponded exactly' wilh that which lie had previously given. A similar
attempt to ensnare him was made by some persons who were going to hear his
lessons: they happened to be conversing on the vast quantity of information which he
was ever ready to communicate, and observed that, by this very talent, he had
incurred the imputation of falsehood. On their way, they passed by a bridge, and
one of them said : ' ' Let us write dovn the name of this bridge and ask him about j t ;
we shall see what answer he makes." When they entered the place where Abii
Omar ~vas, that person addressed him, saying : 0 shaikhl what does the word
bridge (kanlara) mean with the Arabs 4" The professor answered that it meant so
and so (stating its d i l f e r e ~significations),and his auditors received this answer with
a secret smile. A month afterwards, they put forward a person to question him
about that same word, on which he replied : ' Did you not ask me the same question
'' a month ago, and did I not answer it so and so?" On hearing these words, the
assembly was filled with admiration at his quick apprehension, acuteness, and
promptitude in calling to mind the question and the time at which it had been pro-
posed ; but whether his answer was exact or not, they had no means of verifying.-
Moizz ad-Dawlat Ibn Buwaih (vol. I. p. 155) had given the command of the Baghdad
police-guards (shurta) to one of his young attendants whose name was Khuw-;'a.
When Abii Omar heard of this appointment, he was dictating to his scholars the
contents of his Kit& al-YawlilrCt, and at his next lesson he said, on taking his seat:
Write : Ydkdt khuwdja (a merchant's jewel) ; the primitive signification of the
'" word khuwdj, i n the dialect of the Arabs, is hunger." He then discussed this
subject in its various ramifications and made his scholars write down his remarks.
The persons present were struck with amazement at his boldness in advancing (what
they thought were) falsehoods, and began to look out for the word in the treatises of
philology. Abii Ali al-Hitimi (p. 74 of lhis vol.), the kdtib and philologer, said:
" We extracted from a dictation made by al-Hlmid (vol. I. p. 591) on the authority

" of Thalab who said, on the authority of aldsmdi who cites Ibn al-Alrcibi, that the
" word khrcwdj means hunger."--Abh Omar al-Mutarriz was giving lessons to the
son of the kMi Abii Omar Muhammad Ibn YOsuf, and one day he dictated to him
nearly one llundred pllilologi~alquestions, indicfiling O~cirnicelics and conclriding
tivo lines olpoetry. (Sorne tirne uper,) Abii Bakr lhn Dumid (p. 37 of lhir vol.)
came into llle /i&-ji AbB Onjar's, rvitll Abh Bakr Ibn al-Anb$ri (p. 53 O/ this vol.) and
AbA Bakr Ibn llolisim (2). Tlle kdili submitted to illem tllcse questions, lrot they
had no idea of them and knew notling of the verses. " Well," said l l ~ ckddi, " w l ~ a t
say you to tlratl
"-U For my part," said Ibn cl-Anbiri, " I an1 so rnucl~engaged
in composing a treatise on the obscurities of the Koran (llu,shkll ol-&ran), tlml
c c I can say nothing on the subject." Ibn Buksirn answered in sirnilnr [ e m s , slating
that he was taken up nit11 tile readings of [lie Korin, but Ihn Duraitl dcclarcd posi-
tively that tlre questions were all of he philologer) AbS Omar's invcnlion and i,ul no
foundation whatever in the language : after this, they willldrew. Wlbcn AIJil
heard of what had passed, he went to the kddi and told I ~ i mto bring i l l tllc collcclcd
poetical works (diwdus) of some ancient poets wliom he nao~cd. T l ~ clrdtli opened
his library and took out the books. Abli Omar then began to discuss cacti cp~cslion
successively,adduced from these diwd~zscertain passages in proof of ,211 his slalcriicn 1s
and pointed out those passages to the kddi. On conclucling, Ilc snitl : As .for the
I'

c b tao verses, they were recited by Thalab in your own presence, and you yourself

wrote them down on the cover of such a work," naming it. The kddi brought
in the book and found the verses written on the cover and in llis own Iland-wriling.
-" I found," said the Rais ar-Ruasl (3), " in the works of the philologers, and par-
ticularly in Abli Obaid's Ghartb al-ilfusannaf, many of the expressions wl~iollliad
been considered as the mere fabrications of Abh 0mar."-Abh 'I-Kiisitn Abd al-
Wthid Ibn Ali Ibn Barhin al-Asadi said: None of the ancients 01. of the moderns
" ever treated philological points so well as Abh Omar az-ZQ11id."-Abh Omar
composed a G M 6 al-lladith (obscure terms occurring in the Traditiows), foundcd on
~ h m a dIbn Hanbal's work, the Husnad, and on this production llc: set tlle lligllest
value.--Abb hli Puhammad Ibn al-Hasan al-fIAtimi said: An indisposition llaving
prevented me from attending the sittings of Abh Omar az-Zihid, somc days passed
over and he, at length, asked for me. Being informed that I was unwoll, ile came
" the next morning to see me, and, as 1 happened to have gone out to take a bath,
" be wrote the followring line on my door with a piece of d a ] k :
" be strangest thing we ever heard of is, that people should visit a sick man and not find
" him,
 BIOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY. 47

66The verse was his o ~ j ."

n Abli Omar professed an excessive admiration of Moawia,
and, having composed a treatise on the merits of that khalif, he obliged every person
who came to study under him to read that book. He was a inan of great merit and
extensive information, but what we have said in this article must suffice.-Jlularriz
signifies a x embroiderer; as Abh Omar practised that art, he derived from it a sur-
name -which has been borne aIso by other learned men.-I looked out for the name
of Abii Omar i n as-Sambni's Kit& al-ilnsbb, under the word AL-I~UTARRIZ; he does
not mention him, but h e speaks of a poet called Abii 'l-RBsim Abd al-Wlhid Ibn
Muhammad Ibn Yahya JBn AiyOh al-lutnrriz, a native of Bagltdad; this may perhaps
be the father of Abii Omar, if we are to judge from his name; if not, he is a person
unknown to me. As-Snmrini adds that his poelry bore a high reputation and obtained
great publicity. 1Ie then ciles the following passage of his composition :

Ovcrco~newith grief, we stopperl at as-Sarlit (4) one evening, to excl~angeadieus; and, despite
of envious foes, wc stood unscaling (tile pacliets of) every passionate desire. On saying fare-
n ell, site saw nlc bor~iedown by the pains of love and co~ise~lted to grant I I I ~a kiss; but, im-
pelled by startled modesty, slie drew her veil across her face. On this I said: " The full-moon
" has now become a crescent." I then kissed her through the veil, and she observed: My
" liisses are wine : to be tasted they must be passed through the strainer."

Althougli as-Samsni says nothing of Abli Omar in that article, he mentions him
under tile liead of GI~ULAMTHALAB, adding the remarks which we have already made
at the commencement of this notice.-Since writing ihe above, a number of years
had elapsed when I found at Baghdad the Diwdn of Abh Kdsirn Abd al-W8hid, sur-
named al-Mutarriz. H e was a native of that city, and the greater part of his poetry
is very good. His birth took place in the year 354 (A. D. 965), and his death in 4.39,
on Sunday, the first of the latter JumPda (23rd November, A. D. 1047). It is, there-
fore, evident that he was not the father of AbQ Omar, but another person of the same
trade.-Bawardi n~eansbelonging to Bbward or dbtward, a village in Khorisin and
the native place of Abh 'l-Muzaffar Muhammad al-Abiwardi, a poet whose life we
shall give.

(1) The life of MArdf will be found in this work.

(S) The imdm Abh Bakr BIuhammad Ibn al-IIasan lbn Yakhb Ibn Muksim al-Atdr, a learned Korhn-reader
and grammarian of Baghdad, composed some works on the koranic sciences, one of which, the Kit& al-
48 I B N KIIALI,II{AN'S
Anwdr (book of lights) contains an expla~iationof the mcnriing, and an elucidation of the stylc of the Korbn.
Having adopted the readings taught by Ibn ShanabCd (see page 1 6 o f this vol.) he gavc slid1 scandal to the
public that he hvas cited before an nssenlbly of doctors presided by Ibn MujAhid. and forced 10 retract, but, on Lhe
death Ibn AIujdhlcl, Ilo rctur~iedto his former opinions. Born A . 11. SG5 (A. D. 878-9); died A. 11. 354
(A. n. 9 6 5 ) . - (filtnlizit nl-KuvrA, fol. 54.)
(3) Tllc RAis ar-Roasrl Ali Ibn al-Ilusnin Ibn Ahmad I l ~ nal-Muslirna, vizir to the khalif al-ICbiln, com-
menced his career in a s~tbordinatcstation at Baghdad, and rose by his talcnts to the vizirate. Ilc was versed
in jurisprudeoce, thc Tradilions, and other sciences. Iiaving incurrcd the cnrnity of the Turkish guards, he
~ y a sexpelled by them from Baghdad, hut returned soon after; being tl~cnattacked by Abh 'l-llarith. id-Uashstri
at-Turhi (see vol. I. page 17&), and having fallen into the hands of his cnemics, hc perished i n cxcrucialing tor-
tures, -4. 11. 450 (A. D. 1058).
(i)Sct' TO!. 1. page 318, note 9 5 .

A B U MANSU1k AL-AZIIART

Abli hlanscr BIuliammad Ibn Allmad Ibn izl-Azhar l b n Talha Ibn NO11 Ibn Azhar
al-Azhari al-Harami (native of Herat), a philologer of the higllest rank and celebrity,
was a doctor of the Sllafite sect, but addicied himself so exclusively to the study of tlle
language that his reputation is founded on his acquirements in that branch of know-
ledge. His piety, his talents, and his exactitude as a transmitter of pllilological
information were universally acknowledged. Tlle matter of 'his lessons was derived
by lzim from the pl~ilologerAbii 'l-Fad1 TIluliammad Ibn Abi Jaafar al-Mundiri, who
had received ii from Abb 'l-Abbb Thalab and other masters. Having proceeded to
Baghdad, he met Ibn Duraid, but never taught any thing on his authority. He
received also a part of his information from Abh Abd Allah Ibrahim Ibn Arafa, sur-
named Niftawaih (col. I. p 26), and from Abh Bakr Muhammad Ibn as-sari, a gram-
marian more generally known by the name of Ibn as Sarrij (see page 52 of this vol.).
Some say, llowever, that he obtained no part of his information from the latter per-
son. To acquire a more complete knowledge of the Arabic language, al-Azhari
travelled over Arabia; and a person of merit has stated that h e read a note, to the
fo!lowing effect, in Abh lansiir's hand-writing: I had the misfortune to be made
a prisoner, the year in ~vhichthe Karmats intercepted the pilgrim-caravan at al-
 '. Aabir. The people to ~vtioseshare I fell were Arabs, bred in tllc desert; they
passed the grazing-time in visiting with their flocks the regions in nhicll rain had
c c fallen, and, in the hot season, they returned to a number of vc-atering-places situated

c c at the spots \+here they usually sta~ioned;they kept camels and lived on the milk

of these animals; they spoke an idiom suited to their Bedxin habits, and very
L < rarely indeed, did they mispronou~lcea word or commit a gross fault of language.
1 remained i n bondage amongst them for a long time; our winters we passed at
ad-Dahn4, our springs at as-Sammin, and our sumnlers at as-Sitdrbn. From dis-
* ' coursing with them and from their conversation one with the other, I learned a
c c great quantity of words and singular expressions ;and most of ~ h e s eI inserted in m y
book,"-by his book tie means the Tuhdz^b--'Lwhere you will find them classed
id under their proper heads." He again resumes the subject in this discourse, itnd
mentions that he passed tivo \\inters at as-Sammin. Abh Mansbr al-Azhari had a
passion for collecting loose scraps of pkilology and possessed a perfect acquaintance
I\-ith all the secrets and niceties ofthe language. His philological trealise, the TahdQb
~ar.run!le~l~rnl), fills upklards of ten volumes and is a *highly esteemed work. His
Gfiarib ul--1lfiir (rare words), a work in one volume, is held by jurisconsults as
their main authority for the signification of every obscure and doubtful word in the
law language. The Kitdb-at-Tafilir (explanationof cliffieull words (P] is another of his
produciions. A t Baghdad he met Ab6 Ishak az-Zajjij (col. I . p . 28) and Abh
Bakr Ibn al-Anbbrj, but has given nothing on the authority of either. He was born
A . 11. 983 (A. D. 895-61, and h e died at Heriit towards the close of the year 370
(ends in July, A . D. 981). Some place his death a year later.-The patronymic al-
-4;hari he derived from the circumstance of his having an ancestor v h o bore the
name of d,-hr.-Of Harawi we have already spoken (col. U . p. 288) .-The Karmats
(Kardmita)were so called after a man named Kirmit, who belonged to the Sawbcl ( l )
of Iihfa. They held a most reprehensible doctrine, and they made their ap-
pearance in the year 281 (A. D. 894-51, under the khalifate of al-Motadid Irillah.
This sect subsisted for a long period and acquired such strength that it not only ren-
dered the roads dangerous for travellers, but conquered a great number of provinces.
Of these events a full account will be found in the works of historians (2). The
combat of al-HaMr to which al-Azhari alludes, took place A. H. 31 1 (A. D. 933-44,
the Karmats, who had then for chief Abd TAhir al-Jannbbi al-Kirmiti, attacked the
pil~irn-caravan, sIew some of the travellers, reduced others to slavery, and seized
VOL. IU. 7
3.J IBN IilIALLIIiAN'S
in their properly. This occurred in the kllalifate of ill-li~l~ladir,
Son of ill->lota(li(l.
It is said that the Barmats made [heir first appearance i n llle year 278 (.\. 1). 891-2),
and that their first clliel was Abii Said 81-JannPbi, who resided in lllc ~lrovinceok
Ballrain and Hajar. He was murdered in llle year 30 1 (A. I). 9 13-41 lry one of his
slaves. Abfi T$hir lost his life in A . H. 332 ( A . D. 943-4.).-Jam1Bbi mcans belong-
i i l g lo Jann4ta, a town in the province of Ballrain, and situated on t l ~ csea-coast,

near Sirif.--HubEr (as an appellalive noun) signifies a low ground.-Ad-l)akt&, or

ad-Dahna with a short final a , is {he name of a large tracl of country in tile Arabian
desert, forming part of the ierritory belonging to the tribe of Temirr~. 1t is said to
consist of seven mountains of sand; according to some, it is situated i n t l ~ cdesert
of Basra and in the territory of the tribe of Saad.-As-Sar~amdfi is a red nlorinlain in
the neighbourhood of ad-Dahni; to cross it required three days, bul its lleigllt is not
great. Some-say that it is situated near the sandy desert o l Ahlij, at n i n e day's
journey from Basra.-As.Sirliriin, the dual of Sitdr, is a name serving to clcsignale
two valleys which lie in the territory of the tribe of Saad ; one of them is called as-
Sildr al-Aghbar (lhe dusty Slltdr), the other the as-Sit& al-lidiri (3), and bolll bear
the denomination of Saudd. They contain some springs of running water wllicb serve
to irrigate date-trees, The preceding remarks have no direct connexion with ollr
subject, but, as they serve to explain some words which might embarrass the reader
of this compilation, we have judged it useful to insert them.

( l ) See vol. 11. page 417.

I

(%) Ibn KhallikAn has already given some account of them. See vol. I. p. 427 et seq.
(3) The MS. of at-Yakbti's Mushtarik, in the Biblioth6que Impdriale, reads aCJdbiri (3j!LI F J1).
C

ABU ABD A L L A H AL-YAZIDI.

AbG Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn al-AbbPs Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abi Muhammad al-
Yazidi, a rnnwla to ihe tribe of Adi Ibn Abd Manlt (aGAdaw9,was a grammarian and
 BIOGRAPMICAI, DICTIONARY. 5I

~)l~ilologer of the highest rank, a relator of anecdotes and a transmitter of the phra-
seology current among the Arabs of the desert. We shall give the life of his anceslor
..lbii hIullamrnad Yahya l b n al-MubLrak. One of the anecdotes told by him was t h ~
following : An Arab of the desert loved a female of the same region and sent her, by
a negro slave, a present of thirty sheep and a skin filled with wine. On the way, the
slave killed one of the sheep and ate a portion of it, and drank part of the contenis
of the wine-skin. When he brought the rest to her, she perceived the trick, and 011
the slave's asking her, when about to return, i f she had any message to send back,
she resolved on acquainting the master with the fellow's conduct, and answered :
Give him my salutation, and tell him that our month was niahdlc, and that Sul~aim,
the keeper of our sheep, came here with a bloody nose (marthiin)." The slave,
not knowing what she intended by these expressions, bore them bacli to his master.
u h o imnlediately perceived their drift, and calling for a cudgel, said io the messenger:
'L Tell me the truth, or I shall give you a sound drubbing." The slave confessed
his fault ant1 obtained pardon. This message contained a most subtle and elegant
allusion to \\-hat the slave had done: the word m a r l l z h means one whose nose is
broken and bleeds ; ralham, another derivative of the same root, means a white spot
on the upper-lip of a horse. MarthGrn is employed metaphorically to designate a
wine or water-skin (l).-He left some works, such as the Kildb al-Khnil (book of'
horses), the lllandkib Bani 'l-Abbds (merits of the Abbasides), the Akhbdr al- Yaztdtyin
(history of the Yadd family), and a compendious treaiise on grammar. Having been
empldyed, towards the close of his life, as preceptor to the children of al-Muktadir
billah, Ile filled that office for some time. Soon after his e'ntrance into the kha-
lif's service, one of his friends met him and asked his protection, but he replied:
I an] too busy for that (e)." AhG Abd Allah al-Yazidi died on the eve of Monday,
the 17th of the latter Jum&da, A. B. 310 (October, A. D. 922), at the age of eighty-
two years and three months.--Yaz4di here means related to Yazld Ibn Jlanszir; of
this we shall again speak, in the life of his ancestor Abii Muhammad Yahya Ibn al-
Mubhrak.

(1) Our author has here imitated the manner of many Arabian commentators, who explain what is clear
enough and pass over what is obscure. He might have added that a mahdk month is one, on the last night of
which there is no moonshine. So that it contains only twenty-nine moonlight nights in place of thirty. The
erpression : the month was mahdk is, therefore, equivalent to one of the thirty was toantirig.. This, of course,
preserve it.
perhaps iheidiamalic 6,nn of this crlii.,;r\io,l iri Arabic w h i c l ~f'.lll.il5ll 1 1 1 1 ) 111' I.I'Il1.ll k l ' f i
( 9 ) it

IBN AS-SARHAJ TIIP G l l A l l W A l l 1 . 4 N .

.4118 Bakr Mullammad lbn as-Sari Ibn Sal11 t l ~ cgran) m n r i o ~ ~g ,e t ~ c ~ *y i lirloe

~ l l 11 hy
the name of ibn as-Sarrij, was one of \he most distinguished llrilsters i n tl\iil scitl~~ct?.
and his high abilities in it and i n philology are universally ;~clino~vleil~i~il. A I ~ I O ~ ~
the persons from whom he acquired his philological information rros Al)ir 'I-i2l)lds nl-
Mubarrad (see p. 3 o/ this vol.); and some eminent masters, sue11 as A l l i ~Si~id11s-
Sirifi (vol. 1.p. 3771, and Ali Ibn Isa ar-Hummini (vol. I ] . p, 2421, shrdicd i t i ~ n d e r
his tuition. A1-Jauhari, in his Sah&h,cites his arllhority in a n111l1l)crof arlicles.
Ibn as-Sarq composed some grammatical works of great repute, nntl l ~ i sKiJb al-
O ~ d(principles),
l one of ihe best treatises on the subject, is always rckrrcil to bvlien
the lraditional information on any grammatical point is uncertain 01. cont~.il(lictary.
His other works are the dumal al-OsM (the collerted principles), n s l ~ o r lrcnlisc
l cnllctl
the Mdjaz (compendium) ; t l ~ eKitilb abIshtik&k (on erynology), n corn nientary on Si-
bawaih's Ka16b (vol. 11. p. 396), the lhtijdj al-Kuird japprccialion o( the rnolivcs
which injluenced KO&-readers in their readings), the Book of the Poets and of Poc(ry,
the Book of the Winds, the Air, and Fire ; the Book of the Camel, and the K1186
al-Muw&kU (book of loving unions, or book of gills). He pronounced the letter
incorrectly, giving it the sound of gh, and happening, one day, to dictate a word in
which this letter occurred, and perceiving that his disciple wrote it with o ghaia, he
exclaimed: '' No, no I with a gha, with a gha I " (l).I found in a n antllology some
attributed to him, but am unable to ascertain whether they are really his or
not- They relate to a girl whom the poet loved and are familiar to most persons.
The lines 10 which I allude are these :
 B l O G R A P f I I C A I , DICTIONARY. 53

I compared her beauty with her conduct, and found that her charms did not coun~erbalance
her perfidy. She swore to me never to be false, but 'twas as if she had sworn never to be true.
BY Allah l I shall never speak to her again, even though she resembled in beauty the full moon,
or the sun, or al-Muk~afiI

This article was already terminated when I discovered that these verses are certainly
his, and a curious anecdote is connected with them : The author, Abii Balir, loved a
young girl, but she treated him with marked disdain : it happened at that time that
the imdm (khalif)al-Muktafi returned from ar-Rakka, and, when the people assembled
to witness his entry into the city, Abii Rakr was so much struck .with his beauty that
he recited these verses to his companions. Some time after, the kdtib Abh Abd AlIah
Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Zenji (2) repeated them to Abii 'l-Ahbis Ibn al-Furdt
(uol. 11. p. 358), saying that they were composed by Ibn al-Motazz (vol. 11. p. C l ) ,
and dbii 'l-Abbbs con~municatedthem to the vizir al-Kisim Ibn Obaid Allah (vol. 11.
p. 299). The latter then went to the khalif and recited the verses to him, adding
that they were by Obaid Allah Ibn Ahd Allah Ihn Tihir (vol. II. p. 79), to whom al-
bluktadir immediately ordered a present of one thousand dinars. How very
strange," said Ibn Zenji; "ihat Abii Bakr Ibn as-Sarriij should cornpose verscs which
\\-ere to procure a donation to Obaid Allah Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Tiihir ! " Abh Rakr
died on Sunday, the 26th of Zii 'I-Hijja, A . H . 316 (I1tll February, A. 1). 929).-
SarrliJ' means a saddler.

( I ) Iie meant to say : with a r l .

(2) cc Abli Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Zenji, a Bdtil celebrated for the beauty of his penlnan-
" ship, lel't a collectior. of epistles composed by himself and a treatise on his art. " - (Fihrest, fol. 478.)

IBN A L - A N B A R I THE GRAMMARIAN.

Abh Bakr Muhammad Ibn Abi Muhammad al-Kiisim lbn bluhammad Ibn Bashshhr
Ibn a]-Hasan Ibn Baiyan Ibn h i a Ibn Ferwa Ibn Katan 1bn Dilma al-Anblri, the
54 IBN KI-IALI,I KAN'S
gramlllarian and aulhor of several well-known treoliscs on ~ri~llllllilrnll(l i~llilo-
]ogy, was the most learned man of his timc in tile different l)l*iunr:ll(~s
of ~ c l l ( > r a l
literature, and their superior also by the quanlily of lilcrary nlntlcr w l i i c l i 111: hrlerv
hv heart. He was veracious and trust-worllly, pious, virluotls, 1k~ldi~~Iri(:l10110~1~1+
J

of {he sunna. Amongst his numerous worts were treatisCS 011 ill(! difh*rclltI~Of(lnl(:

on ihe rare and the obsctire expressions occurring in lh(: Koriirl flrld i l ~ c
Traditions, on tile pause, on the commencemenl of ~)limses,s I . C ~ lil!ion
I~ of lllosr h 110
impugn [he editiol, of tbo Korin in general use, and o bmili c:lll(!rl (1; %Ohit* (/h(#
bloonbing). High praise is hestowed on him by ilkc K h ~ i b(aol. I. p. 75) i 1 1 llis
History of Baghdad ; this author says : " 1 have becn inIornle(1 tl~otAIJB llukr n~;ule
c c dictations even in his father's life-time, each of them teacl~i~ig i l l n cIifft*rctrit 1,rir.t

.' of the same mosque. His father was learned in pl~ilology,ood nn cxnrt, vt:rnviinlr,
and trust-nrorihy t i ansmitter of pieces preserved by tradition. Ile inllnllit(r1 ilngl~,lnrl.
'I I number of learned men and his own son deliverer1 ~)ieccs011 llis u\ltl,ority. 11(!
composed a treatise on the (names of the parts of thc) llunlan frame, n lrmlise 011
the frame of the horse, a book of proverbs, a treatise on t l ~ clong iillti tllc s l ~ o r Il i n ~ l
*lif, a treatise on the genders, a treatise on the uncommon osl)ression~oeclirring
in the Traditions and other works." Abh Ali al-Khli (vol. I. p. 910) says : " 11
is stated that Abb Bakr Jbn al-AnbAri knew by heart three ltundred il~oesondversrs
illustrative of expressions occurring in the KorAn, and tlmt u pcrron liaving anid h)
him : c The great quantity of pieces which you know by llcart is often sl)ulct~o f ;
how n~uclldo you really know?' he answered : l liave in my n ~ e ~ r l o r(ar
a y muck
" ' as would /ill) thirleen chests."' It is mentioned tl;ot ho knew 1,y llenrt an(:
hundred and twenty commentaries of the Korln with their isndds (1). A l ) i l 'I-Hnsun
ad-Dbakutni (vol. 11. p. 239) relates that, on a certain Friday, lie llappenal lo be
present at one of the sittings held by Ibn al-AnbPri for tlle purpose of nluking dicta-
lions, and that he gave a wrong pronunciation to a name occurring i n ille irndd of a
Tradition. He said Haiydn relates ad-Dkrakutni, instead of l l u b b d ~ ~
~ ~ nof Hai~dn. 1 thought it would be n pily tllat an error
" ( y b )or~ f h ~ instead
" of this kind should be adopted and propagated on the authorit) so nblc and so
" eminent a man as Ibn al-bnblri, but, not daring to acquaint him will, ],is m i s ~ o k e , .
"I till the lesson was over, and 'approached the disciplc to wllom tile dicta-
" lions directly addressed, pointing out the enor of the master and informin;
" him the true reading. 1 then retired. The fullowing Friday, 1 allended tile
 IZIOGRAI'IIICAI, DICTIONARY. .[ l ,..
)

4 c next silting, and AbO Bakr said : ' Let i t be known to all here present, tlrat, last
FriJay, in dictating a certain Tradition, I gave a wrong pronuncialion to a name,
g

4.
and that youth indicated the true onew;and let that youth know illat I refPrrerl
4 to the source whence T derived the Tradition a n d found the lvorti written as h e

g
said.' " Amongst i b n al-AnbPri's works may be noticcd his CharCb ol-IlaaYlh
(unusualterms occurring in the Traditions), filling, it is said, forty-five thousand leavcs;
a commentary on the gramma~icaltreatise the Kdfi ( B ) , filling about one thousand
leaves; a treatise on the final h, in about one tl~ousandleaves; a list of words each of
which bears two contrary signif cations, the KitdB a!-Jdhiliydt (31, filling seven hundred
leaves, a treatise on the genders, the most complete ever composed; the Risdla ial-
Mushkil (epistola dubii ( l ) )i,n which h e refutes lbn Kutaiba (vol. 11. p 22) and A h i ~
Hltim (vol. I. p. 603). He was born on Sunday, the 11th of Kajab, A . M. 271
(4th January, A . D. 885), a n d he died on the eve of the Festival of the Sacrifice, A . H.
328 (16th. September, h. L). 940) ; some say, A . 11. 327.-His father al-Kbsim died
at Baghdad, A . H. 304 (A. D. 916-7); some say, in the rnontli'ofSahr, A . 11. 305.
-We have explained tlic meaning of the word Anbliri (vol. II. p. 58).-81 one of
his dictalions he quoted the following verses by a Bedwin Arab:

When you hindered her from speaki~~g to me, why did you not hinder her image from lea-
ving the distant region where she now resides and visiting my slum1)ers in its unerring course?
May God shed his favour on a certain dwelling, in the sands of the tribe's reserved grounds, al-
though the aspect of its ruins made me betray the passion I concealed. Were my corpse borne
on its bier past these abodes, the vary owl which dwells therein would say: " 0 my friend!
" come and stay with me."

At another sitting, he dictated these lines :

In the white regions of al-Orba, if you visit its people, you will see fair gazelles roaming at
liberty without a keeper. They go forth for the pleasure of encountering danger, and incur no
jealous suspicions; chaste they are, and he who wishes to sport with them may despair.

I. page xxii.
(l) See vol.
Khalifa notices a treatise on grammar entitled the Kdfi, and composed by Abb Jaafar Ahmad
(2) Hajji
an-NahhLs. As this grammarian was a pupil of Ibn al-AnbAri's (see vol. I. p. 8 l), it is possible that the com-
mentary here mentioned by Ibn Khallikan referred to the work of an-Nahhbs. The author of the Fihrest
mentions the grammatical treatise the Kdp, as the work of Ibn al-Anblri himself, and takes no notice of the
commentary.
 I B N IiIIA1,LIKAN'S

(3) hi^ ayyean to been a collection of poems composed i n tllc tirrlcs ulti!riot* to I~lilrriisfr),ii IVCIII
jilnilar to ,lle ~ u f ~ ~ ] d ~(see
l f ipage
y ~ t96 of this vol1lme). What may llclli t,o mnfirlo this ( : O I ~ C I : ~ , L Iis,
U ~ t,l~ul

is tile list of' tbn rl-Anbiri'r \vorks, as given i n tlic Fillrest, fol. 1 0 1 v., WC lind il littd1) ~ ~ l - d l u / r a t b b l i ~arid
(?t
k~tiib/I! JdhiIiv(i1.
u t ,

ABU 'L-AINA.

Abii Atd Allall Muhamnlad Ibn al-KAsim Ibn Khallhd lbn YBsir Ibn Sulaimhn al-
Hishi mi (a member, by enfranchisement, of the Ndshim family), surnilrned Abii
'1-AinP, was a m a d a to (the khalif) AbG Jaafar aldansirr. The family of AbB '1-Aini,
ntlo was a blind man, remarkable for his repartees, verses, and literary knowledge,
belonged to ((heprovince of) al-Yamdma (in Arabia), hut he himself was born a t al-
Ah~vPzand bred at Basra. He there learned Traditions and cullivated literature,
having taken lessons from 4bir Obaida (l), al-Asmdi (l~ol.1I. p. 123), Ahii Zaid al-
bnsdri (uol. 1. p. 570), al-Otbi, and otl~ermasters. He was an excellent h@z and
spoke \vith great elegance ; fluent in his discourse, prompt in his repartees, and sur-
passing in penetration and sharpness all his contemporaries, h e ranked among the
most brilliant wits of the age. Numerous amusing anecdotes are related of what
passed between him and Abh Ali ad-Darir (2)) and of the charming pieces of verse
which he composed on those occasions. Being one day in the society of a certain
vizir, the conversation turned on the history of the Barmekides and their generosity ;
on which the vizir said to Abh 'I-Ainii, who had just made a high eulogium of that
family for their liberality and bounty : ' c You have praised them and their qualities
" too much; all this is a mere fabrication of book-makers and a fable imagined by
" authors." Abii '1-Ainl immediately replied : An$ &g then do book-makers
" not relate such f3Lles of you, 0 vizir?" The vizir remained silent, a n d the com-
pan7 were struck with astonishment at Abll '1-Ainb's boldness.-Having one day
complained of his distressed circumstances to OLaid Allah Ibn Sulaimhn Ibn Wahb
(vol. 1. p. 29), the latter replied : Did I note write i n your favour to lbrahim Ibn
"
(314 It is true," said AbB 'l-Ainb ; but you wrote to a man
"-c6
 RIOCRAPIlICAI, DICTIONARY -
..
S I

from satisfying his generous inclinations by the protraction of poverty,

the humiliation of captivity, and the cruelty of fortune; so my efforts were frus-
trated and my hopes disappointed."-" But," said the vizir, '' it was you yourself
who made choice of him,"-" 0 vizirl" replied Abii '1-Ainh, l an1 not to be
blamed for that; Moses chose (out of) his people seventy men (h),and there was not a
prudent man among them; the blessed Prophet chose for secretary Abd Allah lbn
Saad Ibd Abi Sarh, and he fell into apostacy and joined the infidels; and Ali, the
son of Abii Tilib, chose for arbitrator Abb Mlisa 'I-Bshari, and he decided against
him."-By the words humiliation o~euptivity,Abli 'l-Ainii alluded to the circurn-
stance of Ibrahim Ibn al-hludabbar's having been imprisoned at Basra by Ali Ibn
Muhammad, chief of the Zenj (col 11. p. 11). Ibrahim effected his escape by break-
ing through the prison wall.-lbb 'I-Aind having one day gone to visit AbQ 'sSakr
Ismail Ibn Bulbul (vol. II. p. 6t2), that vizir said to him : " What has kept you away
a from us SO lor~g, Abil 'I-Aini? "-" hiy ass was stolen from me."-6d How was it
stolen I was not with the thief, so I cannot say."-" Why then not ride to
\ isi t 11s on another?
"-'C bIy poverty prevented me from buying; my pride, from
hiring; and my independence, from borrowing."-He one day had a dispute with
a descendant of Ali, and his adversary said to him : You attack me, qpd yet Y O U say
in your prayers: Almighty God1 bless hluhammad and the family of Illuhammad."
-cc Yes," replied Abli 'l-Aind, " but I add: who are virtuous and pure."-A con]-
rnon fellow having stood i n his way, he perceived it and said : "What is that?"--& ' A
man of the sons of Adam," was the reply. Welcome, welcome I " exclaimed Abii
'I-bind, " God grant you long life 1 1thought that all his sons were dead."-Having
gone one day to the door of Sdid Ibn Makhlad and asked permission to enter, he
was told that the vizir was engaged in prayer. c * Ah l " exclaimed Abb 'I-Aind,
there is a pleasure in novelty." I t must be here observed that Sdid had been a
Christian before his appointment to the vizirat (5).-Happening to pass by the door
of Abd Allah Ibn h l a n s h , who was then recovering from an altack of sickness, he
asked the servant how he was. 4 L Just as you could wish," was the answer. "Why
H then," replied AbB '1-Aini, " do I not hear the funeral cry? "-A mendicant
whom h e invited to partake of his supper having eaten it all up, he said to him : " f
asked you through charity, and it will be a charity in you to leave me."--One of
his friends met him at an early hour of the morning and expressed his astonishment
at his being out so soon : You do as I do," replied Abh 'l-Aind, &'andyet you wonder
VOL. 111. 8
 BIOGRAPIIICAI, D I C T I O N A R Y . 59

i bresist a small quantity, and I disgrace myself if I take m~lcli."--~( Come I " said the
khalif, " do not say so, but be our boon companion."--" I am a sightless man,"
replied Abh 'l-Aini; " all who sit in your company are ready to serve you, and 1
require a person to serve me ; neither am I free from the apprehension that you
s 6may look at me with the eye of one who is well pleased whilst your heart is wroth,
or that your eye may express wrath whilst your heart is well-$eased; and if I
6 1cannot distinguish these two signs, it may cost m e my life. So 1 shall prefer safety
" to risk."--'( I am told," said the khalif, " that thou hast an evil tongue." -" Corn-
& 'mander of the faithful! " replied Abh 'l-AinB, " the Almighty hiniself has uttered
4 dpraise and satire ; lie has said : Haw excellent a srrvant I for he frequently turned
d' himself unto Cotl (1O ) , and : a defamer, yoing about with slander, a preventer of
" good, (1 transgressor, a wicked wretch ( 1 1 ) . And a poet hath said:

It' T praise not the honest man and revile not the sordid, the despicable, and base, why
should I h a w the power of saying, That is good, cctzd titis is bud? and why should God have
* ' o~)encd(oicn's) ears and my mouth? "

- What place are you from l " said the kl~alif.--'~ From B a ~ r a . " - - ~ ~What hast
L ithou to say of it? "-" Ils water is bitter ; its heat is a torment, and i t is pleasant
when hell is pleasant." When Najdh Ibn Salama was delivered over to Mhsa
Ibn Abd Allah al-Ispahhi, who had been commissioned to exact from him the s u n ~ s
which he owed (to governnzenl), the cruel tortures to which the prisoner was sub-
jected caused his death (12). This happened on Monday, the 22nd of ZQ '1-Kaada,
A . H. 295 (19th Feb., A. D. 860). The same evening, al-Mutazz billah, the son of
al-Mutawakkil, attained the age of puberty, and some persons of high rank were as-
semhled at Abil 'I-Aini's. One of them having asked him if he had any news of Najdli
I b n Salama, be answered (in the words of the Kordn, s h u t 28. verse 14) : Moses
" (Mdsa)struck him and killed him." Those words came to the ears of Miisa, who,
soon after, met Abli 'l-Ainb i n the street and threatened h i m , on which the latter
said (in the words of the same chappler, verse 18) : '' Dost thou intend to kill me, as
'' thou killedst a man yesterday?"-Acertain great man having made him a promise
which h e did not fulfil, Abfi 'l-Aind wrote to him in these terms: The confidence I
" have i n your word prevents me from complaining of your delay; and the know-
" ledge I have of your constant occupations induces me to awaken your recollection.

" Yet, persuaded a s 1 am of your magnanimity, and convincedof your generous spirit,
 1 dread lest dealh overtake me, and death is the deslroycr of ll~p('. ~ ~ (;0(1
~ hin- y
'c crease your days and make you attain the term or youl. wisl~os. AII~(~II.''--'I'I~.?
anecdotes told of AbB '1-Ainii are very ntinlerous; lhc follo~ringone is s t i l l n l to
becn related by hinlself: " [was one day silting will1 Al)I"I 'I-Jalm (131, w11l:n n rnan
came i n and said to him : ' You mudc me a pronlisc. and il dcpcnds on yo~rrkind-
.' ' ness io fulfil1 it.'--Abii 'I-Jallm answered lhat hc did not recollecl it. ;u111 tllo other
replied: ' If you do not recollect it, 'Lis because lllc persons lilcc 111o 10 wlloln
t .
G ' you make promises are numerous; and if I remcmher it, 11s 1)t:i:ausc 1111%persons
' like you to whom 1 may confidently address o rcqucst arc Few.'--' \!'all silitl !
" ' blessings on your fattier ! ' exclaimed AbB 'l-Jahm, and the pro[)~isc wils i l r i l t ~ u -
diately fulfilled."-Ab8 'I-Aini was born A . H. 191 (A. 1). 806-7) ;)I ~ I I - A ~ I W ~ Z ,
as nre have already said ; he passed his early youlh at Bnsra ; on attaining l ~ i sfortiutll
year, he lost his sight, and having resided for a time a t Ilngl~tl;~d, 11a rcbtrirnctl l o
Basra, and died there in the month of thc latter Jumddn, A. 11. 283 (Jllly-August,
A. 1). 896); some say, 283. His son Jaafar says that his dent11 l o o l ~plaac 011 lhe
iOth of the first Jumida, and his birth in 8 . 11. 190; Cod best ltrlows wlricll of
these statements is the more correct.-He received rhc surnumc of Al)d 'l-Aznd
(father large- eye) from the circumstance of liis having askcd Abii %aid ;il-A nsiiri how
he formed the diminutive of the word aind, (a large-eyed female), 10 wliicl~i ~ rcccive~l
c
this answer: " Oyaind, 0 Abii 'l-Ainll" which nickmanc sl~iclcto him cvcr after.-
The name Khalldd takes a double l . -We hove already spoken of al-Yavh&rn(~ (vol. 11.
p. 10) and al-Ahrodz.
( I ) His life will be found i n this work.
( 9 ) Abou i l i ad-Darir (the blind), called also (perhaps by antiphrilsis) A6d A l l al-ll,~rir( J . ~ I ! )(me
clear sighted), waa an eminent poet and epistolary writer; the author of the I'rihrest informs 11suntlcr the
heads of Abti Ali at-Bastr and Abti 'l-dind, that the former corresponded with and si~liriirctl tkla Inltnr.-
(F~hrest,fol. 169, 17f.)
(3) lbrahim lbn al-Mudabbar and his brothers, Ahmad and M~lharnmad,were elnincnt p ~ : l sand prose-
"itten @ &p F>.-(Fihrest, fol. I69).-The word &? seems to i,alicstc Lhi~tthey
were employed in the Board of Correspondence.
( 4 ) Koran, sarat 7, verse 154.
( 5 ) Mid Ibn Makhlad was one of al-Motamid's vizirs. Ibn al-Attrlr ioforrns us in his K d m i l , u n d ~ rthe
Year 976, that S s d lbn Makhlad went that year to W U t , where sl-Muwaffik, the khalif's l)rol,bor i111d liolte-
"ant, received him with the highest marks of hononr. On this occasion, Said conducted lrirnsrlf with rllueh
haWh*in'>ss~ and, Soon after, al-Muwaffik imprisoned him and his family. t

( 6 ) According to the author of the Flhrest, fool. 170, Muhammad Ibn Mukarram was an eloqlrcnt k d h b and
1.lji~t0ial.vwriter. In the lihatib's great History of Baghdad, we find mcntion made of an ALii Jnabr 1111-

ilanimad 1L11XIukarram as-SaffAr who died, as it mould appear, in the year 231 (A. Tl. xlfi-fij.
( 7 ) Ilag111ladappears to have been the native place of Ibn al-Mukarram, a s Dasra Fvas that of Ahh 'I-.iin~.
( 8 ) The- author of the Fihrest indicates two persons bearing the surname of Ibn Than-Aba, I I I I ~callet1 ~h,)
1-linsan Ibn ThawAba, a man of learning and talent; and the other hbit :il)d Allah hluharr~rnad l b r ~A h ~ r ~ a ~ i
11111 Tham-iba, an accomplished epistolary writter and secretary of the khalif al-Motadit1.-(Fihre..t, f. 17r; \-.)
(9j IIe means the vizir; see vol. 11. p. 612,
(1 0 ) liorAn, s ~ r a t38, verse 99.
jl l ) KorSn, d r a t 68, verses I 1 and 18.
(1 ?) Naj3h Ibn Salama was president of the Lbard nt' Requests (rliu~du of-lauki,~), ~ L I Ioffice in \vt~ich wvrc
rlrawn up the answers to the ~nernc-,ri:tlspresrntc:d to the sovereign. He was charged also with the cr~~ltr.ct[
(11' the agents who administered tht: estates belo~iging to government. Having discovere:l solne cxter~sive
peculations cornmitttbd by Mhea lhti hbd i~l-3lalik,cl~icl'ofthe Revenue-Office (rc:-khlr~~tilj),:~ntlxi-I!asan Itrt,
s[akhlad, preshic.lit c~t'the E!o;tr.d of Estates, he sent in a memorial to the khalif al-hIutnrv;:kkil, l . ~ - l ~ r e s c ~ ~ t i n ~
to him that thew two officers had rrtained in their possession forty millions of dirhems. The khnlil' r~plied
rkla:, the next (lay, Mhsa and al-Hasan should be tlelivered over to him, that he might proceed ag;kinst thurl~.
[{ut titat night, the vizir Obitid .illall lbn Tahya, who t'a~ul~retl
those two oflicers, induced Najdh tci \v~thtlra\s
his 3c:cusation and promised that he would arrange the affair. The next morning, Najhh's rrtlLactior~was
to the khnlir with a declaration signed hy Mhsa and al-Hasan, wherein thry stated that they bat1
!~r~..<~~rttcd
.iil\~aflypail1 into the hands of WajAh upwards of two millions of dinars, for which he had not ;~ccuuntedto
rtle st;tte. -11-~lutawakkil immediately delivered over Najhh and his sons to hIhsa, who obliged then1 tu
that they had in their possessiori about forty millions of dinars, without counting their li~agazil~es
L,e,~fcss of
corn, their horses, and landed property. blhsa took all this wealth from his prisoners and, ofter inflicting ;I

severe flogging on NajA11, he put hirn to death by the compressing of his testicles. The sons of the victini
were then beaten till they acknowledged having in their possession seventy thousand dinars ant1 other pro-
perty. bihsa took all from them, and extorted also large sums from the agents employed by NajAh in the dif-
ltrrnt cities of the empire.-(Ibn al-Athir's Kdmil, year ltk5).
( 1 3) Ad-Dahabi states in his Obituary that Abh 'l-Jahm Ahmad Ibn al-Husain, a poet remarkabie fur his
1ti.ln1 exhieri:~tionsF>&\ -L,died I. H. 319 (A. D. 931).

JIUHAS1MA I) I B N OM*AR AL-WAKID1.

Ab6 Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Omar Ibn Wtkid al-Wbkidi, a native of Medina
(al-bfadani)and a rnawla: to the Hdshim family-or, according to some, to that of
Aslam, a descendant of Sahm,-was e man eminent for learning, and the author
G2 IBN KIIALLIKAN'S
of some wnrks on the conquests of l l \ c i l o s l i ~ ~and
l s otl~ers~~l)jcc!s.His
Kit& nr-Bidda (history of the apostacy), a w o k of no inferior nleril, contains an
aeconnt of the apostacy of the Arabs on the death OS tIlc I'ropllel, s ~ ofd litc wars
betIreen the Con~pnnionsand Tulaiha l b n Klluwailid sl-Azdi, al-Aswad al-Ansi and
Musailoma al-KaLdjh he liar) (l). Ile reccivcd traditional infornlalion from lbn
hhi Dih (vol. N. p. 5891, Dlarnar Ibn H b l d d (vol. 1. p. s~iv).
Malik ILn Anas (uol. 11.
p. 5651, 8th-Thauri (001. I. p. 576), and others ; his scrrclary Mullarnn~adIbn S a d ,
whose lifr comes immediately after tlris, and a nunrhcr of olljer (lislinguisllcd men
delivered traditional information on his autliorily. Ile l~clrlthe ~)ostof hddi in
eastern quarter of Baghdad, and was appointed by a!-ldmi~n to fill tl~csarnc olfice
at Askar al-hlahdi. The Traditions received from him arc consitlcrcd of feeble au-
thority, and doubts have been expressed on ihe suhjecl of his (ueracil!y). 81-Mirnbn
testified a Iligh respect for liim and ireated him with marked honour. Al-Whkidi
once wrote to him, cornplaining that straitened circumstonccs hail 1)ariltened him
with debts, and specified the amount of what he owed. On this rtlemorial al-Wimfin
inscribed tile following answer : &'Youpossess the qualities oI liberalily and modesly :
liberality allows your hand to disperse freely what yorz posscss, and motlesly induces
you to mention only a part of your debts. W e have, tllcrcfore, ordcrcd you tlie
" double of what you ask; if illis be not sufficient, tlle fault is your own ; and if it

d 4answer your expectations, be yet more liberal than before, for the lreasures of God
M are open, and his hand is stretched fort11 to do good. Wllcn you acted as kddi 10
" ar-Rashid, you told me that the blessed Prophet said to az-lubair (2): 0 Zubair 1
L

' ille keys of the provision which God grants to liis creatures are placed belore his
" ' throne; He bestowelh on them in proportion to their expenditure; if tl~cyspend
" ' much, He gives much, and if they spend little, He gives litlle.' I had corn-
"-L'

" pletely forgotten this Tradition," observed al-Wikidi, and 1 derived more plea-
.&

" sure from his reminding me of it than from the present h e made rnc." Bishr al-
Hdfi (vol. l. p. 957) related one single fact relative to al-Wikidi, which was that he
heard him say : How to write a charm to cure fevers. Take some olive leaves,
" and, on a Saturday, being yourself in a state of purity, write on one of these leaves :
" Hell is hungry, on another, Hell is t h i r s ~ and
, on the third, Hell is refreshed.
" Put them into a rag and bind them on the left arm of the person suffering from
" fever. I made the experiment myself, said al-Wikidi, and found it succcs~fu~."
Such is the relation given by AhB 'I-Faraj l b n al-Jauzi (vol. 11. p. 96) in 111e book
 R I O G R : \ P l 1 I ( ~ . 4 1 ~I)IC,TlOhhi,!. 6:I

r~llichhe composed on the L i b of Bishr al-Hdfi.-Al-Y asiidi mentions, in his .ilurfl,

rrd-Ualrab, that al-Wikidi related the following anecdote : I had [\to friends, one of
i+llorn belonged to the family of Hiishim, and we were all as if animated by ono
- soul. Poverty then came upon nie, and I was reduced to deep distress, n hen niy
wife said to me, as the great Fest~valwas drawing near : As for ourselves, we can
G

supporl i n patience our misery and affliction; but tliere are our children, and i t
L '
cuts me to the heart to think that they will see tlie neighbours' children dressrtt
* * ' out and adorned for the Festival, whilst ours must continue as thcy now are, in
** Stheir worn-out clothes. Could you contrive to procure the means of clothing
" them?' I immediately wrote to my friend, the Hdshimide, rerjuestlng him to let
me have whatever suit;. he could dispose of, and he sent me a purse sealed up,
c ' and containing, lie said, one-bhousand dirtiems. I had hardly recovered from the
joy I experienced, when 1 received a note from nly other friend, wherein lie made
a complaint similar to that which I had addressed to ilie Hishimide; I imnletliately
" sent hiill the purse without even breaking the seat, and, Leing then ashamed of
. ' appearing before my wife, I went to the mosque and remained there till morning.
b 4 W hen I returned home, instead of being reproached for what I had done, I had
" the satisfaction of receiving her full approbation and, just at that momthnt, the
lidsliimide came in, wilh the purse sealed up as before. ' Tell me sincerely,'
" said lie,L how you disposed of what 1 sent you.' 1 told him the plain fact. ' \Veil,'
' I said he, when you applied to me, I sent you all 1 possessed on earth, and having
' then written to my friend requesting him to share with me what he had, I re-
* ' ' ceived from him my own purse, sealed wilh my signet.'-We then decided on
maliing a n equal partition of the thousand dirhems, having first taken out one
' < hundred for nly wife (3). Al-3l$mOn having heard of [he circumstance, sent for

' < me and made me relate what had passed; tre then ordered us a present of seven

" thousand dinars, two thousand dinars for each of us, and one thousand for my
wife." The Khatib relates thjs anecdote, with some slight difference, in his His-
tory of Baghdad. 81-Wdkidi was born in the beginning of A. H. l30 (Sept., A. D. 747);
he died on the eve of Monday, the ll t h of ZB 'l-Hijja, h. H. 207 (277th April, A. D.
8231, being then kQdi of the quarter of Baghdad situated on the western side of the
Tigris. Such is the statement made by Ibn Iiutaiba, but as-Sambni says that he was
kddi of the eastern quarter of Baghdad, as we have already mentioned. The funeral
service was said over him by Muhammad Ibn Samiia at-Tamimi, and he was interred
61 1133 KIIALLIIIAN'S
in the Rhaizurin cemetery. Some place his death in 209 or 206, but tile date we
llave given is the true one. The Khatib says, in his History of Bagl~dad,towards the
beginning of his notice on al-Wiikidi, that he dicd in the monlh of Zt- 'l-Kaada,
but to\vards the end of tlie article, lie places his death in %h 'I-llijja. 1 found
among rough notes, and in my own hand-writing, that al-WALidi died at the age
of seventy-eight years. Wdliidi means descended pom WGkid; one of lris ancestors
bore this name.--Of al-Madani we have already spoken (p. 5 of this vol.).-Askar
ul-Mahdi (ul-Jllnhhdi's camp),a place now known by tlie name of ar-Rrsdfa, is situated
in t h e eastern quarter of Baghdad. It was built by Abii Jaafar al-Mansilr Tor his son
al-klatldi, after wliom it was called. This confirms ille statement that al-Wiikidi was
kGdi of the eastern quarter of the city, not of the western.

ii) See Abh 'l-Fida, reign of Abb Bakr; Price in his Retrospect, vol. I ; Koscgartcn's Annals of at-Tabari,
p,lrt 11, ant1 Yr. Caussirl de Pcrceral's Essui sur l'l~istoiveries Arabes, torr~eIll.
. 3 ) ALh Abd :illnh az-Zubair Ibn al-AuwAm Ibn Khuwailid Jbn Asad Ibn Abd al-0zza ll)u ILussi~P,ii 1ncmbr:r
of the t r i l , ~of Eoraistl and of the family of Asad, was a cousin of Muhdmmad by thc rnotl~c~r's
side, and onc
~t tttt. tell proselytes to whom the fbundcr of Islamism announced their certain cntry i r ~ t opirrrtdisc. I'erse-
,:ilted, like the otht~rMosllms, by the Pagan Arabs, hc took refuge i n Abyssinia, bat retur~lcdin time to ac-
cnmpany bIuhaminad in his emigration to Medins. He fought in all Muhamrnarl's battles, and, at the com-
bat of Badr, he was the only warrior among the true believers who took tho field on horscl)i~ck. A t thc con-
quest c~fBlekka, h? bore Muhammad's standard, and upwards of thirty wounds rcccivcd i n various combats
aga~nstthe iriiidels attested his bravery and his attachment to that faitti i n tile causo of w h i c t ~liis sword was
t t ~ efirst ever drawn. Jealous or All, he espoused the quarrel of AAisha, and fell by thc hand of Amr Ibn Jar-
~ n i l i :the 10th of the latter Junlhla, A H. 36 (Deccmbcr, A. D. G5G), soon after thc battle of the Carnel. He
rnet wltli his death in d valley near Uasra, called Wddi 'S-Salda (the vulleg of the /ions.)-(AbO. 'I-[Jida.
7atakdt (11-LWukucltlttkt~. Slur us-Salaf ) .
(3) One thousand pieces could not be equally divided between threc pcrsons; the dificulty was obviated by
reducing the sum to nine hundred,

MUHAMMAD IBN SAAD.

Abil Abd Allall Muhammad l h n Saad Ibn Mani az-Zuhri, was a man of ~tlehighest
talents, merit, and eminence. He lived for some time with al-Wlkidi (see the pre-
ceding article) in the character of a secretary, and for this reason he became kno\vn
by the appellation of Kdtib al-Wdkidi. Amongst the masters under whom he studied
\\-as Sclfyin Ibn Oyaina [vol. 1. p. 578); traditional information was delivered on his
own authority by l b l i Bakr Ibn Abi 'd-Dunyd (vol. I. p. 532) and Abii Mullammad
al-Hhrith Ibn Abi Oshma at-Tamimi. He composed an excellent work, in fifteen
bolumes, on ihe different classes (tabakdt) of Muhammad's companions and of the
Tlbi's; i t contains also a history of the khalifs brought down to his own time. lie
left also a smaller Tabakdt. His character as a veracious and trust-worthy historian
is universally admitted. It is said that the complete collection of al-\b7hkidi's works
remained in the possession of four persons, the first of whom was his secretary, Mu-
hammad Ibn Saad. This distinguished lvriter displayed great acquirements in the
sciences, tlre Traditions, and traditional literature ; most of his books treat of the Tra-
ditions anti law. The Khatib AbS Bakr (vol. I. p. 75)- author of the History of
Bagtldnd, speaks of him in these terms: *' We consider Bluhammad Ibn Saad as a
i r man of unirnpeached integrity, and the Traditions which he delivered are a proof

.-of his veracity, for in the greater part of the information handed down by him, \P
find i ~ i mdiscussing it, passage by passage." He was a naawla to al-Husain Ibn
Abd Allah Ibn Obaid Allah Ibn al-Abl~hsIbn Abd al-Muttalib. Be died at Baghdad,
on Sunday the 4lh of the latter Jum6da, A. H. 203 (l)ecemher, A. D. SiS), at tht*
age of sixty-two years, and was interred in the cemetery outside the 1)arnascus gatc
!Bdb m-Shbrn).

ABLI' B I S I I K AD-DGLAliI.

Abu Eishr &fuhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Hammid Ibn Saad al-Anshri ad-Ddlbbi (a
aatice of Ddldb) was allied, by adoption, to the AnsBrs. The surname of al-Warrik
ar-RPzi (the scribe of Rai) was borne by him (because he was originally frmn the pro-
rince of Rai and q i e d or sold books). Ad-Diilhbi displayed great learning in the
Traditions, historical narrations, and general history; he learned the Traditions in
Syria and I& from Muhammad Ibn hshshar (l), Ahmad ibn Abd al-Jab& al-oa
VOL. m. 9
ridi, and a great nulnber of otller tcacbers. 1Iis orvn nulllorily WiIS cilrd br rmdi-
tions by at-Tabarini I, p. 592) and AbG lliilim i b n llul~bdrlnl-llllsti (2). He
left some usehll \\rorlrs on hislory and on tile dates O[ the bir111s and (lcnll~sof !he
learned ; these productions arc so correct illat persons ~ 1 1 0C U livalc
~ sue11 branches of
knowledge full reliance on the infornlalion tllcy (lcrivc from lllcrll, and his state-
n)ents "lay be found quoted in works of the liigliest rcpule. I n a word, I I C was 0°C
of the first masters on these subjects, and an autllorily to wllom constant reference is
made. His procluctions are drawn up with great carc. He died a1 al-Arj, A . H.
320 (A. D. 932). I t is related that he gave tbe following lincs as ilic production of
Orwa Ibn BizPm al-Ozri (vol. I. p. 671) and used to repeat them very often :

When my heart designed to abandon her, it fout~dits pro,jccl opposed by two strenuous intcr-
cessors (love and remembrance (?) estnblishcd) in my Bosom. Wl~criit said No, thcy said Yes;
but all were so011 unanimous, for they prevailcd.

-D.dltibi, or Dauldbi, which last is considered by as-Sambni as t11c corrcct pronun-

ciation, means belonging to ad-Daldb, a village in lllc province ol Itai. Anolher
village of the same name lies in ihe province of al-AhwAz, a n d near it was fought
the celebrated battle against t21c Azirika (vol.11. p. 514.). Another llliliib is situated
to the east of Baghdad, and a fourth place of this nnmc is DOldb al-Jar 13). 08/66,
pronounced also Dauldb, means any thing w l ~ i c lturns~ round (a warer-wheel,[or
zaslance).-Al-Arj is a steep mounlain pass on the pilgrim road From Mckka to Me-
dina. I n the territory of Thif is a populous village called uCArj, the nativc place of
al-Alji {he poet (vol. I. p. 267), whose real names were: Abd Allah Ibn Omar lbn
Amr Ibn Othmdn Ibn AffAn.-I do not know in which of lhese two places ad-Ddlibi
died. There is also a place in Yemen called Sdk aCArj.

( l ) Abfi Bakr Muhammad Ibn BashshAr Ibn OthmAn Ibn Dhwad lbn Kaisbn at-bhdi, called also Bendh,
was a traditionkt and a native of Basra. Al-Bukhari cited his authority for some Traditions. He dicd A. H.
359 (A. D. 866).-(Tab. al-Muhaddithin.)
(2) AbP Hhtim Muhammad Ibn Habbdn, a native of the town of Bust, i n Sijistan, was a traditionist of the
highest authority and the author ofIsome esteemed works on the traditionists, medicine, astronomy, and other
subjects* He died A. H. 3 5 4 (A. D. 9ES).-(Huff&, lbn Khaldbn's Prolegomena.)
(3) We should perhaps read Hdzin (dj') with the Mardsid.
 Abii Abd -411ah Muhammad Ibn Jmrin Ibn MCsa Ibn Said Ibn Obaid Allail iii-
Kdtib al-Marzubhni was born at Baglldad, but his family belonged to KhorCsCn.
Besides drawing up numerous works and curious compilations (l), which are well
known, he delivered orally a great deal of literary and historical informalion. As a
transmitter of Traditions, Ilc bore the character of a sure authority, but in his reli-
gious belief he leant towards ttie Shiite doctrines. He gave his Traditions on 1\11.
authority of b b d Allall Ihn Frluhammad al-Baghawi (vol. I . p. 323), Abii Rakr I h r i
Abi DB\-Gd as-Sijisthni (vol. I. p. 590), and other masters. It was he who first col.
lected and revised the poetical works of the Omaiyide (khalif),Pizid the son of Moawia,
the son of AbG SofyBn; they form a small volume of about six[y pages (2). After
him, other persons undertook the same task, but tl~eyinserted in the collection a
great number of pieces which were not Yazid's. The poems of tllis prince, though
not numerous, are highly beautiful ; one of his sweetest passages is that contained ir-I
the piece rhyming in ~ 6 ~ where
2, he says:

Separated from Laila, I louged for a glhi~pseof her figure, thinking lllat tile flame which raged
within my bosom would be calmed at her aspect; but the females of the tribe said: You h o p
" to see the charms of Laila ! die of the (lingering) malady of hope! How couldst thou look
b' on hila, whilst the eyes which you cast on other women are not yet purified by tears? Row
call you hope to enjoy her discourse, since your ears have hearkened to the voice of strau-
L' gers? 0 Laila! thou art too noble to be seen ! be ollly can sec thee whose heart is humble
'. and submissive (3)"
1 conceived so great an admiration for Yazid's poetry, that, i n the year 633 (A. D.
1235-6), being then at Damascus, I learned it all by heart, and succeeded in distin-
guishing the genuine pieces from those which were falsely ascribed to him. I exa-
mined also the latter with attention, and was enabled, by my researches, to discover
by whom each of them was composed; these results 1should set forth h e r e were 1 not
apprehensive of lengthening this article too much.-Al-MarzuEni was barn in the
month of the latter Jumida, A. H. 297 (Feb.-March, A. D. 910);-some say, 296
-and he died on Friday, the 2nd of Sllawwil, A. H. 386 (9th November, A. D.
 8 .

994). His has been erroneously in tl~eycar 378. I 111: f1111c~rt11

servir:e
was said over llim by lllc doctor Abii Hakr al-Kllowirczmi. Ile ails interred in his
house, situated in the shdrC of Amr tlle Greek (Amr ar-Ndt~~i~), o s l ~ ~ e ic rl ~illill q~larler
of Baghdad ~ v l ~ i elies
h on the east side of tllc river. I l c dclivcrrd l~*ndiliu~~id in for-
mation on the authority of AbB 'l-KLim al-Uagl~dLli(h). Allil llilkr Ilrn ilursid
(page 37 of this d . ) , and Ab6 Bakr Ibn al-Anbiri (pa!lc 50 o r [Iris vol.) ; his own
authority was cited by Abh Abd Allah as-Saimari, A bQ 'l-KPsinl nt-Tnnil klli (vol. 11.
p. 567). Ab6 Muhammad al-Jauhari, and o1hers.-He rcccivc(1 tllc surriurllc of al-
Marzubiini because one of his ancestors bore the namc of al-illnrz?&l~b, u tlcsignalion
applied by the Persians to great and powerful men only. Tllis word signifies guar-
dian ofthe frontier, as we learn from lbn al-Jawhliki's (5)work, cntitlal ul-illunrral.

(1) Ibn Khallilian mentions, in the life of' the poet Abil Uakr al-Khowhrcrmi, tl~iiti~l-M;~rxul~no~
wna thcl
author of a Mojam as-Shuard, or dictionary of notices on the p ~ c t s .
(2) The original has : Of about three kurrhas. A lcurrdsa, or quire, ~cncrilllyco~lliiirr~
Iwt:111y ~ : I K ( : N .
(a) These verses seem to havc a mystic import; thc klovcd signifying lllc 1)ivinily.
(4) This I believe to be the same person as the Abd Allah al-Uaghawi alrcady mc~ntiurictl i r ~llrir; ilrl.ic:l~*.

.
I
(5) His life will be found in this work.

ABU BAKR AS-SULI.

The kdtib Abii Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Abd Allall Ibn al-Abbb 1bn Mu-
hammad Ibn Srll TiUn, generally known by the appellation of as-Srili as-Shatranji
(as-% the chest-player), bore a high reputation as a man of talent and a n accom-
plished scholar. He delivered traditional information on the authority of Abh IKiwhd
asSijist5ni (vol. 1. p. 5891, Abii 'l-Abb$s Thalab (vol. I. p . 831, Abll 'I-AbbBs al-Mu-
barrad (page 31 of this vol.), and other great masters; AbG 'l-Hasan ad-D8rakufni
(vol. m*
p- 239), Abfi Abd Allah al-Marzubini, see the preceding article, a n d others
have transmitted down the information which he imparted. He became one of (the
khalif) ar-Ridi's boon companions, after having been his pl*eeeptor; the khalif a]-
Multtafi and his successor al-Mukladir received him also into their intimacy on account
of \,is convivial talents. IIe composed a number of celebrated works, sucl~as the
Kitdb al- W,uzar&(book of vizirsj, the Kildb al- JVaraka (book of [he leaf (1)), the Adab
al-KCilib (the knowledge requisite for a kdtib), the Kitiib al-Anw&(book of species), the
Hislory of Abh Tammdm (vol. I. p. 3&8),tlic History of the Karmats, the lizldb al-
Ghurar (book of brilliancies (?)), the History of Abh Amr Ibn al-hlh (vol. 11. p. 399),
the KitGb al-lbdda (book of devotion), the History of lbn Harma ( i ) ,the History of as-
Saiyid al-Himyari (vol. 11. p. 241), the History of Ishak Ibn Ibrahim an-Nadim (uol. 1.
p. 183), a biographical dictionary of modern poets, etc. The science which he
chiefly cultivated was biography, but he knew by heart and transmitted down a great
number of literary productions. Sincere in his religious belief and virtuous in his
conduct, he merited the confidence which was always placed in his word. As a
chess-player he remained without an equal, and, even to the present day, it is said
proverbially of a player whose abilities are intended to be extolled, that such a one
plays at chess like as-SBli. 1 have met a great number of persons who believed that
as-Shli was the inventor of chess, but this is an erroneous opinion, illat game having
been imagined by Sissah Ibn Dkhir the Indian, for the amusement of king Shihriim.
Ardashir Ibn Bibek, the founder of the last Persian dynasty, invented the game of
nerd (tables) (2), which was, therefore, called nerdashtr (3). He designed it as an
image of the world and its inhabitants, and, therefore, divided the board into twelve
squares to represent the months of the year; the thirty pieces (or me?&) represented
the days of the month, and the dice were the emblems of fate and the vicissitudes
through which it conducts the people of the world. But, to expatiate on these points
would lead us too far, and make us digress from the subject in which we are now
engaged. The Persians count the game of nerd as one of the inventions which did
honour to their nation. [Balhait was at that lime king ol India, and for him Sissah
invented the game of chess. The sages of the time declared it superior to the game
of nerd, and that for reasons too long to be explained] (4.). It is said that, when
Sissah invented the game of chess and presented it to Shihrhm, the latter was struck
with admiration and filled with joy; he ordered chess-boards to be placed in the
temples, and considered that game as the best thing that could be learned, in as
much as it served (as an introduction) to (the art of) war, as an honour to religion and
the world, and as the foundation of all justice. Be manifested also his gratilude and
satisfaction for the favour which heaven had granted him in illustrating his reign by
sucll an invention, and lie said to Sissali. " Ask inc for \vllalevcr yell desire."--
.< 1 then demand," Sissall, " lhat grain of wllcai be placed in first
b .square of the ctlcss-hoard, two in t l ~ csecond, and lllnt number of grains be
'6 progressively doubled till the last square is attained : whatever tllis quantity may
' 6be, 1 ask yoir to bestow it on me." Tlle king, who meant 10 make him a present
of sometlling considerable, exclainied that such a recompense would be too little,
and repronebedSissall for asking so inadequate a reward. Sissah declared that he
desired nothing but what he had mentioned, and, lleedless of the king's remon-
strances, he persisted i n his demand. The king, at lenglh, consented, and ordered
that of wheat to be given him. When the chiefs of the government office
received orders to that effect, they calculated the amount, and answered [hat they did
not possess near so nlueh \\heat as was required. Tllese words were reported to the
king, and he, being unable to credit them, ordered the chiefs to be brought before
I Having questioned them on the subject, they replied that all the wheat in the
world would be insufficient to make up the quantity. Be ordered ihem to prove
what they said, and, by a series of multiplications and reckonings, they demon-
strated to him that such was the fact. On this, the king said to Sissah: " Your
ingenuity in imagining such a request is yet more admirable than your talent in
inventing the game of chess."-The way in which this doubling of the grains is
to be done consists in the calculator's placing one grain in the first square, two in
itie second, four in the third, eight in the fourth, and so on, till he comes to the
last square ; placing i n each square the double of what is contained in the preceding
one. I was doubtful that the .amount could be so great as what is said, but having ,

met one of the accountants employed at Alexandria, I received from him a demon-
stration which convinced me that their declaration was true: he placed before me a
sheet of paper in which he had doubled the numbers up to the sixteenth square, and
obtained thirq-two thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight grains (5). Now,"
said he, '' let us consider this quantity to be the contents of a pint measure, and this
" I know by experiment to be true; "-these are the accountant's words, so let him
bear the responsibility-" then let the pint be doubled in the seventeenth square,
" and So on progressively. In the twentieth square it will become a waiba (peck),
" the waibu~ will then become an ardabb (bushel), and in the fortieth square we shall
" have one h ~ n d r e dand seventy-four thousand seven hundred and sixty-two irdabbr.
" Let us suppose this to be the contents of a corn store, and no corn store contains
 more than that; tllcn, in the fiftieth square we shall have the contents of one
thousand and twenty-four stores; suppose these to be (situ,ated in) one city-and
no city can have more than that number of stores or even so many-we shall then
find that the sixty-fourth and last square gives sixteen thousand three hundred and
eighty-four cities (6). Now, you know that there is not in the n-orld agreater num-
ber of cities than that, for geometry informs us that the circumference of the globe
is eight thousand parasangs (7); so that, if the end of a cord were laid on any part
b dof tlre earth, and the cord passed round it till both ends met, we should find the
length of the cord to be twenty-four thousand miles, which is equal to eight thou-
sand parasangs. This (dtv~ntonslralion)is decisive and indubitable."--Were I not
apprehensive of extending this arlicle too much and being led away from my sub-
ject, I sl~ouldrender this evident, but, in my notice on the sons of l i s a , I slrall
touch again on the subject (8). You know also that the inhabited portion of the
earth forms about one quarter of ,its surface.--These observations have caused us to
digress, but as they convey some useful infornlation and a curious piece of reckon-
ing, I decided on inserting them so that they might come under tlre notice of such
persons as treat with incredulity the result obtained by doubling the squares of
the chess-board, and oblige then1 to acknowledge its exactitude ; the demonstration
here given clearly proves the truth of what has been said on the subject.-Let us
return to as-Siili. Al-llasfidi relates, in his 2lIu~djad-Dahab, ihat the imdm {or
khalif) ar-Riidi billah went to a delightful garden filled with flowers, at one of his
country seats, and asked the boon companions who accompanied him if they ever saw
a finer sight. They all began io extol it and describe its beauties, declaring that
nothing in the vvorld could surpass i t ; on which ar-R8di said : As-SBli's manner
d rof playing chess is yet a finer sight and surpasses all you could describe." It is
related, says the same author, that when (the khalif) al-BIulitafi (billah) first heard of
asSiili's extraordinary talent in that game, h e had already taken into his favour a
chess-player named a1-ltllwardi, whose manner of playing had excited his admiration.
When as-Shli and at-hI&\l;ardi were set to play in the presence of al-Muktafi, the
khalif yielded to his partiality for the latter, and, led away by the friendly feelings
which a long acquaintance had established between them, he prompted him and en- '
conraged him so openly that asSi3i felt at first embarrassed and confused. However,
as the game went on, he recovered his self-possession and vanquished his adversary
so completely that no one could gainsay it. AI-M&@ being thus convinced of his
talent, lost all llis parlia]ity for cl-Miwardi and said 10 I~ir[r: " YOIII. ? ) l d - ~ (rosc-
~~d
is turned into urine. "-Innun~crable anecdolcs are tOltI of ils-Silli i111dhis
advenlures ; yet, with all his talent, liis acknowledged lcai~ning,l ~ ~ ~ r ~ ilnd
l o l ~e1e- r,
gant taste, lie met will, a depreciator in A118 Saiil al-Okaili, WIIO i~llockr(II I ~ I I I but
,
not severely, in a satire: as-Siili had a roorll filled will1 works coniposed 1)y llimself
and all in differently coloured bindings; tllese 11e used to call the fruils or his slu-
dies (g), and, when he had occasion to refer to any of tl~etn,IIC wotlld tell his boy
to bring him such and such a book. This led A b t Said to cornpose l l ~ efollowing
lines :

Of all men, as-Stili possesses the rnost learning-in his library. If wc! aslc hinl for an cx-
on a point of science, he answers: " Boys! bring 11cre such and sucl~n packcl of
pla~~ation
" science (10). "

As-SOli died at Basra, A. 11. 335 (A. 1). 946-7), or 33G; Ile l ~ a dsougllt conccal-
nlent tllere to avoid the active search whicl~people of all ranks wcrc rnakirlg afler
1 intention of putting him to death. The crime impulctl to llinl was his
him ~ i 1 1the
publishing a certain Tradition relative to {the rights of) Ali, h e son of Aljh TGlib.
Some time previously, he had been obliged, by slrailcned circumslanccs, 10 leave
Baghdad.-We have already spoken of tlie word Sdli in ille life of lbraliinl Ibn a]-
Abbds as-Sbli (uol. I. p. 22), the uncle of Abii Bakr's father.--Sissah is to bc pro-
nounced with an a followed by a double s and then an h.-Ddhir is pronounced with
an i in the second syllable.-Ardnshtr is thus spelled by ad-Ddrakutni; nnotller au-
thor says that it is a Persian word signifyiog flour and milk; urd means (lour, and
shtr, milk. Some say that Ardashlr means flour and sweeincss (1l),and otl~ersstate
that it should be written Azdarhtr. It was this prince who overthrew t11e provincial
kings (Muldk atTawdif3 and formed, out of their empires, a kingdom for himself*
He was the ancestor of that Persian dynasty which ended in Yazdajird (Yezdegird)
and was overthrown i n the thirty-second year of the Hijra, in the khalifale of OthmPn
Ibn AfEn. Their history is well known. This dynasty must not be confounded
with the first series of the Persian kings which terminated i n Dare (Dnrius), the son
of Dsrk him who was slain by Alexander. This conqueror established provincial
kings throughout the country, and he gave them this name because each of them had
a different people under his rule; these states had previously belonged to a single
man. Ardashir was one of the provincial kings, but he succeeded in subduing the
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 13
others and establishing the empire in its primitive unity. The country had remained
under the provincial kings during four hundred years. The last Persian dynasty
subsisted for the same period.-I am unable to fix with certainty the orlhography of
Balhait, the name of the king of India, but I found it thus wrilten, with the vowels,
by the copyist of the book which I consulted. It may or it may not be correct.

(1) "In A. H. 176 (A. D. 793-3) died Abh Ishak Ibrahim Ibn Ali Ibn Maslama Ibn AAmir Ibn Harrna
" ( b y )al-Fihri, a celebrated poet of whom al-Asmii said : Ibn IJarma was the last of the poets.' No testi-
mony can be stronger than this in favour of his talents."-(Nujlim.)
(2) Hyde has treated of these games in his treatise De Ludis Orientaliurn.
(3) Ibn Khallikan, or the author whom he copies, seems, therefore, to have considered the word nerdmhir
as the equivalent of nertl Ardoshir (Ardashir's nerd).
(4) If the passage here placed between crotchets be not an interpolation, the author has been led into a con-
tradiction by his forgetting to compare the additional notes which he inserted in the margin of his work with
what he had already written. It may be here mentioned that nothing positive is known of Sissah, Shihrkm,
and Balhait.
(5) This is perfectly exact.
(1;) These surns are exact.

(7) The reasonirlg which follows is so inconclusive, that we must suppose our author to have nlisunderstood
what was said.
(8) The life of Muhammad Ibn hlhsa Ibn ShAkir will be found in this volume; but it does not contain the
slightest allusion to the arithmetical problem of thc chess-board.
(9) Literally: his hearifig; that is, what h
e learned at his master's lectures.
(10) The grammatical construction of this last verse is incorrect : for hJ we should read $r \.
(11) These derivations, which have been already given (vol. I. p. 555), are too futile to merit attention.

AL-HATIMI.

A t h Ali Rluhammad Ibn al-Hasan Ibn al-Muzaffar, surnamed al-Hlitimi, a native of

Baghdad, a kdtih and a philologer, was one of the most eminent among those learned
men who had attained celebrity by their extensive information and numerous produc-
tions. He studied the belles-lettres under Abh Omar az-Zhid (page 4.3 ofihis vol.),
VOL. LIL 10
 t y literary fissc~1l)lics- 1 1 gave
and dictaled historical information on ]*is a u ~ ~ l o r i at ~
also pieces on nulllorily of olber masters. Tllc M d i Abfi 'lql{$sin) at-
yan~khi 11. p. 567) and a numlrcr of olller eminent men transnlilled down
informationreceived from him, Al-1IBtimi composed an epistle called ar-fii~dh
faCH&imiya (rhe I],jlimian epislle), in which he related his inlcrvicw will) al-luta-
nabbi 1. p. foe),and tile manner in wlli~llhc cxposcd, on tllat occasion, Le
plagiarisms end defects wllich occur i n that poel's compositions. Tllis [realise is a
proof of the extensive aequirements and vast information posscss(!(l by ils aulhor*
In commendng, he explains the motive which led him to (wrilc it), and ilc then
says : nThen Ahmad Jbn al-liusain al-Mutanabbi arrived 81 Moillna tas-Sd8rn (Rayh-
" dad), on his return from Egyl~t,wit11 tlle project of fixing 11;s abodc n l l l ~ ccourt of
the vizir Abh Muhammad al-Muhallabi (vol. I. p. 41 O), Ilc Foldcd llimsell up in
the cloak of pride and swept along with the train of llis ostcntu~ion,wliilsl his
" haughty mien and lofty gait displayed his arrogance and vain prcsumplion(l);
from every person whom lle met he turned away in disdain, and spoltc of none
" but with insidious calumnies. Deluded by self-admiration, 11e i~r~ilgincd that all
" literary talent pertained to him alone ; he thought tliat poetry was an occan to
l'whose pure waters none but himself had a right to approach, and a gorclcn whose
" blooming flowers he alone was entitled to gather and wl~osenosegays were to be
" culled by him alone, to the exclusion of all others. I1 is easy for any man to
" strut about when in solitude (2), but every reputation requires n basis to sup-
" port it. For a length of time, he continued to run in this path, and I allowed
" his insolence to roam even to the full extent of its tether; h e strode about in his
" vanity, thinking that he was the unrivalled courser of the llippodron~e,the steed

" which never yet had found another to run wiih it neck and neck, tlle sole master

" of the language, the only deflowerer of virgin phrases, ihc sovereign lord of elo-
" quence in Prose and verse, the unequalled hero of ille age in talent and in

" learning! His heavy tread bore down many of those who had distinguished
"
by the insignia of the belles-lettres and had forced out from the soil of
" literaturesprings of the sweetest water. Some hung down their heads before him,
" the wing, testifying by their looks humble submission, But
" MOizz ad-Dawlat Ahmad Ibn 5uwaih"-I have already traced his history (sol I.
P* 155)-" saw with displeasure that his capital, the abode of the khalifate, the
" seat of glory 9 pearl of the empire, should be visited by a man ~ 1 1 had
0 just left
 BIOCRAPHLCAL D I C T I O K A R Y . 75

the court of Saif ad-Dswlat Ibn Hamd4n"-I have also spoken of Illis prince
(ao/. 11. p. 334) -"the open enemy of hloizz ad-Dawvlat, and that he slrould not find
' 4in his kingdom a person able to compete with the new corner in his art. For that
monarch had a lofty soul, an imperial resolution, and a will wvhich, if directed
towards the conduct held by fortune, would have prevented her vicissitudes from
sporting with worthy men and her changes from revolving over them. As for
c c the vizir al-jluhallabi, he was led by mere supposition to imagine that none could

cope with al-lutanabbi, that he himself could not equal him nor aftain to the
height of any of his thoughts, much less lift tlie burden of talent which h e poet bore
so lightly. Great men have various ways of exalting, extolling, and honouring
those whom they think fit ; but their sentiments sometimes alter, and then they
fi promptly abandon their former line of conduct. This was the case with the cizir
al-Rlullallabi in the change which his opinion underwent respecting the man
whom he patronised; for, in reality, Abii 't-Taiyib llad no other merit to distin-
guish him from the vulgar herd of literary men (not to speak of the noble leaders
of the flock), but a talent for poetry. Herein, I avow, his various productions
c c were brilliant, and the flowers he culled were full of sweetness. I, therefore, un-
'I dertook to seek out his faults, pare his nails, publish his secrets, disclose to view
what he kept folded up, and put to the test the negligences of his compositions, till
" such time as the palace of some distinguished man should unite us, so that I and he
might race in the same hippodrome and make known who was the vanquisher, who
c c the vanquished, who reached the goal, and who was distanced. I then possessed a
talent copious as the I-ain-cloud, a mind which, in all accomplishments, flashed
forth a sparkling radiance, and a genius like the pure wine which is crowned with
bubbles and betrays the secret confided to the wine-jar. Besides this, the lake of
'' my youth was translucent and its raiment ample, the stuff of my life was glossy, its
'' zephyrs mild, and its clouds dropping genial rain. But my youth, ardent though it
" was, had to await the harbinger of a fitting time; for horses run not on the day of
" trial by means of their nerves and vigour, but by the impulse of their riders. How-
" ever, each man obtains in his day a moment wherein he may accomplish his wishes,

" satisfy his desires, and, though great his expectations, the path to their fulfilment
"QP~RS wide. But, at length, I had the pleasure of passing over the days which
" intervened between our meeting, and I set out for his dwelling-place, having under-
" neath me a quick-paced, hawk-eyed mule, its head towering 8s if borne on the wings
1V

ofan eagle. It was real]y a magnificcnl ~onVC)'Ullee,ilnd 1 !i('t'111~'(1 liltf? R 11Iazirl~

'6 star mountad on a cloud conducted 11y the so~ltllrvind; whilst I)tbb)rll1 1 r~rnl~lllle~
'L of handsome pages, some free-born, some slav(:s, mn in fitlrc(*r~i(ln, ns ~ ~ t ~ f i rllrl
rlr
a' off the string. I mention this, not ~hrougllostcnlnlion a1id i){);i,lltlu, llot !)t+causr
'6 ~ b f 'bTaiyib
i llimse]f saw it all; its beauty dirl not, i ~ o e c v e r ,cxrik his ndoiirntion,
'neither did its splendour attract his altenlion ; that 1)rillinnt lroolr, U l i i { * l ~ , f i ~1
L

6k'suspeet,filled 11is eyes and heart (with wonder), s c r v ~ do r l l y to i ~ ~ r r r a n wllir self-

lose and make him turn his Bce away from me. Ilc i~ndopr~ltbtl o ~ I i o j )j~rAuol),
in that place and uttered his literary wares to some yontlrs w h o lls~lilh+vtsrrt\crivcd
a learned education, nor whetted their talents in delratc (3), nor L n i i ~ i ( ~tltcir l

'' minds in the study of literature; unable to distinguisll Ilctn(*(*ntllc! i ~ t * l l i t ~ i of (~s

language and its faults, between its facilities and ih di fliet~ltira; tllt+ir u trr~oat
" desire being to read the poems of ALb TarnmOm, to diacot~rscu n alrile of iiis ori-

" ginal ideas, and to cite some of the readings wl~ielitllc n1itor.r of llis works lliid
" written down as authorised. I found fiere a company of goutrg nlc3t,, Ipnrning
" from al-Mutnnabbi passages of his poetry; but, when nly orrivnl wax announced

and prmission asked for me to enter, he sprung up front I l i s firet rrrlri Iiaetc!nc{f
to hide from my sight. I had however onticipntctl his d e ~ ~ n r t ~hy r r e( l i r t ~ ~ o u l ~ l i n g
from mg mule, and he saw mc full well, for I llod ridden up to a q ~ o allarc t Ilia

" eyes could not fail to light upon me. On entering tlic usscnlbly, 1 wia ren:ivr(j
" with profound respect by all, and seated in nl-lutnncbhi's or11 illtire. 1 tllcn
" perceived that his seat was covered with an old cloak wl~icb, tllrnngl~tllc peraia-

" tance of time, had become a tattered remnant, o collection of inoar: nlireda. I ila(l
" scarcely time to sit down, when he entered; l rosc and salute(1 I l i n ~politely, t I ~ o u ~ l i
" he deserved it not, for he had left his place to avoid rising up on rlly o~rirar~cc ; but
" 1, in going to see him, had another object in view. WIlcn I nlct ilirll, f olljllietl
" to myself the words of the poet :

" It was a disgrace for me to visit thee, but my desire lo ac thoo prevan(c(1 m y rctrsat.

" And,he (might well have)applied to his own case tllese words ol another poet:

" Some men render others as wretched as themselscs; and ~ o permilsd rllnt antno nlaka
ll
others happy. Man obtains not his subsistencc by superior cunning; wcaltl~vrld a~bri*tenw
" are ~ortiom(dirtributed by fate). 'Tis thus the akilfal archsr somdimu~nlisses t11e
" and one who h no archer strikes it.
 BIOCRAPlIICAlJ DICTIONARY. 77
'6And behold! he had put on seven vests, each of a different colour; and yet WC
b4 were i n tlie burning heat of summer, and the day was warm enough to melt llle
contents of [lie skull. I sat down, ready to rise up if necessary; he sat down in
66 a kneeling posture and averted his head, as i l he saw me not. I then turned from
6 b him negligently, reproaching myself with my folly in coming to see him, and the
6 4 trouble I had taken in setting out to meet him. He remained for some time, his
66 face averted and not deigning to lend me a glance of his eye, whilst every one of
the band assembled before him was making signs to llirn and pointing towards me,
L endeavouring to arouse him from his torpor and rudeness. Their efforts served
only to augment his indifference, insolence, and pride; hut he, at length, tllougllt
proper to turn towards me and show me a certain degree of politeness; and I de-
clare upon my honour, and that is the best of oaths, that the only words he said
were : How are you? ' (4). I replied : Well; were it not for the wroilg I did
L

Gmyself in coming to see you, the degradation wllicll my dignity llas incurred in
L making you this visit, and the determination wliicll led me reluctantly to one

L who, like you, has never profited by llle lessons of experience and prudence.' 1
then fell upon him as the torrent falls upon thc dcptlis of t l ~ cvalley : L Tell me,'
said I, ' whence come your pricle and presumption, your self-conceit and liaugh-
$ & L tiness? What motive have you to aspire to a lrcigl~twhich you etan never attain,
gto aim at a butt which you cannot reach? Have you ancestry 10 cnnoble you,
a llonour to exalt you, a sultan to patronise you, or learning to distinguish you?
GHad you judged rightly of your own worth, had you weighed your merits in a
& & just balance, vanity would never have seduced you, and you would have remained
L

what you always were, a mere poet, rhyming for a livelihood.' A t this invective,
g

liis colour changed, his respiration became embarrassed, and he commenced

4 6 making humble excuses, and aslted for pardon and indulgence, swearing repeat-
" edly that he had not recognised me, and that it was not his intention to insult me.

I replied : ' Nay, sir 1 if your visitor be a man nobly born, you appear ignorant of
c his descent; if an accomplished scholar, you seem not to perceive his learning;

and if a favourite of the sultan, y o ~refuse him tlie place oT honour I Are you
I s ' then the sole heir of every glory? No, by Allall! but you have laken pride as a
" ' veil to hide your inferiority, and have made it a n antechamber, that you may
' ' avoid being questioned l ' He again uttered excuses, but I only made answer :
" ' There is no excuse for you ; entreaties are useless I ' The assembly then began
78 IBN IiBALLIKAN'S
' i me to spare him and accept his excuses, and ( 0 S ~ ~ Otllat
to request W moderation

4. -,vhicll dignity cmploys in its own dchncc ; but 1slill continued to r e p i -

rnand llim in the same strain and to rcpl-oath him will) his despicable cha-
6 .

46 racter, lvllilst persisted in declaring that lle ]lad not rccogniscd me in time to
do me fitting honour. ' Did I not send in to you,' said I , ' m y name and sur-
name ~vlienI applied for permission to enter? If you rccognised me not, were
there not persons in this assembly who did? and evcn were tllc case as you say,
L( did you not remark my aspect? did you not scent the odour of my superiority?
did you not feel that I was a man apart?' Whilst 1 was tllus filling his ears with
taunts and invectives, he continued to exclaim : Be calm! moderate your passion I
L restrain your impetuosity! have patience! patience is the cl~aracteristicof per-

' sons so respectable as you.' I, at length, resumed my anability and sofiened

tovards him, regretting to have passed the bounds in reprimanding him; but I
had nlready broken him in as you would tame a young and restive camel. He
then began to extol my merits and praise me, swearing thal, since his arrival in
(L Ir&, he had ardently longed to see me, and was always promising to himself the

satisfaction of meeting me and gaining my friendship. IXe had just ended his
declarations, when a young student from Khfa, a descendant of Ali Ibn AbiTBlib,
requested permission to enter: he ordered him to be introduced, and i n came a
boy of an active form, moving with all the grace and vivacity of youth, who ex-
" $ained the object of his visit with a gentle voice, a sweet tongue, a gay humour,
a ready answer, a smiling mouth, the gravity and dignity of old age. 1 was
struck at the aspect of such endowments and captivated by the talenls he displayed.
L L 81-Mutanabbi then made him repeat some verses." Here the author commences
the relation of his discourse with allutanabhi relative to the plagiarisms and faults
in that poet's compositions. The preceding extract is very long, but the passages
nere so closely connected that it was impossible to make suppressions. The epistle
itself contains a mass of information, and if, as the author states, he pointed out
to the poet, in one sitting, all the faults he lhere mentions, such a feat must be
considered as a proof of prodigious information. He entitled this work al-dfhdiha
(the expsitor) ; it is of a considerable size, filling, as it does, thirteen quires (two
hundred and sixty pages), and it serves as a testimony of the eminent talent possessed
by the author, of his presence of mind, and of the readiness with which he adduced
his ~~Umerous proofs* The Hilya lal-Muhddara (ornaments of conversation), another
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 79

work of his, forms two ~oluniesand contains a great quantity of literary matter.
AI-Hltimi died on Wednesday, the 26th of the latter Rabi, 6. D. 388 (27th April,
A. K. 998).-He received the surname of al-Hdtimi because one of his ancestors
bore the name of H&im (5).

(1) The arrogance and extravagant vanity of al-Hititni are frilly displayed in thc long declamation which
follows.
(2) The writer means to say that, if the man who presumes on his talents mingles with the world, he will
quickly find a rival or a suprior.
(3) Literally: He had estallisl~cdJ. lnarkut with some youths, whom learned men had not educated and w h ~
had not been ground do~vnon the mill-stone of adversaries.
(4) In Arabic Az3k kltnlarak. It is remarkable that the vulgar form uisk, for crigu shniyin, was in use at
that early perild. A1-IlAtirni seenis to have been struck with the singularity of such an expression coming
from the moutli of al-hlutanabbi.
(5) The author repeats here, and I suppress the same anecdote which he has already given in the lrfe of Abh
Omar az-ZAhid. See page 46 of this volume.

IBN AL-KUTIYA (OR AL-GOUTIYA).

Abii Bakr Muhammad Ibn Omar Ibn Abd al-Aziz Ibn Ibrahtm Ibn Jsa 1bn Muzl-
him, generally known by the name of Ibn al-KPtiya (son ofthe Gothic woman), was
born in Cordova and resided in that city, but his family belonged to Seville. In the
latter place he received lessons from Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah Ibn al-Khk (l), Hasan
Ibn Abd Allah az-Zubaidi p),Said Ibn JBbir (3), and other masters; in Cordova he
studied under Tihir Ibn Abd al-Aziz (4),Ibn Abi 'l-Wdid al-Aaraj, Muhammad Ibo
Abd al-Wahhib Ibn Mughith, and others. Be was one of the ablest philologers and
grammarians of the age, and possessed extensive information in the Traditions, juris-
prudence, and history ; he also knew by heart a fund of curious anecdotes, and, by
the quantity of poetical pieces which he transmitted down and of historical facts
which he discovered, he outstripped every competitor. In the history of Spain he
displayed the highest acquirements, and was so fully acquainted with the biography of
the emirs, jurisconsults, and poets who flourished in that country, that he used to
80 IBN KIII\I,LIILAN'S
dictate, from memory, all the facts concerning thcm. works which treat on
l9lOgy formed the principal subject of his lessons, and tlicir contents were taken down
under his dictation; but, in transmitting Traditions and maxims of jurisprudence,
be was by no means correct, not l~avingtllc original works 10 refer to. It, tllerefore,
resulted that the texts delivered by him on these subjects were opprcciatcd for their
meaning only, not for their literal accuracy, and it frequently llnppcncd that, under
his tuition, students read over works the contents of which, as far as implies correet-
ness, he could not repeat from memory (5). He lived 10 an advanced age and gave
lessons to successive generations; shaikhs and old men cited passages wllicll tIi~~g
had learned from him, and, as he himself had met wit11 and studicd under all the
eminent masters who then lived in Spain, Ire transtniltcd down a great quanlity of
instructive observations tvhicli they had communicated to him. Amongst the useful
works composed by him on the Arabic language may he noticed the Kildb Tasdrtf il-
Afdl (on he conjugation^ of verbs); this was the first trcatise ever composed on the
subject, that of Ibn al-Kattba [vol. 11. p. 265) having been drawn up i n imitation of
it. His treatise on the words which terminate in a long or in a short alif, contains
an immense quantity of information not to be found elsewl~cre,and surpasses all the
imitations made by later writers as much as it surpassed all tlle former productions on
ille same subject (6). When Abti Ali '1-KBli (vol. 1. p. 210) went to Spain, he fre-
quented the society of Ibn al-Kiltiya and always spoke of his talents i n the highest
terms : being asked by the reigning sovereign of Spain, al-IIakam, the son of an-Ntisir
li-Din illah Abd ar-Ralrmiin, who was the ablest philologist whom he had met in tliat
country? 1le replied: c c Muhammad Ibn al-Kfitiya." The eminent abilities of Ibn
al-Kbtiya were accompanied by a spirit of profound piety and an assiduous attach-
ment to the practices of devotion ; he displayed also considerable talent as a poet, but
he afterwards renounced that occupation, although his poetical compositions were
remarkable for correctness of style, perspicuity of thought, the beauty of the exor-
diums and the grace of the transitions. The accomplislled scholar and poet Abir Bakr
Yahya lbn Hudail at-Tamimi (7) relates that as he was going, one day, to a country-
house which he had at the foot of the Cordova mountain, i n one of the most delightful
spots on earth, he met 1bn al-Kiitiyo returning from a country-seat which h e possessed
in the same neighbourhood. a On seeing me," said Ibn Hudail, h e reined (his
t 6

" mule) over to me and expressed great pleasure at our meeting. I then, in a spor-
" tive mood, recited extempore this verse:
 B I O G R A P I I I C A I , DICTIONARY. 84

Whence comest thou, incomparable man? thou who art the sun and whose sphere is the
world !

4 L On hearing these words, he smiled and answered wiih great promptitude :

1 come from a hermitage where the devotee can enjoy solitude, and where sinners maq-
L L transgress in secret.

I was so highly delighted with his reply, that I could not forbear kissing his
hand and praising him, and invoking God's blessing on him; h e was moreover
L my old master, and, therefore, deserved these marks of respect."-AbG Bakr Ibn
al-Kdtiya died at Cordova on Tuesday, the 23rd of the first Rabi, A. 11. 367 (8th
November, A. I). 977); he was interred the following day in the Koraish cemetery,
at the hour of the evening prayer. Some persons place his death i n the month of
Rajah of the year just mentioned, but the former date is more correct.--h'iltiya (he
(;olhic wolnan) is derived from Kbt (Goth); who was the son of Ham, the son of Noah,
and from him 111cShdin (llte negroes), the Indians, and the natives of Sind draw their
origin. AI-Khtiya was the mother of lbrahim, the son of Isa Ibn bIuzihim, from
whom this Abh Bakr was descended, and the daughter of Obba (Oppas), the son of
(;uitislicl (1Vitiza). Her father was king of Spain, and from him it was and from his
brothers, Artabiis (Ardabost), count of Spain, and Sida (Siseberlj, ihat TArik Ibn
Xusair (S), at the head of the loslims, took the cities of Spain. Al-Kbtiya went to
(the khalif) Hisham Ibn Abd al-Rlalik to complain of the injustice with which she had
been treated by her uncle ArtabL, and, when in Syria, she married Isa Ibn Nuzi-
him, a matola of the Omaiyide (khalifi Omar Ibn Abd al-AzSz. This induced her
husband, Ibn Muzdhim, to accompany her back to Spain, in which country his des-
cendants continued to reside. She returned with a letter of recommendation ad-
dressed by Hislidm to (AbB) 'I-Khattir (9) as-Shdbi al-Kalbi, the chief to whom he
had entrusted the government of Spain. ( A M ) 'I-Khattir put a stop to the persecu-
tions which she suffered from her uncle, rendered full justice to all her claims
against him, and treated her with marked respect. She lived to an advanced age
and saw the vicissitudes of fortune establish the Omaiyide prince, the emir bbd ar-
Rahmhn Ibn Moawia Ibn Bishhm Ibn Abd al-Malik, surnamed ad-Dhkhil (the enterer,
the new corner), on the throne of Spain. She somelimes went to see him, and he
granted whatever requests she had to make (10). Her posterity have continued 10
bear the name of the Sow o f ihe Gothic tnomzn, even to the present day. such is
VOL. m. if
84 I B N I{MAL,I,IKANJG
the statement made (By A66 Bakr al-Iiubbashi) in ihc enlarged and embellished
extract from the jurisconsul~ Abb Omar Ahmad Ibn Mullammad Ibn Afif at-Tiri-
khi's (ill work, entitled, Kilhb al-lhlifdl Aaldm ir-Rijd1 (the careful remembrancer
o/eminant nlen), which is a compilation of notices on the jurisconsulls and learned
men of Cordova who flourished in later times. Abh Balcr al-Kubbashi, whose full
names were Abh Bakr al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad Ibn Mufarrij Ibn Ahd Allah Ibn
Pufarrij, a member of the tribe of al-MaBfir and a nalive of Cordova, transmitted
down at-Tdrikhi's work from memory (12j. Abh Muhammad Ibn ar-Rushdti (vol. 11.
p. 60) says, in his Ansdlr, that Atn Kubbash, a spring of water in the western suburb
of Cordora, gave the title of al-liubbashi to Ahii Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Mufarrij
al-Matfiri al-Kubbashi, who died on the eve of Friday, the 51h of Ramadin, A. H.
371 (dlh Ilarch, A . D. 982). 1 nlay here observe (hat this person was the father of
thr Abb Rakr al-Hasan just mentioned.

(1) AI-Makkari, MS. of the Blbltothkque impdrialc, ancien fonds, No. 704, fol. 205, notices an Abll Abd
Allah Muhammad Ibn Abd al-I-Iakk al-KhaulAni, surnarned Ibn al-Kbk, who died A. El. 318 (A. D. 930).
This may perhaps be the person whom Ibn KhallikAn meant. According to al-Makkari, Ibn al.Khk was a
native of Seville; he studied at Cordova and proceeded to Mekka in A. 11. 966 ( A . D. 879-80). IIe took lessons
in that city and became an eminent jurisconsult of the Hanifite sect (fuklh fi 'I-r&?. He drew up bonds with
great ability and bore the reputation of a pious Moslim and a trust-worthy traditionist.
( 9 ) Al-Hasan Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Madhij az-Zubaidi died towards A. H. 320 (A. D. 932).-(Buyhya.)
(3) Said Ibn Jibir Ibn Mllsa al-Kilili, a native of Seville, died A. II. 326 (A. D. 937-S).-(Bughya.)
(4) Abh 'I-Hasan TAhir Ibn Abd al-Aziz ar-Roaini, a native of Cordova, a traditionist, and a philologer of
eminent abilities, died A. H. 304 (A. D. 946-7).-(Bughya.)
(5) A good professor never taught a work the contents of which he had not already got by heart.
(6) The MS. of the Bibliutht!que impdriale, ancien fonds, No. 706, contains two curious works on the con-
q~est10fSpain by the Moslims and the historg of that country under the Arabian governors and the firstMer-
wanide emirs. One o f these works bears Ibn al-Khtiga's name as the author; the other is anonymous. For
the character of Ibn al-Khtiya's work see Mr. Dozy's At-Baiyan a2-Mogrib, Introduction, page $8.
(7) AbO. Bakr Yahya Ibn Hudail, an accomplished scholar and a poet of great reputation, died A. B. 385
(A. D. 9951, or 386, aged eighty-six years.-(Bughya.)
(8) Ibn K-hallikdn probably meant to write Tdrik, the mawla of udsa Ibn Nusair, unless h e followed here
some ancient tradition.
(g) ID place of al-Khalfdr bu'),the MSS. read al-gliattdh (+Ui).
This ermr seems e h a s
originated with Ibn KhalliMn or his copyist. Abh 'l-Khattk al-Kalbi was the nineteenth governor of Spain-
(10) See al-Makkari, in Gayangos's translation, vol. XI. p. 50.
(11) Abb Omar &mad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Afif, a native of Cordova, was distinguished for his learning,
profocnd piety, and skill in drawing up bonds and contracts. He is the author of a work in five voh-nes
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 83
destintd as a guide to students (F a&h al-mutaulimin), and a history of jurisconsults, occasionally cited Ly
Ibn RashkuwAl. Having removed from Cordova to Almeria, he was appointed kdili of I,orca, and died there,
A. H. i 2 o (A. D. 2 03,9), in the month of the second Rabi.-(Ibn BashlinwAl's Silat.)-The author of the
Bugh!ya mentions an Ahmad Ibn Muhammad at-Tarlkhi, probably the same person as the above, and informs
us that he composed a number of works on the history of Maghrib, and vrote a large xolume in which he
described the roads, harbours, and cities of Spain, the six junds, or military divisions ot that empire, etc.
(19) -4bh Bakr al-Hasan ibn Muhammad Ibn Mufarrij al-JIaBfiri al-hbbashi, a native of Cordova and a
le~rnedtraditionist, the author of the Ihtifal, or history of the khalifs, jurisconsults, and k * d ~mentioned here
by Ibn KhaUikAn, died somewhat later than A. H. 4 3 0 (A. D. 2 0391.-(Ibn BashkuwUs Sdat.)

ABU BAKR AZ-ZUBAIlII.

bbii Bakr lluhammad Ibn al-Hasan Ibn Abd Allah Tbn 31adhij Ibn Bluhammad
Ibn Abcl Allah Ibn Bishr az-Zubnidi, a native of Seville and a resident in Cordova,
was the ablest grammarian and the most learned philologer of the age. He surpassed
all his Spanish contemporaries by his knowledge of syntax, rhetoric, and curious
anecdotes; besides which, he was well versed in biography and history. The works
which he left us are a proof of his extensive learning, and, amongst them, we may
notice his abridgment of the Ain (vol. I. p. 496), and his classified list (tabakdi) of
grammarians and philologers who flourished eilher in the East or in Spain, from the
time of l116 'l-lswnd ad-Duwali (vol. I. p. 662) to that of his own master, Abh .\bd
Allah ar-Ridhi the grammarian. He composed also a refutation of the doctrines held
by Ibn Nasarra (1) and his followers; this work he entitled: Ihfk Srrtdr al-JlulhidEn
(the impious unmasked). His other warks are : a treatise on the incorrect phraseology
of the vulgar; the WMih (plain treatise), a highly instructive work on grammar;
and a treatise on the grammatical forms, which has never been surpassed. (The
Oaaiyide prince) al-Hakam al-Mustansir billah, lord of Spain, confided his son and
publicly declared successor, Hishim al-Muwaiyad billah, to the tuition of m-Zubaidi ;
and the young prince not only learned arithmetic and grammar under this preceptor,
but acquired a great stock of other information. To the favour of his pupil, as-
Zubaidi m indebted for a large fortune, his appointment to the place of Lddi at
Seville and his nomination to the command of lllc police-guarcls (shurtn). The
ample which he accumulaled was long enjoyctl by his desccndnnrs. 1Ic used
to extol in terms of the highest praise ibc abililics ant1 intclligcncc 01 his pupil, al-
Mumiyad, declaring that, amongst all he youlhs of tlic imperial family and the sons
of the grandees, he never conversed wilh a boy of his age who was more ocule, more
quick of comprehension, more sagacious, or more prudent. BCrclatcd of him also
a number of curious anecdotes. Az-Zubaidi composed n great quonlily of poetry,
and, in one of his pieces, directed against Abb Muslim Ibn F i h r (2),h e says :

Abh Jluslim! a man must be judged from his intclligcnce and discourse, not from his equi-
page and dress. A man's clo~hingis not worlli a straw, if he posscsscs a narrow nrinrl. It is
not long sittings in the professor's chair, my good ABCl Muslirn! wllicli can procure Icarning,
wisdom, aud intelli,"ence.

When employed in the service of al-Hakam al-Mustansir, he ardently longed to

see a slave-girl whom he had left at Seville, and, being unable to obtain Ikic permis-
sion of going to visit his beloved concubine, he wrote to her thcse lines :

Alas, my dear Salma! take it not to heart1 separation must be endured with iortitude.
Think not thal I bear your absence with patience, unless it bc wit11 the paticncc ol the man in
the pangs of death. God hath not createcl a torture more excruciating than tbc moment of
adieus. Death and separation appear to me the same, except that tllc formcr is accompanied
by the wailing of the funeral mourners. Pro~nptlysevered as we were, though oncc closely
united, reflect that every meeting leads to a departure, that the boughs divide into brandies,
that proximity tends to remoteness, and union to separation.

He frequently recited the following lines :

To be poor in one's native country is like'livingjin a foreign land; a foreign land with wealth
is home; the earth is all the same; mankind are brothers and nctghboue.

When Ahb Ali al-Uli (vol. I. p. 210) arrived i n Spain, az-Zubaidi took notes at
his literary and philological lectores; he studied also under KBsirn Ibn Asbagh (3),
Said Ibn ~ a h l h n(41, and Ahmod Ibn Said lbn Hazm (5). His family belonged to
the military division of Syria called the Jund of Emessa. He died a t Seville on
Thursdq, the 1st of the latter Jumida, A . 8.379 (6th September, A. D. 989). He '

was interred the same day, after the celebration of the afternoon prayer, a n d the
funeral service was said over him by his son Ahmad. He lived to the age of sixty-
three years.--dladhij, i n its primitive acceptation, served to desigoate a red sand-hill
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 85

in Yemen. Mblik, the son of Odod, was born on it and received the name of hladhij
for that reason. This word then got into such use among the Brabs as a proper
name for men, that they ended by considering it as such and forgetting ihat it applied
to this hill.-Zubaidi means descended from Zubaid; this was the surname of 1111-
nabbih, the son of Saab, the son of Saad ai-Ashira (uol. I. p. 106), the son of Madhij,
him who was called by the name of the hill. Zubaid is a large tribe established in
Yemen, and has produced a great number of remarlrable persons, some of them com-
panions of Muhammad.

(i) Abil Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Masarra al-Jabali was a native of Cordova. His application to the
doctrines of the srifi and his studies in some philosophical works attributed to Emyedocles, induced him
to admit and to teach privately the doctrines of pantheism. His works were publicly burned in Seville under
the reign of Abd a r Rah~nrin11. Ile died in the month of ShawwAl, A . H. 319 (Oct.-Nov., A. D . 931), at the
age of fifty years.-(Tabncbt at-Hukamd.-Dozy's Ifistoire des Musulmans d'Esprrgne, tome Ill. p 19.)
(9) In the Bughyu and in al-Makkari's work this name is written Fahd.
(3) ~ b Muhammad
h Kkim Ibn Asbagh lbn Muhammad al-Baiyani, an eminent hdfiz, traditionist, and ge-
nealogist, travelled to the East and studied ur~derthe ablest masters at hlekka and at Baghdad. On his return
to Spain he composed a great number of works, the titles of which, with the names of the persons under whom
he studied, are given in the Br~gh'ryaon the authority of Abh Muhammad Ibn Hazm. He bore a high reputa-
tion for learning and for his exactitude as a traditionist, and his Ansdb, or patronymics, is a most copious and
an excellent work. His family belonged to Baena (;U\), ... but he himself resided in Cordova and died at an
advanced age in that city, A. H. 3 4 1 ( A . D . 951-3).-(Bughya ta2-Mu1tamis.-Mukkori.)
(4) Abh OthmAn Said Ibn Fahlan (or Fahl) Ibn Said, learned Traditions at Cordova in A. H. 874 (A. D. 837-8)
from Muhammad f i n Waddah; he studied also under other masters, and was giving lessons himself in
A- H. 341 ( A . D. 959-3).---(Bughyn.)
(5) Abb Omar Ahmad Ibn Said Ibn Hazm as-Sadafi al-Montajili (M!), tbe author of a volumhous
biographical work, died A. H. 350 ( A . D. 962-PI).--(Bughya.)

ABU ABD ALLAH AL-KAZZAZ.

The grammarian AbO Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Jaafar at-Tamimi (member of
fhe iribe of Tamtm), surnamed al-Kazzb, was a native of KairawBn. His principal
occupation was the study of grammar and philology, and the composition of works
86 I B N IIIIALLIIIAN'S
on subjects. One of his productions, the Kitdb al-JdmE (collector), treats of
and is a work of great extent and bigh repule. Ahd '1-1him Ibn as-sirafi
tool. 11.p. 276), tile Egyptian kdiib, says that Abd Abd Allall al-I(azz&z was employed
in the serrice of al-Aziz Ibn nl-Moizz al-Obaidi, the sovereign of Egypt, and that he
composed some works at the desire of that prince. According to another statement,
al-.bziz Ibn al-Yoizz ordered him to compose and draw up in alphabetical order a
containing all the words of that third class which is indicated in llle well-known
g-rammatical definition : The parts of speech are : he n o w , ihe vcrb, and the par-
ticle (1). And Ibn al-JazzPr (2)observes that he docs not know of any grammarian's
having composed a work on a similar plan. In pursuance to the prince's com-
mands, al-Kazzbz collected all the scattered information contained in the most
esteemed treatises on this subject, and arranged it in a clear, simple, nnd easy order.
He thus formed a volume of two tbousand pages. The precedir~g indications are
taken from the emir al-hlukhtar al-Musabbihi's (page 87 of this vol.) grcatcr llistory.
In a work called Kitdb at-TdrM (boolt of allusions), he inserted [lie quibbles and allu-
sions employed in cotnn~ondiscourse. Abd Ali al-Hasan Ibn I~asl~flc (vol. I. p. 384)
says in his Bnmddaj : I' AI-Kazzbz brought tlie ancient wrilers to shame ar,d reduced
" the modern authors to silence; respected by the princes, tllc men of learning and

" the men of rank, he was beloved by the people. He rarely engaged in conver-
" sation unless to speak of the religious or the profane sciences; he had a great
" command of language and composed equally well in the natural and tlle artificial
" styles of poetry. He sornetimes pronouncerl his verses to enliven conversation,
'' wilhout seeming to care about them; and he attained wilh great ease, and in a
" gentle quiet way, the highest point to which persons having a talent for poetry
" can aspire; namely, novelty of thought and force of expression. Versed in all the
" forms of rhetoric, he was equally well skilled i n the art of poetry. As specimens
" of the pieces to which we allude, we may here insert the following :

" I swear by the place which thy beloved image holds in nry heart, by the lasting sway 01
" love over my bosom, that if my wish were granted to dispose d thy person at my will, I should
" treasure thee up in the pupil of my eye and shelter thee under the curtains of my eyelids!
" Then I should enjoy my utmost wishes, and fear no longer for thy character the danger of
" mjust suspicions; suspicions which daily forcc my soul to taste the goblet of death. When
" the of other men are at peace, mine fears for thee the secret glances of the evil eye; and
" why Should I not h r for thee who art my world: nay, God's vengeance alone prevents me
" saying: Who art my divinity!
 Love me in secret and let thy thoughts alone inform me of my happiness. Sure of thy
affection, 1 care not for the lot which may await me.
Who will console the travellers whom fortune has separated, and who now proceed, some
to the far East and some to the distant West (3). Fate seemed to have dreaded meeting with
its fate, had it kept then1 together; and it, therefore, dispersed them throughout the world.

In Abb Rabii we find a ~neadow(rabia)where our hopes may roam unrestrained; he always
I' remembers his promises, and he forgets the favours he bestows.
"Since you know that you are the light of my eye, and that I see nothing if I see not you,
why have you withdrawn from my sight? The13 indeed every object but thyself is ludden
from my view."

After giving many other pieces by the same author, Ibn Rashik adds : Some of
the poems by Abt~Abd Allah" -meaning al-Kazziiz-U are yet finer than those I
have quoted; but I could not recall them to memory, and besides, I made it a rule,
i11 composing Lhis book, not to confine my choice to any particular class of poems.
He died at al-Uadra, A , H. 412 (A. D. 1021-2), aged nearly seventy years."-By
al-lludra lie means Kairawkn, which was at that time the capital of the kingdom (4).
-liaszdz means a worker, or a dealer 292 silk (kazz). A number of persons were
known by this surname.

(5) In Arabic, the wmds p r t l c l e and letter are called harf. To distinguish them, the former is called the
harf employed to modify the sense (jda li mdna). Prepositions, mnjnnctions, etc., are h r f s .
( 9 ) It is possible that this may be the Ibn al-Jazzar mentioned in vol. I. p. 67%.
(3) Literally : to Nojd and Tihdmo (F3 Je); a frequent expression with the poets.
(4) Hcdrrc signifies preuence, and, therefore, the metropolfi, because the sovereign is there present. Had-
~ a t k u m(yourpresence) is the equivalent of your majesty, your excellence, and sir.

T H E E M I R AL-MUKHTAR AL-MUSABBIEI.

The emir al-MukhGr Izz al-Yulk (hchosen, ihe g l q of tb empire) Muhammad

Ibn Abi 'l-Gsim Obaid Allah Ibn Ahmad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ahd al-Miz, generally
 IBN KHAL,I,IICANYS
88
known by ,lle appellation of al-Musabbilri the 1cdlib, drew his origin fronl a family
of ~ ~but ~~~~t
~ was ~the placei of ~ his hirlh.
, This higllly accomplished and
learned scholar was the author of a celebralcd llistory (of Egypt) and othcr works,
of them {he eminent talents with which he was gifled. 1 1 always ~
wore the dress, and it was in the service of al-Hlkim 01-Obaidi, the son of
al-Aziz, and the sovereign of Egypt, that he rose to forlune. B e mentions in his
history, that he entered into al-Hikim's service in Lhe year 308 (A. D. 1007-S), and
that, after holding the governments of al-Kais and ol-Bahnaso, in the province of
as-Said, he was appointed head of the Diwdn at-Tarlu (1). Tllc inlcrviews and
conferences which he llad wilh al-HBkim arc atlested by his grealcr lristory. He
compiled about thirty works, and, in speaking of his history, llc says : This va-
luable work, the contents of which rendcr all olllcr trcalises o n the same subject
unnecessary for the reader, offers him the history of Egypt, of its governors,
emirs, imims, and khalifs, the description of its wondcrs, its edifices, its various
productions which serve for food, a notice on the Nile, a flistory of the persons
6 cwho settled in that country, brought down to the timc in which the rough draught
of this chapter was first made, the composilions of lhc pocls, the biography of the
mufiis, and an account of the sittings held by the Icddis, the magistrates (hdkims),
the muaddils (21, thc lilerary men, the amatory poefs, etc." This work fills
twenty-six thousand pages (3). Another of his works, containing two thousand pages,
bears the title of at-Talwth wa 't-TasrEh (indirect and direct indications), a n d treats of
ilie ideas occurring in poetry, and the other species of romposi~ion. His Kildb ar-
Rdh wo 'l-lrlidh (wine and cheerfulness) fills three tl~ousandpages; lris Kildb al-
Ghark w a 'S-Shark (drowning and strangling), in which he mentions the persons who
met with their dealh in either of these manners, four hundred pages; his Kildb at-
Tadm ' I - A d h (book o f meats ancl sauces), two thousand pngcs; his Dorak ol-
Bughia (the attainment of wishes), treating of religions and religious practices, seven
thousand pages; his Kisas al-Anbiyd (hislory of the prophets), three thousand pages;
his Kildb al-Jfur&laha wa 'l-Jlundkaha (liber initionis et congrcssQs), t r e a ~ i n gde
variiJ eongressb modis, two thousand four hundred pages; his al-Amlhila lid-
Dual il-lukbila (book of em6lerns for the kingdoms which arc to comc), o work
founded on ihe stats and ralculations, one thousand pages; his Kad&yd 's.-fjdbiya
(Sabean judgmeno), Qfi ]ildlcial astrology, six thousand pages; his Jdna tal-Mdshito
('orb-case of the female hub-dresser), containing curious relations, pieces of poetry,
 B I O G R A P H I C A I , DICTIONARY. 89

and anecdotes never before repealed, which miscellany fills three thousand
pages: his Kiidb as-Shajnn wa 'S-Snkan (sadness and alleciafion), containing the
history of true lovers and their sufferings, five thousand pages; and his 6 t d b as-
Suzodl wn 'l-Jawbb (book of questions and answers!, six hundred pages. He com-
posed also the dfukhtdr al--4ghdni zoa Madniha (selections from the Kifdb al-Aghdni
with an explanation of its vcrses) (b),and other works. \Ye possess some good poetry
of his composition, and in one of his pieces, which is an elegy on the death of his
concubine, he says :

0 let me take the path which leads to God! my heart is broken, and affliction has exhausted
my tears. Can I bear my loss with patience, now that my love sojourns in the tornb? 0 how
great, how poignant are my sorrows ! 0 that I had died before her, or that death had taker) us
off together !

The celebrated philologer, scribe, and book copyist, Abfi Muhammad Obaid Allah
Ibn Abi 'I-Jab, having accepted an invitation from al-fiiusabbihi, and gone to visit
him, was addressed by his host in these extempore lines :

By lodging with me you have lodged joy in my heart, and it is ready to fly from excess of
felicity. Thy science has showered (dozon on us, copious as) the rains of heaven; were it not
for thee, no rain had fallen to-day. Your arrival has spread around a reviving perfume, and
the darkness has been changed into light.

This Ibn Abi 'l-Jah was a poet, an accomplished scholar, a pleasing companion
and universally agreeable. He composed a great quantity of epistolary, expostula-
tory, nild satirical pieces. He copied books at the rate of fifty leaves (or one hundrd
pages) for a dinar (about ten shillirtgs),. and his writing was so exiremely beau~iful,
that the specimens of it still in the hands of the public are in the highest request.
Be died A. H. 395 (A. D. 1001-5). Al-Musabbihi was born, as he himself informs
us in his greater history, on Sunday the iOth of Rajab, A. H. 366 (4th March,
A. D. 977). He died i n the month of the latter Rabi, A. H. 420 (April-Map, A. D.
1029). His father died on Monday morning, the 9th of Shaabbn, A. A. 400 (288th
March, A. D. 1010), at the age sf ninety-three years, and the funeral prayer was
said over him in the great mosque of Old Cairo. He was interred in the (courl of
the) house where he resided. AI-Nusabbihilamented his death in the following lines :

To deplore this misfortune, (our) tears are not sufficientlyabundant; it repels resignation, and
VOL. m. 12
 80 IBN KIIAL1,lKAN'S
betrays the feeling we suppressed. A niisfortune wllicll Slays OUr ~learlswitbin our bosomJ,
which casts us into restless affliction. 0 fate ! thou hast struck thy lalons into 111y l~cartand
mvered it with wounds. 0 fate! thou has1 clothed me i n a robc of sad~icss,siucc a person so
dear to us has been laid in the tomb. Hadst thou accepted a ransom, I should bavc rcdccmeiJ
him for whose sake l n y bones arc brokcn (zoith grief) whilst his are monldcriag into (lust. 0
thou who scest me overcome by an event so unexpectcil, ~nclblanlcst rny weakncss 1 why dost
thou blame me? I have lost 111y father! no orpha~iagcis morc painful tllar~Llie loss of parents
in our youth (,",). I used to grieve when death seemed to approacll him, or whcll worldly
carrs took 11im by surprise.

A number of other poets whose names are mentioned in the greatcr I.listory, com-
posed elegies on his father's death. As-Samini says, in his Ansdb : " Al-illusab-
bihi (6)means descended from an ancestor whose name was ilfusubbih. This sur-
name was borne by the author of the History of the Maghribins (the Fdtirnides) and
6tof Misr." The writer means the emir of whom we have been just speaking.

(1) I am inclined to believe that the Diwdn at-Tartib was the same establishment ns the Diwdn nr-Rnwdtib,
ofice \&re all salaries were regulated and paged.
( 9 ) The muaddil is the public officer who certifies the morality of such persons as appcar before the kddi to

give evidence. He is also called the muzakki (pwibe),).

(3) The author says: Thirteen thousand leaves (waralca).
(4) See vol. 11. page 8 4 9 .
( 5 ) Al-hsabbihi was not then so very young; he had passed his thirty-third gear, and probably did not feel
so much as he pretends.
(6) Tbc surname of this historian is often incorrcctly writ&* oLMnsilri; +\ for p--d l.

IBN HAMDUN THB I l A T l B .

Abh 'l-MaAli Muhammad Ibn Abi Saad al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad I b n Ali I b n
Hamddn the kdtib, surnamed KAfi 'l-Kufit he most seruiceable of assirtants) BahH
ad-Din (splendour of religion), was a native of Baghdad, highly distinguished for his
talents and consummate abilities as a literary man and a kdtib. He came of a family
noted for producing men of influepee and merit, as not only he, bvt his father a n d
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIOIVARY. !l 1

his brotllers, Abfi Nasr and Abh 'l-bluzaffar, occupied eminent posts in the service
of the state. Having pursued 1lis studies under Abh 'I-Hlsini Ismail Ibn al-Fad1 al-
Jurjini a n d other maslers, Abb 'l-MaPli composed his Tazkira (remembra~~cer), an
excellent compilation of historical notices, pieces of literature, anecdotes, and poems.
Nothing like it has ever been produced by later writers, and, being a most useful
work, it still retains its reputation and continues in the hands of the public. Imhd
ad-Din al-Jspahini mentions him in the KharEda, and says: '' He was army inspectsr
L L under al-Muktafi (li amr illah), and in tendan t of ihe palace under al-1Iustanjid.

Ardent for praise and eager for renown, he spread ilie shade of his protection over
literary men and, gifted with talents and genius, h e composed a work entitled the
Tazkira, wherein he combined gaiety with seriousness, frivolity with knowledge.
< ' But the khalif al-Mustanjid having remarked in it some anecdotes, extracted, accord-
" ing to tlie author's account, from historical works, but which seemed allusions
to the fallen state of the empire, he imagined that AbG 'l-Natli's object was to
' vilify the government, and he, therefore, took him from his seat of office and cast
c c him into prison, m-here he remained in suffering till he died. 'Illis occurred at
'' the beginning of the year 562 (November, A. D. 1166). He once recited to me
the following piece of his composition, containing an enigmatical description of the
linen fan (l) :

Fast and loose, it cannot touch what it tries to reach; though tied up, it moves swiftly, and
though a prisoner, it is free. Fixed in its pIace, it drives before it the gentle breeze; though
its path be closed up, it moves on in its nocturnal journey. It received from Solomon an
inheritance (2). It remains dry when the star Simak (Spica Wginis) exerts its (coohg)
influence (over the weather), but it sheds its moisture when the ardours of Orion return.
Its salutation consists in one of the (four) elements, and for that reason every soul is its
" friend (3)"

I m i d ad-Din gives also the following passages as his :

May pour glory never require augmentation! May thy gifts never require pressing to be
granted! But yet I desire increase of fortune, though reason bids me to remain contented.

Little of head and of wit! heavy in breath and in body ! you pretend to smell sweet like me;
sweet you smell, but it is of perfumes (4).

Another writer says that h e learned by hearts great quantity of Traditions. Ibn
Hamdiin relates that he heard the i d r n (khaitf) al-Pusianjid repeat the follkng
verses, composed by AbB Hafs as-Shalranji on o girl w h o l l i ~ la cast i n her
eyes :
When tornlcnted with love, I praised God for the oblicluity of vision wliirll rrlal(!rctl sirlelong
glances unnecessary; I looked at her, and [lie spy WIN) walched nir tIa)agl~ttllat 1 lookcd at
him ( 5 ) ; I thus fclt secure from treachery (6).

This is eerfoinly a novel and striking idea.--Ibn llamddn was born in lllc n~onlh
of Rajab, A. H. 495 ( April-May, A. D. 1102), and he died on Tucxluy, [lie 1it11 of
Zd 'l-Kaada, A. H. 562 (29th August, A. D. 1167). Ile was inlerred the ncxl day,
in the Koraish cemetery, at Baghdad. He died in prison.-IIis brotllcr, Ahb Nosr
luhammad Ibn ol-Hasan, surnamed Ghars ad-Dawlat (plant of the etrtpire), nn officer
of ihe civil administration (admil), was looked upon as one of those virtuous ant1 l~oly
men whose society is much to be desired. Be was born in the nlonll~of Safar,
A. H.488 (Feb.-March, A. D. 10951, and he died at Uaglidad in tile nlontll of %h
'I-Hijja, A. H. 545 (March-April, A. D. 1151). He was interred i n Llie Koroisll
rmletery. Their father was a kdtib of high rank, a skillul ndminislralor, and n good
accounlant. He composed a work on the nature of the diffcrcnt posts i n tl~ccivil
service (fc maarifa lal-Abmdl), and lived to an advanced age. l l o died on Saturday,
the 10th of the first Iumlda, A. B. 546 (0,5111 August, A. D. 1151).
C

(1) The linen fun (minoalia tal-khaish) is a large piece of l i n c ~strctclicd

~ on a friirrto ; ~ r ~ t~ns[)rtl[l(!(f
l Irol*
the ceiling of the room, It is moistened with rose-water and set in rr~otionby iL cord. l'lley ~naku it
in Irik.-See de Sacg's Hariri, page fVf.
(9) This is an allusion to the 61st verse of the elst sbrat of the Koran : " And unto Soloirlo~r( ~ o esu(yec~c(l)
a strong wind which ran at his command." The next hemistich of Ibn Ifarndhn's vcrsc prc6cnts a double
difficulty: the verb
C, - may be read in various manners, and the allusion made by thc poct is vcry ub8curo.
From the opposition which exists between the ideas of Arub and Nulaican, 1 am irlclincd tu rcud this d(~uhtrui
verb as if it were pointed thus: ;c+
; the meaning of the hemistich would thcn be: iaal it8 rnilteriiils, i. (!.
the substance of which it is formed, have received an Arabic appearance, as the Nabatcans l~nvcrcceivcd one.
We should then have an allusion to the proverbial expression: 1 S (tlro N ~ b a l e n nmuy become
like an Arab), and another allusion to the fact that one the namca of the material employed to rnakc fans is
kattdn (linen), an Arabic modification of the Persian word keian. The text, however, is too uncertain 10
Jl1stifTany attempt at translation, and I, therefore, pass to the fiext verse.
(3) Nafs) here translated soul, is the equivalent of the Latin onimo. The author plays upon tho b u b l c
meaning of the word.
('1 The & appears, in this verse, to bear the meaning of dq or cF^) Vmnkincense).
It
therefore, the Poet who squinted, not the girl; Ibn RhallikAn sometimes forgets himself.
(6) The read ) d1, but the true reading appears 10 be jd \
 I B N KURAIA.

The kddi Ab5 Bakr lluharnmad Ihn Abd ar-Rahmin, a native of Baghdad and
generally known by the surname of Ibn Kuraia, filled the functions of his office in
as-Sindiya and other places in the province of Baghdad, by the appointment of the
kddi Abii 'S-Siib Otba Ibn Obaid Allah. Ibn Kuraia was one of the wonders of
the world for the promptitude with which he replied to every question submitted to
his opinion; and his ansmrers were expressed in the purest style and in the most
beautiful rhythmical prose. Having been received into the intimacy of Abii Mu-
hammad al-Muhallabi (vol. I. p. 41 O ) , he attached himself exclusively to that vizir.
There exists, in the hands of the public, a well known work containing a collection
of questions proposed to Ibn Huraia and the answers which he returned. The men
of rank and the literary characters of that age t001i great pleasure in jesting with him
and consulting him, by writing, on odd and laughable questions, to which he imme-
diately replied by written answers in the same style. The vizir of whom we have
just spoken encouraged some persons to invent a number of ridiculous questions on
a variety of burlesque subjects, in order to obtain his answers, and the kdtib AbG
'l-AbbBs Ibn al-Mualla wrole to him as follows : ' I What does the kddd, may God direct
* ' him ! say of a Jew who committed fornication with a Christian, and she brought
forth a child with a human body and the head of an ox? They are now both under
arrest. What does the kddi opine respecting them?" On this paper he imrne-
diately inscribed an answer in these terms: This evidence none can refuse-it
6 d bears hard upon the accursed Jews-and proves that they drank down the love of
the calf into their hearts (1)-so that it now comes out from their lower parts-I
opine that on the Jew's neck the calf s head you should tie-and on the Christian's
4 6 shoulder fix the leg and the thigh-and that they should be dragged on the ground
-whilst the words : Darkness upon darkness (2)are proclaimed around.--Receive
my salutation."-When the Slhib Ibn AbbAd (vol. I. p. 212) visited Baghdad, he
went to the vizir al-Muhallabi's levees (3), and was there so greatly struck with the kddi
Ibn Kuraia's wit and delicate repartees, that, in a letter addrewed by him to AbG
'l-Fad1 lbn al-Amid (4), he said: And there was at the levee a facetious shuikh.
ns IBN I~HALLIKAN'S
called the k&di Ibn Kuraia, with wIiom I discussed some questions too indelica~e
to be rnentionetl here; and I must say tllat I h u n d his conversalion singularly
cc witty." An elderly man ~ v l i osmelt strongly or perfu~neshaving asked him, in
ihe presence of the vizir Abii Yul~amniad,tlic definiiion of the term kafu (51, he
replied: It is tlmt part \vl~icbis surrounded by thy skirts (jurubbdn);which draws
an thee the railleries of thy friends; tlie part on \v11icI1 thy sultan corrects thee, and
i n which te familiari ter utuntur ephebi tui (6). Tliere are four dcfinitions of it."
The jurubbdn of a coat is the broad piece of stuff which covers the os coccygis and
hides the kafn. It is a Persian word Arabicized (7). A11 the questions proposed to
him were of this sort, and l should mention some more of [hem here, did I not wish
to avoid prolixity; but a good number of them, wit11 the answers, have been inserted
by (he celebrated poet AbB Bakr Muhammad Ibn Sllaraf al-KairawAni (S), in his
work entitled Abkdr al-Afkdr (original ~houghts). The kddi AbQ Bakr Ibn Kuraia died
at Baghdad on Saturday, ille 19th of the laiter Jumlda, A. H. 367 (1st Feb., h. D.
978), aged sixty-five years.-luraza was the surname of one of his ancestors, accord-
ing to as-&mini.-As-Sindip is the name of a village situated on the (canal called)
Nahr Isa, between Baghdad and al-AnbC. To indicate that a person is a native of
ihis place, they say Sindawdni (not Sindi), lest he should be taken for a nalive of Sind,
the country which lies on the borders of India.

(1) KorAn, sdrat 2, verse 87.

(2) KorAn, d r a t 94, verse 4 0 .
(3) The word nzojlis, here rendered by levee, siguiGes in general a sitting held to render- justice, a tribunal;
it also rlesigllates (he levees o f a vizir.
( k ) The life of Ibn al-Amid will be found in this volume.
I t is also employed to designate tbe lower part of lhe back.
( 5 ) Kafa signifies the back of the neck.
(6) By &W words he alladed to the muliebris patientfa, of which men who perfumed their person were
often suspected.
(7) The Persian word is ghirlbdn ( L ).
d ."J
(8) Imad ad-Din, in his Ehadda (blS. of the Bibliothkque impdriale, Supplement), gives numerous
extracts from the poems of Ibn Sharaf al-Kairawani, and says that he was a contemporary of Ibn Rashlk
(001.I. p. 384). Hajji Ehalifa places his death in A. H. 460 (A. D. 1067-B), which agrees with lmgd
ad-Din's statement.
 I B N WUBRIZ AL-WAHRANI.

Abii Abbd Allah h2uhLunmad Ibn hluhriz Ibn Muhammad al-WahrAni, surnamed
Rukn ad-Din (column of religion)-some say, Jamhl ad-Din (beauty of religion)-was
a man of wit and talent. He left his country and came to Egypt in the reign of ihe
'
sultan Salih &Din, but, as the art to JF-hichIle applied was the drawing up of official
papers, and as h e found there al-69di 'l-Ftdil (vol. U. p. ll l), the kdtib ImLd ad-Din
al-Tspahini, and other distinguished individuals of the same class, he felt his infe-
riurity, and perceived that his abilities, eminent as they were, could not be en~ployed
with profit to himself. He, therefore, abandoned the grave style of writing, and,
having taken to light composilions, he wrote the collection of visions and epistles
which bears his name. This worli, copies of wvhicll are very common, is a proof of
tlre buoyant humour, acute mind, and accomplished wit possessed by the author.
The Great Vision alone would suffice for his reputation; it abounds in charming
ideas, but its length precludes its insertion here. He afterwards visited different
countries, and, having resided for some time at Damascus, he was nominated prea-
cher (khatlb) at DBraiya ( i ) , a village situated in the Ghhta (2)and at the gates of the
city. He died at Ddraija, A. H. 575 ( A . D. 1179-SO), and was interred at the
entrance of the funeral chapel erected over the grave of the shaikh Abh Sulaimb
ad-Dtrtni (vol. II. p. 88). I found in the hand-writing of al-Kbdi 'l-Fiidil that, on
the 17th of the month of Rajab, the news of al-Wallrbni's death came (to Egypt) from
Damascus,-V'ahrdni means native of Wahrdn (Oran), a large city in the land of
h i r a w i n . It is situated on the Syrian Sea (the Illedilerranean), at the distance of
two days' journey from Tilimsen. Ar-Rushiti (vol. II. p. 69) says that it was founded,
A . H. 290 (A. D. 903), by Uuhammad Tbn Abi AQn, Muhammad lbn Abdiis, and a
band ~f adventurers from Spain (3). It has produced many distinguished men, some
of them remarkable for learning.

( l ) In vol. 11. p. 89, this name is incorrectly spelt Ddrrya. Its orthography is here fixed by Ibn Khallikh,
(4) The cultivated country around Damascus is called the Ghhta.
(3) See Ibn Khaldbn's Histoire des Berbers, tome I. p. $83 of the French translation, and El-Belrri's -p
tion de PdFhique septe&nhmale, p. 465 of the French translation.
 I B N TAIMIYA AT,-WAl.\RANI.

.4bh ~ b Allall
d Muhammad ibn Abi 'I-Khim al-KKdr Ibn nfullonlmod Ibn a]-
Khidr Ibn Ali Ibn Bbd Allah, generally known by l l ~ cappellation of Ibn Taimiya
a]-Harrini and surnamed Fakhr ad-Din (glory of religion), was on eniinenl preacher
and o juriseonsult of the Hanbalite sect. Me lleld the first place in his nalivc town
by his learning, and was highly distinguished for his piety. llaving cullivuted the
sciences under some men of great erudilion, be proceeded fo Bnglldnd, wllere 11e
studied jurisprudence under Abh ']-Filth lbn al-Manni (vol. 11. p. 237), and learned
Traditions from Shuhda Bint al-Ibari (vol. l. p. 625) Ibn nl-Mukrab, Ibn al-htti
(vol. II. p. 66), and others. He composed a very good compcndiunl of tllc doclrines
professed by Ahmad Ibn llanbal (vol. I. p. g&), and an excellent collcction of lcholbas
(sermons), which is a work of high repute. He left also a commentary on thc Korln,
and some good poetry. He occupied ihe post of preacher (khaldba) at IIarrGn, and
this office was afterwards filled by other members of his family. IIis life was one
uniform course of rectitude and virtue. He was born at TIarrin towards tlle end
of the month of Shaabin, A. H. 542 (January, A. D. 1148),and be died in that
city on the i l t h of Safar, A. H. 6 U ((Lh March, A. D. 1224.). Abb 'l-Muzaffor
Sibt Ibn alJauzi (vol. I. pp. 439, 674) says : " Be incurrcd general odium in lIarr8n.
" and, when any person of ihat place commenced to display abilitics. IIC never ceased
" penecuting him till he drove him out of {he city. He died on tile 5111of Salar,
" A. B. 621." This date differs from ours. He then adds : I lleard llim, one
6.

" Friday, on the conclusion of the public prayer, recite the following verses in the
" great mosque of Barrhn :

" My beloved friends! I have warned my eyes that they and sleep are nwcr to meet unless
" we meet again. Spare a heart tortured with love, and pity an enfeebled body worn away.
" How often have you adjourned the night of our pronliscd meeting I life L s passed awry,and
'' yet we do not meet."

AbG Ybsuf Mahesin Ih Saliima Ibn Khalila al-Harrsni mentions Ibn Taimiyo will1
commendation in his History of Harrin, and says ihat h e died on Thursday, the 101h
 BIOGRAPHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 97

of Safar, A. H. 632 (21st February, A. D. 1225), soon afler the hour of the asr
prayer (I]. Ahh 'l-Barakit Ibn al-llustaufi (vol. II. p. 556) speaks of him i n his
Hisfory of Arbela, and states that he arrived in that city in the year 604, with ihe
design of making the pilgrimage to Mekka. He then extols his merit and adds:
fie gave lessons every day on the interpretation of the Korln ; he related anecdotes
6' with great elegance ; his discourse had a peculiar charm, and this, joined to an
agreeable disposition, rendered his company m o ~ acceptable
t to people of all ranks.
His father was one of the abddts (2,) and holy ascetics. He (the son) acquired his
k n o ~ l e d g eof jurisprudence at Harrin and at Baghdad; in controversy he displayed
singular acuteness. He composed some compendious treatises on jurisprudence,
and left a collection of sermons in the style of Ibn Nubita's (uol. 11. p. 110). As
4 can expounder of the Korkn he stood pre-eminent, and in all the sciences his abi-
lities were lliglily conspicuous. He learned Traditions from the first masters at
Baghdad." Ibn al-Mustaufi then cites the following piece as the production of
Ibn Taimiya:

Receive my salutations and let the past be forgotten; my departure from you was much
against my will. Ask the night if sleep has ever closed my eyelids since I left you. Fricnds
beloved of my heart f I swear by Him who decreed our separation, that if the joyful day of our
meeting return and the woes which aMicl me be healed, I shall go forth to meet the camels
which bear you hither, and lay my lace as a carpet in their path; even should I apply my fore-
head to the ground-even should the (heat, ardent as) brands of yhada wood (3), scorch my
cheeks! Then I should receive new life-then wrapt in joy, I should exclaim: Receive my
salutations! the past is now forgotten /

IIe then adds : I asked him the meaning of his name Ta2mZya, and lie replied :
83 y fatber, or my grandfather, I am not sure which, made the pilgrimage, leaving
his wife in a state of pregnancy. On arriving at Taimh, a little girl who came
L

c out of a tent attracted his attention, and, on his return to Harrhn, he found that

.' his wife had lain in of a daughter. When the child was presented to him, he
g

' ' exclaimed : Ya Taimiya l ya Taimiyal (0the girl of T a i d l the girl of TaimBI)
"
-being struck with its resemblance tu the little girl he saw there. The child
" ' was, therefore, named Taimiya.' Such was L e purport of his words."-Taimd
is the name of a village in the desert of Tabhk, half-way between Khaibar and Syria.
Taimiya means a female belonging to Taimll; but the more correct expression (in this
case) is Tairndwiya, because the masculine form of the relative adjective derived horn
VOL. III. 13
Tailn&is Taimacz. The statement furnished by lbn Taimiya hinisclf has however
been general1y adopted.

(I) See vol. 1. p. 594.

(3) The Moslim saints are supposed to form a corporation cornposed or a certain numhcr of members and
always subsisting. In [his corporation the highest rank is held by the chief, o r Glzuuth; the ncxt, by four Aufdd;
the third, by seven Akhydr; the fourth, by forty Abddl; the firth, by seventy Nujab; and 1.h~sixth, by three
hundred h7ukab.-See on this subject a passage of al-IshAki, quoted by Lane in his Irnr~slal.ionoC tho Thousand
and One Nights, vol. I. p. 933.-In the dictionary of technical terms cmployerl by tho s f p s , MS. of the Biblio-
th8pue imptn'ale, Supplement, 1 find the following explanations of these terms: Tbc K u t b (axis) is the
individual to whom has been delegated Almighty God's inspection over the universe at all times.-The Rulb,
at the moment in which recourse is had to him is the Ghauth (assistance).-The Autdd arc the four men
who preside over the four regions of the world, the east, the west, thc north, and the south. Dy thcm God
preserves these regions, because they are charged to inspect (over their respective qua~.ters).-Tho Buduld
(substitutes; the word abddl has the same meaning;) are seven men; when one of thcm travels forth, he leaves
behind him a body in his image, so that no one can perceive his absence.-The Nujubd (excellent) are forty
persons occupied i n rectifying the affairs of men, in bearing their burdcns, and in cxcrcising the rights of the
creature (not of the meator, like the kutb and the autAd),--The Nulrabd (administ~.ators)arc those who inspect
and produce to view the secret of men's bosoms. They arc three hundred i n number.-It would appear that,
in the slifi confraternity, these names served to designate the grand-master and the principal chiefs.
(3) According to the Arabic philologers, the wood of the Ghnrla tree gives out great heat and rctains its fire
very long.

AL-ATTABI T H E G R A M M A R I A N .

I b B lansiir Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn lbrahim Ibn Zibirj the grammarian, sur-
named al-Attibi, possessed a good knowledge of grammar, philology, and belles
lettres. &S writing was so beautiful and correct, that specimens of it are muoh
sought after by literary men. He studied general literature under Abh 's-Said$t
Hibat Allah ibn asShajari (a shartf whose life we shall give), Abii MansBr Mauhdb
Ibn al-Jawhliki (l), and others. He learned Traditions from the first masters of that
age, and wrote a fleat deal. Volumes in his handwriting are high1y valued. His
birth look place in the month of the first Rabi, A. H. 484 (April-Nag, A. D. 1091),
 BIOGRAPIIlCAL D I C T I O N A R Y . '39

and his death occurred on the eve of Tuesday, the 25th of the first Jumhda, A. H. 556
(22nd May, A. D. i161).-Atlbbi means belonging lo al-Altbbiyzln, a place in Baghdad
so called, and situated on the west side of the river. Abii Mansiir resided there, hut
he afterwards removed to the east side. The surname of al-Altdbi was also borne
by a celebrated poet called Abb Amr Kulthiim Ibn Anir Ibn Aiyhb, but he derived it
from the circumstance of his being descended from Atlhb Ibn Saad Ibn Zuhair Ibn
Jusham. Kulthiim was an eloquent and able poet, who celebrated the praises of
Harhn ar-Rashid and other great men. He belonged to Kinnisrin, an ancient city
of Syria, near Aleppo. I should have mentionned him in this work, but, as it was
designed to contain notices on those persons only the dates of whose decease were
known, and as I was unable to ascertain the year of his deaih, I felt constrained to
omit him (2).

(1) The life of Ibn al-Jawalki will be found in this work.

(8) He died A. H. 908 (A. D. 823-4), according to the author of the Nujzim.

AL-MASUDI AL-BANDAHI.

Abb Said-some say AbC Abd Allah-Muhammad Ibn Abi 'S-Salddt Abd ar-Rah-
mLn Ibn Muhammad Ibn Mashd Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Husain Ibn Muhammad al-Rla-
shdi, surnamed Tij ad-Din (crown of religion)al-Bandahi, was a native of Marwarrhd
in Khodsln, a doctor of the Shafite sect, and a szlfi. Be displayed great talents as
a philologer, and composed on al-Hariri's Makdmas (vol. U . p. 490) the fullest and
most complete commentary ever written on that work. I saw a copy of it in five
large vofumes, which is more than twice the size of any other commentary composed
to elucidate the M a M m s . This work bears a high character, and copies of it are
very m m a n . He resided at Damascus, in the Sumaisiit convent (Khling&fi)j,and
gave public lessons there. Previously to this, he had been preceptor to al-Malik 4-
Afdal (vol.11. p. 3531, the son of the sultan Sa1A.h ad-Din, and, through his means,
100 IBN KHALLIIihN'S
he was enabled to procure the numerous rare and valuahlc boolo, ljy lllc assistance
of ahich h e his eommeniary on the Malrdrnas. hbh 'l-Borakiit al-Hbshimi,
a native of Aleppo, relates as follows : When t l ~ esultan SaIih ad-Din entered Aleppo
in the year 579 (A. D. 1i83), al-Masiidi (al-Bandahi) went down to the great
mosque of that city, and having installed hin~selfi n the library formed of the books
g *given as wakfs (1)to that establishment, he selected o number of them (and look
" them away) without meeting the slighest opposilion. 1myself saw him pock them
up in a pannier." 1 met some of al-Bandahi's disciples and received from them
lessons and certificates authorising me to teach what 1 had lcarned from them. 1
read, in the work of a modern historian, that al-Bandahi's birlli look place in the
gear 5SI,but one of our literary men stabs that he found the following note in d-
Bandahi's own hand-writing: I was born at l l ~ ehour of sunset, on Lhe eve of
Tuesday, the first of the latter llabi of the year 522 (4th April, A. D. 1l2$)."
This statement is evidently more correct than the former, hecause it is taken from
the hand-writing of the person himself and indicates the day and the rnonlh. He died
at Damascus on the eve of Saturday, the 29th of the first Rabi, A . B. 584 (281h May,
A. D. 1 188). Some place his death on the 1st of the latter Rabi. He was interred
at the foot of Mount KBsiyiin. He settled his books as wajifiq on the convent of which
we have spoken. The following verses were often in his moulh :

" I saw tears of blood flow from your eyes," said she, '' through apprehcnsion of our depar-
" ture; why now hast thou remplaced those tears of blood by tears of water? " I replied:
" Rat that I W& solaced ill thy absence or that I yielded to consolation; those tears have turned
grey from the lengthened age of my weeping."

Similar to this are the words of another poet :

SoM said : " Dost thou shed tears of aater after tears of blood? " I replied : " My tears
have turned grey Iram the lengthened age of my weeping."

This doctor bore ihe surname of al-Mastldi because he had an ancestor called nfasda.
--Of Jhmmwklwe have already spoken (vol. I. p. SO).-Bandohi means belonging
10Pcnj Dth, a district of Marwarriid. Penj DB signifies five villages. To designate
a native of this place, they employ also the words aCFanjdEhi and al-Banjdthi. It
has produced many eminent and learned men.--K&iyl is the name of a mountain
overlooking Damascus from the north. It contains many beautiful country seats,
schools (madbris], convents (rub$),and gardens; the river Yazid (has ilr source) in it,
and the Thaura flows at its foot. It possesses also a large mosque built by the
sovereign of Arbela, MuzafTar ad-Din, the son of Zain ad-Din (vol. II. p. 535). Ibn
Onain, a poet whose life we shall give, composed a kastda, rhyming in I, in praise
of the sovereign of Yemen, Saif al-Isllm Ibn Aiyiib (vol. I. p. 655), and, as he
expresses in this piece his desire of seeing Damascus again, he enumerates the
delighlful spots in its vicinity, and says, when speaking of Mount Khsiylin:

The ardent love of my heart for KPsiyOn will subsist even when the foundations of that
mountain shall pass away.

It is a brilliant poem, full of originality and ornament.

(2) See vol. I. p. 49.

IBN-NUKTA.

Abh Bakr Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Ghani Ibn Abi Bakr Ibn Shujda Ibn Abi Nasr
Ibn Abd Allah al-Banbali (member of Ihe Hanbalite sect), generally known by the ap-
pellation of Ibn Nukta, and surnamed Moin ad-Din (defender of m e fuiih), was a emi-
nent traditionist and a native of Baghdad. His ardour in search of Traditions, the
quantity of them which he heard and committed to paper, and the frequent journeys
which he undertook for the purpose of procuring them raised him to celebrily. He
travelled to KhorAsdn, Persian Irbk, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Egypt, visiting the
principal traditionists, hearing their lessons, and obtaining information from their
lips. He wrote a great deal and took down a quantity of useful notes. In the sup-
plement which he composed to the emir Ibn Pikiila's lkmd1 (vol. 11. p. 248),and
which forms two volumes, he displayed no inferior talent. He wrote also a small
work on patronymics (ansdb),which serves as a supplement to the treatise composed
on that subject by Nuhammad lbn Tihir al-Makdisi (p. 5 of this vol.), and to that
of AbB Hiisa al-Ispahgni (p. 4 of this vol.). Another work of his, the a i d b at-
Tol;y$d (book of fizalion), contains all the (requisilo) information respecting the tra-
dilionists, (lhezlnuszLalwords occurring in) the different colleelions of Traditions and
the k & l t (l).Wlren I first heard of him, lie was still living, but I never had an
opportunity of meeting him. Ibn al-Mustaufi (vol. Il. p. 556) mcniions him, in
the History of Arhela, as one of the persons wlio visitcd illat cily and heard Tradilions
delivered there. He speaks of him with commendalion and adds : " iIc recited to
me the following verses, as having been composed by AbO Ali Dluhammad Ibn al-
Husain Ibn Abi 'S-Shibl, a native of Baghdad and one of tlie best poets that Irik
has produced in modern times :"--Ibn al-Bazazlri (vol. I. p. 563) speaks of him in
his Z$na tad-Dahr.-

1)iscover not thy sufferings or thy joys to a censor or a false friend; for prclcndcd sympathy
" is as bitter to the heart as the exultatio~lof focs."

Ihn LYukta died at Baghdad on the 22nd of Snfar, A. 11. 629 (19th Dcccmbcr, A. D.
1231), at an advanced age. I was then residing at Aleppo for tllc purpose of pur-
suing my studies, and it was there we received intelligence of his dcat1l.-His father
Abd al-Ghani died at Baghdad on the 4th of the latter Jumdda, A. U. 583 (August,
A. D. ilsi), and was interred near the mosque of his (yuarlcr). His frugality and
disinterestedness rendered him celebrated.-hbB Ali Ibn Abi 'S-Shibl died A. H.
473 (A. D. 1080-1). The kdtib Imad ahDin speaks of him in the KharEda.

(1) See vol. I. Introduction, p. xxii.

Abb Ahd Allah Muhammad Ibn Abi 'IlaPli Said Ibn Abi Tilib Yahya Ibn Abi
'I-Hasan AIi Ibn a]-Hajjij Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hajjkj, generally known by the
appelJation of Ibn ad-Dubailhi, was a native of Wisit, a historian, and a doctor of the
sect of as-shifi* He received a great quantity of Traditions by oral transmission,
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 103
and made some collections of useful notes ( ~ a d l i k ) . His memory was stocked with
pieces of great beauty, and these he often cited in conversation. By his learning i n
the Traditions and his correct knowledge of the n a m q of the traditionists and of his-
tory, he acquired the reputation of an able lhdfiz and a genius of the first order. He
composed a work which he designed as a continuation to Ab5 Saad Abd al-Karim
as-Sam$ni7s (vol. 11. p. 156) supplement to the Khaiib's (vol. I. p. 75) History of
Baghdad, and in it he gives notices on the persons whom as-Samhni had not men-
tioned and on those who lived subsequently to that writer. Jt fills three volu~nes
and possesses considerable merit (ij. He wrote also a history of Wdsit and olher
works. Ibn al-Mustaufi (vol. I. p. 556) mentions of him in the History of Arbela
and says: He entered our city in the month of Zb 'l-Kaada, A . H. 611 (March,
16

A . D. 1215). He was a fine looking old man." He then adds that Ibn ad-Dubaithi
recited to him the following piece as of his own composition :

I put mankind to the test, but found not a true friend, a helper in adversity. I showed
them the sincerest friendship, but received a troubled and insincere attachment in return.
Never, when I chose from among them a companion who pleased me, had I cause to praise his
conduct in the end.

lbn ad-Dubaithi continued to study and take notes up to the moment of his dealh.
His birth took place at W$sit on Monday, the 26th of Rajab, A. H. 558 (June,
A. D. 1163); he died at Baghdad on Monday, the 8th of the latter Rabi, 637 (7th
November, A. D, 1239). The next day, he was interred in the Wardiya cerneteq.
Dubailhi means belonging 10 h b a d h d , a village in the neighbourhood of Wbit.
His ancestors belonged to Kanjah (in the province of Arrdn), and his grand-father
removed from Dubaithh to Wisit, where the family multiplied.-His father AbQ
'l-Maili Said died at W h i t on the eve of the Festival of the Sacrifice, A. H. 585
(19th January, A. D. 1190); he was born i n that place on the 87th of Safar, A. H.
587 (7th January, A. D. 1133).

(1) The second volume of this work is in the Bibliofhique impdriate, ancien fonds, No. 745. It begins with
the dhmedr and finishes with the ha, the sixth letter of the Arabic alphabet.
 [RN Kfl.41,1,11LAN'S

IBN ZAFAR AS-SAKATJLI.

Abb Abd Allah Yuhammad Ibn Abi Muhammad Ihn Muhammad lbn Zafar as-
Sakalli (natiue of Sicily), surnamed Hujja tad-DEn (prr~ofof religion), was an accom-
plished scholar, versed in the belles letlres, and author of some instructive works.
One of these, B e Sulwdn al-Mulda Od~odnal-Albda (conrolalionfor the maslcr who
sufws from the enmity of his seraanis), he composed in the year 554 (A. D. 1159),
for one of the chiefs (who were) in Sicily ( i ) . His other works are : the Khair al-
Barhr bi-Kha'hair iCBnshar (excellent news concerning the best of mankind) (2), a large
commentary on the Korin, entitled aGYanbda (rhc source). the Kitdb Nujabd 'GAbnd
(history of clever children) (3)' a Hdshla. or appendix to al-Hariri's Durra rabGhaw-
wbc (vol. II. p. 492), and two comlnentaries on the same author's Makdrnas,-one
ample, the other concise. He left also some other elegant productions. I read,
towards the beginning of his commenlary on the J~ulcdmas,that Ile had been taught
that work by the Mjz Abii Tihir as-Silafi (001. I. p. 86), who declared that he had
learned them from the author, al-Hariri: people say, however, that when asailafi
saw al-Hariri in the mosque of Basra, teaching his Makdmas to a circle of students,
he asked who he was, and receiving for answer: 4 c That man has fabricated a set of
M lying stories, and is now dictating them to the public," he turned away from him

in disdain. God best knows which of these statements is true. The following
anecdote has been handed down as a relation made by the shaikh Taj ad-Din al-Kindi
(vol. I. p. 546): " Having obtained a draught on the government financial office
(diwdn]in Earnat for a gratuity, 1 went to receive the amount, and, after my ar-
" rival, I met with Ibn Zafar at an assembly. We then engaged in a grammatical
and philological discussion, during which I proposed to him some questions on
" the forn~ersubject and brought birn to a stand. His skill i n p h i l o l o ~appeared
" nearly as limited, and, when the assembly was about to break up, he said: ' The

" ' shaikh Taj ad-Din surpasses me in grammar, but I excel him in philology; ' on
" which l answered : ' Thy first assertion is granted and thy second denied.' We
" *hen separated." Ibn Zafar was of a short stature, and a puny figure, but his
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 105

countenance was handsome. Some poetry is ascribed to him, and 1 found the fol-
lowing verses in a compilation which goes under his name :

I bear thee in my heart; dost thou not then know that thou.art borne about even when thou
remainest at home? Is not that person highly prized by me whom I long to meet and who
dwells within my bosom?

Imkd ad-Din al-Ispah5ni has inserted, in his Khartda, s number of pieces eorn-
posed by Ibn Zafar, and, amongst others, the following :

A man's misfortunes correspond to his merit; and, by his patience in adversity, his share
of merit may be known. He who has but little firmness in facing what he apprehends, will
have but little chance of gaining what he hopes for.

Ibn Zafar was born in Sicily and brought up at Mekka; he kept removing from
one country to another, and, at length, settled at Hamht where he died, A. H. 565
(A. D. 1169-70). The whole period of his life was passed in struggling against
poverty : it is even related that, in Hamtt, want and misery forced him to marry his
daughter to a person muoh beneath her; the bridegroom then left the city with his
wife, and sold her as a slave in another country (-%).-war is the noun of action
belonging to a verb which, taking zafira in the preterite and yazfiaru in the aorist,
means to obtain a thing. (It is here employed as a proper name.) Eaving already
spoken of Sakailiya (Sicgy) (001. I l . p. 16.i), we need not repeat our observations
here.

(1) Sicily was, at that time, under the domination of William the Bad, the second Norman king. This
circumstance induced me to examhe Xbn Zafar's work in the hopes of finding some information respect-
ing the state of that country, but was unable to dimver any thing of the kind. It is a collection of apo-
iogues and historical anecdotes. This work, of which three or fonr copies are preserved in the Bibliothkqne
zmp%-iaEe, is highly esteemed in the Wt, and has been transla&d into Persian and Tnrkish. An English
translation of it, accompanied with a very inmmtive preface, was published in London, by Mr. M. Amari,
in the year 1858.
(8) A copy of this work is preserved in the Bihlioth$rre impiriale. It is divided into fonr chapters: the
firs%cm the m o e s in the books of God (the Penfuteuch, the Pmlms, axd the Gaspet), W&& foreeell'the &S-
sian aP Mahammad, The seccrnd contains the a o c k t popular tmditious relatipe tt, this ewer&; the third, zbe
predictions on the same subject made by the K & h (Arabian diviners); and the f~nrth~ such i n f b m
respe- coming of Muhammad as was derived from the Jinn (g&].
(3) & copy af ,jhk work. is in the BitErbtMque imp&&Ie. Ba t@&$$&kd&##, 8 of
* a ".a c.

VOL. m. ia
106 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
children remarkable for precocious talent. The historian and the philologer will flnd in it rrruch curious in-
formation.
(4) This act was contrary to law.

AL-OTBI T H E P O E T .

Abh Abd ar-Rahrnin Muhammad Ibn Obaid Allah Ibn Amr Ibn Moawia lbn Amr
lbn O ~ b aIbn Abi Sofyin Sakbr Ibn Harb Ibn Omaiya Ibn Abd Shams, surnamed
at-Otbi, was a member of the tribe of Koraish and of the family or Omaiya, a native
of Basra and a poet of great celebrity. This accomplisl~edscholar and clever poet
llelirered orally historical Traditions and the narrations ol the combats which took
place between the Arabs of the desert; he composed also some elegies on the death
of his sons. The authorities which he cited for his infornlalion werc SofyAn lbn
Oyaina (vol. I . p. 578), Lht Ibn Mikhnaf, and his own father; amongst those who
delivered traditional information on his authority were: Abh IIitirn as-Sjjislini
(col. I. p. 603), Abfi 'I-Fad1 ar-RiQshi (vol. N. p. I O ) , and Ishnk Ibn Muhammad
an-AakhAi. Having proceeded to Eaghdad, he taught Traditions to t11e people of
that city, but he was more generally noted for drinking wine and composing love-
verses on Otba. He and his father held a high rank and bore the reputation of ac-
complished scholars and elegant speakers. Amongst the works which he compiled
were: a Book of Horses, a collection of poems composed by the Arabs of the desert,
a cotleetioo of poems'composed by females whose love l i d turned to hatred, the
Kitbb ad-DaMh (victims for sacrifice),and the Kirdb al-Akhldk (de qnoribus),etc. Ibn
Kutaiba (vol. 11. p. 22) mentions him in the Kitdb al-Mad.if, and lbn al-Munaj-
..
pm (l) in the Kit&b al-Bdd. He relates that he heard a wild Arab of the desert say
to another man: If such a fe1lo.w smile, upon thee, his scorpions (the emblems of
" irendery) will glide towards thee ; if thou dost not treat him openly as an enemy,
" do not (at least) treat him in private as a friend." The latter writer gives the
following verses as al-Otbi's :

when the maidens remarked the tinge of grey appearihg on my cheeks, ihey turned away
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 107
from me their faces radiant with beauty. When they saw or heard me, they ran off to the tops
of the sand-hills at al-Mahgjir (2). But though they turn their eyes away from me, they cast
(towccrds me) furtive glances like those of the fawn and the gazelle; for 'I belong to a family of
high renown, whose feet were formed to tread the pulpit (3); khalifs in Islamic times; mighty
chiefs in the times of idolatry; to them belonged every gloryi and such an ancestry might fonn
the boaster's proudest vaunt.

A collection of pieces in my own hand-writing contains some verses of the sharif

ar-Rida's (Ic), in which a similar thought is expressed.-(lbn al-lT~unajjim)quotes also
these verses as his :

When Sulaima saw me turn my eyes away-and I turn my glances axay from all who
resemble her-she said : 1 once saw thee mad (with love) ;" and I replied : "Youth is a
'' madness of which old age is the cure."

This verse has nbw acquired the force of a proverb. AI-Mubarrad (page 31 of
this vol.) cites, in his Kdzil, iwo verses in which al-Otbi deplores the death of one
of his sons ; they are as follows :

Tears have furrowed my cheeks through grief for tby loss, and wounds hare covered my
heart. Resignation meets with approval in every case, but,in thine it merits blame.

This verse also has obtained great currency. The poetical pieces of al-0tbi are
numerous and good; he was o n e of the best poets of Islamic times. He died A. H.
288 (A.D. $42-31.-The surname of d-abi was borne by him because he drew his
descent from Otba, t h e son of AbG SofySn. Otei signifies also descrmdcd /?oh Ofba
1bn Ghazwdn, one of the Prophet's companions. It is possible also that o u q p e t
nlay have received this surname on account of the poems which he composed in
praise of his beloved Otba.

(4) %is lifewill be found in this work.

(P) This is merely a conjectural translation of the verse.
(S) Literally: "For whose feet the tops of the pnfpits were formed." In the first ages of Islamism, the
khalif in person pronounced the khofba from the palpit. The poet here alludes to his descent from tbe
Omaiyides.
(4) K= life will be found in this volume.
 IBN KHALLIKAN'S

ABU BAKR AL-KHOWAREZMI.

hbfi Bakr MuhammadIhn al-Abbiis al-Khowhrezmi, surnamed also atdabarkhazi,

(because, sags asasamhi (vol. 11. p. 1561, his father belonged to Khowhrezm and his
to Tabarist&n, and these two denominations combined into one, were given
to the was, as we haye already said in the life of Ibn Jmir nt-l'abnri (vol. 11.
p. 597j, a sister's son to that historian. Abii Bokr ranked among ~ r c ~ t c~s tn d
the most renowned of the poets; he was considered a first-rate authority in l)llilology
and He resided flr some time in Syria, in tlie neigl~bourlioodof Alcppo,
md was highlp distinguished by his contemporaries. It is related iliol having gone
to see fhe Sdbib Ibn Abbid (vol. I. p. 212), who was then holding his court at Ar-
ra$n, Be requested one of the chamberlains to announce to him that a literary man
desired permission to enter. The chamberlain took in lhe message, and 11;s master
replied : c c Tell him that I have bound myself not to receive any literary man unless
" he know by heart twenty thousand Perses composed by the Arabs of t l ~ edesert."
The chamberlain returned back with this answer, and Abh Bakr said: Go back
" and ask him if he means twenty thousand verses composed by men, or twenty
" thousand composed by women?" This question was repeated to the Sahib, who
immediately exclaimed: c c That must be Abii Bakr al-KhowArezmi I let him come in."
AbG Bakr then entered, and being recognised by tlie Sllhib, h e met with a most
f m d d e reception. Abii Bakr left a collection (diundn)of epistles and another of
FM?. Ath-Taglibi (vol. 11. p. 129) mentions him in the Yattmu and quotes a pas-
ff@mhis prose-writings, t~ which he subjoins some extracts from his poems.
Amon@ the pieces given there are the following :

1 &at you, whm wealthy, pitch your tent close to us, and that, when you are in want,
Ym pisit sddam. Tis with you as with the moon : when her light is diminishing, she delays
her visit.;, when it increases, she remaim with us long.

0 thou who longest for draughts of pure wine, but who, occur what may, wilt never
b*&ed of fhe paper (in which thy money i s rolled up) ; know that the purse and
gablet annot be fd at the same time; empty then thy purse, that thou rnayest 811 thy
gablet.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 109

Abb Said Ahmad Ibn Shuhaib, a native of Khowiirezm, composed the following
verses on Abir Bakr :

AbQ Bakr possesses learning and talent, but he does not adhere to his engagements. The
altachment which he shows for a friend lasts from morning to night (and no longer).

The anecdotes told of Abh Bakr are very numerous. On his return from Syria,
he settled at NaisQpBrr, and died in that city on the 15th of R a m a d t , A. H. 383
(4th November, A. D. 993), but, in the historical work of our n~asterIbn al-Athir
[vol. II. p. 288), his death is placed ten years later. God best knows which is right.
A116 Bakr, being dissatisfied with the Sdhib Ibn Abbiid, composed the following lines
on leaving him :

Praise not Ibn AbbSd even when his hands shower forth beneficence so abundant as to shame
the rain-cloud. Such acts are merely the suggestions of hi!! fancy; he grants, but not from
liberality, and he refuses, but not from avarice.

Ibn Abbdd was told of this, and, on receiving intelligence of the poet's death, he
said :
I said to the caravan returning ,from Khor%s5n: I c1s your Khowlrezmite dead? " and they
'
answered: "Yes." OR this, I said: Inscribe these words upon his tomb :May the curse of
a the Almighty light upon the ungrateful l"

I thought that the verses directed against the Sdhib Ibn &bid were composed by
Abh Bakr al-Khow&rezmi; a number of literary men having made that statement
i n their compilaiions and in conversation; but happening since to examine al-Mar-
zubini's (page 67 of this vol.) Majdrn as-Shmrd, I met the following lines in the
life of Moawia Ibn Sofybn, surnamed Abh 'l-Kbsim al-Aama (the blind), a poet and
one of the persons who, at Baghdad, repeated from memory the compositions of
former authors; he had been a pupil of al-Kislzs (vol. II. p. 237), and was em-
ployed by al-Hasan Ibn Sahl (vol. I. p. 408) to instruct his children. Having in-
curred Ibn Sahl's reprehension for something which he had done, he pronounced.
these satirical lines :

Praise not Hasao for generosity, though hi hands shower gifts in abundance; blame him not,
.if he withhold his favours. It is not through parcimwy that he re%,=, neither is it ip hops
of fame that he bestows. Such acts are merely the suggestion of his fancy; he grants, 6 4 ~ 0 t
j :.;;
from liberality, and he refuses, bat not from avarice. T
110 I B N KHALLIKAN'S
God best knows the truth io this matter.-We have already spolren of the word
h%ow&reztni (l).

(1) This, I believe, is an error; in the part of bis work which precedes, the author has said nothing on the
subject. In Arabic, the word is pronounced KJtuwdrezmi, and means aafive of Khowdrezm. The Persian pro.
nonciation of the nord is Khbrizm.

AS-SALAMI THE POET.

4b6 'l-Basan Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah (1) Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn
Yshya ibn Khulais Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Yahya Ibn Abd Allah Ibn al-IIiiritl~Ibn Abd
Allah Ibn aI-Walid hn al-Walid lbn al-Mughlra Ibn Abd Allah lbn Omar Ibn
Makhzhrn Ibn Yakza Ibn Murra Ibn Kaab Ibn Luwai Ibn Ghdlib Ibn Fihr Ibn Mtlik
Ibn an-Nadr Ibn Kinina Ibn Khuzaima Ibn Mudrika Ibn al-Y$s Ibn Modar Ibn Nizlr
Ibn Maadd Ibn Adndn al-Makhzhmi as-Saldmi, a celebrated poet, drew his descent
from al-Walid, the son of al-Walid Ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzfimi and the brother of
Khalid Ibn al-Walid (the first Mortirn conqueror of Syria). Atll-ThakIibi (vol. II.
p. 129) speaks of him in these terms (2): He was incontrovertibly the best poet of
a Iriik, and his right to that rank is sufficiently evinced by his merit. The opinion
a which we have oxpressed concerning him is supported by a sure testimony, that

of his poems; Bnd the beauties of his compositions which we have here inserted
are atdelightfor the eye, a charm for the heart, and afsatisfaction for the'mind.
He began to niter verses at the age of ten years, and the first piece he ever pro-
" nounced was the following, recited by him one day at school :
'' The charms of beauty (which we remark) in him are various; the eyes of mankind are fixed
" on him with one aceord. The arrow of his glances is sharp,and his glahce never miises irs aim.
W as his creator exists !

'' fie passed .MSe$y b&aa:d, L'and

< * , * rern6Gk.d 'tir ?I3sisu1 'when get a boy.
. . * , > 'a

fi thkhihegt e*eng~ such .as

1

He there &et &ime Oth&hn

- al;$h~-
"
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARI-. ill
lidi, (one of the two Khalidites) (3), Abd 'l-Faraj al-Babbaghb (vol. II. p. 147).
c' Abii 'I-liasan at-Tallbfari, and others. When they saw him, they were astonished
that such talents could exist in a bog so young, and they suspected that the verses
S which he repeated were not his own. AI-Khdlidi then said that he would under-
" take to put him to the test, and having prepared a banquet, he invited these poets
and as-Salgmi. When in the midst of their potations, they proceeded to make a
trial of his talents, and a heavy shower of hail having very soon after covered the
face of the earth, al-KhBlidi look an orange and threw it upon the hail : Now,'
said he to his companions, let us try and describe that object.' Upon this as-
'' Salirni delivered extemporaneously the following lines :
..
HOWadmirable the talent of al-KhUidi, a genius unrfvalled, noble and grand! To the
frozen water of the cloud he made a present of an ardent fire ($1, and when the generous
hearts of (his c o m ~ o l z s addressed
) reproaches to him, the hands of joy offered him this
" excuse drawn f rom my mind: Blame him not; he has only given the cheeks as a pesent to
" the mouth (5).

When they saw him capable of producing such verses as these, they let him
alone ; all praised his talents and acknowledged his merit and acuteness, with the
exception of al-Talliifari, who persisted in his former opinion. In this he was so
obstinate, that as-Salbmi, at length, attacked him in these lines:

" At-TaMari aspired to my friendship, but the soul of a dog would despise sneh friendship
'' as his. &is
chiqtxe~is repugnant to mine* and m.a;"witkm scorn to be joined. with his.
"Arsmea n a b i t i s i n I i n @ i ~ ~ a r s e j u s ~ i n t e s g oH, m o m n e s t i ~mihiversnsfa-
cienti conveniens; homo non sum ad illurn pertnndadum aphls.

" Be composed also many more satires on the same person. Having gone one
" day to see Abii Taghlib,"-Abli Taghlib al-Hamdbi (6) I suppose is meant,-the
" latter, who had a coat of mail lying before him, desired the poet to describe it in
" verse. As-Sal&miimmediately extemporised these lines: I

" Haw often bas an ample (c& a t mail) rentkrdme service and I regnied&.M@ePil yet
" m"one repmachecl me :b m m m m nigbr it preserved,me h . W !expased @L
\ "

" it to the strokes of every sword." " 1.

" , U
112 IBN KHALLIILAN'S
~t has suffered in fire, to preserve me from the fires ol hell, and that, we must allow, is a
great service.

As-Saaldm proceeded to the court of as-Sahib Ibn Abb$d (vol. I . p. 212) at Ispahh,
and recited to him lhe poem rhyming in b, which contains his verse:

We abandoned ourselves to sin, when we found that forgiveness was the fruit of crime.
4

This verse, which is one of his finest, contains a allusion to the idea expressed by
Abh Nuwiis al-Hasan Ibn HQni (vol. I. p. 391) in a poem the subject of which is self-
D
mortification ; he says :

You shall gnaw your hands with regret, for the pleasures which you avoided through fear of
hell.

It approaches also to the thought which (the khalif) al-Mtlrnfin thus expressed:
If criminals knew what pleasure 1 take in pardoning, they would strive to gain my
favour by committing crimes."-- (7) Whilst as-Saltmi remained with the
cc Sdfiib, he enjoyed favours in profusion, ample honours and untroubled pleasure.
dL At length, he resolved on visiting the court of Adud ad-Dawlat Ihn Buwaih (W/. 11.
p. 481) at Shiriz, and the Sahib not only provided him with a conveyance for his
journey, but gave him a letter of recommandation adressed to the kdlib Abii 'l-
" K&im Abd al-Azlz Ibn Ybsuf, an eloquent writer and one of the persons employed
bj Adud ad-Dawlat in th<capacity of vizir. Here is a copy of the letter : ' Your
' lordship knows that the traders in poetry (shtr)are more numerous than the hairs
" ' of the head (shdr), and that those persons are much less so whose jewels, when
" ' offered (as presents), can be confidently taken as the workmanship of their own
" ' genius, and whose embroidered tissues, when presented (to a patron), can be
" ' considered as wrought on the loom of their own imagination. Now, amongst the
" ' persons whom I have put to the test and approved, whom I have tried and
" ' chosen, is Abfi 'l-Hasan Muhammad as-Salami, the originality of whose talent
" ' surpasses expectation and hastens on in the career of excellence, tempting the ear
" ' to hearken with attention to his compositions and the eye to peruse them.
#

" ' Mounted on the steed of hope, he is induced to visit Your Excellence, in the
" ' erpegtation of being admitted in+.&e hand of I$s fellapv-poets and attracting
" ' notice by sharing their g ~ o dfortune. I h ~therefore,
, dispatched (to you). in
 B1 O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 113
L his person, the emir of pods, escorted by the train of his (aecomplisk~nea~s),
L and
I have adorned that vigorous courser of eloquence with the harness which
S

becomes him. This, my letter, serves him as a guide towards lhe (regions
G c watered by the) showers (o/ liberalily), or rather as a conductor towards the

c ocean (of beneficence) ; therefore, if your lordship judge proper to take into con-

i c ' sideration these words of mine in his favour, and to let them be the means o E
" L procuring your consent to his wishes, you will, I hope, execute what you resolve.'
When Abb 'l-KBsim received the poet's visit, he took him under his charge and
L treated him with special favour. He lhen presented him to Kdud ad-Dawlat, that
'' he might recite to that prince the katda which contains this passage :

To reach thee, a man who.made the sight of thy'@ace the term of his camel's journey,
crossed the wide-extended desert. I and my courage in the depths of darkness, and my
'L sword, were three companions (united)like (the' sturs of the consteCZution o f ) the eagle.
I encouraged my hopes with the sight of a king who (for me) would replace mankind, of a
'' palace which (for me) would be the world, and of a day (of meeting) which (for m)wonM
'L be worth an eternity."

We have already mentioned these verses in the life of Adud ad-Dalvlat (vol. I1
p . 481). Adud ad-Dawlat then took him under the wing of his favour, and handed
" him the key which opened (the door) to the advantages he expected; sojourning
" or journeying, he kept him attached to his person, and raised hirn to ample
fortune by his donations. ' When I see as-Saltimi,' said l+c, ' at my levees, it
c
seems to me as ifthe planet Mescugy (8) bd descended from ifs sphere to stand
G before me.' On the death of this prince, asSalPmi returned to his usual h&&,
L

bc and his means underwent diminution ; sometimes lhey rose, sometimes they fell,
" and so they continued till the moment of his death." He composed a number of
highly beautiful k a s h s on Adud ad-Dadat, and it is in ane of those pieces that we
find the following passagc :

I roused my boon companions as the dog-star passed above us, and the moon in the expanse
of heaven seemed like a pond in the midst of a meadow. " Awake! " (sat2 I,) '' hasten to
" drink of generous mine, for this world is a mere illusion ! the spy now deeps from fatigue,
''and pleasure has awaked !" Satan prompted us (tosin), and we all dtxhed him an exceJlent
a h s d l a r ! (We [ay) prostrate on t h t battle-field (of p l e m ~ e which
) is shunned by .vul-
and beasts of prey (9). The blooming flowers of our meadow were f d e cheeks,
waists were its pliant shrubs. Tfre enjrryments of & are atways b e s t 7 b W a " ~
zuhikA f& mosEestys h d W) are rent away. The cuphfers
VOL. I l l . '5s
 offeredit to the guests, as the falcon offers the game to ths 8porlsmmt 'F11cviain liquor
disguisedby the admixture ofwater, concealed i0 it a3 the SOU^ is concmlcd ilk l l l ~1)ody. Thcrd
with bubbles seems like a c11eck receiving n kiar (10). WC, at length,
in pmstration, but we bad then before us for imdm (to dirtcl our dmoiio?~) the cords of the
lute (11).

In another piece of verse, he says of Adud ad-D~wlat:

~ h ybounty visits the needy, thy sword-h e rebcl, and are recoivc~l,that by handa, and t h i ~
by necks. Each day adds to the edifice of thy glory, whilst it diminialia the woslth of thy
treasury.

He said also of the Same prince :

. For bravery and generosity his eulogists compared him to persorra w l ~ o ,ilad tbcy secn Ellis
prince, would have become the humblest of his servanls. Why I ia llix artny ha has fifty tbou-
sand Antars braver than Antar, and in his treasurers a tl~ouaandHhtinlrr (d4).

In one of his pieces, l ~ says:

e

If (WT) lips be pressed to thy cheek, they are entangled in the chains ol thy I-inglots(43).

And from this verse I6n at-Tallafari took the idea expressed in tllc following line:
Suppose that a cheek be pressed to thine, bow could tlly ringlata, then imprisoned, roam
freely (14).

AsSalPmi had in fact recited to Ibn at-Tall8fari t l ~ apiece to wllicli this verse
belongs. The latter's names were as-Shihtib (Shihdb ad-Dh] Mullammad Ibn Yfisuf
Ibn blasiid as-Shaibloi (15). We may sum up ss-Sal8rni7smerits by saying that the
&eater part of his poems are exquisite. He was born in Karkl~, the suburb of
on Friday evening. the 86th of Rajab, A. H. 33 G (January, A. 1). 948),and
he died on $hursday, the .4lh of the first JumPda, A. H. 393 (March. A . D. 1003)-
-Saldmi means belonging to Dar as-Saldm he abode of wclfa~c),that is, Baghdad*
This remark we have already made in the life of the h&@ Muhammod Ibn Ndsir
[rot. 111. p. 10).

('1 In @ q*of the Y,- No. 1370, a-Sctlilmi's names am adtm: Abh uusain Muhammad Ibn Obdd
Allah.
(3) see vdm% MS*of the Bidliothdgre impCiaJe, ancien foods, No. 1870, Bl. I 9 4 Y.
(3) See vol. U. page %68.
 BLOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 115

(4) The poet thud designates the orange on account of its colour.
(5) That is: He permitted the mouth to kiss the cheeks.-The teeth are often compared to hail-stones, and
the red-skinned orange is compared to the cheek of the beloved.
(6) For the history of Abh Taghlib al-Ghadanfer al-BamdLni, ske vol. I. pages 4 0 5 , 406, and Abh 'l-FedB's
Annals, years 3 5 8 , 359, 367, 369.
(7) Ibn Khallikin here resumes his extract from the Yatima. See MS. No. 1370, fol. 196 v.
(8) See vol. U. p. 569, note (8).
(9) The poet here imitates a verse of Amr 'l-Kais, where he says: Et pernoctavimus, feris d nobis ~ e i r o c e -
dentilw, humi jocentes ac si duo occisi essemus.-(Diwbn dAmro 'I-Kais, p. 78.)
(10) The mouth, or rather the teeth, are compared to white objects, such as flowers, hail-stones, bubbles
on water, etc.
(11) Literally: There we had for imdm the imdm and the zir. The treble cord of che lute is called the zir;
the base was designated by the term imdm.
(f9) The bravery of Antar and the generosity of Hdtim are well known.
(13) See vol. I. p. xxxvi.
(14) The verb here rendered by ?*orcmfreely, bears also the sigoification of to rmeEl sweeilg. The poet
ZJ
plays upon this double meaning.
(15) lbn KhallikBn has committed a n error here: The author of the Yaiima informs us that at-Tallafari's
names were AbB 'l-Hnsain Afi Ibn Ahmad. As for the poet and philologer ShihAb ad-Dfn Muhammad Ibn
Yhsuf Ibn MasAd as-ShaibAni at-Talltifari, we learn from the Nujzim that he was bow at Mosul, A. H. 533
(A. D. 1196-7), and died at Hamk in the month of Shawwal; A. H. 675 (March-April, A . D. 1277).

IBN SURKARA AL-HASHIRIT.

Abii 'l-Hasan Muhammad Ibn Abd AlIah Ibn Muhammad, a celebrated poet of
*
Baghdad and generally k n o w by theappel1ation of Ibn Sukkara al-Hlshimi, drew his
descent from Ali, the son of al-Mafidi, the son of Abb Jaafar al-Manshr, the Abbhide
khalif. Ath-Thaiilibi has an article on him, in which he says (1): c T b pmthad a L

" great command over all the beauties of composition ; in the expression of ~ o v e and
l
" witty allusions he surpassed the ablest poets, even those who took the lead, directing,

" as he pleased, his course through the hippodrome of humoirr and'licentiousness.

" It wg.currently said at Baghdad that an epoch which bespwed v p ~ ibe o world wch
" men as Ibn ~akkaraa d Ibn ~ a j j i i (vd.
j E; pi 4k8jmm ertoEmdyrbo - and
 illat these [WO were for that age wllat Jnrlr (vol. l. p . 294) and a]-Farnzdak were
for theirs " It is said that the diwdn of Ibn Sukkara's works contains upwards of
fifty thousand verses. A charll~ingcomparison of is Llld ~xpressedin the follow;
i n g lines, on a boy bearing in his ]land a branch tipped will1 flowers: ,

A branch of willow (a slender-waisted youtlr) appcnrcd, and in his lland a branch bearinga
string of pearls. I stoodirresolute between the two; one bore a rising mwn (o /&andsomefact),
and the other, stars (flowers)(2).

In another of his pieces, he says :

By Allah! I perish ! I despair of my life, unless I see that waiqt which laid waste my
heart (3).

Abii 'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Muharnmad Ibn al-Fntb, a poet of lloghdatl and generally
known by the surname of Ihn Abi 'l-Asb-or Ibn al-Asb-nl-Usllnbni nl-Milhi (4)
relates as follows : lbn Sukkara al-Hflbshirni wrote to me i1lcsc lincs :

Q friend whom fortune has bestowed upon mc I fortunc so avaricious in bestowing true
'l friends ! We are now far asunder, and cannot meel except in drcarns (S). One sioglc cause
has placed a distance between us : I am suklcar (sugar) and tl~ouart millt (salt).

'' To this I wrote in reply:

l' Shall our brethren say to a friend the sincerity of whose attachment is tainted with sarcasm :
" ' There is sugar between us, spoil it not I ' or shall they say : ' Wrelcl~that thou art I there
" .'
' is salt between us ; (prove not a traitor to it) (6) "

In a satire directed against a man in power, 1Ln Sukkarn said :

You lieat & withthaughtin'hs, yet you are not a khalif or a khalif's heir. Bo insolent: even
more thmyon rre.(l care not) l I have neither pension nor place to lose. Say not : " I am
less ;" the & ~ ~ . ?maiden
st is exposed to the strokes of slander. Poctry is fire without smoke, 9
r h p s pogsesp a subtle magic. How many the powerful, the aspiring, whom a few worbhfle
hurled from their hevation. MU&, though worthy of a1I praise, is converted by satire
carrion (7).

noth her of his pieces is the following :

I .

1 Gsaskd what I had prepared a@& the cold which had juat set in with intensity;
, replied : A nistcolt of nakedness,,ad udderneath it a shirt of trembling.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. i l7
He is also the author of the two following verses, quoted by al-Hartri in his Nak(imn
entitled a&Ka,rajiya (8):

The winter set in, and Iprovided myself with seven things necessary when the rain prevents
us from pursuing oar usual occupations. (These things are:) A shelter, a purse, a stove, a
cup of wjne preceded by a bit of meat, a tender maid, and a cloak (9).

Ibn at-Tahwizi, a poet whose life we shall give, composed the following lines on
the samepodel :

When seven things are collected together in the drinking-room, it is n'ot reasonable to stay
away. These are : Roast meat, a melon, honey, a young girl, wax-lights, a singer to delight
us, and wine (10).

And AbG '1-Thant Mahmhd Ibn N&ma Ibn Arslio, the grammarian, composed
these verses on the same subject:
They say that the k's of winter are numerous, and yet none can doubt that there is onIy one:
If you possess the k of kis (purse), you possess all the rest; in the flesh of the onager is found the
taste of every species of game ( I I ) .

Speaking of youth, Ibn Sukkara said :

Youth has departed ! that youth which once was full of sap, covered with fruit and shady
foliage. It was a portion of thyself, but it has perished; known that when a portion of thyself
has perished, all of thee has perished. .

The poetical compositions of Ibn Sukkara abound in beauties. He died on

Wednesday, the 12th of the Iatfer R&, A; 8; 385 (26th Map, A: D: 935j.-The
birth of Ibn Abi 'l-_hsbtook place in the year 285 (A. D. 898), and, in the year 3'74
(A. D. 984-5), al-Hasan Ibn Ali al-Jauhari heard him repeat the verses quoted
above.-Abh '&-Than4 Mahmiid Ibn N$ma died at Damascus, lb. H. 565 (A. D.
1169-70). The klitib Imgd ad-Din speaks af him in the Khadda, and mentions ,

that, in the gear 563, he met hid at Damascus and heard him repeat numerous
fragments of his poetical compositions.Cr,.~~a[a grain of sugar):this word is so
well-known that it repuires no explanation.

(4.) P
&, B.No- 1370, foi. 907.
(3) H-'-, in the origim~,'two other pi&, ea& mtainiqtwo v d * h W , W T
r 1 c r .
+
h

i
.+ a *

tQ
a n n ~ ~ , ~ & e y f r ; r v e m . ~ ~ a t e d . s , , , : 3. : c .i d ~ p y - $ ; ; i ~ t * f i +
 b e odgioail is a play upon the words kdmat, akdmal, and kidmat, all ilsriving from the mat,
. (a)
( 4 ) ushndni means belonging to Uslmdn, a place near Baghdad. MiZlli sigtliBcn a $e/lo.of sal,.
( 5 ) fiterally: Unless the khidl (image o f the fi5end7 or o f tlr (reloved, rcnn in n dr.r(iai) kinlly effect (our)
meeting.
(6) he words appear to mean: Friendship still subsisLP between US; spoil i t not! I?ricndahip cemented
by conviviality subsists between us, but thou art about to ruin it-
(7) Mnsk may be considered as carrion, because it is animal suhstanco.
page ll. ,
(8) See de Sxcy's Hariri, r
In the Arabic, the names of these seven things commence with the letter k; fhr which reason they are
(9)
dosignad as the seven k's. By the s i d h k (al-Kd/ as-sddiro) is mcant th0 fCUlill0 scxllvl organ* Ibn Arab-
sh& relates, in hi history of T l r n i ~ ,that $hAh Mans&rr,on being advisod by h i s pritlcipal oMcers to avoid a
r\
battle with so powerful a chief, held up his mace and exclaimed : " U AL.'W 1 4 K 1 \ j IL
ccj& @may this (ntace, as strait m the letter) alif be stuck into the sixth kdf of t h o mother of
" him who flies from Timdr 1 "-Manger, the editor of the text and Latin translation of that work, has, as usual,
completely mis&nderstoodthe passage.
(1 0) Here, the seven words begin by an sh.
(11) This is a common proverbial expression. See Freytag's M e i d a n i i p ~ 1 ~ v e ~tome
~ l i a 711, p. 316. .

T H E SHAR.tF AR,-RI['J)A.

The Shad/ ar-Rlda (the fauo~ablyaccepted descendant of Muhammad) (l) Abfi 'l-
Hasp Nuhammad, surnamed al-N61;avni (the defcendant of M&a), was the son of at-
TKir Zii 'l-Man*&, the son of Abii &m$ al-Husain, the son of MGso, tbe son of
Muhamma@, the ssn of Ir,1;Sa,the son of Ibnhirn, the son of Miisa al-KHzim (a),the
son of Jaafar a-%& (vol. I. p. 300), the son of Muhammad a l - l k i r (ad. 11.
p. 579),the son of Ali Zain alaiibidfn (vol. II. p. 209), the son of nl-Husaio, the sop
of Ali, [he son of hbrl T$lib ; God's blessing on them all l The shad! ar-hda is the
author of a diwdn of poems, and ath-Thallibi (vol. 11. p. 129) has an article on him
in the YatEmn. " He began," says this writer (3), to utter verses soon after he 61

4L
had passed his tenth year, and he is, at this day, the most remarkable person that *
" the age h@ prodwed, and the m ~ s Suski.ous
t of the desoe~danisof ~uduhammad
l" who inhabit Idk. TO his noble origin and exalted hereditaryglory, he joins the
 B l O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 119

ornaments of brilliant literary information, splendid talents, and a copious portion

of every fair endowment. He is moreover the ablestpoet of all the descendants
Kg of Ali lbn Abi Tblib, past or present, though many of them were eminent in Ihat
art; were I even to declare him the best poet ever prodooed by the tribe of Kuraish,
I should not be far from the truth. My words will be fully confirmed by a fair
testimony, that of his 'high-aiming verses which defy the severest crilicisrn and
" con~bineease with majesty, facility with the perfection of art, and contain
thoughts easy of comprehension and profound in meaning. His father had, in
former days, exercised the functions of chief president, established as judge over
4 c them all ; he was also the chief-justice of the descendants of Ali fnilrdhz lzukabd it-
" Tdibiytrc), first magistrate of the empire (an-Naza~ P'i-Mdlim) and commander
of the pilgrim caravan ; these offices then devolved on his son ar-ltida; in the year
388 (A. D. 998), his father being still alive." one of his most brilliant bddas
is that which he addressed in the form of a letter to the i m h (Iihawal-Kddir billah
AbQ '1-Abbb Ahmad, the son of Ishtik, the son of al-Muktadir, and in which we find
the following passage :

I crave indulgence, Commander of the faithful! we are not borne on different branches of the
tree of glory ! On whatever day we may vaunt our honours, no difference shaIl appear between
us: we are both firmly rooted in our illnstrious rank. The khalifate alone makes a distinction
between us; you W- that noble collar, I &I not.

He is the author of these fine lines:

I aspired to'hnmrs, b a b~ y nqekd my ad~anees;the beloved always repelled tbe h e r . I

waited with patience till I attained them, and I never said, in dudgeon: For an untoward wife,
repudiation is the care.

In one of his pieces, he s a p :

0 my two friends ! stop and satisfy my wishes: give me news of the land of Najd (4). Is the
enclosure of al-WbP (the sandy grounds) covered with flowers? Bave the rains refreshed
li'hamila tal-TaZh (the acacia g m e s ) , where flourish the willow and the laurel? Most a
dwelling between this and K b h a be my place of repose to-night? Shall X p this meniug in
conversation with the peaple of that tribe ? When they approach, the perfumes af Najd breathe
fromtheir garments, so lately was it that they departed from that home.

His poetical w o ~ h611 a large d i w h of four volumes. This .coiledicMk

frequentlfto~he met wi& that it is needless to speak &ore it. The gd~&'aki:an
 BIOGRAPEIICA1, D I C T I O N A R Y . 121
Durra tal-Ghawtobs. Abid Ibn Sharya al-Jurllumi lived three hundred years (4);
he attained the epoch of the promulgation of Islamism and became a convert 10 that
faith. Having entered into the presence of MoawPa Ibn Abi SolyQn, who mas then
in Syria and establislled in the khalifate, that prince said to him : <' Relate to me
6 4the strangest thing you ever saw." Abid replied: I passed one day near some
c cpeople who were committing to the tomb the body of a relative. Having gone up
t 4to them, my eyes overflowed with tears and I recited these verses of a poet as appli-
cable to the spectacle which I there beheld :
0 my heart! thou hast been seduced by (the chltrrns o f ) Asml; reflect (upon thy state) ;
but can admonition now be of avail? Thou hast revealed tliy love; thou concealest it from
none; nay, thy rapid (tears) flow unrestrained. Thou knewest not, neither dost thou know,
d c whether the prompt fulfilment of thy wislies will be more favourable to thy welfare than their
tardy accomplishment. Let God dispose for thy good, and be resigned to his will; in the
c ' depth of misfortune happiness may arrive. Whilst man yet enjoys the pleasures of existence,
'. he is turnecl into dust, and the winds efface even the marks of his tomb. The stranger who
knew lli~nnot then weepelh over him, whilst his relations in the tents of the tribe are
" rejoicing.

One of these people then asked me if I knew who was the author of these
verses. I replied that I did not, on which he said : 'Him who first uttered them
c L we have just buried; ihou art the stranger who neepetlz over him without know-
G

' ' ' ing him, and that person who now cometh out from the tomb is his nearest
" : relation and the man who most rejoiceth in his death.' "-liTruly," said
MoawPa, ' I you saw a ihing to wonder at ; who was the dead man ? " Abid answer-
ed : "He bore the name of Ithyar Ibn Labid al-Ozri (g)." Let us return to the
Shurtf. Tlle Khalib(oo1. I , p . 75) says,in hisBistoryofBaghdad, that, beingin the
presence of Abh 'l-Husain Ibn nlahffiz, who hcld a high rank in the service of the
empire, he heard the kdtib Abii Abd Aliall M uhammad Ibn Abd Allall say that some
literary men had declared, in his hearing, that the Shartf was the best poet ever
produced by the tribe of Koraish. On this lbn lahffiz said: " That is perfeclly
" true; some poets there were among them who expressed themselves well, but
" their compositions were not numerous; none of them shone by the excellence

" and the quantity of his works but ar-Rida." The Sharif ar-Rida was born at
Baghdad, A. H. 359 (A. D. 969-70); h e died there on Sunday mornink, the 6th of
ruharram, A. H. 406 (27th June, A. D, i015),--some say, of %far-and Was
interred at his residence situated in that part of the suburb of al-Karkh which is
VOL. 111.
3 16
 the quarter of tile Anharite mosque ( k h , ~ lmasjid l il-.i)~I)dr.i~b~). TIIC]louse in
which he resided fell into ruin, and all iraccs of his t01lll) disapllcarcd. When the
burial was &out to take place, his brotlicr Ah6 'l-lidsill1 a l - h l ~ r l d nn i t l t d r c w 10 tlllc
mausoleum of Mesa Jbn Jaafar (S), feeling his i n n h i l i l y Lu ~ u p l ) o l -llle l sight ofbe
bier and the i n t e r m e n t ; it was, i l l e r e f o r e , t l ~ evizir F ~ k l l rU\-Mulk ~ 1 l l 0recited the
funeral prayer in the llouse of the deccnicd, bcforc o lnryo nssc11111ly .-Iris lalller
at-Tihir Zd 'l-Man4lcib AbB Ahmad al-Husnin wns lrorrl A . 11. 307 ( A . 1). gig-20);
he died at Bagltdad in the month of the firs1 Junrd(la, A. . 400 (!)cc.-Jan., A. D.
1009-10)-some say, 403-and was interred in tho funcrnl cllnpcl of iha Koroish
cemetery, near the Fig gate (IIdB at-7%). llis son sr-l\ide eor1l1)oscd un elegy
on his death, and Abh 'l-AlA al-laarri (vol. l. p. 05) dcplorcd h i s luha in a kastda
which begins thus :

0 that misfortune would ccasc to alflict us! lhc nlan is dcatl \\lu)se w(~i11111was for the
impoverished and whosc amber (bounty) fur tllosc xlio wcrc dcsiruus ol pcrfu~rics(gifts).

It is a long poem and displays the highcsl cxccllctlcc.--WC Iiavc nlreidy spoken of
his brother the SharE[ JMurtado Abh 'l-Khiiil Ali (vol. I!. p. 2 3 ; ).-Pronounce
++ Abtd and +,+Sharya.-Ju~ltui means Jcrrc~~dcilirom krrhutth, tllc son of
Kahttn and the progenitor of a large and cclcbratcd Y c l t ~ e n i L c t s i l ~ c . - . l t l t ~ ~ ~in~
its primitive aceeptntion, means L~st, but it llns been cm~duyctlsg n Iwopcr norno for
men.-Of al-Ozri we liavc already spolrcn jvol. I. p. 331).

(1) This person must not be confounded with Ali W-Rirla, iu~o~.her
mcn~l,cr'01' Iltn hi,rrlch li~lriily. S00 vol. 11. '
page 21%.
(S) His life is given by our author. 1

(3) See Yathna, MS. of the Bibliothhquo inpdriale, No. 1 3 7 0 , Col. $U%.
(4) See vol. 11. page 453, note (18).
is pronounced Omaru, in the aominativr, nncl Omarcr,
(5) O m a ~ i l l ~ l l ctlitlivr: ii11d t l l ~i l c ~ ~ t s i l llllCrC
i ~ ~ ;is
nothing by which these two cases can be distinguished, crcGyi l110 liarr ol. I I I C I ~ I : ~1)y~ wltil:l~0 1 1 0 or lllc Otl@p
governed. The accusative case, in Arabic, is called nasb, and the si~~rro wo1.d eig~iilicxnrctlsvoicncc. The
Sharff took it in the latter meaning, alluding to thc rnanllcr ill wllicll llis u~lco8lorAli WaH ircatcd by Omu*
one ofthe parties opposed to Ali was called Ahl an-NUS) ([he mole"olcRfs).
(6) This name is pointed in different manners: it may ])c road Kllsbri, lilrairi, inal h b o h a i . I can find no
information respecting the person who bore it.
(7) Arabic writersare singularly credulous respecting the l*ngcvity or ccpbsin Arillla who ih~urisllodtowards
the time of N h m m a d . According to them, Labld tho poet I I V C ~one J,undrcd arld flay ycurs;
 BIOGRAI'IIICAL DICTIONARY 123
l~umi,three hundred; and Abd al-Masfh, three hundred and fifty; but they died prematurely, cornpared ~ v i t h
[he tsvo celebrated diviilers Shilik and Satih, who attained the advanced age of six hundred years.
(8) The editions of Gottingen and Boulac introduce here another anecdote of the same kind, containing some
philological observations. As my manuscripts do not give it, I abstain from inserting it here.
(9) The life of Mhsa lbn Jaafar al-KAzim is given by Ibn Khallikhn.

IBN HANI T H E P O E T .

Abii 'l-Klsim, surnamed also Abh 'I-Hasan, Muhammad Ibn Bdni, a member of
the tribe of Azd, a native of Spain, and a celebrated poet, is said to have drawn his
descent from Yazid Ibn Hiitim Ibn Kabisa Ibn al-Muliallab Ibn Abi Sufra al-Azdi,
or from RGll Ibn HItim (vol. I. p. 5291, Yazid's brother. His father Hlni belonged
to a village i n the territory of al-IIal~diya,a city in Ifrikiya, and displayed consider-
able talents as a poet and a philologer. Having passed into Spain, he there became
the father of Muhammad, who was born at Seville and passed his early youth in that
city. Muhammad Ibn Hbni acquired, in the course of his studies, an ample stock of
literary information, and displayed a superior talent for poetry. He knew by heart (a
great number o f ) poems composed by the Arabs of the desert and numerous facts
relating to the history of that people. Having gained the favour of the prince who
governed Seville, lle plunged into dissipation and incurred the suspicion of holding
tlie doctrines of the pliilosopliers (materialism). This report acquired, at length, such
consistence, that it drew on him tile hatred of the people; they murmured also
against his patron, whom they imagined to hold the same impious opinions. The
prince recommended him to retire from the city and remain absent till his conduct
was forgotten ; and Ibn HIni left the place, being then twenty-seven years of age (i).
His subsequent adventures would afford matter for a long narration, but we shall
only state, in a summary manner, that he crossed over to Maghrib, where he met
and eulogized in verse the KPid lawhar (vol. I. p. 340), mawh to al-Mansdr
(the Faremide) and the same general who (afterwards) marched into Egypt and
c~nqueredthat country for al-Moizz. He then went to visit Jaafar and Yahya, the
124 IBN KHALLlI{AN'S
sons of Ali (no!. l . p. 326), who were at lhat time governors OS 81-Masila, [lie capital
of the province of az-Z$b (2). They treated him wit11 the ulmosl lionour and kind-
ness, but his reputation having reached al-Moizz Abb Tamim Maadd al-Obaidi, the
son of al-Mansbr, that prince, wl~osclife we sltdl give under llic letter M , sent for
him, and received him, on his arrival, will1 ihe higliesl marks of favour. hl-Moizz
havillg then bet out for Egypt, as we sllall relate in his lib, Ihn IIlni accompanied
him to some dislance and then rettlrned to Magllrib will1 the iolcnlion of taking his
family and rejoining the prince. Having set out with illem, llc arrived at Barka,
where he was hospitably received by one of the inbabilan[s, and passed somc days
with him in friendly intercourse. He tliere losl his life, in a drunkcn squabble,
it is said. But some persons relate that he went 01-11 of liis host's dwelling in a
state of intoxicarion, and, having fallen aslcep on llic road, lie was found. dead the
next morning, but the cause of his death could not bc asccrlaincd. Acc,ording to a
third account, he was found strangled in the waistband of his trowscrs i n onc of the
gardens (3) of Barka. This event occurred on Wednesday morning, Ole 23rd of
Rajab, A. H. 362 (30th April, A. D, 973). He liad then nttainccl his tl~irly-sixth
year; some say, his forly-second. Such is the information lurnisllcd by t l ~ cauthor
of the History of Kairawbn (41, but he gives us to understand lllal tlic poct was (tra-
velling) with al-Moizz (when he lost his life), which is in contradiction will1 Llle state-
ment we have just made, namely: that he accompanied al-Moizz to some distance
and tlien returned to lake his family. AI-hloizz had arrived in Egypt when he lleard
of Ibn Hdni's death. He expressed great grief at his loss and said: WC lioped lo
" have placed this man in competition with tlie poets of the East, but h a t pleasure
" was refused us." Ibn EAni composed some brilliant and cxquisite poems on al-
Moiaz. In one of them, which is the kadda rhyming in n, bc begins illus (5) :

Has Yabrin then become one of the valleys of Allij ? or, rathcr, do the large-eyed gazelles
(maidens)whom the camels bear along in covered litters belong to both thcso regioas (G). To
whom were we indebted for the nighu which, from the time we first enjoyed them, never
excited our complaints? irom the time (these fair ones) were sources of affliction (by their
melt$) ; (maidem,) brilliant as stars, graceful as the (pliant willow-) brmcl~,whose clear
e o m p l e h (spead~adiancearound) even before the first smiles of tbo dawn ;and yet they were
dark with the musk (blackness)of the fringe which adorns handsonle fanales ( B e hair). For
them the coral ensangoined the surface of its cheek, and (their teeB) made ihe pearls weep
(with in their shell. My lamentations for their departure aided the mournful cry 01 the
turtle-dove, and served as an accompaniment to its monotonous melody. They departed
rapidly and, as they Saw (our grief), sighs proceeded from their litters, and plaintive cries were
 RIOGRAPHICAIA DICTIONARY. 125
uttered even by their camels. Their (red)tents seemed to have given a tint to the morning (7);
or rather, (the evil influence of jealous) eyelids had cast a yellow hue over its cheek, why
should the robe of anelnony (the carnation complexion) with which these maidens clothed their
cheeks be not revealed to sight 1 Now that they have departed, I let the meadows (where b e y
s~orted)be parched with drought, and no copious tears of mine shall water (the thirsty soil).
Shall I permit my eyes to borrow a stolen glance at the splendid aspect of their beauty, and
thus deceive (their modest coyness)? No I I should then be disloyal. (For me) the land is no
longer a brilliant land, even though arrayed in flowers! (For me) the water of the spring is no
longer pure ! Let (these fair ones) not depart l the soil of lhis land is amber, its woods are the
(graceful)willows, and the sun its humble slave. (0 f o ~ the) days when (our horses') trappings
displayed in that land their alternate stripes, and the fine tissues (which formed ourBdress in
times of peace) were folded up and laid by-when the lances were couched, the swords
glittering, and the steeds ready to start! (I dwell with pleasure on) the recollection of (my
beloved) Zamyj; her people were not jealous, neither was (their) warfare stubborn (?). (Hers)
is the land which I regret, and yet it was ((1 land o f ) lances, and the coverts where its fawns
took shelter were dens of lions. Can a sleek and rapid steed, well-girthed and mettlesome,
bear me thither? (My conlpanion shrill be) a sword, the watered blade of which shows on its
surface traces like the paths of the emmet, and which waits in ambush behind the point of
my spear; its sharp edge is witl~outa defect, and the souls (of foes) dwell upon its point;
death was the water in which its steel was tempered, and its blade was not forged by (human)
workmen. Before it descends, the victim seems already struck by the might of al-Moizz or by
(the terror o f ) his cherished name.

In the same piece, he gives the following description of horses :

And neighing (steeds), for whom, on the day of inroacl, h e hills were not hills, neither
was the rugged ground rugged; they were recognised the instant they passed all rivals, but not
by the fact that the eye could have followed them in their career on the day of trial. All that
the lightning knows of them is, that they were borne alollg on its wings, and that their speed was
equal to that of thought. The copious rains may serve (0prince l) as an emblem of thy
liberality; thy right hand seems to have touched the consteUations which shed their humid in-
fluence upon the earth (8).

Were this high-sounding poem not so long, 1 should insert it all here ; but what
we give suffices to prove how highly the author ranked as a poet and to exhibit
the peculiar beauty of his manner. His poetical works form a large volume, and
were it not that he carries his eulogiums to an excess bordering on impiety, the
diwdn of his verses would be one of the finest which exists. The people of the
Western countries never possessed his equal eilher in ancient or modern times ;
he is incontestibly their best poet, and they esteem him as highly as the people of the
East prize al-Mutanabbi (uol. I. p. 102): both were contemporaries, but some dif-
ference of opinion subsists relative to the superiority of the latter to Abd TammAm
126 I B N KHAI,LII(ANIS
(vol. 1.p. 318). To discoler the date of Ibn HPni's death, I never ceascd consulting
llistorical rnorks and other sources where that information might be expected to be
found; 1 questioned n great number of masters in this bra~kchof science, bui all my
pains were "seless, till, meeting with a little volume composed by Abii 'l-Hasan Ibn
Rash& al-Kairaw$ni (vol. I.p. 386), and entitled Kurdda lad-Dahab, 1 discoveredin
t sougllt. From anofher quarter 1 learned the agc a1 which he died. 1
it ~ r h a 1
found in a notice composed on the life of l b n Udni by a n aulhor of talent and pre-
fixed to the diwdn of his poems, that he lived to the age liere mentioned; but the
date of his death is not given, the writer not having been able to meet with it. It is
said that, when Abii 'l-Alb al-Maarri (vol. I. p. 94) heard any of Ibn Hlni's verses
recited, he used to say : < ' Ican only compare that to a mill grinding horns; " allud-
ing to the harshness of the poet's phraseology; lie pretended also that, under these
rugged terms no real meaning existed. This opinion I a m obliged to declare unjust,
but he mas led into it by his parliality for al-Mutanabbi. To sum up in a word lbn
Ilbni's merits, we cannot but pronounce him to have been one of the great poets.

( I ) This must have taken place in A. H. 347 or in 353. 7'he prince Olnaiyicle hhrl ar-liahm8n an-NAsir
was at the former epoch sovereign of Spain and held his conrt at Cordova. I t was probably his son al-IIakam
al-Mustansir who then governed Seville and protected Ibn HAni.
(a) See my translation of Ibn IClialdhn's HistoLe clcs Berlers, tome 11. page 553, and Dozy's Histoire des
lliusulmnns cd'Espagne, tome 111. page 3.16.
(3) The word snwcini, the plural of sbniya, means iwigaied gardens. In its primitive acccptation, it desi-
gnates the camels and wheels employed to draw up water from wells for agricultural purposes.
(4) Scven or eight authors have composed works conlaining biographical notices on the eminent tneri of'
Kairawin. I know not which of them our author had in view here.
(5) This piece, which is extremely obscure and very incorrectly given in all the copies, does not admlt of a
literal translation. I have given, however, all the ideas, and followed, as closely as I could, the test which I
found i n Ibn Hhi's Dizodn, MS. of the Bibliothdque inzpdviule, Supplement ar., No. 1056, fol. 168, but it was
necessary to paraphrase most of the verses.
(C) Tabrin and AAlij are the names of two places in Arabia. The meaning of the verse appears to be this:
'C Has the territory of Yabrtn been removed to the neigtihourhood of Ahlij, so that the numerous gazelles
" (nympitr) of both regions have been collected together? Or rather, do not these gazelles of Maghrib Gome
from Yabrin and Mlij? " The Diwdn reads
d" .a

&\(Ilie uullcys of Khdlij).

(7) Red tents were used only by persons of th highest rank.
(8) In the Diwdn of Ibn Hdni, MS. of the Bibliothdque imphiale, Supplement, this poem is preceded by
the following short introduction: '' It is said that this was the first kustdrr which he recited at Kairawtln, and
" that al-~oizzordered him the present of a carpet (9) (dust) valued at m thousand dinars, and the poet said:
CC C Commander of the faithful! I have no place large enough LO hold it, if it be spread out.' On this, the
 prince ordered a palace to be built for him at the expense of six thousand dinars and sent to it three thousand
dinars' worth of furniture to match ([he beauty of) the palace and the carpct." The Dizcrin of Ibn IIani
contains a great number of remarkable pieces; unfort~lnatelythe copy in the Billiothdque impdf.iale has neifhel*
gloss nor comment.

IBN AMMAR ZU 'L-WIZARATAIfl,

ZG 'l-Wizdratain (l)Abil Bakr Biuhammad Ibn Ammhr al-Mahri al-Andalusi as-

Shilbi (thalive of SiIves in Porlugal) was a celebrated poet, ilie rival of Ibn Zaidiin
al-Kortubi ( ~ o l .I. p. 123), and nurtured, like him, in the various branches of
literary composition ; they were, in fact, the two great poets of that age. The princes
of Spain dreaded 1bn AmmAr for the acrimony 01 his tongue and his talent (as a
salirist), and more particularly when al-gotamid ala 'llah Ibn Abbdd, the sovereign
of the west of Spain (2),-his life will be found (in this aolumc) under 11ie letter M,-
took him into favour, made him his intimate companion, and raised him to the
rank of vizir and privy counsellor. Al-blolamid then confided to him the seal of the
empire and dispatched him as emir (to lead his armies). And yet the time had been
vhen Ibn Amrndr was a person of no importance; but now, he marched in pomp,
followed by tents, steeds, led-horses, troops and squadrons, drums beating behind him,
banners and colours flying over his head. Having taken possession of the city of
Todmir (3),he became one of those who mount the pulpit and the throne (4),notwith-
standing his incapacity as a statesman and his inability as a ruler. He then rose
against the sovereign v h o had every right to his gratitude, and hastened to disobey his
orders and infringe his rights. But al-Motamid had recourse to stratagem and
directed against him the arrows of wily artifice, till he deprived him of all means of
escape and got hin~into his power. He then slew him, by night, in the palace,
with his own hand, and ordered the corpse to be buried. This occurred at Seville
in the year 477 (4. D. 1084-5). lbn Ammar was born A. H. 428 (A. D. 1031)(5).
His friend &h Muhammad Abd al-Jalil lbn Wahbiin d-Mursi (vol. I. p. 108 n . )
composed an elegy on his death, in which he said :

'Tis strange! I shed floods of tears for his loss, and 7et I must exclaim :l a y the right band of
him who dew him he never blasted !
 AbB Nasr al-Fatl~Ibn KllhIiPn (vol. 11. p. 4155) says, in his Kalaid al-lk$dn:
Some years later, I saw the bones of lbn Ammdr's legs takcn out of an cxcavnlion
w~lic~lFvas rnoking close to [Ile palace ; tlrc bracelets werc still closed around illem,
6. llaving never been taken off or undone. 0 illat llley werc still closely filled (6) I
c c Tllc looked on at this moral lesson, and the most incredulous then believed
6. the history of his death."-By Bracelets (nsdwir) the writer mcans [cttm.--One of
Ihn Arnrnbr's most celebrated kastdas is t l ~ a tin which he says :

Pass round he glass! tlie zepbyrs are come, and the Pleiadcs rein in (tl~cirsteeds) and cease
their nocturnal journey. The morning has bcstowcd upon us its campl~or(brightness), now
that the night has taken fro111us its amber (darkness).

e of al-Motamid ILn AbbPd:

I n the eulogistic part of that poem, l ~ says

~1lc11 princes crowtl towards tlle fountain (of glory) and hc approaches, they advance not 10
i t until Ile has c~uei~clied
his thirst and relircd.(His 1)rcsencc is) more soothing to the heart
than the dem-drop, and more grateful to the eyes than balmy sleep. It is he who striketh
sparks from (the steel o f ) glory; he never leaves thc Grc of war, but. he lights the fire of
hospitality.

It is a long and excellent poem (7). Another of his good pieces is that rhyming
in m, and composed also in honour of al-Notamid Ibn Abbbd. It begins thus :

If not for me, for whom do the clouds shed their tears? If not for me, for whom do the
doves utter their plaintive cry?

He gives in it the following description of his native place :

Nay the rains clothe it in a,mantle of youth, for there it was that puberty delivered me from
amulets of the childhood. (Standing) there, I recalled to mind the days 01 love, and that re-
collection awoke the flamesofpassion in my bosom. (Ithought o f ) those nights when I heeded
not the advice of reproving friends, and turned not away from Ihe delusive path of the lover ;
when the eyes of slumbering'maidens kept me awake, and their graceful figures kept me in tor-
ment. (l thought of) the night we passed at Suddatain, where the meandering river glided
on like a serpent; (where the breezes) flitted.to and fro, Like envious tale-bearers passing between
e d night, unseen by treacherous spies, in a spot as retired as that in which
us. We ~ e ~ a i n that
the secrets of the bosom lie concealed.

In the eulogistic part of the same poem, he says:

-Princes at whose abodes glory took ie station,-palaces, the dwellings of renown. Their
 B I O G R A P H I C A L 1)lCTIONARY. 2 29

noble hoose, founded by the sword, is supported by the spear. When terror arrests the step (o/
the zunrriors), these (princes) lead them on, wit11 long lances in the outstretched arm. Their
hands scorn to return (from combut) till they succeed in cutting off (a plaisoner's) forelock or a
foeman's head. (Constant) guests (at the-banquet) of war, they pass the death-cup around, as
their swords, with redoubled strokes, cleave the skulls. Will1 them we see the lance couched in
support of lioaour, and the spear brandished in execution of noble designs.

In the same piece, he says (of the prince):

See him, when they take to horse, the first to strike the foe; behold him, when they dis-
mount, the last to partake of food.

This is also a long and magnificent piece. -One of the crimes imputed to him by
al-Motamid Ibn Abbhd was his having composed two satirical lines on his father al-
Motadid and himself. These lines, which we here give, were the principal cause of
his death :

What makes me dislike conversing of Spain, is to hear of a Motadid's being there and a
blotamid ; two royal names out of their place (8) ;it reminds me of the cat which strives, by
swelling, to attain the size of the lion.

His poetry abound in beanties.-Mahri means descended from Iliahra Ibn Haidhn
lbn al-HBf Ibn Kudia, (the progeniior o f ) a great tribe from wliich many persons
derive their surname.-Shilbi means belonging to Shilb (Szlues), a maritime city in
the Spanish peninsula.-TodmQr is the same city as Murcia (9); al-Motamid Ibn
Abbld sent Abh Bakr Ibn Ammir to Todmfr as his lieutenant; Ibn AmmBr revolted
there, and al-Motamid never discontinued his efforts to circumvent him till he got
him into his power and put him to death, as we have already said. This event is so
well known, that we need not enter into details.-The kdtib Irniid ad-Din al-Ispahilni
says, i n his Khnrtda, when giving a notice on Ibn Ammlr and a account of his
death: One of the principal circumstances which conduced to his death was his
4 4

" composing a satirical poem on ar-Rurnaikiyn, the concubine by whom al-Motamid

" had his children ; in one passage he says:
" You chose her from among the daughters of an ignoble stock, that Rumaikiya, a woman
" who (if slain) would not be worth the prince of her blood. She brought (into the world) a
" puny race, doubly vile by their paternal aud maternal descent."

I must here observe that ar-Rumaikiya, the concubine of al-Motlmid, was pur-
chased by him, in his father's lifetime, from (one) Rumaik Ibn Hajjiij, and that she
VOL. III. 47
was surnamed after her former master. Al-Motamid displayed an extreme attach-
ment to her and allowed her to acquire a great ascendancy ovcr him. I l e r real
name Itimad (support), and this induced him to assume the corresponding sur-
name of a/-lotamid (the supported). She died at A g l ~ m i t(in Morocco) sultsequentIy
to al-lotamid. After his death, she neither shed a tear nor uttered a sigh, but
expired of grief. It was she who excited allotamid's anger against ihn Amrnlr,
being incensed at the satire which that poet had directed against hcr. I t is said,
however, that he was not the author of the piece, but lhat his enemies passed it
under his name with the intention of turning al-Motamid's heart against him.

(1) 23 '1-wizdratnzn signifies holder of the two vizirsllzps, namely, that of thc sword nlrd tllnt ol' lllc pcn; this
officer was generalissimo and secretary of state. But, '((m S p i n , ) thc litle of vizir was common to all who
=ere admitted into the iniimacy of thc sovereign and wcre attached to his pcrsonnl scrvicc. Tho vizir who
acted as his lieutenant bore the title of Zzi 'l-wizdratain."-(See Makkari, Arabic text, vol. l. pagc \rr.)
(9) The Abbadite dynasty, of which al-Motamid was the third sovereign, rcigned at Seville.
(3) See note (9).
(4) That is, he pronounced the khotba from the pulpit as representative of the sovcrcign, and lle sat on the
throne as governor of the province.
(5) For a full account of Ibn Ammkr's life and adventures, see the fourth volurnc of Dozy's Ilistoire de I'Es-
pagne musulmane.
(6) By this he expresses his wish to see lbn Ammar again among the living. A fcttcr is closcly filled when
the prisoner is alive, and holds loosely when the fleslr has mouldered away i n UIC tomb. 1 r e a l &,L
(7) Ibn KhAkUrao gives it in the Kaldid.
wJ.
(F) These names were first borne by Abbasidc khalifs.
(9) The city and territory of Todmtr wcro so called after Theodomir, a Gothic gencral who cncou~~tcred
the
Arabs on their first invasion. He continued his resistance for somc time aftcr thc defcat and death of king
Boderic, but finally made peace with Abd al-Aziz, the son of Milsa Ibn Nasfr, and obtained for liirnself a prin-
cipality which included the provinces of Valencia and Murcia.

IBN AS-SAIGH IBN BAJJA ( A Y E M P A C E ) .

.4bfi Bakr Muhammad Ibn Biijja at-Tujibi al-Andalusi as-Saraltosti (native of Sara-
9oaa in Spain) and generally known by the appellation of Ibn as-Siigh (the son of
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 131

the goldsmith) the philosopher, was a poet of considerable celebrity. Al-Fath lLn
KhikBn (vol. II. p. 455) mentions him in the Kaldid aGIkiydn and represents him
as an infidel and an atheist, professing the doctrines held by the (ancient) sages and
philosophers. The same author says of him, in his Matmah al-Anfus (1): He
studied these doctrines (2) and directed his mind towards the dimensions of the
66spheres and the boundaries of the climates ; he rejected the book of God the all-
wise, and haughtily cast it behind his back (3); he wished to prove false that
revelation which falsehood never does nor can attain (44, and applied himself
6 6

6;exclusively to astronomy. He denied that we should return unto God, and he

declared his belief in the governing influence of the stars; boldly insulting the
majesty of the intelligent and all-knowing God, he hearkenet1 with aucl.acious
indifference to his ihreats and prohibitions, laughing to scorn these words of
.I&

His: Ile who hath placed thee under the rule of the Kordfi will surely bring thee
again before him ( 5 ) ;he believed time to be a revolution (of vicissitudes), and con-
sidered man as a plant or a flower for which death was the ripening, and for
t~whicll the snatching out [of esistence) was the gathering of the fruit. Faith dis-
appeared from his lieart and left not a trace behind; liis tongue forgot (the praises
o f ) the Merciful, neither did (the holy) name cross his lips." I3ui 1 must say
that lbn KhbltSn's statement is exaggerated, and that he passes all bounds in accus-
ing him of doctrines so perverse (6). God, however, knows best what his principles
were. The same writer quotes the following amongst other pieces of Ibn as-Siigh's
poetry :

Inhabitants of No~rlrlnal-Arlk (7), know that in my bosom also you possess an abode! Con-
tinue to preserve (for me) jour friendship; alas ! how lol~gbave I suffered from the perfidy of
mcn in whom I placed my trust. Ask the nights which I have passed, if slumber ever imbued my
eyelids since you pitched your tents in a dislarlt land! Ask your skies if ever the swords of
their lightnings were drawn without their finding sheaths in my eyes (8).

When 1 was in Aleppo, a learned Maghribin shaikh recited to me these lines as

having been composed by Ibn as-Siigll, but, some time after, I met with them in
the diwdn containing the works of Abii 'l-FityPn Muhammad Ibn Hai$s, a poet
whose life shall be given (in this volume). This led me to doubt the exactitude of
the shaikh's statement, and I said (to myself) that he was probably mistaken, but 1
then found the same piece i o (lbn Kh'n&kdny$)
Mamah, where it is given as ibn SGgh's-
132 IBN I(HALLII(AN3S
God best knows by which of the two it was composed. The following piece is also
by Ibn as-SAigh:

(The harllers) amidst the flowers of the meadow, where t l ~ eflullerilrg zephyr
breathed perfumes around. I sent my heart to accompany their heavy-laden camels, ancl,
bleeding from its wounds, it follo~vedin the path of the caravan. Why didst tllou not ask their
captive (lotler)if they had not among them a prisoner to be set free (from the bonds o f love) ?
thou migbtst hare asked him, jealous (though he was). I swear by Him who made their (slight
and) graceful figures like the (sbnder) twigs (of the willow), and their teeth like the (white)
anthemis flowers, that, when the zephyr fleeted by me after their deparlure, I never inhaled it
without breathing it forth in an ardent flame.

When his death drew near, he would frequently repeat these lines :

I said to my soul nihei~death stood belore it, and when, impelled by terror, it fled Lo the right
and to the left: "Stand and support the evil thou abhorresl; how long wert thou accusto~nedro
seek " for death as a refuge (against affliction)? "

He died at Fez in the year 533 (A. D. 1138-g), from eating a poisoned bddin-
jb (9). By another account, his death is placed in 525.-Bdjja is the name of
n'loer in the language of the western Franks (10).-Tlrjebi, pronounced also Tajtbi,
means descended [room Tujlb, the mother of Adi and Saad, the sons of Asllras lbn
as-Sukdn. She herself was the daughter of Thaubbn Ibn Sulainl I b n Madhidj, and
her sons were surnamed after her,- Sarakosti means belonging 10 Sarakosla (Sara-
gossa), a city of Spain which produced a number of learned men. It was lalten by
the Franks in the month of Ramadin, A. H. 512 (January, A. D. 1119) (11).

(4) This passage is also to be found in the K a W d . For an account of the Matmah, see Dozy's IJislopia
Abbudidmm, page 10.
(3) . the word tadlim, here rendered by doctrines, means the mathematics.
I s ~ p e c tthat
( 4 ) go&, sdrat 3, verse 184.
(4) KorAn, sbrat 41, verse 43.
(Sj KorAn, shrat 28, verse 85.
(6) Through the diffuseand pretentious phraseology of Ibn KhAkAn, in his KaMid, we perceive that Ibn Daj.ia
was vizir to the emir Abh Bakr Ibn Ibrahtm igovernor of Mwrcia), and that he removed to Valencia on Per-
ceiving the Progress made by the Christians. He then proceeded to Saragossa, and, after the capture of that
ity by b g Alphonso, he went to Xativa, where he was imprisoned by ~ b Ishak h Ibrahim, the emir of thad
c p l a ~ ,and returned to lslamism that he might save his life. It appears also that, during his vizirate, he ha
lmad ad-Dawl Ibn Hrid, sovereign of Saragossa, and, at a later period, that prince was on the point
of ~attiog.him to death. Ibn KhAkiln informs us also that Ibn BAjja was a skilful musician.
 BIOGRAPHICAL, 1)ICTIONAtlY. ,l 33
(7) Nomdn al-Ardk (Nomdn o f the ilcacin i ~ ~ c eis
s ) the nnmc of a vnllcy ncar Mclrlca. 11 1s frcqucntly men-
tioned by the Arabic pocts, because the manncrs of its intlahitants prcscnlcd a perfect imagc of pastoral life.
(S) The poet's meaning is, that IlC ltcpt his eycs always open and turncd in the direction of their abodes,
He plays also upon thc wordsjufiin (sheaths of the eye, egelids) anuil (scabbnrcIs).
(g) he b d d i f l j d ~is the cgg-plant, or solarium nzelongcna of 1,iun;cus.
(10) I know of no European word ])caring a rcsemblancc to Ldjja and signifying silver, cxccpt tllc ltaliall
baiocco, the coin so called; the word p(d01u cxisted in the old Italian, hut, according to the cardinal Zurla (in
sur. l(i ddcouvcrte dcs pqys situds S U P la cGte occi-
a treatise cited by the viscount dc Santarcin, in his Rcc.he)~ches
delrtaZede Z'Afrique), it signifies gold. It is, l~crhaps,an altcratiou oi' the Spanish word pluta.
(11) It was taken by Alphonso I., king of Arragon.-M. dc Gsyangos has given a tra~~slation
of Ibn Abi
Osaibiya's life of Ibn Bkjja in the appelidix to tlic first volume of his riiuJtctnanzedanDynasties in S I , Q ~ ~ .

IBN A R - T i A F F A An-RUStlFI.

Abii Abd Allah Muhamlilad Ibn Gl16lib or-Rafli al-Andalusi ar-Ruslfi (a tratiuc of
ar-Rusdfa in Spain and) a well-known poet, is ihe author of some charming verses
in wliicb he displays an elegant talent for versification. His poems are widcly cir-
culated tllrougl~outall (Moslim) countries. One of his most celebrated pieces is that
composed on a young girl who bllowcd the trade of weaving :

(11.Iy friends) made me long reproaches for loving her, and they said: " Wert thou enan~oured
with any but a vile and worlhless crealurc (zue sliouM excuse you)." I replied : " Had I
" power to control my passion, 1 should hearkc~lto (your advice), but I havc no1 that power.
" I love her for hcr pearly teeth, l l ~ c
pcrfumc ol her moulh, the sweelness of her lips, the magic
" of her eyes and glanccs; ( I love) that gazelle (ghosaiyal) in wl~osefingers the thread (yiiazl)
" ever revolves, like the iniud (of the poet) when composing sonnets (ghazal) on his mistress.
" Gaily her hand drives thc shuttle across the warp, playing it as fortune plays with the hopes
" of man; pulling with her hand, striking with her foot, she seems like the deer entangled in
" the toils of the hunter."

Another exquisite piece of liis is that which be composed on a young girl, who
pretended to weep and moistened her eyes will1 saliva :

Let me be excusecl for loving that wanton (rnuid) who weeps (as if) in sadness and yet whose
bosoln is free from the (sorrow) she akcts. She moistens her eyes with saliva to bitate tears
4 34 IBN KIIALLIILAN'S
though she smiles like the (ol~ming)flower. She would make US t h i ~ ~ll~rl
k moislarc to be he
drops of her but when was wine (salivn) extracted Irom the narcissus (the c!p) ( I ) ?

In another piece, he says:

A maid who resembled the willow-branch by her slender waist, but not by llcr aspect, for
that troubled every heart,
was sleeping during the noon-tide heats, ller cheek CI-ownedwith
pe~spirauon;and I said ;Behold tbc rose moist with ia own sap."

This poet died at Malaga in the month of Ramadin, A. H. 572 (March, A. D.

1177).-fiz(~&fimeans belonging to or-Rusdfa, a small town in Spain, near Valencia.
There is another village of the same name near Cordova; [his one was built by
Abd ar-Rahmbn Ibn Moawfa Ibn Rishb~n Ibd Abd al-Malilc, the first Omaiyide
sovereign of Spain ; he was called ad-Ddkhil (the enlerer, rhe new cowher), because he
entered into Spain on leaving Syria, whence he had fled through fcar of Ihc Abbaside
(khalif), Abb Jaafar al-Manshr. Re adventures are well known. On entering
Spain, lle obtained possession of the country and was proclaimed sovereign at Cor-
dova on the day of the Festival of the Sacrifice, A. 11. 138 (May, A. D. 7561, at the
age of twenty-five years. He built this place and named it after the celebrated
village in Syria, founded by his grandfather Hishsm Ibn Abd al-Malik. Such are
Ylkiit al-Hamawi's words, in his Mushlarik (2); he indicates nine places bearing this
name, but these I abstain from mentioning, to avoid lengthening the present article.
He does not, however, notice the Hosifa of Valencia; that would have made u p ten
places of the name.

(I) See Introduction to vol. I. page xxxvi.

fe) The life of this geographer is given bg Ibn Khallikhn.

IBN ZUHR ( A V B N Z O A R ) .

Abii Bakr Muhammad al-lyidi, the son of Abh Marwkn Abd al-Malik, the son of
AI6 'M15Zuhr, the son of Abii Marw&nAbd al-Malik, the son of AbQ Bakr Muham-
 BIOGRAPIIICAI, DICTIONARY. 135
mad, the son of Marwin, the son of Zuhr, a native of Seville in Spain, belonged
to a family of which all the members were (eilher) men of learning (in the law),
chiefs (in the civil administration),physicians, or vizirs (l); they oblained the first
in the state, enjoyed the h o u r of sovereigns and exercised great outho-
rily. The hdfiz Abb 'l-Iibattib Ibn Dihya (vol. II. p. 38q says, in his work entitled
al-&trib min dshadr AhI zl-.Maghrib (lhe charming [portion] of the poems composed
4 people of the West) : " Our shaikh Abd Dakr," meaning Ibn Zuhr, occupied a
firm station in philology, and drcw his l~nowledgeof medicine from the purest
sources; he knew by heart the poems of Zil 'r-Rumma (vol. 11, p. 447), (and t l q
fl form the third part of tlle language spoken by the desert Arabs,) to which 1le join-
' c ed a full acquain~aneewith all thc doctrines held by the physicians; he enjoyed

high favour under the sovereigns of tlre West; liis family was ancient, his wealtli
" great, and his possessions ample. 1 atlended his (lessons) during a long period,
4 L and derived from him a copious share of literary information."-He then gives the
following verses as Ibn Zuhr's :

on the arm, a hostile inroad of [he dawn

Whilst the fair ones lay rccliniag, their check pillo~~ed
took us by surprise. I had passcd the night in fillillg up their cups ancl drinking wbat they left;
till inebriation overcame me, and Iny lot was also tl~eirs. Thc wine wcll knows how to avenge
a wrong; I turned the goblet up, and that liquor turned me down.

After quoting lhis passage, he adds : " 1 asked him the year of his birlh, and he
replied, in 507 (A. D. 1113-4) ; towards the close of A. H. 595 (October, A. D.
1199) I rcceived news of liis death."-In these verses, Ibn Zuhr comes near the
idea expressed by the rdis AbB Ghalib Obaid Allah ibn Hibat Allah al-Asbbglli (2)
in the following lines :

I filled them out cool draughts of a liquor which, did it kccp peace towards those who drink
it, had not been named ulccZr (3). I t called to mind the wrongs it suflercd of old when it lay
prostrate (in the vintage-vctt) and the prcssers trod it under foot. It tlien yielded to them, but
when they drank to inioxicalion, it got them in its power ancl cried: " Now is the time for ven-
" geance ! "

It is said that he is the author of the following lines on one of the most esteemed
and voluminous works studied by physicians, namely, Galen's Htia tal-Bard (4):
The Hilu tnLRare' was composed to keep the sick in hopes of life or to divert their fears;
but, when death comes, it says : Tlle NiZu tal-Bare is not a means of cure (5).
 In one of his poems, Ibn Zuhr expressed tlie ardent desire wliicli he felt for the
sight of his child (from whoin he happened to be separated) ; in this piece he says :

I have a little one, a tender nestling (6), with whom I have left my heart. I dwell far from
him; how desolate I feel in the absence of that little person and that Iillle face. I-Ic longs for
me, and I 10% for him; for me he weeps, and I weep for him. (Our) affectionate wishes are
meaq with passing from him to me, from me to him.

When his hair turned grey with age, he composed these lines:

1 looked into the polished mirror and my eyes know not the object thcy beheld. I saw a little
old man whom I did not recognise, although I had forrilerly seen him a youth. " Where,"
I exclaimed, " is the person who was here yesterday? when, when did he depart? " The mirror
smiled and answered with surprise: " Re is here, but thy eyes recognise him not. The fair
Sukima used to call thee brothel*, but now she calls theepapa."

This last verse is a reminiscence of the idea expressed by the celebrated poet al-
Akhtal (7)in the following lines :

When the girls call thee uncle, that title serves only to increase thy vexation; but when they
call thee dear brother, it indicates a feeling nearer to love and attachment.

He gave directions that when he died, the following lines should he inscribed upon
his tomb; they contain an allusion to his medical occupations:

Stand and reflect ! behold the place to which we are aU impelled. The earth of the tomb
covers my cheek, as if I had never trod upon its surface. I treated people to save them from
death; yet here I am, brought to it myself.

These verses, which I received from the lips of some learned men, are attributed
to Ibn Zuhr, but God best knows whether they are genuine or not; we have no-
thing in support of their authenticity but the word of those who transmitted them.
Ibn Dihya speaks of him in these terms : And a species of composition for which
our master was specially distinguished and wherein his imagination swayed his
genius, so that persons of the highest talent became his humble followers, was
that of muwoshdhahdf (81, compositions which are the cream, the quintessence, the
" suhtmce, the pure extract of poetry, and an art, by the practice of which the
people of the West surpassed those of the East, and wherein they shone like the
" rising sun and the brightness which illuminates." He then gives a ?nuwashshaha
 B I O G R A P K I C A I , DICTIONARY. 137

of the poet's which is very fine. Speaking of Abh 'l-All Zul~r,IBn Zubr7s grand-
father, the same writer says : " He was the vizir of that epoch and its grandee, the
( 4 philosopher of tliat age and its physician. He died at Cordova, A . H. 525 (A. D.
1130-l), from the sufferings caused by an ulcer ~ l l i c l lbroke out between his
shoulders."-Of his great-grandfather, Abd al-Malik, he says: He travelled to
the East, where h e long practised as a physician and became head of the faculty
in Baghdad; he then removed to Egypt and afterwards to Kairawhn. At a later
period, he took up his residence at Dcnia, wlicnce his repuiation spread over all
the regions of Spain and Maghrib. His pre-eminence in thc art of medicine was
so conspicuously displayed that he outshone all his contemporaries. He died at
Denia." Of Iluliammad Ibn Mrtrwhn, the grandfather of Ibn Zuhr's grandfather,
Ibn Djhya writes as follows : He was learned in speculation (g), a h@z in litera-
ture (IO), and a jurisconsult singularly acute in his fatwas (opinions); he held a
high rank i n Ihe general council (of his native place) (1l), 11e was versed in various
( ' sciences, remarkable for liis l~andsomemien and talents, a transmitter of tradi-
" tional literature, ancl, moreover, a man of extensivc information. He died at Tala-
bira (Talavera),A. H. 4.22 (A. D. 1031), aged eighty-six years. A greai number
" of learned Spaniards delivered traditional information on his authority, and they
" spoke highly of his piety, merit, generosity, and beneficence."-We have already

explained the words lyddi (vol. I. p. 72) and Talabtru (12); this dispenses us from
repeating our observations here.--Zuhr is to be pronounced with an U after the z,
then an h, willlout a vowel, followed by an r.-The kdtib l m i d ad-Din says, in his
Kllartda, that ihe following lines were composed on a member of this family, called
Abii Zaid Ibn Zulir, Iry Abb 't-Taiyib Ibn al-BazzPr :

Tell the plague and Jbn Z u l ~that

r they havc passed all bounds in working deecis of woe. Say
to them : Spare ~nankinda little l one of you is quite enough.

I have since found these verses attributed to AbQ Bakr Ahmad Ibn Mullammad
al-Abyad, a person who is stated to have died in the year 5411 (A. D. 114.9-50) (13)-

(1) The Avenzoars belonged to the Arabian tribe of lyAd Ihn Nizir.
($1 Abh GhAlib al-AsltAghi, surnamed T&j ar-RuwasA (a.ov~nof tlie rdises, most probably because he
under the empire a high rank as a ,&is, or chief in the civil administration,) was sub-director Of the
Wister and general account offioo ((Lit dbi~ ,+L;) in the reign of the kbaJif al-luktadi- lJnder
VOL. III. 18
the reign of d-Musbzhir, he acted for a time as secretary of state. ~0mposcda work ilS a guide for secre-
taries rol&\ ,&l, and the i.b/ids of lrali drcw up the public accounts after 1 1 sysienl
~ iulrilduecll by
ci!J\ d3&). He embraced Islamism in tbo m0tIlll or S a h r , h. 11. 4 8 4 (hI.lrLh-Api-il,
A. 1091), day before the conversion of Ibn al-MdsalbyA (see vol. 11.11. 1&16), in conscqilencc of an

e~ct from the ]ihaJif himself (>J& ] ec33d I), , is, l110 Cllrrstians,
ordering t h ~ i n l m l ~lklal
Jexve, and Sabeans, to wear certain marks by which tllcy might bc dislinguishcd f~.nnl lllc Muslims.-
(I;lLadda, MS. KO. 1447, fol. 7.)-This Abb Ghilib was probably the son of lllc 1Iil);lt Allah rr~c~ltioncd
in
life of Ibn al-Miisalkyii.
(3) The v o r d j b , signifying urine, is derived from a root which means to uround, to Bamslring.
(4) Hila tal-Bad (th; means of cure) is the title given to the Ardhic translation of Calen's work Dc nzetllodo
medendi pi00204.
(O~pr*x~urtx$
( 5 ) The last verse may also be trailslated thus: But when death comes, the IIilu tnl-Bu?,L' says: There is
'c DO means cjf cure."
(6) Literally: Like a young kata. The Icntu is a species of grouse.
(7) The life of al-Akhtal, an allteislamic poet, has bcen given by M. Caussin dc Pcrccval i n t h e Journul
Asiatique for April, 1 5 3 4 .
(8) See Introduction to vol. I. p. xsxv.
(9) Speculation, in Arabic rdi. He perhaps means Hanifite jurisprudence. Sec vol. I. pagcs xxvi, 534.
(10) That is, he knew by heart a great number of literary pieccs preserved by tradition.
(11) Seville became a republic towards the year 1023.
(18) The author has not yet spoken of TulabZra.
(13) In the appendix to bIahkari's ilfuhammedan Dynasties i n Spain, by M. do Cayangos, will 1,c round a
translation of the lives of Abd al-Malik Ibn Zuhr and Abb Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zuhr, from tllc Arabic of
Ibn Abi Osaibiya.

1BN HAIYUS.

Abii '1-Fityin Muhammad Ibn Sulthn Ibn Muhammad Ibn HaiySs Ibn Muham-
mad ihn allurtada Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hailllam lbn Olhman al-Ghanawi (l),
~mm-umxlMustafa 'd-Dawlat (the chosen of ihe empire), and styled al-Amir (the emir)
bemuse his father was emir over the Arabs of the desert, ranks among ihc ablest
poets of Syria. The collection of his poetical works forms a large diw&n. He
met a number of princes and great men, by whom he was amply rewarded for the
poems which he eomposed in their praise, but he attached himself more particularly
 BIOGRAPIIICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 139

to the Banb Blirdds, a family which then reigned at Aleppo. AI-Jauhari says, i n
(his icxicon) tllc Sahdh, undcr the root r d S : " 1Vird8s signifies a stone wliiel~is
d 6 thrown into a well fur tllc purpose of discovering if there be water in it or not.

It is used also 3s a proper name b r men ." Ibn HaiySs composed in their lionour
some beautiful hsUns, and his adventure with Jalil ad-Da~vlatS a m s l ~ nad-Dawlat (2)
Abh 'I-h[uzaffar Nasr Ibn Rlallmdd Ibn Sliibl ad-Dawlai Nnsr Ibn Silili Ibn Mirdis al-
Kilhbi, the sovereign of Aleppo, is well known. Tlle circutr~stanccsof it were these :
Having celebrated tlic praises of DIabmBd Ihn Nasr, that prince rewarded liim with
the gilt of one tliousand dinars. On tllc deal11 of MalrmBd, Ile wcnt to liis son and
successor (Jaidl ad-Dawlal) Nasr a n d recited to liirn his poem rhyming i n r, in wl~icll
he extolled tlie qualities of llte ncw sovereign and condoled with liiln on the loss of
his father. It began thus:

The rank which forlune has bes~owedupon llicc is a sufficient glory for religion ; those who
(like me) have made a ~crw(for t l ~ paccession) must notv engage in its fullilment.

In one passage of il, lie says:

(In tltee) eight (qualities) are combinecl, whicli ilever were nor ilever will be separalecl as long
ss the eyelash protects the eye : firm bclief and piety, beneficence and wcallh, eloquence and
depth of ~hougbl,rcsolulion and success.

Allucling to Nasr's accession on the death of his father, he says:

We bore with patience t l ~ esentence pronounced by tyrant time; I~ut,without thee, patience
had not been possible. (II'irnc)overwl~elmedus with a ~nisforturlewhich surpassed (our cleel~est
feelilzgs o f ) affliclion, ancl was ecluallcd or~lyI)y those favours (wl~ichthy frither grnnfccl ancl)
for which (our utmost) gratitude was insufficicnt.

I n another passage, he says:

'I left thee through constraint, not through self-mortification; I wcnt to find thee, when evil
fortune overtook me, and (with thee) I found a secure shelter to which no obstacle debarred
access, and a door of glory to which no curtain impeded our approach. Long did I dwell in
the bondage of thy beneficence; thy noblc acts ceased not, ne!ther did my bondage cease. Thus
the Lord of the heavens fulfilled his generous promise, that adversity should he followed by pros-
perity. Thc son of Nasr bestowed upon me one thousand pieces taken from thc stock (of his
treasures), and I well know that his son Nasr will repeat the gift. I was told to expect as much ;
and why should I not, since command and prohibition depend upon thy will? 1 need not Press
and insist; the merchandize is known and the price is fixed. I have pitched near thee the tent
 140 IBN ICHALLIRAN'S
of my hopes, and how many are the mortals who sojourn whilst their hopes rangc tllrough the
1 ! I n thy hands is the object for which I express my wishes in polislmd pllrase ; llie least of
thy favours would enslave even a freeman's heart.

When he had finished the recitation of this piece, the emir Nasr exclaimed:
By Allah! had he said, Nasr will redouble the g@ many fold, i n place of Nasr
. unN repeat the gift, I should have done so." He then bestowed on him one
thousand dinars i n a silver tray.-A number of poets had assembled at the court of
the emir Nasr and celebrated his praises, but the recompense which they expected
did not appear. They, therefore, proceeded to the house of Baulos (Paul) the
Christian, where the emir used to drop in occasionally and make up a social party.
Amongst these poets was Abii 'l-Husain Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn ad-Duwaida al-
Maarri (native of Maarra tan-Nomdn) (3) , who, having written on a sheet of paper the
following verses, in the composition of whictl they all had a share, sent them in
to the emir. (Some say, however, that the lines here spoken of wcre composed by
Ibn ad-Duwaida :)

At your well-guarded door is a hand of the indigent; turn your attention towards the state of
the indigent. The whole troop would be satisfied with the tenth of what you gave to Ibn NaiyQs.
Our talents do not differ from his in that proportion (4) ; but the lucky Inan cannot he placed in
comparison with him who is unlucky.

When the emir Nasr read these verses, he ordered them one hundrcd dinars,
declaring at the same time that, if they had said, with as much as you gave 10 f i n
FlaiyB, he would have given it to them. The kdtih ImAd ad-Din quotes tliese verses
in the Khadda and ascribes them to Abix Shlim Abd Allah Ibn Abi 'l-EIusain Allmad
Ibn Muhammad ibn ad-Duwaida, the son of the poet named above, a n d who was
generally known by the surname of al-KPf; God knows best!-The emir Nasr, a
prince distinguished for his generosity and liberality, became sovereign of Aleppo.
in h. H. k67 (A. D. 1074-5),
on the death of his father Mahrnbd. He had not been
long on the throne when some of his own troops attacked and-slew him on the
2nd of Shamal, A . H. 468 (9th M ~ ~ , " AD.. 1076). We have already spoken of his
great-grandfather Saih Ihn Mirdas (vol. I. p. 631).-lbn HaiyGs arrived a t Aleppo
in the month of Sham;], A. H. 4.64 (June-July, A. D. 1072), a n d the house in
which he there resided is now known as the House of the emir Alam ad-Dln Sulai-
min lbn Haidara. One of Ibn Etaifis's finest pieces is the kadda rhyming in 1
 RIOGR APkIICAL DICTIONARY. 141

(Ilmiya), wherein he praises Abh 'l-Fadiil Slbik Ibn Malimbd, the brother of the
emir Nasr. In the eulogistic portion of that poem, he says:
Whenever I was asked about you, I replied, (my object always being to direct him who goes
astray) : ' d If you wish to know them well, tnect them in the midst of their beneficence, or on
the day of battle; you will find them white (b~illiccnt) in honour, black with the dust of the
combat, thcir shoulders grccn (stained with tlze friction of their armour), and red the points
of their spears."

How-beautiful this enumeration I i t seems lo have occurrcd to him quite naturally

and bears some resemblance to a passage in a magnificent kaslda composed by the
poet AbB Said Muhammad ar-Rusfami (vol. I. p. 217), and containing the
eulogi~irnof the Sdhib Ibn Abbid (uol. I. p. 212). The verses to which we allude
are these :
a band illustrious in peacc and war, a family crowned with noble deeds and formed to wield
the spear. When tllcy encamp, the soil turns green (receives fresh verdure); when they en-
counter the foe, their spears turn red.

There, by Allall l is poetry in all its purity, unmixed with superfluous words.-Ibn
Haiyts acquired great wealth by the favour of the Mirdiis family, and he built a house
at Alcppo, on the door of wliich hc inscribed the following lines of his own composing :

We built this abode and in it we resided, enjoying the bounty of the Mirdasides, a family
which delivered us from adversity and the tyranny of fortune. Say to the sons of earth : Let
" men act thus towards their fellow-men."

-Some persons ascribe tliese verses lo the grand emir (at-AmC al-JaXl) Abh 'l-Fath
al-Hasan lbn Abd Allah Ibn Abcl al-Jabbiir, a native of Aleppo and generally 1-inown
by the name of Ibn Abi Hasina. I n this, they are quite rights-A splendid and well-
known kastda of I l ~ nHaiyiis's is that which corn mences thus :

Herc was the vernal abode of the fair Malikian maid ; let us halt and ask of the summer rains
where lay the dwelling of which they have effaced the trace. Invoke the flashing clouds to water
the ncglectcd vestiges of her tribe's presence, in these their reserved grounds, and excuse the
insufficience of my tears, now exhausted (in zeueeping) before one (a mistress) who, though near,
repelled me, and after one (a friend) who resolutely journeyed to a distant land. If travellers
speak of me, they tell of eyes that are in tears and ol a heart in pain. Restore to us the days
(wepassed in loving conucrse) at the sand-hill, days which we may hope for whenever we dare
hope that thou (dear maid!) mayest grant us thy affection. Iladst thou known even the slight-
est of my sufferings, thou hadst restored to us the possessio~lof thyself, that utmost object of our
wishes. Nay, did the external aspect of my passion offer thee sufficient proof of the ardent
149 IBN ICIIAl,LII{AN'S
flame within my bosom, thou lwdst rclcn ted ancr 1111 ~ . P ] M + o ; ~ c ~ I ( ~ s , lorred i h r lily
batred, granted thy refusal. \Vese 1 just to mysclf, I sllould savc my ileart B.ot~l(Me
pain of) becoming like ]riln who secketl rlrd bndcth 1101.

This poem contains the following passage:

1invoked the favours of the generous, but succeeded not; yet now, I rcturn i l ~ r ~ i lfor
i s favours
gnntcd tliough unasked. Stnnge it is, yet wonders arc not rare, tliar sl)eedy Bsours sllould
h d but tardy gratitude.

In one of his pieces, he says :

Stop in the midst of d y hatred and let thy reproaches go no f i ~ r l l ~ be ~ r ;nor like him who,
when raised to power, plays the tyrant. T see you justify the hls(\st ~OVCI'S, wllllsl ll(';ll' lll('(2 ~l'llc
love meets its ,~eatI~.If you followed justice in your clccisioes, wily do you slill ~ I ~ o Lw~ I C
salne path? In former times, men bent 111~bow to gain a livclillood, ;lIItl lilal spear of tlrillc
(my stature noto bent) was once s~raightand crect. The greyness which al~proacllodI I ~ Ylocks
has me not, if it perlrlit \hat my lot slill (n ?r~islrrss?rlil//)tlal.l< (hnir) anti rosy
lips ( 5 ) . h closely-guarded maiden of rare beauty and scldotn ~.ivnllcd,clrnstc illd filir as a
statue ; for her I burned with a passion which no reproach (of Ihc crnsot~io~rs)corrld colrlrol,
and respecting whom I questioned the ruined (Iwellings in tllc dcscrl, hut o h l : ~ i ~ ~110 c ~ dreply.
Ask what are the feelings of her lover; his tears will give tl~eethe surest infol.malion ! 1)ul ask
not whither roams his heart. For a time, it enabletl me to cudure my paios willt j)alicncc, but
it departed from me on the day in wliic11 the tribc (of nlg I C ~ U U Cdcl)ar~cd
~) frsoln l l ~ cplain in
which they fed their flocks. (That zuns) a dcparlurc whicl~dcprivctl nlc of consol;~~iorl ;a~id
ever since, my patience journeyed towards the province, of Najd, wliilsl I lr\yscli ailvaacccl inlo
that of Tihama (6). (Therein zuns) a torture of separation, dreadful as llrc slrolccs of Rlliilt (/he
angelzvho guards heEZ) , b l ~ under
t which, to my disgrace, I did not perish. 0 my two fricntls !
if You help me not to support my affliction, you are no longer minc and I am no loligcr yours.
You collnselled me to be indinerent and to forget (her),but you mcntioncd no1 tllc way to indif-
ference and forgt!tfulness. May the (spot zohere I passed nzg) days of love bc walcrctl I)y guhll-
@! clouds, rising in the horizon each time the rain clears off. (And yet wc cnjoycd) a life of
wbkh We stole the pleasures in despite of the jealous spy who, fatigued wit11 waltiag, s u r ~ kllie
head to slumber.

The poem to which this passage belongs is of a considerable lengtli. The

Ibn hair (vol. 11. p. 258) states, in his History of Damascus, Illat, in the
year 507 (h. D. 1113-41, the following observation was repeated to him by Abfi
'I-KMm Ali Ibn Ibrahim al-Alawi : The emir AbB 'l-Filyin Iln lIaiyBs took mc
'c $ the hand when we were at Aleppo and said : c You may give this verse as llline
" -'and say that it was composed on Sharaf ad-Dawlat Dluslim Ihn Kuraish (7):
" ' Thou art he for whom eulogiom is always ready (g), and whose veins Oowed with bent-

" ' rositg before they flowed with blood ! ' "
 This verse is the acme of eulogium. In the lih of ALih Dakr Ibn as-Sligh (page
130 o f t h i s vol.) we llavc given some verses rhyming in n, and mentioned that they
are attributed to him, but l h c y exist also in the c o l l e c l e d p o e l i c a l worlrs of Ibn
IlaiyOs : Cod bcst knows !lie trullr in tliis matter.-In tlic year 4.72 (A. 1). 1079-go),
~ l l epoet Al~bAtid Allall Ahmad Ibn llullarnmad lhn al-Khaiyiit (vol. l. p. 128)
arrived at Alcppo and wrolc tlic following lines to Ablj 'l-Fitydn (lbn Ilaiybs) who
was l l ~ e ni n tllal cjly :

AI1 J possess wonld not sell for a dirhem, a n d Irorn. my looks you lnny jurlgc of my state.
But I have slill sonic Ilonour Icft (!l) ; that I ncvcr oflcl7cc1 for sale, and wllcrc, wile!*e could
T have four~da purcilascr ?

On illis it was obscrved that, had he said, and thou art surely the purchaser, it
had been bcllcr. 1bn IIaiybs was born at Damascus on Saturday, the 291h of Safar,
A. H. 394 (527111Dcccmbcr, A. D. 1003), and he died at Aleppo in the month of
ShaabAn, A. II. 4.73 (Jan.-Feh. A.-D. 1081). IIc was tlie shaikh (preceptor) of ihe
Ibn al-IChaiyll just nlcntioned.--The name u2* must be pronounced HaiyBs;
among the poets of l l l c West is an ihn IIaLLiis jyr) whose name is nearly similar,
except that, instead of an i (,), i t is written wit11 a 2, (:). I m e n l i o n this, because
these names have bccn olten confounclcd, and I lime frequently met with persons
who supposed that the lvcslern poet's name was lbn Haiyhs also, which is a mistake.

(1) Ghanawi significs clescendcd from Ghanl Ibn Aasur, thc progenitor of a family which formed a branch
of the Kais AylSn Arabs.
(2) This double title significs: magnificence and sword o f the empire. I n Ibn al-Adlm's History of Aleppo,
the titles of Nasr Ilrn Mahmhd are not given.
(3) Im4d ad-Dfn,quotcs a low extracts from the poems composcd by dinerent mcmbcrs of the Duwaida family,
but furnishes no information respecting them.--(Sec Kliarida, MS. 1414, fol. 129.)
( 4 ) Literally: All that differcncc docs not subsist between us.
(5) 1 suqcct that thc text of this verse is corrupted.
(6) That is: My paticnce went one way and I went another. The expressions A+ and +> frequently
occur in poetry.
f
( 7 ) Abh 'I-MukArim Muslim, thc son of ILoraish, the son of Badran, the son of al-Mukallad, the son of al-
Musaiyab, hereditary chicf of the Okail Arabs, lord of Mosul, Naslbin, Anbtlr, Talirit, and other cities, had
established his authority over the greater part of Syria, when he fell A. H. 478 (A. D. 108 5) jn combating the
troops of Sulaim&n Ibn ICutulmish the Seljhkide. See Abh 'l-Peda's Annals, years 453, 458, 4 7 3 , 477.-The
kdtib ImAd ad-Din says, in his Kharicln, that Abh 'l-MalrSrim Muslim Ibn Kuraish Ibn (Akliij KirwAsh, king
of Syria, styled Sharaf ad-Dawlat (nobleness of ilre empire), Maid ad-Din (glory o f religion), the sultw of emirs
144 I B N KHALLIKAN'S
and the of the conlmanderof the faithful, was ox(;rcrnely gc11cmIlS iIn'l t11:~tl)(: Ltu'
KI'~II~~('I~ (:it y Of Mosul
for the clllogiums \vliicb that pnct I I : I ( ~ br.;t(lw(:ll llllilll ililn ill ilis I ~ O C ~ ~ ~ S .
in fief to h,, B~~~~ as a
Sharaf ad-Dnwlat llimsolf displnycli h'rcilt t;lli!lll~:I$ 3. 110et.
Ibn Haiyas survived this favour o n ~ ysix
-(MS. No. ikik, foi, leg.)
(8) Literally: In wllose rnarkct eulogium stations.
(9) Literally: Except some water of the face, See vol. I. paRC 130, notpc( 9 ) .

AL-ABIWARDI THE POIlT.

Abfi '1-Muzaflar Muhammad Ibn Abi 'l-Abbhs Ahmacl. Ibn Muhammad Ib11 Abi
'l-Abb4s AhmadIbn Ishak ibn Abi 'l-Abbls al-arndm Muh~rnmadil)n Abi 'l-PityBn
Ishak Ibn &HasanIbn Abi Marfiia Mansfir Ibn Moawla al-Asgllar (l) I l)n Mullam mad
Ibn Abi 'l-hbbhs Otllmin Ibn Anbasa al-Asghar Ibn Otba Ibn ol -Asliral Ibn Otlltniin
Ibn Anbasa (2) Ibn Abi Sofy8n Sskhr Ihn Barb Ibn Omaiyo Ibn Abd Shams
Ibn Abd Manif was a member of the Ornaiyide family and of tllc tribc of Kurnisll.
This descendant of Moawia (the Less [al-Mokwi]) was a native of Al-l~vnrd(a!-Abtwardi),
a Poet of great celebrity, a distinguished sclrolar, a transmitter of tt*atliiional infor-
motion and a genealogist. The collected works of this clegani poet arc elasscd tinder
various heads, such as the irdkiydt (pieces relative to Irdk), the Nujdiydt (pieces
~elaiiveto h j d , pastoral pieces), the Wajdiydl (amatory pieces), ctc. llis learning
a genealogist was unsurpassed, and his authority is cited by tllc most cxacl and
most tmslworthy hd/izes. The hbfiz AhG Fad1 Muhammad Ibn Tillir a l l a k d i s i
quoteshis words more than once in his Ansdb (p. 6 of this vol.). In that work,
of him, under the article AL-Mo~wr : He was the paragon of t l ~ eage in various
cc
and we have quoted, in different ports of this book, a number of obscr-
"
made by him. He wrote himself down as a descendant of Moawio, and (11;s
cL
verse of Abd 'l-81&al-Maarri might be applied to him with the utmost propriety :

" Though I came the last in time,y am able to produce what the ancients could not funlish."

Before this line, al-Makdisi had just mentioned some verses in which the poet
 UIOGRAPllICAI, D I C T I O N A R Y . 145

vaunted his own renown, but these it is not necessary to insert. Abh ZnlcariyP ibn
Manda (3) mentions him ill the history of Ispahin, and says : l C He was an honour
c c to the raCscs, the most excellent of the empire (d.), orlllodox in his belief, exem-

plary in his conduct, and versed in a n u ~ u b e rof sciences; well acquainted with
11 the genealogies of the Arabs, elegant i n his language, skilled in the composition
of books, filled wit11 intelligence, perfect in talents, the pearl of the epoch, the
l( paragon of the age; but elatcd with vanity, pridc and arrogance : wlien ire prayed,

he used to say : ' Alrniglily God ! make me king over the eastern countries of the
4( c earlh and 11ie weslern illereof."' Tlic hdfiz I11n as-Samini (vol. 11. p. 156)
takes notice of him in tlie Anadb, u n d e r t11e word a!-Modwi, and mentions him also
in the Zail (supplerncnt) ; lie says : " (Al-Abkwardi) was surnamed after Moawia al-
( 4 A s g h ~ r(the lass)"-llle same whose name is given in the genealogical list (at the
heud o f this aotice).--"He once addrcsscd a memorial to the Commander of tlie faith-
( ( ful, al-Mustazhir billali, and llcaded it with these words : Al-Khddirn al-Mo&wi
fl (your hrrmble scroant, Ihc descendari~of Moaw$a). The khalif, who disliked ihe
use of a patronymic wllicll indicated h a t the bearer of it drew liis descent from
Omaiya, scratclwl oul the m of al-illodzui and sent back the ~ncmorialwith the
4 b superscriplion ebanged into al-Klidclinz al-Adwi (your humble servant, the howler)."

As specimens of' the beauties wit11 ~vliicllhis poetry abounds, we may indicate the
following passages :

We ruled ovcr the kingdoms of thc cartli, and to us their grandees submitted, some willingly,
some through corlslraint (5). But, when the days of our prosperity reached their term, adver-
sity seized us ancl seldom relaxed its hold. In our days of joy, (these kingdoms) smiled with
pleasurc a1 our happiness; in our clays of sorrow, they wcpt will1 synrpatby. We met our mis-
fortunes will1 faccs of ingenuous digni~y,radiant will1 honour ( G ) ; and, when we tflought of dis-
closing the wrongs which fortunc niade us snffcr, our modesty withheld us.

Fortunc knew J I O ~my worth and was not aware that I was prouil of soul and despised the
strokes of adversity; whilst it showed lnc how calami~iescould assault; (their victim),I let her
see what patience was.

That maiden wilh tllc slender waist! I hearken not to him who blames me for loving her, and,
when he depreciates her, I only love her the more. Whcn stie appears, I turn one eye towards
her, and, with the other, I watch her jealous guardian. The delator is thus deceived, and knows
not that my sight has got its full share of (the fair) Sulaima.

He composed the following lines on Abii 'n-NsjEb Abd ar-Rahmbn Ibn Abd al-
VOL.III. 19
Jabbiral-Marighi, a person who, by liis talents, was o n e of t h e most e m i n e n t m e n
the time, This Abii 'n-Najib resided in tlie fortress of Hira (7), and orten em-
ployed, i n his poetical compositions, tlie f i g r e called k z h n mu la yalzum (the
subrniitirlg 10 unnecessary obligaiions) (8):
The verses of ai-l\larighi, may God preserve you Born them ! are likc his millcl: the best parts
of them are bad. In eomposing, he submits to unnecessary obligations, but he neglects those
which are necessary.

It was al-Ab2wardi who composed the following piece :

0 beloved Omaima! if thou refuscst me thy visits, grant that thy iinage come at night and
visit me in my dreams. By ~ l l a hI neither calumny (9) nor absence call cffacc from the soul of
thy adorer the impress of thy love.

I may here observe that Sabt Ibn a t - T a h i z i , a poet of w h o m notice shall be taken
in this work, borrowed from the first of these verses the t h o u g h t w h i c h h e h a s thus
expressed i n one of his kas$das :

If thon refusest, when awake, to grant me a salutation, order thy image to flcct by me and
salute me in my slumbers. Promise to visit me in my dreams; 121cn, perhaps, my eyes may
yield to sleep, in the hopes of seeing thee.

In one of his Najdiybts, h e says :

We halted at NoinPn al-tirik (40); the dew-drops moistened our garments, and I passed the
night enduring the paius of love whilst my fellow-travellers were sunk in slccp; the fatigues of
the night-journey and of the desert had overcome us all. I thought of that charming maiden
now so far away; and my flowing tears answered to the summons of love. Her abode is still in
the recesses of that valley; my heart knows it, though my eyes perceive it not; I stoppcd near
that dwelling, and my tears were mostly blood; my eyelids seemed to flow with blood ( n o m h )
instead of my nose (11).

A novel thought of hi is that contained in a piece of verse descriptive of wine ; he

says :

Joy is its essence, and, therefore, the bubbles dance (upon its surface).

In one of his kastdas, he says :

The age m p t , and d l whom I chose for friendp were either hypocrites who hoped for
 B l O C l l A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 447
favours or flatterers who feared to offend. When I put them to the test, I found in them a
len heart and a smiling countenance.

This thought he took from a kas$da of Abh TammBm's (vol. I. p. 348), in \vhich
that poet elegantly says :

~f you wish to conceive the worst opinion of mankind, examine that ~ilultitude of hulnan
beings; he is not a friend who o k r s thee a smiling countenance and conceals a sullc~lheart.

These digressions have led us away from our subjec1.-AI-Abiwardi composed a

great number of works, such as History of Abiward and Nasa, a mukhlalif and
mul&lif (dictionary of synonylns and homonymsj, a talahdl, or synoptical view, of all
the sciences, a treatise on the synonyms and homonyms occurring in the genealogies
of the Arabs, and varioi~spllilological works drawn up on an original plan. His life
was virtuous and his conduct exemplary. He died from poison at Ispahdn on the
afternoon of Thursday, thc 20th of the first Rabi, A. 11. 507 (4th Sept., A. D.
1113), and the funeral prayer was said over him i n the 3dmt 'l-AIEk (the old
mosyue) of that city.---4 btwardi means aalivo o/ A b b n r d , called also Abbward and
Bbu~ard,a village in Hhorbsin, which had produced many learned and eminent
men. As-Sambni says, in his Ansdb, under the word AL-Kii~anr : '(This relative
adjective signifies belonging to Kllfan, a small village of Khorisln, at six parasangs
from Abiward. It was built by Abd Allah Ibn Tdllir (vol. II. p. 891, and has pro-
d' duced a number of Traditionists and olher eminent men, one of whom was the
c ' philologer Abfi 'l-Muzaffar Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al-Kfifani, better known by the

appellation of al-A biwardi the phiIologer."

(1) From this genealogy we lcarn that there were two Moawias in the Omaiyide family; one of them was
styled al-Asghar (the less), to distinguish him from the khalif of the same name. It has been already observed
(uol. 11. p. 378), that there were also two Omaiyas in the same family.
('2) This Anbasa must have been brother to the khalif Moawia.
(3) The life of Abil Zakariyd Yahya Ibn Manda will be found in this work.
(4) This writer means to say that al-Abtwardi was one of the most distinguished amongst the persons em-
ployed in the civil service, (ruwasd, plural of rats,) and that he bore the title of Afdal ad-Dawlat (the most
excellent of the empire).
(5) In these verses he speaks as a member of the Omaiyide family.
(6) Radiant with honour; literally: the water of which (faces) had nearly fallen in drops. See the meaning
of the expression wafer of the face explained in vol. I. page. 108. The same line offers another example of
 448 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
me varions significations which the expression 3"J drlJ can aSSUnlc; it is hcrc rcridcred liy inycnuoua

dignity.
(7) The name of this place is written variously in the
a , , .&,and .,?C).
M%. Thcy give the followirrg readings:
I t is perhaps 1110 Hira of NaisApfir; see vol. 11. page 67h.
.
r",

(8) See vol. I. page 97, note.

(9) Literally : c.alumniators.
(10) NomAn al-Arik is the name of a valley or glen between Meltka and TAib
(11) This idea, so burlesque In the translation, does not present the same ludicrous image in rlie original
text; the quibble on the word bi-nomdn (which signifies also 02 the place coiled Nomdn,) diverting the atten-
tion of the reader from its absurdity.

IBN AB1 'S-SAKR.

Abh 'l-Hasan Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn al-Hasan Ibn Omar, surnamed Ibn Abi
'S-Sakr, was a native of Wlsit and a doctor of the Shafite sect. He studied jurispru-
dence under the shaikh Abh Ishak as-Shldzi (vol. I, p. 91, but, ~ i e l d i n gto his pre-
dominant passion for the cultivation of literature and poelry, he became principally
known as a amateur of the belles-lettres. I saw, at Damascus, in the Ashrafiya
library, the diwdn of his poetical works, which collection is preserved i n thc turba
(or mausoleum) erected over the tomb of al-Malik al-Ashraf. It is situated to the
north of the [edifice erected us an) addilion to the Great Mosque (al-JdmO 'l-Kablr) and
called al-KallLa. This diwdn forms one volume. The author wvas extremely partial
to the Shafite sect, and manifested this sentiment in a number of itdsfdas generally
known by the title of asSh8ftya (the Shafian); he composed also somc elegies on the
death of the shaikh Abil Ishak. In the elegant precision of his style, the beauty of
his penmanship, and the excellence of his poetry, he displayed talents of the very
highest order. AbB '1-MaAli "I-Haziri (vol. I. p. 563) mentions him in the Ztna lad-
Dab, and quotes the following piece of his amongst oihers :

Every favour which you may expect from men always encounters some obstacle; and I shall
Say. may God pardon me (fordohy so) ! but my words are figurative, not seriots: " I approve
" of nothing in the conduct of Satan, except his rebsing to worship a created being (i)."
 BlOGRAPlIICAL DICTIONARY. 140

He gives also tllcse verses, which are still currently known:

BY the sacredness of love! no person can replace you (in my heart); never shall I turn my
affections towards any other object I long for your presence, and your image is sent to (visit
my slumbers and thus) effect our meeling; but, alas! I cannot closg my eyes. I proposed to my
companions this condition-that YOU, not they, should have my heart, and they agreed (lo it).
I spoke of you so often, that they said : " He is unwell ;" and I replied : May that malady
never leave me ! "

Having attained an advanced age and being obliged to sustain his feeble steps with
a staff, he said:

In every thing which you examine, you will perceive something remarkable; when strong,
I went on two legs, but now, being weak, I go on ~hrec.

To the idea expressed in the last verse, I have myself alluded in the following lines:

Q thou who askest how I am, receive this summary answer: After possessing strength enough
to split a rock, I now walk on ~llreelegs, and the best of them is the staff.

To excuse himself for not rising to receive his friends, tie composed these verses:

An indisposition called eighty years hinders me from rising to receive my friends; but when
they reach an advanced age, they will understand and accept my excuse.

The following piece also was wrilten by him on his great age:

When I approached towards the unities of ninety, an age which none of my fathers ever
reached, 1 knew full we11 that I should soon have other neighbours and another home (the dead
and the tomb) ; so 1 turned towards God, repenting of my pas1 life ;God will never cast into the
fire him who turns towards him.

Having gone to pay a visit of consolation to a family which were mourning the
death of a little child, the persons present nodded to each other, as if to say: '' HOW
" strange that a man trembling with old age should survive, whilst this child could
" not escape death1 " Perceiving their thoughts, he pronounced these lines:

An aged shaikh entered where the youths were met to mourn the death of a,little child, and
you saw an objection against God's justice, because the infant died and the old man lived. But
You may say to him who has lived one month and to him who has lived one thousand or an inter-
mediate number : We must all come to this !
 The following piece is by him :

&jeditat~sest Ibn Abi 'S-Sakr dixitque, actate jam provecta: " Per Deum, nisi me lotium quo-
ti&e mane egurerel, oblitus essem mihi mentula~ninter femora esse. "

His poems abound in fine passages. He was born on the eve of Monday, the
13th of Zii 'l-Kaada, A. H. 409 (23rd March A. D. 10191, and he died at Wlisit on
Thursday, the 14th of the first Jumida, A. H. 4.98 (ist February, A. D. 1105).

( I ) ccAnd (remember)when we said unto the angels: Worship Adam; and they all worshipped him, except
lC Satan (Iblfs),who said: Shall I worship him whom thou hast created of clay? "-(Kordn, s h r a t 1 7 , v. 63.)

IBN AL-HABBARIYA.

The shadf Abh Yala Muhammad Ibn Sdlih Ibn Hamza Ibn Muharnmad Ibn Isa
Ibn Dfuharnmad Ibn Abd Allah Zbn Muhammad Ibn Diwhd Ibn Isa Ibn RKisa Ibn
Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Abd Allah Ibn al-AbbPs al-Hlshimi (a member of the
Hdshitn family), al-Abbki (descended from Ibn AbbL bol. I. p. 891 ), generally
known by the appellation of Ibn al-Habbliriya and surnamed Nizdm ad-Din (the
maintainer of religion), was a native of Baghdad, and a poet of great talent and
celebrity. Though animated with the best intentions, he had an evil tongue and SO
strong an inclination for satire that he hardly spared a single person. The kdtib
Imiid ad-Din mentions him in the Khargda and says: (He was one) of NizAm al-
" Mulk's (d. l. p. 413) poets, and his predominant styles of composition were the
" satirical, the humorous, and the obscene. Cast (as it were) in the same mould as
" Ibn HajjAj (vol. I. p. 448), he trod in the same path and surpassed him in licen-
" tiousness, but those pieces of his in which decency is respected ere highly beauti-
" ful (l)." Attached to the service of NizPm al-Mulk Abii Ali al-Hasan Ibn Ali Ibn
Isha, the rizir of the sultan Alp ArslAn and of Pal& ShBh, that son, he
treated by him with the utmost kindness and unceasing beneficence. A spirit of
 BlOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 151

hatred and jealousy having sprung up between Nizim a1-Mulk and Thj Abi
'1.GhanCm Ibn Dlrest (2),a thing which frequently happens with men high in office,
the latter told Ibn al-Habbhriya to compose a satire on Niziim al-Mull<,promising the
poet his favour and an ample recompense in case he consented. But how," said
b n al-Habbbriya, '' can I attack a man to whose kindness I am indebted for every
object I see in my house? I insist on your compliance," said Tij al-Mulk;
and the poet composed the following piece :

Wonder riot that Iblr lsi~aklSulesand that fate assists him ; (wonder not tflctt) prosperity flows
pure for him and turbid for Aba 'I-Ghan%im. Forlune is like the wheel for raising water, it can-
not be turned but by oxen.

When these verses %ere communicated to Nizhm al-Mullr, who was a native of Ti'is,
he merely observed illat they contained an allusion to a comnion proverb : The people
of Tdc are osen (3), and not only abstained from punishing the poet, but overlooked
hjs conduct and treated him will1 greater lrindness than ever (4). This is cited as an
instance of Niziim al-Mulk's noble conduct and of his cxtreme indulgence. Notwi th-
standing the extraordinary degree of favour shown to him by this vizir, Ibn al-Hahbi-
riya had much to suffer from ihe malice of his patron's pages and followers, (wlzo
detested him) for what they knew of his evil tongue. Their petulance became, at
length, so excessive that he wrote the following lines to Nizlm al-Mulk (5):

Take refuge with Nizam al-Nadratain ar-Rida when people 01this age detest thee. Let his
thy eycs from L ~ I C(lust which makcs them smart when worthless pcople overcome
aspect clea~~se
thee. Bear with the wild humours of his pages; every rose must have its thorn.

Imbd ad-Din ai-Ispallini says, in the Iilrar4da, that the poet sent his son wi tlr tliese
verses to the Naklb an-Nukahh Ali Ibn TirBd az-,Zainabi, surnamed Nizfim al-Hadra-
tain Abii 'l-Hasan (G).-By the same :

My countenance is loo modest for asking favours, and my nleans are yet more modest. My
real merits are but slight, and the e~nolumentsthey gain me are yet slighter.

An original idea of his is that of a piece in which he refutes those who pretend
that a man can obtain the satifaction of his wants by travelling abroad; he says:

They said: '(You remain at home and cannot procure a livelihood, yet the man of prudence
" can always gain wealth by travelling." I replied : It is not every journey which.prospers;
152 IBN KHALLIKAN'S.
from good fortune, not from the fatigues of travel. HOWoften has one journey
been productive, whilst another, under the same circumstanca, has been injurious; thus the
covetous man sometimes gains and sonletimes loses. It is thus that the moon, in journeying,
& a reaches to her full, and that, deprived of her prosperity, she wanes away."

By the same :
Leave off the details of (yow) misery and sum them up (in these words): There is not in the
world a man (worthy of the name). When the pawn on the chess-board becomes a queen, it
see~nsjust that the queen should become a pawn (7).

As a specimen of his humorous poetry, we may give the following passages :

When Abfi Said perceived that, for a whole year, 1 abstained from wine, he said: Tell me
who was the shaikh by whom you were converted; " and I replied : " That shaikh was poverty."

I dreamt t h a ~my wile held me by the ear, and that she wielded in her hand an object of
leather, crooked in shape, black in colour, but marked with spots, and sllaped beneath like a
foot (8). 1 awoke with' the fright, and the nape of my neck was already quite red; had my
dream lasted, I, a learned shaikh, should have lost my eyes.

By the same :
The Tijian court (9) is a garden; may its beauty last for ever! In that garden, an humble
(poet) is the ring-dove; its taoings are eulogies, and its collar rewards.

By the same :
Let iter do as she pleases; it is indifferent to me whether she shun (me) or accept (me). HOW
often have we seen darker loclcs than her's turn grey (10).

lbn al-Habbbriya's poetry abounds in beauties : he turned the work called Kalela
wa Dimna into verse and gave it under the title of Naldij al-Fitna (ofspring of the
idellect). In the life of al-Blri ad-Dabbls (vol. I, p. 459)' WC have mentioned a
piece of Ibn al-Habblriya's, rhyming in d, with al-BAri's answer and an account of
what passed between them; in our article on the vizir Fakhr ad-Dawlat Muhammad
Ibn Jahir we shall mention an amusing adventure of the poet as-SBbik al-Maarri (I
1)
wiih* Ibn al-HabbAri~a. His poetical works are very numerous and their d i ~ d n
(collection) forms from three to four volumes. One of his most original pieces of
versification is a work drawn up on the plan OF Kalla wa Dirnna and entitled as-
wa 'CBdgkm (the loud speaker and the murmurer). The composition of this
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 153
book, which contains two tllousand verses i n [he rajax measure, occupied (he arltllar
ten years. It is a n excellent production (12). He sent his son wit11 it to tile emir
~ b f '1-Hasan
i Sadaka Ibn Mansfir Ibn Dubais al-Asadi, lord of al-Billa (vol. I . p. 634).
~t concludes with the following lines :

Here is a fine book which astounds the intelligence ; on it I spent ten years, from the time
I first heard thy name. I composed it for thy sakc ; ~ h cnumber of its verses is lwo thousand,
all of them rcplcte with meaning. Were any poet, versifier, or prose-writer to pass a lire as
long as that of Noall's in cotnposi~iga single vcrsc like those conlnincd in il, iic would not be
able to accomplisli thc [ask, for it is 1101cIrcryonc who can makc vcrscs. I scncl it will1 my son,
or rather with my heart's blood anrl livcr ; for, in my opinion, ~llouart rnorllly of cvcry favour.
Confiding in thy I<inilncss, he llaslcns lowarils tlicc, cncouiltcring grcal fatigues and a long
journey. Had I bee11 pcrmilted, J sl~ouldhave gone m~sclfwith speed arlil dcla~cdnot, for
honour ancl glory arc exclusively thy heritage.

Sadaka granted him an arnple recompense in return for his work. According to
Imhd ad-Din al-Ispahdni, in his Ilhartda, lbii al-IIal)lAriya died at RirmGn, A. H. 504.
(A. D. 1110-l), where lie had passed Llle latter days of his life alter having resided
for a time at Ispalibn. I1)n as-Samhni (vol. II. p. 156) says that lle died subsequent-
ly to the year 490.-lfaabbdriya means a female desccndcd from Zlabbdr; this Babbir
was Ibn al-HabbGriya's grandfather by the molher's side.-Kiirmdn, pronounced sorne-
times Karmlin, is a large province (wildya) containing a number of cities and towns.
It has produced many eminent men. Onc side of it is bounded by thc sea, and the
other by Khortishn.

(1) The extracts which Imbrl ad-Dln givcs of his poetry justify, to a certain degree, this culoginm.
(2) al-Kmnmi was sccrctary and privy counsellor to TurkSn Bhitrln, the wife
TAj al-Mullr Abh 'l-Gha~~Aim
of Malak ShAh and the mother of the sultan Mahmhd, He succccded to the vizirateon the death of NizAm al-
Mulk. In Mirkhond's History of thc Seljukidcs (cc!. Vu'ullers, Ciesscn, 1838) will 11e found an account or NizAm
al-Mulk's fall and of the enmity which prevailed bctwecn him and Turkhn KhStbn (princess o f the Turks), the
daughter of the khan of Tur1icstbn.-(See also Abh 'l-PedB's Annals, year 485, and vol. I. page 415 of this
work.)
(3) In English we should say: are asses.
( 4 ) Imad ad-Din says, i n his Kharfda, that, on this occasion, NizAm al-Mulk clothed the poet in a robe of
honour and bestowed on him five hundred pieces of gold.
( 5 ) It appears, by what follows, that i t was not or the pages of Nixtlm al-Mulk that the poet had to complain,
but of those in the service of Niz9m al-Hadratain, a person noticed lower down.
(6) The title of Shnrif was gSivennot only to the descendants of Ali bg FAtirna, the daughter of M u h a m a d ,
and by al-Hanafiga, but to the descendants of HAshim, Muhammad's great-grandfather. The sharifs of each
VOL. 111. 20
 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
pmvioce were pla@d under the control of a wkO ( d e r Or magistrate), chosen the government from among

their own body. The Nakib an-Nukadd, or chief nokil, rcsided at Baghdad. Ali lllil Tirall was appointed
*,H,491 (A. D, 1097-g), on the death of his father.
to this offi18C8 T h ~ ydrcw ihcil' ~ C S C C from
~ I ~ Zainab, the

daughter of Sulailnan Ibn Ali 1hn Abd Allah Ibn d-Abbk (vol. 1. p. 9 5 7 ) ) and for 1tl:lt rcason thcy bore the
surname of az-Zainabi, It appears, from the verses given by Ibn Khallikdn and the observation madc by ImAd
ad-Din, [hat Ali lbo Tirid bore the surname of ar-Rida and Nizdm al-Hadralain. S231 Ihn al-Jauzi informs
us. in his &fir& a:-Zamdn, that TirAd, the father of Ali, was surnamed 211 'I-Sharafaln (possessor of the
h b L e nobilily) Shihab al-Hadratain (fambeau of the two courts), which lattcr titlc may 11avc becn given him
on account of his diplomatic services when employed by the khalif as his agcnl at the court of the Seljdk
sulbn. This conjecture receives some degree of probability from thc ~ t a t c m ~ lofl t thc author of the M~T&,
who says that Tirad was frequently sent by the khalif as ambassador to diKcrcnt sovcrcigns, and that he
distinwhed himself by his talents and probity. The titlc of Nizdm al-flndrutai?~(bond of' union between
the two residences) seems to have been given to his son for a similar rcason. That OS ar-Ridn, by which Ali
Ibn Tirld is designated i n the verses mentioned by Ibn KhallikAn, was bornc by a numbcr of shartfs, and is
the equivalent of Rida ad-Dln (accepted for piety). From the Kharlda (MS. 14 $ 7 , fol. 12, IS, 29)) it would
appear that Ali Ibn Tirdd held at one time the post of vizir, as WC find there some pncms addressed to him in
that quality by the poets Hais Bais (vol. I. p. 559) and AblZ Ali 'l-Faraj Ibn Muhammnd Illn al-Ulchwa al-
Muwaddib. In the same work, fol. 35, under the article Abh Abd Allah al-Uhr4 ad-Dal~hAs,a grammarian
whose life is given by Ibn KhallikAo, vol. I. p. 419, we find a long extract lrom a pncm addrcssetll~yal-BBd
to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Ibn Tir%d.
Arter this note was witten, I found a notice on Ali lbn Tired in thc Dual al-lsldmzyn, MS. No. 89b, fol. 880.
It is there stated that Abb 'l-I(&rn Ali lbn Tirdd al-Abbki was thc first person to whom tllc ltl~alifill-Muktafi
(li amr itlah) confided the post of vizir. After some time, a coolness took place bctwccn them, and Ibn Tired
fled for protection to the court of the sultan (Madd the SeUukide). By distributing the grcatcr part of his
fortune in presents to the sultan's wives and principal officers, he succccdcd in obtaining Mashd's mediation
in his favour, and the khalif allowed him to return to Baghdad. During thc rest of his lire, 110 rcmained
unemployed, and being reduced to the utmost poverty, he died, recommending his cl~ilclrcn to th'c, khalif's
benevolence. AI-Muktafi fulfilled his desire and raised them to wealth. Ibn TirAd spent large snms in prC-
seats to the officers of the state, the men of learning, the strangers who arrived at Daglidarl, and tlic shad0
di?s@~dedfromAli Ibn Abi TAU.-The text of the Dual al-lsldmiya has been published a t Cotha, A. D. 1800,
mder the titfe of Elfachri, by Mr. bhlwardt.
(7) The application of this last verse is by no means manifest. In the Xharida and onc o l the MSS. of Ibn
m w h , it is placed before the other.
(S) He dreamt that his wife was striking him on the nape of the neck with an embroidered slipper; a
mode of CO~rectionemployed, it is said, by moslim ladies on their female servants and sometimes on their
husbands.
(9) He means the court of TAj al-Mulk AbS 'l-Ghanhm.
(10) In the original piece, of wbich a translation slightly disguised i s here given, the a f k i n L+v might
embuns. the Arabic scholar. 1 must be referred to the word understood. I may also observe that
~pl, a mm~arativeform, b not good Arabic; it should be I J (h ~( .
(11) Of this W ,who was a native of Maarra tan-Noman, as his surname implies, ImAd ad-Dh says, in
ZChadh WS.No. 1414, fol. $441, that Abb 'I-Yumn SAbik Ibn Abi Mahdl went to Irak during the admi-
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIOBARY. 155
nistration of (the vizir) Ibn JahPr and there met [bll al-Habbitriya. I-lo then gives somc short extracts froln
his without furnishing any ft~rtlicrinformation respecting him.
( 1 9 ) There are several copies of this work in the Bihlioth6que iml)drinle, ancicn fonds and Supplement.
Like KaliZo ancl Dimna, i t consists of apologucs, fables, and moral maxims, In d'Hcrbelot's Ribliothbque
orientale, under the word Hareba, will 1)e found a passage in which that orientalist gives a description of the
ns-S&dij~ w a 'l-Dbghim, from which may bc perceived that hc knew nothing of it except the title, and eve,,
that imperfectly. I h r e h a is also a Llsc reading of the Arabic&B,:; Ifabbd~iya. He read it as i f it had been
written i!b . - ~ n noticing this article of dlHerbelot's, I by no rneans wish to cast an imputation on his ta-
I
lents or deny the services he rendered 1.0 oriental litcrature; tho Bibliotheque orientde is a userut book, yet
truth obliges me to state that not one of the indications given in it merits entire confidcncc unless it can be
verified from other sources. A part of these errors 11e would probably have corrected, had he lived to super-
intend the printing of his work.

IBN AL-ICAISARANI T H E P O E T .

Abfi Abd Allah Muliammad Ibn Nasr Ibn Saghlr Ibn Dlghir Ibn Nasr Ibn DAghir
Ibn lluhammad Ibn Kh&lidIbn Nasr Ibn Dbgllir Ibn Abd ar-Rahrnrin Ibn al-Muhiijir
Jbn Khdlid Ibn a\-Walid al-llalihzhmi al-KhbIidi al-Balabi (descended from Khdlid
of the family of Malchzdrn and native of Aleppo), surnamed Sharal al-MadIi (glory of
high deeds) Odda lad-Din (maintenance of religion), and generally known by the
appellation of Ibn al-Kaisarini, was not only a poet of great talent and celebrity, but
a philologer of extensive learning. His genealogy, as here given, was dictated to
me by one of liis descendants. In the belles-leitres, he had for masters Taufik lbn
Muhammad and Abii Abd Allah Ibn al-Kllaiyit, Ihe poet whose life we llave already
given (vol. I. p. 128). He displayed great acquiremnts in philology and astronomy.
At Aleppo, he studied under the khattb AbQ Tihir Hishim Ibn Ahmad al-Halabi and
other masters. He himself gave lessons to the hhfiz AbG 'I-Kisirn Ibn Ashkir
(vol. 11. p. 252) and the hdfiz Ab6 Saad Ibn as-SamPni (vol. 11. p. 156), both of
whom mention him in tlieir respective works. AbG 'l-Mabli 'l-Haztri (vol. I. p. 5631,
who also received lessons from him, speaks of him in his work, the Muulah. Ibn
al-Kaisarkni and Ibn Munir (vol. I. p. 138) were the two principal poets of Syria at
that epoch, and tlieir encounters gave rise to many curious and amusing anecdotes.
l56 IBN IU-IALLIKAR'S
The latter was accused of attacking the character Mullammnd's compn~~ions and of
being inclined to the Shiite doctrines; illis induced lhn 81-KoisarBni, wllo was told
that Ibn lunirhad directed his satirical talenl against him; 10 wri [c hi m llle lollow-
ing lines :

Ibn Modr in reviling me, you have insulted a man of worth W ~ ~ Srcctiludc
C of judg1nent
was benPficiciJto mankind. But my heart is not oppr~sscd
for illal; l have bclorc me an examplc
in the Companions (1).

A fine passage of his poetry is the following:

many nights did I pass sipping intoxicating draughts from tl~cwine-cup and llcr lips;
t h s miugliug one delicious liquor with another! Sllc clclended t l o l llrr moutll fro111iny kisses;
it was like a fortress withouk a guard (2).

When in Aleppo, I found the diwdn of his poetical works, all i n his own hand-
wiling; and 1 extracted from it some passages, onc of wl~icllwas t l ~ cfollowing in
"
praise of a preacher :

The bos01-11of the pulpit expands with pleasure to receive you. Tell mc ; is il a preacher
which it bontains, or has it been anointcd with soxnc swcc~perfume.

This alliteration is really excellent (3). 1have since found illcsc vcrscs nttribulcd
to Abh 'l-Kbsim Zaid Ibn Abi 1'-Fath Ahmad Ibn Bbaid Ibn Fassil al-Mawcizini, a
native of Aleppo whose father was generally Imown by ilrc nppcllntion of nl-Millir (the
skilful). It is there said that Ibn al-Kaisarhni recited tlwm to illc Ishalib Zbn IllZsllim
on the latter's appointment to the office of preacher at Aleppo, a n d illat tlley were
attributed to him for this reason. Having met with a differend rending of the first
verse, I give it here :

The pulpit was proud of his honours, when you mounted it as a preacher.

The following is a piece of his in the amatory style (ghazal) :

At foot of mount Lebanon I possess a moon (a beauty) wbsc stations arc (not in the
zodiac but) in the hearts of men. The north wind bears me her salutation, and B e south wind
bears mine to her. Her qualities are unrivalled and rare; for beauty, in this world, is a rarilY-
I have not forgotten the night wben she said, ou seeing my body worn away: 'L I pray thee,
" fell me, youth, who caused thy sickness?" and I replied: L The person who can Curc it (4)."
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONAIIY. I57

A kas$da of Ibn al-Kaisarini's contains the following original idea:

Rere is the person who ravished sleep from her lovers; dost thou not see her eyes fillcd with
(the stolen) languor (S)?

I n composing this verse, he had in mind the eulogium addressed by al-Mutanabbi

(vol. I . p. 102) to Saif ad-Dawlat Ibn HomdBn ; that poet said :
~ h o uhast taken the lives of so many (enemies) that, couldst thou add their days to thine, thou
wouldst acquire immortality and rejoice the world.

Ibn al-Kaisarini frequently expressed himself highly satisfied with the following
verse from one of his own kastdas :

1 love a person before whom the moon fell prostrate in adoration; seest thou not, on her face
(disk) the marks left by the dust.

Being prcscnt at a conccrl of (religious)music where there was an excellent singer,

he composed these lines on seeing thc audience overcome with a thrill of ecstatic
delight :
By Allah 1 if lovcrs kncw thc just valuc of tlleir souls, they would sacrifice them for thine,
thougt~tlley wcrc dear to thcm and preciously guarded. When thou singest in their assem-
blies, thou art rcally the brcath of the zcpliyr and they are the branches (which it agitates).

My friend al-FnIrIlr (Fakhr ad-DCn) Ishak Ibn al-Mukhtass al-Irbili (native of Arbela)
recited to me a stanza ol four verses (dubait), composed by himself, on seeing the
cusllions fall off the sofas at a concert of (religious) music, when the audience, some
of whom were (sdfis)far advanced in the practices of mysticism (6),fell into an ecstasy
of delight :

The herald of song entered unawares, at midnight, into the assembly (7) of lovers who longed
for tllc sight of Cod, and hc was answered by sobs and burning sighs. Had the rocks heard
his strains, they had fallen prostrate with delight ; why then should cotton and tattered (cushions)
not do the same?

Ibn al-BaisarAni was born at Akka (Acre) in the year 478 (A. D. 1085-6),and he
died at Damascus on the eve of Wednesday, the 21st of Shaabdn, A. H. 548
( l i t h November, A. D. 1153). The next morning, he was interred in the cemetery
at the Faridis gate.-Khdlidi means descended from Khdlid Ibn al-WaEd al-ikiakh-
158 IBN KHALLIICAN'S
rfimi (S); so say the people of Ibn al-Kaisarhni's lamily, but lllc majority of historians
and the learned in genealogy declare that the poslerity Illis li11Plid is now cxtinet.
God best knows the truth l -Kabar&ni means belonging to Kuisal-iyn (Ctusurea), a
rillage on the coast of Syria.

(L) The% verses occur also in the life of Iibn Munlr, but not ~ ~ C ~ l l ~ tile
~ L i:ivallmslanin
ing ri-onl which tllcy

took rise, I gave an erroneous explanation of the sccond lino.

(9) In Arabic, Ihughr signifies both mouth and fortress; the 1XXl cl\lihhh?s on I l l i s tlo~r\bli~
lrlcunilr~.
(3) The alliteration to which our author alludes is the pcrfcct consonnncc?wllictl csialti l)c:twt:c~r lhc, lilsl words
of tbe two hemistichs of the last verse: dhamma khatiLan and dhamnzalclrt~ tlban.
(4) I omit here a couplet not fit to be translated.
(5) The Arabic word wasan, here rendered by languor, signifies also drowsiness.
(6) Literally : were owners of hearts.
( 7 ) Literally : the circle o f desire.
( 8 ) He means the celebrated KhSlid who commanded the Moslims on tdleir flrsi, c~rlrancointo Syria.

IBN AL-KIZANI.

AbC Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Ibrahlm Ibn Thdbit Ibn Foroj al-Kinbni, a
professor of the Korin-readings, a philologer, a follower of tllc sect of os-SIlhfi, a
native of Egypt, surnamed also al-Khlmi (the Lalcr in r m , ~hides) and generally
known by the appellation of Ibn al-KlzBni, was a poet of considerable r e p u t d o n and
a pious devotee. There is an order (of dervishes) in Egypt called Kizbniles after
him, and they place implicit faith in his sayings. Be left a diwdn of poems, most
of which inculcate self-mortification; I have never seen [he book, but I heard one
verse of his which pleased me much ; it is the following :

Sce passion befib the lover, er, should kindness befit the beloved.

poetrg contains some very fine passages. He died at Old-Cairo, on tile eve of
Tuesday, the 9th of the first Rabi--some say in the month of Mullnrram-A. 11. 562
(3rd Januarl: A. D* 1167), and he was interred in the Lesser Karifa, near
 BlOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. i 59
mausoleum of the imdm as-Shkfl (vol. II. p. 569). His body was afterwards removed
to the declivity of mount Mukattam, and deposited near the cistern which bears the
name of Omm Mauddd. The monument erected over him is a well-known object of
1 have visited it myself more than once.-Ktsdni means a cnaker or
seller of pitchers (ktsdn); one of his ancestors followed that trade.

AL-ABLAII THE POET.

AbG Abd Allah Muharnmad lbn Bakhtyir Ibn Abd Allah al-Muwallad, surnamed al-
Ablah, was a native of Baghdad and a celebrated poet, one of the best who flourished
in later times. In his compositions he united tenderness (of sentiment) to artifice
(of style and cxprcssion), and the diwdn of his pocticol works is often to be found in
the hands of readers. The kdtib ImGd ad-Din mentions him in the Khartda and
says : "He is an ingenious youth and wears the military dress. His poetry is
'L written in a strain of tender sentiment; it delights by the artifice of its compo-

c c sition, ravishes by its excellence, and pleases by the sweetness of its style; in
tenderness it surpasses the morning zephyr, and in beauty the flowered silks of
'( Tustur (1). His poetical essays, though few in number, have got into wide circula-
4' tion, and the musicians sing his charming verses set to old airs; they rush as
eagerly to obtain his delightful poems as the bird, in its circling flight, rushes
down to the pure fountain." He then adds that, in the year 555 (A. D. 1160),
al-Ablah recited to him, at Baghdad, the following passage of a LasQdaas his own
composition :

She whose visits give me life came to me when the evening had (assumed)the tint of her
hair. When she turned her head (she seemed) a moon; and wrapped in the folds of her (green)
mantle (she seemed) a willow branch. I passed the night unsealing (2) the wine (of her l@s),
whilst I deceived the vigilance of spies and took her unawares. 0 how sweet that visit ! ihough
short, it ended for ever (the pains I sufered from) her protracted crueltg. I sigh for that
slender waist and for the refreshing coolness of those lips. I sigh for her who in beauq is a
statue and who has us all in the pagan troop of her adorers.
 A verse of his is the following, talicn from B hrillinn~kast(la :

None know what amorous passion is cxcept him who suffers its lOr1nCntS ; llo~leknow wllat
love is except hi~nwho feels its pains.

The following sentimental verses are taken from a passage of a RasCda in which
he praises his mistress :

Leaye me to mg sofferings ; let me undergo the pains 01 love I 0 llow wide t l ~ cdillerence
between him whose heart is free and him whom Beauty iias made its caplivc ! 'I swcnr lllal I
shall heed not the reproaches (of my friends); they llavc oldy cscilcd tny illl])~tlicliccIrOm tlic
time that p s i o n fint held nly rein. (1 swear tlial l!ie c o ~ ~ t s ro[ fs) cellsorious f(!1nidth~~1lall
not amend (me) as long as I see gardens of bcauly in the cllccks of ilic fair 1 111 III(: (llrc firlings
of) conmlation are (vainly) souglit ; love always lives (zuiBin nu>),ha1 consolatioa 'is dead.
0 thunder cloud! if thou art unkind to the valley (wl~ercmy Dcloocd q-csitlcd and ?.rftcscsl it
thy refreshing showers), know, that often the clouds of my eyes have supl)licd i t wit11 the rains
refused by thee. No! never shall I forget the hill whcre l mcl tllce (7~3 Dcbuctl l ) , nor the
time I stationed at a spot which I envy to its jealous 1)osscssor. And. that ~naiilwit11 lhc slcndcr
waist and languishing eyes; how lung have I prcservccl my love Ior I~cr,y c ~it was losl ul)on
her ! How long have I obeyed her, yet she never yielded to my wislics (3) ! Sllc w~oundstlie
hearts of lovers wi~hglances (which pierce) like the point of iIlc spear. IIcr r~iovctncrllsare full
of grace; I went astray in the darkness which her hair shed :trounil, on 1110 day ol our separa-
tion, and was directed again by the brigh~nessof her tectll (8.). Wllcn slic stands up, ill her
fair proportion, and gracefully bends her waist, the pliant branch of tllc willow bluslles (lo be
vanquished). Dwellers in the valley of Nomin I it was after your chccks, ancl liot allcr tllc king
an-NomSn, that the anemonies were called sltakliik ~ n - N ~ r , ~(5). d r ~rrapcr lances in skillul
hands wound not the heart so deeply as the bitterness of ( h a ) dishin.

This passage is taken from a l o n g kasUa of which the eulogistic part is excellent.
All his poetry is of the same cast, and his transitions f r o m tlie description of
mistress to the praises of the patron are beautifully managed and have been rarely
eqoded: As an example of this, we m a y cite the kastda which begins thus :

1gathered cmps of roses off those cheeks, a d in dasping that waist, I embraced a willow
brand.

On coming to the transition, he says :

if1ever permit the dispraise of (my bekerl) Hind to ring in my ears, may I never resent
the of Hind ! may my eyes never find a way to shed tears oI love ! may I ncvcr pass the
nigh h the bondage of love and passion ! may I reveal the favours I LVC received, and may I
retun home manifestin6ingratitude and coldness for the bounties of Mad ad-Din.
 ~ I O G R A P I I l C A ID~ I C T I O N A R Y . 161
Again, in another kasBda, lle says:

There is no real love bul; mine for Laila; there is no glory hut that of Ibn ad-Da\vJ~ni(G),
*
And again, i n anotller :

I swear that in love I stand alonc, and that Kam31 ad-Din stands alone in beneficence!

To these might be added otl~erexamples. I l ~ nal-Jauzi (vol. II, p. 96) says, in

his History, that al-Ablah died at Uagl~dadin ilic month of ihe latter Jomkda,
A. H. 579 (Sept.-Oct. A * D. 1183). Olhcrs place his deal11 a gcar later. IIe was
interred at i l ~ cAbzcr gate, opposite to the (edifice called) at-TGjiya.-Ablah (sim-
pleton) is a word so well known that it is unnecessary to mark its pronunciation.
He was called by illis name because lllcre was a slmlc of simplicity in his character,
or, according lo somc, bccause IN was extremely sllrewcl : ablah being one of tliose
words .uvllich bear two opposile significations. It is tllus that they call a negro I{dldr
(camphor) ('l).---Having conceived a friendsllip for a youtll of Baglldad, he passed
one day by his housc, and ialting aclvanlagc of a moment when no person was
present, he wrolc on tIlc door f l c following lines (ille klilib Imad ad-Din says illat
they were rcpeated to him 1)y the author) :

Thy dwelling, 0 frill moon of the darkncss I is a paradisc which alonc can give delight to my
soul. And in a tradiliorl il is said tllat the grealcr part of the people of Paradisc are the simple.

lbn at-Taiwizi, a poet wllosc life we shall give next, satirized al-Ablali in tlze
grossest terms, but though tllc piecc is well versified, I shall abstain from inserting it.

(1) " On fabriquc 3. Tuslcr dc 11cllcs Cloflcs dc soic. C'Ctail dcs ntclicrs dc ccttc villc qtlc sortait l'btoffe des-
thee k couvrir la 1Ca'abs.l'-(Cdo3raphiL. dl&drisi, t o ~ n cI . pagc 383.)
(2) Literally : Maniksting.
(3) Literally: I preserved her, and sha (Icstroycd me; I obcyed hcr, and she disobcycd me.
In this vcrse, I have dcvclopcd thc poct's idea, to rcndcr it intclligiblc. Ho employs a rhetorical figure
which, in Arabic, is called l a f w'a naslir (folding and unfolding). Scc do Sacy's Chresfomalhie arabe, vol. 1110
page 4 4 3 , 2nd cd.
(5) See v01 11. page 57.
(6) One of the manuscripts gives the rearling ad-Dawdi.
(7) With the Arabs camphor is synonymous with whiteness.

VOL. 111. 21
 SIBT IBN AT-TAAWIZI.

Abh 'l-Fath Muhammad Ibn Obaid Allah the kdtib, surnamed Ibn at-Tabdzi, was
a poet. His father, who was a mawla to the al-Muzaffar family (l),
bore the
Dame of NBshtikin, but the son changed it into Ohaid Allah. The molher of Abfi
'I-Fath Muhammad was daughter to the holy ascetic Abh Muhammad al-MubArak
Ibn al-Mubbrak Ibn Ali Ibn Nasr as-Sarrij al-Jauhari, generally known by the
surname of ibn at-Talwizi and by the title of Jarnil ad-Dln (beauty of religion) (2).
Having been brought up from his childhood by his maternal grandfather, and having
passed his youth under his care, he also was surnamed Ibn at-Tatiwizi. As a poet,
Abd 'l-Fath stood, in his days, without a rival; in his verses he combined correctness
and sveetness of expression with tenderness and subtilty of thought. His pieces are
charming and beautiful in the highest degree; I do not think that, for two hundred
years before, any poet existed at all like him; and let not the reader of this article
blame me when I say this, for opinions vary according to the inclinations of him
who pronounces them, and it has been well said by a poet : Men's tastes differ as to
w h f they love. Ibn atlaiwizi was a kdtib (clerk) in the fief oflice (DiwCLn at-Makd-
tidt) at Baghdad. In the year 579 (A. D. 1183-.E), towards the close of his life, he
lost his sight, and in many of his poems he laments that privation and regrets ihe
days of his active youth. Before he became blind, he collected his own works into
a diwdn, drawn up in four sections and preceded by an ingenious introduction
(Uolba).-The pieceswhich he composed afterwards, he entitled az-Ztbddt (addilions),
and it therefore happens that these additions are wanting i n some copies of his diwdn.
When he lost his sight he was a pensioner of the Diwdin (the board of public service),
and then obtained that his own name should be replaced on the register by those of
his sons; but, when that was done, he wrote the following lines to the imdm (khalif)
an-Ahir li-Din illah, requesting a new pension for himself; to be continued as long
as he Eved :

Kh* of God! YOU sustain the weight of religion, the world, and islamism ; you follow closel~
the re@atiom prescribed by the ancient imlols, those land-marks of sure guidance. Under
&Y r@, poverty a d injustice have disappeared; sedition and heresy are seen no longer, and
 BIOGRAI'HICAL DICTIONARY. 163
all the people tread in the paths of good policy, beneficence, and justice. Mighty prince you
whose forluiie ceases hcr tyranny-you who have bcslowccil on us favours doulllc
and fourfold! my land is struck with sterility, and you alonc can rcstorc the irnpovcrishcd
possessor to plenty. I have a family, alas too numerousl wliich have consumcd my means, and
meir appetite is yet unsated; when tlley saw me in opulence, tllcy assemblctl around me, and
sat and hcarkcned to my wishes, but, long since, they broke every tie and turned away on
finding me penniless (3). They roam about me on every sidc, and, likc scorpions, whcrcvcr
they pass they sting. Among them arc children, boys, infants at the breast just able to creep,
aged men, and youths full grown. Fmm none of t l ~ m ,young or old, can I hope to dcrivc
advantage; they have throats Icc~dingto stomachs wllicli receive a grcater load than thcy can
carry. Their paunches are wide uld cinpty; their consuming appclile cannot be satisfied.
With them, chewing is useless; [he morsel which enlcrs liicir mouth is swallowcd willlout that
ceremony. l'he story which I now rclate concc.rns myself, ancl will amusc him who is wcll
djsposed and letlds his ear. I loolislily made over my pcnsion 10 sons, ol whom, as long as I
live, 1 shall get no good. I had in view llicir advantage, but I had not the talcnt of rlrawillg
any profit from them. I said to them: " When I die, this shall be yours; " I ~ u thcy
t ol>eycdmc
not, neither did thcy l~carkento my wishes. Thcy jugglcd me out of my money, bcforc I could
cast my eye upon it, or toucIl il with my hand. By Allah I I did wrong and harmed myself, aud
they also have done wrong. But, if you wish to end our contestations, granl me a new pension,
wherewith to encounter and amplify my straitcncd means; and if you say that I have been
made a dupe, know that the gcllcrous man is often dnl)ctl. God forcfcnd hat my old pcnsion
shonld be erased from the rcgislers of your officc and cut off. Sign your consclit. to IIIY dcmantl,
for my hopes are excited and those liopcs arc firm. Dcfcr not your answer, for I aln not to bc
put off, even though you pushed me away will1 your own bands; put it in my powcr to swcar
that, to transport my pellsion to another, I sl~allnever raisc my liand nor put it (Io 1 ~ q ) e v ) .

With what ingenuity he adduces, in these verses, the motives wliich should tend
to the fulfilment of liis desire 1 were tlie piece recited to a r o c k , it would soften and
bend it I So, t h e Commander of the faithful gave orders that he should receive the
pension. Having then oblained (as an equivalent for his fnonlhly pay) a quantity of
bad unbolted flour, he addrcssed a versified complaint to tlie storelreeper Palrllr ad-
Din ; it begins thus :

My lord Fakhr ad-Din I thou art prompt to cleeds of generosity, when other men arc averse and
slow. God forbid that you should consent to my rccciving an allowancc liltc illat of common
door-porters and torch-bearers (4). (They have giucn me) a substancc black as night, worth
fronl a farthing to a Icbdl (fourpencc) a bushel, altered by agc and spoiled to an excessive deg1.e~.
M Y offended senses are troublerl (by it), my health impaired, and the liumours of my constilution
corrupled. Take charge of my cure; I submit to an able FIippocrates t l ~ cmalady of which I
complain.

Sharaf ad-Din Abh Jaahr Ahrnad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Said Ibn Ibrahim at-Tamimi,
generally known by the appellation of Ibn al-Baladi (5), was vizir to the imdm (khalif)
if3 IBN IiHALLIIIIAN'S
al-lustanjid billah and president of the council of state (wazlr ad-Diwbn il-Az&),
He once the directors of all ihe government offices from iheir places and
committed them to prison; having then examined their accounts, h e inflicted on
them heavy fines, personal chastisements, and tortures. This occurrence induced
Sibt (6)ibn at-TadvEzi to compose the following l i n e s :

TraveUer to Baghdad ! avoid a city owerflowed by the swollen waves of tyranny. If you go to
request r favour, return, for all the doors are shut against him w110 hope. That place is no
longer what it lately was when its hotels (7) were filled wit11 solicilors, and when the heads of
noble families, eminent scholars, and distinguished ftdtibs resided within its walls. Time was
then in its newness, and fortune in the bloom of its youlh; talent and learning were richly
rewarded by generous protectors. (That city) is now ruined and so are its inhabitants ; their
mansiol~shave been desolated by the existence of our lord he vizir. Baghdad oKers nougl~tto
the living but the grare, with stones and earth to bc cast upon their corpses. Some are con-
deml~edto perpetual imprisonment, wllcre tortures ever renewed are lleaped upon them. From
thence no hopes of return ; can we hope for the return of those who inhabit the tomb ! The
people are in dcsolalio~~; ties of blood and ties of friendship hold no longer. The father hetrays
the son, [be wife the husband; relations andfrie~idsbetray. The medialion of illterccssors avails
not; offenders obtain no respire to repent of their faults. They all see the day of judgrr~ent
arrived; and those who doubted of the resurrection have now bccomc bclicvers : the crowd is not
wanting, i o r !he balance, nor the books of men's acts presented to view, nor ~1~e.volurncs
opened,
nor the call to reckoning ; the inexorable guards execute the selltencc upon mankind ; chains are
there, clubs, and punishment, nay, all the threatened terrors of the day of judgment; but a
merchl and beneficent being is not there.

He composed the following lines on the same vizir :

0 Lord ! hearken to our affliction, for thou canst remove it ; (alas /) have we not come to a
time in which Abd Jaafar is vizir.

Mnhibb ad-Din Ibn an-NajjPr (vol. I. p. i I) states, in his History of Baghdad, that
on Ibnday, the 8th of the latter Rabi, A. H. 566 (19111 December, A. D. 1170),
the imdm al-luslanjid hillah died and was succeeded $ h i s son the imhn al-Mus-
tadi hi-amr illah. The next day, Tuesday, the new khalif lleld a sitting to receive
the allegiance of his people. Immediately after, ihe mayor of the palace, (Uslbd
ad-l)&) Adud ad-Din Abh 'l-F'araraj, a person of whom we shall again speak lower
down, came forlh nith Ibn al-Easti (g), and mid : The khalif has given orders that
6 6

" the law of talion shall have its course against {his man;" pointing to the vizir.
They instantly seized on Abh Jaafar and dragged him along the ground, after .ivhich
they cut his nose, one of his hands, one of his feet, and finally his head. The
 l3IOGRAPIlICAL DICTIONARY. 4 65

trunk and the severed members were Llrcn placcd in (lhc coneauily o f ) a sllield and
castinto the Tigris. This vizir, wlicll in power, ]lad cut off llle nose of 1Ln al-Hasli's
molller, and the liand and Lllc fool of his hrolhcr, but h a t day Ibn al-llnsli toolc llis
revenge : God preserve US from 111~evil conscrlucnces of our own deeds !-Sibl
Ibn at-lalwizi was the son of a nruwla; his falhcr being one of tlie clients of Adud
ad-'l)fn Abd 'l-paraj Muhammad Ibn al-Muzaflar, tlie same who treated the vizir
Ibn al-Baladi in this manner, and he once wrotc to lris patron the following piece,
requesting (an allowance of) barley for his llorsc :

0 my patron ! t l ~ o uwhose acts of ki~~clrlcss

cannot bc countccl, ancl whosc gcl~crosityis amplc
and abundant whcn tlic gifls l~eslowcclby olllcr lllcll arc rare ! 1ho(1to W ~ I O RWC ~ have rccoorsc,
and undcr wliosc sllaclc wc rcposc wlien forlullc ]days lllc lyrant l I l~avca long story to tell o l my
old bay horse : I bought lii~nwitlioul ncccssity, anci bclrold the corlscclucnce of indulgilig in
superflaities : I tliougI~tIlc woulil lravc carricd Irly travelling furnilurc, but all my Gnc hopes
were disappoiolcil, a i d I ilcvcr imagiucd, 0 misery, that I slroulcl myself llavc to carry his lleavy
burden. A saddle is good to sil on, but il is a llcavy ol~jccton my slloultlcrs. IIis back is while
like the owl's (9) ; his worth is ncilller great nor lilllc ; l ~ i sc~ualiticsarc not of tlrc best, and his
appearance far from hanilsomc ; he is a ltrtvdn (10) and slow in liis movcincnts ; Irc is not a racer,
nor obcclicnt to the bit; ncitlicr clocs 111scrupprr nor his ncck awakcn adniiration in tlic I)c!lrolilcr;
when he slcps out Iic slops short, boi wllcrl tl~cygivc 11i1ncnougl~to cal, il is long bcforc IIC
stops. Straw and clcan barlcy dcliglit Ilirn, as also clover ant1 grccn focldcr, but tlrou wilt sec
his teeih water a t [he siglil of ikrisll (1.1); Iic has only onc fair point-~l~at of b b o i ~ ~a ggood
feeder. Then give 11i1nto-day wliatevcr is a1 llancl, and count that (slendc~*l~resent) in lllc number
of your usual donations. Say riot : L' 'r11at is too little ;" a single straw is precious in his eyc.

I give these pieces because they arc greatly admired (L2), but llis ItasBdas containing
the praises of lljs mistress and his patrons are of 1he utmost beauty. He composed
a book called KilOb al-liajaba wa 'l-llijdb (on chamberlairzs and door-curtains) (13);
it fills about fifteen quires [~hrechulidred pages) and is a scarcc work. Tlie author
treats the subject at grcat length. Imid ad-Din al-Ispalilni mcnlions, in liis
Wartda, that when he passed in to Syria and was allaclied to tllo service of the sullan
Salih ad-Din, ILn at-l'aiwizi, ~ v i t hwlloni he had becn acquainted wlicn in IrAk,
addressed to him ail epistle with a Aaslda i n ~vliichhe requested from him a present
of furred pelisse. Ile gives a copy of ihc epislle, wliicli ran as follows : " (Thy
" humble scrvanl) imposes a task on your noblc qualities wliicli never felt bene-
" ficence to be a task (l&)),and die llerc offers thee lris expectatiol~sas a present, and
" such a present! They consist in the obtaining of a Damascus furred pelisse,
66
magnificent, spotless, soft to the touch, a n ornament to the wearer, made wilh
 166 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
6. skins carefully dressed, sewn with Care, long as 111)' longanimily, ample as thy
beneficence, fair as thy reputation, handsome as t11y deeds, large as tlry heart,
spotless as thy honour, excellent as thy merit, ernhroidcrcd like tlly poetry and
prose; its (pleasing) like thy aspect, its interior (sound) like illy heart,
adorning the wearer, and embellishing the assemblies; to serve as B cloak to thy
humble servant and as a lustre to thy glory, which God protecl! so lllat even he
who does not wear it may be grateful to thee, and hc who does no1 put it on may
praise Lee for it. The gloss of its fur may fade, but lllc imprcssion of gratitude
L

which it produced will remain ; the skins may wear out, but our t11onLs and
praises shall always be renewed. (Thy servant) llas co~nposcdsomc vcrscs i n w l ~ i c l ~
c ' are combined every species of ornament, and, tlrouglr tlic sending of them to

I' you is like the sending of dates to Hajar (i5), yet he presents Ll~crnin t11e snme

" manner as perfumes are offered to the perfumcr and as clotlics arc placed in the

" hands of the vender. (Thy servant) thus dcposits his culogium i n its fiiting
" place, and he brings the merit (of his produclion) into conjunclion will1 tlie
" meritorious, by composing this (kastda) in thy honour and confiding i t to llle
" sfeguard of thy generosity." Inlid ad-Din then gives the has$da, which hegins
thus :

I should sacrifice my father to preserve that persolr for whom, in my lovc, I pinc wilt1 desire
and passion.

This piece is to be found in his (Ibn at-TadwEzi's) diwdn. In reply to tllis kasida,
ImPd ad-Din wrote another, rhyming in the snme syllable ; thcy are both of great
length. Before mentioning the epistle and the kastda, Imkd ad-Din spedcs in lllcsc
terms of the author : A young man of talent, instruction, influence, discretion,
" manliness, spirit, and honour, with whom I was united i n the bonds of friendship
" bg the sincerity of our mutual sentiments, and who posscsscd i n perfection all the

" means (ofpleoring)which wit, ingenuity, and intelligence can besto~v." He then
inserts the epistle with the katEda and its answer. I never saw any thing in the
style of this letter except one of which I shall speak in the life of Balli ad-Din Ibn
Shaddad, to whom I6n Khariif al-Maghribi indited an epistle of great originality, in
, which he asked him for a pelisse of marten-skins.-Ibn at-Taiwizi was born on
Ffiday~the 10th of Bajab, A. H. 519 (12th August, A. D. 1125), a n d h e died at
Baghdad on the 2nd of Shawwil, A. H. 584 (24th November, A. D. 1188) ; some
 I3IO(;RAPI~llCAI~D I C T I O N A R Y . 167

say, 583. He was interred at the Abrez gate. According to Ibn an-NajjPr, in his
History, the birth of Ibn at-Taswizi took place on a Friday, and his death on Saturday,
the 18th of Slla~wiil.-Tadwhi means a writer of amulets; ladwtz signifying amulets.
~t was under this surname that Abh Muhammad al-Mubbrak lbn al-Mubiirak Ibn
,-Sarrij al-BaghdPdi , ihe pious and holy ascetic already named towards the
beginning of this article, was gencrally known. Ibn as-Samini (vol. 11. p. 156),
who mentions him in (he Zail (supplemenl) and in the Ansdb, says : Perhaps his
c ( father dealt in charms and wrote amulets." Ibn as-Samini received from him
some traditional information ; this writer says also : " 1 asked h i m where and when
he was born, to which he rcplied : ' At al-Karkh (the suburb of Baghdad), in the
dt year M6 (A. D. 1083-4).' IIe died in the month of the first Jumida, A. H. 553
(June, A. D. 1158), and was interred in the ShGnizi cemetery. He recited to me
the following lines as his own :

Le1 one object only (God) engage your thoughts, and leave aside a11 other cares. You may
t f

thus liappily obtain such knowlcdgc: as ]nay rander human learning useless."

He then informed me that these were tlic only verses he ever composed (16)."
--Nushlikin is a foreign namc bornc by while slaves (mamldlcs). We have already
stated, in the beginning of this article, that Nushtikfn was a mamliik belonging to
a descendant of nl-Muzaffar, the son ol thc Rais ar-Ruwasi. Ibn at-TaAwizi being
one of their naawlas, and much indebted to their kindness, composed a number of
brilliant poems in their praise, and these he assembled in one of the four chapters
into which his diwdn is divided.

(1) See page 1 6 5 of this volume.

(2) A short account of al-MubArak Ibn at-TaflwPzi will be found at thc end of this article.
(3) The word Bild, the plural of kiida, signifies segments, pieces cut o f a coin, to serve as small change.
( 4 ) The word L&; (naffdt) means a prcpmer of cornbu.rlibZes with naphtha.
( 5 ) An account of the rise and fall of tho vizir Ibn al-Baladi is given in the Dual al-lsldnziya, by Ibn at-
Tiktaka, page 3 6 5 of the edition published by Mr. Ahlwardt under the title of El-Fakhri. Ibn al-AtMr gives
an account of his death in the Kdmil, year 5 6 5 .
(6) SiLt (L) signiGes a daughter's son, a grandson by the female line.
(7) The signification of the word raba has been explained in vol. I. page 3 4 7 .
(8) None of the historians whoso works I have consulted speak of this person. One of the MSS. of Ibn
BallikAn reads osSibti 1) instead of al-Basfi (&l 1).
(9) This whiteness of the back resulted probably from its having been excoriated by the saddle.
168 ' IBN I{I-IALI,II{AN'S
(10) Tile word horjn has two meanings: wlan taken as a noun, it is n r m c of r h m o u s mcc-borse (pee
vol.11. page 819, note (2) ); and, when cmploycd as an ndjcclivc, it means 0 e suddenly stops
~ ~ o t sthat
1t may be perceived that the poet mcant to play Upnu this (l0lll)l~sifwification-
((1) lkrlsh is e#, Arabic name of four or five dillcrcnt plilnk llcrc it may pcrllaps dcsignatc triticum
repens. See Sontheirner3sHe~Z-unclNahrungsmitlel von Ebn Baital., h. 11. S. 204.
(ie) The easy graceful sstylc in which this last picce is wrilten llns tlisal,llC;lrCti ill tile kmslCtti0n.
(13) The doorway leading into the saloon where a grcat man gives andicnco is closctl liy R Clirtain; a cham-
berlain (hdjib) posted there lifts up a corner of thc curtain to let 211~visitor C ~ l t c r . - - A IhC
~ lillcs of Arablc
books rarely indicate the subjects of which they trcat, this morlc of Ibn at-Tnhwlzi's m a y not pcrhnps have any
reference to chamberlains: Hajuba wa ' l - l l j d b may sigrliry iltc keepers o/'secl.cts and tlte veils under witich
secrets are hidden.
(14) In the Arabic text of this letter, the third person singular is Cml110yctl in plncc of llle second. This is
a customary form of respect.
(IS) Hajar, a town of Arabia, in the province of I3ahrain, was rcnnwlletl for the al~antl;n~cc of ils dates;
whence the proverb: C' Like him who carries dates to 1Ia~ar." It is ctiuiv;ilcnt lu l . 1 1 ~FS~rglisl~
onc of carrying
coals to Newcastle.
(16) Im5d ad-Din, who met al-hlublralc lbn at-Tahwlei at Damascus s ~ ~ b s c q nllr yn to t l ~ cycar 54 0 (h. D.
1146), says that he was a holy and virtuous shaikh, of an engaging aspect, agrceiil~lcin his manners, and
pleasing in his discourse.-(h'hartda, MS. No. 1447, fol. 72 v.)

IBN AL-MUALLIM T H E P O E T .

Abii 'l-Ghaniim IIuhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Fdris Ibn Ali Ibil Abd Allall Ibn al-Il.usain
Ibn al-Kisim al-Wksii (native of Whit) al-Hurthi, surnamed Najm ad-])in (star of
c of the
religion), and generally known by the appellation of Ibn 81-Muallim ( ~ hson
preceptor), was a celebrated poet. His pieces are so replete with pathetic sentiment
and natural delicacy of thought, that they seem to melt with tenderness. He was
one of those whose poems got into wide circulation, whose name acquired popularity,
and whose verses procured them public esteem, wealth, and infioence. The corn-
position of verses formed the occupation of his life, and the epoch in which he
lived encouraged him to persevere. His poems are chiefly amatory, eulogistic, or
miscellaneous : the style is easy and the thoughts are just. The greater part of his
poetry is devoted to the description of love, desire, affection, and passion ; his verses
seize the heart and possess a charm to which vcry few are insensible : people listcn to
them with pleasure and retain them in their m i n d ; they communicate them one to
another; preachers quote them i n their exhortations, and the assemblies listen wiih
delight. I heard some shaikks of al-Ba(lih (l) say that Ibn al-luallim's poctry
derived its touching effect from a single circumstance, namely : that every kadda
which he composed was immed.iately cornmilled to memory by the dervishes ([alilrs)
bdonging to the order which is called the fiifdiie, after its founder the shaikh Ahmad
Ibn ar-Rifii (vol. I. p. 1521, and, as they sung these poems at their (religious)
concerts for the purpose of exciting their souls to a state of mystic rapture, the
blessed influence of their sighs passed into and pervaded his poetry. I found them
all convinced of this as of a fact which left no dor~bto n their minds. (Be rhis as it
may, i shall only observe), in a summary manner, that his poems resemble elegies,
and that no man wit11 tlie least spark of love in his bosom can hear them willlout
yielding to their charm and feeling his passion revive. A mutual jealousy subsisted
between lbn al-bfuallim and Ibn at-Taiwizi (p. lG2 of this vol.) ; this led the latter to
satirize our poet in a piece of verse rhyming i n j , which, though vcry fine, we need
not insert. Ibn al-Rluallim conlposed a long 1;astda which opens thus :

Bring back the camels which liave hastened off wit11 their fair burdens; when thc lnansion is
no longer inhabiteil, it ceases to be homc. 111 ~ l l a tvallcy rcsidcd (a muicl) from whosc access
you wcre dcbarrcd, ancl wl~osepliant waist Iaughcd to scorn thc wjllow-])ranch. She bcrraycd
her inconsta~lcya t (our) first assignation (69 staying azoay) ; who now can engage lhat she will
fulfil a second promise? How can we meet wllilst (warriors) of her tribe, sons of combat and
lions of battle, surround h c r ? (warriors) who long have borne the spear, and whose hands,
mcthinks, wcre only formed to wield the pliant lance. They have girded ~ h cbright swords,
and nought is seen in the nomadic camp, but the Indian cirnetcr and thc pikc. If I turned
away, 'twas to avoid tllc observation of focs aod not from saticty or indiffccence. Inhabitants of
NomPn (2) I where are thc days we passecl at Tuwaila? (Tellme where!) inhabitants of Nomb!

In anolher poem, he says :

How often dicl I say : Beware (the valley o f ) al-Auk, for its gazclles (maidens) are wont (3)
" to make its lions (wnrrio?.~~their prey." Yct you chose to chase the tender fawns of flijiz,
and fortune being adverse, you became their prey.

He says again, i n anolher kaslda :

0 neighbours ! the tears which flowed (from my eyes were once plentiful and) worrhless, bat
(separated as we now are) by the hands of absence, (they are exhausted and) prmious. Let
VOL. III. 23
 us tarry v the (tuhercmy bslovcd midcd); Slop lljfrf for ;In ill~l;lnlsllorl a s wllich is
requisuired
to on 1 maflllc or u,lrlo a C ~ ~ I C l~lrt'r.
~ ' S V 1 ( 11 s i o 1 1 Such
moments 1 woull chwply purchase with my lire ;judgc ~ l i e l lif I woul(1 spare I I I Y ~ V C~II~.

In another kastda, he says:

(I swore) an oath by t l ~ eintoxicating moisture enclosed willlin l l ~ lips c (of ?rly bclou~d)and
circled wiih hidden pcwls, that, when tl~ccamel-drivr!r rt.ac.licrL il~(!hill fsorrl n l l i c l ~nl-Ozaib (4)
could be seen, I should brcathc my last. J3ul wlia now will ~ I ( ~ tllc! I I ~ (o cbs])iarcb rr l y oil111 ? Ilad 1
not secn in that valley tlle traces of lny bciovcd 1,ailn allcl ( o i i ~ , c - ( s( 1 ) ( l r c l r ( l i ~ . ul ~ i gs l u m ~ e y i q )
passion, I should not have returned here like onc povscssctl (by n llurwon).

The motive which induced I l ~ nal-Muallirn to compose llic knstrha (/?on&which

this last passnge cztraclcd) was, illat he, ol-Al11~11~
it (1). 159 of this vol.) and'Ibn
at-Tadwizi (p. 162 of lhis uol,) having rcad lllc cxtjliisilc icudrlu of stirr-1)urr7s
(vol. 11.p. 321) which begins will1 tl~isverse : Is it ilurs i k u l t h ~love O[ all (my)
cotcmporarirs is r e p i l e c l ? 1s such thc general churacfcr of fllryc-ryerl gavlia
(maidens)? and of which we shell again speak in llic lilc of A ~ n i i l al-8ulk
Muhammad, they were filled wilh admiration, and l h n ill-ll~iallimcomposed lhis
poem in ihe same prosodiac measure. Ibn at-Taiiwizi wrote, on tlrc surnc occasion,
a brilliant kastda which he sent to the sullan Salhll ad-1)in (Soludirt), who was then
in Syria. It contains the praises of this princc and Lcgitls illus :

If your habits, when in love, resemble rninc, let us stop uur canlcls at thc two sand-hills 01
Ylzbrin (3).

81-hlslah also composed a kastda, but Ibn at-Taiwizi's is tllo l ~ c s lof tlic tllrec.
A story is handed down that Ibn al-Muallim related as follows : " When in
" Baghdad, I passed one day by the place wl~eroillc sliuihh ALQ 'l-Faraj Ibn al-
'* Jauzi (vol. 11. p. 96) used to hold his siltings fur 1110 pllrposc of delivering pious
" exhortations; and, seeing a dense crowd ~ssembled,I aslccd n pcrson l l ~ c r ewhat
" had brought them together ? He replicd : It is tllc prcncller Ibn al-Jauzi who
" ' is llolding a siiting.' Not being aware illat he did so, I forced my wl*y forward
" till 1 could see and hear him. He was ihen prenclling, and, in tile *lids( of his
" efiortations, he exclaimed: And it has been well said by ibn a l - l u a l l i m :
I & 4
The repetition of Thy name gives fresh plcasuro to my car; and he who repcats it is
" charming to my sight."'
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 171

6. I was greaily struclt wilh the coincidence of my presence and this citation of a
verse from one of my own poems, but neither Ibn al-Jauzi nor any pcrson in the
( Lassembly knew that I was there." Thc verse of which he speaks belongs to one
of his most celebrated kastclas. In another poem, Ibn al-lluallim says :

fily fortitude has bccn overcome by a person whom I darc not make known, and my heart's
blood has becn wanlonly shcd by one whom I dare not name. Sbc was cruel, 11ut my tongue
had not power to rcproacl~her; yet my heart had strength cnough to suRer hcr tyranny.

On the day when the hatlle of the Camel was fought ncar Basra, the engagement
had not yet begun, when (the lihalif) Ali sent his cousin Abd Allah lbn al-Ahbjs wilh
a leitcr to Tall~aand nz-Zubair, i n which hc endeavoured to dissuadc illem from
commencing hoslililies. I n giving Ibn al-Abbls the Iciler, hc said : ' c Do not have
any interview will1 Talha, for you will find him (heads~rong)as the bull which
twists up its nose; he will mount an unruly camcl and say it is perfectly broken (6);
but meet az-Zubair, for he is of a more Iraclablc disposilion, and say to him :
Tby maternal cousin (7)sends tbcc this message : T!lou hast kno~vnme in IIijh
and wilt not Irnow mc in Irik ; what has occurred to change thy former
" feelings (S)?' " Ali was ilie first pcrson who employed this expression, and I b l ~
al-lluallirn inserted it in thc folIowing verse :

They oflcred him ~ h s i salutations

r at al-JazB (g), and they turned their backs on him at al-
Ghaur (10) ;what has occurred to change their former feelings ?

This vcrse is to be found i n one of his long kas$das; I toolc AIi's message from a
work entitled Nalq al-Bal&gha (the highway of oloqucnco) (11). It is needless to
expatiate on tllc beauties (12)of Ihn al-Muallim's poetry, as his diwdn is well known
and i n general circulation. Be was born on the eve of the 17th of thc latter
Jurnlda, A. H. 501 (2nd February, A. D. iIOB), and he died at al-Hurlh on the
4th of Rajab, A . 13. 592 (3rd June, A. D. l i96).-Hurthi means Belonging lo al-
Hurth, which is a village in the district of Nahr Jaafar, at ten parasangs from Wasit.
It was his nalive place, and he continued to reside in it till his death.

(1) See vol. I. page 153.

('2) See page 1 3 3 of this
volume.
(3) I suppose that the copyists have written, by mistake, +p for c;()3 .
179 IBN III-XAI,J.JII(AN'S
( 4 ) hl-oZsib is the name borne by a number of sl~ringssitualed i n d i L r e n t parts of thc Arabian desert,
(5) See page 126 of this vol~me.
(c) Or: He will engage
;( in difficulties and S q that they C J S ~ ~g01
Y 0vcr.l'

(7) Safila, the mober of az-Zubair, and Ab) Tblih, the h t b c r of Ali, r c r r llrather and sistcr.
(8) The Arabic words signify literally: What has passed away of Illat wlricll h a s appeared? This prayer-
bial expression is noticed by al-Maidhi, tome 11. p"C 657 of Frcytag's cdilion.
(9) AI-JazB (the valley); some valley in Arabia is hcre meant.
(l Q)AI-Ghaur is the name given to the valley of the Jordan.
(11) Nald al-Bnldgha (the highway of e2oqucnce). This work is statctl by somc writers to hnvc been corn-
piled by the sharif Abb 'l-K&simAli al-Murtada (vol. If. p. BSG), and Ihnt il consisls of maxims and discourses
uttered by Ali Ibn Abi Tglib; but the general opinion is unfavorublc to ils aulhcnticity. Somc largo commen-
taries have been composed to elocidate it.
(1%)I read fardid with the edition of Boulac.

IlUWAFFAK AD-DIN AL-IRBILI.

Abb Abd Allah l u h a m m a d Ibn Ybsuf Jbn Muhammad Ibn Klid 81-Irbili (nalive
of Arbrla), surnamed Muwaffak ad-llin (fuvoured in his rcliyion), was brought up at
Arbele, the native place of his family, but lie was born at Bahrain, (whencc his
sunzame of al-Balirdni). This celebrated poct, who bore also illo liighcst reputation
by his knowledge of the (pure) Arabic language, displayed great talents in all Be
various species of poetry; Le ranked with the most learned of the age i n ille sciences
of prosody and rhyme; in poetical criticism he was one of tIlc most acute; in dis-
tinguishing faults from beaulies, one of ihe most skilful, and in testing poetical
eomposilions, one of the most expert. Having acquired some knowledge of the
sciences of the ancients jilrc Grcel~s),he drew u p an explanation of (llc difficulties
olfered by) ihe Book of Euclid. At Bahrain, when yet a boy, and beforc he had
comrnenccd his literary studies, he composed verses in imitation of the example
~fferedby the Arabs of ihe desert. Be was ihe master under whose tuition Abh
'~-BarakitIbn al-Pustaufi (vol. Il. p. 556), tile author of the Wislorg of Arbela,
studied the sciences connected with the art of poetry and finished his education*
 EIOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY, I73

This writer speaks of h i m in his work and says, after enumerating his merits:
6 . Our shailrk Abh 'l-Uararn Makki nl-18kisini the grammarian"-we shall give
his life-" had recourse to him for the solution of numerous grammatical diffi-
culties, and obtained answers 10 all the queslions which he proposed to him."
Mu1vaffak ad-Din travelled to Shahrozfir and resided there for some time; he hen
removed to Damascus and celebrated, in a long kaslida, the praises of ihe sultan
Sa]hh ad-Din. He left a diwdn of good poetry and of elegant epistles. As a poet,
he ranked wilh lhose of 'his contemporaries whom we have already noticed in illis
One of his productions is a Icastcla composed in honour of Zain ad-Din Abii
'I-BJuzaffar Yhsuf Ibn Zain ad-Din, the prince of hrbcla of whom some mention has
been made in the life of his brolher Muzaffar ad-Din (vol. II. p. 536). This piece
opens with the following lines :

The mansion at al-Ghada has long suffercd from decay, and travellers stop to shed tears over
its ruins. Its ulalls have moulclcrcd away, and nought remains but the traccs which time has
only spared to cffacc thcm hereafter. Tlicre I spent many (happg) clays; but alas! they have
passcd away ; the blessings of Cod be on those days and on that dwelling ! Tllc dark clouds of
morning stopped over it and slled the contents of tl~cirbosoln upon its naked soil ;weeping over
thcse ruins in tllc abscncc of my tears I may God recompense that service I Say to those who
resided here (1) : " The tics (of frienclsl~z$)wilh which I bound you hold no longer (2) ; and
" yct I lovccl you, for you (by your honorntle renown) were a tree whose suminit no bird could

" reach. Every night tliat passcd, a guard stood around it, their lances moist will1 gore (3);
I' and wllen a transgressor st~.etchcd his hand towards its Branches, that hand was severed (Pom
" the a13m)before i t touched the fruit. But the duty (of defending your honour) was at length
' I r~11axcc1,SO that i t sccmcd to the spcctator an unprotected and an easy prize. Your soil is
" Eruitlul, but I approacll not, in scarcl1 of pasturc, except to grounds of dilficult access; God
creatcd me not to fceil my flocks in a meadow easy of approach, where be may lead his flocks
" wlio will (4). Jvhcn llope i~npcllcdme to court your favours, despair stood before me and
tunicd mc away. ( M y fcdings tou~u~-ds you are) now the last remains of that love which
" co~r~rncnccd with dtsirc, Think 1101 that I shall rcturn to you; cxperiencc has removcd the
" bandagc. from my eyes; know that Zain ad-Din has granted me a favour which precludes me
" from desiring ally other."

This poem is long and its eulogistic part is very fine.-His father was a native of
Arbela and followed tllo profession of a merchant; like olher merchants, he used to
visit Bahrain and remain there for some time, procurins pearls from the diving-
beds; i t therefore happened ~ l l a this son 81-luwaflal~Abb Abd Allah was born in
that place. Thc child was taken to Arbela, and, for the reason just given, ihe sur-
name of al-Bahrlni was hcstowed upon it. Muwaffak ad-Din al-Irbili died at Arbela
l74 IBN I(NALLII(AN'S
on the eve of Sunday, the 3rd of the lattcr nahi, A. 11. 585 (2ist )lay, 8 . D.
i i ~ g ) ,and was interred in the family cemctcry situalcd 10 llle soul11 of al-Bast.
Al-Jlutarrizi says, in his ililbb al-Mughrib, t l ~ a tal-basl is a Persian word (lesl) \yllieL
signifies the spreading out of lhe water at the l120t~lhof U r i w (5).--na\wdni means
belonging to al-Bahrain, which is a small town near IIajar (G). AI-~zllari(P.48 of
!his vol.) says that it received the name of al-Bahrain (lhc two seas) bccausc (it lief
near Be sea, and because) a lake is situaled ncnr ihe villages of t l ~ a lplace, at the
entrance into (the region called) al-Ahsb. Thc villagcs or Unjor a r c icn parasangs
distant from the Green Sea (lho Persian Gulf). Tlic lake is llircc milcs in lenglh and
as many in breadth ; its waters are brsckisli ; tllcy ncvcr d1.y up, Lul rcmain stag-
nant. AbB Obaid (col. Il. p. 486) stales that AbG Muliam~~latl (Yuliya) al-l'azidi (7)
related the following anecdote: (The Ithalif) al-hfalldi nsltcd m c and al-Iiishi
('

l L (vol. 11. p. 237) why a native of al-Bahrain should l ~ callcrl

e n Bahrdrti, wl~creas
a person belonging to al-Hisnain was designaled as a IIisni (nwd rtoi us a Ilisnini).
To this al-Kisti replied that pcoplc dislilrcd saying I l i s ~ ~ d r on
i i account 01 (lhc dis-
agreeable souttd caused by) the proximily of the two U ' S ; ancl I nnsvqcrccl [or Doh-
.'' rdni, that they preferred it to Bahri, becailsc t11c mcailing of ~ l lallcr ~ c tcrm lniglit
" be mistaken, bearing, as it does, another significntion, ilomcly : * bclojlginp to the
" sea.' "-AI-Dast is the bed of a broad 14rer passing tllrotlgl~ Arbcla; lllc winter
torrents and those ofspring flow through it. It conlains a grcat rjuantility of small
stones.

(I) Literally: to neighbours.

(2) Literally: are rotten in their sfrands. The strands of a rope arc t l ~ csmnllcr ropcs 01' which it is corn-
posed. Ropes are generally made of three strands of twisted cords. Tllc Araljlc wortl is lrizon (&3), the
plural of kuwa (G).
(3) Literally: The points of their spears sweated death.
(4) Throughout this piece the poet employs, with a figurative signification, the pastoral terms elnployed by
the nomadic Arabs. Feeding flocks here signifies: obtaining riclies or fuvou~,s.
(5) At the end of the article the author informs us what the Bust of Arbcln is.
(6) See page 268 of this volume.
(7) His life will be found in this work.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

IBN AD-DAHHAN.

Abb ShujPa Muhammad Ibn Ali Ihn Sboaib, surnamed Fakhr ad-Din (glory of
religion), and generally known by the appellation of Ibn ad-DahhAn he son of the
oilman), was a native of Bngl~dad, a calculator of inheritance-shares (faradi) (I), an
arilhmclician, and a philologer. Having left Baghdad, he proceeded to Mosul and
got nttaclied to tlle visir Jarnil ad-Din al-Ispah5ni (B); but he afterwards passed into
the service of Ihc sullan Sal811 ad-Din, and was nominated by him director of the
government office (dizudn) at fi1aiyBQrikln. Being unable, in this post, to come to
a good understanding with tlie governor of the city, he removed to Damascus and
obtained a very inadequate pension, so that he dragged on a miserable existence.
In Ihe year 586 (A. D. 1190), he went to Egypt, and subsequently returned to
Damascus, where he setllcd. Hc drew up, on tlic partilion of inheritances, a number
of works, containing tables, and, amongst other treatises, he composed a GhurCb al-
l l a d l h (.clnusual cgpressions occurring in lhe Traditions), thc contents of which fill
sixteen small volumes. I n illis produclion he employed certain letters by means of
which any word sought for could bc found out. His pen was more eloquent than
his fonguc. He cornpilcd also a Iiistory and olllers works. Abh 'l-Barakdt Ibn al-
Mustaufi (uol. 11. p. 556) mentions liim in the History of Arbela, and counts him
among ihc strangers who visited that city : He was," says he, a man of learning
' l

" and varied information ; lie composcd some good poetry." This historian then
gives the verses composed by Ibn ad-Dahhrin in praise of the shaiklt Taj ad-Din Abh
'l-Yumn Zaid Ibn al-Ilasan al-ICindi (001. I. p. 546). The A&tilrImhd ad-Din also
speaks of him will1 high commendation i n the Iiha~tda, and gives some fine
passages from his poetry. One of ihese pieces is the foIlowing, composed on the
grammarian AbQ Illuhammad Said Ibn al-Mublrak Ibn adDahhln, generally known
by the surname of an-Nisi11 (the monitor), who had lost one of his eyes; we have al-
ready spoken of this person (vol. I. p. 574) :

Acl-Dahh5n is not far from having a son more deccitful (3) than himsell in two ways. ('5%
like) onc of the wonders of the sea, you may well relate it : (the son has) a single eye and a
doubIe face (4).
176 IBN ILHALLIICAN'S
Anolher of the passages cited in ihc same work is lllc following, addressed to a
person of rank on his recovery from sicliness :

The madc a vow lhat on the h y of thy recovery they Would lrold a bsl ; 1 alone vowed
not to hold one, but 10 break it. For I knew t h a l llle day of lily recorury would bc a fcs[ivd;
and on such days I disapprove of fasling though obligcd to do so by a vow.

He also some fine poems for recilation. IIc was slcillcd i n astro-
nomy and in ihe use of astronomical tables. His deal11 took plncc a t al-llilla tps-
Saifiya in the rnonlh of Safar, A. H. 590 (January-February, A. 1). i 104.). IIe had
set out from Damascus to perform the pilgrimage, and, in returning, Ire look the
rood leading to Irik; but, on arriving at al-Billa, his camel Icll undcr him, aild a
piece of the wooden saddle struck him in the face and lcillcd him on lllc spot. 15s
stature was low, his face smooth, his beard long, tlrin, ant1 wllile, inclining to
yellow.-Some say that he bore illc surname of Burlidn ad-Din ( p r o ~ f o f r c l i ~ i o n ) .
-Having already spoken of aCIlilla (vol. I. p. G34), we nccd not rcpcal our ol~scr-
vations. .
(1) See vol. I. pag8 421, where the word f u d d must be replaccd 11y f<rrdkl.
(2) The life of the vizir JamB1 ad-Din Abd Jaafar Muhammad al-Ispahdni will bc found in this volomc.
(3) Dahhdn signifies not only an oilman but decciifiil.
(4) A double face means duplicily; the inUucncc of the evil-eye was particula1.1y aclivc i n onc-cycd mcn.

IBN ONAIN.

AbB 'l-Mahisin Muhammad Ibn Nasr Ibn al-Husain Ibn Onain al-Ansriri, SW-
named Sharaf ad-Din (nobleness of religion), was born in Damascus, hut his family
belonged to Kbfa. With him closed the series of our great poets; his equal has
never since appeared, and, iowards the close of his life, he remaincd willlout a
rival. I n his poetical compositions, excellent as they are, he did not confine him-
self to one parlicular slyle; on the contrary, he displayed his talents i n all the
 BIOGRAPIIICAL DICTIONARY. 177
various branches of that art. His literary information was most cstcnsivc: the
greater part of tlie poetry eomposcd by the Arabs of the desert was familiar to Irin~,
and, as I have bccn informed, he could repeat from memory thc conleilts of Ibn
Duraid's (p. 38 of this vol.) pllilological urorl<, the Jamhara. He had a slrong
p s i o n for satire and took pleasure in attacking the reputation of otllcrs; a long lcaslda
of his, to wliich h e g a v d l l e titlc ol Mikrdd al-A&r&d(Ihe scissors to cul u p reputa-
lions), is (lirccled against some of tlle chicf mcn at Damascus. The recurrence of
his invectives against individuals l~avingobliged tllc sultan Salill ad-Din to banish
from that city, he composed, on lcaving it, tlic follo.vving lines :

Why have you banished an honest man who ncvcr committed a crime, who never stole? Expel
the muwuzsin from your country, if all are to bc cxpelled who speak the truth (1).

- Ibn Onain travelled ovcr various countries, such as Syria, Irllr, Mesopotamia,
Adarbaij$n, KhorisLn, Gl~azna,KllowBrezrn, and Transoxinna ; he next visiled India
and Yemen, whicll Iatter counlry was then under t l ~ crule of Saif al-Islim Toghtikin
lbn Aiyfib (vol. 1. p. 6 5 5 ) . thc brotller of ille sultan Salhll ad-Din. Aller residing
there for some time, h c procccdcd to 1)amascus by way of IIijdz aiicl Egypt. Proin
Damascus h e made frcquent cxcursions to other cities and rcturlled home again.
I n thc year G23 (A. I). 1226) I sntv him at Arbela, but did not oblain any thing from
him (2); lic llad been sent thcre on a polilical mission by al-filalik al-Muazzam
Sliaraf ad-Din Isa, illc son of al-Malilr al-AAilil and sovereign of Damascus (vol. 11.
p. 428). He made but a short stay, and set out again. When in India, he wrote
the following lincs to llis brotller at Damascus : tlic second verse he borrowcd from
AbG 'I-Ald 'I-Maarri (GO!. I. p. 94), but this lie was wcll entitled to d o (ifwc lake into
consideration his own talents) :

Separated as we arc, I forgivc thy silence, for I lcnow thal thy letters could not find a bcarcr ;
and I pardon thy taif (3) its cruclty (in not visi~ingm9 slumbers), for, af~crtravelling all night,
it was still separatecl from me by a journey of Inany days (4).

How well that is expressed, and with what elegance he introduces the verse of AbbhP
'I-AlP! The same ihought recurs in different passages of his poetry ; thus, in a long
kastda, he says :
0 zephyr that comest from Tall Ribit and the meadows of al-Hima f how hast thou found thy
way to India ?
VOL. III. 23
178 1BN IiHALLIKAN'S
He said also, in a piece composed at Aden, a city in Yemen :

0 my friads! 1 ask not your tnif to visit (my ~~267n6crS)

; for, alas ! ~ O h
Wr is ad-Dailalniylt
from Aden f

Ad-Dailamiy&, Tall RQhit, and a l - H h a are places situated in the plain of Da-
mascus, The verse in al-Maarri's poem, wliich precedes ilie one given above, runs
as follows :
I asked how far it was from al-Akik to al-Hima? and I marvcllcd at the wide interval and the
journey's length.

81-Maarri borrolved this tl~oughtfrom Dlbil Ibn Ali 'l-Kl~uzti,a poct of whom we
have already spoken (vol. I. p. 507). Dibil composcd a satire on tlio khalif al-
Motasim billah, the son of HBrOn ar-Rashid, and, search hnving becn mndc for him,
he fled from I r L to Egypt and took up his residence at Uswan (Sycne), in the farthesi
extremity of that country. On this occasion he composed tllc verses which follow:

A man driven by his apprehensions to Uswiin has not prcscrvcd the lcasr tracc of fortitude,
I have fixed my abode in a spot which the cye cannot reach, ant1 which tllc taif ilsclS would be
unable to attain, were it to undertake so fatiguing a journey.

We have been here led away from our subject, but one word brings on another.
-Subsequently to the death of the sultan Salt11 ad-DEn, when nl-Malik al-Atdil look
possession of Damascus (51, ibn Onain was absent on the journey whic11 he undertook
in consequence of his banishment ; but (onlearnhg the events wldch had lalten place),
he directed his steps towards Damascus and wrote to nl-Mnlik al-AQdil tlic ka'dda
rhyming in r , wherein he requests permission to entcr ille city. I n this poem he
describes hnascus, relates the sufferings which he undcrwcnt in foreign lands, and
addresses a most touching appeal to that prince's cornmiseretion. This piece, which
is of the highest beauty, begins thus :

Could it harm the taif of my friends, were it to undertake a nocturnal journey ( a d visit me)?
Could it harm (W foes), did they let me indulge in sleep (6) ?

In the beginning of the poem he describes Damascus, its gardens, rivers, and the
delightful spots in its vicinity ; he then alludes to his banishment in these terms:

I left it, but not Killhgly ; I abandoned it, hut not through hatred; and I journeyed forth, but
 BIOCRAPE-IICAL DICTIONARY. 179
not from choice. I seek to share in (the khalif's) bounty which overspreds every land; llow
strange that (by me alone his favou~s)must be requested by urgent prayers! I (tlie?afore)veil
them; and, disguising (m9 talents), I tuck up the (proucl)
the face of my culogiums, not to ~~rofane
train of my expeclalions.

In the same piece, he says, complaining of his sufferings during his absence from
home :
TO thee I complain of the pains of absence ; time passed so slowly, that each of those days
seemed to me a month ; my cxistc~~ce ncvcr brightens up, the traces of love arc never cfl'accd
from my heart, and tile hand of slumbcr ~lcvcrtoucllcs m y eyclicls. My days arc spent in an
abode far from the luxuriant vcgclalion ( o f Darnrtscus), and I pass the nights, debarrcd from
access to tlie pure watcr (of its SO-cams). Slrangc that all maiikiad sl~oulclrepose under the
tutelary shade of thcsc (~~rinccs),
and that I alone sllould be an outcast in the desert !

This is a most beautiful Icasltda, and it surpasses, in my opinion, AbG Bakr Ibn
Ammbr al-Andalusi's (p. 127 of this vol.) kasCda in the same rhyme and measure,
which commences thus and of wllicli we have already spolien :

Pass round the glass, for the zephyr has come.

When al-Malilr al-A8dil read Ibn Onain's poem, he autllorised him to enter Da-
mascus. On arriving there, the poet said :

I satirised thc grandces in Jillik (7), ancl I appalled the lower ranks by my invectives against
the higher. Driven from it I was, but I returned despile them all.

He displaycd great acuteness in the composition and solution of enigmas, and,

when any were sent to him in writing, he resolved them immediately and wrote
back an answer in verse, much finer than tlie question was. As he had no induoe-
ment for collecting his poctical works into a diwdn, he never undertook that task,
so that now his pieces are only found dispersed and in different hands. A native
of Damascus made a small collection of his poems, but this diwdn does not contain
the tenth part of what he composed, and we even perceive in it some things which
are not his. Ibn Onain was a man of great wit, gaiety, and humour. One of his
kaddas, in which he speaks of his travels and mentions his journey towards the East,
contains the following admirable verse :

I penetrate into (8) the heart of the East, as if I were searclling in its recesses for the lustre of
renown.
 In a his poetry abounds with beauties. I n onc of lllc monllls of year
64.9 [A. D. 1251-2). being Ben in Cairo, I llad a drcom (9) in whicll I saw Ibn Onain
holding a broad, red-coloured sheet of paper, on whicb wcrc inscribed aboul fifteen
verses. I composed these verses," said he, " for al-Malik nl-luzaffar (vo(. K
p. 39$), the sovereign of Hamit." That prince was dead at tllc tirnc of which I
am speaking. The assembly where we were seemed 10 bc numerous, and he read
the verses to us. One of them struck me greatly and I rcpcaletl it ovcr and over in
my dream ; when I awoke, it was impressed on my memory and I give it 1lere :
To recite verses is not laudable, unless he whosc praises Ll~cyextol bc deserving.

This verse is not to be found in his poems. I n tlie lifc' of Fnkllr ad-Din ar-R4zi
(vol. LI. p. 6541, we have spoken of him and his poem wliicl~rl~ymcsi n f ; we have
also mentioned him in the life of Saif al-Islhm (vol. I. p. 655). lIigll favour was
shown to him by different sovereigns, and he filled the post of vizir at I)amascus,
towards the end of al-Malik al-Muazrarn's reign and during tllb reign of nl-Malilt an-
Nhir, that prince's son. On the accession of al-Malik al-Asbraf, 11c rcsigncd his
office, and, having retired to his house, he continued to rcsidc tllcre ancl ncvcr again
occupied a situation under government, His birth took placc at Ilnmascus on
Monday, the 9th of Shaabln, A. H. 549 (19th October, A. D. 1154.),and Ilc died in
that city on Monday evening, the 20th of the first nab!, A. 11. G30 (d.tll January,
A. D. 1233). The next morning, he was interred in ihc mosque fouildcd by llimsclf at
Ard al-Mizza (the l a d of al-Mizza), which is n village at tlic gate of i)amascus. Ibn
ad-Dubaithi (p. 108 ofthis vol.) states that he heard him say : We eamc originally
" from a place in Khfa called Masjid Bani 'n-Najj& (lhe rnosque of the Najjdridcs),
" and m drew our descent from the Ansiirs." Subsequently to my copying illis -
pmage, I visited the tomb of Biltil, Muhammad's m w a z z i n (10), which is situated
in the cemetery lying outside that gate of Damascus which is called B&?)as-Snghir.
On coming out of the chapel erected over the grave, I observed a large tomb near the
door (or near the gate), and, being informed that it was Ibn Onain's, I stopped and
invoked on him the mercy of God.

(4) When the muwazrin calls the people to prayer, he proclaims that there is but one God and that Muham-
mad i s the apostle of God. It is to this the poet alludes.
(3) The author means that he did m learn any of lbn Onain's verses from that poet's own lips.
(S) See vol. I, page xxxvi.
 UIOGRAPIIICAL D I C T I O N A R Y .
(4) Literally : by sldi0ns.
(5) The occupation of Damascus by al-Malik al-Ahdil loolc place A. II. 592 (A. D. 1195).
(6) The poet means: Coiild i t harm my jcalous foes, wcrc they to allow me to sleep, so that I might see the
taif in my dreams.
(7) Mlik was one of thc llamcs given to Damascus. ~ e e * v o lI.. page 19s.
(8) Literally : I split llle heart.
(g) Thc belief of Moslims in dreams is well known.
(10) Bilhl Ibn Rabilh, an Ahyssinian mawla to Abh Bakr, c~nbraccdlslamism at an early period and fought
in all Muhammad's battles. TIe was tllc only muwazzin whom Muhammad cvcr employed to call the people
to prayer, and hc accompanied llim in all llis cxpediliolls a ~ l dsojournings. Bilbl died at Damascus, towards
A. H. 20 (A. D. G 4 1 ) , aged sixty-four years.

Abii 'l-Kssim Rluhammad, called also Nizir, was the son of Abh Mullammad Obaid
Allah, surnamed al-Mlnhdi, the same who established an empire in Maghrib. Abii
'l-Kisim bore the title of al-Kbim (the maintainer). We have already spoken of his
father (vol. II. payc 77), and of liis son Al-Manstir Ismail (vol. l. page 218).
Having been solemnly proclaimed By his father as the next successor to the throne of
Ifrikiya and the adjoining country, his name was inscribed on all the official papers
and the umbrella ( o r state) was borne over liis head. On the dealh of his father
(A. H. 332, A. D. 9344, tl1e people renewed to him their oath of allegiance. He
had been twice sent by llis father to conquer Egypt; the first time, he set out on the
181h of ZB '1-llijja, A . H. 301 (15111 July, A. D. 91d), and, having taken possession of
Alexandria and al-Faiybm, 11e levied [he land-tax (khardj)tliroughout the greater part
of Egypt and oppressed the people (l).I n the second expedition, he reached
Alexandria in the montla of the f i s t Rabi, A. H. 307 (August, A . D. gig), with a
numerous army. W e officer who governed there in the name of the imdrn (khalif)
al-Muktadir having retired at his approach, al-K&im took possession of the city and
marched to a1-Jiza with an immense body of troops. Intelligence of these events
having reached Baghdad, al-Muktadir provided Mhnis al-KhPdim (the eunuch) with
men and money, and sent him to repel the invader. Mfinis hastened by forced
182 IBN K I I A L L I K A N ' S
marcllestoold Cairo, and found, on liis arrival, Illat al-Kdim 1 lad ol~taincdpossession
of al-Jiza, al-Ushmhnain and the grealcr part of as-said (gj~j(;r B ~ ~ I ) LTile
) . two
armies then met, and a nurnher of despcralc conflicts cnsrlcd ; l)ut al-liiirn having
lost a p e a t part of his men and horses by pcslilcnce a n d b m i n e , departed for
Ifrikiya, and was pursued to some dislance hy tllc Bgypliail ermy. I l e cnlcrcd a]-
Mahdiya on Tuesday, the 3rd of the month of Rajah, 111e snnic ycnr (29th November,
A. D. 919). It was under his reign that Abii Yazid Mnklllncl Ibn KoidAd the
Khsrijile revolted (against ihe ShOitc dynasq). To givc t l ~ c p~rticlilors of this
insurrection would lead us too far ; and, bcsidcs, WC llavc alrcacly rclatcd, in llic life
of al-MansCr (vol. I, page 2191, what happened to lllis rcl~cl o l d llow 11c died a
prisoner (2). Al-KPim was born at Salamiya (vol. II. p. 79), in tllc rnont.11 of Mu-
harram, A. H. 280 (March-April, A. D. 893)'-somc say, i n 282, ancl otllcrs again,
in 277.-He was taken to Maglirib by liis father, and lic ilietl un Sunday, l l ~ c13111 of
Shawwdl, A. H. 334 (18th May, A. D. 946)) a1 al-Blalkrliya, \vllcrc ALh Yazid lleld
him blockaded. Ismail, al-Khirn's son , conccalcd his ft~tIlcr's dcatll lcst llle
insurgent chief, who was then in the neiglil)ourl~ood, u~lcler t l ~ cwalls of §ha,
should learn the event and conceive fresh hopes ol succcss. lIc, illcreforc, lefl all
things as they were, and distributed donations and prescnls in a l ~ . ~ n d a n c c .IIe
avoided also assuming the title of khalif, and l~eadcdhis lctlcrs will) lllcse words :
Fro* the emir Ismail, ihe designated successor to tllc command of tllc Poslims (3).

(1) He was then obliged to evacuate Egypt by Mhnis thc eunuch, who hat1 11cc11 s c ! ~ ~rlgairlsl
t him by I110
khalif al-Mulitadir.-(lbn al-A thir.)
( 9 ) 1bn Khaldhn gives a full account of Abb Yazld's revolt in his Ilzsto,~!, of. ihc Ilcl/,c?~r,totlrr, II.
(3) hterally: The holder of the covenant of the Moslims. That is: L c llcruls 1 0 wtaml 1 1.10 liloalir~shad
engaged their fealty as successor to the throne.

AL-MOTAMID IBN ABBAD.

AI-Motamid ala 'llah (the supported by God) Abh 'l-&sim Muhammad, lllc son of
d-klotadid billah AbB Arnr Abbiid, the son of ae-Z8fir &Muwaiyad billah Abfi
 I310GRAPMICAL DICTIONARY. 183

'1-KAsim filuhammad, kddi of Seville, the son of Abb 'l-Walid Ismail, the son of
Kuraisll, tbe son of Abbid, the son of Amr, the son of Aslarn, the son of Amr, the
son of Itif, the son of Noaim, a member (by descent) of the tribe of Lakhm (a!-lnkhnti)
and a descendant of an-Nombn Ibn al-Mundir, the last king of al-Hira (l) was
sovereign of Cordova, Scville, and t l l ~portion o[ the Spanish peninsula situated in
the proximity of thesc two cities. It was of liim and his father that a certain poet
said :

c of ABB3cl, thc progcny of the Munclirs (lherc is an origin !) have added fresh lustre to
~ l l sons
the renown of their ancestors. Glory has engctlclcred no other oflspring but these heroes ; the
children of glory are few.

The authority wllicl~this dynasty acquired in Spain originated in the following

manner :-Noaim and his son Iliif wcre the first of tlle family who passed from the
East into Spain ; they werc natives of al-Arfsh, an ancient city which marks the point
of separation bclween Syria and Egypt, and is situated on tlie edge of the Syrian
desert. (012 lhe.ir arrival 41% Spain) they settled at Thmin, a village in that district
of the province of Seville which is called Tusl~iina(Tocina). ltlf left issue, and
one ol llis descendants, the l ~ d d az-Zifir
i Mul~ammaclIbn Ismail, was the first of the
family who, in that country, emerged from obscurity. Having risen to the post of
kddi at Scville, lie acted towards the people with such justice and moderation as drew
on l ~ i mthc altention of every eye and the love of every heart. Wllen the sovereign
of Cordova ( 2 ) , Yallya lbn Ali Ibn I-lammild al-Hasani, surnamed al-Motali, who
was a prince of a iyrannical disposition, laid siegc to Seville, the chief men of that
city went to tlle Icddi Mullammad and said to him : " Seest thou not what this tyrant
" hath brought down upon us, and how he liath destroyed the property of the people?
" Arise then wit11 us, and let us go fort11 against him; we will give thee the

" sovereignty ovcr us and concede to thee tbe supreme authority." He accepted
their proposal, and tl~eysallied forth against Yahya. That prince, who was then
intoxicated with wine, nlountcd on liorseback to ellcounter them, and met with his
death. The power of Mullammad ibn Ismail being thus established, he obtained
possession of Cordova and other places. The history'of his proceedings with the
pretended Hislldm lbn al-Halam is well known : Hishbm lbn al-Hakam, the last
Omaiyide sovereign of Spain, had allowed al-MansQr Ibn Abi Aarnir not only to
acquire an absolute authority over him, but to exclude him from all communication
184 IBN I{HALLll[{ANIS
the public; no orders issued from the palace hut S U C ~as~ WCrC lliclalcd by that
minister ; the was debarred from the cxercisc of power and dcprivcd of all the
of royally, with tile exception of the imperial title and llle mention of his
name in the lholba (pdliprayer) c offered up from lllc pulpits- Nollling Was then
heard of him for upwards of twenty years, and various changes ?lad lalicn place when
the fluhammad was informed, some time aftcr his accession and the reduelion
of the under his rule, illat Ilisllim Ibll al-1Iakam Was in a
mosque at galat Rab$h (Cala$ava). He immcdiatcly scnt for llim, and lining
the supreme authority in his bands, he constituted liin~self111~vizir of illis
(mock Alluding to this circumstance, the hdfiz Aba Mullammad Ihn
az-Z$hiri (vol. U. p. 267) says, in his Nukat d - A r d ~: "An iirlposlurc the
(6 like of which never occurred before : upwards of twenty ycars had clapsed
since the death of Hishim Ibn al-Hakam, surnamed al-hluwaiyad, whcn thcre
appeared a man called Khalaf al-Hasri (the mat-malicr) , who gavc llimself
out for that prince, and, being proclaimed sovcrcign, tllc public praycr was
offered up in his name, at different periods, from all the pulpits of Spain. Be
c c caused great bloodshed ; armies encountered in hatile on his accounl, and during

more than twenty years he persevered in his pretensions. Tllc Lddi Mullammad
Ibn Ismail held the rank of vizir under him and possessed all the autliority.
Things continued in this state till the false Bislliim's death, .rv11c11 tllc kddi
assumed the supreme pover." (This Addi) was a man of grcat learning ancl skilled
in literature; he possessed a perfect knowledge of the means 1)y wliicll cmpircs are
governed, and he continued to reign with absolutc nutl~oritytill his clcalll. This
event took place on Sunday, the 29tb of the first Jumida, A . 11. k33 (24,111 January,
A. D. IOk2). He was interred in the citadel of Sevillc. Some say ilmt h c died
towards the year 450; different dates also are assigned to his accession ; I m l d ad-Din
mentioning, in his Khar$da, the year 414 (A. D. 1023-8). and oillers giving the
gear 424. God best knows the truth in all these statements ! O n tlle clcatli of
Itfuhammad the k d d i , his son Abii Amr AbbPd, surnamed al-Motadid Lillah,
s~meededto the supreme command. Speaking of this prince, Abfi 'I-IIosan Ali
Ibn * a d m says, in his Dakhtra (3): c ( Then the authority passed io ALbld, i n the
" Year 433 ; he at first bore the surname of Fakhr ad-l)awlat ((gloryof ihc cnLpire),
" and aftemads that of al-lotadid (4.). He was axle of ille mill-stone of
"
discord and the utmost limit of affliction : think of a man whom
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 185

strong nor weak could witlrstand (5), from whom neither the near nor the distant
could escape; a mighty prince lvlio consolidated the power ~vhichhad been shalren ;
a lion who, whilst crouching, devoured the fawn ; a precipitate (politician)against
c*
even the astucious had to be on their guard, and a dastard of whom 11ie
( * bravest warriors stood i n awe: misguided, 1ic followed the right path; consolidating
(!he stale), h e cut away and spared not; he assaulted, and the people were hostile (to
cc him). Yet, b e established lris authority, agitated as h e was (6))so that he extended
his power, enlarged his kingdom, multiplied his troops, and increased kis
c* means. Besides this, 1le was gifled wilh a llandsonlc face, a body perfect in its
proportions, a colossal stature, a liberal hand (7),penetration of intellect, presence
4 6 of mind, and a just perception By these qualities lie sul*passed all his contern-
porarics; and moreover, before ambition lcd him to aspire after power, he had
a looked into literature with a close glance and an acute apprehension; so that by

his quick intelligence, lie acquired an abundant stock of information, noted down
without serious study, without advancing far into ils depths, without extensive
reading, and without indulging in tllc passion of collccling books of illat kind.
With these accornplishmcnts, Ile dcrivcd from his genius the talent of expressing
* * liis tliougllts in an ornate style. Ile composed also pieces of verse remarkable for
sweetness, conlaining tliougllls wlricll the natural turn of his disposition enabled
' * him to attain, expressing perfectly well what lie wishcd to say, and displaying such
excellence as caused them to 11e copied by literary men. To these brilliant quali-
" ties he united a liberal disposition, wherein h e rivalled the (copious)rain-clouds.
" The history of al-loladid, in all his actions and llis various projects, is singular and

" striking. l i e wasaddicted to women, of-cvllom lie had great numbers and of various
" races; in illis indulgence 11e reacllecl a point to wliiclz none of his contemporaries

" ever went, and, by its frequency and his nalural vigour, lie begot a numerous
" progeny. I t is said that lie had about twenty sons and as many daughters (S)."
This writer gives some pieces composed by him, of which this is one:

When thc night was washing from its eyes the collyrium (of darkness) with the water of
morning, and the zephyr blew mildly, we drank an old (liquor, in colour) like gold, in perfume
strong, and in body weak (9).

1x1 the life of AbB Bakr Muliammad 1bn Amrnlr (p. 127 of this vol), we have given
some extracts from the two kastdas composed by that vizir in honour of al-Motadid (10);
VOL. III. 24
one of these poems rhymes in r and the other i n m. M-Moladid is tllus described
in a piece of verse composed by his son al-Motamid :

A generous prince, beslowing thousands before the re(1ucst is made, and nl~oollcrs excuses,
thinking his gifts too small. His band is kissed by every ~niigllly mall, and were i t not for i s
(its liberality), we should say it is the sacred stollr (of JlcMo's i c ~ y r l c ) .

He in the glory of power and the enjoyment of pleasure, till he was

by a quinsy which soon carried him off. On perceiving his death draw
near, he ordered a singer to be brought in, witht he intenlion of dmwing a n omen
from the first words of the piece which might be sung, and the singer con~menced
with this verse :

We kill time, knowing that it will kill us; mix then the (wine), young girl ! with thc water of
the cloud and give us to drink.

From these words he drew a had omen, and effeclively, h e only survivcd Gve days.
His death took place at Seville, on Monday, the 1st of lllc latter lumidu, A. 11. 461
(98thMarch, A. D. 1069), and he was interred there the ncxl day. llis son al-Mota-
mid ala 'llah Abii 'I-Kdsim Muhammad succeeded to the throne. Speaking of al-MO-
tamid, Abh 'l-Hasan Ali lbn al-Kattha (vol. 11. p. 265) says, in his Lumnh al-Mulah :
I * The most liberal, the most hospitable, the most munificent, and lllc most power-

'' ful of all the princes who ruled in Spain. His court was thcreforc tlle llalting
'' place of travellers (ii),the rendezvous of poets, the point towards wl~ic,liall llopes
" were turned, and ihe haunt of men of talent; so much so, that, at lllc door of no

" other contemporary prince were to be found so many eminent poets and literary
" men as were assembled in his presence (l%)." Ibn Bassdm says, in tile L)akhfra:
" AI-Motamid lbn ~ b b i leftd some pieces of verse (beoulif~~l)
as ihe bud when it opens
to disclose the flower; and, had the like been composed by persons who made of
" poetry a profession and a merchandise, they would still have been considered as
" charming, admirable, and singularly original." One of ilrese pieces is the
following :

Thou hast often shunned me, though sometimes events induced thee to treat me kindly.
The of our separation seemed (dismal)as night, and the rnomenu of our meeting (bright) as
the moou.
 BIOGRAPIIICAL DLCTIONARY. 187

This idea bears some relation to that which a poet has expressed in the following
verses of a poem :
The light of morning removed (the cover of darkness)off her face, and the mole of her cheek
arose, imbued with moisture. The mole on her cheek seemed Iike a single moment of ( ( I
mistress')displeasure during the hours of love.

Having resolved to send his concubines from Cordova to Seville, he set out will1
them and escorted them from night-fall till morning. He then bade them farewell
and returned back, reciting some verses, two of which ran as follows:

I travelled with them wliilst the robe of night was of one uniform colour, but, when it appeared
striped (by the rnys of dawn),I stopped to say farewell, and the morning received from my hand
those stars.

This idea is Highly beautiful. He said also on the subject of his bidding then1
farewell :

Early in the morning, when I stopped to say farewell, srandards were waving in the court
of the castle, and we wept blood ; so that, by the shedding of red tears, our eyes appeared like
wounds.

This is an irnilation of the thougl~twhich a poet has thus expressed :

I wept blood, so thal a person said : " This youth is bleeding from the nose with the lids
' ' of his eyes."

A similar idea occurs also in a piece of al-Abiwardi's which we have already given
(p. 146 of this vol.). The following verses are by al-Motamid:

Were the eyes of delators not fixed upon me, and did I not fear that the guards might tell,
I should have made you a visl~to retribute your cruelty, even were I to creep on my face or
walk on my bead (13).

He addressed the following lines from his palace at Cordova to his boon compa-
nions who had made a morning party a t az-Zahrb, inviting then1 to come and carouse
with him that evening:

On your account, the palace envied az-Zahri, and I swear by my existence and yours that it
was not in the wrong ! ~t az-Zahr%you rose as suns to light the day; appear near us as moons
to light the night.
4 88 IBN I<HALLIKhNJS
This idea is novel and strihing.--" Az-Zahrd (Id) is 1 1 1 ~111osl adlllirable

in the world; its ereclion was conrmcnced in I ~ I Cl ~ c g i n n i ~ of

l g lllc year 325
(November, A. D. 936) by AbB 'l-Mutarrif Abd ar-l\ah~n$n,surl~ntllcdnn-NPsir,
(the son of Muhammad, the son of Abd Allall,) who was one of lllc Onlniyidc sovc-
reigns of Spain. It lies at the distancc of four n~ilesand two-ll~irdsfrom Cordova.
C c Its length, from east to west, is two thousand seven liundrcd c ~ ~ h i land s , its breadth,
from north to south (151, one thousand five hundred cuhi 1s; l l ~ eo u ~ t l b e of r i 1s pillars
&' is four thousand three hundred, and it has upwards of liltcctl tllousarlil ('l) doors.
C c An-Niisir divided the revenue of the stale into 11lrec porlions; ollc was givcn to the
troops, anoiher deposited in tlle treasury, and the tllirtl spctll on l l ~ econstruction
'L of theZahrH. The taxes of Spain at tbnt lime amounted to Gvc n i i l l i u ~ ~four s bun-
" dred and eighty tliousand dinars, besides seven hllndrcd and sixly-live llrollsand

dinars produced by the tolls and the demesnes of [lie sovereign. TIICXakr8 is one
4 c of tlie most colossal buildings erected by man, i l ~ emost s1)lcnrlid urld tllc most

" renowned (16)." The preceding indicaiions are Iakcn from ibn llnsl~lcuwll's
History of Spain (vol. I. p. 49lj.-The celebrated poet Alrb Uakr Mullammad lbn
Isa Ibn Muhammad al-Lakhmj ad-Dbni felt a natural partiality for tllc A l)brid fanlily
in consequence of the patronage mhich he had received from ni-Motalnid ( 1 7) ; and he
celebrated the praises of that prince in a number of beautiful pieces. In one of
there poems, he mentions allotamid's four sons, namely : ar-llasl~idO bnid Allah.
ar-Rbdi Thid, ol-Mimhn al-Fath, and al-lhtamin. In illis piece, llc says, will1 tile
utmost elegance :

(He is) a helper in want, an assister in adversity; in armour, he appals; in silks, he excites
ah-ation. (His are) beauty, beneficence, rank, and power; (he is) like ille nwntidc sun, the
(refreshing) cloud, the lightning (which announces the genial rains) and tllc tlrundcr (which
Mnatm). With his blood he raised a monument of glory, and he cnlargcd t l e t edifice
mighnl and resolute; four in number, like the tempnaments, combined to maintain in
health the body of renown and the nobleness of ancient descent.

Notmithstanding the illustrious deeds and the generosity of this family, it could not
escape detraction : thus, Abii 'I-Hasan Jaafar Ibn Ibrahim l h n al-l%ijj al-lfirki (18)
said of them :

~~~m for the world and for the death of beneficence, since beneficence subsists not ill lhe
farnib @fAbhd! I passed three month with them as a p e s t , yet never obtained a dinuer; I
then left them and received no provisions for my journey.
 l3 IOGRAPFI I C A L DICTIONARY. ,189
~t that time, Alphonso (V[), tile son of Perdinand, the sovereign of Castile and
king OS tlrc Spanish Frsanks, Itad become SO powerful h a t the pelly RPoslim kings of
that country v c r e obliged to make peace with hinl and pay lliln tribute. IIe then
took Toledo on Tuesday, (lie 1st of Sofar, A . H. 478 (29111 May, A. D. 1085)' after an
arduous siege. That city belonged to al-Khdir billah Ibn Zi ' n - N h . In allusion to
this event, the following verses were pronounced by Abfi Muhammad Abd Allah Ibn
Faraj Ibn Glmzliin al-Yahsubi, generally known by tlrc appellation of ibn al-Ass&
(JLJI)at-lulaitili, and of whom Ibn Bashkuwdl speaks in his Silat (19):

Ilasten the speed of your horscs, inhabitants of Spain! none can dwell in quict thcrc unless
by chance. Tlic bcacls (forl~*esses)drop off from the ends of its necklace, and soon, I think,
the necklace of thc peninsula will be Broken in thc middle. IIe who resides near cvil should
not think himself securQ from its attacks; how could a man live in a basket of snakes?

Al-blotamid Ibn Abbid surpassccl all the other Itings in greatness of power and
extent of empirc, ye1 he also paid tributc to Alpllonso. After capturing Toledo, the
latter conccivcd hopes of gelling tlmt prince's kingdom inlo 111spossession, and there-
fore refused to receive the tribute. At the same time, he senl him a threatening
message, ordering liim to delivcr up liis Iurlrcsscs; on wllich condition, he might
retain the open country as his own. Tllesc words provolted al-Motanlid to such a
degree, ihat lie struck the arr~bassadorand put to death all those who accompanied
him. Alphonso had sel out with the inlention of besieging Cordova when he received
intelligence of Lliis cvcnt, and he immediately returned to Toledo i n order to provide
n~achinesfor [he siege (of Seuillc). When the shaikhs of lslamism and its doctors
were inforn~edof ltis projcct, tlley assembled and said : " Behold how the bIoslim
, cities fall into tlic hands of \he Franks whilst our sovereigns are engaged in war-
" ring against each otlier! If illings continue in this state, the Franks will subdue
" the entire country." They then went to tllc kddi (of Cordova,) Abd Allah lbn
Muhammad Ibn Adham, and conferred wilh liim on the disaslers which had befallen
the lloslims and on tlie means by which they niight be remedied. Every person had
something to say, but i t was finally resolved that they should write to Abh Yakdb
Yiisuf Ibn TBshifin, the king of the al-Mulathlhim22n (20) and sovereign of Morocco,
imploring llis assistance. (We shall give the life of Yhsuf Ibn TLhifin.) The kdda
then waited on al-Motamid and informed him of what had passed. Al-Motamid con-
curred with them on the expediency of such an application, and told the kddi to bear
190 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
the message himself to YAsuf Ibn Tdshifin. The kddi llcsilelctl ;L( [irst, but as the
prince insisted, he imploring of llle Almiglily tliat lllings nligl~tturn out
%re1l, Having lhen written to the sovereign of Morocco, acquainting l ~ i r nwith wllat
had taken place, he despatclled the letter hy one of his slaves. \\'l~cn Yfisuf Ibn
received this communication, he set oul in all llastc for (:cula ; and Llle
with a numerous company, proceeded to h e same plecc for Lllc purpose of meeting
that monarch and representing to him the situation of lllc Mosli~ns. Yi~sufthen gave
orders that the army should be taken over to Algeziras, whicll is n city in the territory
of Spain, whilst he himself remained at Ceula, a ci(y in lllc lcrrilory of hlorocco and
lying opposite to Algeziras. He recalled from (the city o/) Morocco l l ~ elroops which
he had left there, and when all wcre assembled, he senl tlicni across to Spain, and
followed with a body of ten thousand men. Al-Motamid, who llatl also asscmblcd an
army, went to meek him; and ihe ~ ~ o s l i mon
s , llcering ~ l l cnews, Ilaskncd from every
country for the purpose of combating the infidels, On receiving inLclligcnce of these
events, Alphonso, who was then at Toledo, look the Geld with lorty thousand horse,
exclusive of the other troops which came to join him. lle wrole nlso a long and
threatening letter to Yhuf Ibn Tbshifln, who jnscrihcd on thc 11aclcof i t lime words:
Whd will happen thou shalt see1 and returned it. On reading 11~3answcr, Alphonso
was filled with apprehension, and observed lhat this was a man of resolution. The
two armies then advanced and met at a place called az-Znlliilca, near the town of
Batalyaus (Badujoz), where they formed in line. The Moslims gaincd tlic victory,
and Alphonso fled w i ~ ha few olhers, after witnessing the exlcrrninalion of his troops.
Some state that this engagement took place on a Friday, in ono of the first ten days
of the month of Ramadin, A. H. 479, but the true date is the middle he 12th) of
Rajab of that gear (23rd October, A. D. 1086). This year was adopted in Spain as
the commencement of a new era, and was called the year of az-Zalldlra. The battle
of ~z-Zallikais one of the most celebrated in history. 81-Motamid on tha t day made
a most firm resistance, and numerous wounds in his face and body attested his m-
daunted courage. The beasts of burden and the arms of the enemy fcll into the
hands of the Moslims. The emir Ybsuf (Ibn Td~hiftn) then re turned to Africa, and
d-Motamid to his kingdom. The ensuing year, Ytsuf passed into Spain, and al-MO-
tarnid hafing gone to meet him, he laid siege to a fortress (named Aledo and) helonging
tothe Franks; but was unable to take it. Having resumed his march, h e went across
to Granada, and Abd Allah lbn Buluggtn, the lord of that city, ealne out to receive
 him, ~ b Allahd tlien re-entered Granada with the intention of sending the customary
presents (10 itis pou~er/iulvisitor), but Yfisuf penetrated perfidiously into the city,
Abd Allah, and proceeded to the palace, where he found an immense quan-
tity of money and treasures. After this exploit he returned to Morocco, his mind
deeply impressed with the bcauiy of' Spain, its magnificence, ils edifices, its gardens,
its alimentary productions, and those various (sources o/) riches which did not exist in
Morocco, a country inhabited by (rude) Berbers and wild unciviliscd Arabs. The
persons wllorn llc admitted inlo llis intimate society then began to extol Spain jn his
presence, to reprcsenl 10 llini the facility with which he might obtain possession of
so fine a country, and 10 irrilale liim against al-%lotamid, by rcpeating things which,
as they pretended, that prince llud said. YiisuP's feelings towards allotamid thus
underwent a complete change, sad he, at lenglh, marched against him. On arriving
at Ceuta, he sent his army across to Spain and placed it under the orders of Sir Ibn
Abi Bakr al-Andalusi (21). This general (after achieving various conquests) reached
Seville and bcsicged it vigorously. AI-Motamjd, who was then in the city, displayed
tile greatest firmness and bravery, encounlering every danger with unheard of cou-
rage. The inhabitants, overcome with consternation and filled with terror, wandered
(in despair) th~.ouglitlic streets; some escaped by swimming across the rivcr, and
others let tllcmsclves down from Ihe battlements of the walls. A t length, on Sunday,
the 20th of Rajab, A. 13. 484. (7th Sept. A . D. 1091), the army of he emir Yfisuf
burst into the city, spread devaslation through every quarter, and deprived the people
of all they possessed. The inl~nbi~ants, concealing their nudity with lheir hands, fled
from their houses, and al-Molamid, wit11 his family, were laken prisoners. He had
already lost two of his sons; one of them, al-Min~Cn,corr~mandcdat Cordova as his
father's lieutenant, but being besieged there (By the Almorauides), he was taken and
executed. Ar-LMdi, the other son, met with a similar fate at Ronda, a strong fortress
in which he also commanded as his father's lieutenant. AI-Motamid composed a
number of elegies on their death. This prince was no sooner made prisoner than
they bound him in chains and embarked him wilh his family on board a ship. Ibn
KhPkln (vol. 1I. p. 455) says, in his Kaldid al-llciydn, on coming to this part (ofal-
Motamid'~ hislory): Then he and his family were borne off in the lofty (masted)
" coursers (of the sea), enclosed therein as if they were dead; they for whom (but a

" short time before) a palace was not sufficiently ample, and whose presence had given
" lustre to the age. The people assembled on the banks of the river, shedding tears
192 IBN KI-ZAI,LIIih N'S
t6 as the clouds of morning (rhdrain), and (lbc exiles) departed wit11 lamcnhtions
6t to escort \hem, and the manifestation of general grief bilcd llienl nol." Alluding
to this event, AbB Bakr Muharumad Ibn isn ad-l)lni, generally known by tile app&
]ation of Ibn al-Labblna (22), expressed his feelings in a long ka,v$dn, wllicli we need
not insert, and which begins thus:

The heavens shed tears, evening and morning, over the 11oblc princcs, l l ~ csons of AbbAd.

Describing the same event, the Sicilian poet, Abb Muliammnd A l ~ dnl-lsbbir 1bn
Hamdis (vol. II. p. 160) composed a long piece of verse wlricll contoincd these lints:

When you left us and bore off in your hands generosily itsclf, wllilst illc rnounlains of your
(power)were shaken to their basis (23), I raised my voicc and cxclaimcd : The day of judgment
has come! behold the firn~.mountairlspass away (24)1

The idea of this last verse is taken from the following lines composcil by Abd Allah ,

16n al-lotazz (vol. 11. p. C l ) on the deaih of Abii 'l-ALbis Allmad ILn Mullammad
Ibn al-Furht (vol. II. p. 358) :

The human race are now all on a level; perfection is dead and tbc vicissiludes of time
exclaim :Where are the (great) men (25)? Behold AbQ 'l-Abbls on his bier! arisc and see
how mountains are removed from their places.

It has been said that Ibn al-Motazz recited these verses on tlic death of the viair
Abii 'l-Kisirn Obaid Allah Ibn Sulainiln l b n Wahb, and this stntenlcnt I have since
found confirmed. -Al-Motamid pronounced the following verses one day, whilst suffer-
ing from the weight and tightness of his chains :

For the shade of my once triumphant banners I have received in exchange the ignominy of
fetters ancl the weight of chains. The irons which I once used were the pointed lance and the
sharp, Ihio, and polished sword; but both are now turned into rusty (clrains), grasping my 1%
as lions grasp their prey.

They then bore him to Yhuf lbn Tishifin, at Morocco, and that emir sent him to
Aghmat and imprisoned him there for life. Ibn &Akin says: Torn from his
" Countrg and stripped of his possessions, he was carried off in a ship and deposited .
" On the (African)shore as a corpse is deposited in its place of burial ; the pulpits of

" his (slat&) and the throne (26)deplored his absence ; those who once visited his
 BIOGRAI'EIICAL DICTIONARY. 293

(6 table or his bed of sickness w e n t near him no more; he remained alone in his
6. grief, uttering deep-drawn sighs and pouring forth tears as a conduit pours forth
i d water; none were lefl to consolc hirn in his solitude, and, instead of the bowers
( ~ h i c he
h once [rsqucnted), he now saw nought Deprived of conso-
b u t strangers.
6ilation, l~opelessof the approach (of friends), debarred from the aspect of joy, hc
called to mind his native abodcs, and that tllouglll made him long for home ; he saw
6 g

in imagination the splendour of his (court),and that image raised his admiralion ;
his fancy showed him his dwelling laid desolate, the palace bewailing its (former)
inhabitants, its lxavens (extanl) dnrkencd hy l l ~ eabsence of its full inoons (beautiful
wo)ncn), and of its guards and of the 'ornpanions of his e v e n i n g llours."-His
imprisonment inspired Ahh Bakr ad-Ddni (lbn al-Labbdna) with the celebrated kaddn. ,

whicli begins lllus :

Each thing has i l s appointcil hour; each wish, a lime for ils fulfilment. Fortune has been
im~~lcl-sedin the dyc of tlle camclion, ari(1 the colours ol its various states are always changing.
We arc ch~ssmenin the lrands of fortune, and s o ~ r ~ e t i ~ the
n c s pawn may check the king (27),
Cast ofl the world and its ini~abitanls;tllc cart11 is now tcna~~tless; men ( z u o r l l ~o ~f thc name)
arc dead. 'l'ell the creatures wllo dwell licre below thal the secret plan of Providence above is
now conccalcd at Aglltnit.

This is a long poem, conlaining about fifty verses. I n the year 486 (h. D. 1093),
he (Ibn al-labbdna) composed at AghmAt the following piece on al-Motamid's
imprisonment (28):

Smell this nosegay of salutations ; by it I break the seal of that musk (condolence) from which
thou hadst bccl~precluclcd. Lct me know inclirecrly, if tl~oucanst not do it openly, that thou
who gavcst happiness (to ot1tc1.s) canst ye1 taste of it thyself. When I think of tl~osctimes
which for tllcc passed over so brightly, the light of morning becomes darkness for me. I
marvel how tllc rnilky way, on seeing tbcc, a sun, eclipsed, could cvcr rise again and shew its
y was great, we foul~dthee a slill greater affliction (for
stars. Tllougll our amiclion for t f ~ loss
thy foes) : a spcar rushing to the cllarge till it was sllivcred, a sword dealing its blows till it was
indented. The rain-cloud, pouring down its showers wept for the family of Abbad, but
equalled not (in nbundrrnce the gifls once Irestozvecl by) Muhammad and his sons. Row
dearly I love JIabib (29) for lhese words: Perhaps a (S?@) appearing in the horizon may
" bring them near (to us) ; perhaps it may! When d ~ e i rmorning (their presence) dawned
" upon us, WC praised (our cliligence in) travelling (even) by night (to reach their court); but
" since we have lost them, we travel in darkness. We once browsed in the pasture-ground of
hot~ourall arouad [heir park (emnllirc);but now tllnt pasture-ground is barren, and that park
" is desertccl. Time 11ath clotllcd their dwelling with a raiment, the warp and woof of which
" are forrnccl by the rains (30). Their palaces are no lcnger inhabited; nought is seen therein
VOL. 111. 2r
 g' but the fallow (&e~*)walking around the Statues (31) skill Ct'Ccl. '3'11~ P C ~ ~ answers
O the
'g screech-owl in those halls where the birds ollCC sung rcsponsiv~to lhc voice of llle musician,
( 6 ~t is now as if no hulnan being had ever resided thcre; as if arn1)assailors I ~ a d never found
therein a crowded court; as if (hostile) troops had ncvrr InCl thcrc an army (to repel
t h ~ ~ ) . On
" &parling fi.oru thy kingdom, l11011 werl likc unlo llllik, allcl I , tllrougli grief
for thee, am like ~lutam~nim (38). ( TVItat) a misforlunc @ins 2 / 0 ? r ~ s )! it casl down the
luminaries from exalted sphere, and lcfl not a mark 10 clislit~gnisli lllc region of bene-
ficence. Oppressed by the narrowness of the earth, I lhink tllal I ancl il have bee11 formed
for each other as the bracelet is formed for lhc arm (33). I have lamonled thce so that
grief hath left me neither tears nor blood to weep lhy loss willlal. 1 sllall llcrsevere in that
course, and, if I die, I shall leave my conduct as an cxamplc hr olhcr cnourners. For
thee the rain wept, the wind tore open its bosom, and l l ~ cllrundcr uttercd lily name in its
inoanings ;the lightning rent its robe, the day put on the raiment of mourning, and the stars of
heaven formed an assembly to deplore thee. Tliy son, the light of day, was 1)cwildcred with
sorrow and swerved from its path; thy bro~her,the ocean, sliru~~lt with iritligrtalion and swelled
no more (34). Since thy depar~ure,the full moon llalh iicvcr stationed willii~ia halo, and the
noontide sun ]lath never been seen to smile. God ordained that tlrou shouldst bc dismounted
from a bay and towering (steed)and be embarked in a black and unlucky (vessel).

In the following passage of the same poem, the poet alludes 10 the circumstance
of al-Motamid's chains having fallen off:

Thy chains melted away and thou wert loose; thy chains were then more compassionate
towards the generous than they. I marvelled that the iron sl~ouldsoften whilst their hearts
remained hard; the iron knew better the secret intentions of Providence tlla~l 111ey. Ne will
deliver thee who delivered Joseph from the well; he will prolcct t'tlee who protected Jesus, the
son of Mary.

Ibn al-Labblna composed a number of detached pieces a n d long irasldas, in which

he lamented the (glorious)days of that family and tlle ruin of lheir power. These
poems he collected in a small volume, to which he gave the title ol Nazm as-sullk fi
W ~ Qd-M~lClk
X (the string of beads, being an admonition to kings). He visited a]-
Motamid at Aghmlt with the intention of fulfilling a duty, not wit11 the hope of
obtaining a present, and it is stated that, when about to take leave, h e received from
the prince a gift of twenty dinars and a piece of Baghdad clotll, accompanied wit11 a
note containing these lines :

Receive these precious objects from the hand of a captire; if you accept them, you will be
g n t h l . Accept (a tripe) from one who melts with shame to (offer) it, although poverty
is his excuse.

These verses are only a part of the piece. Bakr Ibn al-Labblna here says:
I sent this present back to him, being aware of his poverty and lcnowing h a t he had
nothing left. 1 wrote to him at the same time the following answer to his note:

~ h o hast
u me1 with a man who knoweth what is honour; leave me then in tlrc ideas l have
formed of thee, May I renounce the love I bear ~llec, and which forms half my soul, if the
mantle which covers me cvcr discloses an impostor! May I never be delivered from misfor-
tune if I wrong a captive. Thou art JadPma; az-Zabbi deceivcd tlicc, and I sl~allnot be less
than Kas'ir (35). I journey forth, but not with nbcrccnary views; God preserve me from
motives so disgraceful! I know tliy merit ],eller tlian tl~oudos1 thysclf; I have ofien enjoyed
its shade in the ardent Iieat (of ccffliclion). Tliou wlrcelesl about squadrons of noble decds in
the field of gcncrosily, atid out of littlc tlrou beslowcst much. I wonrlcr how tliou art left jn
the, darkness (of despcik~),whilsl thou sctlcst up beacons of ligl~eto guide tlic needy traveller.
Have patience! thou stbalt hcrcafier ovcrwtielln me with joy, wlic~ithc time rclurn$ for thee l u
mount tlre throne ; thou sl~altplace MC in an honorable rank, lllc morning of thy arrival at
yonder palace. There thou slial~surpass Ibn Rlarwiin in liberality, and I sllall surpass Jarir (in
talent) (36). Preparc to rise again; tlrc moon doh not remain eclipsed lor ever.

One festival day, lie received, in llis prison, the visit of his daughters, who were
then gaining a livclillood at Aghmat by spinning; onc of Ihem was cven employed as
a spinner by the daughter of a person who had been in the service of her father and
commanded the policc guards wlicn hc was on llic throne. Seeing Llie~ndressed in
old tattered clotlles and so miserable, his Ilearh was rent with grief (37)ancl 1le recited
these verses (adressing lhcm lo hilnself) :

In former times festivals madc tlbce rejoice; but now, a prisoner in Aghrnlt, a festival arflicls
thee. Thou scest thy claughters hungry and in rags, spinning for hirc and pennyless. They
went forth to salule ti~ec,with c2owll-cast eyes a ~ l dbrolten hearts; they walk barefoot in the
mud, as if they had never trod (on poors strezocd noith) musk and camphor. Not a cheek ( o f
theirs) but its surfircc complairis of drought (misery),and is never watered but with sobs (and
tears). Fortune was 011ce obedient to thy command; now it has reduced thee to obey the
commands of olhcrs. He who, after thee, livcs rejoicing in the excrcise of power, lives in the
mere delusion of a dream.

Whilst i n this (miserable) stale, with felters enclosing his legs in a lion's grasp,
" encircling them as with the coils of black serpents, unable to stir his limbs, shedding

" not a single tear unmixed with blood, he, who had seen himself mounted on the
" pulpit and the throne, who (had lived) i n the midst of silks and gardens, with
" standards waving over him, wllilst the assemblies were enlightened by his pre-
" sence" (38), he received the visit of his son AbO Hishim, and on perceiving him,

he wept and recited ihese lines :

.l96 IBN IiHALLIKAN'S
0 my &ins! see you not that I am resigned, and ye1 you S ~ C Wncitl~erPily nor cornpsion?
gy blood bath been your drink; my flesl~you have dcvourcd; l)uldu ]lot brcak lrly 1)ones. ~ ] , f i
nabshimsees me in your grasp, and broken-hearled, be lurns away his face. I'ily a hylight
of heart, who never supposed that he should bavc to iar~~lorc
your 1nWcy. I'ily his liltle sisters,
whom, like bim, you obliged to swallow the poisonous and billcr drauglll ( o f ' ~ ~ i L e ~ *One
~ ) .of
&em can comprehend, in some degrce (her sztunlion), and I ilavc so~r~clin~cs harcd tllat she
would lose her sight from excessive weeping ; Ihe olhcr comprcbcadu 110111i11g,an([ only opens
her mouth to take the breast.

Whilst he was in this siluation, a number of needy solicilors assembled i n his room
and assailed him with importunities. On this occasion, llc pronounced the following
lines:
They ask a trifle from a prisoner ; yet strange cnough, I havc grcatcr causc lo ask tllan
they. Vere it not for a feeling of shame and thnl licrcditary pritlc (3!)) which imbues the
inmost folds of my bosom, I should follow tlicir examplc in bcgging.

The poems composed by al-Motamid and those composed on llirn arc very nume-
rous.-We have now passed our usual limits, but we wcrc induced to Icngllien this
artic1e.because the like of so extraordinary a fate as his was ncvcr scen ; our notice
contains besides an account of his father and grandfather, and this conlribulcd to
extend it. Al-Motamid was born in {he moot11 of the first Rabi, A . 11. &31 (Nov.-
Dec. A. D. 1039), in Bijja (Beja), a city of Spain. Be succecded to ihe throne
on the death of his father, in the year already mentioned; he was dcposcd in
year which we have indicated (in page 1911, and he died i n prison a t Aghmit, on
the 11th of Shawwil (161h October)-some say, of Zii 'l-Hijja (11111 1)eccmber)-
A. 8. 488 (A. D. 1095). At his interment, the crier called on the peoplc to come
to the funeral prayer about to be said over a stranger; singular fate of n oncc mighiy
and powerful prince! glory be to the Being whose existence, power, and n ~ i g hendure
l
for ewrl h great number of the poets who had visited his court to celebrate his
praises, and who had been generously rewarded by him, assembled round his grave,
to weep and recite over it long kasidas in which they lamented his death. One
them was 3ahr Abd as-Samad, his favorite poet, who then deplored his loss in a
long and excellent kastda beginning thus :

of kings! unst thou still hear, so that I may call on thee? or doth a fatal misfortune
~ r e r m thee
t from hearing? On quitting thy palace, in which I saw thee no longer as once
1 clid On days of rejoicing, I came, in humble respect, to kiss this grave and make thy mmb
the place of my recitation.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 197

On finishing, he kisscd the grave, and rolled himself on ibe ground, and soiled
l,is face with aust; at this sight all the assembly burst into tears.-It is related that,
after (nl-JIoia~~~id's)
overtllrow, a person dreamt that lie saw a man mount the pulpit
in ille mosque of Cordova, turn towards the people and recite the following lines :

HOW often havc the caravans halted with the camcls in the court of their glory, when it
surpassed all rivalry I During a timc, misfortune addressed thcm not, but, when it spoke, it
caused them to shed tears or blood.

Al-Motamid liad a grandson, who, in the days of their power, bore the surna~ne
of Fakhr ad-Dawlat (glory of the entpire), which, with illat dynasty, was an imperial
title. This boy, who was remarkably well looking, took to the iracle of a goldsmith,
and Ab8 Bakr a d - N n i (Iln al-Labbdna) having seen him one day blowing h e fire by
means of a liollow reed, composed a kaslda in which he introduced the following
passage :

Great is our affliction for thcc, 0 Fakhr al-Ola ( g l o r ~of exaltntion), and great the misfortune
for one whosc rank was so bigh l Time Lias placcd around thy neck the light collar of its
vicissitudcs ; yct how oftcn didsl thou place round ours tlie collar of thy bcncficcnce ! Thc
collar given thee iu return (Iliou clidst ~cccivc)in lhc shop of advcrsily, ancl yet thou oncc
dwelt in a palace like that of Iram ('10). Thou wicldcst goldsmith's tools in that hand which
only knew bcncficencc, lhc sword, and tllc pen ; a hand which I havc oftcn seen lllee llold out
to be kissed, and then the Pleiadcs aspired to become a mouth (41). Artisan ! thou for whom
high rank formed a brilliant ornamcnt and who once wast decked with sels of pearls ! the
blowing ol the trumpet (on the day of judgment) will create a consternation equalled only
by that which I felt on sccing tlicc blowir~gcoals. When I saw thee thus employed, I wished
that, before it, my eyes had bccn afflicted with blindness. When fortune degraded thee from
thy rank, it did IIOL dcgradc thcc from honour, ncilher did it diminish thy noble qualities.
Shine in honour ! shine as a star, if tliou canst not as a moon ; rise in honour as a hill, if tllou
canst not as a mounfain ! By Allah ! were the stars just towards thcc, they would eclipse their
light, and wcrc rncn's eyes faithful to thec, they would exl~austthcir tears. Thy story would
make even llie pearls weep, since lhey rcscmble thee in family, in words, and in smiles (42).

It is unnecessary to make lurther additions to this article.-Larki means belonging

to Ldrka (Lorca), a eily in Spain. The aulhor of the Ichar$da menlions the poet al-
Lfirki in Bat work, and stales ihat he survived al-Motamid many years; he gives also
numerous specimens of his poetry.-Aghrn&t is a town situated at a day's journey
beyond Morocco ; it 1las produced many nren distinguished for learning.-As for Abb
Bakr (Muhammad Ibn Isa a+Ddni [native of Denial, surnamed) Ibn al-Labbina, none
of the works which I have consulted give the date of his deaih, and 1 never met
with any person who knew it. 1 saw, Iro~vever,in the jlanzdsa con~poscdby Abd
']-Hajjij Yisuf al-BaiyPsi, a person of whom we sl~allagain speak, i l ~ a lIhn &Lab-
bins at Majorca, towards the end of the month of Shaabkn, A . H, 4.89
( ~ ~ p A.t D., 1096), and lhat he celebrated llle praiscs of Muhosllsllar Ibn Sulai-
m8n (44, sovereign of that island, in a piece of vcrse commencing illus:

A king who,when arrayed in jewels, strikes thee with admiration by lljs splendour, and whose
magnificence gives fresh lustre_to the qualities of the age in wl~icli11clivcs.

Not finding any elegies of ibn al-LabbPna on the death of al-Molamid, I imagined
that he had died before that prince ; I then found al-Baiyisi's statement, which, if
true, proves the contrary (44).

(l) For the history of the Lakhmides of al-Hfra, see Pococke's Specimen 1iist.-AV. page 67, ed. 1806, and
Mr. Caussin de Perceval's Essai sur l'Hisfoire des Arabes.
(2) This Idriside sovereign reigned at Malaga. Cordova was, at that limc, an iridclrcntlnnt rcpul~lic.
(3) A better acquaintance with Ibn BassAm's work obliges me to acknowlcdgc that i t c o ~ ~ t a i n
a sInass of yre-
cions information borrowed mostly from other authors, but his own stylc is dctcsti~l~lc.This autl~or,according
to al-Makkari, was a native of Santarem and died A. H. 542 (A. D.' 1147-8). In l110 gcar 4861, I publishctl
an account of the Dakhlra in the Journal asiutique. See also professor Dozy's IFlstoriu Abladidurum, tome 111.

(4) Al-Motadid, or more correctly al-hfotadid billah, signifies: one who recurs to tile assistancc of God.
(5) Literally: The standing and the mowed down. A metaphor taken from corn.
(6) Literally: Between standing up and sitting down.
(7) Literally : Copiousness of fingers.
(8) The latter half of this extract consists of a passage which Ibn Bassam borrowcd from Ihn IIazm,
(9) I believe that, with the Arabian poets, a weak-bodied wine mcans a purc transparcnt wirlc.
(10) Thii is a mistake. The poems of which Ibn Khallikan speaks were composed in honour of al-Motamid.
(11) Literally: The place where the baggage is taken off.
(i2) Literally: As were enclosed between the two ranks of servants in his hall.
(13) Read, in the text,
F,,$ andbrJ ,I.
(4 I) Zahrd i s the feminine singilar of the adjective azhar (bright, splendid).
(15) Ibn K ~ ~ ~ copyists
n ' have
6 here committed a blunder which it is impossiiblc to rendcr into Englisll.
The P=%-e, if translated into French, would run thus: Et sa largeur, du sud au midi, cst, etc. They have
witten LJJ~ I, instead of d3d I .
((6) a trace of the Zahd can now be discovered.
('7) utefau? : Because al-Motamid was the person who drew him by the arm. In English, we should SaY :ya
Who took him by the hand.
(1s) Zfi 'I-WSrahin Abb 'l-Hasan Jaafar Ibn Ibrablm Lbn d-~Ajj
al-LfirlG (nah.ue of Lona), a distin-
mhed
Pact and PrW-Mlor, belonged to an eminent fahily, some members of which rose to the rank
, ~d(licfit1,i n his youth, b l willo i11111
~llcnsl~rc,
hc aR~r\\~nrds rrrormctl his lilt n~ltllins~ctltklc rcmajndcl
of his days in ascclisln and sclr-mortificn1ion.-(Z)ughya. IC(ddid (il-ll(iy(in.)-Tl~c ( I t l t ~ ]li< (]cal]l i 3 llo,
but Ibn ILhAkAn, thc allLll0r of Lllc lallcr worlt, cites a picce of vcrsc co~nposcdby lijcn i r ~thc year 51 7
(A. D. 1133-4).
(19) ~ b Muhammad
h Abd Allah Il)n 17araj Ibn Ghazlhn al-l'nhsubi, generally ltnown h p the, apl~cllation
al-Ammdl (JLJl), was a native of~olctlo,a leartlrd Iradilionist, a grammarian, a plcilologer, and n poet.
of tllc Iiorbn, and thcsc nssrnlbiics wcrc uutnerot~slyaltendcd. IIe led
gave lectures on tllc int~r~~rclaLi011
a life, and s~~cccctlcd
AbO 'l-Wolid i ~ l - W a l i ~as
l ~ Ldtli
i ~f Tiilavcrn, 110 diet1 A. 11. 487 (A. D. 1 0 9 4 ) ,
aged upwar(]s of eighty years.-(lbtl l)asltkuwAl, in Iris Silnt.)
(20) Tllis word sig~iifics Ihc lithbm wear-crs, and is fi.ci[u~~ltly
11scrI I0 tlcsignntc Ihc Almoravides. The
1,thdm is the, piccc of dark I~luostufl worn I)y Ihc i l l h a l ~ i l ~ or
n t ~L ~ Cgreat Afric;~r~
clrscrl to prolcct tllcir laws
from tile reflected hcat of Lhc sun. It covcrs thc torchcad, tllc C ~ C C ~ tile
~ S , cxtrcunity of tllc nosc, and thc chin.
~tis still in llse among tllc Tuwarigs.
(91) Sir Ibn Abi Dalrr bclongcd 10 the I3erl)cr tribe of Lamlhna. I do not know why lbn KhallilcAn calls
him al-Andallisi jnntiue of SIJS!,~~).
(9%)At the cnil of this articlc, Il)n Tihallikbri givcs a nolc on Ibn al-Lnbl~bna. Sec also v01 11. page 162.
(23) This is an allusion to tllc lllird vC~.scof SlSt shrat of the Kornn, wllrre Mu)~ammiidmentions thc
signs which anrlourlcc t l ~ eapproach of tllo (lily or ,judgtncnt.
( 2 4 ) See vol. 11. pilgc 1 6 4 , w l ~ r r et l ~ csalnc vcrscs are givcn.
(25) Thesc vcrscs arc inctrrrcctly rcndcrcrl ~n Ll~csamc pagc of vol. 11.
(26) Tllc word 35~1
signifies bonrtls, ant1 is clrgnntly cmploycd, i n Avpclblr., to dcsignntc thc pulpit. To
avoid tautology, 1 hnvc ernl)loy~tlthc word throne. It signifies also a bzer,
(27) Thc rhymc liere obligcs us to pronouocc Ihc word shdh as if i t was wriltcn sltdt; illis is n falilt against
the rules of versification. This obscrvrklion is made by lbn Khallikan in the text, but, as it interrupts the
piece, I have placed il hcrc.
(28) in the Khurf~la,MS. No. 1376, fol. 183, Lhe verses of tliis poern arc given in another order, and part
of them suppressed. Tllc piccc itscll' is vrry obscurc, and l am, by no means, certain of having rendered its
meaning correctly in sornc parts.
l s TnmmAm (see uol. I. page 3 118 ) .
(29) By Ifabib tllc poct r n c ; ~ ~Abh
(30) That is: Tllc palncc and thc grounds al~oatit arc furrowcd an11cross-flirrowed by torrents.
(31) It is strange that n Moslim princc slloultl havc ornamcntcd his gardens with statues in the human form.
ties AraLcs, tomc 111.
(39) See the lifc of Watl~PmnIbn Mhsa, in thc fourth vol. nucl the Bssni sur l'llistoz~~e
(33) The earth oppressing by its narrozuoess is a koranjc cspl-cssiun Lo dcnote intecisc grief. As the poet
takes this expression in its lircri~lsense, il i s impossible to render his mcaning clcarly in anolher language.
( 3 4 ) The poet calls tlio daylight al-filotamid's son on account of its splendour, and the ocean his brother
because its waters wcre as chpious as his bcneficencc.
(35) See Pococlre's Specimen Ilist. Ar. pagc G8 ; Pleischer's lfirloria anteislamica, page 4'23; Rasmussen's
Additamenta, pagc 2 ; and Frcy tag's Meidani, Lorne I. pagc 4 2 4 ; especially tlie iwo last.
(36) He means Jarir the poct, who was n ravorite with the khalif Abd al-Malik Ibn MarwBn. See vol. I.
page 998.
(37) I translate thus, by eonjocturc, tllc words 4 C ~ AA.
S
(38) The phrase is borrowed from thc notice on al-Motarnid by Ibn KhAlrBn.
200 IBN IiHALLIKAN'S
(39) Literally: Laihmite pride. The AbbAd iamily drew its dcsccnt f ~ o the
~ l progenitor of tribe of

Lakhm.
( 4 0 ) See an account of this fabulous city in Lane's translatioll of llle Arabian Nights, vol. 11. p. 3 4 9 .
(41) The meaning of the last hemistich is d ~ ~ b t f l l l .
(49) The poet bere indicates the points in a h i c h ihc young grincc resembled gcarls; firsl, by his fanlily,
who vere the pearls of the age; secondly, by the elegance of his discoursc, the cxprcssions hc made use of
being the pearls of tile language; and thirdly, by his teeth, which appeared, when hc smiled, like two rows
of pearls.
( 4 3 ) See Gayangos's History of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain, v01 I[. page 258, and Allpendzx,
page xlvii.
(44) For a much more satisfactory account of these sovereigns sec Mr. Dozy's Ristoi?-e dcs Musulnlans
d'E~pagne,vol. IV. hlost of the pieces written by the Arabs on the Abbddiclc dynasty have bcen published by
him in three volumes in-4", under the title of Scriptorurn Arabum loci de Atbadidis. I have l~rofitcdby many
of Mr. Dozg's obse~vations.

AL-MOTASIM IBN SUMADIH-

Abh Yahya Muhammad Ibn Maan Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Sumbdih, SW-
named al-lotasim at-Tujibi (l),was sovereign of al-Mariya (Alrneria), BajjAna (Fe-
china), and as-Sumidihiya (2), cities in Spain. His grandfather Muhammad Ibn
Ahmad Ibn Sumiidih possessed the city and district of Huesca (Washka) in the days
of al-Muwaiyad Hishdm Ibn al-Hakam, the Omaiyide prince of whom nlention has
been made in the life of al-Motamid Ibn AbbPd (p. 184. of this vol.). Being attacked
and defeated by his cousin Mundir Ibn Yahya at-Tujibi, and unable to resist the nu-
merous troops of his adversary, he took to flight, and, having abandoned Huesca, he
remained without the smallest tie to connect him with that city. (~~uukammad
Ahmall) was endowed with judgment, acuteness, and eloquence, qualities in which
none of the military chiefs of that time were his equals. His son Maan, the falher
of al-Motasim, married the daughter of Abd al-Aziz Ibn Abi ALmir (al-iMansdr),the
sovereign of Valencia, who subsequently, when Zuhair, his fa~her'smowla who Corn-
manded at Alrneria, lost his life, seized on that city, pretending that it belonged to
a miwla of his family (3). This act excited the jealousy of Abh 'l-Jaish MujAhid lbn
~ b Allah
d al-A?lmiri (vol. I. p. 278), the sovereign of nenia, who immediately set
out to invade the territory belonging t o Abd al-Aziz wllilst the latter was a1 Almeria,
i n taking possession of lllc heritage wllicll Zuhair had left. \\hen Ahd 81-
~~i~heard of Mujihid's rnarc11, ileparted from Alnleria in all haste wit11 the inten-
tion suing for peace, and left his son-in-law and vizir, Maan Ibn Surnidih, to
govern that cily as his lieutenant, Maan betrayed ille confidence placed in him and,
having declared himscl f independent. succeeded in establishing his aulhorily,
notwithstanding the universal reprobation which illis act excited aniongst provin-
cial kings who Ihen ruled i n Spain. On his death, the kingdom passed into the
hands of his son al-Motasim. This prince, who ]lad assumed one 01 the surnames
special to kllalifs, was distinguislled for Iiospi!ality, liberalily, and aversion to
bloodshed; the hopes of tlre needy were turned towards him, every mouth spoke his
praise,-visitor~ flocked to his court (b), and eminent poets, such as Abii Abd Allah
Ibn al-Hadddd and oihers, devoted their talcnls to his praise. AI-Motasim Ilimself
composed some good poetry, such as the following verses addressed by h i m in a letter
to Abh Balrr Muhart~madTbn A m m i r al-Andalusi (p. 127 of ~ h i s ' w o l . )complaining
,
of his conduct :

My knowledge of tllc world and long experience have estranged me from ma~~kind.Never
did fortune sliow me a fricnd who pleased me on a first accluaiotance, but in tl~ccnd he gave
me lnotivcs of cornplairll; and never did I expect a friend's assistance against misfortune, but
I found in him also anotl~eraffliction.

To this lbn AmmAr replied in a long piece of verse which it is unnecessary to

reproduce. Anotller of al-Motasinl's pieces is the following:

0 thou whose absence 11athaMicled my body wilh a sickness not to be cured but by thy
return I My eyes and sleep are engaged in a warrare to which the battles of Sifin appear
a trifle (5). Tliough vicissitudes oi time kccp us separated, the tnif al-M~iiil(6) may
unite us.

It was from this passage that the kdtib Uahl ad-Din Zullair Ibn Muhammad (vol. l .
p. 542) took the idea expressed in the following verse of one of his poems :
Since thy absencc, my cjclids and slumber are at war.

81-Motamid left a great number ol other pieces besides these. Some splendid
kaseda~werc composed in his praise l ~ yAbh Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibfl
VOL. III. 26
 Ibn Allmad Ibn Othmhn Ibn lbrihlm, a native of Almcria, and generally
known by the appellation of Jbn al-HaddAd al-Kaisi. One of tllese poems begins
thus :

Hast thou then walked on the bank of the blessed valley ? for the soil on which I tread smells
l i e Indian ambergris, In the perfume which thou hast left I recognise t h sweet
~ odour which
floated around those (whom I loved), and the gales of passion agaitl spring up within my bosom,
In my nocturnal journey, their fire and their beacon were my guida and conductors, when
the stars were extinguished. By some such cause, my camels were excited, my Arabian steeds
neighed, and the quickest (in the caravan) seemed to move too slowly. Were ihey urgcd on
by the same motive as I was? perhaps they took refuge in the ardour (which animated them)
that they might escape from the fires of my heart. Slacken your speeil, for this is the valley
of (my beloved) Lubaina l this is the spot where I shall accomplish my wishes and quench the
thirst which consumes me (7). Fair is the abode of Lubna's peol,lel fair the soil on which
Lubna trod ! In that land was the hippodro~neof my passionate desires ; there, thc field in
which 1 gave career to my imagination; there, my love took its beginning ant1 reacl~edits utmost
height. Think not the maidens of that land (cruel and) ungrateful ; those wcre hearts indeed
which their bosoms contained; under their azure veils (was s/ielte~-ed)well-protected honour,
guarded bp the azure points of watchful spears. Beauty, sent on llcr ((livit~e)mission, abolished
the creed of indifFerence and made all men converts to the religion of love.

The same piece contains the following passage :

The space which extends belween his two ear-rings (i. c. his face) excites the love of the
brunettes whose necks are so graceful, and thc languor of liis eyes charms the large-eyed
gazelles (maidens). In the sporting-ground of (his) ringlets is a clear white (complexion),
mixed with a bright red to complete its beauty.

Maiden, so prompt lo wound with your treacherous glances 1 so insensible lo love ! you stood
in fear of God, but the glance of your eyes was sinful. Your lovers are pierced with wounds,
but their blood is floods of tears, and their eyes are the wounds. How call I enclure your sharp
glances striking me to the heart, when no magician can close the gash left by illat fatal steel?
Row can I expect to be cured of love? it is not all who suffer from sickness that are cured.

From this the poet makes a transition to the praises of his patron. It is a long
and high-sounding kadda. Abii '1,-Kisim al-Asaad Ibn Billita (8), another Spanish
poet and one of the most eminent among them, celebrated al-Motasim's praises in a
h d d ~rhyming in t (L), which opened thus :

At Rams (9)I received the visits of a fawn maiden) which at first had avoided me ; in
((L

my dream, I caught it on the bauk of the river, but then it fled away. The fruits which love
produced in the bosoms of men werc its pastwe, not the odoriferous and acid shrubs of the
desert (1 U).
 BIOC;RAPHZCAI, DICTIONARY. 203

In this poem, he says :

The black collyrium of darkncss was dissolvccl by the tears of the dawn, and the morning
light appeared like greyness in black hair. The darkness seemed like a host of Negroes (Zenj)
taking to flight and pursued by (tawney) Copts sent after them by the morn.

In the same poem, he introduces the following description of a cock :

We might think that Andshrewin had placed his crown on the animal's head, and that the
band of MPriya liad suspended ear-rings to his ears (I I). He has stolcn the robe of the. peacock,
the handsomest part of his dress, and not contcnt with that, hc has stolen his mode of walking
from the duck (12).
/

In the same poem, he says :

The curve of the ringlet on her cheek might be take11 for a n8n of which, when she
appeared, the mole on that cheek represented the point (13). In mien like a young page, she
approached, and darkness had inscribed a line of black (literally: of civet) on the perfumed seal
of her mouth. Shc came moistening her toolhpick in the coolness (humidity)of her mouth,
after imbuing her comb with [lie musk of hcr hair. And I said, in taunting lier with the
(languor) of her eyes and tllc beauty bestowed upon licr dark red lips : " O thou whose glances
" are unsteady, but not from intoxication ! since when did the glances of tlig eyes clrink

" wine? I see he yellow toothpick (44)in thy,red lips, and the green (dark)mustaches traced

" with rnasl< (blnckncss). Plethinks thou hast kisscd a rainbow and its colours havo bcen
'' impressccl upon thy dark lips."

This poem coniains tile following eulogistic passage :

(The rains fall in torrents) as if poured forlh by (the beneficence o f ) Abii Yahya, the son of
Maan, and as if bis hand had taught the cloucls to shower down abundance. His lineage is com-
posed of pearls and beads of gold, and renown bears it as a collar round her neck. When he
marches forth, glory marchcs under his standard, and glory takes its station only where he
sojourns. At night, he rears a pillar of fire to guide nocturnal travellers, and he camel,
arriving unexpectedly, stumbles no more through the shades of darkness. I say to the caravans
which seek the spot where the rains ( o f liberality) are wont to fall, when its riders, on cmssing
the desert, turn aside from whcrc he is : Do you seek a rival to Ibn Maan in glory? He who
" lights a candle in sunshine is much mistaken l "

This is a long kastda containing about ninety verses; the poet has displayed great
skill in its versification when we consider the dilficulties attending the peculiar rhyme
which he adopted. When the emir Yhsuf Ibn Tlshifin passed into Spain, he treated
a]-Motasim with more benevolence than he shewed towards the others provincial
kings; he even received him into his intimacy; but, when al-Motamid (p. 182 of
204 1BN KHALLIKAN'S
lhis opellly resisted Ybsuf, whose mind had been turned against h i n ~ ,al-Motasim
sided with rhe former and repudiated the aulhorily of the African monarch. The
ybsuf, on his relurn to Spain, resolved to dethrone and imprison them both,
a circumstance to which ibn Basslm (P. 198 o/' this ~ 0 1 . 1 alludes in tlre following
passage of his Dakhira : Some secret (aqremenl) must have existed between al.
(6 Bolasim and God, or else some meritorious act must have preceded his death, for,
a few days only before the great catastrophy happened, he died in the exercise of
power, still possessing his native cily and surrounded bq his family and children.
6 4I have been informed, by a person whose statement I have no motive to reject, that
Arwa, an aged concubine of al-Motasim's father, made him Lhe following relation :
Truly, I was near him whilst he was giving his last injunctions, and he had
c6 almost lost the power of his hands and his tongue. The camp of the emir ofthe
6

c Moslims'-she meant Yhsuf Ibn Tbshifin-.l was then so near that we might
count his tents and hear the confused cries of the soldiers when any thing
6

6 t remarkable occurred. AI-Motasim then said : ' Thcre is no god but God l we
6

<L c have been troubled in all things and even in dying.' On this,' said Arwa,
my tears began to flow, and I shall never forget {he looh he gave me, as he
G

lifted up his eyes and repeated with a voice so feeble as hardly to be heard :

L Spare thy tears I spend them not l a time of long weeping awaits thee I ' ' "

Mullammad Ibn Aiyiib al-Ansiri composed a work in the year 568 [A. D. 1172-3),
for the sultan al-Malik an-NLir Sallb ad-Din (Saladin); it contains a notice on
ol-hlotasim Ibn Sumidih, in which he says, after giving a sketch of lds history, some
passages of his poetry, an account of the siege he had to sustain, and mentioning
his words : We have beert, iroubled in all things and even in dying : He died soon
after, at Almeria, on Thursday, the 22nd of the first Rabi, A. H. 684 (14th May,
" A . D. 1091), towards the hour of sunrise, and was inlerred near the Blb al-
" Khhaukha (the gate with the wicket), in a mausoleum erected to receive him ."-
Suabdih signifies s@ong.-Billtta, the name of Abh 'l-Kisim al-Asaad's father, is a
word of which 1 do not know the signification ; it belongs to the language of the
Spanish Christians (Addjim) (l5).-Tujtbi we have mentioned (p. 132 of this vol.),
--Bajjlffia (Pechina)is the name of a (seaport)town i n Spain {situated ?hear Almeria).
-dCAllariyo (Alaeria)has been already mentioned (vol. I. p. 431 .-Lls-Sddihi$a
was so named aller the of whom we havc spoken.-Washha ()luescn)
is a
town in Spain.

( 1 ) 8 1 - ~ o t a s i r n al-Tujibi signifies tlie Motasirn of the tribe of' Tujib . It appears that he was descended,
by that branch, from the Yemenitc tribe of Kinda.
(g) ~t appears from al-Maltkari, who relates some anecdotes of Ibn SunAdih's generosity, that the Sum$di-
hiya was a mag~lificentpalace. For this portion of Spanish history see lhc fourth volume of Dozy's Musulman~.
d'Espagno.
(3) See vol. 11. Introduction, pagc ix.
(4) Literally: And the caravans (or camels) were impelled unto his cour8t.
(5) The battle of Siffln was fought bctween Ali and Moawia in A. 11. 3 7 . The two parties remained in tho
field eleven months, and ninety conflicts or skirmishes took place between them.
(6) See vol. I. page xxxvi.
(7) Literally: Certe (est) aquarium votorum meornrn, et certe sum siticns.
(S) Al-Asaad Ibn BillPta, a celebrated poet and a native of Cordova, diecl towards A. H. 4 4 0 ( A . D. 1048-9).
-(Bughya.)
(9) See vol. I. page 2 00.
(10) Literally: Not the ardr nor the kharnta. In the preccdingline, L k secrns to be a poetical licence for
L,
(11) MAriya, thc wife of the Ghassanide prince,Abh Shammir, possessed a pair of ear3-rings, each composell
of a single pearl of immense value. Sec the proverbs on this subject in Freytng's Muiddrri, tome I. gage 422,
and Rasmussen's A d d i t a m e n t a , page 52.
(28) i am unable to assign any other mcaning to the Arabic words.
(13) In this piece he describes a youth who had thc appearance of a young girl, and whom he pretended
to take for one.
(14) Toothpicks i n the south of Europc are made of olive wood, which is yellow.
(15) Bellido, in Spanish, signifies handsome; billdte means a billet or note.

T H E MAHDI IBN TUMART.

Abii bbd Allah Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah lbn Tilnlart al-Harghi, styled al-
h h d i (I), the chief o f t h c call (2) made in Maghrib in favour of Abd al-Miimin Ibn
Ali (vol. 11. p. 182)-see some particulars respecting hinl in the life of the latter
306 I B N l{HALIJII{AN1S
-was to be a descendant of al-Hasan, tllc son of Ali Ibn Abi TBlib. 1 here
copy textually a note which I found inscribed on tlic covcr of 1.11~(realise on patro-
nymics (Ll&ban-#isab) attributed to as-Sharif al-Aibid, wl~iclinote is in tile
handwriting of some literary man of llle prcsent age : Mullammad (IhTdtnart was)
the son of Abd Allah Ibn Abd ar-Rahrnin Ibn Hhcl Ibn Khblid I b n Tammim Ibn
AdnPn lbn Safwin lbn Solyin lbn Jhbir Ibn Yahya Ibn Ata Ibn Rahillr Ibn Ya&
Ibn al-AbbPs Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan Ibn Aii Ibn Abi TBlib. God best knows
how far this s t a t h e n t may be irue (3). He belonged l0 Jabal as-SBs (the mountain
of as-S&) i n the farlhest part of illaghrib, and there k e passed his early years.
When a youtll, he travelled to llre East for the purpose of acquiring learning, and,
on his arrival in lrhk, he met Ahh Hhmid al-Ghazzhli (vol. II. page 621), al-Kip
a\-Harriisi ((uol. 11. page 2291, at-Torlfishi (vol. 11. p. 665), and other masters.
Having made the pilgrimage, he remained, for a Lime, at Mekka, and acquired a
very fair knowledge of the law, the Traditions of Muhammad, and tlie fundamental
principles of jurisprudence and religion (4). Pious and devout, 11e lived in squalid
poverty, subsisting on the coarsest fare and attired in rags; he generally went with
downcast eyes; smiling whenever he looked a person i n the face, and ever mani-
festing his propensity for the practices of devolion. IIe carried with him no other
worldly goods than a staff and a skin for holding water; his courage was great;
lle spoke correctly llle Arabic and the Maghrib (Berber) languages ; h e blamed
with extreme severity the conduct of those who transgressed the divine law, and
not content with obeying God's commandments, h e laboured to enforce their strict
observance (5); an occupation in which he took such pleasure that h e seemed to
have been naturally formed for it, and he suffered with patience the vexations to
which it exposed him. The ill usage which he incurred at Mekka by his zeal
obliged him to pass into Egypt, and having expressed the higlrest disapprobation of
the culpable proceedings which he witnessed there, the people trealed lrim in the
roughest manner, and the government drove him out of the country. When he
saw himself in danger of personal violence and chastisement, his discourse became
incohercot, and this circumslanee was considered as a proof of llis insanity. On
quitting Cairo, he proceeded to Alexandria and embarked for his native country.
in the East, he dreamed that he had drunk u p the sea at two different
times (6)- He was no sooner on board the vessel than h e began to reform the
profane conduct of the crew, obliging them to say their prayers at the regular
hours and to read (each time) a portion of the KlrPn. I n h i s occupation hc per-
severed till his arrival at al-Mahdiya, a city of Ifrikiya wllicll was then, A. B. 505
(A. D. 11ii-2), under the rule of llle emir Yahya Ibn Tamim Ibn al-Moizz
Ibn Bidis as-Sanhiji. So I find it stated i n the History of Kairawin; 1 have
mentioned, however, i n the life of Tamlm , Yaliya's father (vol. I p. 2821, that
it was under the latter's reign tliat Ibn Thrnart passcd through ifrilciya on liis
return from the East, and SO also llave I found it wriltcn. God best ltnotvs which
of these accounts is right; lbn Tiimart did not make two journeys to the East, so
gre cannot suppose illat hc returned lwice, and iC h e came back in the year 505,
as we have just mentioned, it must liavc been during tlie reign of the emir Ynlrya:
for TarnPm, Yahya's father, died in 501, as we have already stated in his life. I
notice this contradiction, lest the reader sllould suppose that it escaped my alien tion.
In the historical work drawn u p in tllc form of annals by al-Kiidi 'l-Akram Ibn
al-Kifti, the vizir of Aleppo (vol. 11. p. 494), we find the following passage: In this
year,"-tlial is, towards Ihc closc of 51 I-" Muhammad Ibn TQrnart l e f Egypt in
the dress of a jurisconsult, after having pursued llis slutlies \here and i n o ~ h e r
S' countries, ant1 be arrived at llijdiya (Bugia)." God knows who is in the right !7) 1
On arriving at al-Mahdiya, Ile took u p his abode in a mosclue built over vaults (S),
and situated on tlie road-sidc; there he used to sit at a window, watching those who
passed by, and, wllencvcr he perceived any thing reprehensible, such as musical
instruments or vessels containing wine, h e never failed to go down and break them.
When the people of the city heard of his conduct, they went to see him and read
over treatises on the principles of religion under his tuition. The emir Yallya being
informed of these proceedings, assenlbled a rlumber of jurisconsul ts, and caused Ihn
Thmart to be brought before him. Struck with liis appearance and discourse, tlie
prince showed h i m the lligllcst respect and requested him to offer up a prayer in his
favour. '' May God direct thee," said I b n Tiirnart, " for the welfare of lily subjects!"
A few days after this, h e departed from al-Mahdiya and proceeded 10 Bugia. where
he passed some time i n his usual occupation of reproving acts contrary to religion.
Being expelled the city, h e went to MellPla, a village in tlie neiglibourhood (g), and
there met with Abd al-Mhmin l b n Ali 'l-Kaisi (vol. 11. p. 182). I have read in the
work entitled: Kitdh nl-4ftrghrib an Shut dluldle il-Maghrilr ( i O ) that Muhammad Ibn
Tfimart had studied the al-Jafr ( i f ) a, work containing one of those (occult)
sciences with which tllc I1eople of the iiousc (the desmndanls of Ali) alone are acqsaint-
ed, and tllat he found therein the description of a man descended from the Prophet,
who was to appear in a country of 81-laghrib &l-Aksa called as-Sh, nnd invite the
people to the service of God; that person was to dwell and be buried at a $ace the
name of wbicl~was spelt with these letters, T , 1, N , M , L ; his autllority was to be sup-
ported ancl by a man of his disciples, the letters of whose name were
A , B, D, I,U, M, N, and that this was to happen subsequently to the fifth century
of the Hijra. God then put into his head that he was the person destined for this
and that the time of its accomplishment was at lmnd ; illerefore, wher-
ever he passed, he made inquiries respecting llle person who was to support his
cause; asking the name of every individual whom he saw and examining his appear-
ance, for he had with him Abd al-hl5min's descriplion. Journeying o n his way, he
passed by a grown up boy answering the indicalions, and said: "What is thy name,
a my lad?" The other replied : Abd al-Miimin." On hearing these words, he
turned back to him and said : " God is great 1 thou art the person w l ~ o mI seek l"
He then examined his features, and, finding them to correspond will) the description
he had wit11 him, he said : To what people dost thou belong? " Abd al-Miimin
answered: '' To the Kiimiya."--6 Whither art 111011 going? To the East."-
" With what intention?"--'& To acquire knowledge."-c( Well I " said Ibn Tdrnart,
knowledge thou hast found, and glory moreover, and renown ; be my disciple and
'' thou shalt obtain them." Abd al-Miimin accepted his proposal, a n d Mullammad
(Ibn Tarnart) then explained to him liis project and confided to h i m his secret. He
communicated also his design to a man called Abd Allah al-Wansherisi, who had
become his disciple, and he obtained his full consent to the undertaking. Al-
Wansharlsi had studied jurisprudence and learned tllc substance of various works (12);
he was handsome in person, and spoke with elegance the language of the Arabs and
that of the natives of Maghrib. As he and Muhammad i b n Tbmart were one day
conversing on the means by which their project might be accomplished, the ]alter
said to him: " My opinion is, that you conceal from the people your learning and
" eloquence, and that you manifest such incapacity, such incorrectness of language.
<1
such mean ahilities, and such a want of talent as may render you notorious; we
" shall then represent as a miracle, when we require one, the suddenness with which
" You quit Your assumed character and become possessed of learning and eloquence;
" then, eyeq word YOU say will be believed." Al-Wansherlsi acted accordingly-
Muhammad (Ibn Tdmarl)then got about him some Maghribins remarkable for bodily
strength, but grossly ignorant; preferring sucll persons to nlen of intelligence and
penetration. They were six in number, and, being accompanied by tllcm and by
al-Wansheri~i,he set out for the farthest extreinily of Maghrib. Abd &Mhnlin then
joined him, and tlie whole party took the road to Morocco. AbQ 'l-Hasan Ali, tile
sovereign of that cily, was the son of Ybsuf Ibn TBshilin, the same of whom we llave
spoken i n the lives of al-Motamid I b n AbbPd (p. 189 ofthis vol.) and al-lotasim lbll
sum&dih (p. 200 of inis vol.). He was a powerful prince, mild, dcvoul, just, nnri
hulnble (Ire/iore God), and h e ]lad then at 1lis court a learned and pious nnlive of Spain
eslled MBlik Jbn Wuhaib (uol. 11. p. 265). Muhammad began, as usual, to express
his disapprobation of what h e witnessed, and even dared to reprimand ilie doog\,ler of
the king. The particulars of this last adventure are too long to be related here (13).
The Icing, being informed of liis conduct, and learning that he tallred of reforming
the state, spoke to hldlik lbn IVuhaib on the subject, and received this reply : < c Let
4 . us be afraid of opening a door which we should find difficully i n sliu tting agaio ;

* * we had best cite this fellow ant1 his companions before an assembly of jurisconsults
belonging to the city, and hear w l ~ a tLl~eyhave to say.'' The king approved of his
counsel and sent for Muliarrln~atl and his disciples, who were then sojourning i n a
ruined mosquc outside the cily. W h e n ilicy cniereil tile hall of auclicnce, the king
said to his j urisconsul ts : ' ' A s k this man what l ~ cwants wi th us," and lluhammad
Ibn Aswad, the lcddi of tilmcria, obeyed and said : \Vhat are those discourses
6 4

which lhou art said to hold relative to I l ~ ejust and n~ercifulking who is so sub-
" missive to the (doctrines of) truth and who prefers being obedient towards God to
the following of his pissions? " To this Rluhamniad replied : " The discourses
" spoken of I did Ilolcl, and I have yet more to make ; as for thy wards, illat tllc
king prefers being obcdienl towards God to the followitig of his ~)assions,and
" that he is suhniissive to the truth, the moment is now come to put llle~nto the
'& test. It shall then bc known, if hc possess not the qualities you mention, that
" he is led astray by the discourses and flattery whicb you address to him, illough
" you are well aware that their refutation is at hand. Hast thou been informed, 0
" kddil that wine is sold here publicly? that swine run about in the midst of the

" Moslims? \hat the property of tlie orphan is seized upon 4" He poceeded in this
manner with a long enumeration, and the king was so deeply affected that lie shed
tears and h u n g down his head wit11 shame. The persons present perceived from
the drift of this discourse that the speaker aspired to the possession of {he kingdom,
VOL. III. 27
but, renlarking [hat llle Icing remained silent and f l ~ levidcnlly bccn i1nposcd on
by ibll TGmartfs words, they abslained from making a n y reply- At length MBlik
1hn wuhaib, who talie great liberlies with lllc king, addressed liim in these
terms ' c 0 king! I llave an advice to give, ~vldcll,it you accept it, will have the
6. most satisfactory resulls, whilst its rejection w i l l expose you 10 great danger,"-

~~l me hear it," said the king.-" 1 am afraid," said lbn Wuhaib, " that this
' 4man will do you harm, and my advice is that you imprison h i m and his conjpa-
6. nions and assign to tllem for their support ille daily sum of one dinar. This will
secure you from his evil intentions; and, if you refuse doing so, 11c will cost you
c c all the money in your treasury, and your indulgence will have profited you

'6 nolhing."-Tlle king approved the counsel, but his vizir said : " It wollld be shame-
" ful for you, aller having wept at the exhorlations of lllis man, to treat him ill
in the same sitting, and disgraceful for you wllo ~ O S S C S SSO great a lringdom to
h shew your fear of a man who does not possess wherewilhal to appease his honger."

The king, whose pride was excited by these words. declared Ibn Tiimart's proceed-
ings unwdrLhy of attention., and dismissed llini aller asking liis blessing. The
author of the work entitled Kil&b al-Jlughrib fi Akhbdr Ahl il-Maqhrib, says : Ibn ' I

TSmart, whilst retiring from the king's presence, kept his face turncd towards
* I him till he left the hall, and some persons having said to him : We see that
' thou sliowest respect to the king in not turning thy baclc to Iiim ;' he replied:
I' ' My intention was to watch vani~yas long as I could, until the time come that I
I' ' may change it.' "-On leaving the king's presence, Muhammad said to llis com-
panions : "We cannol possibly remain at Morocco wllilsl Mllik Ibn Wuhaib is there;
" he is capable of bringing our business again before the king, and subjecting us
* ' to ill usage. But we hare, in the city of Agl~mAt,a brother in Cod ; let us go 10
" him, and his good advice a r ~ dprayers shall not fail us." This man, whose name
was Abd al-Hakk Ibn Ibr$him, was a jurisconsult to (ono of) !he lasnliida tribes.
They set out to find him, and, having stopped at his house, Dlullamnlad told him
who they were, and informed him of their design and of what llad passed between
[hem and the king. Abdal-Hakk replied : This place cannot protect you, but one
" of the strongest holds in the neighbourhood is the town Tin-Me11 ; it lies in
" that mountain, at the dislance of a day's journey. You may remain there in retire-
" ment till all recolleclion of your proceedings has passed away." The mention of
$his name recalled to Ibn Tfimart's mind the name of the place which he had seen
 in the Ja[r, and he immediately proceeded thither with his companions. Wllen
the inhabitants saw them arrive i n that state and learned that they were students
in pursuit of knowledge, they stood up to give them an honourable reception and a
friendly welcome, lodging them in the best rooms of their dwellings. The king
8sked about them, after their departure from his audience-chamber, and learned
with salisfaction that they llnd left the city : " We have escaped," said he, he sin
6. of p t t i n g them into prison." When the mountaineers were told that Muhammad,
he of whom they had already heard so much, was arrived among then], ~ A e ycanbe
unto him from every deep valley (141, thinking tlral, in going to see him, they should
the divine favour. Every person that came, he took apart, and discovered
to him his intention of revolting against the king: if the visitor promised to assist
him, he admitted him into the number of his partisans; if he refused, he turned
away from him. He sought particulary to gain over the young and inexperienced ;
but, as the more prudent and intelligent advised them to avoid him, and warned
them not to become his followers lest they should incur the vengpance of the king,
his efforts were useless. Whilsl thus engaged, time passed away ; he began to fear
that death might surprise him before the accomplishment of his purpose ; lie dreaded
lest an order from the king might oblige the people to deliver him u p and abandon
him. These consideralions induced him to have recourse to a slralagem in order to
forward he affair in which he had engaged them, and he laid a plan for pushing
ihem to rebellion. Having remarked that some of their children had rosy cheeks
and blue eyes, although the fathers were of a tawny complexion and black-eyed, he
asked them the reason. They at first refused to answer, but yielding at length to
his urgent requesl, they said : We are s ~ ~ b j e c lofs this king, and pay h i n ~a tax
" (khardd'); therefore, every year, his morirlhks (15)come up to us (to rrceivc t t ) ,
" and they lodge in our llouses after turning us out; there they remain alone with
" our women, who, in consequence, bear children of that eomplexion. This treat-
" ment we have no means of resisting."--'( By Allah!" exclaimed Muhammad,
" death were preferable to a life sue11 as that; how can you consent to such a dis-
" grace, you who are the best swords-men and spearsmen that God ever created? "
-" We do not consent to it," was the reply; il is done against our will."
-" Well," said Bluhammad, answer me; if a person offered to help YOU
" against your enemies, what would you do? "-U We would march before him
" even to our death; ~ 1 1 is0 he 7"-U Your guest," replied Muhammad, meaning
himself,-" We engage to hear and obey him ," answered the people. F r o n ~that
moment, they treated llim wit11 extreme respect and b o ~ l n dlhemselves to him by
and so that his heart was tran(~ui1lised. He then said to them:
Prepare your arms for the coming of these fellows, and, on their arrival, let them
pursue their usual course ; leave them and ihe women together, serve them
t twine, and when they are drunk, let me know." When the mamliiks came, the
people of the mountain treated then) as M u h a n ~ ~ n aadvised,
d and, the night having
set in, tlley informed him of what had been done. He immediately ordered them
to slay them all, and the first hour of the night had not passed over when they were
exterminated. Only one mamlck escaped ; he had gone out on some necessary
occasion, and, hearing the cries of Allah ukbar (God is yrear) and the noise of the
atlack, he fled, in avoiding the Leafen path, and succeeded in getting out of the
mountain and reaching Morocco. When the king was informed of what had
happened, he repented of having suffered Muhanlmad to escape, and felt that the
advice given him by Mhlik Ibil Wuhaib was tllr, result of foresight and prudence.
Be immediately despatched a body of horse, large enough to fill up the valley leading
toTin-Mall ; but Muhammad, convinced that troops would be sent against the insur-
gents, called some of ihe neighbouring (tribes) to his assistance and poste'd the people
of the mountain in the defiles of the valley and on the heighls by which it was
commanded. As the cavalry advanced, showers of stones poured down upon them,
like rain, from every side, and the defence was sustained in this manner from morn-
ing till night. The approach of darkness put an end to the combat, and the army
returned to the king and acquainted him with what they had suffered. The king,
perceiving his inability to subdue the rebels in their stronghold, turned his attention
from them, and Muhammad, who had foreseen this result, won [he devoted attach-
ment of the mountaineers. He then called al-Wansherisi and said to him : " Now
" is the time to display thy talents all at once ; that will serve u s as a miraculous
" sign whereby we shall gain the hearts of those who bave not acknowledged our

" authority." Having concerted togeiher, it was agreed on that al-Wansllerisi

should say the morning prayer, and that, after having so long stammered out his
ideas in a language full of barbarisms, he should say, in a clear and intelligible
voice : " 1 dreamt yesterday that two angels came down from heaven and split open
" my heart and washed it, and filled it w i ~ hscience and wisdom and the K o r h (16!."
The next morning he did so; and we shall only state, without entering into parti-
 BIOCRhPI-IICAI, D I C T I O N A R Y . 24 $

culars, that even tfic most stubborn yielded, and a11 were struck will1 amazement at
his learningby heart the KorAn in a dream. Muhammad then raid L6 him : Tell h

6' us quickly the heavenly news; are we destined to eternal happiness or everlasting
misery? " Al-Wansberisi replied: '' As for thee, thou art the Mohdi, the main-
& ' tainer (kdim) of the cause of God; whosoever followeth thee shall be saved, and
whosoever resistelh thee shall perish." He then said : Present thy followers
6' unto me, in order that I may separate tllose who are destined for paradise from
those whose doom is bell." He lhus executed a sl~~alagem by means of whicll
a11 those who resisted Muhammad werc to be put to death; but the narration of these
poeeedings would lead us too far (17). His object was, not to leave in the moun-
tain a single adversary to Muhammad. When these people were slain, illuhammad
perceived that those among the survivors who had thus lost rela\ions or (a part of
their)family were by no means salislied ; h e therefore assembled them and announced
that the kingdom of the sovereign of Morocco would pass into their hands and
that the wealth of the enemy would beconle their prey. On hearing these words,
ihey were much rejoiced and they ceased to regret ihe death ol their relalives. T l ~ e
details of these events are abundant, but they do not enter into our suhject. We
shall only state, in a summary manner, that Mullammad ncser relaxed his efforts
till he sent forth an a r n ~ yof ten 'thousand men, horse and foot, with Abd al-Mlirnin,
al-Wansherisi, and all his other disciples, whilst he remained in the ~nountain.
These troops besieged Morocco for the space of a month, but they then met with a
most disgraceful defeat, and Abd al-Nliirnin took to flight will1 !he survivors. In
this engagement, al-Wansherisi lost his life. Muhammad was in the mountain
when he received the news, and he died before his partisans returned (18); but, in
his last moments, he enjoined the persons present to inform them that vic[ory and
complete success awaited them ; wherefore they should not despond, but renew the
fight; God would enable h e i r hands to achieve a signal lriumph; the vicissitudes
of war were alternate; his followers would be now stinong and now weak, now
numerous and now few; their power was only commencing, whilst thal o l iheir
enemies was drawing to a close. He continued a long series of injunctions in the
same style, and then expired. This event took place A. H. 524 (A. L). 1130). He
was buried in the mountain, and his tomb is still a well-known object of pilgrimage.
His followers designate this year as the adm al-Bahira (I 9). He was born on the
festival of Akhiiri (10thof Muharrarn), A. H, 485 (21st Feb. A. D. 1092). The first
214 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
time he made his appearance to call the people to his cause was in the year 514
(A, D. 1120). Hc was a man of middle size and slight form ; his complexion was
tawny, his head large, and his eye piercing. The author of the Kildb al-ilfugkrib
says respecting him : " The traces which h e has left acquaint thee with his history
as plainly as if thou sawest him will1 thy eyes :

His foot was on earth, but hi mind towered to the Pleiacles!

His soul pererred shedding the water of life (his own blood) to shedding the
weter of the face (doing a degrading acl). The Almoravides saw h i m with inclif-
ference stop and settle (in their country), and they allowed him to steal forward as
&6 the dawn steals upon the darkness, and to leave the world filled with the sound
(of his rmown). He laid the basis of an empire which would have obliged Abd
66 Muslim (uol 11. p. loo), had he seen it, to acknowledge the foresight of i ~ s
founder. He subsisted on what his sister earned by spinning : a small flat cake
of bread each day with a little butler or oil sufficed him, nor did h e abandon lhis
simple food when he abounded in worldly wealth. Remarking, one day, that
the minds of his followers were turned towards the ample booly which they had
obtained, he ordered all the spoil to be heaped together and burnt. Whoever
'' ' follows me,' said he, ' for worldly goods shall have nothing from me but what
" ' he sees there, and whoever follows me for the recompense of the next world

shall find his reward with God.' Though plain in his dress and affable i n his
" manners, he inspired a profound respect ; he was of difficult access except for per-

" sons who came to complain of oppression, aud he had a man whose duty it was to
" wait on him and give admittance to visitors." Ibn TOmart left some poetry of
which we may notice the following passage :

Vhen these people were far off, you lent them your assistance, and when they bade thee
farewell, hey left thee (with indifference). How often did you forbid them (to sin) and were
not obeyed; how oftell did you give admonitions, yet you were not heeded. Whetstone (of
others* wit)I how long will you sharpen steel, and never receive a cutting edge yourself?

He frequently repeated the following line :

Strip %'sell of the world (and its prvions) ;for naked thou carnest into the world.
 I3IOGRAPIII(:AL, DICTIONARY. 215

And often applied to himself these verses of al-Mutanabbi's :

when you strive after glory much-desired, cease not to aspire until you reach the stars.
a mean and in a noble undertaking, the iaste of dealh is c~uitethe same.

The two following passages of the same poet were o f ~ e nrepeated by him :
He who knows the times and mankind as well as I do, should quench without remorse his
lance's thirst for blood. He would meet no mercy from thctn if they got him into their power;
to hurl destruction on them is not then a crime.
I become not one of them by living among them; sandy earill is the gangue in which gold
is found.

Muhammad Ibn Thmart did not make any conquests; he laid the foundations of
the entreprise, organised and established it, but the conquests were achieved by Abd
al-Miimin.-Harghi n ~ e a n sbelonging lo Hargha, which is a large tribe of the Mas-
mhda (Berbers), who occupy the mountain of as-Slis in the farthest extremity of
Maghrib (20). They are considered as being related to al-Hasan, the son of (the
khali/) Ali Ibn Abi Tllib (21); and it is said that they seltled in {ha1place when the
country was subdued by Mbsa Ibn Nasir.-l'dmarl is a Berber name (22).- Wan-
sherliri means belonging to Wa,nsherb, a village of Ifrikiyain the province of Bugia (23).
-Of Ttn-Nall mention has been already made (vol. II. p. 184) (24.-In the life
of Abd al-blhmin we have spoken of the Jafr.

(I) The meaning of this title is explained in vol. If. p. 578. See also my translation of Ibn Khaldhn's
Prolegomena, in the Notices et Extmifs, t. XX, premiere partie, p. 53. My trar~slationof the same author's
Hisfoy of ihe Berbe~ms,t. 11. p. 161 et seq. may also be coosultcd.
(9) see vol. I. p. 468, and vol. 11. p. 594.
(3) lbn Khaldhn admits as correct a genealogy by which Ibn Tllmart is rr~adeto descend from Ali Ibn Abi
Talib by SulaimAn, the brother of Idrfs, the progenitor of the Idrfsides. Though Ibn TArnart belonged to the
Berber tribe of Hargha, he was not a member of i t by descent, but by a matrimonial alliance contracted by
one of his ancestors. Ibn KhaldQn observes that this was also the case with some of the descendants of ldrls.
(4) Having examined the collection of treatises composed by Ibn Thmart, I can bear testimony to the tor-
rectness with which his talents are here appreciated. These treatises form a small but closely-written volume,
transcribed, as the post-scripturn informs us, in the month of ShaabBn, A. H. 579 (NOV.-Dec. A. D. 1183),
&-five years after the author's death. This MS.js in the Bibliolh8que impdriale, supplement. The doctrines
by al-Mahdi bore a great resemblance to those of al-Ashari; like him, he had recourse to tdwzl, or
interpretation, in explaining certain verses of the Korfln which, if taken in their literal sense, would
have led to anthropomorphism, a belief which he accused the ~lmoravidesof professing. His doctrines were
 point excepted and wh~chhe horro~vedfrom the Slltit~s; namdy, that the true i d m , or
onhodor,
spiritual and temporal chief, of the Moshms was impeccable (masim). particularly insisted on the bebet
of c o d (raulifd),and for thls reason he gave his disciples the name of al-hfuwahhiddn (professom
in the
the unl,yj. This &nomination has given rise to tile word Almohatles of l?uropcan writers.
( 5 ) Every Moslim is obliged by his religion to malntaln, by his example and exh~rtations,the strict observ-
ante of the law. IIe cannot employ constraint to effect his purpose, that faculty being reserved for the kd&,
the ,novernor, and the pollce magistrate.
(6) According to the most approved treatises on the oneirocrilic science, a branch of knowledge still sedu-
touslq-cultivated by the Moslims, drinking up the sea means, the acquisition of a great empire.
(7) ~ b nKhaldlln says that al-Mahdi landed at Tripoli and proceeded to Bugia, which was then (A. H. 512)
under the rule of al-Azlz Ibn al-Mansbr, who expelled him from the city. It arlpears from the sequel of Ibn
~(haGkln'srelation that he had previously visited al-Mahdiya. An-Nuwairi says that Ibn Thmart arrived at
al-Mahdiya, from Tripoli, in the reign of Ali Ibn Yahya.
(8) The meaning of the word mon/l6k is thus explained by M, de Sacy i n his Ahd-Allaizf, p. 483.
(9) The village of Mellhla lies at the distance of three or four miles S. W. of Bugia.
(10) This tltle signifies: the relator of cxtraordnnjy things conrcrnmg the hzstory of the kzngs ~f Mogh-
rtb. I suspect this to be the same work which is cited lower down under the title of Kildb al-Mughvzh, etc.
(the relator of ejetruordinary things concerning the Itonorable characfe~isticsof the people of ilfaghrid), and
in which the historian and geographer Abh 'l-Hasan Ali lbn Mhsa al-Gharnatl (natzve of Granaclo), generallj
known by the appellation of lbn Said, gives a series of biographical notices on the eminent mcn of Spain and
North Africa. Ibn Said was born A. H. 6 1 0 (A. D. l 9 1 4 ) , and he died at Tunis A. H. 685 (A. D. 1886-7).
M. de Gayangos has inserted a note on Ibn Said in the first volumc of his Mohnmmednn Dynasties in Spain.
Hajji Khalifa places Ibn Said's death in the year C73 (A. D. 1274-5).
( 2 2 ) See vol. 11. p. 184, and Ibn KhaldOn's Prolegomena, t. [I. p. 815, 224.
(12) The word v.$'means: To extract the essential part of a thing. It secms employed here to denote
that he had not attained that degree of proficiency which would enable him to repeat from memory the entirc
contents of the works which he had studied; in fact, that he was still a mere scholar.
(13) According to Ibn al-Athir, the hlmoravides, the rulers of Morocco at that period, differed from the
otber bloslims in one remarkable particular: the men wore a veil (lithdnr) and their women wore none. AI-
Mahdi met the sister (plot the daugh!er) of the king, taking a ride and accompanied by a numerous train of
handsome female slaves, all mounted. The reformer was scandalised at this spectacle, and ordered them to
cover their face; he and his companions even dared to strike their horses, in consequence of which the
princess thrown off. She cornplaiqed of this to her brother, who ordered al-Mahdl to be brought before
him.---The rest of the narration is given by b n Khallik&n.
(16) Koran, shrat 99, verse %S.

( l S ) These mamlhks
were natives of Spain. The Almoravides, the ALmohdes, and the Merinides always
in their capital a troop of four or five thousand christians.
(16) In the latter Part of this Passage, the author has passed from the first to the third Derson. This is
a -P of negkencp readily wdoned by Arabian critioa, qs kequent examples ofit are found in the Koran*
They observe that, in such Cases, the hikbyu passes into ikhbdr, or, in other words, that the Literal ~Bpr0duction
of a ~~nversation or discourse passes into a mere account given of the same discourse. In the former case
speakem otter their sentiments in the first person, .nd, in the ia*, they are made to speak in h e third.
 BIOGRAPIIICAT, DICTIONARY 2.17
($7) Ibn Timart having remarked that a numbcr of profligate and wicked men inhabited the mountain,
the chiefs of the tribes and ordered thcm to exhort such persons to amend lhcir livcs, and to takp
down the names of those who rcfuscd. Having received these lists, Ibn Tdmart caused a second and a third
warnillg to be given to thc obstinate. EIc then s c l ~ c t ~out
d of the lists the names of thc persons whom he dis-
liked, and gave thcm to al-Wansherisi, dirccting him to pass the tribcs in review and to place those people
on big left hand. This operation being terminated, 1bn Tdmnrt said: Behold a set of reprobates whom it is
U your duty to put to death." The people hastened to exccutc this sentence, each tribe slaying the indivi-
duals who beIonged to it. That day was ever afterwards callcd : Yaum at-Tamyiz (the dny of the discrimi-
nafion),-(Ibn al-Athir, Kdrnil at-Tuv)dtrik/~,year 5 14.)
(18) He died four months after their defeat.-(Ibn IChaldhn.)
(19) An-Nuwairi informs us that, at the sicgc of Morocco, the Almohades, on finding themselves attacked
by superior numbers, retreated to the wall of a large gardcn callcd 81-Dahrra (the kiichen-garden), and, leaning
their backs against it, they fought dcspcratcly till night put an end to the combat. " And this battle," adds
the historian, "was callccl the brittle of a]-Bt~hiru, ancl the year, that of a[-l)uhfru."
(20) Re means the cllain of the Atlas which bounds thc south and south-east frontiers of the kingdom of
lorocco.
(81) This is a mnnifcst error; thc kIargha were a Bcrber race, and consequently they could not have sprung
from an Arabian stock. Ibn Kllnltlhn obscrvcs that many of the indigenous tribes of North Africa sought, by
means of false genealogies, to prove tllcir desccnt from the Arabs.
(88) I am almost certain that Tzimart is the diminutivc of the Arabic namc Omur, and that it signifies liflle
Omar. In Berber, the feminine and the diminutivc are formed by the addition of a t at the commencement
and of another t a t the end of the masculine noun. I must add that the letter ail1 does not exist in Bcrber.
(23) Wansheris is not a villagc, but a mountain; it lies, not in the province of Dugia, but in the province
of Algiers, to the south of Milybna.
(84) Tin-Mall is incorrect; the true name est Tinmelel (illa qua? alba est), that is to say: lhe white 09- snowy
mountain. Those words belong to the Berber language.

AL-IKHSHID.

Bakr Muharnmad, the son of Abii Muharumad Toghj, the son of Juff, the son
of Yaltikin, the son of Fiir$a, the son of FGri, the son of the Khaiin (rovereign) of
Farghina, and lord of the throne of gold (l), was surnamed al-Ikhshid. He drew
his descent from the kings of Farghanna and became sovereign of Egypt, Syria, and
Hij$z* The word Toghj is the equivalent of Abd ar-lahrnh (the servant of the
VOL. III. 28
218
IBN KHALLIKAN'S

J,er&fUl) (11. (The khalif) al-Motasim billah, the son of HQriinar-Rashid, drew into
his service, from FarghBna, a great number (of warriws), and, being informed of
the courage and intrepidity which Juff and some others displayed in war, he sent
for them and received them with the highest honour. They obtained from him the
of certain fiefs (kaldya) at Sarra-man-rha (Samarra), and one of these grants
is called the Kaidya of Juff to the present day. Juff took up his residence ihere and
became the father of a family. He died at Baghdad, the night in which (ihe khalifl
a]-Mutavakkil was murdered. This event occurred on the eve of Wednesday, the
3rd of ShamAl, A . H. 24.7 (iOth December, A. D. 861). The sons of Juff then went
abroad to seek a livelihood for their family, and Toghj entered into the service of
Lhl6, the page (ght~ldm)of Ihn TfilBn (vol. l. p. 153); (the latler) was at that time
residing in Egypt, and had appointed ( L d l i )as his lieutenant in that country. Toghj
afterwardspassed into the service of Ishak 1bn Kundiij (8) and remained with him till
the death of Ahmad Ihn Tblhn. A peace having been effected between Abfi '1-Jaish
Khumhrawaih, the son of Ahmad Ibn TBliin (vol. I . p. &98)and Ishak Ibn Kundij,
the former noticed Toghj who was then in Ishak's suite, and being struck by his
appearance, he took him from Ishak and gave him the command of all his troops.
He appointed him also governor of Damascus and Tiberias. On the death of Khu-
mkrawaih, Toghj, who had always remained nith him, went join al-Muktafi billah,
f
and this (mark of respect) gave the khalif such satisfaction t lat he bestowed on him
a pelisse of honour. 81-Abbhs Ibn al-Hasan was then al-Muktafi's vizir ; accustomed
to see all (lhe ofjeers of the slate) bend in humble submission to his will, lie endea-
voured to exact the same deference from Toghj ; finding, however, that his spirit
scorned to brook such humiliation, he excited the khalifs anger against him, and sue-
ceeded in having him and his son, AbB Bakr Nuhammad, east into prison. Toghj
died in confinement, but his son at length recovered his liberty and received a pe-
lisse of h ~ ~ u rBurning
. to avenge the death of their father, the brothers Abb Bakr
and Ohaid Allah watched with unremitting vigilance for an opportunity of killing the
vizir, and they at length obtained the satisfaction of seeing him fall by the hand of
al-HusainIbn ~ ~ p. 360).
~ ((ool. 11. d Obaid
~ n then, A. H. 296, went to join
Allah
Ibn 'sSiijs and f i b Bakr fled into Syria, where, during the space of a gear, he
remained a fugitive in the desert. Having then joined Abh Manshr TiEn al-Khazari
~ooernorof Egypt and Syria) (3), he became one of his most efficient supporters,
invested by him with the government of Am*&* and the mountsins of
 I3IOGRAPIIICA L DICTIONARY. 219

as-Sharit (&), he gained a great name by the expedition wl~ichhc made to an-
Nukaib (5). This was in the year 306 (A. D. 919); a large band llad assembled t~
interceptihe pilgrim-caravan, but Abti BBar marched against them, slew some, took
others prisoners, put the rest to flight, and delivered the caravan. A female attached
to the palace of (he khalif a1-Mukladir billah, and known by the name of Ajhz,
happenedto make the pilgrimage that year, and, on her return, she related to al-
Muktadir what she had witnessed of Abh Bakr's (intrepid condud). This account
induced the khalif to send him a pelisse of honour and increase his pay. AbG Bakr
remainedwith Tikin till the year 316 (A. D. 928-91, when lie left him for a reason
too long to be exposed here. He then proceeded to Ramla and received letters from
al-luktadir, constituling liim governor of that city. Hc remained in this post till
the year 31 8, when al-lulcladir sent him his nomination as governor of Damascus.
He continued at Damascus till the nlontll of Kamadln, A . H. 321 (August-September,
A. D. 9331, when (lhe khalif) al-Killir billall appointed him governor of Egypt.
During thirty-two days, the prayer was offered up for lliln in Egypt (as governor), but
he had not yet entered it, when al-Kihir nominated Abli 'l-Abbbs Ahmad Ibn
Kaieghligh governor of hat province for the second time. This appointment took
place on the 9th of Shawwll, A. H. 321. Abh Bakr Muhammad al-Ikhshid was
restored to the government of Egypt by ar-Rddi billah, tlle son of al-Muktadir, on
the deposition of his uncle al-Kiillir ; and he received from him besides, the command
of Syria,'Mesopotamia, al-FIaramain (MeLka and Jfedtna) and other places. He
entered Egypt on Wednesday, the 23rd of Ramadin, A. H. 323 (26th August,
A. D. 935). It is said, however, by some, that, till the dent11 of ar-Ridi, in 329,
he possessed only the governn~entof Egypt; Syria, HijBz, and ihe other provinces
haGing been then placed under his orders by al-Muttaki lillah, the brother and
successor of ar-Ridi. I n ihe r n ~ ~ dofh Ramadin, 327 (June-July, A. D. 939).
ar-Hldi granted to him the title of al-Ikhshid because he drew his descend from the
kings of Farghlna, a circurnstanee which we have already noticed towards the
commencement of this article. Bhshtd was the title borne by these sovereigns ; it
signifies king of kings (6). It was thus ihey gave to ihe king of Persia the title of Kisra
(Chosroes), to the king of the Turks that of KhBkBn, to the king of the Romans that
of Kaisar (Casar), to the king of Syria that of Xeracl (Heraclius), to the king of
Yemen that of Tobba, to the king of Abyssinia that of an-NajPshi, etc. (l).Kaisar is
Frankish word, signifying: delivered by means of an incision (8). He wai so
 because his mother died in childbirth, and he was extracted through an incision
made in the This was a cireurnstanee in which he vaunted his preeminence
over other kings, in as much as he had not been born of woman. His name was
Oghustus (Augwtus); he was the first king of the Komans, and it is said that, in the
forty-third year of his reign, the blessed Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary (aGJfmthIsa
lbn Maryam) was born. Others say lhat Jesus was born in the seventeenth year of
his The kings of the Romans all bore the title of Kaisar. I n the prayers
offeredup from the pulpits for Muhammad Ibn Toghj, he was designated by the title
of al-lkhshtd; he thus became known by it, as if it was his proper name. Al-lkhshid
was a resolute prince, displaying great foresight in war, and a close attention to the
prosperity of his empire; he treated the military class with honour, and he governed
with ability and justice. His bodily strength was so great that lie made use of a bow
tvhich none but himself could draw. Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Malik al-Harnadbni
(vol. I. p 405) says, in his lesser historical work entitled : OyQn as-Siar (sources of
history), that his army consisted of four hundred thousand men, that he was a coward,
and had eight thousand mamlcks. Two thousand of them guarded him every night,
and, when travelling, his eunuchs were posted around his tent; yet, not trusting to
these precautions, he would go to the tents occupied by the tent-pitchers (farrbshtn)
and sleep there. He continued in his government and the enjoyment of good
fortune till the year 334, when he died at Damascus, on the fourth hour of Friday,
the 91st of W 'l-Hijja (28th July, A . D. 986). His corpse was borne to Jerusalem,
in a bier, and interred in that city, Abb 'l-IPusain ar-Rbi (vol. l. p. loo), says that
he died A. H. 335; God knows best l His birth took place on Monday, the 15th of
Raj&, A. H. 268 (8th February, A. D. 882), at Baghdad, in the street leading to ihe
Kfifa gate (Shdrt bdlb il-Kdfa]. Kttfiir al-Ikhshidi and FAtik al-Majniln were slaves
of his: in the preceding part of this work (vol:aIl. pages 453 and 524) we have
allotted a separate article to each of these two persons. On the death of al-IkhsGd.
his sons Abb 'l-KAsim Anijdr and Abii 'l-Hasan were taken charge of by his servant
Kgk, who conscientiously discharged that duty. We need not mention here the
dates of their birth and death, nor the length of their reign, as we have already given
a brief indieation of these points in the life of KBFfir; we have also related the history
of the latter up to the time of his death, and, after stating that the military then
placed AbB 'l-Fawiris Ahmad, the son OF Ali, the son of al-Ikhshid, on the throne,
we referred to the present article for the remainder of our observations. As Abb
 BIOGRAPlIICAL DICTIONARY. 221

i ~ only eleven years of age, they established as his lieutenant in

~ $ ~ was
* l - ~ ~Ahmad
the administration of the state his father's cousin, Abii Muhammad al-Husain Ihn
Obaid Allah ibn Toghj I b n juff, the lord of Ramla i n Syria and the same person
ahose praises were celebrated by al-Mulanebbi in the kadda which commences
thus :
I should reproach myself were I conscious, when my companions blame (me for yielding to
of all (the grief) I feel in the midst of these ruined dwellings (9).

the same piece, lle enters into his subject by means of the following tran-
sition :

When I attack the foe, I leave no resistance for (other) warriors to vanrluisl~;when I utter
(verses), I leave no maxim for (othe~)sages to adduce. If this be not the case, my poetic talent
has deceived me, and want of resolution has hindered me from (doing fit honour to the merit
of) Ibn Obaid Allah I

The following passage from t h e same poem is really beautiful :

I see at the foot of the region which extends from the Euphrates to Barka (10), a combat in
which the steeds trample on warriors' heads; I see lances wielded by princes whose hands
must have known the spear before they knew the bracelet (11). On every side, that troop is
guarded against the foe by the sworcls of the sons of Toghj Ibn Juff, those gallant chieftains.
'Tis they who nobly return to the charge in the tumult of battle, and yet more nobly do they
return to acts of beneficence! 'Tis they who grant a generous pardon to offenders; 'tis they
who pay the fine (of blood) for him who is arnerced Modest in their deportment, yet, when
they encounter an adversary, they face, but not with modesty, the edge of the sword. Were
lions not too vile, I should compare these heroes to them, but lions are creatures of an inferior
class.

In the same piece, h e says :

On reaching that noble prince 1 shook off all other men: as the traveller, on arriving, shakes
from his bag the old and dried remains of his provisions. Yet my jog could hardly compensate
my sorrow for having kept away from him during my past life.

This is a long and brilliant kaslda.-When this arrangement was effected, al-
Humin Ibn Obaid Allah, who was then in Syria, married Fltima, the daughter of
his uncle al-Ikhshtd, a n d his n a m e was mentioned i n the prayer offered up from
the pulpit, immediately after the name of Abii '1-Fawaris Ahmad Ibn Ali. Matters
continued in this state till Friday the thirteenth of Shaabbn, A. H. 358 (2nd July,
2-72 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
A. D. 969), when the Diaghribin army commanded by the Mid Jawhar (vol. 1,
page 3CO), the general (of al-Moizz), entered Old Cairo with flying colours and
overthrewthe Ikhshidite dynasty after it had subsisted thirty-four years, ten months,
and twenty-four days. Some time previously, (aCHusain) Ibn Obaid Allah had
arrived there from Syria, having fled before ihe Karmats who had taken possession of
that country. He went to the palace of his wife and cousin, Fhtima, and assuming
the exercise of sovereign authority, he arrested the vizir Jaafar Ibn al-Furlt (vol. 1.
p. 319), rvllom he put to the torture and amerced in a large sum. He then departed
for Syria, on the 1st of the latter Rabi, A. H. 358 (February, A. D. 969). Jaafar
Ibn Falih (vol. 1. p. 327) having occupied Syria, into which country he had been
dispatched by ihe Mid Jawhar, as we have already related, took AbS. Muhammad
(al-Hztsain)Ibn Obaid Allah prisoner and sent him wit11 a number of Syrian emirs to
Jawhar, who had remained in Egypt. They entered Old Cairo in the month of the
first Jumlda, A. H. 359 [March-April, A . D. WO), and, as (al-Husain) Ibn Obaid
Allah had tyrannised over the Egyptians during the time of his rule, (the guards)kepi
their prisoners standing and exposed to public gaze, for the space of five hours,
much to the satisfaction of those who had to complain of their conduct. They were
then brought into Jawhar7s tent and placed among the other captives kept there
in chains. On the 17th of the first Jumdda, the kdid Jawhar dispatched his son
Jaafar to al-Moizz, with a quantity of presents too precious to be described, and he
sent off with him the prisoners brought from Syria. They were put into a boat on
the Nile whilst Jawhar siood by and looked on; the boat upset, and (al-Husain)Ibn
Obaid Allah cried out to him : Do you mean to drown us? " Jawhar offered some
excuses and made a great show of pity for his prisoner. They were then removed
into another boat, all of them bound in chains. This is the last information I
could learn respecting al-Husain. 1 have since found, in the historical work
composed by al-Ohki (vol. I. p. 280), that al-Husain died on the eve of Friday, the
20th of Rajab. A. H. 371 (i9th January, A. D. 982), and that the funeral prayer was
said over him in the citadel of Cairo by al-Aeiz Nizhr, the son of al-Moizz. Al-
Farghini states, in his history (121, that al-Husain was born in the year 312
(4.D. 924-5) ; he assigns also to his death the -date which has been just given-
Awordiog to the same author, Abil 'l-Fawiris Ahmad lbn Ali died on the 13th of the
first R a k A- H- 377 (13th July, b. D. 987). AGIkhshtd, Toghj (13), Juf'or Jaff,
Y d i M Fmfi,Ffki; such is the pronunciation of the names A+,%, @, &,
 BIOGRAPHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 223
&,,J\> and dJ33. The Tikln mentioned in this article was thrice governor of
~ ~ he died
~ ont Saturday,
; the 16th of the first Rabi, A. H. 321 (16th March,
A, D. 9331, whilst occupying ihat post for the third time. He was succeeded by
~ b f Bakr
i al-Ikbsllid. The hhfiz Ibn AsAkir (vol. II. p. 252) gives a separate article
on Ahmad Ibn Kaieghligh, in his History of Damascus : speaking of his adrni-
nistration in Egypt, he says : " A warfare was carried on between him and
Muhammad, the son of Tikfn al-Khissa, but he finally remained in the full
c c possession of his authority. ~ u h a m m a dlbn Toghj was then sent by the khalif
ar-Riidi as emir over Egypt, and Ibn Kaieghligh resigned the command to him,
Ahmad possessed abilities as a sclrolar and a poet; in one of his poem he says :

On rainy days, let not the goblet linger in thy hand (butpass it round); knowest thou not
that rain is an urgenl cupbearer (14)?

His brother Ihrahim Ibn Kaieghligh died on the 1st of Zfi 'I-Kaada, A. H. 303
(7th May, A . D. 9161." Ishak, the son of Ibmhirn, was the governor of Tripoli
who, when al-Mutanabbi visited that city on his journey from Ramlah to Antioch,
endeavoured to extort from the poet a kastda in his praise. Al-Mutanabbi not only
refused to gratify his wish, but attacked him in a satire conlmencing thus :

Men's hearts love a secret known to none but them, etc.

He then left hitri, and having afterwards learned his death in Jabaln, he said :

They told us Ishak was dead, and I said to them, etc.

These two kastdas are to be found in his diwdn, for which reason I omit them.
He composed also other satires against the same person.

(1) The lord of fhe throne of gold, in Arabic: Sdhi.3 sarir ad-Dahab. D'Herbelot says that the throne of
gold was the name given to a country or province situated near Derbend, between the Black sea and the Cas-
pian. It was so called because the MarzubAn, or governor, enjoyed the privilege of sitting on a throne of
gold. See also al-Mashdi, tome 11. page 4 1 of the French translation.
(2) Whilst the Zenj were attacking the dominions of the khalif on the southern side, Ihn Abi 'S-SAjJ the
P'ernor of Kinnisrtn in the north of Syria, and Ishak Ibn KundAj, or KundAjlk, the governor of MOSU~, took
Possession, the former of Syria, and the latter of Mesopotamia. These two chiefs then waged war against each
ofher, and Ibn KundAj acknowledged Khumbrawaih for his sovereign. He subsequently turned his arms
234 , IBN IIHALLJKAN'S
a ~ i n s the and during some years a desperate struggle for Dower was maintained hetween four
t Egyptia~~s,
aumarawaih, the kalif, Ibn Kundij, and ibn Abi 'S-SQ. The details of their proceedings are given
by Ibu al-Athir.
(3) Ibn Khallikbo has a short notice on this person, towards the crrd of the present article. AbA ' i - ~ ~ h a ~ i ~
gives an account of his government in the NuiCm.
( 4 ) Amman and as-Sharlt lie between the Dead sea and Ails.
(5) -kn-Nukaib lies in the north-west extremity of Arabia, between Maan and Tabbk, on the road of the
pilgrims from Syria to Mekka.-(llia1.hid.)
(6) ~ b Mahlsin
h adds: in the language o f the Farghanians.
(7) TO this list may be added, on the authority of Abb 'l-Mahtisin in the Nujrim, year 320 : At-~~bah&j
(+W), the title of the king of TabaristAn; S41 (j3&), that of the king of Jurjdn; ol-Ifsliln, that of the
b-ing of Usrushna; Sdrnbn, that of the king of Samarkand, and Firaun (Pharaoh), that of the Icing of 13gypt
in ancient times.
(8) It is impossible to render exactly the terse cor~cisionof the Arabic words GC 65; their literal trans-
lation old be, it was split off from hint, diflssuna fuit ab eo, but these expressions are unintelligible. Pling
says: Pdmusque Cesarum h creso matris utero dictus.-Hist. Nat. VII. 7, 9 .
(9) In translating these fragments I have followed the authority of the excclIent commentary on al-Muta-
nabbi preserved in the Bibliothkque impdriale. In the MSS. of Ibn KhallikAn these verses are disfigured by
errors resulting from the negligence or ignorance of copyists.
(10) The word Barka signifies a stony soil; a number of places bore this name, one of them in the neigh-
bourhood of the Euphrates.
(21) The bracelets here spoken of are the amulets tied round the wrists of young children in order to protect
them horn the evil eye.
(1%) See vol. I. pages 155, 990.
(13) This name should be pronounced Torj.
( 4 4 ) This is a quibble; the verse signifies also: Knowest thou not that rain is an impetuous waterer?

TOGHRULBEK T H E S E L J U K I D E .

Abii TPlib Mubammad Ibn Mika~ilIbn Saljiik lbn Dukdk, surnamed Rukn ad-
Din Toghrulbek (Toghrulbek, the column of the faith), was the first monarch of the
Seljiik dynasty. This people, before it established its domination over so many
provinces, dwelt beyond the river (the OXUS)at a place twenty parasangs distant
from Bokhara. They mere Turks, and their numbers were immense ; they lived in
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 225
independence, and, vhen armies too strong for them to resist were sent
against them, they passed into the deserts and took refuge in the midst of the sands,
where no one could approacll them. lahmiid Ibn Subuktikin, sultan of KhorBsPn,
Ghazna, and that country (we shall give his life), having crossed the river, en-
tered into Transoxiana and found the leader of the Seljdkides to be a powerful chief,
maintaining a numerous people in obedience, (more) by wile and address (than i,y
force); always moving from one region to another and making incursions into the
neighbouring provinces. Having employed every means to gain his confidence and
draw him (to the camp), he at lenglh succeeded in circumventing him; and, on the
chieftain's arrival, he seized upon him and sent lrim off to a castle, (where he remained
.in confinemenl.) Malimhd's insidious policy was then directed against his prisoner's
partisans, and he consulted the principal officers of his empire on the measures
to be taken with regard to them. Some gave their opinion that they should be
drowned in the Jaillhn (the Oxus), whilst others advised him to cut off the thumbs
of every male among tlrcm, and thus preclude ihem from the possibilily of drawing
the bow and wielding arms; various plans were proposed, but they finally agreed
on the propriety of transporting them across the Jaihfin and dispersing them through-
out the province of Khorisin, where they should be constrained to pay the tax (aC
khardj) to government. Tliis advice was adopted, and the Seljtiks continued for
some time to hold a submissive and peaceful line of conduct. This encouraged the
agents of government to oppress them, to seize on tlleir wealth and flocks, and to
grind them down by their exlortions and tyranny: the consequence was, that two
thousand tents (or famiilies) emigrated to Kirmln. The emir Abh 'l-Faqiris Bahh
ad-Dawlat, the son of Adud ad-Dawlat Ibn Buwaih, who then ruled over that coun-
try, received them with kindness and arrayed their chiefs in robes of honour; he
even resolved on taking them into his service, but ten days had scarcely elapsed
when he died. The fugitives immediately departed through dread of the Daila-
miles, inhabitants tlia t country, and, having hastened towards Ispahh, which was
then under the rule of A l i ad-Dawlat Abii laafar Ibn KPkliyah, they encamped
outside the city. This prince wished to employ them in his service, but, having
received a letter from the sultan MahmGd, ordering him to attack them and seize
on their property, he proceeded to obey, and a combat ensued which cost many lives
to 60th parties. The survivors set out for AdarbaidjPn, and those who had remained
in Khorhshn retired to a mountain near Khowtrezm. The sultan Mahmiid sent an
VOL. 111. 29
226 IBN IiHALLIXAN'S
army against [hem, which pursued them through these deserts during the space of
nearly two years; he then took the field l~irnselland follo~vcdillern with unremitting
activity till tlley were completely dispersed. On the dealb 01 Mahmlid, his son and
successor Madd found liimself under the necessity of' strengthening his army, and
wrote to the Seljhkides in Adarbaijbn, inviting them to comc to his assistance. One
thousand horsemen having joined him, he took them into 11;s pay and led them
torrards Khorls$n, At the request of' his new allies, he wrote to the remnant of
the SeljGkides whom his father had dispersed, and , having obtained from them
the promise of obedience, he granted them an amnesty, and reinstated them, on
their arrival, in all the privileges ~vllichhis fatlicr had conccded to them at first.
Madd then passed into India to appease the troubles which had broken out there,
and the Seljhkides took advantage of his absence to resume tllcir disorderly conduct
and ravage the country. During the course of these evenls, Uie llistory of which
would lead us too far, the sultan Toghrulbek and his brother Dlwbd had remained
in Transoniana and encountered Nalak S h i l ~ ,tllc sovereign o r ~ o k h l r s where
, they
lost a great number of their partisans in a desperatc conflict. Tliis defeat forced
them to retire among their people in Khordsin and to wrilc to Masbd, imploring
mercy and requesting to he taken into liis service. To illis prayer Masird replied
by imprisoning their messengers and sending an army against the S e l j Q h in Kho-
risPo. A bloody battle ensued, subsequently to which they obtained their pardon
on giving full assurance of their complete submission to his nulllorily and engaging
to conquer the province of Khow$rezm. Masild tben tranquillised tlreir hearts and
set at Iiberly tile ambassadors sent from Transoxiana ; on wllicll they requested him
to abate the rigour of the confinement in which their chief l ~ a dlingered from the
time of his arrestation by the sultan Pahmiid. In pursuance oI (Iioir desire, Masiid
caused the prisoner to be removed from the castle and taken, bound in chains, to
Balkb. The captive prince then asked permission to write to his nephews, Toghrul-
bck and Diwhd, and, having obtained Masbd's consent, h e opened a correspondence
with these chiefs. The consequence was that Toglirulbck and Diw.whd assembled
all their people and marched with a large army into Khorkbn. They had then
contests, too numerous to be related, with the officers who in that
count^ and with the lieutenants whom Masiid had establislled i n its cities, The
result of this expedition was a complete triumph for the SeljhLides. The first city
of whicll they gained possession was Tbs,-or Rai, according to another statement,
 BIOGRhPI-IICAL DICTIONARY. 227

-having effected its conquest in the year 429 (A. D. 1037-8), and, in the month
ofRamadAn of the same year (June-July, A. D. 1038), they took Naisiippbr, one of
the capitals of Khorbsin. The sultan Toghrulbck was the chief of this people, and
to him alone *ertoincd the sovereign authority. His brother UbwCd, the conqueror
of Balkh, was the falhcr of Alp Arslbn, a prince whose life we shall give. At the
of their victorious career, (Ihe two brothers) acltnowledged the
authority of Masiid, and offered up the prayer for him as their sovereign, but, when
they had shared their widely extended conquests, (lhey withheld this homage) and
retired into tlie province of Chazna. Tlieir power became so great that the
indm (khalif) al-Iibim biamr illah sent an ernbassy to them, and the person 1~7llorn
he selected for this missioi~ vas the kddi Abii 'l -Hasan Ali Ibn Muhamrnad Ibn
Habib al-Miwardi, tllc aulhor of tlle Hdwi (vol. 11. p. 224). (On lhis occasion, al-
Mdwardi) exhorted ihem to fear God, to govern their subjects with justice and
kindness, and to extend their beneficence to tlic people (l). Toghrulbek was mild
and generous ; every Friday, at the regular hours, hc attended the five prayers (in
the mosque) ; he fasted every Monday and Thursday, wrougll~nurncrous worlrs of
charity, founded mosques and used to say : I should be ashamed to appear before
God, were I to build for myself a dwelling and not erect a mosrluc beside it."
The following is one of his honourable deeds, enregistcred by Iiistory : He sent the
shar4fNisir Ibn Ismail on an embassy to ihe queen of the Greeks (Tl~eodora),who
was an unbeliever; and the shartf asked her for permission to preside the congre-
gation, at the prayer of Friday, in the mosque at Constantinople. Having obtained
this authorisaf on, hc said the prayer and pronounced the khotba in the name of the
it~dmal-KBim. This circumstance gave great offence to the ambassador of al-
Mustansir, the Fntimide sovereign of Egypt, who happened to be present, and it
was one of the principal causes wliich led to the rupture between the Egyptians
and the Greeks.-When Toghrulbek had effected his conquests and obtained pos-
session of Iriik and Baghdad, he sent to the imdm al-Klim and asked his daughter
in marriage. This demand caused the khalif great vexation; and, as he wished
it to be withdrawn, frequent messages passed between him and the sultan. This
fact is mentioned in the Shuddr (2) under the year 1153 (A. D. 1061). Finding
it impossible to witlihold his consent, al-Kiim yielded at last, and the marriage
contract was ratified outside the city of Tabrlz. Toghrulbek then proceeded to
Baghdad, in the year 455 (A. D. 10631, and, on his arrival, he sent for his bride,
228 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
he transmitted a present of one hundred thousand dinars under the desi-
(l*
gnation of money for the removal of (the princess's) furnilure. On the eve of Monday,
the 15th of Safor, she was borne in state to the royal palace, where her husband
awaited her, and, having taken her seat on a throne covered with cloth of gold,
she his visit. On appearing before her, he lcissed the ground, but did not
remove the veil from her face in that interview; having then offered her a quantity
of presents magnificent beyond description, he kissed the ground again, remained
for some time in a respectful posture, and retired, manifesting the utmost delight
at his reception.-The events which marked the course of the Seljdk dynasty are
very numerous, and have occupied the attention of many historians (3); these writers
have composed works on the subject, including every detail, and my sole motive in
giving the preceding sketch was, to point out the origin of their power and expose
the real circumstances of their early history, for the satisfaction of those who might
desire suih information.-Toghrulbek died at Rai on Friday, the 18th of Ramadan,
A. H. 455 (ihth September, A. D. 1063), aged seventy years. His body was carried
to Marw and interred near the tomb of his brother DilwQd. We shall have occasion
to speak of Diwhd in the life of his son Alp ArslAn. Ibn al-Hamadini (vol. I.
p. 406, note ( 3 ) ) says, in his history, that he was buried in a funeral chapel at Rai,
and as-Samilni (vol. II. p. 156) makes the same statement in that article of his Zail
(or s.z~pplement)which he has devoted to the life of the sultan Sinjar.-His vizir
Huhammad Illn Mansfir al-Kunduri states that Toghrulbek made the following
relation : When in Khorishn, I dreamed that I was raised up to heaven in a cloud
('

which prevented me from seeing, but I smelt a sweet perfume and I heard a voice
" exclaim: ' Thou art near unto the Creator, may his power be glorified I ask what
" ' thou needest; it shall be granted.' On hearing these words, I said within
" myself : I ask thee for length of life ;' and a voice answered : c Thou shalt have
' ' seventy years.' I replied : 0 Lord l that sufficeth me not ;' and it said : ' For
" ' thee are seventy pars.' " This anecdote is mentioned by our shaikh Ibn al-Athk
(001. p. 288), in his history. When Toghrulbek was at the point of death, he
said : " I am like unto a sheep ; its legs were tied that it might be shorn of its wool,
" and it thought that it was tied for slaughter; it therefore struggled, and, when let
" loose, it rejoiced; then, it was tied for slaughter, and thinking that it was for the

" shearing of its wool, it remained quiet and was killed. Now, this sickness which
" bath come upon me is the binding of my legs for slaughter." The daughter of
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 229

al-I(Aim remained with him about six months: she died on the 6th of hluhnrram,
A. H. 496 (20th Oct. A. D. 1102). As Toghrulbek left no male children, his
kingdom devolved to his nephew Alp Ars1dn.-Toghmlbelr is a Turkish compound
nome : the Turks employ the word loghrptl to designate a species of bird ([ulcon)well
known in that country, and it is used also as a proper name for men; belc signifies
commander (amtr). The words &L and 41s.' must be pronounced Saljdk and
~~A&k.--Jaihrdnis the name of the great river wlrich separates Khuwdrezm and
fiorisbn from Bokhbra, Samarkand, and that country: all the region on the (Bo-
khba) side of the river is called the country Beyond the river (ma ward 'n-nahr) (h).
It is one of those rivers of Paradise which are mentioned in the Tradition, where it is
said that four rivers flow out of it; two of then1 manifest, and two hidden ; the manifest
being the Nile and the Euphrates, and the hidden, the Jaihdn and the Saihdn.-
The Saihtln is situated at a fifteen days' journey beyond the JaihOn, near the country
of the Turks. Though these rivers are very large and wide, they freeze over in
winter, so that travellers can cross them with their beasts of burden ; they remain
frozen about three months. These observations, though foreign to our purpose,
have some connection with the article in which we are here engaged, and discourse
will run into digressions : besides, those readers who dwell in other countries and
are ignorant of the position in which these localities lie, will find in the remarks
here given the information which they are naturally led to expect.
i
(1) ImM ad-Dtn al-IspahAni speaks of two envoys; one called Abb Bakr at-TOsi, and the other Abb Mu-
hammad Hibat Allah Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-MAmfin. He does not notice the mission of al-MAwardi.-In
some of the manuscripts of Ibn KhallikAn, the following passage is inserted before that which begins by the
words: He exhorfed them: Then he (Toghrulbek) got possession of Baghdad and Irak, on the 6th RamadAn 447
(99th November, A. D. I 05 5 ) .
(9) The Shuddr al-Okdd is an historical work composed by Abfi 'l-Faraj Ibn al-Jauzi. His life is given in
H. page 96 of this work.
(3) The kdtib ImAd ad-Din al-IspahAni composed a work on the subject which was remodelled by &-Bun-
m. This latter work is in the BibEiolhepue impdriale. Ibn al-Athir gives copious information respecting
them in his Xdmil, and Mirkhond in his Rauda tag-Safd. This scction of Mirkhorld's work was published,
with a German translation, by professor Vullers, at Giessen, in 1838.
(4) Transoxiana, a word of modern invention, is well adapted to express the meaning of Ma-wan-d 'n-nahr.
 BIOGRAPIIICAL DICTIONARY. 235

AI,-MACTK AL-AADIL, T H E B R O T H E R O F S A L A H AD-DIlY.

Abd Bakr Ffuharnmad Ibn Abi 'S-Shukr Aiyeb Ibn Sh$di Ibn Marwln, surnamed
al-lalik al-ABdil Saif ad-Din (thejust king, ihe sword of religion), was brother to the
Salhli ad-Din. We have already spoken of his father (vol. I. page 24.31, and
shall mention his brother under the letter Y. Al-Malik al-Ahclil entered Egypt at
the same time as his brother and his uncle Asad ad-Din SllirkCil (vol. l. page 626),
and he used to relate that, whcn on the point of setting out, he wanted a wallet for
the road and asked one from his father. '' My father gave me one," said he, and
'(addressed me thus : ' 0 Abh Bakr ! when you get possegon of Egypt, rcturn it to
I me filled with gold.' On his arrival in Egypt, he asked me for the wallet, on
which I went and Gllcd it with black: dirhems (l), placing some pieces of gold on
the top. I presented it to him, and he at first thought it wns gold, but, on turning
it down, the silver pieces dropped out : c All, Abii Bakrl ' said he, ' thou hast
' learned fron~the Egyptians how to pass off false money.' " The sultan Salih
ad-Din, having establislled his authority in Egypt, left al-Malik al-Aldil as his
lieutenant in that country on proceeding to Syria, and hc then applied to him for
money when he had to pay his troops or defray other expenses. I saw in one of
al-KPdi 'l-Fldil's (vol. 11. p. 11l)epistles that, on one occasion, a delay having
occurred in forwarding a convoy (of specie), the sultan ordered Imhd ad-D?n al-
Ispahlni to write to al-Malik 81-APdil, and insist on his sending it off immediately ;
he even went so far as to say : Let him send us a convoy of our own money or else
" of his." When al-hlalik al-APdil received the letter and read this passage, he was
highly displeased and wrote to al-KBdi 'l-FPdil, complaining of the sultan. On this,
a]-KPdi 'l-FBdil drew up an answer in which he inserted the following passage : " As
" to his lordship's remarks respecting this phrase : let him send US a convoy of our
" own money or else o/ his, I answer that it cannot be considered as an order from
" the king to send him a necessary provision, but rather as an addition made by a
tt
secretary in order to give a cadence to the phrase : how many offensiveexpressions,
I I
how many rude words have been employed merely to dispel the languqr of the Pen
" and fill up the hiatus of discourse I It is on your humblesservant that falls the
236 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
responsabilily of this pointed expression, of whicll, 0 what a reticence escaped
6' there from the tongue of the pen ! Your humble servant was present when these
'5 of incitation were heard, and, with respect to the audacity of ImAd ad-Din,
16 the cry of the falcon gives audacity to the kites (2). Adieu." When the sultan
SalaL ad-Din took possession of Aleppo, in the month of Safar, A. H. 579 (May-lune,
A . D. 1183), as W have already stated in our article on Imid ad-Din Zinlii (3), he
gave (the government of) that city to his son al-Malik azZiillir Ghizi (vol. 11.p. 443),
but he aftemards took it from him and bestowed it on al-Malik al-Aldil, who pro.
ceeded thither the same year, and occupied the castle on Friday, the 22nd of Ramaddn.
By a subsequent arrangement made with his brother Sal411 ad-Din, al-lllalik al-Ai&l
gave up the city to al-Malik az-Zbhir Ghizi, and left the place on the eve of Satur-
day, the 24th of the first Rabi, A . H. 582 (June, A. D. 1186). He then received
from the sultan the fortress of al-Karak, and afterwards passed from the command
of one province to that of another, not only during the lifetime of his brother, but
after his death. The history of his proceedings with al-Malik al-Afdal, al-lalik al-
A$=, and al-Malik az-Zihir is so well known that we need not enter into details (4).
It may suffice to state that he finally obtained possession of Egypt, and that, having
made his entry into Cairo the 16th of the latter Rabi, A. H. 596 (2nd February,
A. D. 1200), he ftilly established his authority in that country. In ihe biographical
notice on D14 ad-Din Abii 'l-Fath Nasr Allah, generally known by the appellation
of Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari (5), which Abil 'l-Barakbt Ihn al-Mustaufi has inserted in
his History of Arbela, we read as follows : And I found in his (D06 ad-Dln's)
" handwriting that the khotba was said in Old and New Cairo for al-Malik al-Ahdil
" Bakr Ibll Aiyiib, on Friday, the 21st of Shamwbl, A. U. 596 (5th August,
" A* D+ 1200), and that it was said for him in Aleppo on Friday, the l l th of the
" latter ~umada,A. H. 598 (9th March, A. D. 1202)." Having obtained possession
of Syria also and of as-Sharkiya (the East, Mesopolamia) , success attended all his
projects, and, in the year 612 (A. D. 1215-6), he became master of Yemen, to
which country he dispatched (M governor) his grandson al-Malik al-Masiid (rhe for-
tunale prince) Sallh ad-Din Abii 'l-Muzaffar Yiisuf, the son of al-Malik al-Kimil, and
generally known by the appellation of Atsis. His son a l l a l i k al-Auhad Najm ad-
Din (tbunepmlled prince, the star of the religion) Ai@b governed as his lieute-
nant the city and districts of Maiyifirikin, and, in the year 604 (A. D. 1207-B),
took possession of KhalPt (6) and Armenia. His kingdom thus acquired great
 BIOGRAPIIICAL DICTIONARY. 237

,tent, ~l-Malikal-Aidil having assured the tranquil exercise of his power in all
these provinces, divided them between his sons : al-Malik al-KPmil received Egypt
for his share, al-Malik al-Moazzam obtained Syria, al-Malik al-Ashtaf got as$har-
kip, and al-Auhad relained the countries which we have already indicated. He
jaU(ldil)was a powerful monarch, displaying great foresight and information, having
well pofited by the lessons of experience; virtuous in his conduct, always ani-
mated with the best intentions and gifted with consummate prudence; he was reso-
lute in his undertakings, holy in his life, attentive to fulfil the duty of prayer at the
regular hours, careful in following the example of the pious men who directed their
conduct by that of the Prophet, and ren~arkablypartial to the learned (in the law).
It is not therefore astonishing that Fakhr ad-Din ar-Rbzi (vol. II. p. 652) should have
composed and dedicated to this sovereign the (metaphysical) work entitled Tdslis at-
Takdts (confirmatio sane@calionis), which he sent to him from Khorbsdn. We may
conclude his history by stating that he was highly fortunate in every way: no other
monarch ever left sons so illustrious, so brave, so learned, and so high-minded as his;
nations acknowledged their sway, and {lie finest kingdoms of the earth obeyed their
rule. When the poet Ibn Onaiil celebrated the praises of al-Malik al-Abdil in the
kadda of which we have already given a fragment (p. 180 of this volume) and which
rhymes in r , he introduced into it the following e~ilogiumon that prince's sons :

He has sons, one of whom, in every land, leads an army against the foe; each, by the bright-
ness of his forehead, seems a moon, but, when in combat, a lion; he presses forward to the
fight, but, when the bright (szuords)dispel (the darlcness of) the dust and disclose to view the
captured (maidens)of the harem, he retires. 'Tis a fanlily pure in origin, excellent in race,
copious in liberality, pleasing to behoId. Their steeds scorn to drii~kfrom a stream unless its
waters be encrimsoned with the blood of battles. They hasten with delight to the Gre of cornbat,
but are incapable of llastening towards the fire of hospitality (7).

HOWmany the exquisite k a s t d a ~which poets have composed on the members of

this family! but I shall only notice the foregoing piece, because it applies to them
all. The same poem contains the following passage in praise of al-Malik al-Abdil ;
the author has displayed in it superior ability :

(Be is) the just (al-aidil), the king (al-malile), whose titles, in every region, ennoble the
pulpits (from wKich they are proclaimed). In every land, his unsullied justice has formed
a paradise watered by the heavenly stream of his liberality. So just is he that the wolfpasses
the night in the torn~entsof hunger, although the brown gazelle is before his eyes. No believe1
238 I B N KWALLIKAN'S
in the direction (the tme religion) can be troubied by a doubt respecting the excellence of bp
B k r (8). He is a sword of which the surface has been polished by glory, and of which the metal
denotes the temper (9). Ris praise is not borrowed (mefa]~horic),lleither are the
wonders of his prowess a forged narration. He is as far a h v e former kings i s merit as (he
Plciades are the earth. In his good qualilics we find written all that books relate of
Persian and Grecian kings. When the sagest minds are troublecl will1 terror, the firmness of
thb king is only augmented. Strong of heart, his attacks and his intrepidity, in the tumult
of battle, would appal the lions of as-Shara (10). (His is) he tongue which can almost declare
what shall come to pass to-morrow, and that with a promptitude which dispe~~ses him from
rcflccting; (his) the prudence which surpasses and disconcerts the forcsigl~tof others; his, the
judgment and resolution which shame tllose of Alexander. His generosily lcatls him to pardon
the gravest offeuces, and his noble pride turns him from ohscenc discourse. You need IIOL
listen when the history of other kings is read; (hear his/) in the belly of the wild ass is every
sort of game (I 1).

It is certainly an exquisite poem, to say the least of i t.-When al-Malik al-AUil

had divided his states between his sons, he used to visit them, and kept thus removing
from one kingdom to another. His general practice was, to spend the summer in
Syria on account of the fruit, the snow and the cool water (which are readily procured
in that counly), and he passed the winter in Egypt on account of irs mild tempe-
rature in that season, and the absence of cold. He lived in all the enjoyments of
life, and his appetite for food was most extraordinary; it is said that h e used to eat
up a roast lamb at a meal, and, in the gratification of his passion for the sex, his
indulgences were equally great. In a word, he was permitted to parlalce of all the
pleasures this world can afford. His birth took place at Damascus, i n the month
of Muharram, A. H. 540 (June-July, A . D. l l L 5 ) , or 538, by another account.
He died on the 7th of the latter Jumiida, A. H. 615 (31st August, A. D. 1218),
at Adlikin. The next day, his body was transported to Damascus and interred in
the castle, whence it was afterwards removed to the college bearing his name, and
deposited in the mausoleum by the road-side. His tomb is the edifice which pas-
sengers remark through the trellis-work (which is sed up) there.--Ablikin is the
name of a village outside Damascus. The death of al-Malik al-Addil occurred at the
epoch of the landing of the Franks (the crusaders] i n Syria. Their first operation
being to m r c h against him, he set out to meet them and proceeded towards
Damascus, that he might equip his troops and make the other necessary preparations,
but, on reaching Ablikin, he expired. The whole body of the invaders t l ~ e naban-
doned *heir project against Syria and passed into Egypt. This brought on the
celebrated war of Damietta. The date of this war is given i n the life of Yahya Ibn
 BIOGRAPIIICAL DICTIONARY.
Handr, surnamed Ibn al-JarrBh (12).--At~t~ ((i. c . Adsiz) is a Turkish compound
word signifying nameless : it is related that, as none of al-Malik al-Kimil's children
lived to grow up, one of the Turks who were present at his levee said, on the birth
of &Malik al-Mas8d : " People in our country have the custom of naming a man
t c Afsts when none of his children survive. " Al-KBmil then gave this name
to his son. The people pronounce it AksEs, with a k ($1, but the former is the
right pronunciation; so, at least, I have been informed. I have since found, in a
wfitten document, the (late of the cession of Aleppo: Imbd ad-Din Zinki evacuated
its citadel on Thursday, the 22nd of Safar, and Salbh ad-Din occupied it on Monday,
the 26th of the same month.

(1) Block clirhems mean silver picccs of basc alloy; the moncda niy-ct of the middle ages. Gold pieces
alloyed vith silver arc called white dinars.
(3) The original text of this last phrase is so very obscure and ambiguous, that I may probably have missed
its real meaning. If lhe translalion be correct, the idca meant to be conveyed is ecluivalent to the follow-
ing: the haughty tonc of thc sovereign encouraged tllc secretary, Im&d ad-Din, to employ insolcnt language.
-It must be acknowledged that the whole passage is singularly difficult, t l ~ o u g lnotmore
~ so than most of the
other official papers drawn up by al-Kkdi 'l-FBdil and Imad ad-Din; they strovc to outdo each other in what
was then considered as fine writing, and, for the sake of far-fetched allusions, expressed in well-turned rhyth-
mical phrases, they never hesitated to sacrifice sense to sound.
(3) See vol. I. page 5 4 9 . In t,hc filth line of that pagc, correct the date 1 1 8 2 and read 1183.
(4) See vol. 11. page 3 5 58.
(5) His life will be given by our author.
'
(6) See Abh 'l-Fed%'s Annals, year 6 0 4 .
(7) In the life of Ibn AmmLr, page 127 of this volumc, is a verse in which the same idea is expressed.
(8) This verse applies equally to al-hlalik nl-Ahdil, whose name was Abh Bakr, and to the first khalif.
(9) Literally: et cujus indicat prrestarzs m-igo substrintiam. Thc poet mcant to say: et cujus indicnt pr@s-
tantern originem substctntia. WCfind frequent examples of such inversions. See de Sacy's Cftrestomalhie,
tome 11. page 3 99.
(10) See v01 11. page 349, note (14),
(11) That is: the flesh of the wild ass has the taste of every sort ol' game. It is a common proverb. See
Freytag's Maidani, tome IT. page 3 1 6.
(la) His life will be found in this work. Damietta was taken in A, H. GIG (A. D. 1219).
 AL-MALIK A L - K A M I L , T H E S O N OF A L - A A D 1 L .
C

~ b f 'l-&ledli
i luharnmad, surnamed al-Malik al-KBmil NBsir ad-Din (the perfect
prinm, champion of ihe fuith), was the son of al-Malik al-ABdil. We have already
mentioned of his history in the l i b of his father; sce the preceding
article. When the Franks ( h e crusaders) arrived at Damietta ( A . D. 1218), al-Malik
al-KBmil had just assumed the supreme authority. lmdd ad-Din Ahmad Ibn al-
Mashthb (vol. I. p. 162) and a great number of other grandees were then with him;
but they joined the party of al-llalik al-Fiiz SPbik ad-Din Ibrahim, the brother of
al-lalik al-Kdmil, in consequence of a plan concerted with the former of these
princes. Though al-KAmil had discovered-from some circumstances of their conduct
that they meant to depose him and confide the sultanship to his brother, and though
their intention had been divulged, he felt obliged to keep on good terms with them
on account of the presence of an enemy in the country, and he acted towards them
wit11 great longanirnit~,it being then impossible to have recourse to expostulation
and remonstrance. He continued to pursue this line of conduet till the arrival of his
brother a1-Malik al-Moazzam, the lord of 1)amascus (vol. 11. p. 428). This was on
Thursday, the 19th of Dh 'l-Kaada, A. H. 615 (6lh February, A. D. 1219). In a
secret conference with this prince, he disclosed matters to him and designated Ibn
al-Mashtdb as the ringleader of the band. Somc days afterwards, he (al-Hoazzam)
proceeded, unexpectedly, to Ibn al-Mashthb's tent and, having called him out.
he expressed the desire of conversing with him in private. Ibn al-MashtGb im-
mediately mounted on horseback and rode off with him, unaccompanied. Al-lIoaz-
zam had previously selected some men on whom he could rely and ordered them
to follow. He then entered into conversation with Ibn al-Mashtiib, passing from
one subject to another, and continued to keep his attention engaged, whilst 11e gra-
dually drew him off from the camp. He then said: Im&dad-Din I this country
16

" is yours but we wish you to give it up to us." Having then furnished him
with a sum for his necessry expenses, he told the detachment (which had now Cme
UP) to take charge of him and conduct him out of the desert. Ibn al-Mashthb,
being alone and unable to resist, was obliged to submit. Al-Dloazzam then returned
as if he was one of themselves. He frequently quoted the following verses which
he much admired :

Before you were mistress of my heart, you never turned away from the sad and afflicted, (but
no?" you do so l ) and, though you occupy a secure position (in my heart), I still hope to con-
- quer (yoztr clisdoin).
Hc founded at Cairo a school for Traditions (ddr haddth) and established a consi-
derable zuakf (l) for its support; he built also a large domc over the tomb of as-
ShAfi, and, having interred his mother near that imdrn's grave, h e went to an
immense expense in leading to it the waters of the Nile by a canal of great length.
When al-Malik an-Nlsir Salbh ad-Din Dbwfid succeeded to the government of Syria
on the death of his &her al-Malik al-Moazzam, (his uncle,) al-Malik al-Khmil, who
was brother to the deceased prince, set out from Egypt with tlic inlention of taking
Damascus from him. Being joined by his brother al-Malik al-Ashraf Muzaffar ad-
Din Mhsa, a prince whose life we shall give, they occupied Damascus towards the
beginning of Sliaabhn, A. H. 626 (June-July, A . D. 1229), after some proceedings
too long to be related. A1-Khmil then gave Damascus up to his brother al-Ashraf,
and received in return the cities of Harrhn, Edessa, Sar-tj, ar-Raklra, and Rhs Am,
i n Mesopotamia. On the 9th of Ramadhn, the same year, lie set out to visit his
new acquisitions, and, in the month of Shawwhl, A. H. GW (Aug.-Sept. A. D. 1229),
as I was passing through Harrin, I found him established there with the Egyptian
arm]. JalAl ad-Din Khowirezm Shiih was at that time besieging Khalkt, which city
belonged to al-Malik al-Ashraf. Al-Kiimil then returned to Egypt, and, in the
year 629 (8. D. 1231-2), he set out at the head of a large army and took Aamid,
Hisn Kaifa, and other cities in the same part (of Jfesopotamia) from al-Malik al-hshd
Rukn ad-Din MaudGd, the son of al-Malik as-S&lill Abfi 'l-Fath Mahmbd, the son
of Niir ad-Din Muhammad, the son of Fakhr ad-Din Kara Arslln, the son of R ~ k n
ad-Dawlat D G ~ d the
, son of Niir ad-Dawlat SokmPn, the son of Ortok. We haye
already spoken of Ortok, the ancestor of this dynasty (vol. 1. p. 171). I learned
from a native of Amid, a well informed man, that hamid was surrendered to al-
al-Kimil on the 19th of Zh 'l-Hijja of that year (October, A. D. 1232). On
the 20th of the same month, his son, al-Malik as-Silih Najm ad-Din AiyPb, entered
into that and, on the first day of Muharram, in the following year, al-Khil
entered also.-Al-Malik a1-bshraf having died (in A. A. 635, A. D. 1237), and
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 243
designated for successor his brother al-Malik as-SPlih Ismail, the son of al-Malik al-
~ i d i ] ,(the other brother) al-Malik al-Kkmil took the field and occupied Damascus,
after a treaty of peace with as-Sllih. He achieved this conquest on
the 9th of the first Jumiida, A. H. 635 (28111 December, A. D. 1237), and permitted
his rival to retain possession of the town and district of Baalbek, Bosra, the Ard as-
Sawid (21, and other places in the same country. Having established his authority
in as-Sharkiya (Mesopotamia), Aamid, and the neighbouring places, he left his son
al-Malik asS6Iih Najm ad-Din Abd 'I-lluzaffar Aiyhb to rule there as his lieutenant,
and he appointed his youngest son, al-Malik al-Aldil Saif ad-Din AbS Bakr, to govern
Egypt in the same capacity.--We hove already mentioned, in the life of al-lalik al-
ABdil, that that prince sent to Yernen al-Malik al-Masiid, the eldest son of al-iklalik
a]-Kbmil. Al-MasOd then occupied Mekka and united under his sway the provinces
of Yemen and Hijbz.-He left Egypt for Yemen on Monday, the 171h of Ramadbn,
A . H. 61 1 (20th January, A . D. 1215); lie entered Mekka on the 3rd of ZO 'I-Kaada
(6th March), tlie same year, and the kholba was then said there in his name; having
performed the pilgrimage, hc set out for Zabid and took possession of that capital
the 1 s t of Muharram, A. H. 612 (2nd May, A. D. 1215). In the month of the latter
Rabi, A. H. 620 (May-June, A . D. 1223), he took IlIekka from the shartf Hasan Ibn
Katlda al-Uasani (3). Thus was extended the empire of al-Malik al-Kbrnil. I was
informed by a person who heard tlle kholba pronounced at Mekka, on Friday, that
the orator, on coming to the prayer for al-Malik al-Kbrnil, pronounced these words :
" (May the divine blessing be on him who is) lord of Melcka and its pious inhabit-

" ants (4). of Yemen and Zabid, of Egypt and Said, of Syria and its heroes, of
" Mesopotamia and its sons, the sultan of the two kiblas (Mekha and Jerusalem), the
" lord of the two aldmas (S), the servant of the two holy and noble cities (Mekka and
" Medha), Abii 'l-Malli Mullammad al-Malik al-Khmil Nisir ad-Din (the perfect king,

" the defender of the faith), the friend o l the Commander of tlie faithful l"--But
these digressions are leading us from our subject. I n the year 633 (A. D. 1235-6),
Isaw him (aCMalik al-Kdmil) at Damascus on his return from the East, after having
delivered the cities of that country from the hands of A1B ad-Din Kaikobid Ibn
K~khosrdIbn Kilij ArslPn Ibn Moshd Ibn Eilij AnlPn Ibn Sulaimdn Ibn Kutulmjsh
Ibn Isriyi1 Ibn Saljiik ibn DukBk, the Seljilkide, lord of Asia Minor (Rdm). The
history of this important event would lead us, however, too far. Al-KBmil had then
in his train upwards of ten kings, one of whom was his brother al-Malik al-Ashraf.
844 IBN KHAI,LII<AN'S
Mc continued in the height of power and authority till death. Having fallen ill
11;s

soon after he-had taken possession of Damascus, he ceased riding out, and, during
his indisposi(ion, 1112 frequently reprated following lines :

Tell me, my dear frienclsl what may be the taste of deep, for I am ill at ease (6).

His sickness continuing, he died on the afternoon of Wednesday, the 21st of

Raj&, .\ . H. 635 (8th March, A . D. 12381, and his corpse was interred, the following
day, in the citadel of Damascus. I was in that city at the time, and was present at
the cry raised in the great mosque of Damascus on the Saturday following ; his death
having been kept secret till then and not announced he day before) Friday, at the
p b l i c prayer (7). When the hour of prayer drew near, a hcrald stood up on the
throne which is before the pulpit, and, having implored God's mercy on al-Malik
al-K$mil, invoked the divine favour on his son al-Malilc al-Ahdil, lord of Egypt. I
was there present, and the people uttered one general exclamation : they suspected
that the king had died, but they did not acquire the ccrlitude of the fact till then.
His brother's son, al-Malik al-Javid Bluzaffar ad-UPn he generous prince, ~riurn- .
phant in religion) Y ~ UIbn S Shams ad-Dlr! Maudfid Ibn al-Malik al-Abdil, was then
installed at Damascus as vicegerent of the sultansliip and lieutenant of al-Malik al-
Aldil Ibn al-Malik al-Kimil, sovereign of Egypt. This nomination resulted from a
unanimous decision taken by those emirs who happened to be present in Damascus.
A fctrba (n~usoleum) was erected for the reception of the corpse, and this edifice
comn~unicates,by a trellissed mindow, with the great mosque. AI-Malik al-Kbmil
was born on the 25th of the first Rabi, A. H. 576 (August, A. D. 1180); so at least
I haye found it written in the handwriting of a person who had been engaged in
historical researches. AI-Mali k al-Masfid, (the son of al-Malik al- Kdmil and)sovereign
of Yemen, died at Mekka on the 13th of the first Jumiida, A. H. 626 (9th April,
A. D*1229); he was born A. H. 597 (A. D. 1200-1). There was then at lllekka a
K ~ r dfrom the town of Arbela, a man of great holiness and called the shaikh Sad&
(or Siddik) Ibn Badr Ibn Djaniih ((8, who was making a devotional residence in the
neighbourhood of the temple. When al-Malik al-Masiid was on the point of death,
he gave directions that none of his own money should be employed for the expenses
of his funeral, and that his body should be delivered to the shaikh Sadik, to be buried
by him as he thought proper. On Mas0d's death, the 'shaikh shrouded the corpse
in a cloak (izdr) which he himself had worn for many years in his repeated pilgri-
 BIOGRAPI-11CAL DICTIONAIIY. 245

and visits to the Omra (g), and had il buried as well as he could afford, giving
it a poor n~an'sfuneral. Masfid had also directed illat no edifice should be raised
orer his grave and that he should be interred by the side of the cemetery ncar &iekka
al-MBla ( I O ) , in R tomb bearing tllc following inscription : '(This is the tomb
(6 of one who stands in need of the mercy of Almighty God, Ycsuf, the son of MU-
41 hammad, the son of Bakr, the son of Aiyhb." A dome was afterwards erected
over the grave by his freedman Sfrim ad-Din K i i m h al-lasfidi, who was afterwards
governor of Cairo (l l). When al-Malik al-KLrnil was informed of what Sadik had
done, he sent him a lelter of thanlcs, and the shaikh said, on receiving it: I do not
deserve thanks for what I l ~ a v cdone; a poor man asked mc to take charge of him,
d 4 and I merely fulfilled a duty incumbent of every individual when I lent hinl my

66 services andburicd the dead." It was then suggested to him, that he should write
an answer to al-Malilr, al-Kbmil, but he replied : I have nothing to ask of him."
Al-Klmil had told him to ask for whatever Ile required, but tbe shaikh did not return
an answer. All lllcse circumstances werc related to me by an eye-witness, who knew
well what he was saying; but God knows best!-Al-Malik al-Abdil, the son of al-
Malik al-Kfmil, continucd to govern the cmpirc till Friday, the 8th of ZO '1-Kaada,
A. H. 637 (31st May, A . D. 1240), lvlien his own emirs arrested hiin outside of
Bilbais, and sent for his brother al-Malik as-Sblih Naj~nad-Din Aiycb. Previously to
this, as-SBlih had made an arrangement with al-Malilr, al-Jawid, by which he was to
receive Damascus i n exchange for Sinjar and Afna, and, in the beginning of the
month of the latter Jumdda, A. 1-1. G36 (January, A . D. 1239), he went and took pos-
session of Damascus. Some time after, al-Malik as-SLlih Imdd ad-Dtn IsrnaP1, uncle
to al-Malik as-Sllih Najm ad-Din Aiybb and lord of Baalbek, concerted a plan with al-
Malik al-Mujlhid Asad ad-Din Sliirliiih, the son of Nhsir ad-Din Muhammad, tlie son
of Asad ad-Din Shirkiill (vol. I. p. 627), and lord of Emessa, for the purpose of seizing
Damascus; and, when al-Malik as-Sdlih Najm ad-Din Aiyhb left that city for Egypt,
6 t h the intention of dethroning his brother al-Malik al-Aildilil, these two princes burst
into Damascus with thcir troops. This event, which caused a profound sensation,
took place on Tuesday, the 27th of Safar, A. H. 637 (281h Sept. A. D. 1239), whilst
Najm ad-Din was stopping at NQblus. The soldiers of as-SBlih- Najm ad-Din AiyBb
then returned home to their families in Damasclls and left their chief at Nhblus with
a few of his pages and followers. AI-Malik an-N&sir, the son of al-Malik al-luazzam;
and lord of al-Karak, arrived there soon after, and having arrested as-sblih on the
286 IBN IillALLIKAN'S
eve Saturdq, the 22nd of tlle first Rabi, the same year, he sent
of into confine-
ment at a]-Karak, On the eve of Saturday, llowever, the 27th of Ramadln fol-
lowing, he set his pisoner at liberty. The details of these events would be too long
to relate (12). As-S$lih Najm ad-Din and al-Malik an-l\ilsir having then united their
forces at Ndblus, af-Malik al-APdil was arrested, - as has been already said. The
emirs sent off immediately for al-Malik as-Silih Najm ad-Din AiyGb, and that prince,
by al-Malik an-Nlsir, lord of al-Karak, having joined them, they en-
tered Cairo on the second hour of Sunday, the 27th of Zh 'l-Kaada, A. H. 637 (19th
June, A. D. 1240). I was residing in Cairo at the time. His brother al-Malik al-
A$dil s a s placed in a litter, surrounded by a strong guard and taken, by the road
outside the city, to the citadel, where he remained a prisoner in the imperial ~alace.
Al-Malik alShlih then extended tlle sway of justice over all his subjects ; he treated
the people with kindness, distributed alms, and repaired the mosques which had
fallen into ruin. The history of his proceedings would form a long narration, On
Monday, the 8111 of the first Jumbda, A. H. 643 (ist October, A. D. 1245), he took
Damascus from llis uncle al-Malik as-Sblih, but left him in possession of Baalbek.
I n the year 644, he returned to Syria and entered Damascus on the 19th of Zii 'l-
Kaada (28th March, A. D. 1247). He then went back to Egypt, but, in the year 646,
he set out again, and, having arrived at Damascus in the beginning of tile month of
Shaaban (November, A. D. i248), he sent an army to besiege Emessa, which city had
been taken from its sovereign, al-Malilc al-~shraf,by al-Malik an-Nisir, lord of Aleppo.
He returned to Egypt in the beginning of the year 6.47 (April-May, A. D. 1249), being
unwell at the time, and he stopped at Ushmiim to await tllc coming of ihe Pranks.
This people arrived on Friday, the 20th of Safar, the same year (4lh June, A. D. 12k9),
and, on Saturday, having occupied the island on which Darnietta is situated, they
took possession of that city and established themselves there, on Sunday, the third day.
(This conquest they easiIy effected,) as the garrison and all tbe inhabitants had fled and
alxndoned it. Al-Malik as-Sdlih then left Ushmfim for al-Manshra, and his illness
at its height when he arrived. He remained there till his death, wllich occurred
on the eve of Monday, the 15th of Shaabln (22nd November, A. D. 1249). His corpse
was borne to the New Castle, in the island (13), and deposited there i n a mosque.
During nearly three months, his death was kept secret, and the khotba continued to be
said in his name till the arrival of his son al-Malik al-Muazzam Thrdn Shall from Hisn
This prince arrived at al-Manpirra by the road which passes through the de-
 BIOGRAPHlCAL DICTIONARY. 847
~t was only then that they published as-Sblih's death and that the kholba was
said in the name of his son. A ~ a u s o l e u mwas afterwards built close to the college
he had founded at Cairo, and his body was transported thither in the month of
Rajah, A. H. 648. He was born on the 24th of the latter Jumiida, A. H. 603
(26111 January, A. D. 1207); so I saw it written in the handwriting of his father, but
I found stated elsewhere that his birth took place on the eve of Thursday, the 5th
of the latter Jumbda, and a lhird account says : On the &l11of Muharrarn, A. H. 604.
-Ward al-Muna (gratificalion of wishes), liis motller, was a mulatto of a tawny corn-
pleaion.-Al-Malik al-ABdil was born in the arontli of Zii 'l-Hijja, A. U. 617 (Jan.-Feb.
A. D. 12211, at al-Mansi'ira, where liis father had stationed to observe the enemy in
Damietta. He died in prison on Monday, the 12th of Shawwiil, A. H. 64-5 (9th Feb.
A. -D. 1248), in the castle of Cairo, and was interred in the mausoleum of Shams
ad-Dawlat, situated outside the gate of Succour (B66 an-Nasr).-I indicate these events
in a summary manner; were I to enter into details, 1 sllould be led too far, particu-
larly as my object is concision; I may add, however, that I was present vhen the
greater part of them took place.--Al-Alidil left a child, a little boy, called al-Elalik
al-Mughitb ; he remained in the castle till his cousin al-Malik al-Muazzani T h r h
Shih sent from al-llanshra where Ile had just arrived, and removed him to the for-
tress of as-Shaubek. On the catastrophe (14j which befell al-Muazeam, the guardian
of the fortress of al-Karalc sent to as-Shaubclr for al-Malik al-Mughith and remitted to
him the possession of these two places and the neighbouring country. He is still
reigning there (15). He continued in possession of that place till A. H. 661 (A. D.
1262-3),when al-Malik az-ZAhir Rukn ad-Din Bibars, having halted in al-Ghaur (the
valley of the Jordan), wrote to him to give up the fortress and promised to concede
him great advantages as an equivalent. Having bound himself by oath (to ad hono-
rably), he induced a l l u g h i t h to come to his camp at at-Thr (Tabor) in the province
of al-Ghaur. I t is said that Bibars purposely expressed the oath in equivocal terms,
as-he had not the intention of fulfilling it. Immediately on al-Mughith's arrival, he
arrested him and sent him a prisoner to the castle of the Mountain at Old Cairo.
From that moment, nothing more was heard of him (16). He left a son called al-
h i z Fakhr ad-Din Othrnbn ; this prince, who was then a mere boy, received an
appointment as emir from al-lalik az-Z8hir and continued in his service till the
conquest of Antioch, in Ramad$n, A. H. 666 (May-June, A. D. 1268). He subse-
quently left Syria and proceeded to Egypt; but, on his arrival, az-Z8hir arrested
him and sent him to the castle of the Mountaill, where is still in confinement.
Al-Ma]ik al-luazzarn TClrin Sh$h dicd on Monday, the 2'7111 of Muharmm, A , R,648
(Ist May, A . D. 1250).

(1) See vol. I. page 4 9 .

( 9 ) This Sow& imlst not be confounded with the Sawbd of Irak. According to the author of the ~ a & i d ,
it is situated in the Balk&,the province to the south-cast of th0 Jordan, and was called Suwdd (black) on account
of the colour of its stones.
(3) 1bUI(haldfin gives a notice on the Katada family in llis urlivcrsal history; MS. No. 2402 C, fol, 46 V.

(4) hi^ passage is in rhjming prose, and it is for that reason, probably, that Ibn Khallikan gives it.
( 5 ) See 11. page 341. Al-Malik al-Kimil had probably two aldmas, one as sultan of Egypt and the
other as sultan of Syria and the East.
(6) ~ b f 'l-MahSsin,
i xvho quotes this and other passages of Ibn IChallikAn ill his llotice on al-Malik al-Kh.nil,
(NUjd,, year 2b I have
ois), reads the last words of this verse & (for fo)+$olfenil). This is pm-
bably the true reading.
(i)The reading which I adopt is ~ ~ ~ b.&\
aj 4 ' 9. r3! A%> some of the MSS. afar
other readings which are manifestly false.
(8) The shnikh Sadlk belonged to the tribe of the Humsidi Kurds. IIc died at Mclika, A. H. G39 (A. D.
1241-2) and was interred in the Ma1a.-(See note (10)). Ar-RBzi has irlscrtcd a short notice on Sadlk in the
Biographical Historg of Mekka. See MS. of the BiOliothPqz~einqx!rziu2e, No. 721, fol. 30 v.
(9) The Omra is a small chapel at the distance of an hour and a half or two llours from Mekka. Every
pilgrim is required to visit it.-See dlOhsson's Tah. gin. de Z'eml,. 0th. tome 111. p. 238, and Burckhardt's
Travels i n Arabia, vol. I. pages 176 and 322.
(10) In the Mardsid al-lttilb and al-Azraki's description of Mekka, this name is nrrittcn I~%LJ\.
See
Burclihardt's description of it in his Travels i n Arabin, vol. I. p. 236. It now forms a quarter of the city.
(11) S h i m ad-Din KAimbz al-Ivlasiidi acted with great cruelty and tyranny when governor of Cairo. In
the month of Zb 'l-Hijja, A. H. G64 (September, A. D. 12G6), he was stabbed to the hcart, in the court of
justice, by a person who meant to assassinate the sultan's lieutcnant, the emir Izz ad-Din al-1Vlu~alli.-(AI-
Makr4ziPsKhifdt, chapter entitled & S 3 x d \ .)
$4y

(1%) See Abh 'l-Fed%'s Annals, year 637.

(13) The author means the island of ar-Rauda, near Cairo. Al-Maltrfzi has a chapter on this island and its
cad@,in the Khitdt. He agrees with Ibn Khallikan in stating that the corpse of al-Malik as-Salih was
sited there. The castle of the island, called also KalA tar-Rauda, KalA tal-hfiky&s (costle of the Nilometer),
and al-Kal2 tas-salihiya, was an immense fortified palace, embellished with colonades, plantations, and all the
Omments which a* could bestow. It was founded by as-SAlih and destroyed by the mamldk sultans.
(14) This catastrophy was the assassination of al-Moazzam by his own oficers. See Al~fi'I-Fed& Annals,
Year 648, tome 1V. pages 511 and 517. .
(l5) follows is evidently a subsequent addition, and is not to be found in most of the MSS. It was
to al-YAfiJ who gives an abridgment of it in his &+,-jt, year 635.
('Q Abo g i ~ e sa much more safisfa~t0qaccount of al-M,iglth's fa11 in his Annois, ymr 661.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

IBN AZ-ZAIYAT T H E V I Z I R .

h b Jaafar Muhammad Ibn Abdal-Malik Ibn Abi IIamza AbbBn, generally known
by the appellation of Ibn az-zaiydt (son of Ehe oilman], was vizir to al-Motasim. His
grandfather, Abban, was a native of ad-Daskara (l), a village in the district 01Jobbul,
and carried oil from the environs of that place to Baghdad ; but his own aspiring soul
raised him, as we shall see, from the obscurity of a station so humble. His literary
acguirements were of llle most brilliant description, and his talents of the highest
order; he was an able pllilologer, an eloquent (writer),and a learned grammarian.
Maimin lbn Harhn tbe kdtib relates that, when Abh Otl~mliial-MAzini (vol. I. p. 264)
arrived at Baghdad, in tlie reign of al-Motasim, liis pupils and the persons who at-
tended his lectures entered into the depths of grammatical disquisition, and, when
any doubtful point set them at variance, AbB Otlimin would tell them to send and
consult Ihe youny klitib, meaning the Muhamn~adIbn Abd al-Malik here mentioned.
This they did, and Abii OUirndn, to whom they communicated his answers, always
acknowledged their correctness and coincided in opinion wi tli'him who made them.
IKbil Ibn Ali 'l-Khuzli (vol. I. p. 507) mentions Ibn az-Zaiybt in his classified list of
the poets (Tabakdt as-Shuward), and AbQ Abd Allah Hirfin Ibn al-Munajjim speaks
of him also in the Kitdb al-Bdrk. The latter writer, whose life will be found in this
work, quotes numerous fragments of his poetry. In the beginning of his career,
Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Malik was one of the common kdtibs (or clerks in the service
of the state), and it happened that al-Motasim, having received a letter from one of
his governors, ordered his vizir Ahmad Ibn Ammir Ibn Shddi (2) to read it aloud.
In this letter tlie writer spoke of al-kald (fodder), and al-Mohsim asked Ibn Ammir
what the word a!-kali? meant. The vizir replied that he did not know; for he pos-
sessed, in fact, but a very slight acquaintance with philology. On this, al-Motasim
exclaimed: L ' An illiterate khalif (is well fitled) with a low-born vizir l " AI-Motasim
himself possessed but little instruction in (reading and) writing. He then ordered the
attendants to bring in the first kdtib they could find in the antechamber, and Muham-
mad Ibn Abd al-Malik was introduced. c 4 What is the meaning of al-kald?" said
the khalif.-~tAl-k&f,," replied Ibn az-Zaiytt, a in its general acceptation, signifies
VOL. III. 32
 grass; if it is fresh, it is called al-/~ald,and if dry, abtrashtsh." He then enume-
rated the different sorts of herbage, and aI-Motasim having thus discovered his merit,
raised him to the post of vizir, with juridical and executive aulhority. We have
already mentioned, in the life of the kddi Ahmad Ibn Abi Duwld al-Iy$& (vol. 1.
p, 69), what passed between him and Ibn az-Zaiylt. Abfi Abd Allah al-BlmAris~~i
relates that Abii Hafs al-Kirrnhi, the Adtib (or soaelary) of Amr Ibn Masada (vol. 11,
P 410), wrote the following note to Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Malik : " To come to our
subject : thou art one of those who water when they plant, and who cdify the s t r w
4c ture when they lay its foundations; so that the building raised on these founda-
tions is completed, and the fruit produced by these plantations affords an ample
crop. But the edifice which thou ]last erected in my love is now tottering and on
the brink of ruin; the plantation which thou hast formed in my heart suffers from
c c drought and is on the point of being parched up; hasten therefore to repair the

edifice which thou hast founded, and to water what thou hast planted." A1-Be-
rnbristini adds that, having spoken of this letter to Abh Abd ar-Rahmbn al-Atawi,
the latter immediately expressed the same thought in a verse which he designed as a
eulogium on Muhammad, the son of Imrhn, the son of Miisa, the son of Yahya, the
son of Khilid, the son of Barrnek; I must observe, however, that I have since found
the (first)three verses in (Ali i b n Ranza) al-Ispahini's edition of Abii Nuwis's poe-
tical works (vol. 1.p. 392) :

The generous Barmekides learned beneficence and taught it to the human race; when they
planted, they watered, and they never destroyed the ediGce which tlicy founded; when they
conferred favours on mankind, they clothed their bounties in a raiment which endured for ever.
you once gave me to drink from the cup of your love; why do you now present to me the cup
of Your cruelty? You allayed my apprehensions by kindness ;know you not that your estrange-
ment will arouse them?

The same idea is also expressed in (two verses which we have inserted in) the life of
Abd al-Muhsin as-Shi ((vol. II. p. 178).-Ibn az-Zaiybt composed some pleasing
poems, such as the following :

f l a k e n to me, 0 men! and abstain fmm casting glances at the fair. ~lthoughlove begh
by exdting joy, it has death for its end, MY friends said to me : Cease to watch the pleiada!
" sleep! for the wing of night is turned black." ~ n Id replied : Has my heart then afar
" recovered, that it cau distinwish between night and morning ? "
 BIOGRAPklICAI, DICTIONARY, 251
1 found in the handwriting of (a person who was evidently) a man of instruction,
the following piece which is there given as Ibn az-Zaiylt's :

(She was) a tyrant as long as I knew her; an oppressor, yet may I never be delivered frolll
her! She makes (me) hope 10 gain her love, yet she refuses when I ask, When my tears be-
trayed the passion I concealed, she said : " Though he sllould weep all his life, with tears of
blood, I should not have compassion on him." How often did I control my angry feelings
and suppress my indignation 1 how ofkn was I weary of life, and yet I never felt weary of love.

The Khatlb (vol. 1. p. 75) relates, in llis History of Baghdad, that Ibn az-Zaiy$t
loved a slave-girl who was a professional musician, and his mind was so greatly trou-
bled on learning that she llad been sold to a native of Khorisln a n d taken away, that
his friends feared for llis reason. He then pronounced these lines :

How long the nights of the afflicted lover ! how long his watcl~ingof the Pleiades in the darkness !
What now remains for my garments to cover, in me who am consumed with passion, and whose
body has become as slender as thc lelter nlif? When Jacob exclainled : '' Alas !" (ya asafa) (3)
in his aflliction, he only did so from tlie length of the sorrow (ul-asaf) which he had under-
gone. Let him who wislles to see a man ilic of lovc, lurn towards az-Zaijit ancl observe.

In (Ibn al-Munajjim's) Kitdb aCBdrl we find an elegy composed by Ibn az-Zaiylt on

his slave-girl, who died leaving a son eight years old. He thus expresses his sorrow
for her loss arid his pity for the child :

Who has seen the child deprived of his mother? sleep is far from him and his eyes pour forth
their tears. IIe sees every mother, but his own, conversing wit11 her child, under the shades
of night; but he lies in his solitary bed, holding converse with the sorrows of a heart in constant
agitation. Suppose me able, in my strength of mind, to bear her loss wilh patience; yet who
Can give patience to a boy but eight years old? his force is weak ; he knows not that patience is
a merit (in the eyes of God), and, in his misfortune, he cannot take example by the conduct of
(grown-up)men.

Ibn az-ZaiyPt left a diwdn of elegantly written letters. AI-Bohtori has celebrated
his praises in the kastda rhyming in d, wherein he extols his penmanship and eh-
quence. Towards the end of this poem h e says :

1 see all mankind, the commanders and the commanded, united in thy praise. The learned
appreciate thy talents in the sciences, and, on their word, the ignorant acknowledge thy merit.

Tammam (vol. I . p. 388) and many other contemporary poets praised him in
252 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
their verses. There exists a number of fragments by Ibrahim Ibn al-Abb& ss-~fili
(uol. 1. p , 22) in that writer attacks him; such, for instance, are the following:

I had a friend near whom, when I reminded him (of my distress), I found such shelter as can
be by a chief, justly proud and lofty in his glory. But the vicissitudes of time passed be-
tween me and him, and they left us, one a tyrant and the other an implorer of assistance. rn
counting on Muhammad as my reliever in adversity, I resembled him who sought to extinguish
the fire by blowing on it,

Forced by the approach of affliction, I called on you to succour me; but in your hatred, you
stirred up the fire of rnisforlnne to consume me. In calling on YOU when danger threatens, I
resemble the woman who begged assistance from the inhabitants of the tombs.

I said to her, when she multiplied reproaches : " Alas ! what can I do ? my honourable feelings
injure my success (4)"-" Where are then the noble princes 1" said she.-" Ask me not,"
I replied, they are dead."-" How did that happen?"--" Because the khalif has taken an
oilman for his vizir. "
g g

Ab6 Jaafar, now in the height of power I fear a reverse of fortune, and rein in, for a time, thy
pride in its career. If you possess to-day the object of thy hopes, think that, to-morrow, my
hopes may be crowned like thine.

If, in visiting Muhammad, I sometimes met with a repulse, yet I have always left him in
retaining my self-esteem. Am I not placed under an obligation to a man like Muhammad when
he spares me the necessity of being grateful for his favours.

Fortune hath procured thee wealth, and, once poor, thou art become rich. But wealth hath
disclosed the vile qualities which Iay conceaIed under the robe of thy poverty.

As-SBli attacks him in other passages besides these, but illustrious men have always
been the object of praise and vituperation. Ibn az-Zaiyit composed a satire of ninety
verses against the kddi Ahmad Ibn Abi Duwkd, to which the latter replied by the
two following lines :

A satire of ninety verses is less to the purpose than its meaning condensed into a single verse :
How much bhe state requires a shower of rain to wash away that filthy stain of oil!

The author of the fid (vol. I. p. 92) attributes these last verses to Ali Ibn alJahm
(d. 11. p. 29k), but the author of the KitdB al-Agh&ni gives them as Ibn Abi
Duwiid's. When lbn az-Zaiy6t heard of this epigram, h e replied :

You defiled the state with your pitch, and nothing could clean it till we rubbed it with our
oil (fir.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 253
make this allusion intelligible, it is necessary to observe that Abh D a d d S s
TO
sold pitch at Basra. On the death of al-Motasim and the accession of
his son al-WAthik Hlrfin, Ibn az-Zaiylt pronounced the following verses :

When they returned after depositing the best of the dead in the best of tombs, I said : ~ o d
can never repair the misfortune which a peaple suffer in losing one like thee, but by giving
64 them (a prince like) I-IlrQn."

AI-Wlthik, in his father's lifetime, had conceived a violent hatred against Ibn az-
Zaiyit, but, when he heard these verses, lle confirmed liim in the possession of all
the authority which he had exercised during the reign of al-Motasim. He had even
sworn by a most solemn oath (6)that, on his accession, he would cast the vizir down
from the height of his power; but, having ordered the kdtibs, after he had assunled
the supreme command, to draw up a notice relative to the ceremonies to be observed
at his inauguration, he was dissatisfied with the draughts which they submitted to his
examination, and the only one which met his approval was that which Ibn az-Zaiyat
wrote out subsequently to their failure. This document he ordered to be adopted
for the model of all the copies of the notice, and he proceeded to expiate the breach
of his vow according to the legal formalities. Money," said he, " can be replaced,
'# and so can the sum given to redeem a broken vow, but we can have no equivalent
'' for the empire or for such a man as Ibn az-Zaiybt." Al-Mutawakkil, the suc-,
cessor of al-Wbthik, bore a violent rancour towards the vizir, and, on the fortieth
day after his accession, he gratified his animosity by putting him under arrest and
confiscating his property. The motive which led him to this act of vengeance was
that, on the death of his brotller, al-WQthik, Muhammad Ibn az-ZaiyAt had proposed
to raise the deceased khalif's son to the throne, whilst the kddi Ibn Abi Duwkd
recommended that al-Mutawaklril should be chosen. To accomplish his purpose, the
Udi displayed the utmost activity, and he carried his zeal so far that he placed, with
his own hands, the turban on al-Mu~awaklril'shead and the Prophet's mantle on his
shoulders, after which, he kissed him on ihe forehead. Under the reign of al-
Withik, whenever al-Mutawakkil went to see the vizir, the latter received him with
a frowning look, and accosted him in the rudest terms ; hoping, by this line of con-
duct, to ingratiate himself yet more with his sovereign. Al-Mutawakkil's hatred was
ercited by this ireatn~ent,and if, on his accession to power, be abstained for a time
from venting his anger on Ibn az-Zaiy&t, it was only to alley his apprehensions and
254 IBN ICIJALLIKAN'S
prevent him from concealing his money. In order, Illerefore, to inspire him with
a false security, he chose him for vizir, whilst he complacently lislened to the sug.
gestions of the khdi Ibn Abi DuwAd, who pushed him on to vengeance. When he at
length arrested Ibn aeZaiy8t and put him to death in the manner which we sl~allrelate
lon-er down, he could only discover, of all his vizir's possessions, farms, and trea-
sures, property to the value of one hundred thousand dinars. He then repented of
what he had done, and finding no one capable of replacing him, he said to 1bn &i
Du&d: You inspired me with vain hopes, and incensed me against a person
c 4 whom I shall never be able to replace." When Ibn az-Zaiydt was vizir, he caused
R large lantern (7) to be framed of iron and fastened with nails, the sllarp points of

which projected inwards, like needles. In this machine he used to torture officers
of the civil administration and other delinquents from he meant to extort money: as
often as the victim turned round or moved from the intensity of his sufferings, the
nails entered into his body and put him to excruciating pain. Ibn az-Zaiykt was
the first who ever imagined such an instrument of torture. When the sufferer
cried out to him : " 0 vizir ! have compassion on me ! " he used to answer : Corn-
" passion is mere weakness of charaeter." When he was himself imprisoned by al-
&futawakkil,that khalif ordered him to be chained in irons of filteen pounds weight
and put into the same lantern. To his cry of: 0 Commander of the faithful! have
'' compassion on me! " he answered in the words so often addressed by the vizir to
other sufferers: " Compassion is mere weakness of character (81." Whilst under-
going these torments, Ibn az-hiylt asked for ink and paper, and wrote as follows:

Such is the way of earthly things ;from day to day, they fleet on and pass away as visions seen
in sleep. Cease repining 1 such events are the vicissitudes which fortune transmits from man
to man.

These Lines he sent to allutawakkil, who was prevented by business from attend-
ing to them, but, the next morning, he iead them and gave orders to deliver the
vizir. When they came to take him out, they found him dead. This happened in
1.B=233. He had passed forty days in the lantern. His arrest took place on the
8th of %far, of that year (September, A. D. 8m).After his death, the following
lines were found written with charcoal on the side of the lantern, in his own hand:

Let him who knows where sleep is to be found, direct towards it one who longs for it; may
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 255

d mercy 011 tfle compassionate Inan who will lead sleep to my eyes
~ o have I wake, but he
sleeps by whom I a ~ ndespised.

&mad al-bhwal (vol. 1. p. 20) relates as follows : c6Wlrenibn az-Zaiy8t was

arrested, I contrived to gain admittance, and, finding him heavily ironed, I said:
c I am deeply grieved at what 1 see ;' on which he pronounced these words :

k dwellings of the tribe wllal changed tlieir aspecl and deslroyed tllc traces of their
6 , ~ s the

66 existence? 'Tis Fortune ; when she favours most, her favours turn to affliclions. The world
16 is like a fleeting shadow ; let us praise God ! 'lwasthus He predestined it to be."

When he was put into the lantern, his slave said to him : Thou art come, my (6

lord, to this, and liast not left a single man (inclined by gratitude) to speak thy
'6praise." To this he answered: Of what use to the Barmekides was their bene-
46ficence?"--The slave replied: It makes you tliink of them now." Ibn az-Zaiyit
acknowledged the truth of his words.

(1) The village of ad-Daskara was situated in the provinc;! of Baghdad.

(S) " Ahmad Ibn Ammdr Ibn ShMi, a native of al-Msdbr blj-11, a town ilcar Basra, sce al-Idrisils Geo-
graphy), removed from that place to Basra, where he purchased large estates and augmented his fortune.
'c He followed the profession of a millcr. Having gonc up to Baghdad, his wcalth became yet more ample,
" and it is said that h e gave away, every clay, one hundred dinars (?) in alms. Having been described to al-
l' Motasim by al-Fad1 Ibn Marwbn (vol. 11. p. 4713) as a man of strict integrity, that khalif raised him to the

" vizirate when he deposed al-Fadl. Ibn-Ammar held this post for some time, but a letter having arrived to
l' al-Motasim in which the writer spoltc of the fertility of the country and mentioned that there was a great

" abundance of kald, the khalif askcd his vizir what the word meant. Ibn Ammar, being totally devoid of
" the literary information requisite for a vizir, did not know what to say, and 81-Motasim then ordered one
('of his followers anil favorites, Muhammad ILn Abd al-Malili az-Zaiylt, to bc brought in. Having pro-
" posed to him the same question, Ibn az-ZaiyAt replied: < Herbage just sprouting up is called al-bakl; when
C& r
it grows a little longer, it is called nl-kaM, and, when it is dry, they give it the name of al-hashish.'
" On this, al-Motasim said to Ibn Amm$r : C Take you the inspection of the government offices, and this man
" ' will read to me the letters which I receive.' He afterwards honorably dismissed Ibn Ammar from the
" place of vizir, and conferred i t on lbn az-Zaiyb."- (Ad-Dual al-Zsldmiya.)
(3) Kor%n,shrat I % , verse 84.
(4) The poet's wife or mistress reproached him for not gaining money by celebrating the praises of the
great, a d he replied that his honorable feelings prevented him from extolling the unworthy.
(5) These verses have been already given, with some variation, in the life of Ibn Abi Duwkd ; see vol. I.
page 69.
(6) According to the author of the ad-Dual al-lsldmiya, he vowed to make a pilgrimage to Mekka, to m&-
nmit all his slaves, and bestow large sums in alms, jn case he did not wreak vengeance on Ibn az-zaiykt-
256 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
(7) The word is t r m d r : it appears from M. de S ~ C Y 'life
S of d-Hakiln, Expod de l'Histoire dpr D ~ ~ ~
page cccrxv, that these lanterns were sometimes of enormous size.
(8) be author d a d - ~ u o laL-Iridmiyo states positively that Ibn az-ZaiyAt was tyrannical, overboaring,
hard-bearted, and inhuman. He alludes also to the story of the lantern.

IBN AL-AMID T H E K A T P B .

Abh 'l-Fadl Muhammad Ibn Abi Abd Allah. al-IIusain Ibn Muhammad the kdtib,
surnamedIbn &Amid, was vizir to Rukn ad-Dawlat AbO Ali al-Hasan Ibn Buwaih
ad-Dailami, tlle father of AdAd ad-Dawlat (vol. I. p. 407, and vol. 11. p. 481). The
title of &Amld (the cohmn)had been given to his father by tlrc people of Khorasin,
in attributing to this word an intensitive signification, according to their custom [l).
father hvas a man of merit and displayed considerable abilities as an epistolary
writer and a philologer. Ibn al-Amid succeeded Abb Ali 'l-Kummi as vizir to Rukn
ad-Dawlat, in the year 328 (A. D. 93940). He possessed great information in
astronomy and the philosophical sciences, and, as he surpassed in philology and epis-
tolary composition all his contemporaries, he was called the second Jdhiz (vol. H.
p. 405). (As a vizir) he exercised unbounded authority and great influence. Ibn
AbbLd (vol. l . p. 212) received the surname of as-Sahib (the companion)from the fact
of his being the constant companion and follower of Ibn al-Amid. The abilities of Ibn
al-Amid as an epistolary writer were of the highest order, and ath-Thaiilibi (vol.11.
p. 129) said, on this subject, in his Yatfma, that epistolary writing began with Abd
al-Hamid (vol. 11. p. 173) and finished with Ibn al-Amid. The Sdhib Ibn Abbid
having made a journey to Baghdad, was asked by lbn al-Amid, on his return, how
he found that city : ' ' Baghdad,' ' replied the Sdhib, holds the same place amongst
" other cities as your lordship (al-ustbd) amongst other men." It must be here
~ b s r v e dthat ibn al-Amid was addressed by the title of al-urtdd. This vizir was an
able ruler and administered the empire with firmness and talent; the most cele-
brated poets repaired to his court from &slant countries and poems of the
highest beauq in his praise. Abh 't-Taiyib al-Mutanabbi (vol. I. p. 102) went to
 BIOGRAPHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 257

see llim at A r r a j i n and eulogized him in a number of kastdns, one of them beginn-
ing thus:

Be patient or impatient under suffering, thy passion will stilI appear; thy tears may flow or
not, 'tnlill still be seen that thou art weeping.

In this poem lie manages Ihe transition to his subject in the following manner :

TO ArjS11, my rapid steeds ! such is my firm resolution, which leaves the spears (of all oppo-
sers) broken behind it. Had I acted as you (my slothful steeds) desired, your troop had never
cloven the clouds of dust (but staid at home in idleness). Hasten to Abti 'l-Fad1 ! to him whose
aspect relieves me lrorn my vow ! no richer ocean in pearls (virtues) is ever visited by roan (2).
The human race gave llleir opinion (fatwn) that his aspect (would release me fiom the vow of
visiting the ocean), and God forbid that I should be restrained or should abstain (from its
fulpl~nent)! I have formed a bracelet for the lialid whicli first waves to announce Ibn al-Amid,
and for tlie first servarlt who (at his sight) cries (with e.cultntion): Allah akbar (God is yeat) !

The s a n ~ epoem conlairis tlie following passage :

Who will tell the Arabs of the desert that, on leaving them, I saw (in one man) Aristotle atid
Alexander? They sacrificed for my table h e i r camels ten months pregnant. but one man gave
me hospitality who used LO sacrifice bags of gold for his guest. I then heard a deep student in
the books of P tolemy, who ruled with sovereign power, and who understood, equally well, the
customs and the life of the desert and of the town; (united in him) I met all the men of lalent
(of ancient days) ; God seelns to have restored us h e i r persons and their times; they were first
drawn up in order, like sums for calculation ; then came the amount, because you (0learned
visir !) came the last (3).

This is one of the most exquisite kasEdos ever composed ! Ibn 81-Hamadlni says,
in his Oyan as-Siar ( 4 ) . [hat Thn al-Amid rewarded the poet with three thousand
dinars. In this piece, al-lutanabbi gives but one r to Arrajdn, although it shouid
have two, according to al-Jauhari (vol. I. p. 22) in his Sahdh, al-HBzimi (p. 11 O/
this vol.) in his dla itlafitk la,fzuhuwa iftarak musamrncihu (or synonyms),and Ibn a]-
jawiliki (5) in his Dhghrib. \.Vc have already spoken of this kasEda in the life of
Abh 'l-Fad1 Jaafar Ibn al-furht (vol. l . p . 3 1 g), and mentioned that it was composed
in honour of illat vizir when the auil~orwas in Egypt; al-Mutanabbi, however, being
dissatisfied with his conduct, did not recite i t to him, but, having gone to Fars, he
changed i t to the address of Ibn &Amid. Abii Nasr Abd al-Aziz Ibn Nub& as-saadi
VOL. 111. 33
luol. 11. p. 138) went 10 sec i b n al-Amid at Rai, and praisecl ])in1 in a poem p.om-
mencing ihus :

(1suffer eroTn) i11e pai~lsof desire and rcmen~bl-asce,fro111 t l ~ eardour of burllill; ~ i ~ l , ~ ;

depriwd of $]eel,, tears gush fiorn my eyes. Alas ! ~ O W Illany .lnr ~ O U S lllOllgl~tshas Cart
The intoxication of jfootl~has passed away, hut irs Ilulb1f~1 cflccts still remain: 1
a~~~ loo oltl to gain thc love of yooutliful tnaidcns, nnil yet I canuol btpl!old tlrom will1 in(liflercnce.
Ilow happy were the nights and rnornitlgs ill wllicll I visitcd tllc iloor of ar-llusifa (l;), when
my out]^, inebriated with deligl~t,swept the grounrl will1 its robe Or 1)ritlr. I l l ~ c n~nadcmy
pilgrimage to the stone of as-Sarrit (7) and my rcsidcllce (8) ill its sl~atlyhowcrs : llle abotles of
pleasure were m y abodes, and tllc dwclling of joy was minr.

I n the same piccc, he says :

Life has no longer any charms for me unlcss I spend it io passing lhc wine-cup around, whilst
I encourage tlie female musicians 10 emulate the strains of lllc turllc-dove ; and then, let Ibn
al-Amid appear, the torrent of his bencficcncc sllamcs the rain-cloud. Thc cllaracter of that
generous prince is formed of the purest molten gold ; his gifts flow copiol~sas t l ~ cocean-waves,
and his renown diffuses around the perfumes of thc gillillowcr and t l ~ ca ~ l i r 11e
; scatters his gifts
to us like the comfits scattered at a marriage feast; he keeps so c,losely the secrets of a friend
that his bosom is like ihe night in which no moon appears.

In the same poem, we remark also the following verses:

Lofty enterprises arc achieved by lofty minds, and to Abii 'I-Fad1 I scnt o n their nocturnal
journey the iuspirations of my heart.

The poet waited vainly (9) in expectation of a recompense for this piece, and he at
length followed it u p by another poem and then by a letter which, though lie arrived
at court in a most destitute condition, only served to confirm Ibn al-Amid in his
indifference. Be finally succeeded in entering into the vizir's presence on a day in
which a levee was held for the reception of the grandees and the chiefs of ihe civil
administration ; posting himself then before him, he pointed at him and said : " 0
" roLl I have followed thee as closely as thy shndow ; I hare abased nlyrelf before
" thee as humbly as thy shoe, and I have swallowed the burning food ol absence
" (from home) in expectation of thy gift; yet, by Allall ! 1 do not lee1 my disappoint-
" ment; but I dread the sneers of foes, people who gave me good advice, yet 1 dis-
" lnlsted them ; who spoke me truly, yet I suspected their sincerity. Wilh what a
" face can 1 now meet them, and what pretext can I now oppose to tl,en~? I have
" received for eulogium after eulogium, far prose after verse, nothing else but bitter
 DlOGRAPI-IICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 959

regret and sickening misery. If success have a mark to make it known, where
ic is that marlc a n d what is i t ? Those whom thou enviest for the praises which they
( c were formed 01tlic same clay as thyself; tliose whom satire covered ~ v i I l i
61 dishonour were lilte thee; forward then! and surpass the Iligbcst of 111erni n exal-
talion. the brighlest of [hem in lustre, the noblest in station.'' Astonjshed and
cunfounded at this address, Ibn al-Amid remained siicnt, with his cycs fixed on
the g r ~ ;~hut, ~ ~at lenglll,
d 11e raised u p his Ilcarl arid replied : Time is too
Q

h bshort to permit thce to solicit favours i n n Iengllicned discoursc, or to allow me

to offer a long apology; ant1 wcrc we to accord lo each olher what we are led
to bestow, we should only bc obligcd to recornmcncc t l ~ csame acls which give us
mutual satislac~ion." O n tllis, Ibn E u b h ~ asaid : " 0 r.n&sl these (words) are
L

the utterance of a heart which llatli long concealed ils thoughts, and of a
tongue wllicll hall1 long been silent; nncl, rrioreovcr, the ricli man who defers
. words r~oused the anger of
(his gencrosiry) is a despical)!~cl~aracter." lllese r

Ibn al-Amid, and lie cxclui~ned: " By Allah! I did not descrsc this rcl)roacli from
6 rany of Cod's creatures; for even less than that I q~larrcllcdwill1 (1119fiitllcr.) al-
Amid, so h a t wc were lcd to mutual ill will (10) and unceasing dispulcs.
But thou arl not one of illosc to whom 1 owe an obligation and whose liunlours l
" must support, ncithcr a r t illou onc of m y depenclents [or whom I may have indul-

L' gence ; nay, a part of that with which thou Last dinned my ears would provolce
" the spleen of the sage and overcome tlic firmest patience. And, besides, 1 did
" not invite thee hiiller hy letter, l did not send for thee by a messenger, I did

" not ask thee to praise me, I did not impose on ihee the task of extolling me."

3'0 this, Ibn NuLii~areplied: "'Tis true, O rats! thou didst not invite nlc hither
" by letter, thou didst not send for me by a messenger, thou didst not ask me to
" praise thee, and t l ~ o udidst not impose on mc the task of extolling thee; but,

" in as much as thou wcrt seated in the midst of lliy court, surrounded with

" all thy splendour (ns ifj to say: L Let no one give me any other title than that of
"' (chiefly lct no creature dispute nly sovereign orders; for I, the kdtib of
" ' Rukn ad-Dawlat, am 111e head of the courlirrs, the lord of the metropolis,
" ' the supporter of the welfare of tile kingdom ;' that circumstance alone spoke for
" itself and w s a sufficicnl invitation, although thou didst not invite me verbally."
On hearing these worJs, Ibn al-Amid sprang from his seat i n a passion and has-
tened into the vestibule of tile palace, whcnce he p i n e d his chamber: the assembly
broke up i n and ibn an-Nublla was heard to say, as h e was crossing
the : a By Allall! it were better to eat dust and walk on burning coals
than to endure this; God's curse upon lileralure sincc palrolls despise it and
those who euliivate it are its dupes (1i)l" The next morning, when Ibn
Amidvs anger had passed over and his self-possession liad rclurned, h e caused searell
to be made for the poet, with [he intention of offering him excuses and removing
from llis mind the disagreeable impressions left by wllal had passed; but none could
discover whither he had gone (i2). The whole occurrence was a constant subject
of regret for Ibn ol-Amid, up to the time of his death.-I llavc since found this
poem and the conversation at the vizir's levee atlribuled to n diflerent person from
Ibn NubBta, and on looking for ibe kas$da in lllal poet's diwd11, 1 could not find it.
- i t a later period, on perusing A b i ~Haiyin at-laullidi's Kitdb al-IVaz5rain (i3), 1
Sound this poem attributed to Abii Mullammad Abd ar-Bazzilc I b n al-Husain, a
nalive of SagLlad, a philologer, a logician, and a poct, generally known by the
appellalion of ibn Abi 'th-ThiyPb, a n d that t h e discourse (a1 lllc loueo) was held by
Ibn Mamdyah, a poet and a native of al-Kark11.-Tlle MliG Abb 'l-Paraj Ahmad
lbn Muhamn~adenjoyed great favour in the sight of his sovereign Rukn ad-Dadat
Ibn Buwaih and held a high rank in his esteem, but Ile did not receive from Ibn
al-Amid tile respect to tvhich lie was entilled. At different times, he complained
to him of his behaviour, but finding his remonstrances unsuccessful, he wrote to
him these lines :

What avail your riches if they render you arrogant to the poor? How often, when you came
in, havc we stood up, and, when we went in, you stirred as if ro risc!, but did not finish (the
movemen4. When I withdrew, you uever said: Let his horse be brought to the door;"
as I said when you wilhdrew. If you possess science, what do you know which is not known
by others. You are not mounted on the back of he empire, and we are not placed below
thee, at its feet. We also held commandments like you, we deposed others as you did, but
we were never haughty nor proud. We are equal in all things. Persevere in a reasonable
line of conduct, or else give up your place,

The Sahib Ibn Abbid composed a great number of poems in praise of Ibn al-
Amid, and, being i n Epahln when the Iatler went thcre on a visit, h e wrote to hit11
the following lines :

They said : "Your (long expected) spring (14) has ~ o , n e . ~ -~ ~o o news!"

d Iexck~ed,
" true ;is it spring, the brother of winter, or spring the brother of generosily "-c"Tis lhat
 B l O G R A P N I C A L DICTIONARY. 261
&ispring," they replied, " w ~ o S gifls
~ secure the indigent from p~verty."-~"Tis then," said
I, he rnis Ibn al-Amid? "-They answered me : " Yes."

Ibn al-Amid often expressed his admiration of the following verses:

She came, fearing (discovery), to the curtain of the door which was closed between us, and
at which the slave-girls alrcady stood. Sl~elistened to my poetry, whilst her heart was touched
by the inspiration of my liasidas. And whenever she lieard a tender thought, she heaved a sigh
sufficielitto burst her necklaces.

Ihn a\-Amid left somc poetry, hut the only piece of his which pleased me and
Seemed worthy of inserlion, is the following, taken from Ihn as-SPbi's (15) Kiidb a!-
Wuzar& (b001t of vizirs) :

I remarked 011 my face a hair vhich still remained black, and my eyes took pleasure at the
sight; and I said to the while hairs, when their aspect struck it with affright : I conjure you
to pity its lo~ieliness. Seldom does a black female remain i11 a place when her husband's
other wife is a while."

The emir Abi'i 'l-Fald al-11ikAli (16)gives the following verses as his i n the Kildb
al-Jfuntahil :

Choose your friends among strangers, and take not your near relations into favour; relations
are like scorpiorls or even Inore noxious. ,

Ibn al-Amid died in the month of Safar,-some say, of Bluharram,-A. H. 360

(December, A. D. 970). at Rai, or, by another account, at Baghdad; but Ab6 '1-
Hasan Hilt1 Ibn al-Muhassin Ibn Tbrahim as-SAbi states, in his K2Idb a!-Wuzarcii.,
that he died A. B. 359. God knows best! AbC 'I-Fad1 Ibn al-Amiil was visited
alternately by attacks of gout and cholic; when one of these disorders left him, it
delivered him over to the other. Being asked which of the two was the more pain-
ful, he answered: t s When ihe gout attacks me, I feel as if 1 were between the jaws
" of a lion, devouring me, mouthful by moutliful; and when the cholic visits me,
" I would willingly exchange it for the gout." Jt is said that, seeing one day a
labourer i n a garden eating bread, with onions and sour-milk, and making a hearty
meal, he exclaimed : 1wish I was like that labourer, able to eat my fill of whatever
" I liked." I may here say, i n the words of lbrahim as-SPbi, Hilil's grandfather
(vol. 1. p. 31), i n llis 6 t d b at-Tdji : d 6 Such is human life; it is seldom free from
trouble." 1 read, in a collection of anecdoles, that some lime after thc death of ibn
al-Amid, tire Sbjib Ibn AbbAd passed by his door, and remarking that tlie \restibule,
\vllich used to be crowded will1 people, was completely empty, he reciled illese lines :

1 1 tIlou abode! wliy art thou covcrcd will1 sadness ? whcrc are the usllers
~ ~ me.
the door-curtain ? IVhere is he before adversity fled? He is now earl11 enclosed in
eanh. Sag without fear or shame : '' nly mastcr is dead, and sadness 11ii~hoverwlielrried me."

I llave since observed lhat al-Olbi, in his Kit&b uE-I'amani (17), altributes these
verses to Abii 'l-Abbis ad-Dabbi (1S); " but," says he, some state that tlley \vcrc
composed by AbS Bakr al-Kllo\viirsznii, on passing hy the door o f {lie Sdhib ibn
hblhd." This cannot, Il.,tvever, bc true, for al-Kliotv6rezmi died bclore the
Sdhib, as we llave observed in liis life (p. 109 of [his vol.)-Similar to this is an anec-
dote related by Ali Ibn Sulaimin: ' ' I saw," says he, " [he ruins of a large palace
6 1at Rai, of which nothing remained but the door-way, and on lhat was written:

" Wonder at the vicissiludcs of fortune, and be instructed ; llris dwelliog is a striking
" exan~pleof such changes: I once saw it brilliant wit11 a crowd. of princes (19)' and ligl~ts
" shining in every part of it : but solitude is now its ordy inhabitant: 0 how desolate thc house
'' when the master is goue! "

On the death of Ibn al-Amid, his son Zh 'I-Kiltiyatain (20) hbir 'l-Falh Ali
replaced him in the vizirate by tile choice of their sovereign IRukn ad-1)awloi.
Zh 'l-Kifiyatain was a noble and princely-minded man, e ~ n i n e n ifor his abilities,
talents, and beneficence : it was to him that a\-hlutanabbi addressed the live lines
rhyming in d which are to be found i n that poet's diwcin, and form part of the
eulogium composed by him on Ibn al-Amid. It is not therefore necessary to insert
them. Ath-Thaglibi speaks of him in the Yaltrna, i n tlle article on I b n at-Amid,
and he gives there the following note in which Zii '1-Kifayllain requests a friend
to send him some wine without letting his father, Ibn al-Amid, perceive it : " l a y
" God prolong your lordship's existence l I have liastened to pass lhis night in
" enjoyment, as if to take advantage of the moment when the eye of ad\ ersily slum-
" ben; I have seized on one of the opportunities which life offers, to form wit11 m y
" companions a part of the band of the Pleiadea, and, if you do not aid us to main-

" tain our rank in that choir by sending us some wine, we shall be (sad) like the
" dau3hims of the hearse (21). Adieu." Ath-Thailibi gives also some pieces of
verse composed by the author of [his letter. Abii 'l-Fat11 continued to fill the offifice
,E vizir up to tile dent11 of Rukn ad-lhwlat jvol. l . p. 607), and the accession of
~ \ ~ ad-Dnwlat, ~ ~son.d IIe was again chosen as vizir by tile new
~ ~ ~that iprince's
monarcll, but lie held this post for a very short time. A profound jealousy sub-
sisted between h i m and llie Sdkib Ibn Abbld, and it is said that the l a t ~ e rwas
the person wlio turned bluwniyar\ ad- l)adat's heart against him. That prince begGn
by his disapproval of Zil 'I-LiiByatain's conduct and lestifying the aversion
which he liad conceived for him, till, at length, in \he year 366, he cast him into
There still exist some verses composed by Zh 'l-Kifiystain during con-
finement, and in these, ire dcsc~~ibes liis miserable sitonlion. A~li-Tha~liGi says
illat he lost all his wealth, and that they tortured him by cutting off his nose anlf
plucking out lris heard. Anotller writer slates lhat one of his hands was cut off also,
and perceiving that his casc was llopeless and escape impossible, even were he to
up all he ~~ossessed, he tore open the breast of his robe, and taking out of
it a paper containing a list of all thc weolfll and hidden treasures which he and his
father had collectecl, Ile cast it into the Gre. When lie saw it entirely consumed,
he said to the man who had him in custody : " Execute thy orders, for, by Allah I
not a single dirhem of our money shall fall into the hands of thy master." He
was then put to the torturc and kept in suffering till he died. His arreslation tooL
place on Sunday, tlie 8111 of the latter Rahi, A. H. 3 6 6 (&th December, A . D. 076).
He was born in 3 0 7 (A. I). 019-20).-A t the time of the expedition, in the year 355
(.\. D. 966), when the Kboriislnides departed from Rai after the grave event which
occurred there, and when Got1 had delivered (the country) from their perversity (22),
the rats Abh 'l-Fad1 Ibn al-Amid commenced. the construction of an immense wall
around the palace of 1lis sovereign. This induced the army inspector to observe
that such an undertaking reminded him of the common saying: Port wepittun
venlris stri~~gere podicern ; on which Ibn al-Amid replied : And that also is useful
" to prevent another from escaping." This answer was considered excellent.-
Ibn al-Amid was appointed to olfice A . H. 337 (A. D. 9 6 8 9 ) . I n allusion to ([he
dfulh of Abd 'l-F&), one of his friends said :

Family of al-Amid and family of Bar~nekI what has befallen you 9 your friends are few, and
your assisters inlimidatcd. Fortune took you for its favourites, but it then thought fit (to
change its mind) ; fortune is certainly deceitful and treacherous !

Abfi 1'-Falh, the son of I b n al-Amid, had the S&hib Ibn Abbid for successor; see
26.4 IBN 1<HALLIKANyS
tile life of the latter (vol. l. p. 213). He frequently repealed the following lines,
some time before he lost his life:

Men enteredthe i\lorld before us, and they departed from it, lcaving jl to us; we sojourned
tlrel-eicas t1l.q did, but we shall leave it to Our SUCCCSSOrS.

The following piece is attributed to Abb 'l-Falll, the son of ibn al-Amid:

The delators wlio watched my conduct asked me how I loved her? a i d I answered : JVilh
' L a passion neither inadequate nor excessive." Had I not mistrusted them, I should haye
spoken the truth and said: "hly passion for her surpasses ail hat lovers evcr felt." How often
have my brethren asked me why I was so sad? And I replied : " You see my malady, yet you
ask me what is the matter! "

Abii Haiyin Ali Ibn Mulialnmad at-Tauhidi, a native o l Baghdad, conlposed a

work entitled: Mathlilib al- Wazlrai~t(the disgraceful acts of lhe lloo vizirs) in which
lle inserted all the circumstances which could tend to the disllonour of Ibn al-Amid
and the Siliib Ibn Abbiid; he attacked them violenlly i n illis production, enume-
rating their faults, stripping them of all the renown which lliey had acquired by
their talents and generosity, displaying [he utmost prejudice against them and ireat-
ing them wilb great injustice. This book is one of lllose wliicll bring ill luck (23);
no person ever had it in his possession wirllout suffering a reverse of fortune, as I
myself have experienced, and as others, on whose words 1 can place reliance, have
experienced also. This Abii Haiyln was a man of talent and an author: he com-
posed some works of great repute, such as the liitdb al-I~nlindwa 'l-Muwdnasa (aver-
sion and atlachment), in two volumes; the Kitbb akBas&ir wa '(l-Dakhdir (guiding
marks and treasures); the Kitiib as-bad& wa 'S-Sadbka ( I he friend and friendship), in
one volume ; the Kitiib al-Malidisbt (comparisons), i n one volume ; the Maalhillib
oCWazErain, i n one volume, etc. This writer was still alive i n llle year 400
(A. D. 1009-101, as we learn from his own words in lhe ICitdb as-Sadik w a 'S-Saddka.
--I hare not found the word Tauhidi noticed by any of the autllors who have corn-
posed treatises on patronymics, not even by as-Samsni ; hut i l is said that A&
Haiyln's father sold tauhld at Baghdad, and that this lauhOJ is a species of date pro-
duced in irik. It is this signification which some commentators of al-Mutanabbi's
poems assign to the following verse :

They d r l from
~ my mouth draughts which are sweeter than the profession of God's unify
(at-tauhid).
 (1) ~t is i V r l l LI?O\\" til;ll 1\11! l.ibillilrtlilrlillllli~clbrrn f u d g (j.&xj) ass~?mcs,ill some cases, m illtpfiSitilp
may hrar the signific~~lian
sig,lification; tln~wofr!irr'tl(it / i t l l e f,f)ltrnln, (1 gii'l((8rl~~.) of n l o ~ y ecolunrn. This tilt-
l,,,mstanr.c i~lclucrcl rrlc? to sill~l)(lscth;lt l l nil.Nll!~ rd this vizir .c;t\ould be ~~~'onouncctl
Orncri~!, ant1 Bl. de Sar:!~
l,.as so deeply imprcsscd \f'ilh t . 1 1 ~S;Nf'wt)llinion tllitt, it1 I l~ir.rls!;tlir~g
t!le llassng:: to whicli L!lc present not^ rrfilrs.
!:P I1 avait re511 cc sllrrl(lrn tl'nprbs I'nsn~coh sonl lcs habitants tle Khorasi~n,d'cmploycr les dimi-
((

cl nlllifj comlnc nn siglc: rl'rstirne ct tic consid6ration." (Cl~restc.moittic,tome If, D.58.) IIe then adds:
:: Ceci I w ~ ~ ~ e q udoit
' o nprorlcmccr On2cfiil t:t nor] pas Anrir.." I must, Ito~vnvcr,observe that, i n thc Antliic
lert of this passage (wi~ich1 l l ~ v t >trausli~tctllitcr.;klly), Ihc ci[~~i\.:~lcnt of' t,l~c.word rlinzinulifs does 11ot csist;
to prove tl~ilt Ihc nnnic slli~llltlIIC ~~ronollr~cctl -4n1irf, llot Ol,lc,irl, I rlcctl only rtf'ey to the vcrsificd pro-
\-l!rb: Epistc,lary writing c~rrllrlt~nc~c~d ant1 rntlcrl witlr
with Alld i~l-Fl~imr'tl, 1\111 nl-.4mifl. I slrn[l n!so ~*crerto
the d j ~ j d nof nl-Mrltnrrahbi ; ill it11 LIE mnnllsr,~~ipts,
thc pocrns nrltlressrd to [his vizir arc. cntitlrd rtl-dn,iiii!/dt,
\\.ith the vowel points clcb;lriy~nnrltqrl,allcl it1 lilcsc piuccs, tile ~ ~ o U!\
r d is ii~vrr~
bitdy pointctl so ;\S to
nl-Anii(l. M. dt: Sac:y Itns ttlcrcblnu rr~isl~~~ilcrstood
I.hc obsrrvation of lbo KhallikAu, but his c~.r.or\\-;IS
;~lmostinevitable, owing to thcl vnglicxrlt3ssol' a ~ l i h o l "~!xprrssiun.
~ J I I ~ ~ 1 Ireliere lbr~K11allik;Zn rncclrit to sit!.
that the people of' l<horiisri~lgivc to Ihc lilrrn /)ill (&;) an intcnsitivc siy~~ificiition,
and this we know is all
irregularity. The c O n ? r r ~ n t i ~ t fOf
~ r sthe h'(l?.d67,i l ~ ~ all
t i thr gr;inrn~arinnsnllo esplain the words Bism ilic~h
ZT-rahmdn ir-rahim (in the nnme o f Go/!, thc n , e l ~ ~ . z f iIdl,~ eclt*.~ienl!) nttril~uteto rnhlal, in consequence of its
form (I;lil), a mnch less coln[~rr!hc~nsivti ~ i l c i ~ tl i ~ ~t t I o r I It is tltcreforc an es~nl)lishcrl
principle crf Ara~l~ic
qrnrnrnili. i l ~ i ~tlir
t. (i~1'11i j;,i/ r!:ji:.c.:stts lrrs tl~nrr/;il(l,r arltl ?o;rlr o!!~cr filrrns. 1311tit appc:::s
that in Khorhsdn it wils c:rrrisitlcrcld t i ~ c3:l1l,c4?,srrritrrr i111d tn l)(>~,c;~lly
tlrc i~i:cnsit.ivr?k r m , ; ~ n dthis is wilnt ~IIII.

;111thorintcndetl to sxy.
(2) I u m i i y I c i I I I SI r i c . To call a gcncrous patron trn ocectir is t ! ; ~
highest praise a 1)oc:l cat1 bt$str~tv.
(3) In these verses hc nlc)illls tu say lIl:~t ILII ill-,\tnid 11nited ill himself the talents of all tf~egreat men of'
the sum total or which they were the items.
former times, and that tic, corriir~glast, rt~~rrc~sr~r~t.crl
(4) The Oyin ccv-Sinr iippcnrs, from thr short nccol~ntof'it given by Hajji Khalifa, to be a collection of ancc-
dotes or poems. He plnccs nl-li:irniul,2ni's tleiith in 591 (A. D. 1127).
(5) His life will be fount1 in this L\.O~)C.
(6) The poet probal~lyrnmns t l ~ cI,imlrl 01' Rus;lf&. Sce vol. I. 11. 999.
(7) SCCvol. I. 11. 3 1 S. 'I'hc pi~rlsocnls tcl Il;~v[:colnparcd Il)rl al- Anlid to the sacred stone c l Ikkb:?, 1111t
the meaning of the vcrsc is dottbtlirl.
( 8 ) Residence; i n the orlgin:l.l itimcti- (to perfirriz !Ire visit to &lie Omra). See note ( I I ) ,p. 258 of this vol.
(9) I wad )I' in.tiai of _?S.

(10)
gets it.
The words
r;'.c '4)& t.rtc;lu: A sol~peror hospitality for which the guest must wait long, Lcf0r.c IIC
Such a suj)pcr is ;I pruo!' c~f the ill will of the host.
(1 I) I read LdL.
(19) Literally: Bat it wns as i f 11e hacl sunk into the hearing and the sight of the earth; that is: as if he
had sunk into the earth. No reasonable explanation has ever been given of this expression.
(13) Ibn Khallikar~syealrs of this worlr a t the e ~ of
~ the
d present article.
(14) Spritrg; in Arabic ,IT-fiubi. T l l ~poet means to quibble on this \~or.d,which is also employed as a
proper name.
(15) The life of AilAI 1br1as-SAl.~i ill be li~nr~tl
in t,his volume.
VOL. 111. 34
 ' (1 E) Alh-Tha$Ubi gives, in his YOdma, MS. NO. 1 3 70, fO1. h 79, a great 1111)111)01 0f I)PSSRKPI, in prose md

,enc, conlpore~by tile emir ~ b 'I-Fad1

h Obai~lAllah llin Allmad al-hllli;lli, t111: most (listiaguis~i~l] of all 1.
members of the i g i k ~ ]family. Two other persons of the SamC nol)le house wcrC clllOgist!d 1)y l l ~ nD,lraid (see
1'. 38 of this vol.).
(17) ~h~ ll~ork called a l - j k m ~ n i , or T u ~ i k ha/-ofhi, is wriucll in P V('Yy I~Om].)OllSs t y k alitl contairls tile

history the Ghaznevite sultan, Yarnin ad-Dawlet Mahrntld I l ~ nSub~tktiki~l, wllose Iik will lic found in this
volnme. The author, whose narnes were Abh '11-Nasr Muhamnlad Il)n Mnlla~nrrlntlIhn Al)d al-Jabbar al-othi,
was a contemporary of that prince and brought down his history the y(';Lr ftH ((A D. 1 0 3 ~ - 7 ) . B[. de Sacg
tlas given an analysis of this work in the fourth volume of the Notices et E.rlruils.
(1s) ~ b i 'I-Abbas
l Ahmad Ibn lbrahlm ad-Dabbi, a favorite of the Sdltih 1b11Al)I~,Eltl,iictcd as his lieuknan[
succeeded kiln on his death.-(Yatimn, No. 1370, fol. 307, wllcro rlnlncrous paSs;rKcs c ~ fhis prose wnl-
ings and poetical composilions are given.)
(19) 1 read eb d&L with one of the manuscripts.
(20) This surname sigr~ifics:possessor of the double r~apucil2/. Thc il~rtlior01' ~ I I c ! l ' a l i m ~ ,MS. No. 1370:
tid. 970, gives numerous extracts from his writings.
(41) The dauglilers of the hearse (Ba?tdl h'aasfr)is the name give11 l ~ yllrc Ar;tbs to t l ~ constrllation
r of Krso
.I/ojor,
(22) c' In the year 855, an army of more than ten thousantl rnen n~a~.cl~i:!l ikgninst thc Greeks"
I'ron~lit~orhsk~i
-(who had penetrated into Mesopotamia aad Syria, where they laid sicgc to Antiocll ; sec Al.til '1-f:c:ctliAt's Annub)
-"and reached Rai. On their arrival, Rukn ad-Dawlat furnislicd tl~crnwith ~)rc,visio~~s
iu abundance, but
one day, those warriors mounted their horses, and proceeding 10 l l ~ cdwellings of Rl~lirlad-Dawlat's captains,
" they slew all the Dailamites whom they met and pillaged thc l~alaccol' At~d'l-E'adl Ibn al-A~nid,the vizir
" of Rukn ad-Dawlat. ibn al-Amid succecded, however, in debating them aud putting them to flight. They
" retired by the AdarbaidjSn road, with the loss of fifteen hundred mcn, and, havir~gsubscqucntly reached
MOSU~, they entered Syria and encountered the Greeks."-(Ad-Dat~abi's Tdt-ilrh al-lslffm, MS. No. 6 4 6 ,
fol. 237.)
(23) Such is the meaning of tile word J 3 ~ & , in this case. It occurs i~lsowit11 a rrmrly similar significa-
~ M.
tion in Abd a]-Latif's Relation de l ' ~ ~ ~see t e de; Sacy's translation oi ttliit work, page 2 5 0 .

IBN M U K C A .

Abh Ali Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn al-Hasan lbn Mukla, tlle celebrated kdtib, corn-
rnenced his career as administrator and revenue collector in one of the districts of Fars.
He successively occupied various situations [ill he was at length appointed vizir by a)-
Yuktadir billah, who invested him with this office on the 16th of thc first Rabi,
 RIOGRAPIIIC:AI, D I C T I O N A R Y . 267
316 (?lay, b . D. 9%) The same khalif arrested him on Wednesday, the 16th of the
first Jurnida, A. H. 31 8 (June, A . D. 930), extorted from him a large sum of money
and banished him into the province of Fars. The imdm al-KBhir billah (al-Jful;ladir's
sent a messenger to bring him back from that country, and appointed
llinl to act as his lieutenant. On the morning of the Day of Sacrifice, A. H. 320
(December, A . D. 932), Jbn Mukla returned from Fars, and being invested wit11
llle pelisse of office, h e continued to hold the post of vizir till the month of Shaabdn
i n the following year. At that lime, h e withdrew into concealment on receiving
information that the khalif suspected Ilim of favorising the conspiracy got up by Ali Ibn
Ballk (vol. II. p. 377). Ar-Hbdi Billah, who succeeded to the khalifate on the 6th
the first Jumbcla, A. H. 322 (24th April, A. D. 934), chose him for vizir, three
days after his accession. 81-Muzaffar Ibn YBkdt, who had acquired the absolute
direction of ar-Rbdi's affairs, entertained a dislike for the vizir Abii Ali and concerted
a plot with the pages of Lhe cllamhers (I) for the purpose of seizing on him when he
entered the palace; assuring them that such a proceeding would meet with no oppo-
si~ion from the khalif and that it would i n all probability give him great pleasure.
It happened therefore that, wl.~enthe vizir entered the vestibule of the palace, Ibn
Yikht and the pages seized on him and sent him in to ar-Rbdi whom they acquainted
with the circumstance; enumerating, at the same time, a number of crimes which
they atlributed to their prisoner and which forced them to take so decided a rneasure
The khalif returned an answer in which he gave his approval to their conduct.
This occured on Monday, the iGth of the first JumAda, A. H. 324 (April, A. D. 936).
They then agreed that the vizirsflip should be confided to Abd ar-Rahmbn Ibn Isa
Ibn Diwhd Ibn al-Jarrb11 (2), and ar-Riidi, in consequence, invested him vilh that
office and delivered over to liini Abh Ali Ibn Mukla. Abd ar-Rahmbn caused his
prisoner to be scourged with whips, and having put him to the rack and inflicted
on him various other tortures, he extorted his signature to a promissory note of
one million of dinars ( 2 . 4.60.000). Ibn Mukla then obtained his liberty, and
retired to his house, where he remained unemployed. Abii Bakr Muhammad
Ibn RPik having then revolted against the khalibte, ar-Riidi sent to the insur-
gent chief and propitiated his favour by entrusting him with the government of
the empire and creating him amtr al-urnarb (3). H e gave up to him also the admi-
nistration of the revenue (khardj) and of all the landed estates (belonging to rbe kha-
lifaie), besides which, he caused the public prayer (khotbo) to be said in his name
21;s lgij' ~ ; [ i . ' i l , ! . l I i , \ 3 ' S
from tllo of tile ellll1irc. Ibn il2ik haring Illus illliliriflil ~ J ! c I I E ~ ~ / /)oiver
,~
and influence, llis outlrority unconlrollcd, and s t i ~ (011 l {~IC an,l
landed %ul;la and his son Ahil ' l - l l ~ l ~ s i l l .il)n aii:kln lltcn waited
on Ihll Riik alld ],is secretary, and rcqucstcd, in l l l ~ilunlldesl !ilailncl., tllc rest;-
tuiion of 11;s esin[es. Being unal~lc(o obtain any i h i n g from lhem but vague jlro-
Isines, Ire decided on employing against Ibn lliik every possible ~ n e a n sof intrigue,
vralc to tlre kl~alifadvising liis arreslation; engaging, n! Llle s a n x tirnc, in case
],is a d v ~ c ewas follo\ved and that lie liirnself was appoinlcd vizir, to forcc from !hl
r 1
i\Aik tlle sum of three liundrerl tliousancl dinars. l l w lultcs containing !Iris corn-
rnunieaiion was in the llandwiiiag or Ali i b n LlPran al-dluntrjjin~(col. II. y. 313).
Ar-Ridi appeared inclined to g i ~ eliis conscnl 10 l l ~ i sproposal, and l l a l i n S (hen
encouraged iho itlolrla in llis enjrec!alioos, IIC colcrl.d into :I C { ! ~ I . C S ~ O willl
U~~~I
Ilin~,and nunlerous letters passed Lclween 111crn. l1)n I'd~lila linully obtaincd from
ar-Rddi the assurance of his co-operation, ant1 il was agrcctl on l~ctwccnlllcm boil1
that he should proceed secretly to thc k1131iI"s I);L\;LCI! ant1 romain tllrrc till their
plan was put in excculion. Zle then casl n horoscope wliict~ indicatecl {lie eve c ~ f
the last day of Haniadin as a propilious moment for quitling 11is tlousc and ricling to
1112 palace, because the moon is then (conccalcd) under lllc rays oP llle sun, and

such epodls are favorablc for engaging i n aflairs 17ecjuit-ing sccrcsy . On arriving
; i t the palace, Ile w;s detained in a cliamber and rerused aJniitiur~celo ar-Iliidi.

The next morning, tlle khalif sent a messenger 10 I bn IiBik, informing him of what
11ad occurred, and staiing that this was a stratagem dcvised by l~inlselffor {lie Dur-
pose of getting Ibn lllukla into his power. Prequcnt comr~~tinicatiuns, i n wriling.
then passed beimeen them botli, and, on the i 4th of Shawwdl, A M. 32G (August,
A. D. 938). ar-tliidi made known to the public the designs of Wukla, and, drawing
him from confinement, he confronted liim with Iljn liiili's cl~nnlberlainand sonic
of ihe military chiefs. As Ibn RPik had expressed the wislr tlmt I b n l u k l a sllould
be pllnished by the amputation of the hand with wrhieh llo had wrllten t11c boroseop~
( j l r s t mefllioned), the confron~at.ionwas no sooner icrminated, than ille (esec~-

iioners) cut off his right hand and took him back to prison. Ar-RBdi then repented
of what had been done, and sent doctors to attend him and heal his wound. SucL
was resull of ille imprecation which Abb 'l-Ifasan Dluhammnd Ibn Shanabfid,
k o r h n - r e a d ~ . pronounced against Ihn Rlukla , as we llave already related
(P. 16 of vol.) ; it was certainly an extraordinary coincidence. Abh 'l-Hasan
Tltibit ]bn S i n i n Ibn ThiLit h r r a (vol. I . p. 989),one of the physiciails \\liu
ailended l~irn,rclates as f0110\\'~: '' 1 went 10 see liim when he was in tl:at state,
L &and he aslted m e news of 11;s son I ~ b i l'I-IIosain ; I informed llitn [ l l n [ has
eonccaled in a place of safely, and illcse words garc him great cornlurt. !lc
6 .then began to lament and weep for the loss of 11is hand: ' 1 laboured,'said ire,
6. 6 in the service of the lillalib and lwice transcribed the Koran; yct they it
< a sif it had heen the hand of n iliiefl ' 1 cndeavourcd to console him, saying
tllat it would 11cthe lust of his al'lliction sand that no other mutilation befall
hi*,. To illis he replied by lllc following verse:

when a 1x1-t of ttwe pcrisl~cllr,ncep for lllc loss of aliot~~cr

part; for one part is Ilpai.
unto another."

He at leng!ll recovered, and sent from liis prison n mcssuge to ar-Rhdi promising
(10 procure for) him a large surn and rcqucsling to be appoinlcd vizir ; lle added that
tile amputation of lris 11antl could be no obstaclc 10 his nomination. He had con-
trived, i n fact, to wrile will1 a pen by faslening it to llie stump of liis arm. When
Begkern at-Turki (vol. I. p. 431), who had been one of Ihn Rhik's partisans,
approached Baghdad, Ibn R i i k ordered t i l e prisoner's tongue to be cut out. After a
protracted confinement, l b n !dukla was attacked by diarrbea, and having no person
to attend him, lle was rorced to draw water from the well for his own use; this
he effected by seizing !lie rope alternately with his left liand and his teeth. Hc
composed some poems in wliicli he described his miserable fate and deplorcd the
loss of his hand; in tlicsc pieces, one of which we here give, he complnincd of
the ingratitude which lit: had experienced i n return for his fidelity:

(To act thus) I was rlot weary of existence, but 1 [rusted to heir good faith and lost my
right hand. '1'0 obtairi worldly rank, I sold to thern Iny spiritual welfare, and they deprivctl
me of one and of the other. I used all my efforts to preserve their lives, but mine they did not
preserve. Alter the loss of my right hand, there is no pleasure in life; my right hand is gone!
depart thou also, 0 my soul 1

The following lines are attributed to him.

1 cringe not when pinched by misfortune, neither am I haughty when it spares me. I
am fire when bIown upon hy the deep-drawn sighs of envy ; I am a gentle stream with my
friends.
 It was from illis passagc Illat Sibl 1bn at-Taiwizi (1). 160, of reis vol.) borroiYed
the thought which Ile has thus expressed ill one of his kaslilas :

Seek not to gain 111~.love by (ofccted) scorn ; T am1 slubborn whctl roughly used. Killduess
findsme liC;e lio~pidwalcr; scverity, like the hardes~rock.

It was of this vizir that a poet said :

They say tllat clismissal from office is the infirmity (~r~e~zstrztn)
to wlrich noble 1)ersonagesare
subject; may God curse it for a l~atefulthing ! but t11c vizir Abir A l i is one of tllose u:hr, er-
pect no longer such nn infirmity (4).

According to ath-l'llallibi (col. 11. p. 19111, in liis Yulul$rna, the following verpes
wcrc composed by Ihn llukla:

When I see a man in an exalted station lilountcd on thc pi~lnaclcof power, I say within
nlyself: " Favours mrlst be appreciated at their just value; what a scl-vice he has rendered mc
L'in taking that place (of danger) 1"

Ibn Mukla continued in this miserable stale till his clealll, wlllcl~took place on
Sunday, ihe 10th of ShawwAl, A . B. 328 (19th July, b. l). 940). His corpse was
buried in the prison vhere he died, but, after some time, it was disinterred and
delivered up to his family. He was born i n Bagltdad, o n the afternoon of Thurs-
day, the 2Olh of S l i a w t l , A . B. 272 (March, A. D. 886). We have already men-
tioned in the life of Ibn at-Baw~vib(vol. 11. p. 282), that i t was he who derived the
present system (of writing) from the writ~encharacters used by the people of KQfn
and that he gave it its actual form : I mean to say, either he o r his brother, because
there exists a difference of opinion on this subject. I have observed also that Ibn
al-Barnib followed the path marked out by l b n Yukla and ameliorated his system (5)-
-1bn Mukla utlered some sayings which are still preservcd and employed: such,
for instance, are the following: When 1 love, l risk death : a n d whcn 1 hate, 1
" inflict it." * ' When pleased, 1 favour; when displeased, l punish." " I like
" him who cultivates poetry for self-instruction, not for lucre, a n d hirn wllo praclises
" music for pleasure, not for gain." fle has enounced a number of fine thougllts
both in prose and verse. The poet Ibn ar-RCmi (rol. 11, p. 297) eulogised lbn
Pukla, and one of the ideas which he expressed respecting h i m is the following:

If the Pen be master of the sword (, the sword) before wt~icllall necks are humbled and to
 l3lOGI~APIIICh1, DICTIONARY. 47 l
wllose edge nations are obedient; (recollect) that death also, death which nought can rcsisl,
follows (from) words traced bg the pen (of fate). 'Tis thus that God hat11 dccrecd, from the
time in which pens were first made ; (he decreed) that swords, from the moment tlicy reccired
their edge, should be servants to the pen.

~ b Abd
b Allall al-Hasan Ibn Ali Ibn Mukla, the vizirs's brother, was an accotn-
plislled and eminent kblib. It was really he who invented that handsome written
character. His birth took place on Wednesday, a6 daybreak, the 30111 of Ramadin,
A. H. 278 (January, A . D. 892), and his death, in the month oE the latter Habi,
A. H. 338 (Oclober, A . D. 949).--As for Ibn Rbik, ihc h@z Ibn Asdkir (vol. 11.
p. 252) states, in his History of Damascus, that he arrived there in the month of
Zb '1-Hijja, A. 8.32'7 (Scpt.-Oct. A . 1). 939) ( G ) , and lhat hc was appointed govcrnor
of that city by the imdm al-Mullaki in the place of Badr Ibn Abd Allah al-lkshidi,
whom he had expelled. Ibn RaPk then set out for Egypt and bad an encounter will,
Muhammad Ibn Toghj (p. 217 of lhis vol.), the sovereign of that country. Being
defeated in this engagement, lie returned to Damascus, whence he proceeded to
Baghdad. He was assassinated at Mosul, A. H. 330 (A. D. 94.1-2). It is said
that he fell by the lland of Ndsir ad-Dawlat al-Hasan Ibn Hamdin (vol. l . p. 404).

(4) The pages of the cicamlers (ul-Gliilmdn al-FIujariya) formed a numerous body of young slaves who
received their education at the court of the Abbaside khalifs and were afterwards employed in their service;
see vol. 11. p. 361. Under the Fatirnides in Egypt, a similar institution existed, the members of which were
called the youths of the chambers (Su bgdn al-flujar); see vol. I[. of this work, page 352; and, under the
rnamlhk sultans, we perceive the existence of a seminary nearly identical, the 0s-Subydn aE-ZZtrjariyn; see
M. de Sacy's Chrestomathie, t. 1. p. 156. An establishment of the sanie kind was that of the Itch Oghldns
(the youths of the interior) at Constantinople.
(2) Speaking of this vixir, the author of the ad-Dual al-lsldmiya says: When ar-R&diarrested Ibn Mukla,
" he sent for Ali Ibn Isa Ibn al.Jarr&h and offered him the vizirship. Ali refused accepting, and recorninended
" his brother Abd ar-Rahm&n lbn Isn to be chosen. The khalif followed his advice, but, in a short time,
" affairs got embroiled and the new vixir offered his dismission. This led to his arrestation. D~lringhis
" administration he did nothing worthy of remembrance."
(3) Anzir al-urna9.d (emir over the emirs, or commander in chief); this post, the highest in the khalifate, was
created for Ibn RBik.
(4) Korbn, sdrat 65, verse 4.-The poet means to say that the vizir need never apprehend being deprived
of his place; a very unfortunate prediction, as we have just seen.
( 6 ) The characters introduced by Ibn Mukla are what we now call Sharki, or Oriental; they are merely a
slight alteration of the so called Maghribi, or Occidental, which were in use before the prom~lgationof 1-clamism.
( 6 ) According to Ibn al-hthir, the city of Damascus fell into the hands of lbn Raik in the Year 398, and a'-
hf~ttakiwas proclamed kbalif in 339.
 ~ b f '1-1'ihir
i hahisall-
hldlamnlad Ibn hluhamn:ad Ihn Ualiiyn lI,11 A l j , slirnu~~:ctf
Ijawlat (a.ysi.s~er
of tho empire) and vizir to Izz ad-l)awlal l l a l ~ l l ~ ~(rol.
d r 1 . p. 2501
{hc son of jIoizz ad-l)aw?ot Jbn Ruwnjl~,was an errlincrlt ? & i s (l),a powerful \izir
and a gcncroas patron. \Ve h o ~ calready spoken of llirn in oiir nolice on 1sr :;(l-
I)amlat and mcnljon~tl tl;nt ~ l was-cl~andlcr,
~ e lici~~g
aslicd n11;lt tllranIiiy of wai
ligllts \ras n1lulle:l 1)) that so\ c ~ . c i g ito
~ his own s c r ice,
~ r.c~ilied: c ' Ylic ;tlloa-
ancc of n3'; furnjsll:'il to L ~ I Cvizir for l f i a l objecl \\;is LHU L I I u u s ~ ~ ~ L IpuuM],
aci;llt c\-cry month." Row, wrrax ligllls being all o l ~ j e r l of lilllc ncccssitv, i t
~ ~ be l qconceived from lllis single circu~nslnncc how greai must I l a ~ cheen the
quantil) of tliings moro essential and more reqtiisile will1 wllicll (lhe khalif) was pro-
vided. Ibn Bakiya was a native of Awina (g), a p h c c i n l l ~ epwvince of Baglidad.
In the commencemcnt of his carec-r, he was agpoinlcd supe~inlendnnt of {l,,:
kitchen by Moizz ad-Ilawlat, ant1 illcn passed succcssivcly tl~r.ouglk other posts con-
nected with the service o r Illat sovereign. 011 t l ~ cd e a t l ~oT his nlasler and the
accession of Izz ad-Dawlat, his situation became still more prosperous, having
merited tlie favour of tllc Ilev monarch by the zeal wl~icliIle !lad displayed in the
service of his father. Possessing a pleasing atldrcss a1111 a generous disposilion, 11e
advanced to niore elevaled silualions, and, on Illonday, tflc 7111 of' %b'l-lrijja, A. 11.
368 {September, A . D. 9733, he received from Izz o d - l ) a ~ l i ~his t appoinlmcnt IU
the place of vizir. At a later period, Izz ad-Dawlat wus led to arresl him for reasons
too long to be fully related: we may, however, state, in a sunimary manner, that
lbn Bakiya pushed hir11 to wage war against his cousin Ariucl ad-IJawlat (wol. II.
p. 5811, that, in the baltle wl~ichensued at 81-Alrwjz, tllc troops of izz ad-1)swlat
were defeated, and that the prince allributed his disasler to llre counsels of his vizir.
In allusion ro this circumstance, Abii GhassPn, a physician of Uasra, said:

He remained fifty days near al-Ahw%z,direeti~lgthe ernpire to its ruin. He err~barkcdin an

affair whicli began by blinclness, proceeded through misfol.lune, and ended in disgrace.

His arrest took place on Monday, the 16th of Zh '1-Hijja, 11. 366 (Augusi,
 riIoc;rri\PurcAI, D I C T I O N A R Y . - 13
c)-4

A . D. 977), at WBsit. Being then deprived of his sight by the application of n

red-hot plate of metal. confined llimself thenceforward to his house. Wlren in
the exercise of the vieirsllip, lie grievously offended Ailud ad-Dawlat Ibn Bu~vailibv
some sarcasm lvllicll c ~ n to c that prince's ears ; and particularly, in designatin;
him by {lie namc of AbB Bakr al-Ghudadi. This AbQ Bakr was a man with blue
eyes and a face rnolllcd wit11 red, who sold cat's meat (ghudad) at Baghdad and w110
reselnbled Adud ad-l)awlat very much. The vizir applied this nickname, to liirn
wit11 the intention of gaining increased favour will1 his own sovereign, IZZ ad-
!)awlat, who bore a deep cnnlity to Adud ad-Ilawlat, his cousin. When Bdud ad-
Dawlat took possession of Baghdad, on tbe death of Izz ad-Dawla~,lie sent for Ibn
Bakiya and caused him to be (rampled to death by elepllants, after which lie gave
orders that the body sllould be fastened on a cross and exposed to public view before
Le Adudian llospital ( v o l . 11. p. 484) in that city. This happened on Friday, tlie
6th of Sliam~vil,A. H . 367 (171h May, A. D. 978). Ibn al-llarnadhni says, in his
OyPn as-Siur: " \Vlien Izz ad-Dawlat Balchtyiir conferred the place of vizir on Ihn
l g Bakiya, who liad formerly been chicf of ille liitchen, the people said: min al-ghi-
diira ila 'I-wizdra (from the dish t o the uizirship), but all his defects werc thrown
into tlie shade hy his generosity. I n ille space of imcnty days, lie disiribuietl
twenty tflousand robes of honour."-" I saw him one night at a drinking party,"
says AbQ Ishak as-S8bi (col. I. p. 311, " and, (during the festivity, he changed [re-
.' quently his outer dress accordi~qto custom:) every time he put on a new pelisse, he
" bestowed it on one or other of the persons present; so that he gave away, in that

" sitting, upwards of two hundred pelisses. A female musician then said to him:
l' Lord of vizirs! there must be wasps in these robes to prevent you from keeping
" them on your body l ' He laughed at this conceit, and ordered her a present of
" a casket of jewels." Ibn Bakiya was the first vizir who ever bore two titles, the
imdm (khalif)al-Muti lillah having given him that of an-Nisi11 (the sound adviser), and
his son at-Tbi that of Nasfr ad-Dawlat. During the war which was carried on be-
tween the two cousins, Izz ad-Dawlat and Adud ad-Dawlat, the former seized on Ibn
Bakiya and, having deprived him of sight, delivered him over to Adud ad-Dawlat.
That prince caused him to be paraded about with a hood (burnus) over his head, and
then ordered h i m to be east to the elephants. Those animals killed him, and his
body was exposed on a cross at the gate called Biib at-TBk, near his own house (3).
He had passed his fiftieth year. On his crucifixion, an ad1 (4) of Baghdad, called
VOL. 111. 35
following lines :
g x a l t d dulbillglift alld after rlcalh, tllou arl, in truth, 2 ])rodi&y! L ~ crowd
C standing aroulltl
thee seems like those bands of visitors who courled thy liberalily in the days of tlry donatiols,
Erect as tllou art among them, tbou appearest likc a preacher, and lliey starld all erect, as if to
pray. ~l~~ arnlr are openly extended ~owards them, as thou wcrt r\lo~ltto extend them
lvllell bejtowin:-,-gifts. The bosom of the earth being too narrow, after tlry clealll, to col)-
tain suc11 glory as thinr, they gave thee the sky lor a tonib and thc robc of the air for a wind-
iug sheet. ~ h importance
y was so deeply impressed on people's minds that ~ h o upasscst even
now thy nights closely watched by iaitblul guards. By night, torches arc liglltcd around thee,
and sucll also was the case in the days of thy life. Thou art mounted on thc stcccl which
Zaicl once rode in former years (5). Such an advantage is a consolation, as it dclivcrs thee from
the envy of thy foes. I never saw a trcc, 1)efarc this, enabled 10 suslaiu all h a t was generous.
Thou wert hurlful to adversity (in warding of its strokes from otlters) ; it ~llercforesprallg
upon thee and thou hast fallen a victim to ,its wrath. 'Twas thy custom to heal the wounds
inflicted by misfortune; it therefore turned against thee to take vengeance; and time converted
thy beneficence towards us into a crime. Thou wert a causc of llappincss for mankind; but,
on thy departure, tbey were scattered by calamities. For ll~eemy heart burnc~liwith a hidden
thirst which can only be assuaged by flowing tears. Were I ahlc to perform my duty towards
thee and acknowledge all my deep obligations, I sbould fill the carth with poems in thy praise
ant1 recite my lamentations alternately with the cries of thc ie~nalc~nourners: hut I am forced
to restrain my feelings for thy loss, lest I should be taken for a criminal. Thou ]last not a
tomb on which I may implore the blessed rains to fall; but thou art set u p as a target to the
impetuous gushing of the showers. On tbce be the salutation of the All-l\lerciful! Inay his
abundant blessings descend upon thee, niorning and evening !

Tile body of Ibn Bakiya remained on the cross till the death of Adud ad-Dawlat;
it was then taken down a n d buried at the spot where it had been exposed. The fol-
lowing verses were recited on his deaf11 by Abh 'l-1Iasan al-Anbbi, tlre author of the
piece just given :

They inflicted on thee no dishonour when they fixed thee on a cross ; thcy or~lycomnlitted a
crime of which they afterwards repented. Thcy then felt that they had acted wrong, in em-
posing to public view (one w h o had been) a beacon of autlloriv, Thcy look thee down, and
in interring Lee, they buried a mountain (of noble qualities); and with that mountain they
ent~mbednoble worth and generosity. hough thou hast disappeared, thy liberality remains
unfo~otten;Yet how many the dead who are thought of no longer ! ank kind share the
of) repeating thy praises, as thou used, unceasi~~gly,to sl~arethy wealth amongst them-
The hdfiz Asikir (vol. H . p. 252) says, i n his History of Damascus, that
'l-Hasant on composing the first of these elegies, that which rhirnes in t , copied i t out
and threw it into one of the streets of Baghdad, It fell into the hands of the literatit
 iIlOGRAPHICA1, DICTIONARY, 47 5

passed it one to another, till A d ~ dad-Dawlat was at length informed of its eris-
lence. He caused it to be recited in his presence, and (struck with admiroiio?~at
its beau/y) he exclaimed: " 0 that I were the penon crucified, not he ! let that man
i6 be brought to me." During a whole year strict searoh was made for the aulhor,
and the Sdhib Ibn hbbid (001.I. p. 212), who was then at Rai, being informed of the
circumstance, wrote out a letter of protection in favour of the poet. When Abii
'1-Hasan heard of this, Ile went to the court of the S5hib and was asked by him if it
was hew 110 had composed these verses. He replied in the affirmative, on which the
Sdhib expressed the desire to hear tl~ernfrom his own mouth. When AbO 'I-Hasan
came to the verse : I lzcuer saw a tree, before this, enabled to sustain all ~ h u lwas
peroug, the Sdhib rose up and embraced him, kissing him on tlie lips; he then
sent him to Adlid ad-Dawlat. On appearing before Adud ad-Dawlat, that prince said
to him : " What motive could have induced thee to compose an elegy on the death of
my enemy? " Abb 'I-IIasan replied : Former obligations and favours granted long
i s since; my Ileart therefore overflowed with sorrow, and I lamented his fate." There
were wax-lights burning, at the time, before the prince, and this led him to say to
the poet : Canst thou recollect any verses on wax-lights?" and to tliis the other
replied by the following lines :

The wax-lights, showing thcir ends tipped with fire, seem like tlie lingers of thy trembling
foes, humbly stretched forth to implore thy mercy (6).

On hearing these verses, Adud ad-Dawlat clothed him in a pelisse of honour and
bestowed on him a horse and a bag of money.-So far Jbn AsAkir.--I may here
observe that the person to whom allusion is made in the verse : Thou art mounted on
the sleed which Zaid once rode in, former years, was Abd 'l-Hasan Zaid, the son of Ali
Zain al-dbbidin (uol. 11. p, 209) Ibn al-Htlusain ibn Ali lbn Abi Tllib ; he came for-
ward in A . H, 122 (A. D. 7401, and summoned the people to espouse his cause. This
occurred in the reign of Ibn ~ b al-blalik,
d and Yiisuf Ibn Omar ath-Thakifi,
governor of the two Iriks, despatched al-Abbb al-Murri with an army against the
insurgent chief. Zaid was struck by a n arrow shot by one of al-Murri's soldiers, and
he died of his wound. His body was fastened to a cross and set up in the Ku-
" h a (7)of Rdfa, and his head was carried to the different cities of the empire (and
there exposed). Ibn Kin; (vol.1. p. 374) says: a This look place at Kbfa in
" the month of Safar, A. H. 121 (Jan.-Feb. A. D. 739) "-some say, in Safart
diti IBN I<IIALLIIiAN'S
A. 11. 1P2.-Zaid ~vasthen forty-lwo years of age. (llishdar) al-lialbi nlentions,
ill \,is Jamh,jra tatl-Nisab, that Zaid Tbn Ali was slruck b y an arrow in Ihc forehead,
towards the close of the day, and that his partisans carried him off. Tllcy illen sent
for a surgeon, hut, when ihe arrow was extracted, the pnticrlt 1)reatllctl his last. Abfi
Omnr nl.gindi (vol. I . p. 388) states, i n his Kildh U r n a d dlirr. (history of he cyniys
Egypt), that, on Sunday, the 10th of the latter JurnBdil. A . H . 122 ( l 9th Has,
.l. U. 760), AbB 'l-Hakam Ihn Abi 'l-Ahyad al-Anasi (8)arrived at Old Cairo, in the
qualitvof khalBb (preacher),bringing with him the head of %aid Ibn Ali, and the
assenlbled at i h e mosqne to hear him. It is tlris Zaid to wllom lllc mausoleum is
dedicated which is situated between Old Cairo and Birlta KBrirn, ncar tlre mosque of
Ibn Tiiliin. It is said, Ilinow not wit11 wlmt certainty, that liisl~cadisinterred there.
His son Yallya lost Itis life in the year 125 (A. D. 7 4 2 - 3 ) :his liislory is well known (9).
lie was slain at Jirzjin (in ihe neighbourlood of Balkh), by Salm Ihn Allwar al-Mdzini.
Some say that he fell by the hand of Jahm Ibn Satwin, the comn:ander of the troops
employed to guard the frontier (to).-All learned men agree that the like of this
kaslda, on such a subject, was never composed.-Alii Taalmlm (vol. 1. p. 34.8) has
inserted i n the poem w1Jch he composed in honour of al-blotasim, a passage relating
to persons crucified. This piece was written by him on the ~ruc~ifixion of al-
Afshin (11) Khlidar Ibn KlGs, that khalif's general in chief, and on that of BBbek /l&)
and llliizydr (13),i n the year 286 ( A . D. 84.0-1). Their history is well known. WE
here give the passage from Abh I'ammim's kaslda:

The fever of my heart was cooled when BSbek became the neighbour of R1;izyBr; he now
makes the second with him under the vault of heaven, but he was not like dfte second of 1 2 ~ 0 ,
when they were both in the cave (14). They seem to stand aside that they Inay conceal
some secret news from the curious inquirer. Their clothing is black, and the hands of the
.wmGm (15)might be supposed to have woven for them a vest of pitch. Morning and evening
they ride on slender steeds, brought out for them from the stables of thc carpenters. They stir
not from their place, and yet the spectator might suppose them to he always on a journey.

Alluding particularly to al-Afshin, he says :

They gaze at him on the top of his tree, as if they were watching lor the 11cr alooll the
11igbt which endsthe fast (of Rmadin).

This kasEda is remarkable for its high-sounding style. -ALqhin, or If~hshC,for so

this name may he pronounced, was the surname given to Kllaidar Ihn gibs, 1 have
 BIOGRAPIIICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 2'77

fixed the orthography of Khaidar, because it is often read as if it were Haidor..

-The Abh ']-Hasan Ihn al-hnbiri above mentioned composed the follo~vjnglines
on new beans :

Sluds of emeralds it) cases of pearl, and enclosed in pods shaped like nail parings ; spring has
arrayed them in a garment of two colours, white and green.

The Khallb (vol. I. p . 75) speaks of Ibn al-Anbiri, in his Histor? of Bagl~dad,and
observes that he composed but little poetry.

( 2 ) The word (chief) was usually employed to designate a pcrson holding a high I ' A I ~ill~ the cnil ailt111-

nutration.
(2) AwSna is a village on the Tigris, surrounded by trees and gardens.
It lics at tell parasangs al~ow,
Baghdad, and is situated opl~ositcto Akhara, from which it is scparatcd by the river."-(+fardsd.)
(3) This account disagrees with that which has been just given.
(4) The adl is the kbdi's assistant, and acts as a public notary; see vol. I. page 53.
(5) In page 27 5, Ibn IChallikAn inlbrms us who this Zaid was.
(6) This simile is 1)y no means obvious.
(7) The author of' lhe Murdsid mentions Ii[t~lbsiias a well kllowri place in Killit. It recelve~l Ihl.; 11nnjt3

l~ecansethe sweepzngs arid rubl)ish of the city wcrc depositctl therc.

(a) Abh 'l-Abynd al-Anasi was one uf thc TdMs, ant1 particularly rcnawncd for the number of military espu-
ditions in which he bore a share. Hc died A. H. 87 (A. D. 7 0 6 ) ~ - ( N u j l m . ) - - I can iliscoser no informatio~~
respecting his son.
(9) For a full history of' Zaitl and his son Yahya, see thc O y f n at-Tawdrikh, MS. NO. 638, fol. 176, vol. 111.
and an-Nuwairi, MS. No. 708, fol. 73 v . et seq. Yal~ya,the son of Zaid, effected his escape into KhorlsBn on
the death of his father, but was arrcsted there by the governor Nasr Ibn Saiykr (vol. 11. p. 1 0 4 ) . He was
sttbsequently liberated by order of the khalif Walid Ibn Yazld, but was massacred, with all his companions,
by a body of troops which Nasr sent after him.
(10)In Arabic: sddil al-lfamiyo (icd!),
( 1 1 ) See vol. I. pp. 72 and 600. Thc true prononciation of his n m e is Efi'shin.
( i 2 ) See d'Herbelotls Bibliofhdque orientale, under the word Babek.
(13) MBzyBr Ibn K & r h Ibn Zaid, governor of Tabaristan, revolted against al-Motasim, A. H. L224 (A. D. 839).
He was taken prisoner by Abd Allah Ibn Tahir and put to death by order of the khalif. Ibn al-Athk gives a
long account of Mazybr's revolt in his Annals.
(14) That is: He was not a holy man, favoured with the divine assistance, like Muhammad. The poet
alludes to the passage of the Kor&n, sorat 9 , verse 40, where i t is said, speaking of the departure of Muham-
mad from Mekka and of his hiding in the cavern of mount Thaur with AbB Bakr: If ye assist not the Pro-
'' phet, verily God will assist him, as he assisted him formerly, when the unbelievers drove him (out of
" Mekka), the second of two: when they were Loth in the caue."
(15) The samzirn is the burning and poisonous wind which travellers generally call simoom. The true Pro-
nunciation of this word may be represented by smoom, pronouncing the diphtbong in the English manner.
 I B N IiII.hLLIKAN'S

FAKHR AL-1IIULK T H E V.lZII1.

A ~ GhPlib
B Jluhammad Ibn Khalaf, surnamed Faklir al-Blulk (glory of the em pi^),
ws successively vizir to Bahl ad-Dawlat Abb Nasr, the son of Adud ad-Dawlat lbll
nurvaill,and to llis son Sultbn ad-Dalvlat Abb ShujPa Fannakhrosrh. With the
of Abb 'l-Fad1 Ibn al-Amid (p. 256 of this vol.) and of the Said6 Ihn A b h d
/col. I . p. 212), Fakllr al-Mulk was certainly the greatest vizir ever employed in the
service of the Bhide dynasty. His family belonged to WLsit, and llis father bl-
lowed the profession of a n~onepchanger. Possessing a large fortune, he gave an
ample career to liis generous disposition, and the accomplishments of his mind were
equalled only by his beneficence. Poets of ilie lligl~estreputation visited l ~ i scourt
and extolled his merit in kasz?das of exquisite beauty, and Abii Nasr Abd al-Aziz
Ibn Nubhta (vol. 11. p. 138) celebrated llis praises in some beautiful poems, one oi
which, rhyming in n, contains the following passage :

Every Inan who aspires to eminence has rivals, but Fakljr al-Blulk rcmaitis without an equal:
alight at his residence and make known to him thy wishes ; I answer for their fulfil~nent.

I have been informed by a literary man that, after the publication of this hadda,
a certain poet composed a piece of verse in honour of Falilir al-Mulk, and not receiv-
ing a recompense equal to his expectations, he went to I b n Nubilta and said ; It was
" you who encouraged me, and I should not have eulogised him, had I not trusted

to the engagement which you took (that my ezpectalionc should be fulfilled). Pay
" me therefore the value of my kastda." Ibn Nubita satisfied, out of his own
pune, the demand of the poet, and Fakhr al-Mulk, on being inlormed of his gene-
rous conduct, sent him a large sum of money as a present. Another poet who sung
the praises of this vizir was al-MihyPr lhn Mareawaih, a kdtib whose life shall be
given (in this volume). He composed in his honour the kastda rhyming in r , which
contains this passage :

When my heart feels a slight relief (from cares), I incluire if grief be dead and if joy have
returned to life, or if misfortune fears to assault me because 1 fled Irom il to the protection of
Fakbr al-M&.
 TJIOGRAPH~CAIJD I C T I O N A R Y . 299

Tile poems written i n praise of Fakhr al-Mulk are very numerous. It was for
lhisvi~irthat the accountant Abd Bakr Muhammad lbn al-Hasan al-Karklli [i) com-
his treatise on algebra, entitled al-Fakhri (the Fakhrian), and llis aritllmetieal
work, the Kdfi ((suf~lici~n~).-~ read in a certain compilation that an elderly man
having presented to Fakhr al-Mulk a memorial in which he accused another person
of a capital crime, the vizir perused it and wrote these words on the back of the paper :
Delation is vile, even though well founded; and if you meant it as a counsel, your
failure therein is greater than your success. God forbid that ([he accusalion made
by) a man dishonoured against a respectable person should be received I and were
you not protecled by your grey hairs, I aould inflict on you the punislrlnent which
4 ' you invoke on others, and thus prevent persons like you from aciing in the same

b1 manner. Bide this disgraceful (passion of calumny) and fear Him from whose
knowledge nothing is hidden. Adieu."--Abb Mansdr ath-Thablibi (vol. 11.
p. 129)has inserted the following lines in his Yatima as the production of al-Ashraf,
Fakhr al-Mulk's son :

The splendid train passed by me, but I saw not there (/him who in beauty wets as) the
moon among the stars. Say to llle emir of llle Iroops: " Tell me, sir! what ltinilers the
c ' lord of beauty from riding out? ''

Numerous anecdotes are related illustrative of Fakhr al-Mulk's noble character.

He continued in the enjoyment of rank, power, and honours till he incurred the
displeasure of his sovereign, SultLn ad-Dawlat; and, being imprisoned by his orders,
he was executed some time after, at the foot of ihe hill which is near al-Ahwbz.
This occurred on Saturday, ilre 27th of the first Rabi, A. H. 407 (3rd September,
A. D. 1016). His corpse was interred on the spol, but was torn u p and devoured by
dogs. His bones were then restored to the tomb, and, on the following year, they
were removed, ihrough the intercession of a friend, and buried in a funeral chapel
which stands ihere. Abti Abd Allah Ahmad Ibn al-Kldisi (vol. I. p. 290) says, in
his history of the vizirs (Athbdr aCWuzard): The vizir Fakhr al-Mulk was guilty
" of a negligence in the discharge of his duty, and he received a speedy chastise-

" ment. One of liis favourites had killed a man out of malice, and t h e wife of the
" person murdered applied to the vizir for redress. He paid no attenhion to her
" complaint, and one night, as he went to make a devotional visit to the funeral chapel
" near the gate called Bkb at-Tin, she met him there and said: c 0 Fakhr al-Mulk
280 LBN K B A L L I I ~ A N ' S
tile request wlliell I addressed to you, imploring for vengeance, and to wlliell luo
-L paid no attention, ibat request 1 have relerred to Almigllly God, and 1 am non
6' 6 expeeling the
of His decision I ' The vizir heing then called inko
the tent, was arrested by his orders. ' NOW,'said 11% ' there is no doubt
6 6 L but that God's decision has been pronounced on l h e woman's complaint.' When
the sultan rose to retire, they led off the vizir, and conducted him to another tent,
after seizing on his wealth, treasures, and equipages, and imprisoning his sons
1' and He was then executed on the date"-above mentioned.-6. llir
.L confiscaied wealth amounted to six hundred and thirty (Irousand dinars (g.300.000),
besides a vast quantity of furniture. It is even said that ono million tiro
dred thousand dinars, in specie, were found in Iris possession." The shurtf al-
Murtada (vol. II. p. 856) composed an elegy on his death, but, as 1neglected to make
extracts from it, I am unable to quote any part of it here. Dlay He be exalted, the
Being subtle and all-knowing, who worketh lvhat he please111l-Faakhr al-Hulk was
born at \Visit on Thursday, the 22nd of the later Ilabi, A . H. 354 (2'7th *
April,
A. D. 965).

(1) Xbh Bakr al-Karlihi bore the surname of Fakhr ad-Din. Ilis Falillri is n highly valuahlc tre:~t~se.-hi!
deceased f14iend, Mr. Woepcke, published an analysis of it u n d e r , the title or Extrait f l u Fukhri; Paris, 1853

FAKHR AD-DAWLAT I B N JAI-IZR T H E ViZIK.

Abh Nasr Muhamrnad Ibn Mohammad Ibn Jahir, surnamed Fakhr ad-uawlat
(glory U/' the empire) Muwaiyad ad-Mn (strengtherled in religion), was a member of
the tribe of Thalaba and a native of Mosul. Gifted with judgment, intelligence,
foresight, and aptitude for business, he left Mosul for reasons too long to be related,
and obtained the place of director in chief (nd&ir) in the board of public adminis-
tration (dim&) at Aleppo. Having lost this situation, h e proceeded to Aamid, where
he remained some time unemployed, but he had at length sufficient interest to pro-
 RIOCRAPHICAL UICTIONAI~T. 2s l

,"re from the emir Nasr ad-Dawlat Allmad 1bn Marwin al-Kurdi (vol. 1 . p. 1571,
lord of Blaiyiflrikin and 1)ilr Bakr, his nomination to the post of' vizir ( I ) . He
continued to govern with absolute authority till the death of his masfer Nasr ad-
Dawlat and the accession of Nizdm ad-Din, that prince's son. Being then adnlitled
into the favour of the new sovereign, who treated him with the highest marks of
honour, he brought the affairs of the empire into order and reestablished the admi-
nistration of the state on the same plan as it had been under the reign of Nasr ad-
Dawlat. Having subsequently conceived the project of removing to Baghdad, he
directed his measures towards that object, and, opening a correspondence with the
im&m (khalif) al-KBim hi-amr illah, he never ceased intriguing and lavishing Inone,
till Ibn Tirld az-Zainabi (2),the naktb all-nukabb (3),came to him and entered into
arrangements. Tlie preliminaries being terminated to his entire satisfaction, he left
the city wit11 the (ostensible) intention of bidding farewell to his visiter, but (instead
of returning) he continued his route towards Baghdad. ( N i z h ad-Dhi) Ibn MarrvQn
sent after him to bring him back, but his efforts were unsuccessful. On arriving at
B~ghdad, Fakhr ad-Dawlat replaced Abli 'l-Ghonlirn ILn 1)krest (p. 153 of ihis
vol.], A. H. 454. (A. D. 1062), and continued to act as vixir to al-Khim during
the lifetime of that khalif. Under al-Muktadi bi-amr illah, al-Kiim's (grand-)son
and successor, he remained in place two years longer, but, on the Day of Arafa (the
9th o/ Z'ii 'I-Hijja), he was deposed by the khalif in pursuance of the counsels of
the vizir Njzlm al-Mulk (vol. I. p. 41 3), and Ibn Direst was reinstated in the vacant
place. -Amid ad-Dawlat Sliaraf ad-Din (tolumnof the empire, nobleness of religion)
Abfi Manslir Muhammad, the son of FahBr ad-Dawlat, had acted as his father's lieu-
tenant in the vizirship, but, on the removal of his parent from office, he went to the
court of Nizdm al-Mulk, the vizir of Malak S h i h Ibn Alp Arslhn the Seljfikide, and,
having conciliated his favour, he continued wit11 him in high credit, for some time,
and then returned to Baghdad, where he occupied the place formerly held by his
father. In the year 476 (A. D. iO83-h), Fakhr ad-Dawlat accepted the invitation of
the sultan Malak Shah and visited the court of that sovereign, where he received his
nomination to the government of DiQrBakr. He proceeded to that province accom-
panied by the emir Ortuk lbn Aksab (vol. l. p. 171), lord of ulwan, and a Hnume-
mus troop of Turkomans, Kurds, and emirs. Soon after his arrival, the city of
Aamid fell into the power of his son AbG 'I-Klsim Zaim ar-Ruwas8 (chief of the
rdises), after sustaining a severe siege, and three months later, he himself took the
VOL. III. 36
 of fijaiy&firikin from Nisir ad-Dawlat AbG 'l-Mu~nffarMansfir, the son of NizHm
ad-Din (Nasr ad-Dtmlat), and seized on tlic treasures of the Milerwanide dynasty. This
took place in the year 479(A. D. 1086) (h). W e may h e r e nolice a prediclion \vhic]l
cllance llappened to fulfil. An astrologer went to Nasr a b D a w l a t Ibn &farwan
and foretold to him, anlong other things, that a m a n of w h o m ire liad been tile
benefaetorwould attack the kingdom a n d tnlie it from h i s (Nasr ad-1)awlat's) children,
The prince, after some moments' reflexion, raised his head, and, looking at Fakhr
ad-Daw]at, he said : If these words be true, this shaikh is the man I " He then
turned towards him and reconimended his children to liis carc. T1iin::s fell out as
ikvasforetold; Fakhr ad-Dawlat having invaded the country a n d taken its cities, as we
haye already related, but the details would lead US too far (5). Tlris vizir was a rdls
of the greatest influence: liis family produced a n u n ~ b e rof vizirs a n d rdises whose
praises were celebrated by eminent poets. W h e n Pakbr ad-Dnwlat (lbn Jok$) was
raised to the vieirship, the poet Abii MansGr A l i Ibn al-Hasan, generally known by
the appellation of Surr-Durr (vol.11. p. 321), addressed to h i m from Wirsit the cele-
brated ifastda which begins tllus :

TO satisfy the longing of a heart which will never recover from t l ~ escductions (of loue), and
the longing oT asoul whose slightest wishesrcmaill ungratified, we stopped in rarlks at the (h-
sertecl) mansions,-dwellings which appeared like voluines cast on earl11 whilst W C presented the
aspect of their written lines. RIB friend then said, as the gazelle passed by : Is that the object
of thy love?" and I replied : ' 4 One like to it ; but, if its neck and eyes resemble those of
my beloved, it differs from her in the hips and in the breast." Strange rhat in this dcse~t,
she wit11 whom we are acquainted should avoid our approach, wl~ilst the most timid of its
animals foregoes its fears and approaches near us 1 But the gazelles of ALmer (6) know well
that lovers who visit them are the falcons (which they i~aueto dread). Was it not sufficienl
for these dwellings that their suns (youths) have tormented our hearts? why then should their
moons (maidens) have assisted to afflict us? We turned away through fear of their females;
why then shculd their males call us to combat? By Allah l I kuow not whctllcr, on [he mar-
ning those females looked at us, their glances were arrows or cups (o /' into~icntion)which they
passed around ! If they were arrows, W bere was their rustling sound ! if wine(-cups), where
was their jol! 0 my two companions 1 permit me to approach 111e wine they offer, for before
this, I was permitted to approach even to them (7). Suppose that they sliun ilie lover whom
they dread, what am I but the mere shadow (of a lover) which visits them (in their th'eams).
You two have told me that no paradise exists on earth; but do I not here behold the large
eyed maids of paradise seated upon the pillions of these camels? Think not that my heart is
free; my bosom is its prison, and there it remains a wptiye (unable to follow my beloved).
'Tis difficult for lovers to assuage their ardent thirst (8) when the source at which they try
quench it is the lips of the fair. Acacia-tree of these reserved grounds! tell me by what means
You gained her favour so that you were kissed by her lips (g) 2
 GIOGItAPHICA1, DICTIONARY. 283

In the eulogistic par1 of the same kastda, the poet says :

~ h o uhast restored to the bo(1y of the vizirship its soul (in occupying tl~utpost aptin), at a
time when no hopes wcre entertained of its being ever raised to life and revived. For a seasolr
it remained in a state of impurity, wit11 another man, but now is the time of its cleanness nud
purity (10). I t is but just that it should be given (yuhba) to him who deserved it, and tl~rrtIN
who lent it should take it back again. TJ7\'hcna handsome female is matched to a man beneat11
her, prudence recommends a divorce.

The same poet recited to liim the following verses on his restoration to the vizir-
ship, in the month of Safar, A . H. 461 (December, A . D. 1068), by the khalif al-
Muktadi (11). This was previous to the departure of (lbn Jahtr) for the court of the
sultan Rlalak S11ih.

Justice has been rendered to (yozt who wcre) its source; and you, of all mankind, deserved it
best. You were like the sword, drawn from its scabbard to be sheathed again. The hand of
its master brandished it to try its edge, and its brightness dispensed him from putting its sharp-
ness to the test. How noblc the post of vizirt it maintains its efficacy, only when confided to
competent hanrls. FI-orn lhe moment you left it, it was impelled towards you with a desire
like that of the aged Inan for thc restoration of his youlh. Men like you are expose(2 to
(the strokes o f ) envy, but it is impossible to strike the thunderer in his cloud. Many desire that
place, but who dare expel the lion from his den? The sire of many whelps rends with teeth and
claws the man who presses him too closely in his covert. Hast thou ever seen or heard of one
who arrays himself in the skin cast off by lhe serpent? (12).

In the same piece, we remark the following passage :

On seeing lhe (vizirship) become his field (of action), they received the conviction that to his
eagle alone belonged (the empire o f ) the air. The moon is expected to appear again after its
disappearance, when the month is ended ; and never do men despair of the sun's rising again,
although he Inay he enveloped in the s1lade.s of night. Row sweet is home ! and sweeter is it
yet for him who returns from a distant land! HOWoften has a man's return conducted him to a
pel-petual sojourning ; so that, conling back, he remains at home for ever. Were pearls to draw
near the merchant, the diver would not prosper; were they to remain for ever in their shells,
they had never been valued as ornaments for crowns (13). No pearl of the sea, no coral can be
had, but by traversing the clangers of its waters.

This kastda being of great length, we shall confine ourselves to these extracts. In
thelife of Sdbhr lbn Ardasllir (vol. 1. p. 5544, we have given three verses addressed
to him by AbB I s h a k as-S&i (vol. 1. p. 311, in which he congratulates him on his
restoration to the vieirslrip ; of the kind has ever been composed to equal
them. Anotller poet who celebrated the praises of Ibn Jahir was the general (al-
kdid) A ~ Ir-Rida
B al-Fadl Ibn Mansfir Ibn az-zarif al-k'hi ki [~tulivco r &iydfdri&tl),
composed on liinl the celebrated piece of verse rllyming in h (c). We if

0 you speak in verse! I gave you good counsel, but 1 am ncvcr so unfortunate as when I
give advice: time has removed (from the work;')all the gcncrous Inen; and thereby llangs a tale
long to relate. You extol for beauty and comeliness the ugliest faces to he seen, and you seek
for liberality in a man whose soul was formed in the mould of avarice; llel~ceyou Jose your
pains, for your praises are falsehoods. Spare your verses; for, in such attempts, I never saw the
hopes of any man even by accident successful. If you doubt my words, prove me a liar by
citing a single patron who has acted generously; with the exception of tltal vizir wltose rule
offers a series of noble acts to charm the car of time.

Fakhr ad-Davlat (lbn Jahir) was born at Mosul in the year 398 (A. D. 1007-8);
he died there in the month of Rajab-some say of Mul~arram-A. 11. 483 (Sept.
-4. D. logo), and was interred at Tall Tauba (vol. I. p. 40G), a liill opposite to Mosul
and separated from it by the river (Tigris). I n ille year 682 (A. D. 1089-901, he
returned to Didr Rabia as viceroy to Malak Shah, and, in tlie month of Ramidtin,
he commenced his campaign by occupying Nasibbin ; he subscquenlly took possession
of Mosul, Sinjir, ar-Rahaba, al-Klibbfir, a d Dibr Rabia, and prayers (the khnlba)
\+-erethen offered up for him from the pulpits, as lieutenant of the sultan. Prom that
time, he continued to reside at Mosul till his deatl1.-As for his son Amid ad-Dawlat
(see p. 281)he is spoken of in these terms by Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Malik al-Hama-
dlni, in his historical work: He acquired a wide renown by his gravity, dignity,
.' integrity, and wisdom; he served under three khalifs, and acted as vizir to two of
" them. The pensions which he enjoyed and the presents received by him were
" immense. Nizim al-Mulk always spoke of him in the highest terms, and looked
" upon him as a man of the greatest ability and intelligence ; he took his advice in

" eveq affair of importance and referred i t to that of the most prudent and distin-
" guished members of ihe council. The chief defect to be found in him was his
" advanced age. His words, of which he was very sparing, were treasured up in
"
memory (of his hearers), and a verbal assurance from him was equivalent to
" tile accomplishment of the speaker's wishes. One of his remarkable sayings
" was that which he addressed to the son of the shaikh and imdm Abh Nasr Ibn

" as-sabbigh ( V . I p. 164): ' Study and be diligent, or you will become a
" ' dyer (sabbbgh) without (the necessi~y o f deriving that epilhet from) a father."'
--The vizir Nizlrn a1 Mulk gave his daughter Zubaida in marriage to Ibn Jabir,
 BJOGRAPHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 285

at that time out of place, and this alliance procured his reappointment to the
lYB~

virirsllip In allusion to this circumstance, the sharif AbG Yala Ibn al-Hahhiriya
(p, 150 of this vol.) composed the following lines:

Say to the vizir, without being deterred by the gravity of his aspect, though he appears grand
and exalted in his station : " Were i t not for the daughter of the shaikh, you had not been
appointed rizir a secolld time; thank then the thing ( i 4 ) which created thee lord-vizir."

1 read the following anecdote in the handwriting of Osdma Ibn Munkid (vol. 1.
p. 177)' wlio states that the poet as-SLbilc Ibn Abi hlahzhl a\-Maarri [p. 154. of this
vol.), related as follows: " Having gone to Irik, I joined Ibn al-Habbiriya and he said
$1 to me one day: ' Let us go and pay our respects to the vizir Ibn Jahir.' This vizir
had been just restored to power. When we presented ourselves before him, Ibn
l L al-Habbdriya handed him a small piece of paper. Ibn JahPr read its contents, and
I perceived his countenance change and express displeasure. We immediately
& 1 left the hall of audience, and I asked nly companion what was in the paper? He
replied that we could expect nothing better than to have our heads cut off (15).
These words filled me with trouljle and apprehension: ' I am a stranger here,'
said I ; ' I have kept your company for the last few days only, and yet you seek my
L L death 1 ' To this he merely replied : ' What has happened has happened I ' We
then went to the door with ilie intention of going out, but the porter prevented us,
lC saying h a t h e had received orders to stop us. On this l exclaimed: I am a stran-
'' ger here, from Syria, and the vizir does not know me ; the person whom he
Lwants is this man.' The porter merely replied: It is useless to talk; thou
" ' shalt not go out.' 1 then felt certain that my last hour was come. The company
" had nearly all departed whcn a page came to the door with a paper containing fifty
" dinars, and said (in.his master's name) : We have already given thanks; give thou
" ' also thanks (l6).' We then went off and he (Ibna!-Uabbdriya) handed me ten of
" these dinars, on which I asked him what was in the paper? He replied by reciting
" to me "-the two verses just mentioned-a and I swore that 1 would keep company
" with him no longer." Amid ad-Dawlat (de son of lbn Jalitr) left some poetry
which (Imdd ad-D$n) has inserted in the Khar$da, hut it is by no means satisfactory.
1f.m as-Samtlni (vol. 11. p. 156) speaks of him i n his Zail, and a great number of
contemporary poets have celebrated his praises. It was in his honour that Surr-Durr
(j1ol. 11. p. 321) composed the celebrated kastda rhyming in atn, which begins thus:
886 IBN KIIALLIKAN'S
When the caravan took their leave, (toe saw tllc object o f t/~!l$VC, and) thy excuse (fop burng)
,vas ; all the passions of thy soul rverc horne off in tllos~palaacjuins. Wherever cara-
vans direct coufie, hither thou turncst thy eyes; dOst tllou sce full moons (fair maids)
arising in every In the caravan which departcd from the grounds of tile tribe is a
galcllr (mnidm) for shorn my heart is a pasluragc and my ryes a watcriug-place. Fmm the
of ller beauty we are debarred access, and, t protect her from a11 eyes, a veil is her
guardiau. She mistook the nets (the rips of low) for huntr~sscsand yielded to fear ; tilerefore
she broke every tie. The protector of l ~ c rpath knew not that, when discourse will] ller was
forbidden, 1 spoke with my fingers, and that, whcn she sent her illzagc to visit my couch and
salute me (in my dreams), I heard with my eycs.

Tllis is a long khida of great brilliancy. Tlie verse: She mistoolr the neis fm
huntresses, rte., bears some resemblance lo the words of Ibn al-Kharnnlilra, a Spanish
poet :

Why ask news of sleep from these eyes which, for so long a time, knew it not ; it came seldom,
and those nigllts were rare. Whet1 the bird of sleep lllougi~tmy cycs a nest, it saw the eyelashes
at~dyielded to fear, mistaking the111 for nets.

As I have not been able to discover the date of lbn al-Kharrirnira's death, so as to
determine the age in which he lived, I know not which of thesc poets has copied the
other. It may be, however, illat both fell upon the same thougllt, and that neither
of them borrowed it from the other.--Amid ad-Dawlat was deposed from the vizirship
and imprisoned i n the month of Rarnadhn, A. II. 492 (July-August, A . D. 1099),
and he died, the same year, in the rnontll of Shawwdl. Tlie poet AbO 'l-Karam Ibn
al-Alldf addressed to liim tlic following lines :

Without our eulogiums, the deeds of the good would not be distinguished from those of the
wicked. Thinkest thou, because thou art hidden from our eyes, that thou art sheltered from
our tongues?

as wife, the daughter of Nizirn al-Mulk, died in the month of SbaabPn, B. H.

470 (February-Narch, A. D. 1078). Her marriage took place in the year 462
(1069-70). Surr-Durr composed on Zaim ar-Ituwasii Abh 'l-Khim, the son of Fakhr
ad-I)awlat, the poem rhyming in kdf (G) wbicb commences thus :

Tears visit my eyes by day, and sleeplessness by night; betwecrl them both, bow can sight
escape ?

It is an exquisite poem, full of originality and highly celebrated, but we need

 BIOCRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY. 987
,,l lengthen this article by inserting it. Zaim ar-Ku~vasiAbii 'l-Kisirn was appointed
to the vizirship under the irndm (lihalif)al-Mustazhir billah, in the month of Shaabhn,
A. 8. 496 (lay-June, A. U. 1103) ; he then received the surname of Nizirn ad-Din
(mainialnerof religion).--The w o r d ~ must ~ t be pronounced Jahtr; as-Samdni
being mistaken when he says tllat it sllould be pronour~cedJuhair. 'They say of a man
that IIC is jaktr and that he displays the quality called jahdra when he has an
agreeable countenance. They say also of a man's voice thal it is jahlr when it
sounds clear and loud.

( I ) Fakhr ad-Dawlat Abh Nasr Muhammad lbn Muhammad Ibn Jahir was a native of hiosul. He cnteretl
(6 into the service of the concubine of KirwAsh (vol. 1. p. 455) and then into that of Baraka, the sister of Kir-
(( wash. He was sent hy the latter with prescnts to the lcing of the Greeks, and, on his return, he passed
into the service of ICuraish Ibn I3adr%n (p. 1 4 3 of this v01 ). Discovering that his master had the intention
of casting him into prison, llc took rcfugc under the protection of another member of the Okail falnily and
then passed to Aleppo, where he became vizir to bloizz ad-Dawlat AbO ThumAl Ibn SQlih. He afterwards
removed to Malatiya, where he met Kasir (rend Nasr) ad-Dawlat Ihn hlarwln, who chose him for vizir."-
(Ibn Khaldhn, MS. No. d'entr6o 2403, fol. 1 4 5 . )
(5) \Ire must read Tirhtl, or suppuse that lbri Ti~.:~tlwas the family name. Ali Ibn Tirbd az-Zainabi
(p. 154 of this vol.) did no1 obtain t11e place of ncrkll, an-hrukabd till A. H. 49 1, whereas Fakhr al-Mulk received
the visit here spoken of in the ycar 4 5 4 .
(3) See note (7), page 1 5 4 of this volnme.
(4) AbO 'l-Fedb and Ibn Khaltlfin (MS. No. 9402, fol. 145 v . ) place the fall of the Merwanide dynasty of
Dilr Bakr in the ycar 478.
(5) Ihn Khaldiin, loc. laud., has consecrated a chapter to the Merwanides.
( 6 ) A mountain near Melrka. By gazelles are nieant maidens.
(7) Literally: fo their ou~tainu,or chambers.
(S) Literally: It is difficult for bewildered beings, kept from water during five days, to drink at their
source, etc. The epithets a r e herc figurative; being properly applied to camels.
(9) The thorn o l the acacia is used as a toothpick.
(10) This metaphorical language refers, i n its primitive acceptation, to the periodical infirmity of females.
(11) There is here a n anachronism: al-Muktadi did not become khalif till A. H. 467.
(19) The poet means: Behold in Ihn JahPr a man arrayed in terrors equal to those of the serpent.
(13) Literally: Crowns :lad never been taken into account.
(14) The Arabic word here employed designates the female sexual organ.
( 1 5 ) Literally: The best moment (for us) strikes off m y head and thine.
(16) This is an allusion to the words i n the last verse.
 IBN KHALLIICAN'S

A ~ Shujda
C Blullammad Ibn al-Husain Ibn Mullamlnad i h n hbd Allall Ibn Ibrahinl,
surnamed Zallir ad-Din (champion of religion) ar-Rfidrbwari, was born at a\-Mm&,
bllt llis family belonged to Rfidriwar. Hwing studied jurisprudence under the
shaikh AbO Ishak as Shirlzi (vol. I. p. 9) and cultivated the belles-lettres, he mas
vizir to the imdm (khalif) al-luktadi bi-amr illall, on tlre deposition of
Amid ad-Dasvlat Ihn Jahir. We have spoken of this person i n tllc life of llis father
Fakhr ad-Dawlat; see the preceding article. Ar-RGdr&wariJs nomination took place
in tlre year 176 ( A . D, 1083-4), and ire was dismissed from olfice on Thursday, the
19th of Safar, A . 11. 484 (April A. D, 1091). Amid ad-Daslat w-as then reinstated
in the vizinhip. When ar-RfidrPwari read the ordina~lec(laulciu) of the khalif
proclainling his deposition, he recited the following verse :

He entered into office without an enemy ; he retirecl without a friend.

The Friday follotving, he proceeded on foot from his llouse to the mosque, and
the people flocked about him, offering up prayers for his welfare and all anxious to
take llim by the hand. In consequence of this occurrence, h e received orders to
remain at home and not to appear in public. Being then exiled to Rijdriwar, the
ancient seat of his family, lle resided there for some time and, i n the year 487
(A. D. I O W ) , he undertook the pilgrimage to Mekka. On reaching ihe vicinity of
ar-Rabada (l), the caravan which he accompanied was attacked by the Arabs of the
desert, and not one of the travellers escaped except Limsclf. Having performed the
pilgrimage, he went to make a devotional residence in the City of the Apostle
(Medina), and remained there till his death. He expired towards the middle of h e
latter Jumida, A. H. 488 (June, A. D. 1095), and was interred in the Baki cemetery,
near the dome which covers the tomb of Ibraliiln, the Yroplle t's son. He was born
in the year 437 (A. D. 1045-6). The kdtib Ilnid ad-Din mentions him i n the KM-
ridn, and speaks of him in these terms : " Tlre age i n which he lived was the
" happiest of ages, and the time in which h e existed the most prosperous of t i n ~
" No vizir had ever displayed such zeal as he for the service of religion and the
( i observance of the law. I n all affairs connected with religion he was strict anil
severe, but, i n temporal matters, easy and indulgent. Never did he incur the
slightest reprehension for remissness in his duty towartls God. " He then adds :
6. lbn al-Hamadini has spoken of him i n the Muzaiyil (appendiz)(2): His days,'
says he, ' were the most fortunate of days for the iwo empires (3),the most happ1
for the people, the most complete for the security, prosperity and welfare of the
country ; no misfortune came to trouble those ((lays), no terror to alloy them.
Under his administration, the khalifate recovered illat respect and veneration
L

which it received i n former times. As a penman ancl an orator, he was highly

accomplished.' " The hdfiz I b n as-Sambni says of him in his Supplement :
g

L ( Re drew his renown from a fund of consummate merit, vast intelligence, dignified
c& conduct, and unerring foresight. Ile left some poems remarkable for their natural
elegance. Adversity liaving given liim a moral lesson, lie was deposed from 1llu
vizirship and obliged to confine himself to his house; I ~ u het subsequently removed
from Baghdad and took u p his abode at Medina, in tile neighbourhood and under
the protection of the Prol)llet's lomb. IIe remained in ihat cily till his deatll. I
< < went to visit his grave, wliicli is near that of Ibrallim, the son of our Prophet, in

' c the Baki cemetery." I;arIl.ler on, he says: I have been informed by a person
on whose word I can rely, that hbG S l ~ u j i a ,on the approach of death and on the
point of ileparling from this world, was carried to the mosque of the Prophet, and
being placed near the enclosure which surrounds the tomb, he wept and said:
0 Pmphe t of God ! Alniiglrty God llas said : But if they, after lhey have injured
' !heir own souls, come unlo lhee and ask pardon of God, and the Apostle ask pardolr
" ' for them, they shall surely find God easy to be reconcrled and merciful (h). Now
"
I have come unto thee, acknowledging my faults and transgressions, and hoping
" ' for thy intercession.' lle here wept again and returned to his house, where he
" died the same day." His poetical productions have been collected into a diwdn
and are very fine. Here are some extracts from i t :
I shall punish my cyes, heedless whether they shed tears or drop blood ; and I shall forego the
pleasure of sleep till it become for my eyelids a thing forbidden. My eyes cast me into the nets
of temptation, and, had they not looked (on beauty), I should have remained a pious Illoslim.
They shed my blooil (S), therefore shall I shed their tears ; 'twas they which commenced (to
transgress) and are therefore more culpable (than I).
Though I love thee, 1 seem insensible, but this heart of mine is lilled with pain and anguish.
Think not that I have forgotten thee; a man may appear in health and yet be unwell.
VOL. 111. 37
 ,\lust tile best part of my lifc aod yours pass away without our incetillg? [hat wall\d be a
severe infliction ! But if deceitful f o r l u ~ ~cver
c grant mc to meet you, ~ h c n ,despite my poverty,
I shall bc happy.

v a r i a continuatiorr to Abb Ali Allmad lbn Mullanilnad Ibn Miska.

r . ~ ~ d r ~ ~drewup
lraillvs jcol. 1. p, 464) TujOrib al-U~nam,tlie celebrated llistorieal work wllicll is in
every ]lands. Ibn Atld al-lalik al-BamadPni says in h i s History : '' Arrayed in
piety, supporter of religion, a patron and kind protector of pious men, a chas-
equity of the just.
$ 6 tiser of perversity, he displayed virtues whicli remind me of l l ~ e

He never went out of his house without transcribing a portion of the KorAn and
reading part of that sacred volume; he paid h e legal alms-tax on all liis real
property, sucli as goods, estates, and fiefs. He gave large charities in secret:
haring one day received a note mentioning ihat, in such a liouse, in the street of
the Pitch-seller (darb al-llaaiydr) there was n woman with four orphan children,
naked and hungry, he called for one of his follotvers and said : ' Go clothe that
family and give them to eat.' He then took off his clothes and, having sworn not
to put them on nor warm himself till the mesEenger returned and informed him
that his orders had been executed, he wailed, trembling with cold, till that person
came hack. His charities were immense."- RIIZdrdwari means belongi~tg to
A,hclrciurar (),bjjJ), a village in the neiglrbourllood of Hamadln.

(1) See vol. 11, page 90.2.

(4) The title of this work sufficiently implies that it was a continuation of' sonlc hiographical or historical
treatise. It is not noticed by Hajji Kl~alifa.
(3) Probably the Seljhkide empire and that of the khalif.
(4) K o r h , shrat 4, verse 67.
(5) That is: My eyes exposed my heart to the wounds inflicted by beauty.

AL-AMID AL-KUNDURI.

AbG Nasr Muhammad Ibn Mansfir Ibn Muhammad, surnamed Amid al-blk
(columnof the empire) al-Kunduri, was one of the most eminent men of the age for
the following kasida rhyniing i l l 71:

ls (&isdoin)the rervard wllicll all ( f r ~ y ) fellow-men receive for lllcir love? or rather, is tllis
the nature of the IalTge-eq.edgazelles (~naidtns)? Iklatc 10 mP tllc history of those wllo fell vie-
tilns to love; the afllicted live only in their sympathy for olilcr's woes. YOUmay conceal from
me their fate througl~ apprehension ; but (every lover) knows the fate of lhe Ozrite and of
Majnall(6). Mounted on their camels-but let me avoid lollg comparisons,--yet I sliail say that
theirs were the charms which ravished every soul and evcry eye. Gracefully bet~dingtheir taper
waists, they said in sportive mood to tlie zephyr : " Does lllc willow bear branches as pliant as
ours ?" Behind tl~oselips is a source of which the pebbless are pearls (hetit)liidden from view;
is it honey which is containecl betwccn them or rather intoxicaling wine (7)? ((3'ompanionof
my jollpney /) you cast your eyes to the right and lef~,ovcr these patlls ;but even were you gifted
wit11 the sharp sight of Zark2 tal-Yamiima (S), (YOU could distinguisll nothing, for even) she
never saw a living cloud darting its lightnitlgs over JErQn ((1). YOU co~nplain of long and
weary nights, but I am deprived of sleep by the sl~adeswhicll lhc dark locks and ringlets of my
mistress spread around. A censor rebuked me for my passion , and I replied : l' Be not so
prompt ! those tears are my own and so are my sighs. If they avail me not (to gain her
" heart), wliat will avail me the vigour of youth and ~ h intcrcessio~~
c of my twenty years?"
(But caprze, my heart I) be not cast down by the blame of thy censor ; tllou art not the first which,
though resolute, yielded to temptation. Can I require iron1 strangers that tllcy conlorm to my
wishes whilst my heart will~inmy bosom obeys me not? AJy dcvolion to tl~eirgazelles (maid-
em) was not exacted from me; by what right then should they exact from me pledges (of fide-
lity)? For a momenl I feared that my heart would fly and join ~licm,but I forced il to give Bail.
I can support every affliction except dishonour; contempt is a lorlurc b r noblc minds. As grains
of dust pain my eyes, so also does the sight of men who, devoid (or virlzle), nolwi~listandingtheir
wealtli and (the precepts o f ) religion, only rcsera~blelllc liumari race in being formed of a (yet
nzore) letid clay ; wltose looks are ill-omened and wllose aspect defiles ; so tliat, after seeing them,
I must cleanse my eyes and exhaust all their waters to make tlicm pure. If they count their
treasures, there they surpass me; but if they eaumerale their virtues, 1 am their superior. Let
40t the envious rejoice in the disappointment of my I~opes; the moo11 does not round its orb till
it has appeared like a palm-leaf in thinness. Yet this noisy road (o[l~umanlife) spccds forward
the camel (of my worldly course), and this ocean impels before it tile ship laden (2~2thm$
hopes). And, when the abode of Amid al-Mulk is adorned 11y victory, we exclaim: " A happy
" omen! " When the resolution of that prince spurs on his generous steeds, they hasten for-

ward with their brilliant riders of bold and lofty bearing. Seldom did I sec 11isshioing forehead
but mine compelled me to fall prostrate before him. Men's eyes perceive on his tlirone and on
saddle, the lion in his den, and the moon whicll dispels tile darkness. His beneficence
extends to all mankind, and he receives the thanks of the rich accompanied by the blessings
of the Poor. When they direct thcir attacks towards his (generosity), they exclaim (strmk
his prompt liberality) : Are these sums given fro[* ],is bou~ily o r paid to us as a
debt? Had lived in ancient times, riches would hare complained of i ~ i styranny and appealed
to Karfin (10). The treasures of his wealth are f ~ too every man ; hen ask him only for the
s learning. TOobtain favours at his court, askillg is superfluous, and the rewad
t ~ ~ a ~ uofr ehis
of services is never granted wilh regret. I swore to lncet all the virtues, knowing well that, in
 R I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 293
seeing him, I should fulfil my oath. He sways the state and abandons not his intentions through
fear, neither does he excba~lgecourage for weakness. Like the sword, the marks of his splen-
dour appear on his blade (llis c.xte~io?*),
and his sharpness in his well-protected edge (acuteness
,f mind). flis glory bears witness that tlle substanceof his persoli is musk, whilst that of other
men's is clay.

He recited this kastda to Amid al-Mulk on the arrival of the latter at Irdk, where
appeared on the throne of the vizirale and in tlie lieigl~tof his exalted rank, I
have given here the whole of this excellent and exquisite poem, with the exception of
three verses which did not please me. A number of poets have composed imitations
of it in tlie same rhyme and measure, Ibn at Tahwizi (p. 162 of this vol.), for
instance, whose kasida begins thus :

If thy custom, when in love, rese~nblesmine, slop thy camels at the two sand-hills of
Yabrin ( I I).

This poem, which displays extraordinary talent, was coniposed in praise of 111e sul-
tan Salbh ad-Din, who was then in Syria, and the author sent it to him from Irdk.
Did I not wish to avoid prolixity, 1 should give it here. I have (since) inserted it
in my notice on SalAh ad-1)in Yhsuf Ibn Aiyfib, and there the reader will find it.
lbn al-Muallim (p. 168 of this col.) imitated it also in a kaslida beginning thus:

Why does the camel-rider stop at YabrPn? is not his heart free from the pains inflicted by
the large-eyed gazelles ?

This also is a good poem, and I have given a part of it in the life of ihe author.
AI-Ablah (p. 159 of his vol.) also composed a piece in imitation of it; but, on the
whole, Ibn at-Tabwizi's is the only one which comes near it. These remarks have
led us away from our subject, but discourse naturally runs into digressions which we
cannot help inserting.-Amid al-hlulk continued in high power and credit during
the reign of Toghrulbek ; on ihe death of that sovereign, his nephew and successor
Alp Arsldn confirmed the vieir in his post and raised him to a higher rank and addi-
tional honours. Some time afterwards, this monarch resolved on contracting an
alliance with Khowirezm Shah, and sent Amid al-Mulk to demand for him that
prince's daughter in marriage. The vizir's enemies tlien spread the report that he had
asked her hand for himself, and [his news having reached his ears, he conceived SO
serious an apprehension of his master's displeasure, that he shaved off his beard and
 from his body every attribute of manhood. By this act he saved lljs life,
Somesay that ire was caslrated by the sultan's orders. In allusion to this, Abfi
'l-Hasan Ali 'I-Bikharzi coznposed the following lines:

They say that, in your absence, the sultan deprived that rampant stallion of every mark of
viriljty. I replied : BC silent! Ile is now i~lcrcascdjn virilily since thc rcn~ovalof his testicles.
$6 Every male scorns that any part of him should be called female (12j, and he therefore cut
(6 them away by the roots."

Tllis idea is singularly original. I n the month of Muharram, A. H. 456 (&c,-

Jan. A. 1). 1063-&),Alp Arsliin dismissed liim from offificc, for motives too long to
relate, and the vizirslrip to Nizdm al-Mulk Abb Ali &l-llasan a t TGsi (vol. 1.
p. 613). He after~rarcllsiniprisoned Anlid al-Df ulk at Naisiipfir, in tlie palace of the
governor jam&) of KXBorbBn, nhence, at a later period, llc was removed to Marw ar-
R i d and confined in a llouse, a closct of which was allotted to his only daughter and
the otlier members of his family. On discovering illat Ilis death liad been resolved
on, lie went into the closet and, liaving bid a lasl Farelkell Lo liis relatives, lie took
out a shroud (which he kept ready prep~red); Ile then loclted ihe door oE the closet,
and having performed liis ablutions and offered up a prayer of two rakas, lle gave one
hundred Naisapurian dinars to tlre executioner and said to liim : What 1 require
of you is, that you shro~idmy corpse in tliis cloth, wl~icliI ~vashedi n the (holy)
& gwaters of (the well) Zernzem, and that you say to the vizir Niziim al-Mulk: You
4 chave acted wrong in teaclling tlie Turks to put to death their vizirs and the chiefs
'' of the civil administration ; he that digs a pit s l ~ a l lfall into it; Ile that traces out
" and acts by an evil line of conduct shall bear the sin of it and the sins of all those

" who follow his example." He then yielded with resignation to t h e sealed decree of
God, and was executed on Sunday, the 16th of Zd 'I-Hijja, A. H. 456 (19th november,
A. D. 1064.),being then aged upwards of forty years. I n allusion to this event, the
poet al-Bikharzi composed the following lines i n which h e addresses Alp Arslbn :

Ttly uncle took him into favour and, raising him to honours, lie gave him a spacious
residence in (the edifice o f ) the empire. Every prince in thy family did justice to his
servants; (thy uncle) therefore bestowed on him prosperity, and thou hast bestowed on him
paradise.

It is worthy of remark that his testicles were buried in KhowArezm, his blood was
shed at Marw ar-Rhd, his body was interred at Kundur, his native village, his skull and
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 295

brain at i\lais$fir, and his scrolum was stuffed with straw and sent lo Nizim al-hlulk,
at Kirmhn, w h e ~ eit was committed to the earth. What a lesson for those who are
rnpnble of reflexion, that a man who was the first rdis of his time should meet with
sucll a fate !-Kunduri means belonging lo Kundur, a village in TuraithlCth, a district
i n the neighbourhood of Naisapbr which has produced a number of eminent men,
some of them remarkable for learning.

(1) Literally : And to none of his colleagues (it pertuinerl to bnnrly) words with him.
(B) I read with one of the MSS. 2 b.! d3. The corresponding member of the
phrase is am;it has disappeared from tile lext in consequence of the additional observations inserted after-
wards by the author, and which made him lose sight of this word, which is indispensable.
(3) Or more literally : Bg thc rubbing &i.
(4) The Asharites were the scholastics of the musulman religion. It was from them that our scholastics ol
the middle ages learned, indirectly, the method of demonstrating the dogmas of the faith hy means of prin-
ciples drawn from human reason. They followed, in general, the doctrines of Aristotlr. Most of them be-
longed to the sect, or school of divinity and law, which had been rounded by the imdm as-Shlfi. In their
belief, they were perfectly orthodox.
(5) See vol. 11. page 190.
(6) By the Ozrite, hc means the poet JamP1; see vol. I. page 332. For Mq'nQn, see tl'lIerbclot's Bibliotlrtyue
Orimtuie, art. Megnoun, and M. de Sacy's Anthologze grammaticale, page 150.
(7) Literally : Are not the houses of the bee arranged within these lips, or else do they contain a shop for wine?
(8) See M. de Sacy's Chrestomathie, tome 11. page 4hG.
(9) The poet here compare; to flashes of lightning the glances shot from the eyes of his mistress. Jfrhn is a
village outside Damascus.
(10) Klrhn, the Korah of the Bible (Numb. xvr), possessed immense riches, carefully locked up, if we are
to believe the legend given in the Koran, sorat 88, verso 76 et seq.
(11) YabrEn is a sandy region in the south-east of Arabia.
( l % Ifnthidni,
) the Arabic term for testicles, is the dual of untha, a word which signifies female.

THE V l Z l R JAMAL AD-DIN AL-JAWAD AL-ISPAHANI.

Abh Jaafar Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Abi Manstir al-Ispahsni, surnamed J a m 8 ad-
Din (beauty of religion) and generally known by the appellation of al-Jawid (hbounti-
spoken in the life of son, Muzaffar ad-Din, lord of Arbela (vol. 11. p. 535). From
that moment, the vizir displayed the generous disposition of his heart; lie gave
an-ay aywith open hand, and he continued lavishing his wealth and spending immense
sums, till his reputation for beneficence was so universally established, that he became
known by the name of Jalnil ad-Din al-Jawid (the bountiful). A number of poets
his praises, and one of them, Muhammad Ibn Nasr Ibn Saghir al-Kaisa-
rini (p. 155 of lhis vol.), went and recited in his presence the celebrated kastda
begins by this verse :

Blessings on those (fair) gazelles in the western borders of az-Zaurii ( l ) ,who quenched their
thirst with the life's water of our hearts!

Amongst the numerous monuments which he left of his beneficence, we may men-
tion the aqueduct by which water was brought from a great distance to Araf5t during
the days of the pilgrimage, the stairs leading from the foot to the summit of that
mountain (2), the wall around Meilina, and the reparations of the mosque of the
Prophet. Every year he sent to Meltlia and Medina money and clothing suflicient
for the wants of the poor and destitute during the next twelve months: he had a spe-
cial register-office for the persons io whom he granted pensions or wvho applied for
pecuniary assistance. So various werc his deeds of beneficence that, during a
famine which afflicied Mosul, he spent all he possessed in alleviating the misery of
the people. llis iktd (grant from government) consisted in the tenth part of the pro-
duce of the soil ; sucli being the usual allowance to vizirs under the SeIjhk govern-
ment. One of his intendants related that the vizir, whom he went to see one day,
handed him his bakydr (3) and told him to sell it and give the money to those who
were in need. The intendant observed to him that he had only two Eakydrs remain-
ing, that, and the one wllicll was on his head, so that, if he wished to change (hishead-
dress), he would not then have another to put on. To this the vizir replied: ' ' The
" times are hard, as you see, and perhaps I may not again find a moment so favo-
" rable as the present for doing an act of charity ; as for the bakydr, I can easily find

" something to supply its place." The intendant then withdrew and, having sold
the bakyllr, he distributed the money to the poor. A great number of similar anec-
dotes are related of Jam61 ad-l)in. He continued in office till the death of his master
Ghhi ((in A . H. 544, A. D. 1149) and, on the accession of that prince's brother,
ad-Din Mauddd, he acquired great influence over the new sovereign. ABer some
VOL. III. 38
 SCJX IBN I ~ l I A I I I , I I ~ A N ' S
time, horvever, hIaudird judged his iktd to0 great, and, being weary of the prcponder.
ante whicll he he had him arrested in montll of Rajab, A . H. 5j8
(June-,July, A. D. 1163). In the history of Zain ad-Din, lord of Arbela, will be
found a short account of al-Jawdd's arrestation and his in] yrisonment in the cifade]
of Yosul (5). He died in confinement on one of the last ten days of Ramadin-
some say, of ShaabPn-A. H. 559 (August, b . 1). 1164), and was interred at Mosul,
When tlie funeral service was said over his corpse, crowds of poor persons, widows,
and orphans atlended the ceremony and made the air resound wit11 their lamentations.
The following year, his body was conveyed to Meltha and borne in procession around
the Kaaba, after having been taken to t l ~ ctop of Mount Arafit on t l ~ enight during
which the pilgrims station there (5). Every day that tliey remained al Mekka, they
carried his body around tlie Kaaba at different times. On the day of its arrival at that
city, crowds assembled about it, weeping and lamenting. It is said that tlie like of
such a day was never witnessed at Melcka. There was a man appointed to accompany
the corpse and proclaim the noble deeds and virttlcs of the deceased at every sacred
spot which the pilgrims are accustorncd to visit : when t l ~ c yarrived at the liaaba,
that man stood forward and said :

0 Kaaba of Islarnisml he who comet11 here to visit tl~eewas a kaaba (centre)of beneficence.
Thou art visited once a year, but not a day passed without his receiving visits (from the needy).

The corpse was then borne to Medina and interred ,in tlie Bakhemetery, after
having been taken into the city and carried, a number of times, around the enclo-
sure of the Prophet's tomb. On this occasion the same person pronounced these lines:

His bier was borne on men's shoulders, but how oftcn did they bear (the load) his gifts!
When he passes by the valley, its sands speak his praise, and when he passes by the assembled
people, the widows bewail his loss.

These verses are taken from a kasida which shall be noticed in the life of Mu-
kallad Ibn Nasr Ibn Munkid as-Shaizari.-JalW ad-Din AbG 'l-Hasan Ali, the son of
JamPl ad-Din al-Jawiid, was an accomplished scholar, a man of merit, eloquent and
liberal. I have seen the dizolin (collection) of his epistles, in which species of Come
position displayed great talent. This collection was made by Majd ad-Din
Abfi 's-SaU$t a~-Mubirak, surnamed Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari (vol. 11. page 551,) the
author of the Jdml uGOIQI. He entitled it: Kit46 ai-Jam&ir wa ' l - L U &mifl ~
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 299
lmld i~jfaaslawi'l- Waztri 'I-Jaldli (jewels and pearls from the dietations of the lord
viairJaldl ad-Din). bhjd ad-Din commenced life as private secretary to Jalal ad-Din,
being employed, not only to write down, under his dictation, the epistles and otlleF
IrOductions of his mind, but to sign (officialpapors)in his name. He alludes to this
circumstance towards tile beginning of the book, and praises him in the highest
terms, extolling h i m above 811 preceding writers for the elegance of his style. Ne
speaks also of an epistolary correspondence carried on between Jalll ad-Din and
Hais-Bais (vol. I . p. 559) ; some of these letters he gives, and l should insert part of
them here were 1 not afraid of being led too far. 1 shall only notice one, because it
1s very short; it was composcd by ilais-Bais in the name of a man greatly in debt:

(Thy) generosily is flourishing, thy renown aide-spread ; to succour against mis-

fortune is the noblest support ( o f a generous man's reputation), and to assist the
c ( afflicted (is his) richest treasure. Adieu." Jalbl ad-Din was vizir to Saif ad-Din
Gh&i (vol. 11. p. & l ) , tlie son of Kutb ad-Din. Be died A. H. 564. (A. D. 1168-9)
at Dunyaser, and his body was taken to Mosul and thence to Medina; on the dweller
therein (ilfuhanzmad), the best of blessings and salutations 1 where it was interred in
the funeral chapel of llis fatllcr (Jamdl ad-Din al-Jawdd).-Dunyaser is a city in
Mesopotatnia, between Nasibin and Rbs A h ; merchants resort thither from all quar-
ters, as it is situated at a point where the roads of that country meet. Hence it derives
its name ; Ounyaser being a Persian compound word altered from Dunyd Ser (the
world's head) ; it being the custom of the Persiar~sto place the consequent before an-
tecedent when in the relation of the genitive case. Ser means head in Persian.-
KafratQhi means belonging 10 Kafraldtha (61, a village in Mesopotamia, between Ris
Ain and D l r l .

( I ) A number of places in Arabia bear the name of az-Zaur.a (inflexn, incurua). It is also one of the names
of the river Tigris, and is poetically used to designate the city of Baghdad.
(9) These stairs are still in existence. See Burckhardt's Travels in Arabia, vol. 11. page 4.1.
(3) Meninski gives, on the authorily of Castel, the following explanation of this word, which he indicates
as Persian: Tapeti non villosi genus, nigrum, ex pilis camelinis. In the passage of Ibn Xhalliktn, it evidently
denotes a sort of covering for the hear1 ; perhaps a shawl. See, however M. Dozy's Vbtemenisdes Arabs, P-87.
(4) An account of Jamb1 ad-Din al-JawAdVsfall will be found in lmhd ad-Din al-IspaMni's History o f the
dtabeks; MS. of the BiLliotltBqus irnpirirnle, ancien fonds, NO. 818, page 966
( 5 ) Station (wakfi) ;see Burckhardt's Tvauels in Arabia, vol. 11. page 46.
(6) According to Ab11 'l-Fed&,this name is pronounced Kafarfdtha.
 T I i E K A T l B IMAD AD-DIN A L-ISPAHA NI.

-4bh Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Safi 'd-Din Ahi 'l-Faraj Mullammad Ibn Nafis ad-
Din Alli jr-RajB HBmid Ibn Mubammad I b n hbd Allah Ibn Ali I b n Mahmfid Ibn
Hibat Allah, known by the appellation of Aluh (l), and surnamed Imkd ad-Din (pillar
of religion) al-K6tib al-Ispal18ni (the scribe of l s p a h h ) , was cl is tinguislled by the ap-
pellation of Ibn Akhi 'l-Aziz (~lrenephew of AZCZ a,d-Din) We have already spoken
of his uncle (in our first volurnc, page 170), under t11c letter hamza. Imld ad-Din
al-lspahbni was a doctor of the Sllafi te sect; he studied the law, for some time, at the
iViz&iya college (vol. I!. p. 164) and mastered tlle science of polemic divinity and
tlre various branches of polite literature. His poen:s and epistles are so well lrno~vn
that we need not enlarge on the subject. Having passed his first years in Ispallin,
he removed to Baghdad while yet a boy and took lessons i n jurisprudence froin the
shaikh Abii Manslir Said Ibn Muhammad Ibn ar-Razzhz (2), a professor of the Nin$-
miya college. He learned Traditions in the same city from Abh 'I-liasan Ali Ibn
Hibat Allah Ibn Abd as-Salbm, Abii Mansbr Muhammad Ibn Ahd al-Malik Illn Jiriin,
Abh 'l-Makbrim al-Mubtirak Ibn Ali as-Samarlrandi, Abh Baltr Allmac1 Ibn Ali Ibn
al-Ashkar, and o ~ h e rmasters. Having rcsided there till 11e conlpleled his edu-
cation and attained a great proficiency in erudition, 11e courted the patronage of
the vizir Ahn ad-Din Yahya Ibn Liubaira (3),who was then at Baghdad, and obtained
from him the inspectorship (of the administration in ihe province) of Basra. Some
time after, he received his appointment to the same post in WBsit, and thenceforward
he continued removing from one place to another, during the remainder of his life.
After the death of Abn ad-Din (in A. H. 560, A. D . 1165), the band of his fol-
lowers and of all connected with him was dissolved ; some ],ad to encounter the strokes
of advenity, and ImPd ad-T)in remained for a time in poverty and misery (4). He
then proceeded to I)amascus, where he arrived in the month of Shaabin, A. B. 562
(Nay-June, A . D. 1167), and obtained an introduction to tllc k&li Kamiil ad-Din
']-Fad1 Jluhammad Ibn as-Sl~ahrozbri(vol. 11. p. 646) who, at that time, acted
as chief magistrate, governor of the city and minister of the empire, in the name of
the sultan al-Malik al-Addil Niir ad-Din Abh 'l-KiSisim MallmBd (5), the son of the
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 301

albbak Zinki. Happening, then, to discuss a question of controversy in tile presence

of tile /c&&, on a day in wl~icllhe received company, ImAd ad-Din was recognised by
the grand emir Najm ad-l)in AbB 'S-Sliukr Aiyiib (vol. I. p. 243), tlie filtlier of the
sultan Sal611 ad-Din, wllo had known llis uncle al-Aziz at the castle of Tikrit (col. I .
p. 170). From that moment, Najm ad-Din treated him with the kindest attention
and him such marks of honour as placed him on a rank with the men the
most eminent and the most distinguished. Througl~his means, Imhd ad-nin became
knomn to the sultan S & l a l ~ad-Din, who was then at Damascus, and obtained an
opportunity of celebrating the praises of ihat prince. Imld ad-Din mentions these
partjcu]ars in his work entitled U!-ark BUS-Shdmi, and he there gives the kastda
wllic]l he composed in llonour of Saleh ad-Din. The kddi Kamll ad-Din then ex-
tolled his merit and capacity in the presence of the sultan RTGr ad-Din and recom-
mended him as person perfectly well qualified to clraw lip the state correspondence
(kiidba ibl-Inshb). " I hesitated," says Inild ad-Din, " engaging in an occupation
mllich lay completcly o r ~ oft my line and out of my profession, and for which I
had no previous experience;" 11ut it is nevertl~elcsscertain that Ile possessed all the
talents requisite for this office, only he had not yet applied them. At first, lie war
afraid of undertalring the duties of sucll a place, but lie had no sooner cornme~~ced
that every difficulty disappeared, and the ability wit11 wl~ichhe filled it was iestified
by the excellence of his productions. He drew u p epistles equally well in Persian
and in Arabic. A close and intimate friendship ~ v a sthen formed between him and
Salill ad-Din. Having risen into higll hvour with Nhr ad-Din, he became the depo-
silary of that prince's secrets, and was sent by him on a mission to the court of the
imbm al-~lustanjirl,at Uagllilad. On his return, he was appointed by Nhr ad-Din to
a professorsl~ip i n tlie collegc now called after him al-Imbdiya. This nomination
took place in the montll of Rajab, A. 11. 567 (Feb.-March, A. D. 1172). The fol-
lowing year, Ndr ad-Din conferred on him the presidency of the council of state
(ishrdf ad-diwdn). I m i d ad-l)io's prosperity and tranquillity of mind continued un-
troubled till ille death of his sovereign ( A . R. 569, 4. D. 1174) and the accession
of his son al-Mal ik as-SiliIl Ismail. This prince, w l ~ owas quite a boy, allowed him-
self to be circumvented and !governed by some individuals who bore a deep enmity
to Imid ad-Din, and tile ]alter was forced by their eneroacl~mentsand threats to give
up all his places and depart for Baghdad. On arriving at Mosul, Le had a severe
illness and, learning that tile sultan Salib ad-Din had left E n p t with the intention
 of occupying Damascus, he gave UP his journey to 11-8~ a n d resolved on returning to
Syria. Having left Mosul on ille 4th of the first JumAds, A. H. 570 (1st December,
A. D. 11741, he took the rood vv11jch leads across the desert, and arrived at Damascus
on klle eigllfll of the following month, whilst Salill1 ad-])in was encamped outside of
hlcppo. He tllen set out to pay his respects to illat prince, ~ l ~ l lhad
o already taken
possession of Elnessa since the monlh of SllaabSn, and, being admitted into his pre-
sence, ile to him a kadda in wliicli he displayed great elevation of mind.
From that time, he continued to follow the court, journeying when the sultan jour-
neyed and stopping when he stopped. A considerable period elapsed helore he
could obtain a situation, and, during that time, he attended the levees of Sal&llad-
Din and recited eulogiums to him on every fitting opporlunily, alluding occasionally
to their former acquaintance. Having at length succeeded in entering the
service, he became the secretary, and obtained the confidence of llis masler. The
high favour which be now enjoyed placed him on a level will1 the niost eminent men
at court, enabled him to assume the state of a vizir and to engage in tlrat career. As
for al-KLdi 'l-FBdil (vol. 11. p. Ill), lie was generally absent from court, being
wholly engaged in directing the administration of Egypt, whilsl Im6d ad-])in, whom
the sultan had now chosen as the deposilary of his rnost sccret tl~oughls,never left
the imperial presence, but accompanied his sovereign to Syria and Ille olllcr pro-
vi~lcesof the empire. It was he who composed the us-Sirr al-Makl$rn (G). LIe wrote
also a number of useful works, such as the Kharida tal-Kusr w a 3arCda tal-Asr (ihe
virgin of the palace and palm-branch of the age), designed by him as a continuation
to Abii 'l-liahli Saad al-Haziri's Ztna tad-Dahr (vol. I. p. 563), wliicli work was
meant as a continuation of al-B&harzi7s Dumya tal-Kasr (col. I!. p. 323), wllicll was
written as a continuation to ath-Thahlibi's Yatlrna lad-Uahr (vol. 11. p. 130). Ath-
Thailibi meant his work to serve as continuation to HarGn I b n AI1 '1-Munajjim's
&tdb al-Bdr6: w shall give the l i b of this sutl~or. Tlie KharBda of 11nid ad-Din
contains an account of the poets who flourished between the years 500 (A. D. 1106j
and 572 (A. D. 1176); it includes, with the exception of a few obscure individuals,
all [he poets of I r k Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Pngllrib (7),and altesls the
great abilities of the author. It forms ten volumes [S). His work, al-Bark as-shha
(the Syrian Lightning), in seven volumes, is devoted to historical subjects. The
aukllor commences with the history of his own life and gives a n account of his
journey from Irik to Syria, and of what happened to him when in the service of [he
 BIOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY. 303
sultan NCr ad-Din Mahmhd. He then relates by what means he got attaclled to the
Serviceof the sultan Salill ad-Din, and notices some of the conquests achieFfedin
Syria. He entitled this useful book the Syrian Lightning, because the hours he spent
in those days resembled the lightning flash in the pleasure which they gave ( g )
and the rapidity wit11 which they passed away. His al-Falh al-Ihsi fc 'CFolh a/-
&g,dsi(the Kossian (10) e b i d a t i o n on the conquest of Jerusalem), forms t ~ volumes
o
md contains a n account of the manner in which Jerusalem was taken (Qorn the Cm-
sader$) (11). His Sail ala 'z-zad (lorrnzt after the Pain, or after the ruis) F V ~ Sde-
signed by him as a supplemen1 l~ the work which Ibn as-Samini (tot. 11. p. 156)
composed as a continuation (or supplement, zail) to the Khatib's (vol. I. p. 75) His-
tory of Baghdad. So, at least, 1 heard said, but, having met with the work, I found
it to be a continuation of the Khartda lal-Kasr. In his Nusra tal-Fitra wa Owa tat-
Fetra (succour against languor and asylum for the human race ( l ) )he , relates the
hisiory of the Seljhk dynasty (12). He left also a d i w h (collection)of epistles, and
another of poems, in four volumes. In these kaddas, he displays a lofty mind.
Another diw&nof his, a small one, is composed entirely of quatrains (cldbait). Nume-
rous interesting letters and conversations passed between him and al-Khdi 'l-Fidil: it
is related that, meeting him one d a y on horseback, he said: Proceed, and may thy
c c horse never stumble wilh thee (Sir fala lraba bik al-Faras) l " to which the Lddi re-

plied : " May the glory of Imld ad-Din endure (Dim ala al-Imhd) l '' These phrases
may be equally read backwards and forwards (l3).-They were one day riding in the
suite of the sultan and, being struck with wonder at the clouds of dust raised by the
numerous horsemen and hiding all the plain, lmhd ad-Din recited to him extempore
the following lines :

The dust is raised by the horses' hoofs (as-sancibik); the sky is darkened by it, but it receives
light from the brightness of thy presence (an2ra bibi as-sand 6ik). 0 fortune! (spare) me Abd
ar-RaEm (Irk), and I shall not fear the touch of thy fangs (nassa ndbik).

In these three verses he has hit on a beautiful play of w o r d s . 4 - K & d i 'l-FAdil

having set out from Egypt in the gear 574 (A. D. 1178-g), to perform the pilgrimage,
he took shipping on his way, and ImPd ad-Din addressed him the following letter:
" Happiness to the H ~ and r to al.-Hajhn (15) from the possessor of caution and
" intelligence (16), from him whose glory reaches the stars and whose presence en-
" lightens the darkness f (Happiness)to the assembly at the Kaaba from (himtab is)
301 IBN KHALLIICAN'S
*lle pivot (kanb) of generosity, and to the sacred offerings from one who points out
ille true I (Happiness)to the noble station (of Abraham) from tlrat noble pre-
sence, and to the hattrn (17)from him who breaket11 the hacl, of poverty. When
-5 he appears, ile seems a pyran~idin the sacred territory, and a bird hovering around
l i m wjlo draws the Zemzem waters; on sea, Ire is a Sea (of gen~rosily); on land,
(6 beneficenceitself. Koss has now returned to Iris Okdz (18), and Kais has come
4. back willl his Tradiiionists. Admire a kaaba visited by one who is a kaaba (centre
4 Lor source) al bounty and munificence ; admire a bibla (lD) towards w11ich advances
one who is the central point of (universcrlj favour and regard. Farewell." This
note is composed with singular art and ingenuity, but the writer is evidently mistaken
he speaks of Kais and liis Traditionists; h e should have said Anas with hia
Tditiofzists, in accordance wit11 the well known saying : Anus (master) of the Tra-
diiiu~tists(Anus al- Hufdz) (20). They were four brothers, each hearing a particular
surname. Tlieir history I sllould give here mere I not afraid of lengil~eningthis notice
and being led away from my subjec1.-On the death of the vizir Aiin ad-Din Ibn
Qubaira, the government of the khalifate (ad-diwdn al-azk, ihe mqjcstic board) arrested
a number of his followers and, amongst them, Imiid ad-Din, because he was then
acting as his deputy at Whit. In the monlh of Shaaltin, A. 11. 560 (June-July,
A. D. 1165), Imld ad-Din addressed from his prison a kastda, containing the follow-
ing lines, to lmbd ad-Din Ibn Adud ad-Din l b n Rais ar-Ruwash, who was then
acting as mayor of the palace fustdd ad-d&r)to the khalif al-Ilifustanjid:

Say to the imhn: Wherefore the imprisonmei~tof your client (soali) ? Ict your kindness be
" shewn to one who always servecl you faithfully." When the cloucl wi~hhcldits showers
(wali), did not his father, by his prayers, set them free?

(On hea~ingthese lines, the khalif) ordered him to be set at liberly.

They conlain
an original thought and an allusion to the llistory of Omar Ibn al-KhattPb and al-
Abbgs, the son of Abd al-luttalib and the uncle of the Prophet. Under the khalifate
of Omar, a drought prevailed which threatened the earth with sterility, and he went
out accompanied by the people to pray for rain. Having taken his station, he pro-
nounced these words : " Almighty God I wlien we suffered from drought we used to
" solicit thy assistance through thy favour for our Prophet, but, to-day we implore
" it through thy favour for the uncle of our Prophet; grant us rain." And rain was
granted. The word zoalg, in the verses just given, signifies the rain which comes
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 305
after the wasmi, or first rains of spring; it is called walz (/o/lowcr) bccause it folloss
the wasmi; and the wasmi is so called because i t marks (zoasama) the surface of the
earth with plants. It is tile adjective formed from wasm (mark). AI-blutanabbi has
employed both terms in the following verse :
Will that gazelle (maiden)grant me the favour of a renewed affection, the first shower (zonsmi)
of whose kindness were never followed by a second (wali)?

He means that her first visit was not followed by a second.-Imld ad-Din conti-
nued to hold the place of secretary and maintain his high rank at court till the death
of the sultan Salkh ad-Din ( A . H. 589, 8 . D. 1193). This event reduced him to
ruin and deprived him of all his influence. Finding every door shut against him,
he withdrew to his house and remained there, occupied in the composition of his
works. He mentions something of this i n the beginning of his al-Bark as-Shdmi.
In the life of I h n at-Tahwizi (p. 162 of this sol.) we have noticed the epistle and
kudda in which he requested from Imhd ad-Din the gift of a furred cloak, and we
have spoken of [he answer returned to both documents. Imhd ad-Din was born at
Ispahln on Monday, the 2 n d of the latter Jumiida-some say of Shaabbn-A. H. 519
(6th July, A. D. 1125), and he died at Damascus, on Monday, the first of Ra-
niadhn, A . H. 59'7 (5th June, A. 1). 1201). He was interred in the cemetery of the
Sdfis, outside the gate called Bhb an-Nasr. A person who held an eminent rank in
the administration and who remained with hirn during his last illness, informed me
L

that, whenever a visitor came to see him, I m t d ad-Din recited the following lines:

I am come as a guest to your dwelling ; where, 0 where is the host? My acquaintances know
me no longer, and those whom I knew are dead!

A h h is a Persian word signifying eagle; ok&b, i n Arabic. I t is said that no male

eagles exist: all being females which are impregnated by a bird of another species.
Some say that they are impregnated by the fox. But this is merely a marvellous
story. Ibn Onain (p. 176 of ihG vol.) the poet has the following line i n a satire
directed against a person called Ibn Sida :

Thou art a mere eagle; we know who thy mother was, but no one knows who was thy father.

This alludes to the opinion of which we have just spoken, but God alone knows
*ether it be true or lalse.
VOL. III. 39
 A,) -rl,is hale llearl tire iaurily namv. Its rnoanillg is glVer1 1)y ollr author at the end of the

article.
31anshr Sail] lbn hlotlamn~odar-ll;tzz;ir (Ihe rice-merchaqlt), an imdm arid chief president of the
(2) . 4 ~ b
s h ~ f i t csect at Bagh;htlad, stu,licd jurisprudenct? uadcr Abb Saad al-Mutawalli (vol. 11. p. go), Abh Bakr as.
Shihsi 11. P. ~ l e ) ~, b kliuliil
h ;,l-Ghnzzbli (vol. 11. p. 621), al-Kiya al-Ilarrasi (vol. 11. p. %g), and
.isaad al-liihani (vol. 1. p. 189). He was, for sume time, pI'or~ss0rin the Nizdntiglln college. Born A. 11, 469
f.4. 1 0 6 9 - 7 0 ) ; died in Zfi 'I-Hijja, A. H. 539 (May-Jme, A . D. fi'+S).-(Tnhnbdt as-Shd&h.)
The life of the vizir Ahn ad-Dln Ibn Huhaira is given by Our author.
Literally; A miserable lift? and a waking eye.
(3) 11;s life vill be found in this volume.
( 6 ) The
entitled as-Sirr aE-Mahtdnz (tlte hidden seo3el) treated of judicial astrology.
( 7 ) Xnghrit (the west) here designates North Africa, Spain, ant1 Sicily.
( S ) An incomplete copy of' this work, made u p with volnmes bcloaging to dill'erent sets, is preserved in the
Our author is mistaken in saying that the h'hat.z"da only contains notices on the poets
/jltliot fL@ue iII1~~Bnkle.-
who lived subsequently to A. H. 500. W e find in it a considerable number of articles concerning poets who
floilrished before that epoch. The work is merely a collection of poetical extracts to which the compiler has
joirled observations written in his usual pretentious style and of very littlc rcal importance. A fact or a date
is seldorn to be met with in these phrases which arc all pomp and glitter, alliteration and affectation.
(9) See vol. I. p. 464.
(10) See vol. 11. p. 85, note (5).
(11) Several copies of this work are preserved in the BillzothBque inzpdriclle; a .very old and well written
one belongs to the Supplement of the same library.
(12) This work, of which a copy exists in the BibliothBque impdrii~le,roncls St. Germain, No. 387, is written
ill IlnAcl ad-Din's swollen and extravagant style. Its tone has been softened down by al-Path Ibn Ali Ibn
?tlohammad al-Bundlri al-Ispahlni, who entitled his work: Zubda lal-Nusva wn i v u k l ~ b ital-Osra (cream of
the Xusra on11 extract of lhe Osra. See MS. of the Bibliothlque i m p b i a t e , No. 7 6 7 A .
them, I have put in italics the vowels which are not represented in the Arabic writing.
( 1 3 ) 111 transcribing
[ l 4 ) This was nl-RAdi 'I-Fhdil's real name.
(,is) HnYGn is a hill near Mekka. The hijr is a semicircular area ou the west side of the Kaaba, and en-
closed by a wall called hatim. See Burckhardt's Trauels in Arabitr, vol. I . p. 25'2.
(16) This piece derives its sole merit from the numerous quibbles and puns with which it is filled. Such
futilities being of no interest to the ordinary reader, 1 abstain frorn indicating them a n d confine myself to the
task of rendering intelligible ImAd ad-Din's obscurities of style.
(17) See note (15).
(18) See vol. 11. p. 25, note (5).
(i9) The Kaaba is the of the temple at Mekka. For kibla, see vol. I. p. 3 7.
(lo) The celebrated traditionist Anas Ibn Malik had for disciples follr of his sons : a l l - ~ a d r 4 ( Abd
, Allah,
and Milik. A \-cry considerable number of Traditiolls arc givel, on his nutllority.
)lhsa,
 IiPOCRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

ABU NASR AT,-FARABI.

~ b f Nasr
i Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarkhhn Ihn Auzalagh al-FPrhbi the
Turk, a celebrated philosopher, the greatest, indeed, that the Moslims ever had, com-
posed a number of works on logic, music, and other sciences. No Musulman ever
reached in the philosophical sciences the same rank as he, and it was hy the study of
his writings and the imitation of his slyle that Avicena (uol. I. p. 44-01 attained pro-
ficiency and rendered his own works SO useful. AI-FPribi passed his youlh in Fdrlb,
the place of his birth, and then set out to travel. After various peregrinations, he
visited Baghdad, where he arrived well acquain led with Turkish and some otl~erlan-
guages, but ignorant of Arabic. Having then commenced learning the latter lan-
guage, he mastered it completely and devoted his mind to ihe pllilosophical sciences.
On arriving at Baghdad, he found the celebrated philosopher Abfi Bishr Malta Ibn
Yhnus (1), who was then far advanced in age, teaching logic in that city ancl possess-
ing the very highest reputation : every day crowds of pupils attended the lectures in
which he explained Aristotle's treatise on that subject, and al-Fhrhbi filled seventy
volumes with the observations which he wrote down from the lips of that master.
As a logician (Matta)stood unrivalled; in his writings, he shone by precision of style
and subtility of elucidation, and he aimed at simplifying his meaning by develop-
rnenls and annotations. It was therefore said by an able logician that the abilities
which Ahh Nasr al-Fbribi displayed in rendering the most abstract ideas intelligible
and expressing them in the simplest terms, could only be attributed to the tuition of
Abii Bishr (Matla). Al-Fk8bi attended his lessons, and always took his station among
the crowd of students who surrounded the professor. Having thus passed a consi-
derable time, he removed to Harrbn, where he met Yiihanna Ibn KhailAn f2), a
Christian and an able pllilosopher, from whom he learned some particular applica-
tions of the art of logic. He then returned to Baghdad and studied the philosophical
sciences. Having mastered all Aristotle's treatises, he acquired a great facility in
comprehending the ideas and the scope of that author's writings. It is related that
the following note was found inscribed, in A68 Nasr al-FPriibi's handwriting, on a
copy of Aristotle's treatise on the soul: I have read over this book two hundred
 times." 11 that he said : " I read over the pllilosopher Aristotle's
6 6 Physics (31 forty times, and 1 feel {hat I ought to read it over again ." It is stated
illal, llaving been asked wiletl~erLe or Aristotle was the more learned in this branell
he replied : Had I lived in 11is lime, I should have been the chief of his
fl

,, discjples," A L ']-Kjsim~ Skid lbn Ahmad Ibn Abd ar-RahmAn Ibn Said a]-
Korlubi mentions him in Iris Tabakdf, or classified ksl of philosophers and says:
( h a ) ,

Al-Flr4bi, who lvas really the pl~ilosoplrerof the Moslims, learned the art of logic
from Phllanna Ibn Khailln, who died at Madina tas-Salkm (Baghdad) in the reign
of &Muktadir; be h e n excelled all the people of Islamism and surpassed them by
his acquirements in illat science ; h e explained its obscurities, revealed its
mysteries, facj]iiated its and furnished every requisite for its intel-
6' ligence, in works for precision of style and sublility of elucidation;
noticing i n them what al-Kindi (vol. I. p. 355) and olhers had neglected, such as
t l ~ eart of analysis ( ~ a h l qand the proper modes 01 conveying instruction ( 5 ) . In
these trealises he elucidated in plain terms be five main principles (6)of logic, in-
dicating the manner of employing them with advantage and tlie application of the
syllogistic forms {soura taChdyds) to each of them. His writings on this subject are
therefore higlily satisfactory and possess the utmost merit. IIe afterwards corn-
'. posed s noble work in which he enumerated the sciences and indicated the object
" of each; this treatise, the like of which had never before been composed and

'' the plan of which liad never been adopted by any olher author, is an indispens-
'' able guide to sludents in the sciences." Shid then proceeds to mention some
of his works and the sulljecls of which they treat (7). Abii Nasr continued, at
Baghdad, to labour in the acquisition of lhis science till he attained i n it a conspi-
cuous rank and surpassed all his contemporaries. I t forms the subject of most of
his works. He then set out for Damascus, but did not stop there, having turned his
towards Egypt. He mentions i n his work, entitled as-Siydsa lal-Muludaniya
(adminisealion of ihe city, i. e. political e c o n q ) , that h e commenced it at Baghdad
and finished it in Egypt. Having then returned to Damascus, h e settled there and
met with a kind reception from the reigning sultan, Saif ad-Dawlat Ibn Hamdin
laol 11. P. 334) (8). 1 read in a miscellany that, when Abfi Nasr went to Saif ad-
Dawlat's levee, which was a point of union for all persons distinguished by their ac-
quirement~in a n y of the sciences, h e appeared in his usual attire, which was that of
Ihe Turks (9). Saif ad-Dawlat having invited hinl to sit down, lie said: "(Shall I d
 1310GRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 309

r' down) where 1 arn, or wliere thou art? " Saif ail-Dawlat replied: '' Where thou
'6 art;o on which Ahb Nasr slepped over ihe shoulders of the persons (seated before
him), till be reached the prince's throne and sat down so close to him that he forced
llim out of his place (l Q). Saif ad-Dawlat had some mamldks standing behind him,
,,;th whom he was accustomed to hold private com~nunicationsin a particular lan-
guage known to very few persons. On ihis occasion, he said to them : This shaikh
[g has committed an offense against l~oliteness; I shall now propose him some ques-
t s tions, and, if he does not reply 10 them in a satisfactory manner, turn him into

ridicule." Abii Nasr immediately answered, i n the same language: Consider

of it, 0 emir I for every proceeding is appreciated according to its result." These
filled Saif ad-Dawlat wilh aslonishment : c ' How l " said he, you know lhis
4 . language?"-- Yes ;" replied Abh Nasr , " I know upwards of seventy (I I}."
Prom that moment, the prince conceived a high opinion of him. Abii Nasr then
began to converse ~ vthi ille learned men of the company on all the different sciences,
and he continued to harangue till he reduced them to silence and had the whole
discourse to himself. They had even commenced writing down his (learned) obser-
vations when Saif acl-l)a6lat dismissed them and remained alone with the philoso-
pher. Would you like to eat any ihing?" said he.- L No."-c( Or to drink??-
" No."--" Or to hear (music)?"--" Yes." The prince then ordered some of the
most eminent performers of inslrumental music to Ire brought in, but not one of them
could touch his instrument without exciting AbG Nasr's disapprobation. Have
you any skill in this arl?" said Saif a d - D a ~ l a t . - - ~ I~ have," replied the other,
and drawing a case from beneath his waistband, he opened it and produccd a lute.
Having tuned it, he began to play and cast all the company into a fit of laughter. He
then undid the strings and, having tuned it in another manner, he played again and
drew tears from their eyes. Mounting it a third time, i n a different key, he played
and set them all asleep, even the doorkeepers, on which he took the opportunity of
retiring and left them in that state. It is stated that the instrument called the
IiCinQn (12) was of his invention and ihat he was the first who mounted it in its pre-
sent form. AI-Fhrlbi led a solitary life and never went into company; during his
residence at Damascus, he passed the greater part of his time near the borders of
some rivulet or in a shady garden; there he composed his works and received the
visits of his pupils. He wrote most of his works on loose leaves and very few in
quires, for which reason nearly all his productions assume the form of detached
 and notes; some of them exist only in fragments or onlinished. He pas
\he most indifferent of men [or the things of l1li.s world; lie never gave llimself
klle least trouble to acquire a livelihood or possess a habitation. Saif ad-Dawlat
sellled on him a daily pension of four dirhems (two shillings) out of the public
treasury ; tllis moderate sum being the amount to which al-FArAbi had limited his
denland. He continued to live with the same frugality u p to the moment of his
death. He died at Damascus, A . H. 339 (A. D. 950-l), aged upwards of eighty
years, and the funeral service was said over his body by Saif ad-Dawlat accompanied
1,)-foul- officers of {he court. lle was intcrrcd in llie cemelery outside tllc gate called
al-Bdb as-Saglllr (131.- hlalta Ibn Yihus died at Baghdad under thc khalifate of
ar-R$di; so, at least, it is slated by ibn SBid al-Korlubi, in liis classified list (Taba-
k&t) of physicians (14). 1 found in a miscellany the following verses attributed to
al$$r,$bi, but have no proof of their authenticity:

Quit, 0 brother! the place of the frivolous ancl ircquent the place of (heavenly) truths. This
( ~ n v t h l ydwelling
) is not for us a lasting abode; no human being on earth can avcrt (the stroke
of fkle). This man envies that one, even for (thiqswhich endure) less than (Ihe time for utter-
ing) the shortest words. What are we but a drop of sperm on which various fortunes have
descended? fortunesalways ready to dcparl! 'l'ltc circuit of ll~cheavens is our fittest place;
why therefore so much eagerness for its central point (the errrtll).

In the Khurlida I found these verses attributed to tjric shailch Muhammad l b n Abd
al-Malik al-Flriki, a n inhabilant of Baghdad, whom Imld ad-Din, tlic author of that
work, says that he met on Friday the 18th of Rajab, A. H. 561 (May, A . D, 1166),
and tllat he died a few years Inter.- Tarkhdn and AuzaIagh are Turkish names.-
Fdrdbi means belonging to Fdrdb, the modern Olrdr (Jl,bj); this city lies beyond
as-Shhsll and near the city of BalbshghOn. All its inhabitanls follow ihe doctrines
of the imdvt asshiif?. It is one of the capital cilics of the Turkish nation, and was
called the Inner FIrhb (Pdrdb ad-Ddkhila) to distinguish it from the Outer Fbriib
(Fdrbb a!-Khdrija) which is situated on the border of the province of Fars.-Balbrd-
ghdn is a [own on the Turkish frontier, beyond the river Saihhn (p. 229 of !his V O ~ . ) ,
and lying near Kishghar.-Khl~~hor is a large city, situated, it is said, within the
limits of the Chinese empire (m-Sin).

( l )Ahh Bishr Matta Ibn Ydnus (Mafthew ihe son of Jo~tas),a Christian and a native of Baghdad, heid a
high reputation as a logician and as a teacher of that sciencc. He died at Baghdad undcr the khalifate of
ar-n&di, ( A . B. 332-329, A . D. 9 3 4 - 9 4 1 ) . He composcd a commentary on ltle Iscryrye of Porphyry nud a
nlllnber of other worlts, the titles or which are given in az-Zhzeni's Tabakdt al-IIuAanod.
p) 1,) the MS. of the ToLukdt al-Nuhamd, this name is written (fubidd).
(3) The Arabic title is as-Samda aCTabiei, a literal translation of the Grcek puctxrj ixpoaioc;.
( 4 ) Hajji Khalifs entitles this work fhwdn al-Huk?tl fi Tahakdt if-l-lukamd. The author, Abh 'I-Krlsiln Sal,[
[bn ~ h m a dIbd Abd ar-Rahmh Ibn bluhammad Ibn StUd at-Taghlabi was born at Almeria in the year 480
(A. D. 108g), but his family belollged to Cordova. Re was appointed kdJi of Toledo by al-Mhrnhn Yahya ([Ln
f 1 )Zi 'n-NBn, and he continued to fill this oMicc till his death. This event occurred in the ,nonth
1 ~ ? ~ ~Ibn
of Shawwa, A. H. 463 (July-August, A. D. 1070).-(lbn Bashkuwbl's &lut.)
.
(5) 'rho original text has )W! s k ; l (mothemaiicol proeesws) The same passage occurs i n file life of
t
al-F&&bi, given by az-Zhzeni in his Tobakdt ul-Hukama, but there we read which is a well
known expression and is probably the right reading.
F
(6) The PSS. read >ly, but the Tabakdt al-Hukornd has dA. If the writer meant t h e fiue ptrdieab/rr,
why did he not employ the word hk!! which is the usual term?
(7) AZ-Zhzeni,o r rather al-KAdi al-Akram Ibn al-ICifti, whose work he abridged, has given a life of al-FA-
ribi in his Ta6akdt al-Hukamd, which life is evidently extracted from that composed by the kddt S a d al- or-
tubi. The list of works alluded to by Ibn KhallikAn fills more than a page in the TabakRt.
(8) Saif ad-Dawlat took possession of Damascus in the year 3 3 4 (A. D. 946).
(9) According to az-Zhzeni, he wore the sz2F dress.
(10) Had Saif ad-Dawlat answered : Where I a m , Abh Nasr would have sat down without quitting. the place
where he stood. Having designated that place by the words where I am, and Saif ad-Dawlat's by the words
tuhere thou art, he pretended that these terms had the same acceptation when uttered by the prince. To be
logically exact, Saif ad-Dawlat's answer should have been: Sit down on the POOV
where thou art now slandhg.
( l ! ) I avow that I consider this narration and the following as fictions.
(4%) The li&ntin is a sort of dulcimer. Mr. Lane has given a figure of it in his Modern Egyptians.
(13) M.Munk's JI4langes de pt~ilosophie juive et a?-abe(Paris, 1859, in-So), contains a very good article
on al-Fhrdbi and another on al-Iiindi.
(16) Az-Zhzeni makes the same statement.

ABU BAKR BR-KAZI ( R H A S E S ) .

AbG Rakr Muhammad Ibn ZakariyP ar-Rhi (nalive of Rni) was a celebrated phy-
sician. Ibn Juljul ( I ) says, in his History o r the Physicians : " He (ar-Rdzi) di-
" rected the hospital at Raj and afterwards, under the khalifate of al-Muktafi, the
313 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
hospital at Baghdad. I n his youth, he played on
c lute and cultivated vocal
music, but, on reaching the age of manhood, he renounced these occupations,
that nlrlsic proceeding from between mustachoes and a beard had no cllarms
to recommend it. Having then applied himself to the study of medicine and
6

6' philosophy, he read the works on these subjects wiih ihc atlention of a man *ho
1 seeks to follow the author's reasonings step by step ; and be thus acquired a perfect
4 acquaintance wi~hihe depths of these sciences and appropriated to himself
' 1 ever truths were contained in the treatises whicl~ h e perused. He then commenced
attending the sick and composed a great number of books on medicine."
Ano[Iler writer says: He was the ablest physician of that age and the most diskin-
c c p i s h e d ; a perfect master of the art of medecine, skilled in ils practice and the-

.& roughly grounded in its principles and rules. Pupils travelled from distant
countries to receive the benefit of his tuition. He composed a number of useful
18 works on medicine, such as the Hdwi (comprehensive), a large treatise in about
thirty volumes, which remains a standard autl~orilyfor pliysicians and to which
they refer in every doubtful case. His Jdnd (colleclor) is also a large and useful
w r k , and his Kiidb al-AUQb (2) is a voluminous produclion." IIis abridged
treatise on medicine, the Kaidb a/-Mansari, is o work of great repute, and though of
small extent, is highly appreciated ; in this treatise, h e combines tlleory wilh practice
and furnishes essential information for persons of all classes (3). Be composed it
for Abii Sdlih hlanshr Ibn Nith Ibn Nasr Ibn Ismail Ibn Ahmad Ibn Asad Zbn SAmhn,
one of the Samanide kings, and for this reason, Ile en tilled his book al-Jfa?uiIri he
Mansurian). Besides these works, he composed many others, all of them indispensable
(to physicians). One of his sayings was: When you car1 cure by a regimen, avoid
c c having recourse to medicine; and when you can effect a cure wit11 a simple me-

'' dicine, avoid employing a compound one." Ile said again : " With a learned
physician and an obedient patient, sickness soon disappears." And again:
Treat an incipient malady with reniedies which will not prostrate the strenglh."
Till the end of his life, he continued at the head of his profession. He began
ihe study of medicine at an advanced age, being then, it is said, upwards of forly
years old. Towards the close of a long life, be lost his sight, and h e died A. H. 311
$.D. 923-4). He studied medicine under the physician Abh 'I-Hasan Ali Ibn Rabn
at-Tabari (4), the author of the Firdds al-HiRma and other useful works. At-Tabari
was at first a Christian (a Jew), but he subsequently embraced Islamism.-We haye
 L ~ I O G K A P H I C A LDICTIONARY. 323

dready (vol. 1. p . 101) explained the meaning of the word Rlzi (native of hi).-
As for the Samanide kings, they were sultans of Transoxiana and Khorlsin, and one
of the best dynasties wllicll ever ruled. The reigning monarch was styled the Sultan
of Sultans, and this title came to be considered as the real name of the sovereign.
They were distinguished by their justice, piety and learning. This dynasty was
overtllrown by h1ahml"ld Ibn Subuktikin, a sullan whose life we shall give (in ihis
volume). Tlle Samanides rcigned during one hundred and two years, six months
and ten days,--Abh Sdlih Manshr, the prince mentioned in this article, died in
the month of Shamwil, A. H. 365 (June, A . D. 976) ; he was a boy when ar-RAzi
drew up the ibla?~sdrifor his instruction.-Since writing the above, I have seen a
copy of ihis work bearing on tlle title-page an inscription, stating that it was com-
posed for and named after AbQ Silih al-lansrir lbn Isllak Ibn Ahmad Ibn Kdh.
prince of Kirlnan and I C l ~ o r b l n ,and a descendant of Bahrhm Kdsh (5). God
knows best vrhich of lhese statements is true.-lbn Juljul relates also, in his History,
that ar-Riizi composed for the same al-Manshr a treatise establishing the certainty of
alchemy, and set out from Baghdad to present i i to him. AI-Manshr testified great
satisfaction on recei\ing tlie work and, having rewarded thc author will1 !he sum of
one thousand dinars, he said to him: I wish you to procluce the thing of which
" you speak in this book."-46 That is a task," replied ar-Rbzi, for the execution
" of which ample funds are necessary, as also various implements and drugs of ge-

" nuine quality ; and all this must be done according to the rules of art; so, the

" whole operation is one of great difficulty."-- " A11 the implements you require,"
said al-Mansbr, sliall be furnished to you, with every object necessary for the ope-
" ration ; so that you may produce (the subslance) mentioned in your book." Per-
ceiving the prince to be in earnest, ar-Rbzi lresitated to under!ake the task and shewed
himself unable to perform it. On this, al-Mansbr said : a I should never have thought
" a philosopher capable of deliberate falsehood i n a work represented by him as a
" scientific treatise, and which will engage people's hearts in a labour from which
" they can draw no advantage. I have given you one thousand dinars as a reward
" for this visit and the trouble which you have taken, but 1 shall assuredly
" punish YOU for committing a deliberate falsehood (6)." He then struck him on the
head with a whip and sent him off to Baghdad with a stock of provisions for the
journey. That stroke caused a descent of humour into ar-Rbi's eyes, but he would
not permit them to be lanced, declaring that he had seen enough of the world.-
VOL. 111. 40
3.14 IBN IIHALLIKAN'S
~ b bIuhammad
h Hiill Ibn Nasr, the lather of (Mansfir), died in the month of the
lalter A , H. 343 (August, A . D. 954). Ahh 'l-Hasan Nasr Ihn Ismail, his
~ ~ ~ ~ d f died
3
[ ~ihee rmontli
~ t in , of Rajah A . 11. 331 (March-April, A. D. 9431, and
ilis great .4hb lbrahlm lsmail 1bn Allmad, on the eve of Tuesday, the
j4*l1 of A. H. 295 ( 2 4 t h NOV. A. D. 907), at Buklrlra : he was born,
A. H , 934 (A. D. 848-g),at Farghlna. Abii lhrahim took pleasure in writing down
Tradilions and honouring men of learning. Ahmad Ibn Asad lhn Shmiin died at
Farghbna in the year 250 (A. D. 864). Tliese observations are foreign to our sub-
ject, but we were led into them by the drift of tliis discourse : they furnisl* also
some necessary information (7).

(1) ~ b Dgwhd
h Sulaimit~Ibn Hasdn, surnamcd Ibn Jul.jul, was physician to Hisham al-Muwaiyad billah,
the Olllaiyidesovereign of Spain. lbn Abi Osail~ia'snotice on this physician will be found in M. de Sacy's
Abd Allotif, p. 4 9 5 .
(3)
Arabic -&$f +U. The right pronunciation and the meaning of this title are unknown to me,
(a) A D article on ~ b Bakr
h ar-RAzi will be found in M. Wiistcnfeld's Gcscltichte der Arabischen Aer:te
(history of the Arabian physicinns).
( 6 ) AbB 'l-Hasan ALi Ibn Rabn at-Tabari, an able physician, helongctl to a Jewish family and was a native
of TabarisSn. Having been forced by thc troubled state OF his native country to talc0 refuge in Rai, he had
there AbO Balir ar-Rizi for disciple. Hc llien proceeded to Sarra-man-r&a and composccl his work entitled
F~rdLisrtl-Hiktna (garden of wisdon~), He had been secretary to Mbyar (see p. 2 7 7 of this vol.), and after-
wards made his profession of Islamism to the khalif al-Motasim. Hc then proccellell to the court (of Baghdad)
The words Rabn ( , ) ), Rahin (uv?j), and ay-Aabb
and became one of al-hiutawakkil's boon companions.
L'. >
(+>\) are names given by the Jews to the chief doctors of their law.-(Tdrikk al-iiukamd, pp. 195, 160.)
-Rabn is therefore the equivalent of Rabbi. There can be oo doubt respecting the orthography of this word,
as the author of the dictionary here cited, places Rabn after Rizk Allah and before the chapter of names
beginning with Z. In some Arabic MSS. this word is erroneously written Zain (L;)2j).
( 5 ) In the MSS. the word Kztd is written L ; , or V3$. Mirlthond and Abb 'l-Fedd write this name
&* TchJpln or Nbln. Ibo Khallikin may have perhaps written &9<.
( 6 ) LitBrally : For considering falsehood as licit
(7) A new and
-ujd\ A.
much improved edition of ar-Rizi's treatise on thc small-pox and measles was published in
London, 1 8 4 8 , with a very carefully made translation and instructive notes, by Dr. Greenhill.
 I t l O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY.

M U H A M M A D I B N MUSA I B N SHAKTR.

AbG Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Mfisa Ibn Shdkir was one of the three brothers
after whom the art of engineering was called the confriuances of the sons of 11Jdsn
(kal bani Mdfa): he and his brothers, Ahmad and al-Hasan, being celebrated for their
talents in that line. Animated with the noble ambition of learning the sciences of
the ancients and acquiring their boolrs, they laboured io effect this object and sent
persons to bring them such books from the country of the Greeks (1). Ry the offer
of ample rewards, they tlrcw translators from distant countries, and thus made
known the marvels of science. Geometry, engineering, the moverne~lts (of ihe
heavenly bodies) (e),music, and the science of the stars were the principal subjects
to which they turned their attention; but these were only a small number (of their
acquirernents). Tliey composed on engineering an original and singular work, filled
with every sort of curious information. I met with a copy of it, in one volume, and
found it to be an excellent and highly instructive hook. A thing which they, the
first, in Islamic times, brought from theory into practice (3) (was the measurement of,
~ k eearth) ; for, although astronomical observers in ancient times, anterior to the pro-
mulgation of Islamism, had done so, get no statement exists to prore that it had been
attempted by any person of this religion, except hy themselves (4). Here is the fact:
(the khalif) al-MLmBn had a strong predilection for the sciences of the ancients (the
Greeks) and a great desire of putting their exactness to the test : having read in their
productions, that the circumference of the globe is twenty-four thousand miles, or
eight thousand parasangs,-three miles make a ~arasang,--and that, if one end of a
cord were placed at any point on the surface of ihe earth and the cord passed round
the earth till the two ends met, that cord would be twenty-four thousand miles long,
he wished to prove the truth of this assertion and asked the sons of Mlsa what was
their opinion. They replied that the fact was certain, and he then said: " I wish
" you to employ the means indicated by the ancients, so that we may see whether
" it be correct or not." On this, they inquired in what country a level plain could
be found, and, being informed that fhe desert of Sinjlr was perfectly level, as also
the country about Khfa, they took with them a number of persons on whose veracity
and skill in tllis arl al-Eillrniin placed reliance, and set out for Sinjar. On arriving
in tile plain just mentioned, they stopped at a spot where (Iley took the altitude 01 the
nor~ll by means of certain instrumenls, and drove a pielcet into the place where
,lle was made. To this picket they fastened a long cord and walked
directly to~vardstlie north, avoiding, as much as possil~le, any deviation to the right
or to tile left. When the cord was run out, they set u p anotller picket, and tied to
i t R cord, after rvlllch they walked towards the nortll as before. Tlley continued the
same operation till they came to a place where they took tllc altitude of pole and
found i t to surpass by one degree the altitude observed at the first slation. Having
measured the intermediate space by means of the cords, they found the distancc to
be sixty-six miles and two thirds. From this they learned tltat every degree of the
Zodiac (5)corresponded to a space of sixty-six miles and two thirds on the surface of
the earth. They then returned to the place wherc they had driven in the first pic-
ket, and, having fastened a cord to this picket, they went directly towards the south,
operating as they had previously done when going towards tlie north ; that is, in setting
up pickets and fastening cords. When the cords employed in the operation directed
towards the north werc again run out, they took the altitudc of the pole and found
i t oue degree less than the altitude first observed. Tlieir calculations was thus veri-
fied and (rile result o f ) their undertaking confirmed. Persons acquainted wit11
aslrononly will easily understand this. It is well ltnown that the number of degrees
in tlic Zodiac is three hundred and sixly; for tlie Zodiac is divided into twelve signs,
and each sign into thirty degrees. There are tllereforc three Iwndred and sixty de-
grees in all, and this sum being multiplied by sixty-six and two thirds, which is the
number of miles in a degree, we obtain iwenty-four thousand miles, or eight thou-
sand parasangs (for the circumference o f the earlh). This is certain and indubitable.
When the sons of Miss returned to al-MBrnBn and informed him that what they had
done corresponded with what he had read in the books of the ancients relative to the
deductions of that people, h e wished to verify the fact elsewhere, and sent them to
the terrilory of KBfa, where they operated as they had done at SinjPr. The two cal-
culations agreeing, al-&mQn acknowledged the trulh of what the ancients had
written on that sabject.-This is the passage to wllieh I referred in the life of Abi
Bakr Muhamll~adi b n Yahya as-Sbli, where I said (p. 71 of his ool.): Were I nor
appreholsive of e$tending this article to too great a lenglh, I should render this ed-
dent.--The sons of BlQsa were the authors of various extraordinary inventions, some
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 31 i

of *hieh I should notice, did I not wish to avoid prolixity (6). lIuhammad ]hn llfisa
died in the month of the first Rlbi, A. H. 259 (January, A . D. 873).

(1) Or: from Asia Minor (BilAd ar-Rhm).

(3) The term harakdt is the equivalent of harakdt an-nu3Bm.
(3) ite er ally: De potestate in acturn; an Aristotelian expression.
(4) The author has here made a long phrase anrl forgotten to finish it. I have supplied the ellipsc.
(5) The author should have said: o f the rnevidian or of a grent circle of the s p h e w .
(6) Our author would have done better to suppress some of his poetical citations and give us more informa-
tion about the inventions of the Bani blhsa. He had before him documents which we have not.

MUHAMMAD IBN J A B I R AL-BATTAIYI ( A L B A T E G N I U S ) .

Abir Abd Allah Mullammad lbn Jdbir Ibn Sinhn, a native of Harrin and an
inhabitant of ar-Rakka, surnamed al-Battiini, was a famous calculator and astrono-
mer, and the author of (the astronomical work entitled) the Sabean Tables (as-Ztj as-
Sdbi). He executed many curious (aslronomical) operations and made correct obser-
vations. His observations were commenced in the year 264 (A. D. 877-a),and he
continued them till the year 306 (A. D. 91 8-9). In his table, he marked the posi-
tions occupied by the fixed stars in the year 299 (A D. 91 1-2). He was the paragon
of the age in the art which Ile cultivated, and his operations furnish a proof of his
great talents and extensive information. He died in the year 317 (A. D. 929-30),
at a place called Kasr al-Hadr (the/brlr'ess of al-Hadr), on his return from Baghdad.
I know not if he professed the doctrines of Islamism; his name, however, indicates
that he was a Moslim (1). He made two editions of his Ztj, the second of which is
betler than tbe first. His other works are : the llhrifat Matdli 'l-Bunlj (knowledge
of the rising-places o f the zodiacal signs) in the interval between the quarters of the
sphere (2); a treatise on the quantity of the conjunctions (F MikdGr il-Ittishldt); a
treatise in which he described the four quarters of the sphere; a treatise on the ap-
preciation of the quantity of the an explanation of Ptolemy's Quadri-
318 IBN KHALLIICAN'S
portiluln (S), etc.-Battdni, or, according to Abb Muhammad Ilibat Allall Ibn
Al<f&ni(h), B i t h i , means belonging l o Batfdn or BillBn, a place in the province of
flarrdn.-Al-Hadr is an ancient city near Tikrit, and situated in the desert between
T'gris and the Euphrates (5). As-SBlirdn (d39Ul), the lord of al-Hadr, was
be:icgpd by Ardasbir lhn Blbek, ilie first (Sasanide) king of Persia, who took the
and slew him. Alluding to this event, HBritha Ibn Hajji$j, better known by the
appellation of Abh Duwiid al-lyldi (6), said :

I see that death has descended from al-nadr upon the lor(l of its peoplc, as-Sitir0n. The
vicissitudes of time have overthrown him, after his possessing a kingdom. prosperity, and pearls
hidden (from sight).

Some attribute these verses to Hanzala Ibn Sharki (7). Adi Ibn Zaid al-Ihtdi (8)
also mentions this place in the following verse :

And the brother of al-Hadr, when Ile built that place, and when ~ h l'igris
c and al-Khdbfir(9)
paid him tribute.

The name of al-Hadr frequenily occurs in poems. According to a statement re-

peated by Ibn Hishdm (vol. II. p, 128) in his Sira tar-llastll, i t was Slipiir Zit 'I-Aktlf
who besieged al-Hadr; but this is an error.-SdtirQn is a Syrian word signifying
king; the real name of as-Sitiriin was Daizan (dj.+) Ibn Moawia. Daizan was
an idol adored in the times of ignorance (anterior to the promulgation of Islamism),
and its name was given to different men. As-SBtirhn belonged to the tribe of Ku-
dia and was one of the provincial kings (p. 72 of this zol.). When these princes
met, with the design of waging war against the other kings, they chose as-Sktirdn for
their chief, on account of his power. Ardashir besieged him during four years vith-
out being able to subdue him. As-SPtirtn had a daugther of extreme beauty
called Nadkra ( i s )the same of whom a poet said:

AI-Hadr, al-RlirbGa, and the bank of ath- Tharthir (20)are deprived of the presence of
R'adira.

The custom of the people there was, that, when a female had her periodical in-
disposition, they lodged her in the suburb. Nadira, being unwell, was lodged in the
suburb of al-Hadr, and, looking out one day, she saw Ardashir, who was a very
handsome man. and fell in love with him. She then sent to him, offering to open
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 319

the forlress and admit him, provided he married her. Having made her conditions,
($he betrayed ihe cily) and Ardasllir Fulfilled his promise. (Authors)differ as to the
means which she pointed out to Ardashir, so that he was enabled to take the fortress.
At-Tabari says that she directed him to a talisman which was kept there: the
people knew that he could not take the place till he found a grey pigeon, whiell after
its legs had been stained with the rnenstrua of a blue-eyed virgin, would alight,
when let loose, on the wall of the forlress; the talisman would ihen fall and llle for-
tress be taken. Ardashir did so, and devastated the fortress after giving it up to
and exterminating the inhabitants. He then departed with Nadira, and
married her. It happened afterwards that, one night, as she was unable to sleep and
turned from side to side in the bed, SSbiir (12) asked her what prevented Ilcr from
sleeping? She replied: .' 1 never yet, since the first moment of my existence, slept
in a rougherlbed than this; I feel something annoy me." Shbfir ordered the bed
to be changed, but she was unable to sleep, and the next morning she complained
of her side. On examination, a myrtle leaf was found adhering to a fold of
the skin, from which it had brought blood. Astonished at the circumstance, Shbhr
asked her if it was that which had kept her awake? She replied in the affirn~ati~e.
How then," said he, " did your father bring you up?"-cc He spread me a bed
of satin, and clothed me in silk, and fed me wilh marrow, and cream, and the
'' honey of virgin bees, and he gave me pure wine to drink."--ac The same return
" which you made your father for his kindness," replied SbbGr, mould be made
" much more readily to me j " He then ordered her to be tied by the hair to the
tail of a horse, which galloped off with her and killed her. The ruins of al-Hadr
are still in existence with the remains of various edifices, but, since that time, it
has never been inhabited.-This is a long narration, and 1 insert it only on account
of its singularity.- I read in another historical work, that al-Battbni went to Bagh-
dad, whence he set out again and died on his way, at the fortress of al-Hadr, in, the
year already mentioned. Ygkiit al-Hamawi (see vol. 1V ) says in his dlushfarik:
" The fortress of al-Hadr is in the neighbourhood of Sarnarrh, the city erected by
al-Motasim. " God knows best l

(1) The ancestors of al-Bat&ni were Sabeans and ha was probably so himself.
This is perhaps a treatise on the mode of calculating the amplitude of the signs of the Zodiac for every
htitude. Such a work would be useful for the history of spherical trigonometry.
340 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
( 3 ) The Aralllc title 1s Artd Nakdldt (four discourses). Ptolemy's treatise on jlldicial astrology entitled
Tetrabibllovt xvas first tmnslated irlto Arabic by Ibrahim Ibn as-salt, wtlose version was reviewed and
rected by Hunain Ibn IsBak.
(4) Ibn I(lla1lihAn s11eaksol'al-Akfani in vol. I. p. 25'2 of this work. According to the author of the N ~ ~ G ~ ,
he died A. H. 50-3 (A. D. 1199).
In the &lemoirs of the Geographical Society, vols. IX and XI, will he found an account of the present
(5)

state of.a[-Hadr. It wns the capital of the celebrated az-Zabbfi. Sec Rasmmsen's AtltEztamenta ad hist, ar,
page 8.
(G)For the history of Abd Duw%d, see hl. C ~ U S de
S ~krceval's
~ Essni sur l'flistozre des Arabes, t, 11,
]l. 112? 113.
(7) See M. Caussin's Essuz, tome I. p. 330 et sey.
( S ) See vol. I . p. 189, nOtC (9).
(9) AI-KhtbAr, a rivcr of Mesopotamia, falls into the Euphrates at nl-I<arltisiya.
(10) The river ath-Tharthbr passes near al-Hndr and falls into the Tigris.
(11) The author meant to write Ardashir. He commits the same fault lower dowu.

ABU 'L-WAFA AL-BUZJANT.

Abb '1-\Vafii Dluhamrnad Ibn Muhammad l b n Yahya Ibn Ismail Ibn al-Abbis al-
Buzjini, the celebrated calcula~or,was one of the most distinguished masters i n the
science of geometry, and he deduced from it certain corollaries which had till then
remained undiscovered. Our shaikh, the very learned Kiimal ad-Din Ab6 'I-Fath
Mhsa Ibn YGnus (l), (may God he merciful to him I ) was deeply skilled in that branch
of knowledge and he highly exlolled Abh 'l-Wafi's works, taking tllem as guides in
most of his investigations and citing the author's words as a conclusive authority.
He possessed a number of Abh 'l-Wal's books. Abd 'I-Wafii composed a good and
useful lreatise on the manner of finding the value of the chords of arcs (fi istzkhrdj
U - ) (2). He was born on Wednesday, ihe first of Ramadin, A, H. 328 (10th
June, A . D. 940), at BBzjiin, and he died A. H. 387 ( A . D. 997) (31.-Bdzjdn is a
small town of Khorisiin, between Herat and Naisipbr.--AbC 'I-WafA visited Irik
in the year 348 (A. D. 959-60). I found the date of his birth, as given above, in
the Kddb al-ffhrest, by Abil 'l-Faraj ibn an-Hadim (vol. 1. p. 630), but that writer
does not mention the year of his death. I therefore left i t in blank when drawing
 OIOGRAPHICAI, I)ICTJON.L\RY. :I?,!

,p this article, hoping to find i t later; as it was my main object in this work, as 1
have already said in the preface, to mark tlre dates on which distinguished indivi-
duals died. I afler-ivards found ihe year of his death in the liistorical work (the
Kdmil) of our shnilrh ihn al-Alhir (col. II. p. 488), and I inserted it here. LJpwa1.d~
of twenty years elapsed from the time in wvhicll I commenced this biographical work
till E discovered the date of Abii 'l-WafAts death.

(1) life will be found i n this volumc.

(5) The BzbliothBqtie inzpB~i(llepossesses an zilrnagest, that is, a treatise on astronomy, attr~butedto Abil 'I-
Wafi. In the Ttirikh nl-flttkamd, WC find thc ~ollowinglist of his works: the &iunbzlt (stations), a
treatise; an explanation of al-Khowlrezmi's treatise on algebra; an explanation of the work o f
Diophantus on algcbra; an explanation of Ibn Yahya's work on algebra; the Nudkhil, or introdzlction tn
arithmetic; the h'itdb al-Ba~dltinfi 'I-Kaddyn fi mu starnalahzi Diofantos 8 kitdlib (proofi of the rules em-
ployed t?j Diophatitus rn his work), the Kildb Isttkhrdj mablagh i l - f i a h bi-mdl mill wa ma yafarakkab minhn
(the obtaining of the amount of the cube by a double multiplication, and of the other combinations efftcted by
that operatio?i),-car1 this 11c a treatise on the resolution of cubic equations?-an nlmagest, a treatise on thc
use of the sexagesirnal table.
(3) Abli 'I-JVafA continued to reside in Baghdad till his death. I-lc died in the m c ~ n t of
l ~ Rajah, A. 11. 3 8 8
(June-July, A. D. 998).-(Tdrikh al-liuknmd.)

J A R ALLAH AZ-ZAMAKHSHARI.

Abii 'l-Kisim MahmQd Ibn Omar Ibn Muhammad Ibn Omar al-Khotvkrezmi az-
Zamakhshari, the great rnaster (imdm) in the sciences of koranic interpretation, the
Traditions, grammar, philology, and rhetoric, was incontrovertibly the first imdm 31
the age in which h e lived, and he attracted students from all quarters by his lessons in
S

various branches of knowledge (I). He learned grammar from Abb Modar Mansur.
Az-Zamakhshari was the author of those admirable works, the Kashshdf (revealer),a
production the like of which had never before appeared on the interpretation of the
K o r h , the M ~ h d j d tbal-fis&l in-Nahwiya ( grammatical discussions); the al-NU-
[rod wa 'l-Murakkab (tha simple and compound [papressions]) in the Arabic ]an-
guage (2); the Fdik ( s u r ~ a 8 ~ n gon
) , the interpretation of the Traditions ; the Adsds
VOL. HI. 41
 nl-Ba/dgk, (princ@les of eloqtdorrc), o r)l~ilologicalwork; lllc lia6i 'I-A6r& (the cernal
rearo,r jusr) (3); cllc PusL nl-Al~hhdr*(the r i p e t - S ~ O ~of~ Chislorics)
S (4); the
; ~ l r / o s h ~ b-4sdrna
ih 'r-llnwdl (aarrtes of hisluricnl tradilionisls whtck are liable be
,~n,lforrrdrd loiih olhm);tllr an-Nasdik d - l i 1 6 d ~( l h great book. of cotc~tsels); the an-
.v[L~rrr(lih ns-.Sighbr (lhe lesser hook of co~msels): 111 e Ddlla (an-NdshiJ (I he stray wmel
,If scekcr) ; tl~c or-Rdiri fi 1111~il-firbid (/he instr?,~r~or
in the scie?cce o f inherilance-
.;bnr,er) : tile Jlu/gssul (drawn up i ? z ser.lioris, [fasl]), o trealise on grammar (5); the
al-llhr[rnil 'l-Jiutoalhf (sirrtpk n?zr.! compound lerms), a gramrllalical treatise; the
~I,:~nuda, [yccimex), a treatise on gramnlar (sec dc Sacy's Anlhologic grammoiicale);
rhe h d s al-itlasdil (leading quasfions),on jurisprudcncc; an explanalion of the verses
cited in h e gmnlnlar of Siba\vaill (vol. 11. p. 396); tile MuslnAsi (profound invest&
,,ator), treating of the proverbs of the desert Arabs ; tllc S u ~ t hal- Arabiya ($he
qnirlfessencr [O /he Aflrabicla,~gungcj; rhc Snwdir a l - h n t h d 1 (rtwrent proverbs); the
i)irudn at - Tarna~hthuljeollt-ctiolr of sinziles) ; tllc S h a k d i h an-Nomdn fi hakhk an-
LVn?~bd,l (ananzonics, being a treatise on he merils [A bii l l n n i hj art- Norndn) ; the SA@
'I-lyi tnin Kalde as-Sh&ft (the r e m e d y of hesitation a/& spcsch, iulccn from the saying8
of c~s-ShB,$); the KislPs (brrlaneo), on prosody ; the Moj(1rn 01- HttJdd (lezieon of defini-
tions j?)); the Minhdj (highway),a treatise on tile fundamcntnls (of theology (1));the
Jlrtkaddama tal- ldGb (inlroduction to the philolo!lical s c i o ~ c c s,) a diwcin of epistles; a
(Itwiin of poetry; the ar-Risdltc tan-Ndsiha (episllc of yood advice); Arndli (dielations)
on various hrancl~esof science, etc. 1Ic commenced the composition of his h-
fasnnl on the first of Ranladin, 4. 1-1. 51 3 jl)ecemher, A . 1). 11 19), and he finished
l t on the first of Bluharram, A . H. 515 (March, A . l). 3 121). Previously to this,

Ile had travelled to Rfekka and resided there for some time, whence he derived the
title of Jdr AUah (neighbour, or client, of God), and he was designated by this ap-
pellation as by a proper name. I heard a certain shaikh say that az-Zamakhshari
had lost one of his feet, and that he walked with a wooden crutch (6). He lost it in
lihow-irezm, where he happened to be travelling; having encountered on his way
a heavy storm of snow joined to an intense frost, his root fell off. Hc carried with
him a certificate attested by a great number of persons who knew the fact to be true;
(this he did) lest those who were not acquainted with the real nature of the accident
which had befallen him, might suppose that his foot had been cut off in punishment
of some crime. The snow and frost frequently affect the extremities of the body in
those regions and cause them to fall off. Yllis is particularly the case in Kho-
wirezm, the cold being excessive in that country. I myself have seen numbers
lost the extremities of tlleil body from that very cause ; therefore the persons 1,110
llave never wilnessed sucll tllings sliould not consider them as improbable. I read
in a llistorical work composed by a writer of later times, that, when az-Zamalthshari
$vent to Baghdad, he had an inferview will) the Banifite doctor ad-Dlmagh3ni (7;,
who asked h i m how he lost his fool. To llris question az-Zamaskhshari replied:
11 Through a n imprecation uttered by my rr~olllcr:when a child, I caught a sparrow
6 4 and tied a string to jls leg; it escaped, llowever, into a hole, and, in trying to dra-
it out, I pulled its foot off wit11 the string. M y mother was so dceply grieved at
11 this that she exclaimed: ' Rlay God cut off the font of that wretch (8)as he has
61 c cut off the foot of the sparrow!' When 1 reached the age at which studen~s
set out on their travels, 1 proceeded to Bokhrira in pursuit of knowledge, and
broke my leg by a fall off tlie animal which 1 was riding. The results of this
a accident were so grave, that amputation became necessary." Almighty Cod best
knows wliich of tliese stalements is true! Az-Zamakhshari publicly professed the
opinions of tlie kIotazelites, and it is related that, whenever he went to see any of
his acquaintances, he used to have Ilimself announced by the door-lteeper as Bbh4
'I-Ei3sinl the Motazelite. When he first composed his Kashsh&/, he commenced the
introduction of it with these words: Praise be unto God who hath created the Ko-
r&n (g), and o n being told t h a t , if he let the passage stand so, tlze public would
reject his book and n o one would wish to procure i t , he altered the phrase thus:
Praise be unto God who halh established (jaala) ihe Kordn; the verb to establish
bearing, with them (the Motazelites), the signification of to create. The exan~ination
of this point would lead us, however, too far. In a great number of copies I hare
read : Praise be unto God who hath sent down (anzala)the Koriin, but this is a correc-
tion made by other persons, not by the author. The hdfiz AbB Tiihir Ahmad as-
Silafi (vol. 1. p. 86) addressed a IeIler from Alexandria to as-Zamakhshari, who was
then making a devotional residence at Mekka, requesting from him a licence to teach
his works a n d also the information which he had gathered from as-Zamakhshari's
own lips. The latter returned an unsatisfactory reply, and, the following year, as-
Silafi wrote to him by a pilgrim, renewing his application, and requesting a licence
in the most pressing manner. Towards the conclusion of his letter, he said: " Let
" not (your reverence), and may God continue to favour you! place me under the
" necessity of renewing my for the distance is great, and already, last
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 327

, ~llanwho hall1 the power of acting, before the arrival of death, fear the Lord. I am not the
person brouglit to this slate ; all shall be brouglit to tbe same state as mine.

AZ-Zamakhshari was born on Wednesday, tlie 27th of Rajab, A. H. 167 (18th

garell, A . D. 1075), at Zamakbshar, and hc died on the 9th of ZO 'l-Hijja, A . H. 538
(13th June, A . D. 1146),a t Jurjiniya, in Khorrirezm, subsequently to his return
fronl Mekka. An elegy composed on liis death contained the following line :

The land of Mekka drops tears iron?' its eyes through grief for the departure of Jlir '\llah
Mabmiid . .
Zamakhshar is a large village in Khowarezm. Jurjdniy a is tlle capital of Khowb
rezm; Yikht at-Hamawi says, in his Kildb al-Bulddn.: This city is called Kor-
kdnj in t h e language of the inhabitants, but this name has been arabicized into
Jurjiniya. It is situated on the bank of the Jaihiin (Oxus) (19)."

(1) Literally: And the saddle-bags were tied (on, to go) unto him on account 11t his I~ranches( o f science).
The tying of saddle-l-rngsis a very usual expression.
( 9 ) This is a very vague title; it may signify : lst, thc simple and compound l~rol,ositiuns;2dly, the simple
and compound numerals (see de Sacy's grammar, second erlition, tome 1. p. 4 1 7 ) ; 3dl1, the simple and com-
pound proper names.
(3) Some copies of this work are in tllc Ulbliothkpue impdriule. It is a large collection of anecdotes, classed
according to their subjects.
(4) Perhaps historical facts and anecdotes which leave a lasting impression on the m u d .
(5) 1 discovered two copies of this excellent grammatical treatise in the Biblrothique impi?rialc. The
Arabic text has sincc been printed at Ctiristiana, in 1859, by Mr. Broch.
(6) Or perhaps: With a wooden leg. The word d34has been already rendered by wutch, in the first
volume of this work, page 547, but it does not occur in our dictionaries.
(7) Ahh Jaafar hIuhammad Ibn .41i Ibn Muhammad ad-DamaghPni, ajurisconsult of the Hanifite Sect, acted
for some time as kddi of al-Karakh (the s u b ~ of~ bBaghdad). Having resigned his office, he Cast aside the
lailwdrl, (doctor's hood or scarf), and entered into the service of the khalif as chamberlain (hdjib). He was
0:' a noble and generous character, and an able statesman. He died A. H. 518 (A. D. 1124-5).-(Nujr)m.)
1, the superlative of
(8) The word h>
.. . is frequently employed with
U, the sense of accursed wretch.
(9) According to the orthodox Moslirn doctrine, the KorAn is the uncreated, or eternal, word of God. The
M0tazelit.e~taught the contrary.
(20) Literally: And to him (to in return for that (may there be) an ample recompense.
(1%)To understand this, it must be recollected that certain official papers must receive the sultan's aMma
beforethey can be considered as valid. The aldma consists in a short phrase or motto written in iarge characters
the document. As each prince has a particular aldrna which he never changes, every person knows it
and can read it at first sight, even though the diacritical points, so essential in Arabic \vriting, be omitted,
 is ,,sunll!. case. .\z-%;lm:i;bsllari hew means t,o say Ih;tl alldma ( t h e r~cl?t ~eur.ner()js as vain a l l .
;IdditilJntc a I,lnn*s nnnie points al*ct nri aldmn; if the rnnn really Icarnetl, every one knows it,

Il,e is ocftllpss.-.is-Sil;~fi hid cvitlel~tlys1.ylet1 hi111 t l tlic atltlrct~s(.,f'the jctler, and

uel?/ l e ~ ~ n cirl

this title nz-Zalrla~llshari,with nKectut1 modesty, clisclaims.

(15-1 Literally: ~t is reccllt ia origin and iilfi:rior in aulhority.
(1 3) AibilIjakrTsatlllrcis to bloslims is give11 it1 I<osegartt?n's 'Ihbari, part 1. p. 21 .
( 2 4 ) Literally: (/'my seed ( t ? ~ l l of'my tree.
(1 5 ) M, IInlllal~erIlas given the, text of Ihn Khallilih's notice (Jn az-Zarnakl~sl~n~~i,
with a Latin translation
; ~ n d[parued ~lotes,in his >~,ecirnezCutu!oyi M S S . Lugd. In SOIne CclS~sh0 appears to have adoptetl false
readinps, and the manlier in which he has rendered this letter is by no means sntisTaclnry.
(16) Iljn IChallikjn should have inrormcd us what iln]lre~SiOnthis siIIgulilr k!ttcr left on as-Silafi's mind,
Az-Zamakhshari, in n. tone of the deqcst modesty, affects to disclaiai ovcry titlo to karni.ng and renown, \yhilsl
he very adroitly enumt~rateshis own rrlcrits and cites all the pOCms composed i n his honour. I suspect that
iniposed equaily upon the simplicity of as-Silafi ant1 of'c1r.w nuttlor.
this ironical ~,roductiol~
(17) This perhalls means: oue who (;loses her cycs as if to slccp.
(18) I-Icre all the pronouns and adjectives which refer t o the belnvctl arc in Ihc rnascllline gender. Ttlrou,oh-
llut Islamism, from India to Spain, an extreme corruption of morals previ~jlcrlanlong the higher classes, t h ~
cloctors of the la\v and the poets. hz-Znmnkhshari hirnsclf apl)cars 1.0 huvc fi~llowed~ I I Ccurrent.
(19)A cornpletc and elegant edition of az-Zamakhshari's K ( t ~ l t . ~ l t R nccompanictl
f, with thc lcoranic text, has
been printrd at Calcutta, i n 1856, by Mr. Nassau Lees. It forms two large vol~ill~cs
in-lio.

A B U T'ALIB AL-EADI 'L-ISPAI3[ANI.

.\ha TIlib Mahmihl ihn Ali ibn Abi Tilib Ibn Abd Allall Ibn Abi 'r-Raji at-Ta-
mimi al-lspahlni (a member of the tribe of Tamtm and a native o r ispahdn), generally
known by the appellation of al-K&di and the author of a Tari/ca, or system of con-
t r u ~ r r i y ,studied jurisprudence under Muhammad Ibn Yallya the nrartyr (vol. 11.
p. 628). He excelled in con(roversy and composed on illat art a taaltka (VOL. 11.
p. 28) \rhicll attested his eminent talent, his skill in the investigation of truth, and
his superiority over nearly all his rivals. This work, in which he combined (h?
principles o f ) jurisprudence wit11 (thezr) demonstration, became the text book 01
professors in their lessons on controversy, and those who did not refer to it were
only pevented from cluing SO by {he inability of their mind to seize on its
Great numbers studied a i i h profit under his tuition, and obtained lligh
reputation as men of learning. He possessed the highest abilities as a preacher and
was versed in many sciences. He taught for some time at Ispahin, and died in tllr
month of ShawwB1, A . 11. 585 (Nov.-Dec. A. D. 11891.

MAHMUD IBN SUBUKTIKIN.

Abii 'l-Kisim Mahrniid, the son of Nisir ad-Dawlat Abh Manshr Subuktikin, bore,
at first, the surname of Saif ad-Dawlat (sword of the empire),but, on being nomi-
nated to the sultanate, after the death of his father, by the imdm (khalif) al-Ktdir
billah, he received from him the titles of Yami'n ad-Dawlat (the right hand of the
empire) and Arnin al-klilla (the syndic of the common~fiealth). It was by these appel-
lations that he continued to be known. His father Subuktikin arrived at Bukhira in
the reign of NOh lbn Mansfir, one of those Samanide kings of whom we have spoken
in the life of AbQ Bakr Muhammad ar-Hizi the physician (p. 311 of this vol.), to
which city he liad accompanied Abh Ishak Alptikin (l), as grand chamberlain. He
was the main director of all Alptikin's affairs, and his intelligence and decision
of character led the great officers of the empire to prognosticate his future eleva-
tion. When Alptikin went to replace his father as governor of Ghazna, the emir
Subuktikin accompanied him as chief of his staff and grand chamberlain. Alptikin
died soon after his arrival, and, as none of his relations were capable of replacing
him, the people felt the necessity of chosing a ruler. After some debates, they
ageed to confer the command on the emir Subuktikin, and, having engaged
their fealty towards him, they acknowledged his authority. When his power was
solidly established, he began to make hostile inroads across the frontiers of India,
and he took a great number of fortresses in that country. Numerous combats, too
long to relate, were fought between him and the Hindoos, and a short period sufficed
to inerease the extent of his empire, form a mighty army, replenish his coffers, and
VOL. 111. 42
 ;j;i 1 I B N ILHALLIKAN'S

fill evely soul tile icrror of his name. One of his C O ~ ( ~ L ~ Cwas
S ~ Sllie ierritory
of Bust, and amongst the prisoners who lhen fell in10 llis power was Abil 'I-Fath ~ l i
]hn )lullammad al-Busii, llle poet of ~ v h o owe~ liave already spoke11 (t7ol. 11. p , 3141
and w]lo was tllen secretary 10 Bdi I'ez (2), tllc king of Lllat country. Al-Busti en.
tered into the service of Subuktikin and hecame his prime minister and confident;
but [he history of il~eseevents would lead U S too far. Tllc crnir SubuLlikin at
length fell sick at Balkll, to which city hc had proccedcd h o n ~TOs, orid, feeling a
longing desire of again seeing Ghazna, he set out fur tlinl place, ill as he was, and
died on the way, in ihe monfh of Sllsabin, A . 11. 387 (Aug.-Sept. A . D. 997). His
body was placed in a coffin ant1 corricd to Gliazno. A number of contemporary
poets corn~~oscd elegies on liis dealll, and the following lines were pronounced 0"
ihe same suhjcet by liis secretary Abii 'l-Fatll al-Busti:

0 0 111c death of Nrisir ad-Din wa 'd-Dawlat (tlzc cl~umpionof' rcliyion uttd of' the state),
I said: May the Lord receive him with honour I The empire which he iouncled totters to
'I its fall! it is thus, thus, that the day of judgmetil will arrive (unfij~*esecn)
!"

Some time after his death, a man of talent passed by the palace and, perceiving it
much dilapidated, pronounced these lines :

011thee, solitary dwelliog ! Inay God bestow his bcnecliclion ! thou hast u~icoosciously
awakeaed in oly bosorli kelings of affcctioo loug ilol~alant, A rrlotilll ago, I saw ~lieequite
new ; alas! I tliil not think that the vicissi~utlcsof timc could roitt tllese abodes witl~in a
n ~ o n t h!

The emir Subuktikin nominated for successor his son lsmoil a n d recommended
to his protection his other sons and the rest of his family. The grand cliamberlains
and the principal generals of the army having embraced the cause of the new $0-
vereign and acknowledged his authority, he took his seat on the tllronc of the sulta-
nate, issued his mandates and examined the stale of the public treasury. Whilst
Ismail was thus exercising his pomcr at Ghazna, his brotber, the sultan Mahmfid,
wrote to him from Balkh in Khorisln, on receiving intelligence of his faher's
death. In this document, which was drawn up in a very conciliatory style, he said:
" My father appointed you as his successor and preferred you to myself, because you
" were with him a ~ l d1 did not happen to be near him when he died ; had I been
" there, he would not have done so. h is therefore our interest to share his
 wealtlr helwecn us as an inllcritance and that you remain at Gl~azna,allcre you
6 d are, whilst I govern Rllorisin. I n this agreement we shall find our rnulual ad-
.( vantage and frustrate the llopes of our cnemies. On tire contrary, if the people
discover that dissensions have arisen between us, heir respect for us will be dimi-
nished." Ismail refused acceding to lhis proposal, and, being of a weak and easy
temper, ire yielded to the turbulence of the soldiery and cnlptied Iris treasuries 10 sa-
tisfy their exorbitant demands. Mallmad t l ~ e nset out for llerit and wrote again to
his brother, but his efforts only served to augment Ismail's false security. Having
succeeded in obtaining the support of bis uncle Beghri3juk ancl of his Ijrother Abi3
'I-Muzaffar Nasr Ibn Subuktikin, who was then governing the province of Bust and
who hastened to obey his orders and follow him, he felt that with these allies he could
boldly undertake to attack his brother Ismail in Ghazna. Having laid siege to the city
at the head of an immense army, he carried it after a severe conflict. Ismail, being
forced to take refuge in the ciiadel, appealed to the clemency of his brother Mahmdd
and, having obtained his pardon, be surrendered to the conqueror and delivered up
the keys of his treasures. The sultan Malimfd then proceedecl to Balkh, after lea-
ving some experienced officers as his lieutenants at Gl~azna. Subsequently to his
conquest, 11e had a friendly interview with his brother Ismail, and said to h i m :
' I What would you have done to me, had I fallen into your power?" The captive
prince being then excited by wine, replied with his usual sincerity: " 1 should have
" sent you to a castle and provided you abundantly with whatever you required; with

" a dwelling, pages, female slaves, and sufficient means for your support." Rlah-
mdd immediately resolved on treating him i n the same manner; and, having sen t him
off to a fortress, he ordered the governer to furnish the prisoner with whatever he de-
sired. When the sultan Mahrnfd had fully established his authority, he encountered
in battle and defeated some of the lieutenants whom the Sarnanide sultan of Trans-
oxiana had established in different parts of IIhor$siin. The province of Khowsrezm
was thus detached from the Samanide empire i n the year 389 (A. D. 999), and
passed under tlie domination of Mahmfid. His power being now consolidated, the
imdm (khalif) al-Kddir billall sent him the imperial robe and conferred on him the
titles mentioned towards the beginning of this article. Seated on the throne of the
empire, with the emirs of KhorPshn drawn up i n a double line before him to do
homage and testify their respect, Mahmfid authorised them to sit down, after having
given public audience. He then engaged with them i n friendly conversation and
-
bestowed on a]] of tIlem and on his pages, tile officers of court, his J'avoriles
and his servants, a n incredible quantity of p(.lisses and valuable presents ~h~
autllorily being now in his iiands, and lhe provinces of the empire being corn-
plelely united under his sway, tie in~posed011 llimself illc duly of making every year
an into India. I n the year 393 ( A . D. 1002-3). h e obtained 1)ossession
ofSijis!Pn, witllout striking a blow; Ihc generals and governors who commanded
there llaving consented to acknowledge his authority. He still continued to pursue
his conquests in India, and he carried his arms into regions wfiicli the banner
lslamism had never yet reached, and where no siirat nor verse of the Korin had ever
been before. Having purified t l n l counlry from the fill11 of polytheisn~,he
built in it numerous mosques and places of prayer; but the lristory of these procee-
dings ~ - ~ uleadl d us too far. On achieving the conquest of India, he wrote to the
court of Baghdad (ad-Diwdn al-Aztz) a letter in vvllicll he enumerated the cities of
that country which God had subdued by nieans of his arms, and mentioned \hat he
had broken the idol called Shmenit : " According to the I ~ i ~ ~ d o o said s , " he, this
c c idol giveth life, inflicteth death, workell1 what i t M-illctl~, and decidetll what it
pleasetll : if it feel inclined, it curctll every malady, and it son~etimeshappened,
to their eternal misery, that sick pilgrims, on visiting it, were cured by the good-
ness o!' the air and by exercise ; tllis increaseth their delusion, and crowds come
d 6 to it on foot and on horseback frorn distant countries: if they obtain not the hea-
c c ling of their maladies, they attribute i t to their sins, and say : lie that does not
c c serve him faithfully, nieriteth not from him an answe~..' They believe in tnns-
$ 'migration, and pretend that the souls, on quitting the bodies, assemble near this
'' idol, and are born again in whatever bodies it plcaselh. They believe also that
" the ebb and flow of the sea are the signs by which (hat element adores it. In
" consequence of these opinions, they go in pilgrimage to it from distant countries
" and from every deep valley (3); they offer it presenis of tlle highest value, and

" there is not in the countries of India and Sind, though widely separated by dis-

" tance and by religion, a king or a sul~jectwho hath not given to this idol the most
" precious portion of his wealth: hence, the wokfs (4.) settled on it consisted in ten
" thousand considerable villages of those countries, and its treasury was filled with
" all kinds of riches. It was served by one thousand brarnins; three hundred youths
" and five hundred females sang and danced at its gate, and each individual of these
" classes wceived a fixed sun) out of the cuakfs sellled on the idol." The Yoslim
army was separated from the fortress containing this false d i v i n i ~by~ a descrl of
tllirty days' journey, notorious for want of water and the difficulty of its roads, wl1iell
m r e frequently covered tile sands. The sultan lllalimhd having selected lllirty
tllousand llorsenlen out of his numerous army and spent an immense sum on tlleir
equipment, n ~ a r c h e dwith then1 againsl the fortress, wli~cllthey found to be strongly
fortified. After a siege of lhree days, they carried it and entered into tlle 21ouse of
the idol. Around its throne, they remarked a great n u n ~ b e rof idols, made of gold
and ornarnented with every variety of precious stones. According to tile Hindoos,
tllese were angels. The Moslims burned the idol, and found in its ears upwards of
tIlirty rings. Mallrniid asked the people the meaning of tllose rings, and was informet]
t$at each of them represented one lllousand years of adoration ; believing, as tlley did,
in the eternity of the world, tlley pretended tllnt iheir idol had been worsl~ipped
during more than thirty tllorisarld years, and lllat a ring was placed in its ear at
the expiration of each tl~ousandyears' worship. The details on this subject would
lead us however too far. Our shaikh lbn al-Atllil. (col. 11. p. 288) states in his Bis-
tory, under the year 414, that a Icing of one of the fortresses in India made him
(,!Jahrnild) a great nunlbcr o l ijresents, one of ~vliichwas a bird in the form of a
dove, the eyes of wllicll watered when poisoned food was served at table. This
water, on flowing out, changed into stone, which, when rubbed and applied to the
widestwounds, healed then1 up.-The learned Abd Nasr Muhammad Ibn Abd al-
Jabblr al-0tbi composed on the life of MahmQd a celebrated work, called al-Yam/2?$i(5).
Towards the comniencelilent of this history he says: He reigned over the East
" and its two exirenlities ; over the bosom of the universe and its two arms ; and that

" for the purpose of ranging the fourth climaie, with the contiguous portions of the
third and the fifth, under the rule of his empire;-of getting its ample kingdoms
" and extended states into the grasp of his possession ;-of reducing its emirs and
" grandees with royal titles under his sway as tributaries;-of making them take
" refuge from the strokes of fortune under the shade of his empire and his govern-
" ment;-of humbling the monarchs of the earth before his might;-of filling
" them will1 the dread of his majesty;-of making them apprehend the suddenness
" of his attacks, illo~~glldistant their abodes, and despite the inlervention of moun-
" lain, and valleys ;-of forcing the Hindoos to hide i n the bosom of the earth at
" the nlentiorl of his name, and of making them shudder before the blasts coming
" from his country ;-for, from the time of his quitting the cradle and leaving the
L. hrcasi,-from tile moment illat specc!~unilid llle knot of his longllc and illat
could express llis tIlougIlts witllout ille aid of signs, occupied his iongue
i t I1rver and dvilll tlle go;.jn, enflamed llis Soul wit11 tile love of the sword and
[lle spear, llis nerbition to~uarrls1 1 1 ~lligllest ajnls, and fixed his fvislles
' on tile governing of tlie universe. Will] llis colnpanions, his sports were serious,
ills toils incessant; grieving over that of ~ ~ l l i cheh hacl no knowledge (ill he knew
it before difficulties till Ile smootllcd lllenl by main force (G)."--The
lmalll &Raramain (vol. 11. p. 120) men lions, in his work entitled ~V~~ghCili al.Khalk
p ikltlidr iCAhnkk (assislcr of Cod's ereolures in iks selection o/ what ir finest,, tjlat
tI,e sultan blabn~ildfollowcd the rile of tlic irrldm AbO IIanifa, a n d , being zealously
devoted to the sludy of the Traditions, the shaikhs used to tencl1 illern in his pre-
sence and erpound to him their meaning wlien required. Perceivingtha~the greater
part of tllose sayings agreed (in their prescriptions) will) tlle doctrines of the imdm
.~s-Slt.ifi(vol. 11. p. 5691, he conceived doubts (respecling [he c~cellenccof the rite
which he professed) and convoked in Marw a meeting of Sllafilc and 13nnifitc juris-
consults for the pnrpose of obtaining their opinion on tllc rclalive merits of the two
systems. These doctors agreed that a prayer of two rakas should be said in the
presence of the sultan, first according lo thc rilc of as-Slilifi ancl lllen according to
the rite of Abii IIanifa, so that hc n ~ i g h exanline
t and reflect, a n d clroose that which
was [he better. These prayers nere said by al-Kaffiil al-Illarwazi (ool. II. p. 26), who
commenced by a compleie purification and llle fulfilment of all t l ~ econdilions re-
quisite (Pr Ihc validity of lhe pr(ryc!r),such as tllc purification, the sulra (7j, and the
turning towards tlie kibla: he then proceeded wit11 the rnaln points (arledn), the pos-
turcs (hiydt], the consecrated usages (sunan), the acts prcscrit~edby decorum (dddb),
and those iriiposed as obligations (fardid), sccomplishing then) all fully and per-
fectly; this being the only manner of prayer autliorised by as-Shifi. Ile then rom-
menced a prayer of two rakas such as was allowed by ALii Iianifa, and, liaving clothed
llimself in the curried skin of a dog [8), and daubccl one fourth of his body with
an impure matter (91, he made an ablution wit11 dale wine ilO); (being in [he heart
of summer and in the country, he was soon surrounded by flies and gnats;) after
performing the ablution in the contrary way (111, he turned towards the kibla and
began the prayer silhout having manifested the inlention of doing so whilst making
the purification (IS); he then pronounced the lakMr in Persian, after which he read
this verse of the Korln in Persian : Du bergek scbz (13) and stooped his head to the
 twice, like a cock picking up corn ( I h ) ,willlout leaving any interval bctwcen
tjiese motions and tvitllout making the prostration; 1le next pronounced the proles-
sion of faith (lashakkud) and finislred by breaking wincl backwards ( I 51, ivi tllout even
the intention of 1)ronouncing llre salutation. '' Such," said lte, 0 sul-
tan I is AbZl llanifa's mode of prayer." Tlie prince replied : If i t Le not so, 1
shall put you to deatll, for no religious man would aulllorise such a prayer."
Tile Hanifite doctors dctiicd i t 10 be their n~astcr's, on wllicli al-ICaffil olclered hbh
Hanifals books to be brougllt in, and the sultan clireclcd a Christian scribe to read
aloud the system of each inzdm. I t was tllen found h a t the mode of prayer as re-
presented by al-Kaflil was really autllorised by ALB Hanifa ; and t l ~ esultan aban-
doned the Haniille riic for ilia1 of as-Shhfi. So far the Imhm al-EIararuain.-The
sultan Mahrn-itd was dislinguislled for his meritorious acts and the virtue of his con-
duct. Jlis birth look place on the 9 t h of Muliarram, A. H. 361 (Yov. A . D. 971),
and he died in tlie rnonll~of the second Kabi, or on thc 11th of Salar, A . H. 4.21
(April, A. D. 1030), at Ghazna. Some place his deotli in tlie year 4-22, His son
lluharnrnad, whom he had designated as hissuccessor, then mounted tile throne, and
united in Iiis favour the vows of all classcs 11y n prodigal distribuiion of clonalions.
\\.'hen lie had established llis power, he received an erubassy from his brother Abti
Said. Rlasi~d,who l~appcncdto be absent when their father died and had then set out
from Naisiipdr. The courage of blnsfid and his highly dignified bearing gained him
he hear-ts of the people, a n d , as he pretended that the imdm al-Khdir billah had
invested Iiinl with the g o v c r n ~ l ~ e noft Khorkskn and conferred on him the title of
an-Nisir li -Din illall (the champion of God's religion) with the pelisse, the coIlar, and
the bracelets, h e succeeded i n forming a strong party, whilst his brother Muhammad
neglected the adniinislration of the state and l~lilngedinto a life of pleasure. The
troops, having a t length resolved on detllroning him and transferring the supreme
authority to Masiid, arrested Muhammad and imprisoned him in a fortress.
The emir Mashd tben obtained possession of the kingdom, and had numerous
encounters, too long to relate, with [he Seljhkides. I n the life of al-lotamid l b n
Abbdd me have related the dream concerning Masdd (16), and to that article we re-
fer the reader. He was slain in the year 430 (A. D. 1038-9)(171, and his enlpire
$11 in10 the possession of the SeljBkides. Of these events we have already given a
sketch in the life of Toglrrul Bek, the Scljiikide (p. 234 of lhis vol.), and related
Basild's conduct towards tllefn, wilh ihc manner in which they conquered the em-
 1 1~ !c ? ' D scbz
. - ~ r Irlfr
pire, -pronounce ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l i / ~ ~ n ~vords E ~ signify (small) green
~UJO

/aovas, anll lllis is tile rncaning of the word rnt~dhdjnmatdniwhicll occeurs in the
Korln (18).

( 1 ) \';llo n.as pencrnl of tllr nrlrlics of Kl~orAsiln,accord in^: to t,hc? historinn nl-Otlli, in his F(,mini.
(3) o r pd; T(;;: nccorrling to the M S. 0fa.L-0tllj.
(3) f;nr&n,d r a t 99, vcrsr 28.
(hj See vol. I. p. 49.
(5) See p. n,i;c; of this volomc, note (17), kvtlere the title of al-Otbi's work is irlcorrcctly transcribed
\imani. The Bib/iot/ltyue impkr*iole I)osSCsSeS tW0 nncicllt ;lnd cxc~llenthlSS. of the Ynmini. It is with
shreds and scraps of this work that J l ~ nKllallik~nhas ~0mposetlbhc grrntcr jlart of the present article.
( 6 ) This is not an specimen of al-Otlri's inflated style. The \h.l.lole hook is written in the same strain,
(7) The sutra means any oi~jectput up before a person engaged in Ilraycr, so as to prcverlt othcr~from
intruding ou his devotions; it Inay be a stone, a pillow, a spear, s sabre, a lamp, ctc.
(S) ,4ccording to the Hanifite doctrine, the tanned skin of evcry animal, cxccllt the hog, is pure.-(See
d.0lrssnn's Tab. gdn. de 1'Emp. O t h . tome 11. p. 32.)
(g) T ~ cxcrcments
P of every animal not fit for food invalidate t,hn prayer, if they cover more than one fourth
of the Lolly, or of the dress, or of the oratory.-(Hanilite doctrine, in tl'Olrsson, t o n ~ c11. p. 9.)
(10) Tlrc expressed juice of cvery plant and fruit is impurc, except thc j~licc01' the tltltc (nccbid), says A11b
Nanifn, Tlris decision is fuunded on n tradition set forth in the Mishkdl (11-Ainsdbih,trnr~slntionof Matthem,
vol. I. 1). 10s.
(11) The rrgl~lnrmorlc of making tho nb111tion will be found in cl'Ohsson, t o m 11. p. 14.
!e)Sec 011 the uiyn or intention, what rllOhsson says in his Tnh. gen. tome 11. p. 7 5.
Tlrne vurlls nrcan two green leave$.
[I]) Tllcy arc a very inadcqsiitc trmsiatio~loftlic word d b h ~ 4
which nlot~cfurnts the 64th verse of the 55th sfirnt of the Korhn. Ttrc finill k nf bcryek I srlppnsc to bc the
sign o l the tlirninutivc. In the Hanifitc Iaw-honks, it is hit1 clown that at lcnst tl~rceverses or the Korhn should
hr: recited {luring the prayer. Perhaps Abh Hanlfa may have said that thrce wortls of it sufficed. The Sha-
tites do not admit the validity of the prayer in which the passages of the KorAn a r e pronounced in any other
language than Arabic.
(,14) This is however condemned by Muhammad (see Matthew's Mishkdt, vol. 1, p. I S G ) and by the Hani-
fites themselves (see d'Ohssan, tome 11. p. 89).
(15) Had the prayer not been already finished, this alone would havc rendered i t invalid.-In the Nazm
01-.Juvzhfi, a treatise on the Hanifite sect by Ibn Dakrnak, MS. of the Blbliotltique impdriule, No. 744, fol. 136,
will Le found a refutation of this anecdote. The author attributes to the Shafites the ridiculous form of prayer
.rvllicl~Save such scandal to the sultan, who, says he, was induced by thcir unfair conduct to become a Hani-
tit^. NC nieutions there that Yanin ad-Dawlat composed a treatise on I1anifit.e jurisprudence, entitled Kifdb
flt-Tofrirf, a work which bears a high reputation in Ghazna, India, and Sind. Ibn Dakrnttk's refutation d~es
not appear to Ine conclusive. The MS. in question is in the handwriting of the author.
(14;) This anecdole is not to he found in any of our MSS.
(l7) In 4 3 2 , according to Abil 'l-FedA and Ibn al-Athir.
('1 6) ~+Judlldmrnaldnisignifies two gardens of n dark green colour.
 hIAIIMUI) TIiE SELJUKIDB.

Ahii 'I-Klsim l a h r n k l Ibn Mullammad Ibn Malali ShSh Ibn l p hrslin as-
Seljdki, surnamed Mughit11 ad-Din (assider of religion), was one of the most illus-
trious monarchs of the Seljfik dynasty- We ilaw already spoken of his father
/p232 of this vol.) and some of his relatives, and, in the sequel, we shall notice
his grandfather and other members of the same family, I n the life of al-Aziz (Ad-.
ad-DBn) AbO Rasr Allmad Ibn HBrnid al-Ispahini (vol. I. p. 170), tlle uncle of the
kdtib Irndd ad-Din (p. 300 of this vol.), we have mentioned some facts concerning
him. Abii 'l-Iibsiai Rlahmhd obtained the sultanate on the death of his father, and,
on Friday, the 23rd of kIuharram, A. H. 512 (May, A , D. 1118), in the khalifate
of al-Mustazhir billall, prayers were offered u p for liim in tile city of Baghdad, ac-
cording to the custom (of that court) with regard to the ScljDk monarchs. He had
then attained the age of puberty, was full of liveliness ancl intelligence, and well
versed in Arabic; he knew bg heart a great quanlily of poetry and proverbs; in
history and biography he displayed considerat~leacquirements and he manifested a
strong predilection for men of learning and virtue. The poet Hais-Bais (vol. I.
p. 559) went from Irjlr for the purpose of seeing him, and celebrated his praises in
the well-know kasltda rhyming i n d, which hegins thus.

Unsaddle the camels, 11ow emaciated and submissive to the rein, and let them feed; long has
been thy uocturnal inarch, and the deserts complain under the heavy tread of thy caravan.
0 you who travel by night ! fear no longer sterility or danger; (here) the shrubs are tender
and the sultan is MahmQd. By the awe which he inspires, extremes, as I am told, are united;
and, in the narrow path leading to the fountain, the sheep and the woll walk together.

For this long and brilliant poem he received from the sultan an ample recom-
pense. Mahmiid married successively the two daughters of his uncle, the sultan
Sinjar (vol. 1. p. 6001, as have already mentioned in the life of al-Aziz a]-Ispa-
h h i . Towards the end of his reign, the empire was much enfeebled and its reve-
nues were so greatly reduced that, one day, being unable to furnish the necessary
funds to the brewer ( ~ the f palace), he ordered some of the (empty) treasure-
chests to be given him, t],at h e might ,sell them and purchase what he rsquired. A
VOL. 111. 43
 sllort time before death, Mabnlild wen1 to Raglld;hfl, on his return, lie fell
on tile way. HiJ malarlg l ~ a r i n gincreased in violenccl, 1 1 died ~ on TIlursdav,
the 15!h ,,f S]io\~w$l,A. H. 525 (l 0th September, A . D. 14 31). Ibn al-Azr&
Firiki (l) slales, in llis ilistury, that itc died on the 15th of S l ~ a w w j l ,A . H. 524,
the very gale of ispallln. UP vias buried in h a t city and had for successor llis bra-
tller Togllrul Bek. This prince died A. n.
527, and his b r o t h ~ rMasljd succeeded
to tile throne. We shall give his life. Dluhamrnad S h i l ~ ,the son of Mal~rnhd]hn
IlullamnrarI, was the same who hesicged Ragl~dadwit11 Zoin ad-Din Abb 'I-liasan Ali
Ibn Daktikin, the prince of Arhela, in the ycar 552 ( A . D. i 1571, or 553, according
to tile statenlent made by our shnikh Ibn al-Athir (vol. 11. p. % S ) , in llis lesser
his~oricalwork, entitled a,l-.4t&be/ci (2). Rltlllammad S l ~ i hdied in the month of 2~
'I-Hijja, A . H. 554 (Dec.-Jan. A . D. 1159-60). We have marked the date of Zain
ad-Din's death in our article on his son Muzaflar ad-Din, prince of Arbela (vol. 11.
p. -535). luhamtnad Shall died outside the walls of H a n ~ a d i n ;Ile was born in the
manill of the l a t h Kabi, A. fl. 523 (April-May, A . 1). 1128).

[L)Set: farther on, ill the life I I ~ ' hl;isAd its-Si~ljilii.

i s~ I C J S U ~ .
(9) This is a liistory of t t ~ c~ t i l ~ c lot'

AL-3lALIIC AL-AA1)IL N U H A l ) - D l N .

A bfi 'I-Kiam MahnlPd, surnamed al-Malik al-AQdil (the j q j s t prirlce) NOI*ail-Din

(light of religion), was the son of I m i d ad-Din Zinki (vol. l. p. 539), the son of Ak-
Sunkur (vol. I. p. 825). On the death of his father at the siege of Kalat Jaabar,
he was serving under his orders, and Saliih ad-Din Muhanlnlad Ibn Aiyiib al-yaghi-
sini (vol. 1. p. 5.1).0),having then passed into his service, he fnarched wit11 the Syrian
arnly to Aleppo and occupied that city the same year, whilst his brother Saif ad-Din
G h h i (vol. II. p. 440) took possession of the city and province of Mosul. On the
 ~ ~ I ( b G l ~ A l ' I 1 l C AUlIJ( ; T I O N A R Y . :l:I9

tllird of S a f ~ A, . 11. 549 (dpril, A . D. 1 l%),NQr ad-l)in laid siege to namasCos,

wllicll was then under tile rule of njujir ad-Din Abii Said Abek, the son of JalnAI ad-
Din oha am mad, son of TGj al-hlolirli Birri, lllc son of Zallir ad-Din TDghiiLin,
tile arlbek of the prince l ) u k i k (I), the son of Tutusll, and, on Sunday, the !~thof
tile same month, he occupied city and gave Emessa to Mujir ad-Din Abek in rx-
~ l ~ a n g e .Ile subsequelltly deprived Abek of Enlessa and 1)estotved on him the town of
JjP]is. Abek removed thither, and after residing there for some time, he proceeded
to Baghdad, i n the reign of the imdm a]-Muktafi (li amr illah), and obtained from
that khalif a pension for his support. Tlre atdbek Muin ad-Din (Atter)Ibn ALd Bilah
was an enfranchised slave of ToghtikEn (vol. 1. p. 274), Abek's great-grandfather.
Nhr ad-Din then subdued the other cities of Syria, such as IJamtt and BaalLek, of
which he rebuilt the walls, and he occupied tile places intervening between tllose
two capitals and klanbej, of which he ;ilso obtained possession. HP took besides a
number of fortresses on the frontiers of Asia Minor, such as 9larasli and Bahasna,
the former in the month of ZO '1-Kaada, A . H. 568 (June-July, h. D. 1173), and
the latter in ZG 'I-Bijja of the same year (July-hug.). Towards the end of the
month of Ramadin, A . B. 559 (August, A. 1). 1I G&), he ]lad reduced Hlrim, in the
country (wider the dolrzinatior~)of the Pranks and taken besides upwards of fifty for-
tresses, amongst which were Aziz ancl Biniris. He tlieil sent the ernir Asad ad-Din
Shirkiih (vol. 1. p. 626) three times into Egypt, and in the third, the sultan Saldh
ad-Din, whom lle established as lieutenant in that country, hat1 Nlir ad-Din's name
struck on the coinage and pronounced i n the public prayer (kholba). Of this event
we need not enler into furtller particulars, as we give a fuller account of it in our
notice on the s ~ l l t a nSaldh ad-Din. Nilr ad-Din was a just monarch, pious and de-
vout, a strict observer of the law, partial to virtuous men, a firm champion in the
cause oE God, and indefatigable in works of charity. He built colleges in all the
great cities of Syria, such as Damascus, Aleppo, Hamit, Eli~essa,Baalbek, Manbej.
and ar-Rahaba, as we have already stated i n the life of Sharaf ad-Din 1bn Abi Usrbn
(vol. 11. p. 33) : in Mosul h e erected ihe mosque (called, after him) aldJ8rni an-Nhri;
in H a n d , another, the sarlle w h i c l ~stands on the bank of the Orontes; in Edessa,
analher; in Manbej, another; and i n Damascus, an hospital and a Tradition sehool
al-Madih). His merits, monuments, and glorious deeds surpass description.
On account of the prorinlity of their respective states, a number of letters and con-
ferences passed between him and AbC 'l-Hasan Sinln Ibn SulaimPn Ibn Muham-
mad, surnanredRashid ad-l)in, lord of tile lsmailian fortrcsses, chief of \Ire Hijlinitps
of Syria, and tile person from allot11 llle Sinaninn sect took its name. A t one
sjjrad-l)in was under llle necessily of writing llilll B illrealcning letter, to wllicll he
received from Sinln the following answer, in verse and prose :

0 you who ~hrealenus with ~ h stroke

c of the sword! may my power never rise again if
once oyertllrown by you! A pigeon dares to threaten tlie hawk! the hyenas of the desert
are roused against the liolls ! You stop t l ~ emoulll of the serperil with your finger; let the
': pain which has befallen Tour finger suffice you.

We have examined your letter in sum and in detail, and liave well appreciated
the words and deeds wilh which it threatens us. Adn~ircthe fly buzzing at the
ear of the elephant! and the gnat which is counted as an emblem (of litlleness) (2)!
- L Already, before you, other people have held a similar discourse, but we hurled
destruction upon them, and they had none to assist tllem f Do you mean to op-
+ ' pose tlie truth and uphold falsehood? They who act pcruersely shall know the
l' fale which awaits them1 As for your words, that you will cut off my head and
iear my fortresses from the firm mountains which sustain them, know that these
are delusive thoughts, vain imaginations; for the sr~bstanccis not destroyed by
* c the disparition of its accidents, neither is the soul dissolved by the maladies of the

body. How wide the difference between strong and weak, between noble and
vile! But, to return to tllings external and sensible from tllings internal and
intellectual, (we shall say that) we have an example in the blessed Prophet, by
wIlorn were pronounced these words : Never was a propllel afflicted as I have
been ;' and you well know what befel his race, his family, and followers. Cir-
cumstances have not changed; things are not altered ; and praise be unto God in
' ' the beginning and the end ! inasmuch as we are the oppressed, not the oppressors,
' the offended, not the offenders ; but, when the iruttt corne~h,falsehood disappears,
' ' for falsehood fleeteth away! You well know our external state, the character of
" our men, the sort of food for which they long, and for whicll they offer them-
" selves to the abyss of death. Soy : wish then for death if you speak true. But
" l h q will never wish for it on account of what their hands have already w~ougnl,
" and God well knoweth the perverse (3). In n common and current proverb it is
l'said : 1s a goose l0 be threalened wilh (being cast into) he river ? Prepare
" therefore a tunic against misfortune and a cloak against affliction ;for evils of ).our
 c. o,vn doing shall prevail against you: you shall feel convinced that they proceeded
., from and that you were like the animal which scraped wit11 his lloof
till jt found its death ( h ) , and like him who cut off his nose with liis own llaad.
'6 T,, this will not be difficult for God." I transcribed this epistle from a copy
in the handwriting of al-Kldi 'I-Fidil (vol. 11, p. 11g ) , hut, in another copy of the
same document, I found the following additionnal passage : When you llave
cc

(6 read this our letter, expect to see us and be prepared; read also the commencement
11 of the Bee and the end of Sdd (5)."-The truth is Illat lhis letter was addressed to
tile sultan Salill ad-L)in Ibn Yfisuf lbn Aiyiib.-,In otlier copies, I found the folio-
verse joined to those given above :

Let men beware of an even1 dreadful by its terrors, an event which I never heard that any
dare await.

Another time, when s coldness arose between them, SinLn wrote him the follo-
wing lines:

By our means you obtairled this empire, so that your house was rooted in it, and its columns
were exalted; yet you shoot at us an arrow fashioned by ourselves ; it grew in our own plan-
tations, and with us it received its point.

Of Nhr ad-Din's conduct we shall only say, that it was adorned by many merito-
rious deeds. His birth took place on Sunday, the 17th of Shatvwdl, A. H. 511
( l i t h February, A . D. I l Is), at the hour of sunrise, and he died of a quinsy, on
Wednesday, the 1 1 t h of S h a w d , A. W, 569 (25th May, A. D. 1174), in the cita-
del of Damascus. His physicians advised blood-letting, but he refused, and such
was the awe ~vhicllhe inspired, that none dared to expostulate with him. Be was
buried in tlie apartment of the citadel which served him as a sitting-room and a
bed-chamber. His corpse was subsequently removed to a mausoleum erected in the
college which h e had founded near the entrance of the Shk al-Khawwdsin (the bazar
of the wurkers in palm-leaves). 1 heard a number of the Damascus people say that
prayers offered up at his tomb received their fulfilment, and, having wished to prove
the fact, I found it to be true. Our shaikh Izz ad-Din Abfi 'I-Hasan Ali Ibn al-Athfr
(801. 11. p. 288) says, in his great historical work, the Kdmil, under the year 558,
that NBr ad-Din havillg encamped, that year, in al-Bukaiya (the little plain) at the
foot of Hisn al-Akrsd (G), with the intention of besieging that fortress and then
n,nrel,ino b ag;linst Tripoli, grcnt n u tnbcr of Franks asscm blc(1 and allnckcd llim one
day, ullexpecledly, witllout giving tile Moslirns suffifioient time to prepnrc for tile en-
eounler. His trool,e wcre pot to flight, but tie succeeded in making Ilis escape.
Ttlis is ?enerally designated as the Combat of al-Bukaiya. Having llalted at
the I;lkr of Kadas, near Emessa, at the distance of about four parasangs from (lle
Jj'ran~ii, l ~ sent
c to Alepi10 and other cities for large Sums of money, which enabled
hiln to his army. He then returned against the enerny and fully avenged
llis defeat. One of his companions having, at that time, observed to him illat Ile
might advan!ageously apply to his own use, under the present circumstances, tile
numerous pensions, a l n ~ s ,and gins allorved to Llle jurisconsults, the siifis, and the
kortn-readers, he flew into a violent passion, and said : " By Allall I I expect assis-
t . tance from them and no others I it is through ihe feeble among you that you re-
ctjilic susief2ance nntl aid (7). How cor~lil1 possibly suspend t h e donations given

4 1 to nho combat for rric with arrows which miss not 111c mark, even wltcn 1
* 4 a m slecping in my bed? and that for iIlc purpose of bestowing them on persons
who combat for me with arrows which sometirncs strjlce and somcti~nesmiss1
t 6 Those people have a right to a share out of the public treasury ; how then could

I lep2lly transfer that share to others?" NQr ad-Din was of a tawny complexion,
a lofty stature, and a handsome countenance ; he had no hair on a n y part of his face
except the clkin. He designated as successor his son al-Rlalili as-Silih Imid ad-Din
Ismnil, a boy clcvcn years old, who, i n consequence, succecdcd to [lie sl~premeautho-
c u sAlrppo. 1Ic cntered tlic citadel
rity on liis death, and removed from I ) a ~ ~ ~ a s to
of that place on Friday, the first of Rluliarrah~, 570 (Aug. A . D. 1174,), and the
sultan Salih ad-Din then left Egypt and occupied 1)aniascus and oilier places of Sy-
ria. Al-Malik as-Silih relained Aleppo only, and continued 10 reside there till his
death. This event took place on Friday, the 25th of ille first J u m i d a , A. 14. 577
(6th October, A. D. 1181) I t is said that he had not yet altained his twentietli year.
His illness commenced on the 9th oI Rajab, and, on tlle first day of the Brsi Jun~ida,
he was attacked by an inflamnlation in ilie bowels. IIis death created a profond sen-
sation and general regret, on account of liis beneficence a n d his viriues. He was
interred in the Station (aCNakdm), williin the eiladcl, but his body was afterlvards
removed to the rildt (vol. l . p. 159) bearing his name and situated at the foot of the
citadel. This rib& has a great reputation i n Aleppo.-Pujir ad-Din Abek died,
A - 11 564 {A. D. 1168 g), in Baghdad, and was jnterred in his own house ; so 1
found it written among some rough notes in my own l l a n d w r i t i n g ; but God kno,,s i f
the indication be co~~rect. was born at Uaalbek on Friday, the 8th of Sllaabin,
A, H. 534 (29111 nlarcll, A . D. 1140).

( l ) such is the correct pronunclntlon ol thw name, which has bccri incorrectly transcribed Dukdk i n the 11fc
of ~ ~ t u s h See
. vol. I. pp. 3 7 3 and 2 7 4 .
(2) KorAn, shrat 2, verse 94.
(3) Koran, shrat 2, verses 88 and 89. The other passagcs nl italics arc taken from the same Book, shrat %G,
928, and shrat 17, vcrse SS.
( 4 ) An Arab caught a gazrlle and solight an lnstrumfJntto Itill it. The animal, it1 struggling, scraped u p
the sand with its foot and laid bsre a lknifc; with this the Arab put ~t lo death. See Freytag's ,li,li&lid,,
tome 11. p. 359.
(5) The Bee, tlic 16th shrat of lllc Iioriu, bcgins thus: The sentence of God will surely comc to 1,c exe-
cutell! " and Sdd, the 38th shmt, concludes with these words: " Ant1 ye shall surelv know what is tlelixeretl
therein to be true, after a scasor~."
(6) Hisn al-AhrAd (the Castle of the Kurds) was situated on a pedk of Mount Lebanon, half way between
and Emcssa.
Tr~pol~
!i) Th~sis orle of Muhamrtlad's sayiugs 1) Ollssvt~1 l i 1 yuoLcL1
~ it ill IS T L L geu.
~ ile 1'Emo. 0th , tome 11,
page 942.

M A R W A N IBN AB1 HAFSA.

hbh 'S-Sirnt, or Ahfi 'l-Hindhm, Rlarwiin Ibn Abi Nafsa Sulairndn Ibn Yahya Ibn
Abi Hafsa Yaaid, a c e l e h r a l e d poet, was the grandson of Abb Aafsa, tile wav~laof
3Jarwiin Ibn a l - H a l t a m ]bn Abi 'l-Ahsi the Omaiyide. Abh Hafsa's master g r a l i t e d
him his freedom on tlie Day of the House (l), to recompense him for the courage
which lle displayed on that occasion. It is said thet hbb Hafsa w s a Jewish physi-
cian, and that he made his professjon of Islamism to the khalif Otllmin Ibn A l n ,
or, by another account, to Merw$n Ibn al-Hakam. The people of ledina say, how-
ever, that he was a mawla to as-Sambl Ibn Aidiya, the Jew so famous for his good
faith, and whose conduct wit11 respect to Arnro 'l-Kais Ibn Hujr, the well-known poet,
acquired him such celebrity (B). Theg state also that Ab6 Hafsa was n ~ a d eprisoner,
 aboy, at tile capture of lstakllar, and illat Ulllmdn l b n A f i n , wllo
ilim, gave him as a present to Uarwhl l b n al-Hal~am.--klarw;n lbn ~ b i
Hafsa, poet of w l ~ o mrve now speak, was a native of al-Yambrna (in ~ ~ ~ b i ~
Having proceeded to Uagl~dad, he cclehrated tllc praises of (the khalifs) al-Mahd,
and Haren ar-fiaslliij, and conciliated the favour of the latter hg satirizing llle de-
scendants of Ali. He was a good poet, and ranlied with the first and the
masters in [bat art. AbO '1-hbbls Abd Allah Ibn al-Motazz (vol. !I. p. 41) mentions
llim in llle TabaL&l as-Shuward and says: " The best piece ullered by Marwin is
[he brilliant kastda rllyrni~lgin 1 (a/-Ldmiya),composed by him in l~anourof Maao
Ibn Z&da as-Shaiblni (3); by !Iris production he surpassed all the poets of his
6. time. it is said that he received from Rlaan, in recompense, an incalculable sum
*. of money, and that none o r the former poels ever gained so much by their art as
. c lie. On one occasion, lle was presented, by a certaill kllalif, with three hundred
tllousand pieces of silver for a single verse." llis lcas4da, the Ldmiyu, conlains
of sixty verses, and were it not so long, 1 should insert it llere. 1 cannot,
however, the following extract from the eulogistic portion of the poem :

In the day of battlc, the sons of Matar ( 4 ) are likc lions (protcctiny) their whelps in the
val\cy of Khaffin (5). It is they 1~110defcnd their clients, and their clients (live as sectcre
f,*om danger) as if they were loclged among thc stars. (nfaan) avoids prooouncing the word
no, ' when lie is asked a favour ; ' no' scenls to bc for llirrl a wortl forhidtlen. W e confound
his conduct in the day of battle with his conduct in l l ~ eclay of 1)cnclicencc(6), so that we k~low
liberalily7 is it the day of his prowess?
nor, wlrich is the fairer: is it the day of his ovcrllowi~~g
say, each of ~ l ~ ise ~brilliant
n and glorious I Noble princes they arc in islarnjc times; and their
oldest l~rogenitorshad no rivals in the ancient days of paganism. 'I'llcy arc tllc people who
eveculc when they promise, wlio answer when callecl on, and wlio givc in abuntlance when
they bestow. Tlie bravest warriors cannot achieve suclr dceds as theirs (7), even though they
displayed the greatesl firmness under the vicissitudes of fortunc. '~'hrce (clticf's they clre)
whose foreheads are equal to the mountains (in majest!~),and whose prudence would outweigh
them.

Tlris is certainly lawful magic (S),exquisite both in style and tllought ! the author
really deserves to be ranked not only above the poets his contemporaries, but above
many others besides. His eulogiums on Baan, and the elegies which he composed
on his death, -bound with striking ideas. Of these pieces we shall give specimens
in the life of Maan. Ibn al-Motazz states also that the following anecdote was rela-
ted by Shuriihil, the son of Maan : I met Y a h p Ibn Khalid the Barmekide, on
" the road 10 Mekka. whither he was going to perform the pilgrimage with the kddi
6.~ b f Yfisuf
i al-llanafi (9). He was h o m e in a kubba (to), being seated in one side
l &of it, and AbB Yiisuf in the other. I was riding by the side of the kubba wllen
a well-dressed Arab tile iril)c uf dsad camc forward and recited to Yaliya a
piece of verse. One line of the poem exciled Yahya's aninladversion, and he cr-
41 claimed : ' Did I not forbid thee, man I to employ a verse such as that?' He
then added : ' 0 brother of the sans of Asad I whom thou uttcrest verses, let tlletn
41 be like the verses of him who said : f n /he day of battle, the sons of Matar, etc.,
repeating t h e Ldmzya just menlioned. The kdrli Abii Yiisuf exprcsscd great
4

admiration on hearing the verses, and said to Yahya: ' Tell me, Abil 'I-Fadl,
L

who was the author of that piece.' Yahya replied : ' It was coin posed by hlar-
c win Ibn Abi Hafsa i n praise of the father of the youth now riding by 11le sidc

of our kubba.' I was then mounted on a blood horse which belonged to me,
and Abh Yiisuf gazed at me and said: L Who art thou, young man? May Got1
favour thee and prolong thy life l ' I replied :
( I am Shnrhhil, the son of
6b Ilaan Ibn Zdida as-Sliaibhni.' And I declare, by A l l u h ! that 1 never felt such
pleasure a n d satisfaclion as at that ~noment."-It is related that a son of Marwan
Zbn Abi Hafsa went to see ShurBhil, [he son of Maan, ant1 reciletl to hinl these lines:

Shurihil, son of Maan (4 l ) , son of Zlida ! most generous of men, Arabs or foreigners ! Thy
father gave mine wcaith enough for his subsisteoce; give me as much as thy father gave to
mine. M y lather never stopped in a country where thy father was, hut he received from him
a talent (Lint&) of gold.

Shurlhil immediately bestowed on him a talent of gold.-An anecdote sinlilar

10 the foregoing is related of Abh Mulaika Jarwal Ibn Ahs, generally known by the
appellation of al-Hutaiya (vol. I. p. 209) : this celebrated poet, having been imprisoned
by (the khalif) Omar Ibn al-Khattib for the virulence of his ton y e and his propen-
sity to satire, addressed tlre following lines to Omar from the place of his confine-
ment :

What wilt thou say to the famished nestlings in the parched and barren Zu Marakh (18)?
'~%ouhast cast their purveyor into a dungeon ; have pity ! and the blessing of God be upon
thee, 0 Omar l Thou art the imd~nto whom the people, on the death of ils master, confided
the keys of authority (13). when they raised thee to that post, it was not for thy Own advan-
tage, but for theirs.

Omar then set h i m free, on 111at he would abstain from satire, and al-
VOL. 111. 44
346 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
Hutaiya said to llirn: " Commander of the faithful give me a lettcr for Alkamo lbn
OIBtJla (ih), since thou hast hindered me from gaining a livelihood by my \rersesan
-A]kama, a man celebrated for his beneficence, was then residing in thc province
of HaurBn : Ibn al-Kalbi (15) says, in his Jamhara tan-Nisab: " Alkama was the
son of ()litha lbrl Afif l b n Rabia Ibn Jaafar Ibn Kilib Ibn Rabia Ibn Admir Ibn
SAsAa Ifrn NIoawia Ibn Bakr Ibn Hawizin. His anceslor Rabia Ibn J a a t r Lvas
al-Ahwas (narrow eye) on accourlt of the smallness of his eyes. Alkama
had been appointed governor of Haurin by Omar (161, and h e died there."-
Omar refused to grant al-Hutaiya's request, but a person having said to him : "Com-
mander of the failhful l it can do you no harm to give him a letter; Alkama is
not one of your provincial governors, that you should kor to incur censure (17).
Consider that this is a Moslim who merely requests a recomn~endationfrom you to
l 4 Alkama." Bmar having then written a letter conformable to al-Hutaiya's wishes,
the poet set off with it, but found, on his arrival, that Alkama was dead, and met
the people returning from the funeral. Seeing Alkama's son among them, he went
up to him and recited these lines :

O how excellent that man of the family of Jaafar wl~om,yesterevcn, in Hailran, (cleath)
entangled in its toils! Whilst tliou livest, I shall not be weary of 111ylife; wert thou to die,
life would be joyless for me; and, if 1 meet thce in good Iieallh, a few clays only separate me
from riches.

Qlkama's son here said to him: How much dost thou think that (my father)
Alkama would have given thee, hadst thou found him alive? "-" One hundred
Id female camels," replied the poet, each of them followed by a young one."
('

The other bestowed on him the expected present. I found the two last verses in
the dizodn of Zidd Ibn Moawia Ibn Jlbir, surnamed an-Niibigha ad-DubyPni (18);
they occur in an elegy composed by him on the death of an-Nomin Ibn Abi Shamir
al-Ghassdni (IS).-The adventures of Ibn Abi Hafsa and the anecdotes told of him
are very numerous, but it is needless to dilate upon the subject. His birth took
in the year 105 (A. D. 723-h),and his death i n A. H . 1 8 l (A. D. 797-8)-some sag,
182-at Baghdad. He was interred in the cemetery of Nasr Ibn Miilik al-Khuz%.--
His grandson, Marwin al-Asghar (the youngw) Abh 'S-Simt, the son of Abb 'l-Jun&b,
the son of Marwan al-Akbar (the elder), him of wllom we have just spoken, was one
of the most celebrated and eminent poets of his time. AI-Mubarrad (p. 31 of lhb
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. :l 37

uol.;, in his Kdrnil, gives a short notice on Abd ar-Rahmiin, the son of Basshn Ibn
Thibit (20), in wi.iel1 he says: '' It is related that Abd ar-Rahmin, having been
stung by a wasp, went crying to his father, who asked what was the matter. He
( c replied : ' I have been stung by a flying thing, dressed, as it were, in a double

cloak of striped cloth.'--' By Allah! ' cxelaimed the father, ' thou hast there
L

( L pronounced a verse (21).' "-He then adds : The family which had the great-
&(est skill in poetry was that of Hassin, for i t produced six persons, in succession,
all of them poets; these were: Said, his father Abd ar-Rahmhn, his fathpr Has-
sin, his father Thibit, his father al-Mundir, and his father Hizim. After them
came the family of Abd H n f s a , the members of which inherited a talent for poetry,
41from father to son. Yahya the son of Abh Hafsa (the elder), was surnamed AbO
Jamil ; his m o ~ h e r ,Tahya (?) was the daughter of Maimun, or, according to an-
61other statement, of an-NAbiglla a\-Jaadi (vol. I. p. 456) ; and to this circumstance
is attributed Ihe transinission of a faculty for poetry into the family of Abii Hafsa.
A11 these persons could touch the point of their nose with their tongue, and this
denotes a talent for speaking with elegance and precision." God knows how far
that may be true I

(1) By the Day of the House (Yuum ad-Dbr) is meant the day in which the khalif OthmAn was murdered.
He had shut himself up in his house and sustained a siege of fifty or sixty days, but the insurgents finally
broke i n and put him to death. Marwan Ibn al-Hakam, with al-Hasan and al-Husain, the sons of Ali, assisted
by a body of slaves, [ought in OthmAn's defence, hut their efforts were unavailing. The injudicious co~nsels
of bkuwbn, who had great influence over OthmAn, mainly contributed to this revolt.
(2) See Rnsrnussen's Additnmenta a d Hist. Ar. p. 1 4 ; Abb 'l-Fed&, Hist. anteislamica, p. 1 3 5 ; Freytag's
Haiddni, tome 11. 1). 838, and M. Caussin de Perceval's Essai sur Z'Histoire des A m b e s .
(3) His life will be found in this volume.
(4) Matar was one of Maan's ancestors.
(5) Khaffin, a place near Khfa, was noted for being infested by lions.
(6) Literally: His two days are so like each other that we confound them.
(7) Literally: The doers cannot do their deeds.
(8) Fine poet,ry is called by the Arabs lawful magic.
(9) His life will be found in this volume.
( i o ) The vehicle here called a Kubba (dome, cupola, alcoue) consisted apparently of two =G, one on each
side of a camel, and both seats under the same canopy.
(14) In this verse we must read L
L'.
I &p to obtain the measure.
( I S ) Literally: To the nestlings with red crops in the waterless and treeless Zh Marakh.
(13) Literally: Of prohibitions.
 , 1 4 j S,-., M . Caussin tle Perccvi~l'sIl,\sn;
tile ]iistul.y o l lllis Arnll (:llitil.l.i~i~~, stir8/'flir(ai,.e jbcc/,es.
! 15) The life of Iljshim 11~11al-l\alLi \\.ill IE tbnnrl in this volume.
(16) hi^ isin direct colllr;!djctiol) wit11 v'\lili li,lll!\%'s,lllllc~sWC' SlllillciSfi Ibis ~i.lrllirl:ltiOllto llnvc taken
~u)jseqlmntlvto tl~t!auertlote I1cr.r related.
( L T ) Higitl Slnslirns. lnigllt hnvc blamed him for cnosing Alkan~ato spC11d thc ~111blic money on al-IIutniya.
(18) For !lotice on tllis ancicl~tpoet, see M. dc Sacy's ti~rrlc
Cltresto?~zull~ie, 11. p. 41 2.
(19) This i s the twenty-fifth person io Pococke's list of the ~lbnsshnitclii~lgs. '['h(! pncm of an-N&lligbato
Rhich these vclses belong is to be found in the niwdn of the Six I ' o ~ ~ s . It is tll~rr!fiivcll as all clnpy th,.
dcnt,h of an-Nornhn Ibn al-HArith lh11 Abi Shnmir al-Ghassini.
S C ~cnusc 01' Mal~nmmrttl. His son Abd ar-
(30) HassAn Ibn Tlidbit ufas onc of the poets who ~ S ~ O I I tllc
Rahm5n livcd u ~ ~ d Unawia,
cr and used to address coniplirnental poColS t,() Rn~nla,the daugl~tcrof that khalif.
hl,,l ar-Hsllmhn was il~ferinrin talc~lt10 his fnll~er..
(41) Thc Arnhic ~ . i ~ l - ~~ltcrcd
ds 1,). t l c.liil(l
~ ~ rln Ilnt appenr to lirrn ;I w!rsr, ;is tl~cycannot Ire scatllled :1,
:lay lrlctricnl scale.

Abh 'I-Husain Illuslinl Ibn al-Hajjij l b n Muslin~lhn Ward Ibn KiisAd (1) al-Ku-
shairi, a native of Naisdpur and the a~itllorof tlie SahQh (2), was a n ~ o s teminent
hliJZs and a highly distinguished traditionist. Ile travelled (in pursuit of Learning)
io HijPz, Irik, Syria, and Egypt, and heard Traditions delivered by Yallya Ibn Yahya
an-NaisPphri (3), Allmad Ihn Hanbal (vol. I. p 44). Ishak Ibn RAhwaih (vol. I.
p. 180), Abd Allah Ibn Maslama al-Kaanabi (uol. 11. p. 19), and other great masters.
Be visited Baghdad more than once, and the people of tlrat city delivered Traditions on
his authority. He went there for the last time in the year 259 (A. 1). 872-3). At-
Tirmidi (vol. 11. p. 679) was one of those who taug1:llt Traditions on his authorily;
and, as a trustworthy Traditionist, he (Muslim) bore tile highest character. Mu-
hammad Ibn a l l i s a r j i s i states that he heard Muslim i b n al-Hajjij say (4) : '' 1drew
" up this authentic musnad ( 5 ) (al-dlusnad as-SahQh)out of three hundred thousand
" Traditions (whkhI ) heard (wiih my own cars)." Tlrere is not under the ex-
" panse of heaven," said the hdp AbG Ali an-Naisiphri (61, " a more authentic
" work on the science of Traditions than that of bluslim. " Al-Khatilr al-BaghdPdi
 1. p. 75) mentions tJlat JIuslim defended al-Buklllri (vol. 11. p, 596.), so
~ l ythe intimacy between llirnself and Muhamrnad Ibn Yallya ad-1)uhli (7)
s t r e n u ~ ~that
was broken off. The hdfiz AbB -4bd Allah Muhammad Ibn Yakiib (8) relates (this
evml)thus : " When al-BulchQriwas residing at NaislpBr, Muslim went frequently
to see ltirn. A n~isil~lelligence then arose between Mullammad Ibn Yahya andal-
Rukhiri on the suliect of the pronunciation (of ihc 1;oranic lest) (g), and Mu-
hammad caused a proclamation to be made against his adversary, forbidding the
c c people to attend his (lesso?a]. Tlris persecution forced al-Bukhbri to quit NaisB-

66 prjr, and every person avoided him, except Muslim, who continued his visits as be-
fore. Muhamrnad I b n Yahya, being then informed that Muslim Ibn al-Hajjij had
. c always adhered to tlre opi~lionof al-Bukhlri and did so still, notwithstanding the

censures wllicll Ire had incurred on that account in Hijiiz and IrAk, said, one
day, at the close of his losson : ' Whoever holds tlic pronunciation (of the Kordn)
to be crcoted, I forhid that person to attend my lessons.' Muslim immediately
passed his cloak (ridti)over his turban, and, standing up in tlre midst of the assem
6 6 bly, left the room. Having tllcn collected all tire notes which Ire had taken at
Muliammad Ibn Yahya's lessons, he loaded some porters with tlreril aud sent them
I' to the latter's door. This confirmed the misundersianding which subsisted be-
(' tween them, aud RPuslim ceased to visit him." Muslim died at Naisiphr, on Sun-
day e ~ e n i n g a, u d was interred at Nasriibid, outside Naislpfir, on Monday, the 25th-
some say the 24th-of Rajab, A . H. 261 (5th May, A. D. 875), aged fifty-five years.
So I found it written i n some book or other, but 1never met wit11 his age or the date
of his birtli specified by any of the hdfiza, though they all agree that he was born
subsequently to ilie year 200. Our shaikh Taki ad-Din Abii Amr Othm$n, generallv
known by the appellation of Jbn as-SalPb (col. 11. p. 1881, mentioned the dale of
his birlh, ~vhicll,to [he best of my recollection, was in the year 202. 1 have since
exanlined Ibn as-Sallh's statement and find the date to he 206 (A. D. 821-2), he
gives it afier the Kil(eb Ul~m(lil-drnsdr (history o/ the doctors of the great cilies), a
work eonlposed b y the hikiln ILn al-Baii an-Naislpbri (vol. 11. p. 681). 1 met
with the book from which he took this indication, the very copy which he made use
of; it had belonged to him, and was sold, with his other property, after his death.
It then fell into my possession. Here is what the author says : " Muslim Ibn al-
" Hajjij an-Naislpdri died on tlle25th of Rojab, A. H. 261, aged fifty-five years."
&S birth must have therefore taken place in 206.-We have already explained
350 IBN HIjAI,L,IIIAN'S
word Kushaiyi in our article on AbG 'l-KBsim al-Kushairi (VOL. 11. p . 1551, the author
of tile Epistle, and need not, therefore, repeat our words.--As for the Muhammad
Ibn Yahya mentioned above, his names were Ab6 Abd Allall Mulra~nrnadIbn Yahya
Ibn ~ b Allah
d Ibn Khiilid 1bn FBris Ibn Uuwaib a d - h h l i (&ill) an-i\'aisgpfiri
(belongitrg to the tribe of Duhl, and a nnlivc of Naisk~dr). He was llighly distin-
ouislled as a hhfiz, and Traditions were given on his authority by al-Bukhiri, Y ~ ~ -
jim, Bbij DPwbd (vol. I. p. 589), at-Tirmidi (vol. 11. p. 679), an-Nasli (vol. 1.
p. 5$),snd Ibn Mija al-Kazwini (vol. 11. p. 680). He was a sure and trustworthy
Traditionis$. The coolness wl~ichsubsisted between him and al-Bukhlri originated
from the following circumstance: when the latter arrived at NaisBpdr, Mullammad
Ibn Yahya quarrelled with ldm about the creation of rhe pronuacialion. As al-Elu-
khiri had already learned Traditions from him, hc could not avoid giving them on
his authority; this he does in about thirty places of his hook, i n the chapters on
fasting, medicine, burials, and enfranchisement, but without giving his narrte in full;
he merely says: 1 was told by Muhammad, or by Mt~hammadthe son of Abd Allah,
thus naming him after his grandfather, or by Muhammad the son of Khdlid, after his
great-grandfather. Muhammad Ibn Yahya died, A . 11. 252 ( A . 0.886), some say,
257 or 258.

(1) One of the MSS. reads Kzlshdd and another Kdshydr.

(3) The Sahih (true, authentic) is a title by which is designatctl each of the six great collections of Tradi-
tions. To distinguish them, the name of the author is added after the word Suhfh.
(3) Abh Zakariyii Yahya Ibn Yahya Ibn Bakr al-Hanzali a t Tamiimi, a native of Naisbpbr, distinguished for
his piety and morlified life, was considered as the first traditionist and hdfiz of that age in Khorhsan. He died
A. H. 296 ( A . D . 640-l).-(An-Nujtim as-Zdhira; Mirdt az-ZamAn.)
(4) There seems to be some mistake here; Muhammad al-Mharjisi (see vol. 11. p. 607) was born forty-seven
years after Muslim's death.
(5) The meaning of the word mumad is explained in vol. I. p. 183.
(6) The traditionist Abb Ali al-Husain Ibn Ali an-Naisapiiri bore a high reputation for learning and piety.
He inhabited Baghdad and died in the month of the first Jumieda, A. H. 341 (September-October, A. D. 95%
aged sixty -four years.-(Tabakdt al-Hufdz.)
(7) A notice on this person is given by 'our author at the end of the present article.
(8) The hdfiz Abh Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Yakfib as-ShaibAni, a native of NaisSphr and an able badi-
tionist, died A. H. 344 (A. D. 956-6), aged ninety-four years.-(Huffdz,)
(9) The orthodox Moslims consider the KorAn to be untreated, and the eternal word of God. This opinion
has been expressed by their doctors in the rouowing manner: The Koran is one of the eternal attribu-
C' tes of His essence; it is untreated, and consists neither of letters nor of vocal sounds." These last words
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONAI1Y. 334
are evidently directed against an opinion held by certain theologians, such as Muhammad Ibn Pahya, xvho
declared that whoever pretends the Kor%n to be created is an infidel, and whoever pretends thnt the pronun-
cjcltio,l of the Kordn is created, is also an infidcl. Al-BukhBri taught that the pronunciation of the Koran
its utterance by the organs of speech) is created, because, said he, it is a n act of God's creature, and
such acts are created (riot eternal). In a work advocating the Asharite principle of giving a figurative inter-
pretation to such passages of the Por%n as would lead to anthropomorphism if taken literally, the author,
~ u h a r n m a dIbn hluhammad Ibn al-Muallim, has a long dissertation on the foregoing question. His M-ork is
entitled Nnjrn o l - M u b t ( f h a / g m U / - A f ~ t u d i . See MS. of the Bitlioth?que impdrinle, Supplement, No. %00.
~tmay be here observed that this MS. has been corrected by the autllor. The question of the pronunciation
of the Koran is technically called mnsila tal-lafi.

K U T B AI)-DIN AN-NAISAPURI.

ALh 'l-Maili Masiid Ibn illuhammad Ibn MasQd Ibn Tlhir an-Naishphri at-Turai-
thithi, a doctor of the Shlfite sect and surnamed Kutb ad-Din (axis of religion),
studied jurisprudence at Naisiipiir and at Marw, under the first masters in these
cilies. He learned Traditions from a number of teachers and met with the ustdd
(master) Abli Nasr al-Kushairi (vol. II. p. 154). He gave lessons in the Nizdrniya
college of Naisbphr as the substitute of Abh 'l-Malli 'I-Jtiwaini (vol. 11. p. 120); he
had studied the Korin and polite literature under his (own)father. Having visited
Baghdad, he delivered pious exhortations there, and discussed, with great ability,
various questions (of jurisprudence). In the year 540 (A. D. 11.45-6),he went to
Damascus and preached there with great effect; he taught also in the Mujiihidiya
college, and afterwards, in the western corner (1)of the great mosque, on the death
of the doctor Abli 'l-Fath Nasr Allah al-Missisi (2). The hdfiz Ibn Asiikir (vol. II.
p. 252) mentions him in the History of Damascus. Having then proceeded to
Aleppo, Kutb ad-l)in professed for some time in the two colleges founded there by
Nir ad-Din Mahrnhd (p. 338 q" this vol.) and Asid ad-Din Shlrkhh (vol. I. p. 626).
He subsequently went to profess at HamadBn, whence he returned to Damascus and
resumed his lessons in the western Corner, He delivered Traditions also and became
president of the Shafite community. He was conspicuous for learning, virtue, and
3 3 IUN B l l h I , I , I I ~ AN'S

piety. llis sllmnlary of jurisprudence, ille Hddi (di~eclor) is a useful treatise, every
maxiln w\liell i t contains l ~ a r i n galready served as the basis of n legal decision. He
drew u p for ljlc sultan Snllll ad-Din an aktda (exposilion o/' the dloslim creed) contai-
ningevery necessary information on religious mallen, and ihis work (the sullan) taughk
llis children, so that it was in~pressedon their youthful minds. BahP ad-Din (Ydsuf)
Ibn shaddid (3) says i n liis life of that prince (4): " I saw 1lim"-meaning tile sul.
tan-" holding [lie book ~vhilsthis children repeated (0 him the contents from
mory." f(utb ad-Din was a n ~ a nof grcat tiurnilily, careless in his dress, and a
despiser of ceremony. His L i r t l ~took place on llle 13111 of Rajab, A. H. 505 (Jmu-
ary, A. D, 1 il?, and lie died a t Damascus on tlic 30th of HamadPn, A. H. 578
(27th January, A. D. 1183). The funeral prayer was said over him on the Day of
the festival (the is1 of ihc following moulh), which 6 1 1 on a Friday. He was interred
in tile cemetery estahlislled 1)y himself at thc west cnd of l)arnascus, near that of
the Slitis. I visited his tomb morc than once. His father belonged to Turaiihtlh.
Of illis place n7ehave already spoken i n the life of Anlid al-BLulk al-Kunduri (p. 295
of lhis vol.); it is situated i n the district of NaisiipQr. Onc of his disciples men-
tioned that he heard the shaikh Kutb ad-Din recite lhesc verses as the composition of
some olher person :

They say that love is a lire in the bosom; they lie 1 fire blazes, ancl lltcrl dies out. Love is
a firebrand touched by inoist~lre;it dieth not, neither (10th it blaze up.

( l ) In Arabic, (1:-Lduvya trtl-GlrarLiya. Thcau worrls sllu~tl(l~~crlinl)s

hr: t.cndorcd by the uxstern clotster.
(2) Abh 'l-Fath Nasr Allah Ibn Muhammad Ihri Abd al-ICawi al-hlisslsi (nativc of Mlsstsa), a descendant of
al-Ashari (vol. 11, p. 837) and a follower of his doctrines, was born A. H. 4 4 8 (A. D. 1 0 56). " He was a juris-
'c consult of the highest authority," says lbn as-SarnAni (vol. If. p. 156), Cc versed in dogmatic and scholastic
'' theology, pious, virtuous, intelligeut, and condescending, He stiidicd under the great shaikhs of Syria."
Amongst his masters was al-Khatib al-BaghdAdi (vol. I. p. 75). He travelled to Ilaghdad, IspahAn, and al-An-
bar, after which he settled at Damascus and professed in the Gl~azzaliyacollege. Some wukfs (vol. 1. P. 49)
werv founded by him for pious uses, and he carefully avoided frcyuentir~finlerl in power. He died at Da-
mascus, in the month of the first Rabi, A. H. 548 ( ~ u g u s t ,A. D. I 1 4 7 ) , and was interred at the Lesser gate
(al BG6 as-Scrjhfr).-(Tabukdt as- SFldfiyin.)
(3) His life will be found in the fourth volun~eof this work.
[i)See Schulten's Vitifn et res gestn! Saladini, p. 4.
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY.

T H E S H A R I F AL-BAI'ADI.

The shari/'Abii Jaafar lllashd al-Bayiidi was the son of Abd al-Aziz 1Ln nl-Mullassin
Jbn al-Hasan Ihn Ahd ar-Ilazziik; SO I found the genealogy of this celebrated poet
lvritten out i n tllehandwriting of a very accurate hdfiz; but, at the head of 1,;s collected
works, l perceive i t set forth as follows : AbB Jaafar lIasiid Ibn al-lluhasoin
Ibn Abd al-Wal~hiibI b n Abd al- Aziz lbn Abd Allah Ibn Obaid Allah Ib11 al-Abbhs I b n
~luharnmadIbn A l i Ibn Abd Allah lbn al-Abbis (vol. I. p. 89) Ibn Abd al-IIu~talib
Ibn Hishim, member of the tribe of Kuraish and of the family of Hishin). This
was one of the good poets of later times. and liis poetical works, which form a
small volume, overflorv 1vii11 tenderness. Ilis diwhl contains but very few eaIo-
gislic pieces. One of the best poems i n it is llle kasida rhyming in k ( d ) which
begins thus :

if thy tears flowed not on. the departure of the caravan, notwithstanding the passion which
filled ~liyheart, such conduct in thee was sheer dissimulation. Retain not the water of thy
eyelids, 0 tllou who liast been smitten with love1 that watcr is for thy wounds a balm.
Avoid tltc conlpany of ~ h censorious;
c their intentions are not pure, although they reprove with
sceming compassion. Blessings on the days which are past; those days of which the branches
flourislicd in a foliage (of pleasure), when eyes were our narcissus-flowers (i), cheeks our
blowing roses, and lips the cup frotn which we sipped intoxication. At the Zauri of al-lrik (2)
we hen held frcquent marts, and [here love's deliglits found a rapid sale. If my eyes weep blood
through my longing Tor that time, (wonder not/) a time such as that n~aywell be longed for.
Thosd youth3 by whose aspect alone the taste of such love (3) is rendered sweet, bear in their
hands lances (slcncler as) their bodies and tipped with points (of steel blue as) their eyes.
They spread ratage tltrough all hearts with their glances, and their captives can never hope
for freedom. For them, the tears of others are sweet; so they tormenr their captive till his
eyes overflow. "l'is said that they have vowed to shed my blood, as tbe fittest libalion for the
day on which we separate.

The following piece of his used to be sung to music :

HOW has the herbage of love been parched up (in my heart), although watered by niy c!%?
If men can be freed from the bondage of love, behold me its captive ! If bcanty be bouncl to
do charity, let it behold in me a beggar..
VOL. 111. 45
 By the same author :
0 hppy night wllell tllc full nioon (the hcl~z?eqembmccd me will~oulfear or apprcllen-
sion, till the lllornilig (1awlled! l ~ e rrvords were pe.ll'ls, and tivir bl-illia~~c~
rcl1lacc$ light
the stars; her facc replaced tlle mooll. %'llilal 1 alhvcd nly Cars atid cyrs to revel ill her
,-harms, behold ! 1 rccciverl warning that daybreak had corllc. Thr on]!, fault of [])at
mras its sllorlncss; but what fault col1111i t have more I~atelul? 'I'o rc~lderit lollgcr I would
halve fulSnished it with darkness even out of the dark spot of nly hear1 allcl \he pupil of my
eye.

In [his last verse the poet llad in view the following, ljy A b 'l-hli
~ al-Maarri
(vol. I. p. 91.):

Be would wish that the clarkness of night was prolonged for I~imsclf,by the addilion of the
black of his heart and of his eye.

The rest of 1lis poetry is in the same style. We have quoled two verses of al-
Bayidi's in the life of Surr-Durr (vol. 11. p. 30-2). He died a1 BagllJad on Tuesday,
the 16th of ZB 'l-Raada, A. H. L68 (21st June, A . D. 1076), and was buried in the
cemetery at the Abrez Gate.-& was called al-Bnyddi (ihe inan in while), because
one of his ancestors appeared in a white drcss at the levee of a khalif, where the
rest of the company, who were all Abbasides, were dressed i n he family colour,)
black. The khalif asked who was rhe man in while? and the name stuclr to him
so closely, that by it he (and his desce?tdartts) became generally known. Ibn al-
Jauzi (vol. II. p. 96) says,in his Kddb a[-AlkRb (book ofsurnamcs) that tlie person to
whom this happened was lluhammad Ibn Isa Ibn Muhammad lbn Abd Allah Ibn Ali
Ibn Abd Allah Ibn al-Abbb Ibn Abd al-Muttalib (a member of the Abbaside family);
and I read i n the handwriting of Osima ibn Munkid (vol. I. p. 177) that the khalif
who asked the question was ar-Ridi billah. God best knows who is in the right1

(1) See vol. I, Introduction, page xxxvi.

The
(I) poet means Baghdad.
(3) Of such roue; literally: amoris pulchro~um. Prom verses such as these we may appreciate the tor-
ruption which pervaded Moslim civilisation ; and a kddi, a custos morum, t~ quote them with approbation!
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

MASLJD AS-SALJUKI.

4bfi 'I-Path DIasfid Ibn Muhammad Ihn Malak S11311 Ibn Alp Arslin as-Saljdki,
GhiAth ad-Din (deknce of rhe [aitlt), was one of l l ~ emost illustrious of the
Seljdk kings. We have already spoken of his father (p. 239 of this vol.), of liis hrother
Mahmdd (p. 337 of this vol.), and o f olher persons belonging to the same family. I n
tile year 505 ( h . D. 1111-21, Masiid was entrusted by his father to the care of the
emir itIaudhd I b n AI tOtiIrin, whom he appointed lord of hlosul on condition of bring-
ing u p the young prince. laodhd being slain, two years later, at Damascus,
Masiid was confided by his father to the emir Ak-Sunkur al-Bursoki (vol. I. page 227),
and subsequently, to Jhsh Bek, atdbek of Mosul. His brother MahmOd having suc-
ceeded to the throne on the death of their father, Jiish Bek encouraged his ward to
revolt against the new monarch and aspire to the sullansllip; nor did he remit his
efforts till he induced Masiid to levy a large body of ti600psand march against his
brother. The two armies encountered near Hamadan, in the month of the first
Rabi, A. H. 514 (Blay-June, A. D. 1120), and Mahrniid gained the victory. In this
engagement, the ustdd Aba Isnlail at-Toghrli (uol. I. page 462) lost his life. After
some vicissitudes, fortune at length declared for Masiid, and he obtained the sultan-
ship in the year 528 (A. L). 1133-4). On arriving in Baghdad, he chose for vizir
Sbaraf ad-Din Anlishrewdn Ibn KhUid al-Krish$ni,-see the life of al-Hariri
(vol. 11. p. $go),-who had served the khalif al-Mustarshid in the same capacity.
Masbd was just, affable, and highminded ; he shared his empire among his partisans,
and retained nothing for himself but the mere titIe of sultan ; yet, with all his conde-
scension, none ever dared to resist his power without incurring a defeat. He put
to death not only a great number of the most powerful emirs, but also the khalifs
al-Mustarshid and ar-Rbshid. Previously to his accession, Masiid had been on ill
terms with al-blustarshid, and he had no sooner mounted the throne, lhan ihe lieu-
tenants whom he established in Irtk commenced encroachments on the possessions
of that khalif. The breach was thus widened between them, and al-Mustarshid at
lenglh equipped an army and took the field. Masbd, who was then at Barnadin,
assembled a large body oi troops and marched against him. The two armies met
 near Hamadin, but tllal o f the kl~alifwils defeated, and 1 1 ~Ilit~~sclf will1 tljc prioei.
pal officers of his court \\.ere h k e n prisoners. Tllc S U ~ ~ Icil
J J ~his c n p l i ~ ci n triumpll

througll t11c c i ~ i pof

s Adrrl,aijPn, and al-l\luslarslli(1 finally lost his life, near hlariglm,
in the mallner we llave rclaterl ; see our nolire on Dllllnis Il)n Sndokn (vol. [. p. 506).
MnsGd deposed also 11le khalif ar-ndsl~ida n d appointed nl-nlnktafi (li-omr ilk&) 10
b i m . Tliis event is well Lnown ( l ) . Ile l l ~ e ngave llitnself u p to pleasure
and to every sort of enjoyment, being confident l h n l lhe fortune wliich had llilherlo
him would always be subservient to his will ; but, beitlg altiiclied by vomit-
ing fits and mental derangement, he expired at i l a n l a d i n , on the 1 1111 of the
JumAda, A . H. 547 (13th Sept. A. D. 1152) ; or, according Ln some, on Wednesday,
the 29th day of that month. He was inierred in llle collego built 1)y ilte eunuch (o/-
khddim) Jamjl ad-Din ikb81. Ibn al-Azrak al-Fiirilci says, i n his Hislory, illat he
saw the sultan BlnsGd in Baghdad, A. H . 517 (%), a n d t l ~ n Ilel tllcn set out for Ha-
madln and died outside the walls of that city. EIis corpse was borne to Ispahin.
We have spoken of {his sultan in tlie lifc of Dul)ais 1l)n Sadaka, lord of al-Hilla.
Ile was born on Friday, llle third of Zb 'l-Kaada, A . 11. 502 (4.t11 June, A. D. 1109).
On his accession to the sultanship, he hat1 to susluin n conllicl wit11 his unclc Sinjar,
and, on Friday, the 12th of Safar, A. W. 587 (23rd Dcc. A . D. 1 132) he obtained
that his nameshould be inserted, after tlial of his uncle, in llic public prayer (kholba)
offered up at Raghdad.

(1) See Abil 'I-FedB's Annnl.r, year 530. This historian's nnmo should he pronounccd Abd 'l-Fidd.
(2) From this we learn that Ibn al-Azrak al-Fgrilii, the author of the l ~ f s t o ror~ MaiyAf,Arikin, was living in
A. H. 547 (A. D. 1158).

MASUD IBL. MAUDUD.

a

'I-Fafh, surnamed also Abb 'l-Muzaffar, Masijd, the and lord of Mosul,
was the son of Kulh ad-Din Baudiid, the son of I m l d ad-Din Zinki, rile son of Ak
Sunkur- Be bore ihe title of lzz ad-Din (glory of ye@ion). We have already
 EIOGRAPI-I JCAI, 1)Ii;TIONART. 357
of his grandfnlllcr (COL. I. p. 539), his great-grandfather (vol. 1. p. 223), llis
sol] Riir ad-Din hrsl8n Shah (col. I. p. 174-1, and other ~nembersof thc family.
Farther on, we shall all article on his father jl1Iauddd). When his falhpr died,
Sail ad-Din Glldzi (,??d. 11 p. 44.1), llle eldest son, succeeded to tlie fhrone. Iiis
lIrotllers were ilasi'l(l a n d 11?;ldad-Din Zinki, lord of Sinjar (rol. I . p. 641). Izz
ad-Din RlasOd held (Ilc post of cornmnndcr in chief of the troops, i n the lifetinre of
his brolller Gbizi. \'.hen the sultall Sal511 ad-Din left Egypt, suhsequenlly to tile
death of a l - l a l i k al-Aidil R'lir ad-Din i\lalln~ild(p. 338 of this vol.), and laid siege l o
Aleppo after occupying Damascus, GhBzi was filled will1 appreliension: he felt that
the power of the sultan lrail now bcconle immense and that he would acquire the
aulhority, were l ~ eallotvcd to take possession of Syria. T I C therefore
equipped a large army, and, having placed it under the orders of his brother Izz ad-
Din Maslid, h e sent i t to combat Sal611 ad-Din and expel him from the country.
When this intelligence reaclletl Saltih ad-Din, h e decan~ped from AIeppo on the
firs! of Rajab, A, H. 570 (Jan. A . D. 1175), and proceeded to Enlessa. He then
iook the citadel of Emessa, Iraving already occupied the city itself, on the first of the
first Jumhda of that year (Nov.), when marching from Damascus to Aleppo. Izz ad-
Din Vastid lllen arrived at Aleppo for the oslensifile purpose of giving assistance to
his cousin al-Malilc as-Sblih Isniail, the son of nTir ad-Din, who was then lord of that
city, but their real inlcntion was to prevent Sal311 ad-Din from extending his domi-
nation over the whole country. Having been joined by the troops of Aleppo, Izz ad-
Din conlinued his march, at the head of a nunlerous army, and reached Kurlin,
(near) Hamht, w'rli~herSalhh ad-Din had already advanced to meet him. As the latter
wished to come to an alnicable arrangement, he opened a correspondence with his
adversaries, but all his efforts were useless. The [WO princes imagined that they
might attain, by risking a battle, the principal object which they had i n tiew, but
fate leads to things which none can foresee. Both perlies having come to an enga-
gement, the army of Izz ad-Din was defeated, and a number of his principal officers
were taken prisoners, but afterwards received [heir liberty from the sullan. This
celebrated encounter took place on Sunday, the 19thof Ramadtin (April, A. D. 1175).
Having routed his enemies, the sultan marched against Aleppo and encacrped, for
second time, under its walls. AI-lllnlik as-Shlih Ismail then obtained peace, on
condition of leaving to Saleh ad-Din the towns of al-Maarra, Kafratiib, and Birin.
Salgh ad-Din then raised the siege. The history of these events would lead US too
358 I B N IiIIBJ,LlliAN'S
far, but the of Izz sd-Din's procee~lingswill he found related in the life
of his brother Sail ad-Din Gllizi. On the death of the prince just named, Izz ad-
Din succeeded to the throne. (In the year 577 [A. D . 11811) 81-hlalik as-Silill
Ismail,lvl~owas then on the point of dealh, bcqucatl~edthe kingdom of Aleppo to
his cousin izz ad-Din hlasfid, and caused llrc emirs and soldiers to swear allegiance
to illat pinee. Wlien this intelligence reached lzz ad-Din, lie liaslened to AIeppa,
lest Sal$li ad-Din should occupy it before him. Having arrived !here on the 2011,
of Shanbin, A. H. 577 (end of December, A . D. 1i s l ) , lic went u p to the castle
and tookpossession of all tlie treasures and valuable objccls deposited i n that edifice.
On the fihh of Slinwwbl, the same year, h e married lhc motller of al-JIaliIc as-Silih,
and remained in the city till tlie 16lh of that month. Finding then liis inability (0
retain Syria and Elosul under 11;s sway, apprehensive also of ilie dangers to
wllicl~lie was exposed by the vicinity of Salill ad-Din, and fatigued by tlie obsessions
of the emirs whose exorbitant demands for additional pay he was unable to satisfy, he
departed from Aleppo, leaving there his son Muzaffar ad-Din to act as liis lieutenant,
and with him Muzaffar ad-Din, the son ol Zain ad-Din, lord of Arbela (vol. 11.
p. 535). Izz ad-Din, who was then entirely controlled by Mujillid ad-Din KPinlBz
az Zaini (vol. li. p. 510), proceeded to ar-Rakka, where he was received by his
brother Im$d ad-Din Zinki, lord of Sinjar. Having agreed wit11 him on exchanging
the government of Aleppo for that of Sinjir, a mutual oath was taken 10 that effect,
and each sent agenls to receive possession of their new acquisitions. On the 13111
of Muharram, A. H. 578 (Eilay, A. D. 1182), Imid ad-Din entered the castic of
Aleppo. Previously to this, a treaty of peace had been concluded between Izz ad-
Din, his cousin (al-Jlalik)as-Shlih a n d (lhe sullan) Sallh ad-Din, by the intervention
of Bilij Arslbn, the sovereign of ar-Riim (Asia Jlinor). The sultan Salhh ad-Din the11
set out for Egypt, after leaving his nephew Izz ad-Din Farriikli-Shah, the son of
Shbhanshiih, to govern Damascus in his absence; hut, o n learning the death of al-
Malik as-SAlih and the arrangements whicli had subsequently iaken place, he re-
turned to Syria and entered Damascus on ilie 17111 of Safar, A. 11. 5'18 (June A . D.
1182). Being then informed that Izz ad-Din Masiid h a d sent an ambassador to the
Franks, and [flat the object of this mission was to induce tllcrn to march against
himself ( S U M ad-Din), he broke the treaty, and, indignant at lhe treason which he
had thus discovered, he resolied on preparing for war and marching against Alepp0
and Nosul. l~niidad-Din, the lord of Aleppo, had n o sooner received intelligence
 BIOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY. 359
of the made by Salill ad-Din, than he sent to warn his brotller, the
governor of Mosul, a n d request from liim a reinforcement. Tlre sultan (Saldh ad-
~ 4 having
~ ) left Damascus, halted under the walls of Aleppo on the 12ih of the
first Jumlda, A . H. 578 (September, A. D. 1182). occupied this position during
three days ancl (finally) departed on the 21st of the same monlh. Soon after illis,
it happened that the lord of Barran, Muzaffar ad-Din (the con of Zain ad-Din, lord of
Arbela), who was then in the service of Izz ad-Din Masdd, the sovereign of Posul,
alld apprehended violence from his master and from MujBhid ad-Din az-
Zaini, crossed the Euphrates and placed himself under the protection of SalAI1 ad-
Din. The sultan, to whom h e represented the facility with whicll he might subdue
~~cropotamia, resolved on invading that country, and having passed the Euphrates,
he took the cities of Edessa, ar-Raklia, Nasibin, and Sardj . He tlien appointed a resi-
dent agent i n the province of al-Khdblir and conceded i t i n fief; after which, he set
out wi(h the intenlion of laying siege to Mosul, and encamped under its walls, on
Thursday, ihe l l l11 of Rajah, 578 (November, A . D. 1182). After some days, be
perceived that n o result could be oblained from besieging so large a cily, and that the
only means of Lalcing it was to reduce the fortresses i n its environs and in the
neighbouring districts, and thus wenlren the garrison i n lapse of time. He in con-
sequence departed, and having taken position against Sinjhr on the 161h of Shaabin
(December), the same year, he occupied the city on the 2 n d of Ramadhn (30 December)
and gave it to his nephew al-blalik al-Muzaffar Taki ad-Din Omar (vol. II. p, 391).
Not to enter into long delails, we shall merely state that h e returned to Syria, and
reached HarrAn i n the commencement of Zh 'l-Kaada (end of February, 1184),
the same year. Towards the beginning of the first Rabi, A. H. 581 (June, A. D.
1185), h e appeared again before Mosul and laid siege to the city. Tlie molher of
Ez ad-Din Mashd, accompanied by the daugliier of Nhr ad-Din Arsldn Shbh and a
number of females belonging to the Atdbek family, then went forth and requested
him to enter into a treaty and consent to a peace. The sultan, ilnagining that izz
ad-Din had given this mission to the princess because he had not the means of
defending the city, refused compliance and sent her back disappointed, offering at
the same time pretexts to excuse his conduct. But of this he had aflerwards reason
to repent, for the people of Mosul, being indignant a1 his rejecting the prayer of Izzad-
Din's mother a n d of the females who accompanied her, strained every nerve to
make a vigorous defence. He continued to besiege the city till he learned the death
of ~ 1 Armen
~ ~Nisir
1 ad-Din
~ Mul~arnmadIbn Tbral~imI b n S o k m i n al-Kutbi, lord -
of Kllal5t, and tile accession of that prince's mamMlc, Beklimor, to the supreme
aulhori[y. This finding himself exposcd to llle n1xlbition of tile nciglrbourinU
princes, and discovering h a t they had resolved l0 atlack llim, senl to Sal611 ad-Din,
to deliver [he city inlo his hands on condition of' reeciving B suitable return.
The death of Shdll Arrnen took place on Thursday, the 'Jlh of tllc leller Iial~i,A . H.
581 (July, A. D. 11851, and, on the 20111 of lhe s a l m lllonlli, t h ~sullan departed
from ljosul and directed bis n~arclitowards K l ~ a l l t . lluznflar ad-l)in, afterwards
lord of Arbela, but \hen lord of Harriin, accompanier1 lhe vanguard wi lh Nisir ad.
Din Muhammad, the son of Asad ad-])in sliir~lt&lland cousin ol' Salill ad-Din,
Having balled at a village called at-Tawbna, and silualed io Llie r ~ e i g l ~ b o u r h ~ ~ d
&&lit, they sent envoys to Uektimor lor tlie piirposc of sellling the cut~dilionsof tllc
treaty. When (lie envoys arrival, Shems ad-Din Peldcwii~llL11 l l d \ i E u z (l), lord of
bdarbaijbn, Arrin, and Persian I r i k , had alrcildy apl)ronelicd, w i ~ hthe design of
besieging !lie city, but Bektinlor having caused llir11 10 hc informcd tlial he would
deliver u p Khalht to tlie sultan if he (Pchlcwd~t)did not wi~lidrarvliis ~l*uups,h e latlcr
complied, and made peace on receiving Bektirnor's dauglite18 in iuarrisgc. Ueklinror
then sent 10 the sultan, reiracling his promise of Jcli,cring lip KlinIBt and offcrillg
some excuses. Tlie s u l ~ a nwas tlicn laying sicgc to llaiy3'drililn ~l11Cll i d attaclietl it
with great vigour. K u t b acl-lli~l I1 Clldzi Ibn AlLi l b ~ iKcr~iish l b n Ghlzi lbn
Orlok, the lord of this city, liad left it, 011 dying, to liis son 11usiin1 ad-Din Bhluk
ArslAn, a mere boy; and iliis ci~~curxistanccItad cocouragccl Saldh ad-Dia to un-
derlake its siege. On tllc 29111 uf [lie first Jun~rida(August, A . If. 1185), he suc-
ceeded, by means of a stralagcn~,i n deciding ilrc garrison 10 capitulate and surrender
the place. Having then given up ilie hopc of gcllirlg Kl~aldl infu his possession, he
returned to Mosul for ihe third time, and encamped aL surnc dislalicc from it, at a
place called Kalr Zammrir. He remained thcrc a considcrable ti n ~ e ,and the weather
being intensely hot, he was attacked by a nralacly wliicll hrougllt l l i ~ nto t11e vergeof
death, and, on the first of SliawwBI (December), he d c c o r r ~ ~ efor d llnrrhn. When
Izz ad-])in Jlashd heard of the sultan's illness and Icarl~ctllliat his heart was inclined
to elenlent measures, h e profited 11y so kvoraLlo an o l ~ p o r i u n i ~and
y despatched 10
Harrin the kddi BahP ad-Din Ihn Shaddad, a pcrson whose life we shall give,
acconlpanicd by Ball3 ad-l)in ar-Rabib. On tllcil arrival, tlley asked for and
ohlained peace ; the sultan hiuself, who had n o s recovered, ratifying the treaty LY
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 361

an oath. This took place on the 9th of ZB 'l-Hijjn (March, A . D. 11861, and Sallh
ad-Din; who was then recovering, never swerved from that engagement. IZZ ad-
Din lasB(1 being delivered fronr his apprehensions by the departure of the sultan
for Syria, continued to enjoy tranquillity till his deatll. Be died of diarrllea on the
27th of Shaabdn, A. H. 559 (28th August, A. D. 1193). A large college was
founded and endowed by him al n'losul for doctors of the Shafite and Banifite
sects. I-Ie was interred in a nlausolcum erected within the walls of that eskablishment.
1 have seen tlle college and mausoleum, and was greatly struck with their beauty.
Opposite to this college, and separated from it by a largc open spare, stands the
college founded by his son Nbr ad-Din Arelln Shih, 011 the dealh of 1zz ad-Din
bllasfid, his son Niir ad-Din Arsldn Shlh (vol. I. p. 174) succeeded to the thrbne.
Nfir ad-Din had two sons, a l - h l i k al-Kdhir Izz ad-Din Abii 'I-Fath Masiid and al-
Malik al-Mansfir Im&d ad-Din Zinki. When on the point of death, he divided his
states between them and gave to al-Mnlik al-Klhir, who was the elder, the city and
province of Mosul; the younger, ImBd ad-Din, received ShBsh, al-Akr, and the
neighbouring districts. Al-Malik al-KUlir was born at Mosul in the yelr 590 (A. D.
1194), anti hc died there, suddenly, on the eve of Nonday, the 26th of the latter
Rabi, A. 11. 615 (22nd July, A . D. 1218). He also had erected a college and was
interred wiihin its precincts. As for I m i d ad-Din, he occupied Kall tal-lmbdiya,
on the death of his brother al-Malik al-Khhir, but it was subsequently taken from
him. Jt is one of the finest fortresses in Jabal al-Hakldriya, a mountain in the
territory of Mosul. He took also and lost a number of other castles in the vicinity.
Having married the daughter of Muzaffar ad-Din, lord of Arbela, he removed to that
city and resided there for some time. As we dwelt in his neighbourhoad, we
remarked that he was an extremely handsome man. Muzaffar ad-Din then arrested
him for a motive too long to explain here, and sent him to al-Malik al-Ashraf, the
son of a1 Yalik al-ABdil, at Sinjdr. We shall again speak of al-Ashraf. Having
received his liberty from this prince, he returned to Arbela and obtained from
Muzaffar ad-Din the city and district of S h a h ~ z d rin exchange for al-Akr. Be
removed thither and made it his residence during the rest of his life. He died
on or about A. H. 630 (A. D. 1232-3); his son and successor died soon after.-
Pehlewan Ibn Ildukuz died towards the end of Zb 'l-Hijja, A. 8.581 (March,
A- D. 1186). His father, Shams ad-Din lldukuz, the atabek, died, at Nakjawhn,
towards the end of the latter Rnbi, 570 (Nov. A. D. I ) and was interred
VOL. III. 46
362 IBN ICNALLIKAN'S
in that city. He had been atdbck (qtturdian) to the Seljhb sultan Arsljn Shih lbn
Togllrulhek Ibn Muhanmad Ibn Malak Shiill. About a monlh after the death of
I]dokuz, ArslAn Slllli died at Hamadan and was inkerred there.
Gdzul, (another)
son of Ildukuz, lost his life in the beginning of Shaabtn, A. 8. 587 j ~ ~
A. D. 1191); he was a powerful prince.

(1) I follow the orthography of the autographic MS. of Abh 'l-Fed%'s Annuls.

MUTARRIF AS-SANANI.

Abb AiyhbMutarrif l b n Illizin, a member, by adoption, of the tribe of KinHna, or

of ihe tribe of Kais, according to anolher statcrnent, was a native of Sanha in Yemen
and held the post of kddi in that city. He delivered Traditions o n the authorily of
Abd al-Malik Ibn Abd al-Aziz Ibn Juraij (vol. II. p. 116) and a great number of other
masters. The imhm as-Shlfi (vol. U . p. 569) and many other doctors cited Tra-
ditions on his authority. His exactitude as a Traditionist has been contested, and
it is related that Yahya Ibn Main (l)having been askerl respecting his character,
replied : " He is a liar. " An-Nasli (vol. l. p. 58) declares positively that Mutarrif
lbn Mhin was not trustworthy, and as-Saadi (2) said : Mutarrif Ibn l l z i n as-
" Sanbni'sTraditions should be received with caution till his authorities be put to the

" test. " A M Hltim Muhammad Ibn HabbPn sl-Busti ( 3 ) says : Mutarrif Ibn
" MIzin al-Kinhi, kddi of Yemen, delivered Traditions on the authority of MHmar
" (d. 1. p. Z X ~ and
) Ibn Juraij; asShift and the people of IrAk cited Traditions
" on his authority. He used to relale Traditions whicli he never heard delivered,
" and repeat (as being consigned to paper) information which had never been written
" down, and illat information he gave on the authority of persons whom he never
" saw. I t js not therefore allowable to relate Traditions on his authority except
" to men of special merit, and then only for their Mutarrif
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 363

66 Ibn I l z i n , " says Hijib Ibn Sulaimbn, " was kbdi of Sanda and a man of holy
c. life." He then relates that ~ u t a r r i fdeclared a man justified who, having heen
constrained to swear that he would colnrnit a scandalous deed, had acted according
to his oath. Abil Ahmad Abcl Allah Ibn Adi 'l-Jurjtni (4.) quotes some Traditions as
given by Mularrif ibn bllzin, and adds: He possessed also some Traditions,
6; known only to himsclf, and never communicated to the persons who handed
down Traditions on his authorily ; and I never remarked a suspicious text in any
of his relations." AbG Bakr Ahmad Ibn al-Husain al-Baihaki (uol. I. p. 57)
says : Abb Said informed us that Abii'l-AbbBs (5)told him that he had heard ar-Rabi
' l

(vol. I. p 519) mention that as-Shift said : 'Amongst the judges established in
L different regions, there were some who made witnesses swear by the Koran;

& &
and that, in nly opinion, is npprovable. Mutarrif Ibn Mbzin told me, on an
6authority which 1 do not recollect, that Ibn az-Zubair (6)ordered witnesses to be
sworn on the Koran.' " Another doctor relates as follows : As-Shdfi said :
I saw Mutarrif at Sanha, and he swore witnesses on the Koran; ' " and a third
doctor says : As-Slidfi declared that he saw Ibn bihzin, who was kddi of Saniia,
swear witnesses on the Koran in order to corroborate their oath." Mutarril died at
ar-Rakka, or at Manbej, by another account, towards the close of the khalifate of
Hhriin ar-Rashid. That sovereign died on the eve of Saturday, the 3rd of tlie latter
Jumiida, A . H. 193 (24lh l\larch, A. D. 809), at Tbs; he commenced his reign
on Friday, the 16th of tlle first Rabi, A. H. 110 (15111 Sept. A. D. 786). Though
this Mutarrif does not rank with those celebrated individuals whom it was necessary
for me to notice, I have been induced to do so because the shaikh AbG Ishhk as-
Shirizi (vol. I. p. 9) says, in the illuhaddab, chapler on oaths, section on claims,
paragraph on corroborating the oath : And, if he make the person swear by the
" sacred volume and its contents, we know that as-Shafi related, on the autlloritg of
" Mutarrif, that ibn az-Zubair swore persons on the Koran, ' and,' said as-ShHfi,
" ' I saw Mutarrif at S a n h swearing persons on the Koran, which is approvable."'
NOW, I remarked that jurisconsults inquired who this Mutarrif could be, and so little
was known of him, Illat our master Im6d ad-Din AbS 'l-Majd Ismail Ibn Abi
'l-Barakht Ibn Hibat Allah Ibn Abi 'r-Rida Ibn Bdtish al-Mausili (vol. I. p. 187),
the Shafite doctor, made the following gross mistake concerning him in the work
which he composed on the names of the Traditionisis mentioned in the Muhaddab
and on the unusual terms which occur in that work : Mutarrif Ibn Abd Allah Ibn
 364 IBN KHAl,LII<AN'S
cc ar-Shikhkhir," says he, died subsequently to the year 87," meaning of the Hijrs,
There, by Allah! is a wonder : a person who dicd at that period, llow could he
possibly have been seen by as-Sbdfi, who was born b. H. 150, sixty-tllree years after
Mutarrif Ibn as-Sl~ikl~Iihir'sdealll? I know not what could have led llim into this
mistake, and had he not mentioned the date, pcoplc might have said : He < t

c c thought that as-Shhfi met with him ."--I llad firought down m y article thus far when
I found, in the Annals of Abh '1-Husain Abd al-Biki I b n KQni (vol. I. p. 378), that
Mutarrif Ibn MBzin dicd in the year 191 (A. D. 806-7), wllich agrees with our
statement that his deal11 took place towards the cnd of the kllalifate of Ildriin ar-
Rashid.-For the first part of lliis article, as here given, 1 was indebted to the
kindness of fhe shaikh and h d j z Zaki ad-nin Abfi Milhammad Ahtl al-Azin~al-hlun-
diri (vol. I. p. 89); may God prolong 11;s days for our advantage I --TIE hlutarrif
mentioned by Im%d ad-Din Ibn BBiish, bore tlrc surname of Abh Abd Allall; he was
a jurisconsult and tlle son of Abd Allah i b n as-Shikhkllir Ibn AOf I b n Kaab Ibn
Wafdhn Ibn al-Harlsh Ibn Kaab l b n Rabia Ibn Aiimir Ibn Sdsaa Ibn Bloawia Ibn
Bakr Ibn Manshr Ibn lkrima Ibn Khasafa Ibn I b i s Ibn Cllail5n (leg. Ibis Ailtln) Ibn
M o d ~ rJbn Nizhr Ibn Maadd Ibn Adnbn al-I-farishi. IIis father Abd Allall was one of
the Prophet's companions. Mutarrif (Ibn ,45cl Allah) was onc of the most devout
and pious of men; it is related flat, in a dispute wit11 an adversary, in tile mosque
of Basra, he raised up his hands and exclaimed : '' A l m i g t ~ l yGod I I beg of thee that
I' thou deliver me from this man before hc rise from his place! " We had not
finished speaking wllen the man fell dead to the ground. Ptitarrif was taken before
(he k&[li, but that officer said: He did not kill h i m ; lle only prayed against him,
" and God answered his prayer." From that timc, people stood i n awe of his im-
precations. He died A. H. 87 (A. U. 706), but olher dales are given, and Ibn K M
says, 95 (A. D. 713-4)- God best knows the truth l

His life will be

(l) found in this work.
(2) Aba Abd ar-Rahmbn Abd Allah Ibn Mahmhd as-Saadi, the ablest doctor i n the science of the Traditions
whom the city of Marw ever produced, was considered as a most competent jugc in these matters and looked
on as a veracious and trustworthy traditionist. Ad-Dahabi states, i n his Tabaltdt at-Fukuhd, that as-saadi
died A. H. 309 (A. D. 914-5).
(3) Abd Hbtim Muhammad Ibn HabbAn, a native of the town of ~ u s t ,i n SijistBn, studied under an-Nadi
and other eminent m a s t s . He was profoundly learned in jurisprudence, the Traditions, medicine, astro-
nomy, and other branch-S of science. He filled the post of kddi at Satnarkadd and composed a critical wo*
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 365
in which he estimated the character and trustworthiness of those persons by whom Traditions were handed
dam. He died A. H. 3 5 6 (A. 1). 965), aged upwards of eighty years.
(4) Abd Allah lbn Adi al-Jurjani, generally known by the surname of lbn al-KattAn (dLLd\),cornpored
,work on the character of the traditionists, and entitled it the Edrnil (complete). His authority as a doctor
in Traditions stood very high. EIe died A. H. 3 6 5 (A. D. 975-6).
(5) BY AbJ Said is meant al-Istakhri (see vol. I. p. 374) and, by Abd'l-Abbh, Thn Suraij ((vol. I. p. 4 6 ) -
(Ms.ancien fonds, no 755, f. 6 3 , verso).
(6) perhaps Abd Allah Ibn az-Zubair, the anti-khalif, is meant.

ICUTB AD-DIN AL-ABBADI.

Abh Mansbr al-Muzaffar Ibn Abi 'l-IIusain ArdashPr lbn ribi Blanshr al-Abbcidi,
surnamed ILutb ad-Din (axis of religion), and distinguished by !he title of al-ArnBr,
was a pulpil-orator and n native of Marw (Marwazi). As n preacher and an exhorter
to pieiy, he displayed grcat abilities and expressed his thoughls in elegant terms.
This talent he continued to exercise from his early youth till an advanced age, and
he excelled in it to such a -degree that his name became proverbial. He thus came
to be considered as the paragon of the age, and his surpassing merit was universally
acknowledged. Having gone to Baghdad, he resided there nearly three years, and,
during that time, regular sittingswere held to hear him preach. His character gained
him the friendship of all classes, and theimlem (khalif) al-luktafi li-amr illah took
him into particular favour. Being then sent from Baghdad on a mission to the
court of the sultan Sinjar Ibn Malak Shah the Seljiikide (vol. I. p. 600). he proceeded
to KhorBsln, and, on his return, ile was despatched on another mission to KhGzi-
s t h . He died at Askar Mukram on Monday, the 29th OF the latter Rabt, A. H. 547
(3rd August, A. D. 1152). His corpse was carried to Baghdad and buried within
the enclosure which surrounds the grave of the holy shaikh al-Junaid Ibn Muhammad
(vol. 1. p. 3381, i n the Shfinizi cemetery. He was born in Ramadkn, A. B. 491
(August, A. D. 1098). He learned a great quantity of Traditions at NaisapGr from
Abfi Ali Nasr Allah Ibn Ahmad Ibn Oihmdn al-KhushoPrni, ~ b bbd i i Allah Ismail,
366 IBN ICHALI,Il<AN'S
the son of the hdba Abd al-Ghilir al-PArisi (vol. 11. p. 170), and other masters,
SoIne Traditions were given on his aulliority by the h d f i ~Abh Saad as Jamini
~ 1 . p1561, speaks of him i n lhese terms : " The Traditions wllich he lleard
66 are genuine, but 11is religious principles were mistrusted. I saw sometlling of
that in Ilis conduct, and I met with a treatise, in his own handwriting, wllerein
he essays to prove that it is lawful to drink wine ; God pardon him and forgiveus
4.
" His father Abb 'l-Husain was also known by tile appellalion of al-Amly;
Ile peached with elegance and led an exemplary life. His death occurred between
the years 490 and 500 (A. D. 1097-1107).- Abbhdi rneans belongbig lo Sznj Abb&,
a large village in the vicinity of blarw. I n the province of Marw also is another large
village called Sinj, h e native place of tlre jurisconsult AbB Ali as-Sinji (vol. 1.
p. 4.19). These two villages are quite dislinct and must not be confoonded; a
number of masters in this branch of knowledge he de~ivationof patronymics) have
already given a similar caution.

MUWAFFAK AD-DIN MUZAFFAR.

AbG 'l-lzz Muzaffar Ibn Ibrbll?m Ibn Jamha Ibn Ali Ibn Shhmi Ibn Ahmad Ihn
Nihid Ibn Abd ar-Razxiik al-Ailbni, surnamed Muwaffak ad-Din (fuuoured in his re-
ligion), was a member of the Hanbalite sect, a native of Egypt, an able philologer,
prosodian, and poet. He composed a short treaiise on prosody, which testifies, bg
its excellence, the acute intelligence of the author, and he left a diwdn of charming
poetry. He was a blind man, and in one of his pieces, he says :

" You are in love," said they, " and yet you are blind ! You love a dark-eyed llymph with
LL
rosy lips, yet you Ilever saw the charms of her person ; you cannot then say that they capti-
" vated your imagination. Her image never fleeted round you in your dreams; it never
" approached your couch; wheuce then has it sent, invisible to you, an arrow illto your heart?
" BY what means have you been enabled to describe her beauty in prose and verse?" I re-
plied: " I love I an1 like Moses: I feel and am silent (1) : I love through the medium of
" my ears, though I never saw the figure of her whom you name."
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 367

ASone thing brings on another, these verses remind me of the following piece,
composed also by a blind man :

A maiden said to her companions : " BOWstrange a being js that blind man! can he love an
66 object which h e never saw? " With tears gushing from my eyes, I replied: Though nly
(c eyes never saw her person, yet her image exists in my imagination."

This thought is similar to that which Muhaddab ab-Din Omar Ibn Muhammad,
generally known by the appellalion of l b n as-Shihna, a philologer and poet of some
celebrity, who was a native of l o s u l , inserted in a long kastda composed by him in
praise of the sullan Sallh ad-Din (Saladin) Ydsuf Ibn AiyBb. The verse to which we
allude is the following :

I am a mall who loved you on hearing of your virtues; the ear, like the eye, is sensible to
love.

The author took this thought from a verse 6f the poet Bashshhr Ibn Burd (vol. I.
p. 254), who said :

0 my friends ! my ear is in love with a person of that tribe; the' ear is sometimes enamoured
previously to the eye.

The vizir Safi ad-Din Abri Muhammad Abd Allah Ibn Ali, who was generally
known by the surname of Ibn Shukr (uol. I. p. 196), had set out from Syria with
the intention of returning to Egypt, and his friends went forth to meet him as far as
the station of Khashabi (2), near al-Abbdsa (3); and Muzaffar, the subject of this
article, wrote to him the following lines to excuse himself for not having gone
forth like the oIhers :

They said : ' I W e are hastening to al-Khashabi (9that

, we who are his pensioners, may meet
" the vizir ; yet you, bIind man ! do not set our." I replied: I stay behind not through fear
" of fatigue, but because my heart burns, in desolation for his absence, and I dread lest that
" fire and al-Khashabi may come together (S)."

This is a trite idea, but the manner in which it is here employed renews its
beauty. One of his friends told me that a person said to Muzaffar : "1 saw in one of
" Abh 'l-A1B al-Maarri's (vol. I. p. 94.1 compositions the following passage (6), and
" I wish to know what is the measure and whether it be one verse only or more than
368 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
one ; 1 should like to he informed if the verses terminate in the same rhyme
or not.m Muraffar reflected for some time and returned a satisfactory answer,
On hearing these words, I said to the relator of the anecdote : " Wait a moment till
1 the passage and don't tell me Muzaffar's answer." 1 then perceived
that il was a nlajzd (7)branch of the raja2 measure, that the passage consisted offour
verses rllyming in 1, and that it was versified in a manner which prosodians admit
of. Persons unaequainted with the science of prosody wollld not perceive that the
$yards form verses, because the separation between them falls on letters which are
united to those that follow. To render this evident, i l is necessary to give the verses
here in their proper form :

May God favour thee and preserve thee! thou must come to-day to our solitary abode, so
a that we may renew our scc~uaintancewith thee, 0 ornament of friends1 for it is not a man
like thee that would change or neglect an old friendship."

Prosodians quote these verses as a puzzle, not as a form of verification usually

employed. Having discovered the solution of the difficulty, I submitted it to that
person, and h e replied : Such was also tlie answer given by Muzaffar the blind."
-The following anecdote was related by the shailih Zaki ad-Din Ab8 Muhammad
Abd al-AzPm Ihn Abd al-Kawi al-Xundiri, tlie Egyptian Tradilionist (vol. I. p. 89):
'' The learned Muwaffak ad-Din Muzaffar, illc blind poet of Egypt, told me that,
< ' having gone to visit al-Kddi 's-Said Ibn San&al-Mu1k"-I shall gi\le the life of
this person; his real name was Hibat Allah,--" the latter said to him : 'Learned
" ' scholar I I have composed the first Ilemistich of a verse, but cannot finish it,
" ' although it has occupied my mind for some days.' Mozaffar aslted to hear wbat
" h e had composed, and the other recited as follows :

" (Baybdu izbri min saw&& izdril~i.) The whiteness of my beard proceeds from the black-
" ness of her ringlets.

" On hearing these word&, Muzaffar replied that he had found their completion,
" and recited as foilows :

" (Kamd jalla ndn' flhi min jullandriht) even as the flame with which I bum for her
" acquired its intensity from her pomegranate-flower (her wsy cheeks).

" As-Said approved of the addition and commenced another verse on the same
 I3IOG R A P H I C A L D I C T I O N A R Y . 369
16 model, but bluzaffar said 10 llimself: '1 must rise and be off, or else he will
8 16 tile entire piece at the expense of my wits.' " Those anecdotes have drawn us
from our subject, but one word brings on another.--Muzaffar was born at Old Cairo,
on the 24th of the latter JLmlda, A. H. 544 (29th Oct. A. D. 1149), and he died
Saturday morning, the 0111 of Mullarram, A. 8.623 (lot11 Jan. A. D. 1226). HP
was interred tlle next day, a t foot of mount Mukattam.- Ailhti meam Belonging
to Kuis Aildn, o r h'ais the, so12 of AiElln (S), Ibn Modar I,n Nizlr Ibn Maadd Ibn
~dniin. Those who call him Kais Aildn dot not agree as to \he signification of the
latter word; some say illat it was the name of a harse belonging to Kais, who was
therefore called the Kais of Aillln ; others say that it was the name of his dog, whilst
others again tell us that Ail An was a man who bronght up Kais in his childhood.
According to tlle authors of these statement, Kais was named Kais Aitdn because
there was a person contemporary wilh him who bore ihe name of Kais Kubba (the
Kais of Ilubba), which Kulrba was a horse h a t he possessed : therefore each of illerr,
was called after an objccl belonging to hill), in order to distinguish him from the
other. God knows 1)est l Some state that ICais Ailin's real name was an-Nhs, and
that he was the brotller of al-Yts, one of thc Prophet's ancestors

(I) Literally: I an1 Mosaic in love, hy siler~ceand comprehension.-I find nothing in the IiorAn to which
this can allude: it may pc~hapsrefer to solnc anecdote respecting Mhsa al-KAzim, an imdm whose life will be
found in this volume.
(2) Al-Khashabi was situated on the road leading from Cairo to Syria, at the distance of three stations from
Fost4t.-(Narbszd.)
(3) The town of Abbasa (see vol. I, p. 500) lay at 1 5 parasangs from Cairo, on the road to Syria,--(Marhid.)
(4) Here in the original Arabic is a fault against prosody. The poet pronounced al-Kha~habi,whereas the
true pronunciation, according to the Mnrbrid, is al-Khashnbiyi.
,
(5) Khashnhi, in Arabic, signifies any thing made of wood.
(6) Iomit the Arabic text of the passage, as it is to be found in the two printed editions; its meaning is
given lower down.
(7) In prosody, a distich is called mnjzci when a foot is suppressed in each hemistich.
(8) I may add that some authors write Ghoildn in place of Aildn.
 1310GRAPfIICAI, DICTIONARY. 37 1

~~l~ Book (61, was sent by his people, llle Aldites, to the sacred territory of Mekkn,
{hat be might pray for min. w h e n the Adclites perished, LokmPn was given tllc
choice of living as long as seven dun heifers (7) or as long as seven eagles (B), each
-of when it died, was t o be succeeded by another. He chose the eagles, and,
having taken a young one as i t came out of the shell, 1le reared it and it lived for
eighty years. On the deal11 of llle sixth eagle, Le took a sevenill, and called it
Lobad. When Lobad g r e w old and unahle to fly, Lolcmhn used to say to him :
Rise (and depart), 0 Lobad l " On the dealt1 of Lobad, Lokmdn died also. The
Arabs ( o r the desert) make frequent allusions to Lobad in their pocn~s: it is tllus illat
an-N$bighn ad-1)u bylni (9) says :

That abode has become desolate and its inhabitants have removed: it was destroyed by thal
agent (time)wt~iclldestroyccl Lobad.

Let us return to our subject. Moid pro~~ounced

the following lines on the death
of his sons and grandcllildren :

What can he hopc for in life who has consumed, of his fleeting cxislence, ninety years? The
ties which bound him to tlleln (his chiklrcn) are dissolved, and time has forced hirn to swallow
the bitterest of woes. Yet he must drink of the same pond (death) as they have donc, even
were his life prolonged still more.

An intimate friendship subsisted between Mold and al-Kumait Ibn Zaid (10), the
celebrated poet :Mullanlnlad Ibn Salil, the person who published by oral transmis-
sion the poems of al-Kumait, relates as follows : At-TirimmLh (11) the poet went to
KhAlid Ibn Abd Allall al-Kasri (ool. I. p. 484), the emir of the two Iriiks, who was
then at WBsit, and recited to him a poem which he had composed in his praise. Khilid
ordered him a present of thirty tllousand dirliems, and arrayed him in two mantles of
figured silk and of inestimable value. When al-Kumait heard of the circumstance,
he resolved on going to Khdlid with a poem of a similar kind, but MoPd Ibn
' Muslim al-Harrii said to him : Do not: you are by no means like at-Tirimmih;
" he is the son of Khhlid's uncle, and other differences exist between you : you are a

" Modarite, and Kllalid is a Yemenite strongly prejudiced against the descendants
" of Modar; you are n Shlite and he is a partisan of the Omaiyides; you are a native

" oflriik and he is a Syrian," 81-Kurnait refused to take his advice and persisted
in the intention of visiting Khilid. When he arrived, the Yemenites said to
KhBlid : A\-Kumaithas come, he vvl10 allaclied 11s ill I l i a tcratdr~wliicll rhymes in
? l , and in i t glorified his people at our expclisc." KI~blid,in consequence, east
llim into prison, that it was rig111L0 d o SO will1 R nlnn who molested people
by "tirieal AI-Maid learned wit11 regret w11qt had Ilappcne{l, and Ilronoun.
ced the following lines :

I gave 1.on good advice, but counsels wliicli thwart Il\c incli~latiol~s
of him to whom tlley are
addressed, are seldom well receivecl. You actcd against an ailvicc in which you would have
found your welfare, and of a suddcn, between you and yotlr Ilol)es, luisfortune intervened.
The contrary of your expectatio~lsoccurrcd to cross you, allct brouglll will1 it a long shareof
affliction.

When al-Kumait heard [hese lincs, he wrote ihe f o l l o w i ~ ~vcrsc

g to k10id :

you appear to ille like one who adds water to tbe ocean and wIlo lnakcs n trade of bearing
sand to the desert of Yabrin.

To this he added : Tllc judgment has fallcn upon me ; ~ v h a tresource is now

left?" Mo6d advised hinl to try and escape lrom prison, hccausc RIidlid mould
assuredly put him to death; he in consequence disguiscdliirnself in t l ~ eclotlies of his
l f for her, he left
wife, who calr~eto him regularly with lootl, aud, passing l ~ i ~ n s coff
the prison and took refuge with Maslama lbn Abd al-Yalik [12),wllose protection he
implored and to whom Ile addressed the lollowing lines :

I passed through (the gate) to reach you, as the arrow of Jbn Rlukbil passed through
(tlte In?*get) (13); (escaping t l ~ u s )from turmoil and miscry. I wore he tlrcss of a female,
but underneath I bore a dc~ennincclheart, (p?-o,npt lo act,) like the sword drawn from the
scabbard (14.).

It was thus that he escaped from Khblid. Modtl being asltcd tl~cdate ofliisbirIll,
replied that he was born in the reign of YazPd lbn ALd al-Mtllilc, or ill h a t of Abd al-
Malik. NOW,Yazid succeeded to the khalifate on ille clcatll of Omar Ibn ALd al-Aziz,
i n {lie monlll of Rajab, A. H. 1Oi (Jan.-Feb. A. D. 720), and be died in the month
of SllaabBn, A . H. 105 (January, A. D. 724) : his failler Abd al-Malik succeeded to
ihe khalifale on the death of his fatherMarwAn, i n the month of Rarnaddn, A. H. 65
(-ipril-May, A . D. 685), and he died in the month of Shawwdl, A. H. 86 (Sept.-Oct.
A. D. 705). Modcl's birth lies therefore betweell these limits :lie died A. H. 190 ( A - D.
805-6), or, aecortling l o some, the year in which the Barrnekides were o v e r l h r o ~ n ~
 RlOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY. 37s
namely, A. H. 187 (A. D. 803)' and this stalcmcnt is the more correct. He \\.as
surnan~edAbh Mllslim, but, having got a son wllom h e called Ali, he obtained the
surnalne of 6Lfi Ali.-- I l a r r d , with a long final d, means a dealer in the doth of
Herlit and sue11 was the trade of Mobcl.- The poct dbir 's'Sari, author of the piece
of verse in this article, was brought u p i n Sijistbn; he pretended to have bccn
by the genii (li~zn) and to have 1)cen incorporated into hat class of beings.
He composed a work on the genii, their wisdom, genealogy, and poetry, anrl he
pretended that he had medo them take the oath of fideliiy to al-Amin, tile son of
Hririin ar-Rashid, as successor the throne. This obtained for hi111llle favour of Elbrb,~
ar-Rashid, al.-Ami'n, and Zubaida, al-Amin's mother, and, by his in~crestmill1 illern,
he gained considerable wealth. l l e left some good poetry wliich lie gave as having
been uttered by genii, tfemor~s(shayditn), and sadli (female demons). Ar-Rashid
once said to him: "If tllou sawcst what thou hast clescribed, thou hast seen wonders;
if not, thou llast composctl a nice piece of literature." liis whole history is a
series of marvellous and strange anecclotcs.

(0Al-Kula:i (4!3,<1 \ ) mcans a rltuln7 :n kr.rn:; knror is tlic liarno given to thc leaves of the snlam irec.
a material used in tanning. According to Lho Nvjrirn, I\.luliammad llm Kaab nl-Iinrazi died ..\. 11. 1 1 5
(A. D. 735) o r A. 11. 120. I-lc was n trntlitionist.
(9) Muhammad commcnccd his pretended mission at forty and died a t sixty-three, the age after which,
according to the Moslims, tlic mental faculties begin to decline: lbn Muslim had therefore a motive for not
making himeelf oldcr.
(3) The Irdfiz OthmAn Ibn Abi Sl~niba,a native of K i l h , died A. B. 939 (A. D. 853-4). He composed a
commentary on the Korkn, and a nlasnnd, or collection of Traditions. Thirty thousand persons are stated to
hare attended his lessons.-;Ytdt a:-Zamdn.)
(4) Our author speaks of this poct at the end of the present article.
(5) A little lower down, the autllor tells us who, or rather what, Lobad was.
(6) Koran, shrat 3 1.
(7) The word nasr signifies e:jgle and vulture.
(g) The right reading appears to be ak (pellets of gnzelle's dung). See the riuirnd,r under the word
4, and de Sacy's Chterlon~atltieAr. tome 11. p. 4 3 2 .
(9) h[. de Sacy has given a notice on all-Ngbigha ad-Dabydui i n his Chresfontnlhie, tome 11. p. 4 1 0 .
(10) Coumait, fils d e Zayd, issu d'Adnan par .\gad Ibn lihozayma, yoete tr6~-distingu6dont lepr6noru ktait
M

Abou'l-Mo~stahi~l, 1, florirsait sous les Olneyyades et monrut avant l'adnement des Abhssidrs,
auvquels il etait trks-attachk. 5es poesies composbes en l'honneur de la fiimille de Hdchem, et nommt'es pour
raison licicherniY,@, sent comptkes parmi sea oeuvres les plos relnarquables. Pendant toutc sa vie, il ne
cessa de d16brer l a gloire des poetes issus d'Ad&n et de faire Is guerre auz poetes de ia race de C a h t h , except6
ccpendant h Tirimmah, dent il ktait l'ami intime, malgre la diffbrence de leur 01-igbe et de leurs opinions PO-
374 IBN KHALI,IKAN'S
litiques, rcligieuses et litt8raircs. Coumalt l~nl~itnit
Coura, 01) il lint quclrlllc temps Unc f?cole d ' c n ~ u t s ,11 fait
beaucoup de vers B la lonange d'Abbiln, fils dc Tlralid, dc In tribu dc Ilutl~iiln. Coutnnit &tit I'dpoque de
ia mart dc Bossn~n,fils d'Aly, G!, l'annko (i1 de l'hl'girc. 11 lnont'ut SOllS IC Iifl;llilht tic hfcr-vvin [ l ) ~Mohammed
~
(Merwan IJ), cn l'annbe 296. I1 fut enterrc! (ions nn lieu voisin dc Coofa, uommc! I l l c k ~ d n ,qlli csl devcnu dcFuis
le cimetiCro des Benor1 Aqad.-(Aglinni 111, 46 3-47 1.)-A. Caussi11 clc Pcrccvnl.
(11) Tirimlnah fils de Hakim, issu dc CahtA11 par Tay, CSt U n dcs bans pOctCS du prCmiCr sihclc I1isla-
rnisme, 11 avait Ctb Llevb Damas; il alla e n s ~ ~ i t
ile nvcc
Co~lfn, ]CS trClllpPS syricllncs, Ct s'ktnblit cn cettc yille,

11 cmbmssa. la sccte dcs Azdreka. I1 a fait des vers h In loc~angcdc TCt~alcrl,iils tl'Abdallith cl-Kasry. 11 frbquen-
tait le poete Rollba et surtout le poetc Coumait fils de Zayd, avcc Icqacl il etnit intimelncnt lit'..--(~ghani III,sc.)
-A. Caussin de Perceval.
( 1 9 ) Thc emir Maslama, son of the khalif Abd al-Malik Ibn RIarwiIn, died A. 11. 1 2 2 ( ( A DD.739-to),-
(Nujzim.)
(23) This proverbial expression is not noticed by nl-Maidani.
(24) Literally: Resembling the drawing of l l ~ eblade.

AL-MOAFA IBfl ZARARIYA.

The kddi Abd 'I-Faraj al-Mobfa Ibn ZaIcariyci Ibn Yallya l h n Humaid Ibn Hammid
Ibn Dhwiid an-Nahramlni, surnamed Ibn Tarhrd al-Jnri'ri, was a jurisconsult, a
philologer, a poet, a scholar learned (in the law)and versed in cvery branch of science.
He held the post of kddi i n ihat quarter of Baghdad called Bib at-Tiik, exercising the
functions of that place as deputy to thc lidlli Ibn Sabr. Tradilions were delivered by
him on the authority of some eminent masters, such as AbD 'I-Kbsim al-Baghawi
(vol. I. p. 323), Abb Bakr Ibn Abi Db~vBd(vol. I. p. 590), Yallya Ibn Siid (vol. 11.
p. 597), Abh Said al-Adawi, and AbB HBmid Muhammad Ibn BhrGn al-Hadrami (l).
One of the teachers from whom he received his p1,ilologioal information was Ahh Abrl
'Allah lbrahim 1bo Muhammad Ihn Arafa Ibn Niftawaib (vol. 1. p. 26), and (tradi-
fional information) was transmitfed from him to later sluden ts by AbO 'I-Khim al-
Azhari, the lddi Abii 't-Taiyib at-Tabari (vol. I. p. 6 4 4 doctor of the Shafite sect,
Ahmad Ibn Ali atlldhauri, Ahmad Ibn Omnr Ibn Reuh, and others. Ahmad Ibn
Omar Ibn Rauh relates as follows: Abfi 'l-Faraj al-&PEa went to the house of a
certain (2), and found a number of the litereti and philologers assembled there.
 BIOGRAPHICAI, D I C T I O N A R Y . 373
C

~h~~ asked h i m whal branch of science he felt inclined to discuss wit11 them, and
he addressed the rats in these lerlns : " Your library conlains treatises on all the
branches of knowledsc and of literature; will you be pleased to send your bay
there and let him open door and bring us the first book he lays his hand on;
66you will then examine 111~subject of wllich it treab, and that subject we shall
discuss." ' L This, " says Ibn Ijauh, " proves that Abh 'l-Faraj tvas acquainted
6. all the sciences."--Abd Mullammad al-L1BB (3) used to say : When tile
(1 k&& Abil '1-Faraj is present, WC l ~ a v ewilh us all the sciences." Be said also :
&er' a man to devise one third of his properly to {he most learned of men, jt
16 should be delivered ovcr to Abh 'l-Faraj aI-~loilf'a." Al-Molifa was a sure and
trustvorihy transmilter of tradilional infornlntion. He composed some good poetry,
and the follotving piece is given as his by Ahfi 't-Taiyib at-Tabari :

Say to birn who envies nle : " Do you know wtlolri you offeendby your couduct? You offe11d
~ o ind finding fault with ~vllat11edid; for you are not pleased at what God hath bestowed
upon me. Rlay God llierefore punish you in giving lne an i~icrease(of Knowledge) and ex-
'L clude you from every pal11 by which kr~owlcdgemay be reached.

The shaihh Abb Isllali as-Shirizi (col. I. p . 9) mentions him will1 commendalion in
the Tabakdt a l - I ~ z ~ k a h dand
, tllen adds tl~esewords : 'L AbCl Ali 'd-Diiwlidi, [he k&di of
our city, states that Qle followii~gverses were recited to him by Abh'l-Faraj as his

" Shall I seek to obtain ligl~tfrom the cloud, or water from the mirage? I ask of vile for-
" tune to lavisll on me ils favours, and I an] sated with the fruit of bitterness. And yet I hope,
" vith longing deeire, to meet the best of men in the worst of ages (h)."

The following piece is by al-RIoPfa : '

The Lord of the universe is bound to provide for me; ~vhythen should I submit lnyself as a
slave to llle world? Belorc I was created, he who formed me, may his name be glorified !
fixed my sliare of adversity and prosperity. Mhen rich, liberality aud beneficence are m y coln-
panions ; when poor, my companion is meekness. As I am unable to repel the favours of
God, so is all my intelligence unable to attract them.

It is stated that h e composed these lines i n imitation of the following bg Ali

al-lahm (vol. 11. p. 29.4):

Be assured that idleness is not always l~urtful,and that application is not always useful. Since
 tile provision Gocl has a l l ~ t ~ cYOU
d will 1.~3~11 fqua111 50011, be YOU a1 llollleor ablqad,
eajoy the pleasure of rc1)osc.

A singular ( o / " ~ u ? ? ~isP stlrus

) related by Abfi Abd Allall al-Humaidi
!his volu~,ie), j n his al-larj10 baiu US-Sah4ha.m: he tllere says : I read ille
(p, 1
follon.ing in tile handwriting 01 Abh 'I-Faraj 21-MoBb I b n %akariy4an.
NallrawAni : I made the pilgrimage one year, and, being nt Mina on one of tile
6' rllree days nllieIl follow tile Day of the Sacrifice, I heard a person call out: H. l
U A ~ 'l-Fard
B 1' 1 said to myself: He perhaps means me ; bol l l ~ e nI reflected that
' 6 many persons bore the surname of Abii 'l-Pilraj, and that some other individual
'6 be meant. When the men found thal n o one answered him, he called
L 6 out : Ho ! .4bh 'I-Paraj al-MoPfa l' I was on the point of answering when
L

I illat there rnighl exist anothcr man named el-RZor"lfaand surnanled Abd
lL Faraj ; SO I said nothing, and lllc same person shoulcd out a third time : 'Ho
c ' Abh 'l-Paraj al-8loifa Ibn Zakariyii an-BallrawAni 1' 0111 said I to myself, there
can be no doubt but that he calls m e ; lle mentions my name, my surname, the
name of my father, and the name of the town to wllicli I belong; I tllerefore
answered: ' Here I a m ; what do you ~ v a n t ? ' llc ropliccl : ' You arc pe~hapsfrom
an-RahrawAtl i n the East?' P answered that I was, on wliicll Ile observed that
g

l C ihe Nallrnmrin ~ v l ~ i cheh meant lay i n tlic Wcsl. 1 was muell sll-uck will] all these
coincidences ant1 i learned that t l ~ c r cwas a place i n Rlagllrib called an-Nallrawbn,
qui tc different lrom the Nahrawdn ~vhichis in Irnlc (5)." Abh 'l-Faraj al-Molfa
composed a number of instructive works on literary and olllcr sul~jects. Ilc is the
author of the book intilled Al-Jallis wa 'I-Allis (tlie compa?~ion nrtd friend). His birth
took place on Thursday the 8th of the rnonlll of Rajab, 303 (January, A. D. 9161,
or 305, according to another statement. Hc died on ;Ilonday, l l ~ e18th of Zh '1-
Hijja, 390 (19th November, A. D. 1000), at Nahrawin .-
Tardrd is written with a
final h ( l ) , but some persons replace this letter by a (a).--Al-Jariri means related
Muhammad Ibn JarEr at-Tabari, the imdna of whonl we llave already spoken. Abb
'l-Faraj received this surname because he had accepted and followed implicitly the
religious opinions taught by at-Tahari who, as we lrave already staled (vol. 11.p. 597),
tvas a mlijtahid in&m and the founder of a particular sect. Iie had a great number
of disciples, many of wbom adopted his system of doctrine, a n d one of lhese was
Abb 'I-Faraj.-As we have already spoken of Nahra~&r,(vol. I. p . 4.01), we need
not repeat our observations here.
 l!IOC,RAPHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 377
(1) This traditionist dicd 8 . 11. 32 l (A. D. 933).-(Nvjzim.)
p) See p a p 1 4 7 , note ( 4 ) of this volume, and page 67, notc (4) of vol. IT. The word rnis now sig-nifies
,-~ptuitrof U vessel.
(J) T ~ lnanuscripts
O read erronconsly .iCBdl{i (2
L)I) instead of a!-Bdfi (>l,) \).-AM Muhammad Abd
~ l l ~jbnh ~ l u h a r n m a dal-nafi al-Klluw?trezmi ( n a t i ~ cof the village of Raf, in the provincc of Khuwarlzin or
lihariam), wss liighly distinai~isheda s a jurisconsult, a poet, and a literary schohr. He succeded ad-Dgrakl
(vol. 11. p. 137) as professor at Ilaghdad, and died in the year 3 9 8 ( A . D. 1007-a).-(Tabakbt al-Fukahd,
autographic manuscript bclongi~lgto the Biblioti~8que?rnpc't~iuEe,No. 7 5 5 , fol. 7 7 \erso.)
(4) Literally: In the aFr of dogs.
(5) This anecdote is cilrious cnurlgll, but, u n f ~ r t u n a t ~ lfor
y its authenticity, no place of that name exists
In Naghrib.

AI,-MOIZZ L I - D I N I L L A H .

Abt~Tamim Rlaidil, surnamed al-llfoizz li-clln Illah (the ezalter of God's religion),
was the son of al-Rlanshr, [he son of al-Kiim, the son of al-Mahdi Obaid Allah. We
have already spoken of his father (aol. 1. p. 2181, of his grandfather p.' 181 (of this
uol.) and of hisgreat grarldfnlher (vol 11. p. 77), and given a sketch of their history.
AI-Moizz received from the people, in the lifetime of his father, the oath of fealty
as heir to the throne. The oath was renewed to him after his father's death and on
thedate mentioned i n our arlicle on that prince. Havingthen taken into his hands the
direction of affairs, he governed the state remarkably well. On Sunday, the 7th of
Zii 'l-Hijja 341 (25th April, A D. 9.531, h e took his seat on the throne of the em-
pire, so that the grandees and a great number of the people might do him homage.
They saluted him with the title of khalif, on which he assumed the surname of ~ 1 -
Moizz. witl~outshewing any sorrow for the death of his father. Having then set out
to visit ilie provinces of Ifrikiya and ~ r o v i d efor their welfare and tranquillity, he
subdued the rebels in these countries, chose from among his pages and followers those
whose ability and intelligence he had appreciated and confided to them the govern-
ment of his (towns and) districts. To each of them he furnished a nilmerous troop
of militia and men at arms. Be tIlen placed a large army under the orders of Ahfi
']-Hasan Jawhar, the k&id of whom we have spoken under the letter (vol. 1. p. 340)
VOL. 111. Q8
 and sent him to subdue all ille countries of Maghrib ~ l ~ i had c h refused obedience.
Jawllar went to Fez and from that 10 SijilmPssa. Having taken these cities, he
tovards tile ocean which environs the world, caugllt some fish therein, put
them into jars filled will1 water and sent them to d-Moizz. Ile then returned to his
master, bringing with him as prisoners, in an iron cage, the sovereigns of Fezand
Sijilmassa. A full account of that expedition would he too long to relate; let it
to sag that the kdid did not return lo El-hloizz until he had solidly eslah.
]ished tllat authority in those countries ancl chastised the disobedient
and the refractory. (He vainquished thorrt every where 6c met ihern,) from the door
(or capital) of Ifrikiya to the ocean, in the West, and Iron1 the same capital as far as the
provinces of Egypt, in the East. There ren~aincdnot a spot in all those regions
wherein the sovereignty of al-loizz had not been proclaimed; in every one of tllenl,
tile Friday prayer was offered up in his name by the congrrgalion, willr \he sole ex-
ception of Sibfa (Ceuta), which city remained in the possession of 111e Omaiyide
sovereigns who ruled in Spain. When al-loizz was inlormed of the death of KPbr
al-Ikhshidi (vol. 11. p. 524), who was governor of Egypt, as we have already stated,
al-Moizz ordered Jawhar to make preparations for marclling into that counfry.
Jawhar, before going, made an expedition towards tlte West, in order tosettle matters
there. He took with hirn an immense army, assembled all the Arab tribes that
were to accompany him to Egypt, and collected from the Berbers five hundred
thousand dinars of taxes which they owed for territories granted to h e m by govern-
ment. When the winter season arrived, al-Moizz set out for al-Malldiya and caused
five hundred camel-loads of dinars to he transported Cronl the palaces of his forefathers
to his own. On Sunday, the 27th of Muharram, A. H. 358 (21st Dec. A. U. 968),
lawhar came back, bringing to al-Moizz troops and money, and then received the
order 10 set out for Egypt. He took with him a great number of tribes (both Arabic
and Berber). In our article on Jawhar WO have given the date of his departure and
that of his arrival in Egypt, so we need not repeat them here. AI-Moizz spent on
the army which accompanied Jawhar so great a sum of money that the donatives (in
some cases) amounted to one thousand dinars (a man) and were never less than
twenty. The soldiers being thus enriched by his gifts, laid out their money at
Kairawgn and Sabra ( l ) ,in purchasing whatever they slood in need of. Jawhar
departed with the army and took with him one thousand camels loaded with money
and arms. The quantity of cavalry and ammunitions ms immense. Dearth and
 TiIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 37!1
had prevailed in Egypt that year and carried off, its is said, six hundred
thousand persons i n the capital and the provinces. On the 151h of liarnadbn, h. H.
358 (2nd of August, A . D. 969). al-hloizz received intelligence of the conquest of
Egypt by his troops. Some time after, t l ~ cdromedary express arrived with a dis-
patell containi~lga n account of the conquest. Djawhar wrote repeatedly to al-Moizz,
requesting him in the most pressing t e r n ~ sto cerne to Egypt, and soon after, lie
informed him by a coilrier that Egypt, Syria and Hijiiz were brought into perfect
order and that the prayer was offered up in his name throughout all those countries.
This news gave al-Moizz the utmost satisfaclion and, as soon as his aulllority was eon-
solidated in Egypt, h e set out, after naming Bolukkin Ibn Ziri lbn Men&l (vol. I .
p. 267) as llis lie'atenant governor i n ifrikiya. He fook with him an immense sum
of money and a number of very influential a n d powerful chiefs. He started from
al-Rlansfiriya; (2), the seat of his empire, on Monday, the 21st of Shawwil, A. H.
361 (5th August, A. D. 972) and proceeded to Sardhniya (3) where he stopped in
order to rally his officers, followers and all those who were to accompany him.
Whilst at that station h e ralified Bolukkin's nomination, the date of which has been
already givcn in his biograpllical notice. He departed thence on Thursday, the 5th
of Safar 362 (15th Nov. 8 . D. 972) and continued his march, halting at certain
places for a Cew days ancl, at other times, proceeding with great speed. On his way,
he passed tllrougll Barkn and entered Alexandria on Saturday, the 23rd ShabAn of
the s a n ~ eyear (29111 May, A. D. 973). He went in on horseback and proceeded to
a d Ahmad, kddi of Misr [Old Cairo), accompanied
the bath. AbG Tiihir M o h a r n ~ ~ \Ibn
by the chief men of the country, waited on him (in Alexandria) and offered him
their salutations. He held a sitting near the light-house, in order to receive them
and, addressing to them a long speech, he said that he had come to Egypt, not forthe
purpose of augmenting llis dominions and his wealth but of maintaining the true
faith, protecting pilgrims and making war against the infidels. He declared his
resolution to close Iris life i n the exereice of good works and to act in conformity
with the orders he had received from his ancestor, the Prophet (Muhamad). He
then preached to them and made a long exhortation which drew tears from some of
those who were present; after which, h e arrayed the kddi and other persons of the
assembly in robes of honour, made each of them a present of a horse (or nzule), ready
harnessed, and dismissed them. Towards the end of the month of Shabhn, he left
Alexandria and, on Saturday, the 2nd of Ramadin (6th June, A. D. 9731, h e stopped
at Mina, which is the wharf of Yisr, opposite Guiza. TIN k l i d Jawhar wen1
forth to ,neet him and, on drawing near, dismounted (povn his horse) and kissed the
ground before him. T]lc vizir Abi?i 'l-Fad1 Jaafar lb11 d - P u ~ of, whom we have
rnjven some account under. the letter J (vol. I. p. 31 g), had also a n interview, at al-
b
Djiza, al-Moiz~, who remained there three days. T~ICarmy prepared for
crossing llle river to the wharf of Misr, will1 their baggage, and, on Tuesday, the 5th
of RanladPn.--or, by another account, on the 7111 of that ntonlh,--El-loizz passed
the Nile and proceedell to al-Cahira (Cairo), willlout et1 tering Misr (Old Cairo),
though the inhallitants had adorned the streets of the city, tllinkinglre would visit it.
On the other hand, the people of Cairo had n ~ a d en o preparations for 11;s reception,
as they supposed that he would. first of all, go to h r . On arriving at Cairo, be
went to the Castle and entered a hall of audience where he Cell prostrale in adoration
ofslnlighly Cod. Hethen said a prayer of two ralrds (4)ancl dis~llissedthe company.
It was after al-Moizz that Cairo received the surname of al-illoizziya (the dloiazian),
this city having been built for him by the kdid Jawhar. On Friday, the 17th of
Muharram 364 (7th Oct. A. D. 974),al-llloizz took away from Jawhar thesuperin-
tendance of the government of(ices, the collectorship or the revenue and the direc-
tion of all other public affairs. In our article on the sharlil Abd Allah Ibn Tabitsbi
(vol. II. p. 47; we stated that, i n a conversation with al-kloizz, he questioned him
about his genealogy, and we gave that sovereign's answer; we n~entioncdalso what
he was bold enough to do on his return to the Castle. El-Moizz was highly intelli-
gent, resolute and lofiy-minded, an accoillplislzed scholar, and a good aslronomer
(or astrologer). The following piece of verse is said to be his :

See what those cyes have wrought upon us from beneath those hoods! They are more cutting
and more piercing to the soul than daggers to the throat. Between them all I am as much
fatigued as a proscript flying under a mid-day sun.

These lines also are said to be his :

Beauty, rising in your forehead like a sun, looked down on the roses of your cheeks, and &Y
loveliness, fearing that these roses might fade in that parching heat, spread over them thy hair
as a shade.

This is a fine and original idea.-We haye already given a n article on his son
Tami~li(vol. I. p. 279) and some specimens of his poetry. We shall speak of his
 I310GRAPHiCAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 38 1
jother) son, al-Aziz Nizir, under tlle letter N.-AI-loizz was born at al-Mabdiya, on
)Ionday, the lit11 of ltamadin 319 (27th Sept. A. D. 931); he died at Cairo on
Friday, the 15t11, or as sorne say. the 13th of tlre second Rabi 365 (20th Dec. h. D.
gyj), or, by another account, l l ~ e7111 of that month (5).

(1) S;ibm was one of the subnrbs of ICairswkn.

(g) he name of nl-Muns?iriyct was given to Sabra hy lsmail al-Mansfir, the third fatimide khalif.-(AL-
uakri's Dercripliou de L'Afi-ique srJplentrionale, p. 64.)
( 3 ) Al-Bakri places SardBniya near Jaltlla, which place is about B 4 miles from KairBwan. Sard$nlya was
so callcd because a numbcr of Christians, whom the Musulmans had carried off from the isle of Sardinia,
mere permitted to settle there. Anotl~rrcolony of the same people existed in the neighbourhood of Tlizer,-
(AI-Bakri, p. 78 ; Ibn I<l~aldlln'sIfi~tozrcdcs Berbes-S, vol. Ill. p. 156 of my translation.)
( i ) See vol. I. p. 6 2 4 , note (7).
(5) For 3 fuller account or thc 11re of this sovereign consult the Vre d'eLMoe'zz by QuatremAre (Journal

ntiat~,?uede 1837), and the Histoire des Berbers, tome 11, parsim.

AL-MUSTANSIR BILLAH.

A bh T a ~ i ~ i rMaPdd,
n surnamed al-Mustansir Billah (the invoker of God's assistance),
was the son of az-Zihir li-Iztz Din-Illah, the son of al-H&m, the son of al-Aziz,
the son of al-Moizz li-llin Illah, him whose biography we have just given. The rest
of his ancestors we have already mentioned. He was proclaimed sovereign on
Sunday, the 15111 of Shabdn 427 (14th June, A. D. 1036). after the death of his
father. During his reign a number of events took place the like of which never
occurred in the reign of any other prince of that family, either before or after him.
Such, for instance, was the affair of Abii 'l-Bbrith Arsliin ai-Baslsiri (vol. I . p. 172j
who, having acquired great power and influence in Baghdad, substituted in the public
prayer (khotba) (I)the name of al-Mustansir for that of the imm (and Abbbaaide Malif)
al-KPinl. This took place i n the year 650 (A. D. 1058). During twelve months the
khotba was recited, i n the name of al-Mustansir, from all the pulpiis of Baghdad.
Another remarkable occurrence was the revolt of Ali Ibn Nuhammad asSulaihi who,
 382 IBN KIIAIAI,IIiAN'S
llaving become master of Yemen in the manner we llavc already related (vol. 11,
p , 3&5),llad prayers offered up for al-M usinnsir from all tllc pulpi 1s of that countrg,
immediately aller tlle khoda. This event is so well hewn that details are onne-
cessary. Anotller erlreordinary fact was tllat reigned sixty years, wbicb was more
illan s t l v of the Abbaside family or of 11;s own ever did. hnotlicr strange
ihing w s lds being raised to the sovereignty at the age of seven gears. Anotller was
that, Corn the time his ancestor al-3lalidi obtained the suprenre power ill the (jaysof
aI-310izz,-see the preceding article,-the prayer liad Lcen always offered up in
Maghrib for the Fitimides; when al-Moizz set out for Egypt, lie appointed Bolukkin
Ibn Ziri as his lieutenant in tlint country, and [he kholba conlinuerl to be said there
as usual (for the Fdtimide clynasty] ; but al-Moizz I b n Bidis, of whom we shall give
some account (see page 368 oflhis vol.), put a slop to ilre practice. This happened in
the yeat- 443 (A. D. 1051-21, during tllc reign of al-Mustansir. Tlie auillor of the
History of Iiairawin (2)gives the year 435 as the d d e of tllis event ; (3)bu i God knows
best. I n the year 4.39 (A. D. 1047) the names of al-ljusfansir and or his ancestors
were replaced i n tlie kholba, at Meklca and at Medioa, b y that of al-h'luktadi (4),the
khalif of Baghdad; but an account of this ~vouldlead us loo far. Another eatraordi-
nary thing happened during al-Mustansir's reign :a great famine, the like of which
had never becn known since the days of (the patriarch) Joseph [lie faitllful, desolated
Egypt during seven years ; men ate the flesh of their fellow-men and, it is said, a
single cake of brcad was sold for fifty pieces of gold (dinars). As long as this
calarnity lasled, al-bfustansir alone possessed a horse, and, when he rode out, the
courtiers followed on foot, not having a beast to carry them. Individuals walking
in the streets fell dead of hunger. Al-Mustansir was obliged to borrow a mule for
his parasol-bearer, from Ibn Hibat Allah, president ol tlie board of official corres-
pondence (5). The famine rose at length to such a height that, i n the year 462
(A. D. 1069-70), al-Nustansir's lnolher and daugliters removed to Bagl~dod. The
inhabitants of Egypt dispersed into various countries and were scattered abroad. It
continued to rage with unabated violence till Badr al-Jamdli Am'ir al-Jiiyitish, the
father of al-Afdal Shhhanshbh, set sail from Acre, as we have related in the life of
his son (vol. 1- p. 612) and proceeded to Egypt where he took in hands the direclion
of affairs and re-established the prosperity of llle country. The details of his
proceedings would lead us too far.-Al-Mustansir was born on the morning
Tuesday, the 161h of the second JurnPda 420 ( 2 n d July, A . D. 1029); he died on
 B[OC,RAPHICAJ, D I C T I O N A R Y . 383
the eve of ihursday, the 181h of ZQ 'I-Hijja 187 (6111 Jan. A. D. 1095).--1 may
observe that the 18tll of ZB '1-Hijja is the anniversary of the Festival of Gha&
jdfd U[-GhadCr)which is the same as that of GhadC Khumm (the pond of Khunttn).
I mention this, having heard nlany persons ask on what day cf the month that festi-
val look place.- Khumm, situated between l e k k a and l e d i n a , is a place where there
is a p n d of water, or, by anolher account, a morass. When llle Propllct returned
from Dleklia, the year of the farewell (6), lie halted at Khumm and adopted A l i Ibn
Abl TBlib as his brother, saying : " dli is to me what Aaron was to Moses. Almighty
God ! be a friend to liis fricnds and a foe to his foes ; help those who help hiin and
frustrate the llopesof lllose who betray him." The Shiites allach great importance
to this (tradilion). According to Al-Bizimi (page 11 o r this vol.), Khurnnz is the
name of a valicy lying between klekka and bledina, and in the neigl~bourhoodof
al-Juhfa (7). It conlains a pond near which the Prophet pronounced his invocation.
This valley is notorious for the insalubrity of its air and the malignily of its fevers.
-We have already noticed some menlbers of al-Mustansir's family and shall speak
of others in their proper places (8).

(I) See vol. I. p. 174, note (9).

(S) The history of KairawAn has been written by the following authors: Ist, Ibn ar-Raklk, whn was still
living in the year 341 (A. D. 952) ; end, lbn al-Jazz&-, who, according to the author of the Baiydn ol-Mughril,
died in 369 (A. D. 979), or, according to Ibn Abi Osaibia, in 395 (A. D. 1004-5); 3rd, Ibn Bashlli, who died
in Sicily the year 463 (A. D. 2070-1; ; 4th, Ibn ShaddAd the Sanhajian, who died in 50 1 (A. D. 1107-8);
5th, Ibn Hammkd, whose work is cited by Ibil Khaldhn; 6th, Ibn Sharaf, whose history is quoted in the Baiydn;
and 7th, Abh Bakr Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad al-MAliki, author of a biographical work, arranged in chronolo-
gical order, and treating of the most remarkable jurisconsults and devotees who bad appeared at Kaira\v;ln,
up to the year 356 of the Hijra inclusively. It furnishes occasionallg some good historical information. The
MS. of the Bibliothdque impdriale is dated 24th Rajab 7%7 (June, A. D. 1337), and one of those from which
it was copied bore the date of 5 4 4 (A. D. 11 49-50).
(3) Ibn Khaldbn, who gives a full account of this event, (see Histoire des Be~bers,tome I, page 331 et slliv.,)
states that it took place in the year 437 (A. D. 1 0 4 5 - 6 ) ; but, in the second volume of the same ~vork,page 90,
he says it kappened i n the year 440, and this is also the date given by the author of the B a i y h .
( 4 ) The author has here fallen into a mistake: the khalif aI-Muktadi commenced his reign A. B. 467. It
was the khalif a l - K ~ mwhose supremacy was acknowledged in Maghrib after the revolt of al-BIaizz the ZTride.
Ibn a l d i x n , in his Histoire des Berbers, tome. 11. p. S$, says so positively, and the date suffkes to pmuve
that he is in the right. lbn Khallik&nhas avoided this error in his life of d-hlokz ws, page 386 of
this volume.
see, for the board of correspondence or chancery-office, vol. I. p. 33, note (4)-
:B'i IBN I(HALLI1IAN'S
(6) The tenth year 01 the Hijra was called the !/ear of the [ ~ ~ ' c w e l bl ,c c ~ t l s e~t W A S that ill wi,,cl, i\.lUllar,,.
luad made his last pilgrimage and bid adictl to Mckka-
(7) See vol. I. p. 365, note (23).
(8) h long notice on al-Mustansir, compiled from the works of v;rrious Arabic authors, was publislle,j ,,{
Quntremt)re in the second volume of his llt?rnoiressur 1'&gl/ptc.

MARUF AI,-.KARKHI.

.ilbG MahFhz Mlrdf al-Karkhi, the celebrated saint, was the son of Firilz, or Ij'ir.ljzin,
or Ali, and one of the clients of Ali Ibn Mhsa ar-liida, a person of whom we have
already spoken (vol. II. p. 212). His parents, who were Cllristians. delivered him
aver to a school-master of that persuasion, and when this man told him to say : (Gor[
is) the third of three," lie replied : "Not so ! 11r is tile Only One (l)". Having
once received a severe beating from his master for making such an answer, he ran
away and left him. His parents then sald : ' ' 0 ! were he to come back to us, we
should conform to whatever religion he may have chosen ." Some time after, he
made his profession of Islamism in the hands of Ali Ibn hlilsa er-Hida and, having
refurned to Iiis parents' house, Ile knocked at the door. A voicc (fromwithin) said:
66 Who is there?" He answered: Mirhf.''-6L What religion does he follow?"-
Islamism". His parents then because Moslilns. Miirhf had the reputation of
always obtaining from God the fulfilment of his praycrs; so, i n times of drought,
the inhabitants of Baghdad offer up the prayer for rain at his tomb. They have
also a saying that the tomb of Mliriif is an approved remedy for every ill. He
said, one day, to his disciple Sari as-Saha~i (vol. I. p. 555): " When thou
" scandest in need of God's assistance, invoke him io grant i l for m y sake."--
" I saw, i n a dream, Mirhf al-Karkhi;"-so relates as-Sakati,-l he seemed 10 be
" under the ihrone (of God), and the Creator, may his power be glorified I said fo

l' the angels : 'Who is that?' To which they answered: Thou knowest, o Lord G

" ' better than we do.' (God) replied : It is Bllrdf al-Karkbi ; he was intoxicated
" ' with love for me and did not recover tjll he met "-- Mhriif once related as
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 3 83
follows: d 6 One of the disciples of Dhwdd at-Tai (2)said to me : 'Take cart not to
6. disconti~luethe act, [or, by it, thou art hroi~glltnear unto the favour of thy TAord.'
66 What is that act? ' said 1. He answered : ' Continual obedience to thy Lord,
6. L and respect, with good counsel, for the Moslims.' "--Nohammad Ibn al-Husain
that lle heard his falher say : " I saw, in a dreatn, Mirlif cl-Karkhi, after his
death, and I said 10 him : ' How did God treat thee?' and he answered : 'He halh
shewn mercy unto me. '- ' \I'as it for llly self-mortification and thy devotion?'
said I. ' NO,' said Ilc, ' but because 1 had hearkened to the exhorlation of Ibn
i.
as-SammPk (p. 18 of this vol.) and because1 clung to poverly and consorted with
the poor.' " bfdrhf himself gave the following account of Ibn as-Sammlk's
exhortation : ''As 1 was passing lhrought Kiifa, I stopped to hear a man called lbn
as-Sammbk, who was preaching to [he people. In the course of his sermon 11e
b < said : ' Whosoever turneth a1together from God, God will turn totally away from
c him ; whosoever turnetll his heart towards God, God will turn towards him with

c mercy and a look of consent to his wishes, and he who has been (devout) from

" c time to time, God will shew llinl mercy on a time.' His mords sunk into my heart,
so I turned towards God and left every occupation except the service of my patron
Ali I b n Mhsa ar-Rida. I related this discourse to ar-Hida and he said: That
c exhortalion is quite sufficient, if thou art capable of being touched by an exhor-

L ' tation.' "-We have already spoken of Ibn as Samrnik among the Mu,hammaik.-
When bltrhf was on his death-bed, they asked him for his last injunctions and he
answered : Afier m y death, give away my shirt in alms; naked I came into the
" world and naked I wish to leave il."-He passed, one day, by a water-carrier who
was crying out : a God have mercy on him who drinketh !" On this, he went up
to him and took a drink, thought he was at that time keeping a strict fast. Some
one then said to him : ' & A r ttllou not keeping a fast?" and he replied: "Yes, 1am,
" but I hoped for the fulfilment of that man's payer."-The merits of Mlrdf and
ihe anecdotes respecting him are too numerous to be related. He died at Baghdgd
in the year 200 ( A . D. 815-6) or, by other accoun(s, in 201 or 206. His tomb
is in that city ; it is a well-known monument, much Irequented by pious visitors.--
h k h i means belonging to X a ~ k h . Nine places bearing this name are mentioned
in ylkdl al-HamawiVsgeographical dictionary, but the best known of lhem is that
which is (the suburb) of Baghdad. l i r i i f most cerlainly belonged to tbat place,
lhough some say h e was a native of the Kharktl o[Jzcdd&, which is a village
VOL. 111. 49
 386 IBN K H A I J I J I K A N J S

(1) Tllatmeans: God is the third person of the Trinity. It is liornllic expression (sce s,jrnt 5 , 7'i),
llrlt never have been made use of by a christian tcacllcr. This shcws that the story hcrc related is a
Moslem fabrication.
(2) See vol. I. p. 355, note (18).

Al-tloirz a)-Himyari as8anhAji (the sanhajiaa l l i ~ n y a ~ i l(ei)) , sovereign of Ifri%iya

and its maghribine dependancirs, was the son of Bidis, tllc son of Manshr, the son
of BolukkPn, the son of Zlri, the so11 of Mandd. I n o u r arlicle o n his son, the emir
Tamirn (vol. I. page 281), w e have given tllc rest of the genealogy. Al-Hdkim the
(Falimide) sovereign of Egypt, conferred on him the title of Sharrlf ad-Dawla (noble-
?less ollhe cnzpire) and sent him a robe of llonour with a diploma authorising him
to lake that tille. Thishappened in the month of Zh 'l-Hijjo 407 (May, A . D. 1017).
AI-filoizz was a powerlul and high-minded prince, a friend to the learned, and
prodigal of gifts. In the series of sovereigns belonging to that family, he held
the central place (2). We lrave already mentioned his father and his grand-
father (vol. !. p. 248) and also his great grandfather (vol. I. p. 267). Poets
were loud in his praise, literary men courted his patronage, and all who hoped for
gain made his court their halting-place. The rite of ALfi nnnifa was (ul thal time)
mo1.e prevalent in Ifrikiya than any other, but al-Moizz obliged all the people of
Ilauritania to adopt that of MPlilr Ibn Anas (vol. 11. p. 545), and thus put a stop to
all contestalions arising from [he diversity of legal and ritual observances. Things
haye continued in the some state up to the present time (3). In our article on
Mustansir billah the Obaidide (4). we mentioned that al-Moizz repudiated [he
authority of that sovereign, suppressed his name in the khoiba and replaced ii
by that of al-I(Bi1nbi-Amr Illah, the khalif of Baghdad. On Ihis, al-lustansir wrote
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 387
hinl a long and threatening letter, in which was this passage : Wily lhast thou not
( 6 trod in llle steps of lhy forebthers, showing us obedience and fidelity?'' To
a]lich al-Moizz replied: " My father and my forefathers were kings of Magllrib
before thy predecessors obtained possession of that country. Our family render-
ed ihem services not to be retributed hy any rank which thou canst give. When
people aitempted to degrade them, they exaltcd themselves by nnleans of their
66 swords." He persisted in suppressing al-Rlustansir's nami: and, from that
time up to the preseilt day, the khotba llas never been said in Ifrikiyn for any
Egyptian sovereign. )!any anecdotes are told of cl-Yoizz, butllis llistory is so well
known that w e need not expatiate on the subject (5). He con~poseda few pieces of
verse, but none of them have fallen into my hands.-He was sitting, one day, in
his saloon with a number of literary men about him, and before hirn lay a lemon
shaped lilie a hand and fingers (6). He asked them to extemporize some verses 011
that subjet, and Abb Ali al-Hasan Ibn 1Iasliik cl-Kairawhi [see vol. I. p. 389,
recited the following lines :

A lemon, with its extremities gracefully spread out, appears before all eyes without being
It seems to hold out a hand towards the Creator, invoking 101% life to the soli
injured ('l).
of Bidis.

Al-3Ioizz declared the verses excellent and shewed more favour to the author than
to any other literary man in the assembly.-He was born at al-Mansfiriya, a place
called also Sabra, and forming one of the governments of Ifrikiya (8). His birth
took place on Thursday, the 7th of the first Ju~nbda398 (19 January, A. D; 2008).
He obtained the supreme command after the death of his father Bridis and on the
day specifiecl in our account of that prince's life (9). He was solemnly inaugurated
at al-)luhamrnndiya ( I O ) , another of the governments of Ifrikiya. This event took
place on Saturday, Ille 3rd of Zh '1-Bijja 406 (13th May, A. D. 1016). He died at
Kairawrin on the 6 t h of ShabBn 454 (13th August, A. D. 1062) of a malady he had
contracted, a weakness of the liver. None of the princes of his family reigned so
long as he. AbO Ali al-Hasan Ibn Rashik lamented his death in an e l e a of which
all the verses rhymed in k; we abstain from inserting this piece, in order 10 avoid
prolixity. This prince had no other name but al-Moizz (whichib however a simpb
title or surname). To clear up this point, 'I made every possible search ; consultin,o
books, learned men, natives of bJauritania and writers of annals, but could only find
 that he was called al-Molzz and that his surname wils unknown. It would therefore
appear that al-Mnizz was really his name ; bcsides, we are not aullrorised to suppose
that (in his ease) it was a surname, for none of 11;s family ever bore one. I it
therefore for his name, as I found it.

(1) ~ b al-galbi,
n Tabari, Nuwniri, and other historians asscrt that t h Sanhadja,
~ a people who form one of
the oldest and purest berber tribes, that of Zcnag (Senegal), desccndcd f'i'om tile arabic tribe of Himyer. This
opinion, though deserving of attention, was not admitted by t110 rlativc gencalogists of the berbcr race,-(See
Histoire des Berbers, tome 11, p. B et suiv.)
(9) Literally: He was the central (and finest) pearl of their necb-lacc.
(3) The rite of Malik is still tile only one prevalent i n thc states of 110rlll~rllArrica. It is follotved also in
the Negro countries,
(4) See p. 3 8 9 of this volamc. The Fatimides were calletl Obairlitlcs b y tl~oscwho did not look ilpon them
as descendants of FAtima, lhe daughter of Muhammod. This designation was given to them because t h e ~ r
ancestor was named Obaid Allah.
(5) The hislory of al-Moizz the Ziride is given by Ibn IthaldSn in tllc I f i ~ l o i r edes Berbers, tome I, p. 30 et
suiv.; et tome 11, p. 18 et suiv.
( 6 ) Lemons of this form are not uncommon in Algeria.
(7) The effects of the evil eye may be averted by holding np the hand, wilh t l ~ ofingers spread open. It ia
to this circumstance that the poet alIudes.
(8) Sabra was quite contiguous to KairawAn,
(9) The inauguratiori of al-Moizz had bccn deferred because Iic was only eight years old on his father's death.
(1 0 ) The town and canton of 81-Muhammadipa lie nine milcs south of Tunis.

ABU O B A I D A .

Abli Obaida MPmar Ibn al-Muthanna, an adoptive member of the Koraishide

family of Taim and a native of Basra, was an able grammarian and an accomplished
scholar. Be is spoken of by al-Jiihiz (vol. 11. p. 405)in these terms: "There was
" never on earth a Kharijite (dkscnter) or an or[hodon believer more learned in all

" the sciences than he."--Ibn Kutaiba (vol. 11. p. 22) speaks of him thus in the
" Kild$ ai-dfadrif: * ' The unusual expressions (of [he Arabic language), the 1listorl
 EIOCRAPHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 389
'6 theof Arabs and their conflicts, were his predominant study; yet, willl
66 all his learning, he was not always able to recite a verse without mangling
6. i t ; even in reading the Korkn, with the book before his eyes, he made mistakes.
cg B detested the Arabs (of the desert) and composed a number of treatises in tllcir
' L dispraise. His opinions were those OF the KhPrijites."-Ano~~r author relates as
6. follows: "In the year 188 (A. D. 804) h e proceeded from Basra to Baghdad,
4 1 whither be had been called by HArhn ar-Rashid, and explained some of his aorks

4' to that prince. He taugllt Traditions on the authority of Hisham Ibn Orwa ( 1 )
6 1 and others ; Traditions were given on his authority by Ali Ibn al-l!ughira a/-
Athram (2). Ab8 Obaid al-Kiisirn Ibn Sallim (vol. 1I. p. 4861, Abb Olhmiin al-
.& PPzini (col. I. p. 264), Abh HBtim as Sijislini (col. I. p. 603), Omar Ihn Shabba
an-numairi (vol. II. p. 375) and others."-Abb Obaida related the following
anecdote : 81-Fad1 Ibn ar-Rabi (vol. 11. p. 468) sent to me, at Basra, the order to
go and see him. So, I set out, thougli I had been informed of his haughtiness.
1 6 Being admitted into his presence, I found llim in a vcry long and broad saloon,

6 d (the floor of which was) was covered with a carpet of one single piece. At the
upper end of the room was a pile of matrasses, so lofty that it could not be got
upon witliout a foot-slool, and on those matrasses al-Fad1 was sealed. I said to
b L him : Hail to the vizir l' He returned my greeting, smiled on me and, bidding
me draw near, h e placed m e on the same seat with himself. He then asked me
sundry questions a n d showed me such affability as set m e quite at ease. At
his request, 1 recited to him ihe finest anteislamite poems 1 could recollect. < I
" know most of these;' said he, 'what I want is (to hear) gay verses I ' I recifed
L

['some to him, and, as I proceeded, h e shook his sides, laughed and got into an
" excellent humour. A well-looking man, in the dress of a kdlilr (3), then came in,
" and al-Fad1 made h i m sit down beside me and asked him if he knew me. On
'' his reply that he did not, h e said to him : This is A b h Obaida, the most learned
" ' man of Basra; we sent for him that we might derive some benefit from hislearn-
" ' ir~g.'--~ May God bless you !'exclaimed ths man, you did well l ' Turning then
" towards me, he said: '1 have been longing to see you, as I have been asked a
" ' question which I wished to submit to you.' 1 replied : ' Let us hear it.'- The .
" ' (Kerb, * ~ h i cish the) word of God,' said he, c contains this passage : the buck of
" ' which are like head$ of demons ( 4). Now, we are all aware that, in promises and
'1 L
threats, the comparisons which are made should refer to things already known ;
390 IBN ICIIALLIIiAN'S
L yet no one knows wllat a demon's head is like.'--TO h i s I replied : God spoke g

6 therc to the Arabs in tlteir o ~ v nstyle ; have you not lleard the verse of AmTO

'l-Kais :

1' Jvill lie kill me? mc whose bcd-fellows are a sword and (orrazus) poinlcd wit11 azure (s*epl),
like unto the fangs of ogres.

Now, the Arabs never saw a n ogre, but, as they stood i n awe of such beings,
L

6Ihey were often threatened wit11 them .' AI-Bad1 and the m a n who questioned
me approved this answer, and, on tllal very day, I took ille resolution of composing
a treatise on the Horin, i o explanation of 1Ilis and similar difficul~ies,with ererg
ti necessary elucidation. On my return to Basra, 1 drew u p the work and entitled
it al-diujdx (metaphors). On enquiry respecling that m a n , I learned that he was
one of the vizir's kdlibs and boon companions.'- hb8 Obaida, having been
informed hat (Abzl Said) al-Asmbi (vol. 11. p. 123) blamed h i m fur composing the
al-&fajag,and that he had said : " IIe speaks of God's book alter his own
pivate judgment (5)," enquired when and where he gave lessons, and, an the
day mentioned, he mounted his ass, rode u p to the circle of scllolars, dismounted
and, after saluting al-Asmfi, sat down and conversed with him. On finishing, he
said : Tell me, Abh Said! -rvhnl sort of a thing is bread? " The other answered :
It is that whicl~you Llalce and eat."--6L There," said AbQ Obaida, "you have
" explained the book of God aftcr your own privnle judgment ( G ) , for God, may his
name by exalted ! has said (in repeating tltc t~lordsof Pharaoh's chief-baker) : ' l
" ' was bearing on my head (a loaf of) bread (7).'" 81-Asrnrii replied: I said
what appeared to me true and did not (mean 20) explain the Koriin after my private
" judgement." On whiell Abb Obaida replied : And all illat Isaid and which you
" blamed me for appeared to me true, and I did not (mean to\ explain the Koran
" after my private judgment." We then rose from his place, mounted his ass and
went off.-Al-Bihili, the author of the KilClb al-Ma&ni (8)declared that studenls who
nent to al-Asrnii's lessons were purchasing pellets o l d u n g i n the pearl-market, and
illat, when they went to those of Abh Obaida, they purchased pearls in the dung-
nlarket. He said SO because al-Asrntii recited wit11 much elegance and could set of
anecdotes and verses, even of the poorest kind, so as to make the very worst appear
good, but that little real information was to he obtained from h i m ; whereas,
Obaida expressed himself badly hut furnished a mass of useful knowledge.-Ab6
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 391
Obaida never explained the verses (which hc rccilod). AI-Mubarrad (p. 3 1 ofthis j
.said: Abix Zaid al-bnslri (vol. 1. p. 570) was an abler grammarian than al-Asmdi
( 4 Abd Obaida, but these two came next to him and were near to each other;
(L Abfi Obaida was the most acconlplished scholar of the day."--Ali Ibn al-1fadhi
(vol. p 242, nole (6))spoke of him in the highest terms, and declared that he bar:
a most correct transmitter of traditional literature. L4Never," said he, 14did lie
give as a genuine production of the desert Arabs a piece which was not authentic."
-Abh Obaida and al-Asmhi mere taken before HBrbn ar-Rashid in order that llc
mightchoose one of them for a member of his private society, and the preference
given to al-Asmii, as being Lctler qualified for a table-companion.-.4bu N ( I \ ~ $ ~
(vol. I. p. 391) took lessons from AhB Obaida; he praised him highly and decried al-
Asmii, whom h e detested. When asked what he thought of al-Asmli, he rcplied:
A nightingale i n a cage" (9). Of Khalaf al-Ahniar (10) he said : "In him are
combined all human knowledge and intelligence ;" and of Abh Obaida: A
64 bundle of science packed u p in a skin."-A poem adressed by Ishik 11111 an-
Nadim al-Mausili (vol. I. p. 183) to al-Padl Ibn ar-Rabl contains tlie following
passaze in praise of Abh Obaida ant1 in dispraise of al-Asmii :

Take Abii Obaida and treat him with favour, for i n him you mill find all science. Honour
him tllerefore, prefer him, and rcject the she-monkey's cub.

When AbO Obaida recited vcrses, h e did not mark the measure and, in repeating
passages of the Korjn or relaljng Traditions, lie made nlis takes designedly : For, "
said he, 4agrarnrnar brings ill luck (Ii)." He continued to compose works until
he died and left nearly two hundred treatises (l%), of which we may name the
following : h'ztdb rnajdz al-lr'ordn (figuralive espressiolzs occurring in ~ h sKorarz), tile
Ghartb al-Korbn (unusual expressions enlployed in the Kordn), the dladni 'I-Kord~a
(rhetorical figures n~odeuse of C thc Kordn), the Charfb aCHadt!h (rare expressions
occurring in the Traditions), the A3db ad-Wbdj (silken robe), the Tdj (dindern), the
fildb n&Huddd (book of definitions), the K M b Kttordsb (trealise concerning Klro-
, Kit& Klrolvhrij il-Bnhrain wa 'E-YnmOmn (on ihe Xhkrijltes of Bahrain
~ d s d n ) the
and Ycmdrna), the Kildb al-Maw&li (on macclas), the h'ildb al-Bulh (on sinaplelons),
the Kifdb ad-Dtfdn (on gue~ls),the Kildb Malarj Rdhil (on the battle of ilalarj Rlihil),
the h3166 al-&hd/i~lhr&(contestations between individuals concerning the illuslrious-
ness of their respective families), the Kit66 nl-Kubdil (onrhe Arabian tribes). the K2ki'ldb
393
I B N 1(IIALLIIiAK'S

fiabar il-Barr&d (history of al-Barrtfd) (131, the Kildb @l-lfarbin (loolc o f female
companions, or o f concoa~iiantcirtumslanees), the al-Bdzi (0th 16e falcoa), the
xilbb al-flam&n (on iurlb-doves) the Kilbb a l - f h i y d l (OYI serpents), the Kit& a/.
AkArib (on scoypio~ls),the Kit& an-Nawbkih (on c o ~ c u h i l l e ~the ) , B t d b an-i\raw&hir
jon ihe muscles o[ the arm), the Kirdb f l ~ d il-Khad
r ( o n rho galfuping of horses), the
KilbQ al-Aiydn (on great rnen ?), the Kilhb Ounydqo hi- Ahlihi (on selling up house),
tile hitdb Ayddi '1-Azd (on the generous deeds of lhe l1.i.h~of Azd), the Kit&/,~ C x h ~ i l
jiorses), the Eldb al-Ibl (oft camels), ICai(16 d - I n s b n ( o n man). [lie Kit66
Zard (on corn-fields),the Xildb ay-8ahl (on the cawci's saddle), tllc Ki~bhud-Dilwi (on
the lealhern bucker drnwing water), tile Ki1d.b nl- BnRra ( O ~ the I puI/ey o f d r a ~ - ~ ) ~ l [ ~ )
the as-Sayj (on the saddle), llle Kildb a[-Lijdna (on ihc bridle), the Ifi16b al-Fnros
(on the horse), the Kitdb as-Shawdrid (on animals gone astray, or on verses current
!hroqh/heArobian tribes), tlie Kitdb al-Ihlildm (onpuberlg, or o n dreaming), tl~eKij&
rrlnk&jl iCFurs&,&(on combats lchtre ccldraled horscmcn mal their dealh), the Kit&
rnakdtjl ll-AsRr&f(on the dolent dcalhs of ihe Sharifs or Jcscendanls of Ali), the Kildb
as-Shir wa as-Slluward (onpoelry and pocls), 111e lOilci6 fadla lua afdla (on verbs u~hicb,
in thefourlhforn~,have a pricative significalion), l h c liildb a[-fllalltblib ([he cices o/ the
Arabs reprehended), the Kiihb Khulk al-lnsdn (on lire h u m a n frame), [he 1Litdl al-Fark
(on the diflerence between the names given to lllc nrc~libcrsof tile human body and
those given to tlie same menlbers in animals), lllc 1iill.hal-Khuf (un he feet o/camels,
or on boors), the KitAb Yakku. wa 'l-Hararn ( O R Jfele%kaatid ils sacred LE,-ritory),ihe
Kirdb al-Djarnl zua ' s - S i f t n (on ttle battles of the Canzcl arrd S i f i n ) , the Kirlb
Buydtdt il-drab (on ihe tents o f t h e Arabs),. the Iiildb al-Mulliwan~dl(onmutual blame),
the Kildb al-Gharbt (on prednlory e~cursions),the Kildb al-Jfudtabdl (on mutual
re pro ache^), the Kildb al-Adhddd (on words which have each two opposite significa-
tioas), the Kitdb madthlr il-Arab (the inernoralle deeds o/'thc Arabs), tlre Kit& MaBthir
Gkatafdn [the noble recollections lefl by the tribe of Ghatupin), the Ilildb AdEdl il-drdb
(on the high pretentio~bso / l h e Arabs), the Kilbb maklal Ofhtndn (on the murder ofthe
khalif Olhmdn), ihe Kildb AsmB 'I-Khail (on ihc nalnes gioo~zto horses), the Kildb d-
Akalia (on rtngralcful children), the Kiidb kuddt il-Basra (on tire kadis of basra), the
Kildb FuldIi Irmlniya (on the conquest o f Armenia), the Ki186 Fuldh il-AAwha (on the
conquest of al-Alitudz), the Kildb Lvsds il-Arab (on celebrated Arab robbers), the
Hifdb Akhbdr il-Hajjdj (the history of al-Hajjdj), the Kildb Kissal il-Kaaba (!he
birfory of the Kaaba), the Kitdb al-Hums mbl Aal Kuraish (on the Kuraiskide farnib
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 393
the Kil4h Paddil il-Arsh (on the excellencies ofthe throne of God),
the Hums) (l&),
the Kitdb mu taihano fihi 'l-hnrna (on the faults of language committed by the vulgar),
the Kitdb as-Sawdd w a pathihi (on Babylom'a and its conquest), the Kildb man
dhukira rnin ab0rnmdl w a h m i d a (ongovernors who have been lhanked and praised),
the Kitdb al-Jamd wa 'I-Talhiya (on the plural and the dual), the Kitdb al-Ads w a
'GK/tazraj (on ihc AUS and Khazraj, the two great Arab tribes of Medina), the Kit&
jJuhammad w a Ibrdhtrn (history of Mzlharnrnad and Ibrdhtm], the sons of Abd Allah,
[he son of al-Basan, the son of al-Hasan, tlre son of Ali, the son of Abh TBlib (15),
the Kitdb al-Aiydrn as-Saghtr (the shorlcr work on celebrated battle-days), containing
an account of seventy-five conflicts, the Kitdb al-diyh al-Ka68r he greater work
on battle-days), containing an account of one thousand two hundred conflicts, the
6 t d b Aiydrn Bani M&zin w a Akhbbihim (the battle-iloys and history of the tribe of
Mdzin). He left besides other instructive works, all of which I should mention,
were I not afraid of lenghtening this article too much.-Abc Obaida relates as
follows: When I appeared before al-Fad1 Ibn ar-Rabf, he asked me who, of all men,
( I

was the best poet? and I answered : ' Ar-Rhi (16)'". ' Why,' said he, 'do you give
Iiirn the preference?'- I replied : ' Because he went to see Said Ibn Abd nr-
Rahmdn the Omaiyide who, the very day he received him, made him a present
and allowed him to depart; this circumstance ar-Rli described in the following
G verses :

" ' A t midnight, our camels, emaciated (by a long journey), arrived panting at Said's door.
" 'The next morning, they hastened off again, praising the court-yard where he had allowed
" ' them to repose ; for they had obtained (for me) not a dilatory promise but a solid gift.'

" On hearing this, al-Fadl exclaimed : Abh Obaida l you have presented to us
" ' your request wilh much address.' " The next morning, Abii Obaida went to
the co~rrtof Hdrhn ar-Rashid : "He gave me a present," said he, " ordered me
" something out of his own private treasury and dismissed me."-Abb Ohaida was
a mawla of Ihe tribe of Obaid Allah Ibn Mhnar at-Taimi. A man of high rank
said to him : You, who insult every one, who was your father? " to which he
L

replied : My father informed me that his father told him that he was a jew of (the
" town of) BijarwPn ;" the questionner went off immediately and left him (17).-

Obaida was of so sarcastic a humour that every one in Basra who had a reputa-
lion to maintain was obliged to flatter him. He ooee set out for Fars with the
VOL. HI. -50
 394 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
inlention of visiting Mtsa Ibn Abd ar-RahmPn al-Hildli who, being informed of hiJ
approach, said to his pages : '' Be on your guard against Abii Obaida, for every word
4' of his is (sharp and) cutting." A repast was served and one of the pages
some gravy on the skirt of Abh Ohaida's cloak. " Some gravy has fallcn on your
4' said Mfisa, <'but 1shall give you ten olhers in place of it."--#' Nay 1" re-
plied AbB Obaida, "do not mind! your gravy can do no harm." By that he
meant that there was no strength (18)i n it. Mesa understood the sarcasm, but held
his peaee,-It is related that, when Abb Obaida composed his Kildb al-Mathdalh&lib,an
Arab said to him: You have insulted the whole 01 the Arabs;" on which he
replied: "That can do you no harm, for it does not concern Y O U ; " meaning by !hese
that the man was not an Arab. When al-Asmli went to the mosque, he
always said (lo his discaplcs), before he entered : " Look i n and see if that fellow
$ 6 be there; " meaning Abh Obaida ; so much he dreaded the sharpness of his

tongue.-When Abii Obaidn died, no one attended his luneral because he had not
spared, in his acrimony, either gentle or simple. Ile was filtlly in his habits and
lisped; his genealogy was unsound and his orlhodoxy suspected, for he had a
leaning towards the doctrines of the Khirijiles. Abii I-Iitim as-Sijistlni (vol. 1.
p. 603), related that Abh Obaida treated him will1 respect because he thought him
to be one of the Khbrjjites of Sij'istdn. Ath-Thauri (vol. X, p. 576) relates the
following anecdote : l wen1 to the mosque and found Abh Ohaida sitting alone and
f i writing with his finger on the floor. We asked me who was the author of this
verse :

" I said to my soul, when it shook and trembled : Rack to thy wonted mood I Strive to me-
" rit praise or else repose (in death).

" I replied that is was Katari ibn al-Fujda (,see vol. 11. p. 522), on which he
" exclaimed: 'God smash your mouth I why not say: the Commander of the faithful,

" ' Abd Naima (19)?' He then requested me to sit down and never lo repeat what
" he had just uttered. So I kept it a secre1 till the day of his deal."--This
anecdote appears to me contestable, for the verse just mentioned belongs to a poem
composed by Amr Ibn al-Itniba al-Ansari al-Khamraji. Itn&bawas his mother's name
and Zaid Mandt the name of his father. No literary scholar can deny the verse IQ
be his, the poem from which it is taken being to be of that author's
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 3 95
Al-Mubarrad (vol. 111. p. 31) relates in his Kdrnil that Moawia Ibn
Abi Sofyin the Omaiyide said : " Let poetry be one of your chief occupations
t 4and principal studies. The noble deeds of your forefathers are mentioned in
6. poems, and there also you can find counsels to direct you. At the battle of Al-
.& Harir (20).I was on the point of running away, when these words of Ibn at-Itniiba

(came to my mind and) changed my intention :

gL I was hindered by my self-denial, by my fortitude, by the hope of purchasing glory at an

easy rate (in facing dangers) (21), by the pleasure of encountering perils, of striking off the
heads of many a valiant hero, and of saying (to my soul), every time she shook and trern-
bled : ' Back to thy wonted mood! strive to merit praise or else repose (in death). Let
L me thus defend my pure renown and ward off hereafter imputations which I had well

'' deserved (22) .' "

L

Let us return to our account of AbO Obaida : no magistrate wouid receive his evi-
dence because h e was suspected of a n unnatural vice. Al-Asmhi relates this anec-
dote : " I a n d Abh Obaida entered one day into the mosque and, behold I on the
" pillar at the foot of which h e usually sat and at the height of nearly seven cubits,

was inscribed this verse :

" God's blessing on Lot and on his people ! come, Ab8 Obaida! say amen.

' He said to me : Asrnhi I rub that out. " So I got on his shoulders and ef-
" faced ihe writing, but not before my weight made him cry out : You are too t

" ' heavy ;you are breaking my back! '- I answered : ' Nothing remains (l0 rub O M )
" ' but the t ( o f t h e word Lot.)'- That,' said he, ' is the worst letter of the whole
" ' verse. ' " According to another account, Ab6 Obaida, finding 81-Am% SO
heavy, told him to make haste, Nothing remains now," said the other, " ex-
" cepting the word Lot. " On this, Abfi Obaida exclaimed : " From him let us
" fly (23)."-The person who wrote the verse was Abh Nuwis al-Hasan Ibn Hinip
he of whom we have already spoken (vol.I, p. 391). It is related that, near the
place where Abh Obaida held his sittings, were found scraps of paper containing the
above mentioned verse and the following :

For thou, I am sure, a t one of their sonivers (and hmt been altuays M) since the %e 01
~nberty,though thou art now in thy ninetieth year.
 396 1BN KRALLIKAN'S
The anecdotes related of Abd Obaida are very numero~ls. He was born in the
month of Rajab, 110 (Oct.-NOV.A. D.728), on the same night in which &Hasan a\.,
Basri jool. 1. p. 370) died. Other accounts place his birth in the years 111, 114,
118 and 119, but Ihe date here given is the true one. Tile proof is that the emjr
Jaafar Ibn Sulnirnitl Ibn Abd al-Mottalib (24) having asked him when lie was born,
he replied : a Omar Ibn Abf Rabia al-Makhzilmi (vol. II. p. 372)has already shaped
out my alrsser : being asked the date of his b i r ~ h ,lie replied : The night on
(lhe khalif) Omar Ibn al-Khattib died; what excellence was then removed
(c from the world and what worthlessness brought into it I ' Now I was born the
night of al-Hasan al-Basri's death, and (the rest of) my answer shall be the same
as Omar Ibn AbP Rabia's. " In the life of this Omar we mentioned that these
words have been attributed to Al-Hasan al-Basri. Abii Obaida died at Basra in the
gear 209 (A. D. 82&5), or, according to other statemenls, in 211, or 210, or 213.
- A banana, which (Abd Jaafar) Muhammad Ibn al- Kdsim Ibn Sahl anNushjhi
gave him to eat, was the cause of his death. Some lime afterwards, AbB 'I-Atihija
(vol. 1. p. 202) went to see An-Nushjlni, who offered him a banana, on which he
: What do you mean? Abh Jaafar! you took away AbS Obaida's life by
( 6 means of a banana and you intend to kill me in the same manner I do you con-

t. sider as lawful the murdering of learned men?"-Abhba Obaida must not be con-
founded with Abh Obaid, whose names were Al-I(Bsim I b n Salldm (See vol. II.
p . 486).-Mamar.-Al-M~1ha~~~za (25).- Bdjarwdn, the native place of Ab8 Obai-
da'sfather, is a village in the district of Al-BalPkh, which constitutes a government in
ihe province of Ar-Rakka. It is also ihe name of a town situated in Sherwbn, a province
of Armenia and near which, it is said, lies the fountain of immortality which was dis-
covered by AI-Bhidr (26). 1 am inclined to believe that Abii Obaida belonged to
this place. Some say that Bijarwin is the name of the town from the inhabitants of
which Moses and Al-Khidr asked hospitality (27).- Naslqdni means belonging to
Ndshjdn, which is a village in one of the districts of Fars.

( l ) The ljfe of
Hishim Ibn Orwa will be found in this volume,
(9) See vol. If, p. 568, nole (3), and read Mughlra in place of Moghaiva.
(3) See vol. I, page xxxn.
(4) See Koran, surat 37, verse 63. There is, sag the commentators, a thorny tree which grows inTew
and bears a fruit like an almond, but extremely bitter. Its name, zakkdm, is given, in the K o r b to a tree
growing in hell, the fruit of which will be the food of the damned,
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
(5) private judgment was at first allowed in explaining certain obscure passages of the KorAn and of the
Traditions; but, after the establishment of the four orthodox rites, it was formally disapproved of by the
mohm doctors.
(6) See vol. 11, page 125.
(7) Kordn, surat 12, verse 36.
(8) ~ b 'hI - ~ u s a i nMuhammad Ibn Muhammad al-Bdhili composed a comtnentary on a work in which At-
'J"hAwi (see vol. I. p. 51)) explained the obscure tCrmS and passages which occur in the Koran and the Tradi-
tions. He died A. H. 321. (A. D. 933). His treatise and that of At-TahAwi bore the same title.
(g) A nightingale in a cage is pleasing to hear, but there i s nothing else good about it. Such seems to be
b e meaning of the remark made by Abh NUWAS.
(40) See vol. I, p. 572, note (4).--The father of Khalaf was enfranchised by Abh Burda, the son of ~ b h
Mhsa (see vol. I I , p. 2 ) and married a woman of the tribe of Mbzin. According to Mr. de Hammer, in hi6
fiteraturgeschichte der Avclber, vol. LII, p. 560, Khalaf died A. H. 180 (A. D. 796-7). Mr. Ahlwardt pub-
fished at Griefswald, in 1859, one of Khalaf's poems with critical notes. The title of his work is Chalet
elahmar's Qasside.
(11) This signification of the word J 9 A d has been already noticed in this volume, p. 966, note ($3).
(1%) The purely philological character oC most of the treatises mentioned in the followin,o list has been in-
dicated in the introduction to the first vol. p. xxrrr. They were composed of extracts made from the poems
and sententious discourses of the desert Arabs.
(13) About twenty years before the promulgation of islamism, the tribe of Euraish was embroiled in a war
with that of HawAzin, because Al-Barr%d Ibn Kais had slain Orwa Ibn Otba. At-Tibrfzi, in his commentary on
the Bamdsa, page rdt, alludes to this event. Mr. Caussin de Perceval gives a full account of it in his Bssai
mr t'histoire des Arabes, tome I , p. 301 et suiv.
(14) The word hums signifies heroes. It was a title assumed by the principal Koraichides and granted by
them to some of the KinAnian and KbozAian families which resided in their neighbourhood. (Ilamka, page r;
Essai sur l'hist. des Arabes, t. 1. p. 280.)
(15) For information respecting these two imdms of the Zaidiya sect, see de Sacy's Chrestomathie arabe,
tome I , p. 3, of the second edition, and my translation of Ibn Khaldhn's History of the Berbers, t. 11,
p. 499.
(16) Obaid Ibn ai-Husain, a member of the tribe of Numair, which was a branch of that of Ahmir Ibn SA-
&, was an eminent arabian chief and an excellent poet, He received the surname of Ar-RA1 (the pastor),
or Rd2 aE-ibl (the camels' herdsman), because he ezcelled in the description of these animals. He composed
poems in praise of the Omaiyide khalif Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwiln and died at an advanced age. (Muyiiti's
Sharh shawdhid il-Mughni; Masdltk al-Absdr.)
(27) The wit of AbO Obaida's answer is, for the translator, quite imperceptible.
(is) The word rendered here by strength means grease.
(IQ) Our author has already mentioned, in the life of Eatari, that this chief of the Klxaijite sect was sur-
named Abh Nai3ma and had taken the title of Commander of the faithful.
(80) The battle of KAdisiya was fought A. H. 15 and lasted three days. The firstjournie was aftawards
called Yautn Armdlh &LJ( p; the second Y a u n Aghwdth L\*!
13,and the third Yaum Agh*
or Arndr irk,~"Gntrnbc On the night preceding the third day and which was called
 398 IBN K H A L L I K A N ' S
Lailal a l - l { u , ~ r A ~ \ (The night of growling, or snarling), battle was renewed and Onally
d e c b ~ din favour of the Moslims. Arabic historians and geographers are uncertain whether the
to these threejournPes designated places or not. For a[uli account of this celebrated battle see MY. caussinde
PerceValssEnai, etc., t, 111, p. 481 et suiv., professor ICoscgarten's Taberistunensis Annales, t, 111, and
Retrospect of Mahomrnedan History, vol. 1, P. 3 0 4 .
(91) As we do not possess the traditional explication of this piece, we can indicate its meaning by con-
jecture only.
( 9 9 ) This verse may perhapssignify : that I may defend the honour of virtuous women and maintain, hence-
forward, an unspotted reputation.
( 9 3 ) 1 suspect that this dialogne, in Arabic, offers a number of equivocal significations, such as were
g,rehensible to Moslim debauchees, in Eastern countries. In that case, the insertion of the anecdote does no
honour to the author nor to the generation for whom he compiled his work.
i Allah Jaafar Ibn Sulaimhn Ibn Abd Allah Ibn a{-Abbas Ibn Abd al-Muttalib held, at one time,
(94) ~ b fAbd
the government of Medina. He was removed from his post in the year 150 (A. D. 767), by the khalif
AI-MansQr. He died at Basra, but on what date is not ascertained.
(95) The author marks the orthography of these proper names, letter by letter. Such indications.1 sup-
press, as usual, but give the results.
(36) AI-uhidr is the name by which lhe Moslims seem to designate the prophet Elias. According to them,
he discovered the fountain of life and, having drank of it, became immortal.
(27) See Ilorffn, surat. 18, verse 76.

M A A N , THE SON OF Z A I D A .

Abh'l-Waltd Maan ash-Shaibbni was the son of Ziida, the son of Abd Allah, the
son of Zlida, the son of Matar, the son of Sharik, the son of Amr, surnamed As-Sulb,
the son of Kais, the son of Shurdhil, the son of HarnmBrn, the son of Murra, the son
of Duhl, the son of Shaibhn. The rest of genealogy is well known (l). Ibn al-
Kalbi (2) says, in his lamharar an-Nisab : Maan was the son of ZBida, the sor
of Matar, the son of Sharik, the son of Amr, the son of Kais, the son of Shurlhil,
the son of Murra, the son of Kammhm, the son of Murra, the son of Duhl, the son
of Shaibln, the son of Thalaba, the son of OkBba, the son of Saab, the son of Ali,
t 6

the son of Bakr, the son of W&l, the son of Kksit, the son of Hinb, the son of
LAbr, the sor. of nomi, the son of Jadila, the son of Asad, the son of Rabia, the son
 BlOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 399
'6 of Nizkr, the son of Maadd, the son of Adnbn. Maan was generous, brave, liberal
'6 and beneficent, highly extolled (by poets) and much visited (by the needy) ."Al-Asm$i
a( relates as lollows : " An Arab of the desert went to see Maan Ibn Ziida and recited
4. to him a poem in his praise. He then waited so long at the (palace-) door that
6. he was about to depart, when he saw Maan on the point of riding out. He imme-
'
6 diately ruse, went u p to him and, seizing the bridle of the steed, he said :

6 4 0 Maan! thy hands are all beneficence; (they pour) favours on the people and (open new)

(1 ways to thy (generosity). l'he daughters of my uncle will know what I have obtained,
6 1 when, on my return, the saddle-bags shall be examined.

66 Maan ordered five female camels, chosen from the hest of his flock, to be brought
t t out, and, having them loaded with gifts, presents and clothes, lle gave them to him

6 6 and said : ' Son of my brother l return, and may God protect thee! to the
6 daughters of thy uncle ; when they examine the saddle-bags, they will surely find
L something to rejoice at.' The Arab answered: ' By the House of Godl thou
hast spoken truly. ' "-In the life of the poet l a r w i n Ibn Abi Hafsa (p. 343 of
thb vol.), will be found other anecdotes concerning him. Marwin was particularly
devoted to him and most of his poems were i n praise of this chief. Under the dy-
nasty of the Omaiyides, Maan rose successively from one post of aulhority to another,
and remained attached to the service of Yazid 1bn Omar Ibn Hubaira al-FazAri, go-
vernor of the two Irhks. When the sovereignty passed into the hands of the Abba-
sides, Abii Jaafar al-MansQr besieged Yazid Ibn Omar in the city of Wtsit. What
occurred between them on this occasion is well known, and some account of it will
be found in our article on Yazid. Maan had displayed great bravery in support of
Yazid and, when this chief was put to death, he lay hid for some time, though fear
of 81-Mansbr. During the period of his concealment he had a number of extraor-
dinary adventures, one of which we here give in the words of Marwin Ibn Abi
Hafsa, the celebrated poet : c When Maan Ihn ZHida was governor of Yemen (S),
" he made me the following narration : ( A M Jaafar) al-MansQr caused the strictest
" ' search to be made for me and offered a reward in money to whoever would
" ' bring me to him. Perquisitions were made so closely that I was obliged to
" ' alter my complexion by exposing myself to the rays of the sun; I cut off my
" ' whiskers, put on a woollen frock and, having mounted on a camel, Iproceeded
" ' towards the desert, with the intention of staying there. I had just gone out by
 ' the 8 9 Harb, which is one of the gates of Baghdad, when a negro, with a
L sword suspended in a be1 t from his shoulder, followed me until I had got out of
d6 the sight of the guards. He then seized my camel by the halter and, making it
6

kneel down, he grasped me by the hand : ' What is the matter?' said 1, He
I

6. : ' Thou art he whom the Commander of the faithful is searching foreJ

(6 -1 replied : And who am I, that search should be made for me? '--g Thou
art Maan, the son of Ziiida,' said he. -' My good fellow! ' said I, c have the
fear of the Almighty before thy eyes l whcre is the likeness between me and
61
Maan? '- Cease denying,' said he, ' for, by Allah ! 1 know thee better than
thou knowest thyself.'-Perceiving that he was in earnest, I said to him : Here
is a jewel worth many times the sum offered by Al-Mansbr to the person who
a may bring me to him ; take it and be not the cause of shedding my blood.'--
' ' Hand it out,' said he. On my producing it to him, he looked at it for some
time and then said : As for its value, thou hast told the truth, but I will not
L

accept it before asking thee a question; if thou givest mc a true answer, I shall
L

let thee go.'--' Ask,' said I.-' All people,' said he, ' declare thal thou art
noted for thy generosity; tell me if thou didst ever give away at once the whole of
thy fortune?'-' No.'-' Or the half?'-' No.'-' Or tlle third?'--' No.'-He
poceeded thus till he said : ' Or the tenth?' on which I blushed and replied:
I think 1 have sometimes done so.'-' Well l ' said he, ' that was no great
matter (for such as thee) ; now I, by Allah! am a simple foot-soldier, living on
' the pay I get from Abh Jaafar al-Mansdr ; every month, he gives me twenty dir-
hems (41,and this jewel is worth many thousand dinars; here, I give it to thee
back, as a present for thy own sake, and on account of the generosity for which
' thou art noted, and in order to make thee know that there is, in the world, a
" ' man more generous than thou art. So, for the ftiture, be not proud of thyself,
" ' but consider henceforward the gifts thou makest as trifling, and stop not in ihy
" ' career of generosity.' He then threw the necklace into m y lap and let go the
" ' halter of my camel. As he was turning to depart, 1 said to him : ' By Allah I
" ' thou hast disgraced me, man! I would suffer less from the shedding of my life's
" ' blood than from what thou hast done to me. Take back what I offered thee'
" for 1 am rich enough to do without it.'--&! laughed and said : 'Thou intendest
" ' to make me belie my words; now, by Allah 1 shall not receive it nor ever take
" ' a reward for doing a good action. ' He then went his way and, when I had no
 R l O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 401
clonger any danger to apprehend, I had search made for him and promised
U 6to whoever would bring him to me whatever reward he might ask; but I never
(6 6heard of him again; it was as if the earth had swallowed him up. ' "--Maan re-
mained in concealment till the affray of Al-HAshimiya (5). On that n~emorableday,
, band of Khorasanides revolted against Al-Mansiir and proceeded to attack him. A
combat took place between them and the partisans he had in Al-Hishimiya, a town
which(the khalif)As-Saffdh had built in the neighbourhood of Kbfa. Ghars an-NEma
lbn as-SAbi (see vol. 1.p. 290) says, as follows, i n his work intitled Kit& ol-Habco&
(book of faults) : I n the month of Zh'l-Kaada, 134 (May-June, A. 1). 7521, as-
< ( SaffAh finished the building of the town which he had founded for himself near

66 al-Anb&."-Maan, who was lying concealed in the neighbourhood (at the lime of
this revolt), set out at night disguised in a turban, with a veil over his face, and, hav-
ing attacked ihe insurgents, in the sight of Al-Mansfir, he displayed great bravery
and resolution, and put them to flight. Al-Mansiir was no sooner delivered from
danger than h e said to him : '* Deuce take thee ! who art thou? " The other re-
moved the veil from his face and answered : '*Commander of the faithful ! 1am he
whom thou hast been making search for; I am Maan, the son of Zlida." Al-
Mansfir immediately granted him a free pardon, heaped upon him gifts and honours,
arrayed him in a fine dress, with splendid ornaments, and received him into the
number of his favorites. Some days after, Maan entered into the presence af Al-
lanshr who, on seeing him, said : " Tell me, Maan I did you not give to Marwin
" Jhn Abi Hafsa a reward of one hundred thousand dirhems for this verse?
'' 'Tis Maan, the son of Zhida, by whose prowess the tribe of ShaiMn had fresh glory added
'' to its glory."
'' Not so! Commander of the faiihful ! but I gave it to him for this passage of the
" same poem :

" On the day of Al-HMimiya, you stood boldly forth with your sword in defense of ~ o d ' s
" vicar (upon earth). You protected the spot where he stood and warded off from him the
" strokes of the sword and spear."

" well answered, Maan I exclaimed the khalif.-Another

" day, he said to him :
" Maan ! people often speak ill of your tribe ;" to which Maan replied :
" you will always find the illustrious exposed to envy, but never wiU you find detractors of
the vile."
VOL. I I ~ . 51
 402 IBN KHA1,LIICAN'S
He went, one day, when advanced in age, to visit (Al-Mansdr)a n d (this prince)said
10 him : Maan l you are growing old."--" Yes, Commander of the faithful in
your service," replied Maan.--" And yet you are still vigourous," added the
klla]if,-" Yes, Commander of the faithful! in attacking your enemies."- 6 4 And
70" have $till some strength remaining? "-" Yes," answered Maan, (6 andit
shall be "sed for you." When Abd or--Rahm8n l b n Zaid , a pious ascetic of
Basra, heard of this conversation, h e exclaimed : " Unfortunate man ! he reserves
nothing for (the service of) the Lord." The best known of MarwAn's kasldas were
composed in honour of Maan, and the finest of them is that which rhymes in 1 and
of which I inserted a passage in the life of the former. It is rather long, as it con-
sistsof more lhan fifty verses; so, not to lengthen this article, I shall abstain from
giving it. In another poem, h e said of him :

~ o dhas secured against fear and want him who has Maan for a protector in adversity.
nlaan, the son of ZLida! he keeps his promises and gives the highest p r i ~ eto purchase fame.
He considers what he bestows as so much gaiued, if it obtains for him lasting praise; yet he
who receives his gifts thinks them cheaply earned. He has el.ecicd for (the tribe of) of Shai-
bin a (monument of) glory never to fall till the solid basis of Hadan shall pass away.

Hadan ($b
) is the name of a great mountain, situated between Najd and Ti-
hhma, and at a day's journey from the latter country. There is proverb which says :
Re is m Najd who sees Hadan. It is frequently mentioned in poems and historical
anecdotes. -A person noted for the elegance of his language visited Maan, one day,
and adressed him in these (choice) terms : " It would have been easy for me to get my-
" self recommended to you by one whom you might find irksome; but I preferred

" chosing for intercessor your own merit and making an appeal to your own genera-
" sity. if you think to place me as high in your noble favour a s I have placed my
" hopes in your beneficence, do so. I have not been too proud to solicit your
" bounty; spare therefore my honorable feelings the shame of a disappointment."
-Maan composed some good poetry, most of which is on bravery. Abh Abd Allah
(Hdrdn)Ibn a1 Munajjim (see has life in this vol.) speaks of h i m in the Kii'lbb al-Bd~,and
gives a number of passages taken from his poems. Such is the following, addressed
to KhattPb, a nephew of Abd al-Jabber Ibn Abd ar-Rahmin (6), on seeing him strut
about at court after having been defeated and put to flight hy t h e Khiirijites :

Why didrt thou not wak so, 0 Khatt~b!on the morning you encountered the foe'? Why
*
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 403
didst thou not stand firm when death was IN%r? Thou wert saved by a steed, obedientto the
and which, Spurred on by theethro~gha cloud of dust, flew like an eagle. Thou didst
leave thy companions when the spears came to their encounter, and so doth every man who is
lost to honour.

The AbQ Othmdn al-Mbzini (vol. 1. p. 264) relates as follows : The

6t commander of Maan's police-guard (7) said to me : L I was standing behind
Maan (who was seated in his chair olstale), when he perceived a man riding (on
$6 a camel) and coming u p at full speed.' ' I do not think, said Maan, that he wants
4. to see any one else but me. Door-keeper ! let h i n ~enter.' (The stranger) came in,
6

66 saluted Maan and said :

~ o preserve
d thee I little is what I have ; my family are numerous and I am not able to
&C L support them. Stubborn fortune hath borne me down ;so, they sent me to thee and await
a ' the result.

Maan, being then i n one of his generous moods, made answer : All will be
right ; by Allah I Ishall hasten thy return 1 He then told one of his pages to bring
out such a n d such a female camel and a thousand pieces of gold (g), and all this
66 he gave to the man, without knowing who h e was. ' " It is in these terms that
the occurrence is related by the Khatlb (vol. l. p. 75), in his history (of Baghdad).
Numerous other anecdotes are told of Maan and of his generous deeds. Towards
the end of his life, he was appointed governor of Sijistin. Having proceeded to that
province, h e did there many memorable acts, had numerous adventures and received
frequent visits from poets. -- I n the year 151 (A. D. 7681, or 152, or 158, accor-
ding to other accounts, being then in Sijistkn, he had workmen occupied in his pa-
lace, when some Kharijiles slipped in amongst them and murdered him. He was at
that moment undergoing the operation of cupping (9). His nephew, Yazid Ibn Mazyad
Ibn Ziida, whose life we shall give, went i n pursuit of the assassins and slew them
all i n the town of Al-Bust. The poets composed admirable elegies on the death
of Maan. One of the finest and noblest of those pieces we shall here give; it is a
k~sldacomposed by his own poet, Marwhn Ibn Abi Bafsa, and begins thus :

Blaan has gone his way, leaving a glorious reputation, liever to perish and never to be equalled.
When Maan received the fatal stroke, the sun seemed to bave shrouded bimself in darkness.
Maan was the mountain with which (the of) Niz%rdemolished the mountains of
the foe (10). Since Maan is gone, the ontiers, where the lances used to quench their thirst,
remain without defense. Ir&kis o~emreadwith gloom; his misfortune, so afaicting for Us
 all, has left to it an inheritance of disorder (and ruin). Syria trelubled from side to side, when
that pillar of might leant over and gave way. On the lnorning of his departure (fromlife),aU
thelands of Tih$ma and of Najd had n~arlybeell removed from tllcjr phccs. The countries
which so long flourished proudly (in Ibis lifetime) are llOW 11urnl)Ied by his death, when
death struck nlaan, on that day, il struck the noblest in deeds among those who were the best
of men. Till ,\lam was borne to his grave ( I I ) , all ~nankirldwere his children; and never
did a nlan who sought a h o u r think of going to any other ( p l y o n ) than Illaan, the son of
Zgida. He is gone who lightened all (our) burdc~ls,and thc flow of whose beneficence antici-
pated (oltr) demands. Never did bands of visitors go to see (another c h i e f ) like Illaao; never
did they discharge their baggage in anolllcr court like his. All he hands of the h e s t givers
never equalled the right hand or the left of nlaan. The ponds of his generosity never went dry;
the buckets always ascended from thcm full; (ponds belonging) to a man of fair renown who
considered wealth as nothing unlcss bes~owedon all who sougl~tfor aid. 0, lhat tliose who re-
joiced at his death had been sacrificed to save l~iln! 0, that his existence could be lengthened
and prolongctl ! IIis treasures coiisisted, not in gold but in swords of 11ldian steel, and ample
coaLs of mail, alance lrom A1-Kba~t(18) yellow and plia~it,exhibiting flexibility antljust propor-
tion, and a store of lasting renorvn, a11t1supcrabuodant piely, by which 11c attained excellence.

Here is another passage from the same elegy :

He has gone his way by whose aid you hopecl to see repaired the errors of fortune. I cannot
stop the tears of thoseeyes; they will not be controlled but flow in torrents. For thee (0Maan!)
my entrails arc parched with sadness, ardent as a brighlly-flaming fire. SIie wlro perceived
both my body and complexion altered and cha~igedsincc shc saw me last (exclaimed) : " Lo!
Marwan is liko a sword worn thin and requiring to be brightened." She saw a man ex-
tenuated and injured by grief, which has left to him an inheritance of misery; and I said to her :
' lThat which seems to you so strange in ~rlcwas caused by a stroke of misfortune grievous and
" unforeseen. The days of timc arc frill of changes and transport a Inan from one state to
' l another."

The same poem contains this passage :

After the death of Maau, each night (of my sadness) seems lengthened by the addition of
many others. I grieve for him as for a father ! now tllal m y liopes have proved laIse and delu-
sive; 1 grieve for him as for a father ! now that the orphans are famishing and seem as ifconsumed
by sickness; I grieve for him as for a father] now that our verses and he who was praised in
them are lost (to us) for ever; I grieve for him as for a father! where are now those numerous
battles which caused mothers to abort (with t m o ~? ) plunged in despair, .we have fixed 001 .
abode in Yemama; we never intend to quit it and we say : "Whither should we go since Maan
is dead? Presents have ceased, and are not to be replaced." Never did battles witness a bolder
warrior t h n [bee ( 0 Maanl) one more aobly-daring and more firm of heart. The k h a l i f d
call You to remembrance, but with no hostile feeling, when he is engaged in serious matters
and men (of action) are wanting; neilher will he forget those combats so fatal to his foes,
that encounter in which you proved yourself (his sole) protector, when other horsemen fear!
to charge. The brother of Ornaiya now offen you elegies, after having bestowed on You h~'
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 405
He is now sellled (in a fixed abode) who, every year before, used 10 remain so long
quitting the saddle (13). He has now discharged his baggage, through sorrow, and
sworn a solenld oath never again to bind it up with a cord.

Tl~isis one of the finest elegies of its class. -

Abd Allah Ibn al-lotazz (col. II.
p. 41) relates as follon.~, in his Tabakdt as-Shuujarb : Jaafar the Barmekide
66(vol. l . page 301), having received a visit from Marwbn Ibn Abi Hafsa, said to him :
Come now! recite part of you elegy on the death of Haan Ibn Zbida.'- .Nay I'
replied ihe poet, '1 would rather recite to you an elogium composed by me on
t L yourself.'--'No;'
L said Jaafar, ' recite to me part of the elegy.' Marwln then
commenced to recite :

Till Rlaan was borne to his grave, all mankind were as his children.

And he continued to the end of the poem. Jaafar, whose cheeks were now
bedewed with tears, asked h i m i f any of Maan's children or family had given him
a recompense for that elegy? MarwAn replied that they 11ad not. and,' said
Ld Jaafar, 'if Maan were alive and heard you recite it, how much, do you think,
would he have given you for it?'-i~iayGodfavour the vizir!' (he would have gi-
b' ' ven) four hundred pieces of gold.'-'But 1,'said Jaafar, do not think he would
have considered that sum enough for you; so, in Maan's name, I shall order
'C you the double and, in my own, I shall give you as much more. Go to my
L

'' treasurer and receive from him one thousand six hundred pieces of gold, before
" ' you return to (mount) your camel.' " In the following lines, Marwin b e n -
tioned how generously Jaafar acted in Maan's Rame :

You gave me, as a recompensecoming from Rlaan's tomb, an ample portion of the weaIth which
you so generously bestow. That gift, you made it immediately, 0 son of YahyaI to one who
lamented his death, and you did not delay the payment. A generous (patron) has replaced, fot
us, the spirit of Rlaan, and bestowed a recompense with Ihe most liberal band that ever
lavished gifts. Kh2ljd and your father Yahga have erected for you, in the regions of benefi-
cence, an edifice never to be equalled. When the hands of the ~armekidediswme wealth
around, he thinks it so much gained for himself.

He then took the money and departed.-Abh 'l-Faraj al-Ispahini (DO!. fig p. 249)
relates, in his Kit66 al-Aghdni, that Muhammad al-Baidak an-Nadim (the boon corn-
panion) went to see HPrbn ar-Rashid and was asked by him to recite the elegy corn-
406 IBN KFIALLIKAN'S
posed by Marwen on the death of Maan Ibn ZBida. He began, and had only repeated
a part of it, when tears flowed from Ar-Rashid's eyes, " and SO copiously said 81.l'

Baidak, that they filled a plate which was before him. "-It is said that l a r d n ,
after composing ibis elegy, could never gain any thing by his verses, for, as often as
he celebrated the praises of a khalif or of any other person less elevated in rang, he
to whom the poem was addressed would say to him : " Did you not say, in your
famous elegy :

whither should we go, since hlaan is dead? presents have ceased and are not to be
replaced? "

So the person he meant to praise would not give him anything nor even listen to
lds poem.--Al-Fadl ibn ar-Rabi (vol. 11. p. 468) related the following anecdote :
( 6 Isaw Marwhn Ibn Abi Hafsa after the death of Maan ; he entered into the presence
t t of (the khalif) Al-Mahdi with a number of other poets, amongst whom was Salm

a al-Kh&sir (vol. I. p. 22), and recited to him a panegyric. ' W h o art thou?' said
the khalif.-'Thy (humble)poet, Marwiin, the son of Abii Hafsa.'--'Art thou not
L he who said : Whither should we go since Mann is dead? and yet thou hast come

c to ask gifts from us! presents have ceased; we have n o ~ h i n g

for thee. Trail him
' out by the leg I ' '' They dragged him out in that manner, but, on the following
year, he contrived to gain admittance with the olher poels. At that time,
they were allowed to enter into the khalif's presence once a year. He then
" stood before him and recited the kastda which begins tllus :

" A female visitor came to thee by night; salute her fleeting image. "

- We have already given part of this poem i n the life of Dfarwdn (l&).--" Al-
" Mahdi listened i n silence and, as the poet proceeded, h e became gradually more

" and more agitated, till at length h e rolled on the carpet with delight. He
" then asked how many verses were in the poem and, on being answered : 'One
" hundred, ' he ordered to the author a present of one hundred thousand
" pieces of silver. "--This does not tally with what we have related in L e life of
Marwdn, hut anecdotes vary according to the different channels by which they are
handed down. People say that it was the first time, under the Abbaside government,
that a poet received so large a Very soon continued 81-Fad, the
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 407

44 khalifate devolved to HArGn ar-Rashid, and I saw MarwPn appear in his presence
16 the other poets and recite to him a poem. rWho art thou?' said the khalif.
1 am thy poet, Marwhn.'--' Was it not thou who said of Maan so and so?' (re-
.
46

66 peating the verse above given). Take him by the hand and lead him out; we
66 have nothing for him.' Marwbn again managed to be introduced and then
4. recited a poem for which he was amply rewarded."-One of the finest elegies
exists was that which Al-hsain Ibn Mutair Ibn al-Ashyam al-Asadi (15)com-
posed on the death of Maan, and which is to be found in the Handsa (16). w e give
it here :

Draw near, m y two friends! unto (the tomb of} Maan and say : May vernal showers water
thee every morning ! " Grave of Maan ! how art thou able to contain such beneficence as filled
both land and sea? Grave of Maan I thou art the first cavity ever formed in the earth, to serve
as a couch for every virtue. 'Tis too true ! thou containest beneficence itself, for beneficence
is dead; were it living, it would have rent thee asunder. Re is the man on whose bounty
people live after his death; thus the bed of the torrent (whendry) becomes a pasturage. With
Uaan, beneficence has ended and disappeared, .and the pinnacle of generous deeds has been
overturned (17).

In our article on the SIhib Ibn Abbld (vol. 1. p. 21 4) we have related an amusing
anecdote concerning Maan, so, we need not repeat it here. Did I not fear being
led too far, I should gives a number of highly interesting stories respecting Maan's
noble deeds. -AI-Haufazin Ibn Sharik as-Shaibbni, who was much renowned for
generosity and bravery, was the brother of Matar Ibn Shari'k, one of Maan's ancestors.
He received the name of ilaufazdn because Kais Ibn AHsim al-Minkari (see vol. I.
p. 166) gave him a hafz, that is, a stroke in the back, wilh his spear, to prevent him
making his escape (l8). His real name was AI-HBrith Ibn Sharlk. According to
another account, the person who struck him in that manner was Bistim Ibn Kais
as-ShaibPni (19), but the first statement is truer.

(i)The genealogg of Shaibbn will be fonnd in Eichhorn's Monutnenta antiquissimce historice drabum, and
in Caussin de Perceval's Essai sur l'hisloire des Arabes.
(2) The life of Hisham Ibn al-Kalbi the genealogist will be found in this volume.
(3) m e n Maan obtained his pardon from al-Mans-hr, he was appointed by that khalif to the government
of Yemen. He was afterwards removed to the government of AdarbaijAn (al-Maktn's Bist. Saracen. p. 103),
and then transferred to the government of Sijistb.
(4) About ten shillings.
 408 IBN KHALLII(AN'S
(5) See the Annals of Abulfeda, A, M. 141, and Price's Relrospect, vol. 11, p. 1 3 .
(G) ~ b al-Jabbdr
d Ibn Abd ar-RahmLn, of the tribe of Azd, Was appointe(1 governor of KhorLsLn by the
khalif al-Mans$r, in the year 1 4 0 (A. D. 757-g), according to the author of the NujJm, or, two years later,
to Bamza al-Ispah&ni. This historian gives some account of Abd-al-JabbBr i n his Annals,p. lr,
of the arabic text.
(7) The shur{a, or police-guard, wastroop of armed horsemen, receiving regular pay and charged to
a,
maintain order in the city and punish offenders. It formed also the body-guard of the sovereign, 1bn
E;haidhn furnishes information respecting the shurta i n his ProZegomena, tom. 11, p. 35, of my translation,
(S) bout five hundred pounds sterling.
( 9 ) Cupping was a favorite remedy with the Arabs in many cases.
(10) BY the word r/.rountairls, the poet means to designate the chiefs. This is a common metaphor.
(11) Literally : visited the gran?.
( l % )Al-Khatt, a town in the province of Oman, was celebrated for the excellence of its lances,
(13) such appears to be the meaning of the arabic words. Rendered literally they may signify : Remain
long in attachment to the middle of the saddle; or : who was always sitting cross-legged on the saddle.-
Camel-riders sit with their feet crossed and lean them on the animal's neclr.
(14) This hemistich is in the mcaslire called 'kdrnil, but such is not the case with any of the verses given
by our author i n the life of Narwln. He seems to have confounded the piece of verse he was thinking of with
that which begins thus : In the day of battle, etc.
(15) Al-Husain Ibn al-Mutair, a member, by enfranchisement, of thc tribe of Asad and a poet of some
reputation, accompanied Maan to Yemen. One of his poems is in honour of the Abbasidc khalif al-Mahdi.
Snme of the verses composed by him are given in the Flamdsa. His dcath is placcd on or about A. H. 150
(A. D. 767), by De Hammer who, in the third vol. of his Lite~aturgesclticlrleder Araber, gives, on the au-
thority of the Kitdb al-Aghdni, some rather unsatisfactory information concerning him. Several fragments
of his poems are to be found in the Hamdsa.
(I G) Harndsa, p. fro.
(17) Literally : and the nose (the pride) of noble deeds has been cut off:
(18) For Kais Ibn Aasim, see vol. I, p. 166, and the Essai of Caussin de Perceval. The adventure of
HaufazAn is related in the Essad, tom. 11, p. 5 9 5.
(19) BistAm Ibn Kais, chief of the tribe of ShaibBn, lost his life i n a combat, six or seven years after the
Hejira (A. D. 697-S).-(Hamdsa, p. rht and ?QV; Caussin dc Perceval's Essai, tom. 11, pp. 593, 598, $99).

MUKATIL, T H E C O M M E N T A T O R O F T H E K O R A N .

AhO 'l-Hasan MukAtil Ibn Solaimln Ibn Bashir, a member, by enfranchisement?

of the tribe of Azd, and a native of Marw in Khorish, drew his origin from a farnib
 BIOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY. 409

of Balkh. Having removed toBasra, he proceeded from thence to Baghdad and taught
Traditions in that city. He is known as an interpreter of God's noble book (!he
Kordn) and as the author of a celebrated commentary. Traditions were taught to
him by Mujahid Ibn lubair (see vol. l. p . 568, n. g), AI$ Ibn Abi Kabiih ((vol. 11.
P- 2031, Abh lshPk as-Sabli (vol. 11. p. 393), Ad-Dahhbk lbn MuzAhim (vol. I.
p. 580, n. 2), Muhammad Ibn Muslim az-Zuhri (vol. 11. p. 581)and others. Bakiya
Ibn al-Walid al-Himsi ( l ) , Abd ar-Razziik Ibn Hammlm as-SanPni (vol. I. p. 581).
Hararni Ibn Omlra (2), Ali Ibn al-Jaad (3) and others delivered Traditions on his au-
thority. He held a high rank among the learned. The imdm As-Shbfi (vol. 11.
Q. 569)was heard to say : "AI1 the people derived their nourishment (in knowledge)
from three men : they had Mukhtil Ibn Sulaimin for the interpretation of the Ko-
rin, Zuliair Ibn Abi Sulma (4)for poetry, and Abh Hanifa (5), for dogmatic theo-
logy.''-It is related that (the khalif)AbO Jaafar al-Mansbr was sitting (in his palace)
when a fly came and settled on him. He drove it away, but it returned to him again
and again, most pertinaciously, striking him on the face and continuing to tease
him. He at length lost patience and called out : " See who is (wailing) at the door ;"
and, being informed that MukBtil Ibn Sulaimin was there, he hadliim brought in and
said to him : Canst thou tell me why almighty God created flies?" Mukltil replied :
" I can ; i t was to humble the mighty by their means (61." Al-Manshrdidnot sayano-

ther word. Ibrallim al-Harbi (vol. I. p. $6) related the following anecdote :" Mukltil
" Ibn Sulaimln took his seat (in mder to teach) and said : 'You may question me con-

" cerning whatever is beneath the throne of God (7).' On which a man said to him :
" ' When Adamperformed the pilgrimage, who shaved his head (S)?'--'Nay I' replied
" Mukltil, ' such (a question)does not proceed from your own mind (9).but God meant
" ' to humble me for my presumption.' " - Sofyhn Ibn Oyaina [vol. 1.p. 578) relates

(the same anecdote) as follows : Mukatil Ibn SulaimAn said, one day : 'You may
" ' ask me respecting whatever is beneath the throne of God'; and a man addressed

" him in these terms : &Tellme, Abfi 'I-Hasan !are the intestines of ants and pismires
" ' in the fore part of the body or the back *art?' The shnikh rernainedsilent and knew
46
not what to answer. It seemed to me a just punishment inflicted on him."-The
doctors (in traditions)differ in opinion respecting Mukitil :some declare that, as a tradi-
tion& he was worthy of confidence, and others accuse him of falsehood. B&ya
a]-Walid said : I heard Shoba ibn al-Hajjiij (vol. I. p. 693)questioned concer-
d.

" ning MukAtil, and he never spoke of him but in a favorable manner." Abd Allah Ibn
POL. 111. 52
al-lubirak (vol. II. p. 12), being asked what he thought of him, replied : W,
6' haye been told that he was apt to make mistakes."-It is related that the same Ibn
al-MubArak renounced (maki~iguse of) the Traditions delivered by Mukltil. Ibrehim
al-Harbi, being asked if Mukitil had received Traditions orally from Ad-Dahh&
Ibn MuzBhim, replied : No ; Ad-DahhPk died four years before Mukitil was born,
and Mukltil himself said : A gate of four years was closed between me and Ad-
" ' Dahhiik.' By this, he meant to designate ille gate of the city which opens on
the burying-ground." He said also that Mukltil never received Traditions orally
from Mujihid nor ever met the man. Ahmad Ibn Saiyiir (10) says : '6MukAtil Ibn
Sulaimln, a native of Balkh, went to Marw, whence he proceeded to Irik. His
h c veracity is suspected ; his Tradilions should be left aside and llis declarations should

be rejected. Speaking of the divine atlributes, he said things which it would be

a ( sinful to repeat." Ibrlhim Ibn YakQb al-Jiizjbni ( 2 1 ) called MukAtil an audacious
liar. AbG Abd ar-Rahmgn an Nasli (vol. l. p. 58) said : '' Liars notorious for
c i forging Traditions and passing them off as coming from the Propllet were four in

" number : Ibn Abi Yahya (12) at Medina, Al-Wlkidi (page 61 of this uol.) at
L Baghdad, Mukltil 1l)n Sulaimin in Khorbrin , and Mullammad Ibn Said,
'' surnamed Al-Masldb, in Syria." WakE Ibn al-Jarrih (vol. I. p. 375) said of
Mukbtil that he was a confirmed liar. AbG Balrr al-Ajurri @a.ge 9 of this vol.) said :
" I asked Ab6 Diwiid SulaimAn Ibn al-Ashit11 (vol.I. p. 589) concerning Mukitil,

" and he answered : "All Traditions given by him should be rejected." Amor-
ding to Omar Ibn al-Ghallis (43), Mukitil ]bn Sulaimbn was a liar and liis Traditions
were to he rejected. "As for Mukhtil Ibn SuIairn&n," said Al-Buklliri (vol. n.
" p. 5941, pass him over in silence." In another place, be says of him : "He is
" just nothing at all." Yahya lbn Main (14)declared that Mukbtil's Traditions were
of no value, and Ahmad Ihn Hanbal said : As for liukitil Ibn Sulaimin, the
" author of the Commentary, I should not like. to cite anything on his authority."
" His Traditions are to be rejected;" said H$tim ar-RLi (15). According to
Zakariga Ihn Yahya as-S$ji (16), people said of Muk&lill b n Sulaimin, the native of
KhorbPn, that he was a liar and that his traditions should be rejected. Abfi M i m
Muhammad Ibn Babbdn al-bsti (17) said : ~ ~ k g t lib]n Sulairnin received from
" the Jews and the Christians such infornlatiorl on coranic matters as tallied with the
" contents of their own (sacred) books. He was an assimilator (18), declaring a
'' likeness to exist between the Lord and his creatures; besides which, he lied in
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 811

(6his Traditions." On the whole, a great number of opinions have been emitted
him, hut what we have just mentioned will suffice; it has even led me
away from my subject, but 1 wished to make known what the learned said of his
He died at Basra in the year 150 (A. D. 767-8).

(I) A ~ Mohammad
S Baluya Ibn al-Walid, a member of the Himyarite tribe called al-Kal& and surnamed
&Hlmsi (belonging to Emessa), was esteemed a good traditionist. Born A. H. 110 (A. D. 138-9); died
A. H. 191 (A. D. 812-3).-(Nujzim).
(2) ~ccordingto the author of the KdmGs, Harami Ilin Ornera belonged to the tribe of Atik a (PI),
branch of that of Azd, and was esteemed a sure traditionist. I can find no other information respecting him.
(S) Ali Ibn al-Djaad al-Jauhari, a traditionist and a native of Baghdad, died A. H. 830 (A. D. 844-S), aped
upwards of ninety six years.-(Tabakdt al-Hufdz, Nujlim).
(4) This Zuhair is the author of the Monllaka. For his life see Rosenm~ller's Analecta Aralrica, pars
secunda, and Caussin de Perceval's Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes, tom. IT, p. 597, etc.
(5) The life of Abil HanCfa Noman will be found in this volume.
( 6 ) According to an old tradition, God punished Nim~odby sending a gnat which penetrated into his brain
and gave him intolerable pain, till he died.
(7) That is : every thing in the universe.
(8) Shaving of the head is one of the obligatory rites of pilgrimage.
(9) Lite~ally: from your own knowledge.
(101 Abh'l-Hasan Ahmad Ibn Saiybr al-Marwazi, the greatest traditionist who ever taught in the city of
Mar-., was distinguished also for his knowledge of Lhc law, his piety and his self-mortification. Al-Bukhari
and An-Nas%ihave given traditions on his authority. He died A. H. 968 (A. D, 881-S).-(Nujtim).
( I I ) Abh Ishdk Ibrahlm lbn Yakhb al-J0zjbni resided at Damascus. Bis authority as a traditionist is highly
appreciated. He died A. H. 259 (A.D. 812-3).-(Nujdm, Huffdz).
' (18) Ibrflhim Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abi Yahya, one of the masters under whom the celebrated doctor As-
Shati made his studies, is considered as a traditionist on whom no reliance can be placed. He died A. H. 184
(A. D. 800-l).- (Nujdm, the Tahdz'b al-Asm& of An-Nawawi).
(1.3) Abb Hafs Omar Ihn Ali as-Sairafi, surnamed al-Ghall&s,or, according to another reading, al-Kallk,
was a traditionist of great authority. He died A. H. 849 (A. D. 863-4) at Sarr-man-raa.-(Huff&, Nujlim).
(14) The life of Yahya Ibn Main will be found in the next volume.
(15) Abfi Hatim Muhammad Ibn Idrfs al-Hanzali ar-RQzi, a traditionist of great learning and noted for his
veracity, died at RBi, his native place, A, H. $7 7 (A. D. 890-1.- (Buffh,Nuj69).
(16) Abh Yahya Zakariya Ibn Yahya as-saji composed an important work on the Traditions. He died
A. 8..307 (A. D. 91 9-920), at a very advanced age.-(~uffds).
(17) see page 36b of this volume. -
In the page 368 is a note, the no 5, which does not give mficient
inf~rmationrespecting certain names and surnames by which some doctors are desigated in ~ o r k on
s juris-
prudence. I shall complete it here. Ab12 'Z-Abbhis Ibn Suraij (vol. 1.p. 46); A612 I s W al-bhmazi (wd. 1.
P- 7, ;962i Said, al-Istakhri (vol.7, p. 3 7 4 ) ;Ab4 Bdmid, al-Isfarhi (uol. I. p. 53); Abd "l-KdPim, al-hm8ti
U.p. 186) and ad-Dhraki (voz. n. p. 137) Abli 't-Taiyib, at-Tabari (vol. I. p. 644) and lbn %lama or
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 413
to be given to Abb 'l-hiji. The poet then informed him that he had composed a
poem in his praise and brought it with him. The vizir told to recite it, and he
began thus :

Let your camels measure the breadth of the desert (if you mean) to go to Ibn al-AI$; if (YOU
mean it) not, then (let them) not.

The vizir, on hearing this verse, ordered the poet another thousand dinars and,
when the recitation of the kasida was finished, he gave him one thousand more and
had him arrayed in a robe of honour. An excellent horse being then brought out,
saddled and bridled, the vizir said : ( 'The wish of the Commander of the faithful
6d shall be heard and fulfilled (2); he prayed God to speed you back." He then
provided him with every thing necessary (for the journey), and sent him off again to
Baghdad. AbO 'l-Haijb remained but a short time in that city and then proceeded to
Transoxiana, whence he returned to Rhordsin. Having stopped at Herat, he fell i n
love with a woman oftliat place and composed a great number of poems in her
praise. From thence he removed to Marw, where he setlled. Towards the close
of his life, he fell into a melancholy madness (3)and was transported to the hospital,
where he died. This event took place on o r about the year 505 (A. D. 1111-2).
Be ranked among the most accomplished literary scwlars of the age. His poems
are full of originality and sweetness. An epistolary correspondence, in a sportive
style, was carried on between him and the Iearned doctor Abh 'l-K%sim az-Zamakh-
shari (page 322 of this vol.). Before their first meeting, he wrote to him these
lines :

Be (Zamakhshari) is a perfect schoIar; the flow (of his style) is (brilliant) as the radiance
of the stars. Zamakhshari has every merit; he is the noblest production of (hb birth-place)
Zamakhshar. (For me) he is like the sea; though I have not seen it, I have heard of it.

Zamakhshari wrote to him (an reply) :

Your verses outshine so much my own, that I have arrayed myself in a robe of envy. But
why sho~lldnot the (humblest) plant become a lion (L a. flourish) when the sons of the lion (4),
water it every night t

Abfi 'l-Haijl's detached pieces are very numerous and elegant.--The vizir above
mentioned is the same we have spoken of in our article on AbB Ishlk Ibrihirn a1
Gllazzi I. p. 381, a celebrated poet who went
Kermhn and recited to him a
10

kadda made in his honour. This is the high-sounding poem which rhymes in ba
and of which two very fine and original verses have been inserted in that article.
The piece begins thus :

TOdrink from the wells of (my) tears will suffice for the camels which we ride on; to p,md
the odour of the soil where (my beloved) had her vernal residence, will relieve their bosoms
the pangs of thirst). When you see the lighning flash over (the valley o f )
count on no otller rain but that which our eyes afforcl.

In the transition to the encomium the poet says :

With camels whose proof (of excellence) is (lzlce) that of Isa Ibn Maryam (Jesus, the son of
J ~ Y Y ) , when
the deep and rugged defiledisables the pursuer (S). They seem to dance through
the mirage, now floating on waves, now sinkit~g. They look like swimming castles, as if Ihad
transformed them thus in traversing the deserts. They perceive a well-known odor breath-
ing from Kermln and, in their ardour, they sport about and play. They saw (i.e. they haveleft)
behind the horizon of Mina (many)sun-risings and settings which they now think of no more.
(For they hasten) towards a glorious (prince)who received not his honours by inheritance, but
who toiled to acquire them as a gain; (towards)a prince on whom fortune looks always with
smiles as on one who, in serious undertakings, has no companion hut a firm resolution.

The same poem contains this passage :

When he speaks, all ears are attentive; when he writes, all eyes are fixed on him. Never,
till I met with Mokram, did I see a lion in his den aspiring to high renown and bestowing pre-
cious gifts. Were he not a lion, with all his generosity, he should at least be one when the fin-
ger-nails (or pens) with which he attacks have become claws.

Here is another passage of the same poem :

Let others be honoured by poets who describe their noble clualities; we have mentioned such
excellence of his as gives fresh lustre to his virtues. TO him belongs exalted merit such that,
if it took a material form, it would become as the eye and tile eye-brow of the face of time.
He cast a look towards the vizirate, then lioary (with age), and that slight glance rendered it
young again. Re obtained it at first without stretching forth his arm; and he held it, at last,
without springing forth (to seize it) ).

The rest of this splendid kastda may he appreciated after the specimens here
given.

(,L) See vol. I, page 39, where this vizir i s surnamed Nasr ad-D'ln.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DLCTIONARY. 41 5
(g) Literally : exalted.
(3) The verb0 lesauden is derived, by a Strange anomaly, from saudd (melancholy)and bears, to this day,
in Syria, the signification which i s here given to it.
(4) The sons of the lion, in Arabic, BanG 'l-Asad. The tribe of Bakr Ibn WAil, to which Abh 'l-Haij&
belonged, was a branch of the Banh 'l-Asad. Az-Zamakhshari makes a poor quibble on the signification of
the name and on the double meaning of the verb istasad.
(5) In scanning this verse it will be perceived that the verhe9 must be prononced as if it belonged to the
second form. These camels proved their excellence by saving the lives of the fugitives who rode them and
bearing them through defiles in which the pursuers were completely knocked up. They thus gave fife to the
fugitives as Jesus gave life to the dead. Such is the conjectural explanation of the translator.

BUSAM AD-DAWLA AL-MUKALLAD.

A b ~Hasshn al-Mukallad Ibn al-Musaiyab Ibn Rbf6 Ibn al-Mukallad Ibn Jaafar
Zbn Amr Ibn al-Mohar~naAbd ar-Rahmin Ibn Buraid Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Zaid Ibn
Kais Ibrl Jhtha (1) Ibn Tallfa Ibn Hazn lbn Okail Ibn Kaab Ibn Habih Ibn Ahmir
Ibn Sdsda Ibn Moawila Ibn Bakr Ibn Hawiizin ; such is the genealogy of the Okai-
lide chief who was lord of Mosul and bore the title of Husdrn ad-Daula (the glave of
the empire). His brother, Ab6 'd-Dauwhd Muhammad, the son of Al-Musaiyab, was
the first of the family who established his domination in Mosul. That event took
place in the year 380 (A. D. 990-1). His daughter married the Dailemite (sooe-
reign) Abii Nasr Babi ad-Dawla, the son of Adud ad-Dawla, the son of Buwaih (2).
AbB 'd-DauwAd died in the year 387 (A. D. 997), and his brother Mukallad succeeded
him in the government (of Mosul). He had a cast in one of his eyes. Our pro-
fessor Ibn al-Athlr (vol. 11. p. 288) mentions, in his Annals, that Al-Mukallad's acces-
sion to power took place in the year 386 ; that he aspired to the throne on the death
of his brother; that the Okailides refused him their support and conferred the su-
preme authority on his brother Ali, because the latter was advanced in age; that
Al-Mukallad has recourse to treacherous means and continued to employ them till he
obtained the command. We here present a summary of the long account which
Ibn a!-Athir gives of these events. According to another author, AI-Mukallad was
416 IBN K H A L L I K A N ' S

highly intelligent, well-skilled i n the arts of government a n d an able politician.

Having augmented his kingdom by the conquest of Saki 'I-FurPt (3),he obtained
from the im&m(khalif)AI-KUir Billah the title of H u s ad-Dawla,
~ ~ the standard
(of commafidment)and the pelisse of honour. This h e put on at Al-AnbBr, and took
into service three thousand soldiers, part of them Dailemites, and the rest Turks.
(The tribe of) Khafiija then yielded him obedience (4). Being himself a man of
talent, he was fond of literary men and composed verses. Abh 'l-Haijl lbn Imrin
Ibn ShPhin relates as follows : " 1 once travelled o n the road belrveen Sinjir and
Nasibin in company with Motamid ad-Dawla Abii 'l-Mania Kirwlsh, the son of AI-
Mukallad. W e came to a halting-place and, same time after we had dismounted,
he sent for me. I found him lodged in a neighbouring castle, which was called after
AI-Abbis Ibn Amr al-Ghanawi. This building commanded a fine view over
4 tnumerous gardens and streams of water. On going in, 1 found him standing
and looking at something which was written on the wall. I read the inscription,
which ran as follows :
'' Castle of 81-Abbls Ibn Amr! why did thy Ibn An~rquit thee? Long didst thou defy the
'' strokes of fortune; bow then did (ill-) fortune take thee by surprise? Alas ! where is tby
" magnificence? or rather, where is thy hospitality? or rather, where is thy renown? or
" rather, where is thy glory?

Underneath were inscribed these words : ' Written by Ali, the son of Abd Allah,
l' * the son of Hamdin, wiih his own h a n d ; in the year 331 (A. D. 942-3).' "-
I may here observe that the writer of these lines was Saif ad-Dawla Ibn Hamdfn
(vol. 11. p. 334), he whose praises are celebrated in the poems of Al-Mutanabbi
(col. I. p. 102).-cc Underneath was written : .
" 0 castle I time hath shaken tbee and abased thy glory. It hath defaced the beauty of these
" lines which ennoble thy solid wall. Alas! where is their illustrious writer ? where is all
" his might which so well befitted thine ?
" Below this were inscribed the following words : Written by Al-(;hadanfir,
L

" ' lfle son of Al-Hasan, the son of Ali, the son of Hamddn, with his own hand; in
" ' the year 363 (A. D. 973-41.' "-The writer of this was Oddat ad-l)awla (Fadb
Allah, see W!. I. p. 405), the son of N&ir ad-Dawla al-Rasan who was the brother
of Saif ad-Daw1a.-Lower down was written :

" 0 castle I what has become of those who pitched their tents in thy court? Time basdes-
 BIOGRAPHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 417
troyed and removed them whilst thou remairiest widely extended (5). Alas ! how shorl was
(6 the existence of those who walked in thee so proudly, and how long has Been thine1

6' Under these verses were inscribed the following words : Written by A]-
4. 6 Mukallad Ibn al-Musaiyab l b n RAW, with his own hand; in the year 388 (A. D.

6 998). ' "-The writer of this note was the person whose life we are giving,-
4 ( Then followed these lines :

cc o castle ! what has become of the noble ones who dwelt here in former times? ~ h o u
'6 wert coeval with them and, in long duration, hast outlived them all. The lines traced upon
thy walls renew my grief for the son of Al-Musaiyab. Know that I shall soon join him
and that I am hastening on in his foot-steps !

These verses were subscribed : ' Written by KirwSsh, the son of Al-Mukallad
c Ibn al-Musaiyab, with his own hand; i n the year 401 (A. D. 1010-loll).' I

was surprised at what I saw and said to Kirwish : ' Was it you wrote that?' He
replied : It was; and I am thinking of having this castle thrown down, for it
is an unlucky place and has sent many to their graves. ' I wished him long
lile and, three days after, we set out again on our journey, but the castle has not
yet been deniolished. "--Al-Abbls Ihn Amr al-Ghanawi, the person above men-
tioned, was a native of Tell Bani Saiyhr, a place situated between Ar-Rakka and Ras-
Bin,in the neighbourhood of Hisn Maslama, a fort which bears the name of Maslama
the Hakarnide, who was the son of (the Omaiyide khnlif) Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwin
(Ibn al-Hakam). (AI-Abbds)was governor of Yemama and Bahrain when the (khalq
Al-Motadid billah sent him to fight the Karrnats, who were then making their first
appearance. He gave them battle, but was defeated and taken prisoner. Some
time afterwards, h e obtained his liberty and returned to join 81-Motadid, at Baghdad.
He arrived there on the eve of Sunday, the 12th of the month of Ramadln, 287
(10th sept. A. D. 900). Ahh A bd Allah al-Azimi, ofhleppo, states in his lesser histo-
rical work (6),that Al-AbbHs Ibn Amr al-Ghanawi died in the year 305 (A. D. 91 7-8).
It is a singular fact that the ten thousand men he lead against the Karmats were all
slain and that he alone escaped wiih his life. (An occurrence equally strange befelj
Amr lbn al-Laiih the Saffiride : he marched with an army of fifty thousand men
against Ismail Ibn Ahmad (the S&ndnide who afterwards became), lord of Khorbsbn,
and was taken prisoner, but all his soldiers escaped.-Seventy years elapsed from the
time Saif ad-Dawla wrote the above mentioned lines till E T Wwrote ~ Chis.~ 1x1the
VOL. 111. 53
 life ofAbd al-lalik Ibn Omair (vol.11. p. 117), have insorted an anecdote similar
to ihc furcsoing and token from a conversation which passed betnrccn him i n d ~ b d
al-lalik ibn Marwin ; to it w o refer the rcadcr.-One day, as hl-Muhallad was in the
sitting-room ( 0 f h . i palace)
~ at Al-Anbir, will1 some familiar acquaintances, a young
turkisIl page sprung upon him and slew him. This occurred in the month of Safar,
391 (January, A. D. 1001). It is stated that he was buried on the border of the
Eupbralcs, at s place called Shifya ('and I)situated bctween Al-hnhiir and Hit. Same
relate tllat the Turk murdered him (through fanaticism), because he heard him sap
to a person that as taking leave of him with the intention of going on a pilgrimage
(to JIekka) : When you arrive at he tomb of God's apostle, draw near to it and
say to him in my name : Were it not for your two companions, 1 sliould pay you
K a visit (S).' "-The sharlf Ar-Rida (page 118 of .this vol.) composed two elegies on
his death, and a number of poets wrote verses on the same subject. His son, Mota-
mid ad-Dawla Abd 'I-Mania Kirwtsh, who was absent at the time, succeeded him in
the supreme command, but had to maintain a struggle for its possession against
two of his uncles, one of them named Abh 'l-12asan Ibn al-Musaiyab and the other
hhu 'l-lllurrakh Mosab Ibn al-Musaiynb. The former died i n the year 398 (A. D.
tool-21, and the latter in 397. Kirwish then remained sole master of the prinei-
pality and was delivered from the anxiely ~Yhicllthey had given him. His possessions
consisted of Mosul, Kiifa, al-Madiin and Saki 'l-Furbt. In the year 401 (A. D.
1010-1011) he liad the Khotba offered up throughout all liis states for 111e prosperity
u l AI-HBkim, tlie sovereign of Egypt, .vhose life v e sllall give, hut lie afterwards dis-
continued the practise. The Ghozz (g), liaving penetrated into Mosul, pillaged the
palace of Kirwkch and carried off from it more than two hundred thousand dinars.
On this, he called to his assistance NClr ad-Dawla Abii 'l-Aazz Dubais Ibn Sadaka, a
chief of whom we have already spoken (vol. I. p. 5011.1, and their united forces attac-
ked the Ghozz, slew a great number of them and obtained the victory. Abb Ali
(Abi'S-)Shiblal-Baghd8di (page 102 of ibs vol.), a celebrated poet, composed a kaNa
in his praise and spoke in it of this battle. Be says :
You spared your native soil the disgrace of entombing their corpses ; the only tomb they P
t
was the vulture's maw. Yet they had overrun the land and obtained all that was passible of
worldly wealth. They had broken open the gate (ritdj)of the barrier wl6cll keyt Cog conbed,
but they found, in your prowess, the might of Alexander (40).

Iiirwish bore the surname of Majd ad-DEn (glory of religiofi). His mother
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 419
Was sister to the emir Abh 'l-Hoijti al-Hadbini, lord of Jrbel (Arbela). He was a
good scholar and an elegant poet. fhme of his pieces have got into general cireula-
tion; such, for instance, as that which Abb 'l-Hasan al-Bakharzi (vol. II. p. 323) has
in his Durnya tal-I{asr and which we reproduce here :

praised be adversity I it tarnislles the vile but gives polish to the noble. I was a mere mass
of iron when adversity forged mc into a sword, and the vicissitudes of fortune gave to my edge
a free career.

The same author cites the following piece as a production of Kirwdsh :

Let those who have inherited paternal wealth be praised or reviled (Icare not). AS for me,
I give abundant thanks to the only God, so as to draw down (upon me) an increase of favour.
Nine is a bay horse, impatient when reined in, and who, in our incursions, procures for us,
by his efforts, all we can hope for. Mine is the sharp sword which seems to flash undulating
lightnings when drawn from the scabbard ; mine, the sharp and pliant spear, the point of which
seems to be tipped with death itself (11). By these I acquired weaith, but I granted to the li-
berality of my hand full power 10 spend it.

These verses are really fine and well turned. The following lines are said to be
his :

(That girl) habitually perfumed, using oclours, not every second day (but always), delicately
limbed, whose skin is srnootll to the touch. Wheo the vapour of the aloes-wood ascends
through the bosom of her (robe) and covers her face, it seems to me a cloud shadowing the
sun.

Al-Biikharzi, in his Dumya taGKasr, attributes the following lines to Abii 'l-Jib
tha j12), a cousin of the emir Kirwish :

When they dash through the dust of the battle-field, they seem like suns (in brilliancy) and
like moons (in beauty). Let fortune treat them justly or unkindly, they never withhold their
gifts from those who ask. When their help is called for, in impending danger, they risk their
existence and care not for their lives. when the fire of war is dging out, they tight it up
again with the points of their spears (13).

Among the pieces of verse contained in the Dumya tal-Kasr, we find an elogium
on Khwish composed by Az-Zihir al-Jazari, and offering this very good specimen of
*he (rhelorical figure called) istitrdd (14) :

On a night gloomy as the of ~l-~twkaidi,cold as his Wep and long as 6is horns,
420 I B N KHALLLKAN'S
I travelled forth. My sleep, that of a fugitive, was troubled like h e rcason of Sulaimin lbu Fahd
and like his religious belief. The calnel wllicll bore me Was lleadstrong, and dashed forward
with the giddiness and folly of Ibn Jlbir ; till the light of morning appeared, bright as the face
of Kirwssh, and brilliant as Iris forehead (45)-

Sharaf ad-Din Ibn Onain, a poet of whom we have already spoken (page i76
this vol.), is the author of a piece composed in the same style and directed against
two jurisoonsults of Damascus, one of whom was nidmamed the mule and the other
the buffalo. \Ye give it here :

The mule and the buffalo had a dispute which made them a show for every spectator. T6ey
went forth one evening and contended, one with his horns, the other with his hoofs. They did
nothing well but vociferate, as if they hadlearned to argue from AI-Murtada Ibn Asikir. 'Twas
all long talk with meaning slender as the wits of Abd al-Latif, the speculative philosopher.
These two, I warrant you, have not a third to match them in stupidity, except the poet Madla-
waih (16).

A friend of mine told tne that he spoke to l b n Onain respecting t h e verses com-
posed by Az-Zkhir al-lazari, and praised him at the same time for having imitated
them so well, but the poet assured him that he had never heard them before. God
knows best l-Madlawaih :the person who bore this surname was Ar-Rashid Abd-ar-
Rahmtin Ibn Muhammad Ibn Badr an-Niblosi (native of Napluse), a well-known
poet who resided at Damascus and on whom 1bn Onain composed a number of
(su~irical)pieces. He died on the 15th of the montli of Safar, 619 (31st March, A. D.
1222), at Damascus, and was interred near the gate called Uiib as-Saghir.-The
Dumya ~aGKasrcontains another piece of verse composed by Az-ZBhir al-Jazari. It
is so witty that 1 cannot refrain from giving it here :

See what an ample share of love fell to the lot of Ibn Shibl! he never ceased lighting desires
in'every bosom, For him, the women neglected their husbands, et in juventute sua, immemo-
res uxorum ipsos reddidit maritos. Illum impubere~namaverun t mares; puberem fernin=;
gloria Deo l nunquam amatoribus carebi t.

Of these three verses, I have since met with the two last i n an article on Abfi Nasr
Ibn an-Nahh8s al-Halabi (I7), which is contained in the KharGda (18). The author
of that work says that Abii 'S-Salt (19) gives ihenl in his Haatha as the produetion of
that person, meaning Ibn an-Nahhls. God knows best l His (az-zdhir'~) poetq
abounds in fine ideas.--Let us return to our account of the emir Kirwish. .He
 RJOGRAPHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 481
was very generous, a great plunderer and a free giver, following illus the cuslom of the
desert brahs. It is related illat they reproached him for having tvo sisters for wives
at ihe same time, and that he made this reply : " Tell me what thing you ever did
6. which was permitted by hw." He said also : I have nothing on my con-
& & science except the death of five or six inhabitants of the desert whom I slew ; as for
the towns' people, God nlakes no account of them." He had governed fifty years
wllen a quarrel arose between him and his brother, Baraka lbn Mukallad, re-
sided outside the city : he fell into his hands, in the year b4l (A. D. 104.9-1050),
\vas bound in chains and cast into prison. Baraka took his place in [he supreme
command, assutned the title of Zdim ad-Dazcla (ihe guardian of ~ h empire)
c and go-
verned for two years. He died i n the month of Zii 'l-Hijja, 44.3 (April-May, A. D.
1052). His nephew and successor, Abh 'l-Marili Kuraish, was the son of Abh 'I-Fad1
Badrin and the grandson of Al-Mukallad. Badrin was lord of Nasib'in ; he died in the
month of Rajab, 425 (May-June, A. D. 1038). The first thing Kuraish did was, to
hold an audience and have his uncle Kirwrish put to death in his presence. This took
place in the beginning of Rajab 466. KirwAsh was buried at Tell Tauba, a place
situated to the east of Mosul. He was generous and brave, an elegant speaker and
a poet. His name Kirwcish is a derivaiive noun of the form ftwdl (20); it comes
from the root Karach, wliicb signifies, i n Arabic, lo gain and lo collect. (The tribe
of) Koraish drew its name from the same root, because the people wliich composed i t
was engaged in comn1erce.-(The emir) Kuraish joined with Arsltn al-Basbspri (vol.I.
p. 172) in plundering h e seat of the khalifate (Baghdad). Some lime after, the
imtim (khalif) 81-K6im hi-amr Illah, being again enabled to govern after his own
will, wrote to the sultan Toghrulbek (see page 224 of this vol.), requesting him to
treat Kuraish with indulgence. After these events, news was brought (to Baghdad)
af his death; that is, of the death of Kuraish Ibn Badrbn, who was carried off by
the plague, in the town of Nasfbln, towards the beginning of the year 453 (Jan.,
A. D. 1061). He died at the age of fifty-one years. The command of the tribe of
Okail devolved on his son, Abii 'l-Mukbrim Muslim lbn Kuraish, who was surnamed
Sharaf ad-Dawla (the nobleness of the empire). After the death of the Seljhkide
sultan Toghrulbek, he aspired to the possession of Baghdad, but then gave up his
project. He extended his rule over Dihr RabiP, Di& Modar and Aleppo ; he even
received tribute from tile country of the Greeks (Asia Mino). Having laid siege to
Damascus, h e was on the point of taking it when he was informed that the ~ e o p l eof
Rarran had ceased to nclcnowlcdge liis authority. Hc immcdialely marched againsk
that atlacked and took it, and massacred a great number of llle inllabitants,
This occurred in the year b76 (A. D. 1083-4. None of his family ever possessed
so a kingdom as lie. Under his administration, which was remarkably
good and equitable, all the roads throughout his states were perfectly safe. Among
ilie nllmerous anecdotes related of him, we rnay indicate the following : an
Haiyis, the poet of whom we have already given n notice (page 138 ofthis vol.), died
in the house nrhere I\luslim resided and left a fortune of more than ten thousand
dinars. This was taken to the treasury of Muslim who, however, ordered the sum
to he remitted (to ihe heirs). " No, " said he, '' never shall it be said of me that
1 gave money to a poet and then, through covetousness, took it back. The cash
which enters into my treasury is taken from the vilest of mankind (22)." The
whole amount of the poll-tax (22)was distributed by him to the descendants of AM
Tilib; none of it being reserved for his own use. It was he who repaired thc walls
of Mosul ; the work began on Sunday, the 3rd of Shauwhl, 474 (6th March, A. D.
1082) and was finished in six months. The anedotcs told of h i m are very numerous.
fie lost his life in a battle fought, at the gates of Antiocll, between him anrl the
Seljfikide sultan ~ u b l m i s h sovereign
, of Ar-Rbrn (Asia Minor). This occurred on
the 15th of Safar (23),$78 (12th June, A. L). 1085). " We was then aged forty-
' s five years and some months ; " so says Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Malilr al-Hamdini in

the work entitled Al-Madri/aE-MulaakIikhira (informalion respecting later times) (26).

Ibn as-Sbbi (25)says, in his chronicle, that Muslim, the son of Kuraich, was born
on Friday, the 23rd of Rajab, 432 (28th of March, A . D. 1041). Al-MlmGni
(vol. 11. p. 334) states, in his historical work, that one of his favorite slaves attacked
and strangled him in the bath; he places this event i n the year 4.74 (A. D. 1081-9).
The Seljiikide sultan Malakshdh established AbO Abd Allah Muhammad, the son of
luslirn, in the government of Rahaba, HarrPn, SarlZj and the territory of Al-KhAbbr,
and gave to him in marriage his sister Zulaikl~a,the daughter of the sultan Alp h s l 6 n 0
Muslim, the son of Kuraish and tbe father of Abh Abd Allah, had imprisoned his h-
ther, Abd Muslim Ibrihim Ibn Kuraish, in the castle of Sinjdr and kept him there
fourteen years. On the death of Muslim, his son, Muhammad, was established in
the command (of the dribe),but his family rallied round Ibrahim, delivered him from
confinement and placed him at their head. Some time afterwards, he was shut up
again, with his nephew Muhammad, by the order of Malakshah. On the death of
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 423

illat sultan, they obtained their liberty. Ibrihim then assembled tbe Arabs and
attaekcd Tiij ad-Da~vlaTutush, the Seljbkide (see .vol. I. p. 273), at a place called
~ ) - M ~ d a i y($6).
a Tutush took him prisoner and afterwards put him to death. This
happened in the year 486 (A. D. 1093).-Another chief of the Okailides was AlG']-
Bkritll Mah&rish.tllc son of AI-Mujalli, the son of Okaib (27), the son of Kikn (%),
the son of Shoaib, the son of Al-Mukallad the elder, the sou of Jaafar, the son of
g,,, the son of Al-Mul~anna. ]le was sovereign of (the town of) Al-Haditha. When
the itntim AI-Kbim left Baglidbd, in consequence of the affair of Al-BashsPri, he WG
hospitably received by PahGrish and treated, during a whole year, with the highest
honour and attention. This is an event so well known that we need not givc a
more particular account of it (29). Mahirish was constant in almsgiving and prayer.
and n regular attendant at the mosque and at (relzgious)assemblies. He died in the
lllonth of Safar, 499 (Oct.-Nov. A. D. 1105), at the age of eighty years. May God
have mercy on them all!

(1) In onc manuscript, this nalnc is wrilten Iiaullin.

('L) BahA ad-Dlz-vla succeeded his brother Sharaf ad-Dawla in the governlncnt of Imk, A. D. 980. Eleveu
years later, hc clcposed the Ahtraside khalife At-TSik lillah. He died at Arrajbn, A. I I . 4 03 (A. D. 1012-3.)
(3) Suki '2-Furlet signifies thc country irrigatcd by the Euphrates. The author of the Mardsid says, under
the word Furdt, that llic territory of the Sahi exterldcd irom AAnat to Sfb. This shows it to have been situa-
ted towards the south-castern cxtrcmity of Arabian Irtik.
(4) The Bnnu KhafAja descended from KhafAja, the son of Amr, the son of Okail, and belonged therefore
to the same family as AI-Mukallad. In Ibn ~ h a i d b n ' stime, alittle after the middle of the fourteenth century,
this numerous and powerful tribe occupied a great part of t l ~ ecountry sitnated betweer] the Euphrates and the
Tigris (sec the Risf. des Be?-Lers, tome I, page 96). The Ehafilja were noted for their turbuIence and love of
plunder.-(Abulfedca Annrrles, t. 111, p. 8 0 ) .
(5) Literally : and folded them up in consequence of thy being long spread out.
(6) See vol. I, page 655, note 3 .
(7) According to the author of the M o r b i d , the village of Sldfya was situated at seven prasangs from
Whit.
(8) A b i Bakr and Omar, whose memory the Shkites detested, were buried id the mosque of Medina, by the
side of Mohammad's grave.
(9) By the Ghozz is here meant that race of Turks which founded the Seljdli dynasty. Our author has
already (pages 885, 896 of this volume), given a sketch of their early history and noticed the departure of a
fraction of that people from Ispahbn to Adarhaijln. Ibn Khalddn, in his Universal History, chapter on the
Okailides, enables us to trace the path followed by this detachment. In the year 439 (A. D. 1037-8), they
took and plundered MarBgha, defeated the Hadbhiga Kurds and then stormed the city of Rai, wk& was
Occupied at that time by Ibn K&ugeh. They ma,rched from thence u, Kazwin, rava,aed Armenia, md devas-
tated ~ l n a w a rin tile year 130 [A. 1). 2038-9). Armcnia they l~nssctlinto thc country of the nakka-
rile Eurds and, in 433, they entcrcd Dirk Baltr and t00l{ ~ O S S ~ S SoL'Jazhat
~ U ~ 11~11Omar. lIaving then dcfmeated
Kirm&sh, they laid siege to Mosnl, took i c a n d c 0 ~ m C n c c dthcrc again work of plunder and massacre.
The inhabitants at length took up arms and slew all the i n ~ a d c r swhom they round i n the city. The rest of
the ~ h o z zpenetrated into Mosul, the year 435 (A. D. 1043-4) and put the inhabitants to the sword. During
twelve days, the city was given up to plunder. KirwSsh then united his forccs to those of Dubais and prb
, D, 1 0 4 4 )
ceeded to Mosul. The enemy retreated to Tell Afar and, i n the month of Ramadln 435 ( ~ p r i lA.
they encountered the Arabs. A desperate strugglo ensued, in which t h e latter were victorious. Theg seized
on the camp and baggage of t l d Ghozz, who fled to Nasibfn. KirwAsh pursucd them as far as that town.
~ h c ythen entered Diar Bakr which they ravaged and passed from that province into Armenia and Asia Minor,
ivhere they acted in a similar manner. From thence they returned to Adarbaijgn.
(10) The musulman fables concerning Gog and Magog (YAjhj an11 MAjbj) are well known. According these
legends, Alexander the Great chastised this people and built t h barrier
~ of Derbend, i n order to prevent them
from invading Syria and hlesopotamia.
(11) Litterally : as it' the mother of the fates was fixed on the wood of it.
(22) Or Hautlla, according to another reading.
(13) Tile author employs here the terme zindd, which signifies the flint and steel, or the two pieces of wood
made use of for producing fire.
(14) This technical tcrm signifies, i n rhetoric, the bringing about or the transition. In the Arabic literary
schools it is defined thus: lstitrdd signifies giving to the discourse such a turn as lcads necessarily to a subject
which was not, at first, that of the discourse.
(15) The name of SulaimAn Ibn Fahd occurs in the second volomc, page 192. According to Abh 'l-Feda
(Annales, tome 111, p. SO), he entered into thc service of Al-Multallad, the father 01 Iiirwbh, and was appoin-
ted intendant of the latter's demcsncs. As he acted most tyrannically towards the farmcrs, Kirwdsh had him
i mprisoncd and subsequently put to dcath, A. H. 4 1 1 (A. D. 1020-1021). The same historian cites the verses

of AI-Jazari, whom he designates by the surname of Ibn ar-Ramlrarem, and infornis us that Barkatdi was a
singer attached to [he service of I<irw;Zsh and that Ibn JBbir was thc rloor-kccper o r chamberlain of that emir.
They were all present when the poet rccited-these verses.
(26) A few lines farther on, the author gives some account of this poct.
(27) Abh Nasr Ibn an-NahhAs, a native of Aleppo, and a good poet, lived i n the fifth century of the Hejira,
for we know that his contemporary, Ibn Sinan al-KhafAji (see vol. 11, p. 179), died A. M. 46G (A. D. 1073-4).
-(Im%d ad-Din, i n his Kltarida, ms. ofthe Bib. imp., ancien fonds, no 1 4 1 4 , fol. 1 5 6 recto).
(1S) See page 3 0 9 of this volume.
(19) Oniaiya 1b11 Abd al-Aziz Abi 'S-Salt, a Spanish moslem, is the compiler of a poetical anthology intitled
Al-fludlin (the slifldy bower), and containing extracts from Lhe works of his countrymen. He passed the first
tnrentY years of his life in Seville, his native place; twenty more in Irr'iliiya (the kingdom of Tunis), at the
court of the SanhAjian kings (the Zirides who succeeded the FAtimides and whose dynasty furnished to Ibn
Khaldi1l.l the matter of a long chapter in bis Histoire des Berbers, tome 11, p. 9 et seq.); he passed twenty
years more as a prisoner in the (sultan's) library at Cairo. Be had been scnt to that city on a mission by (*-
Hasan Ihn Ali), the Ziride sovereign who held his court a t Al-Mahdiya, but the Egyptian sultan had him
arrested an11 confined i n that establishment. On leaving it, h e had acquired an intimate acquaintance with the
philosophical sciences and the arts of medicine 2nd musical composition. It was he who Set to music 1L
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DIC'I'IONARY. 425
verses contained in the book of sol2gs composed by African authors. Re died at Al-Mahdiya in the year 560
(A. D. 1164-S), or in 5 6 8 , according to anothcr account.-(Afokkari, vol. I, p. Or,).
( 9 0 ) 'Chat is : the first of the three radical letters in this word must have after it the vowel i, and the second
must be separated from the third by the letters wdw, alif. Fiwdl is derived from the root fdl (to do); the
divers forms df which verb are employed by Arabic grammarians as types serving to represent the forms of all
other verbs.
(91) That is, from the inhabitants of towns, merchants and fanners, three classes of men whom the Arabs
the desert heartily despised-
(%) This tax was imposed by the law of Muhammad on all Christians, Jews and Sdbeans.
(93) One manuscript has : the 25th of Safar.
( 2 4 ) Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Malik al-BamdAni, the author of the historical abridgment mentianed here,
died A H. 52 l (h. D. 1127).
(95) The life of HilAl lbn as-Sibi will be found in this volume.
(96) In arabic characters F->!!. This is the reading offered by the autograph manuscript of Abh 'l-FedB's
L"
Annals. The place which bore this name was a district in the neighbourhood of Mosul.
(87) According to another reading Okaith.
(48) According to anotl-icr manr~scriptKzCcr.
(99) In the Annals of Abh 'l-Fed%, year 450, will be found an account of' al-I<&i;irn1s
expulsion from Ragbdad
and of his rewption by Mahdrish.

M U K H L I S AD-DAWLA MUKALLAD.

Abii ' l - l ~ ~ t a u w aMukallad

j Ibn Nasr Ibn Munkid al-Kinlni, surnamed Mukhlas ad-
Dawlii (saviour of he empire), was the father of the emir Sadid ad-Dawla (1) Abh
'l-Hazan Ali, lord of the castle ,of Shaizar, him of whom we have already spoken
(vol. I!. p. 348). He was a man of great influence and wide renown, singulary for-
Iunate in llis sons and grandsons. I n the arlicle on his son we have related succinct-
ly how the power of his family took its origin and how ihey obtained possession
of the above-named fortress. Mukallad dwelt, with a numerous band of retainers,
in ihe vicinily of Shaizar, near the bridge called after them Jisr B e ~ zfinkid, and
from {hence they went to reside alternately at Aleppo, Harnlt and other places, in
the vicinity of which they possessed magnificent houses and valuable estates. This
VOL. TII. 5i
 was lIefore tile falljily got possession of the castle of Sllaizar. Tllc princes
reigned in Syria treated tlicn~wit11 grcal lionour and showed t h e m the highest
The poets of the time used to visit t h e m a n d celebralc their praises : for
lllany illustrious cl~icf~ains,~nol)le, lligll-spiriled and lcarncd, belonged to the familr
of filllunkid, We llavc already spoken of one of (Jfu.lallad's) great-grandsons,
~ ~ lbn a$Iurshid ~ I. p.
~ (vol. ~ 177).
a Muklilis ad-l)awla remained in the command
of his and in the enjoyment of exalted r a n g till t h e day of his death. That
event took place i n the month of Zh 'I-Hijja, 450 (Jan.-Feb., A . D. 1059). His
colapse was born to Kafr-Tab (and there buried). 1 find, in the collected works of
the poet Ibn Sinln al-Khaftiji (vol. 11. p. 1791, a passage to this effect : ' < A n d he (h
Sia(i,h) recited the following elegy o n his (Al-.Mu/tallad's)dealh, wliich happened in
#d
nlonlh of 2li '1-Hijja, 435." God knows which is the true date. I give here
on elegy d l i c l i is really a vcry fine produclion and which was composed on his death
by tile k&di Abil Yala Hamza Ibn Abd ar-Raszik I b n Abi Nusain, w h o recited it t o Ahii
'1-Hasan Ali, him w l ~ o nwe~ have rnenlioned above. Though it is very long, I shall
insert it in full, because copies of i t arc rarely to be found. I never met any
penon who knew by heart niore than a few verses of i t ; so, for illat reason, I am
lllduced to give i t :

1Iow well deatl~aims its s~rokcsagainslallliviiig bciligs! Ilp ntorncot most to be fearedspeeds
on rrlore quickly than ~ h rest.
c The man (liitlrcrto) sak and dnliarmed, how can he be gay when
tlic cavalry of death and its a~nbusllcsarc always bcfore hirn'! To human existence safety is
granted but for a lime, yet lie wlio is rnosl <lcceivcdby life's illusiolls confidcs in them the most.
He to wliom the robe of liie has IJCCIP lerit nlusl strip it off; Ilc wlio defers paying his debt (to
rznture) is forced to acquit it. The Cazsars have clisapltcarcd, aud their palaces availed them
uot; the Chosroes have bccn prostrated 10 the cartli, ancl ~licircitadels could not protect them.
The kingdom of Solomon could not save ltim from death, neitllcr did his tthcr find protection
in his coats of mail (2). Nought is in the worltl 1)u~rl.avellcrs, arri~ingand departiog ; the9
journey towards a place far clisia~~t from llieir Iiorrlc. ~ l l brcalll
c of nian is the bridle by which
fate leads him on; ancl the niglits ( o f h i s cxiste~~cejare ilic stages of his journey. Why did
death begin by assaulti~~ghluklilis ad-Dawla? why were its sudclcu strokes tur~lcdaway from
others? Deatli is a wateringplace towards wl~icllInao haslcns after man, and others follow
rapid succession. The people have buried a noble chief, bul nevcr slrall clisappear (the memory
o f ) his virtues. May the dew and the cloud-drops water the tomb of him upon whom has been
poured the earth of the grave; for it contains a cloud wllosa (be~elicent)sliowers used to Csp~l
the parching droughts, a sea of generosily, whose waves flowed over all the land. The son
Nasr, borne upon his bier, seems like a dark vernal cloud wliose ( e ~ p e c t e d rains
) Weye dish
the winds. He (now)passes lfie rivcr, and ils sanils extol him (3); he passes by the issern-
bled people, and the widows burst inLo tears. llis I~ieris borlle fortli ou (m,rcn's)~l,~ulders (riglib)~
but often were his gifts and presents borne away by travellers (rikrid). 0,thou poet,
,neanest to lament his death ! scc what thou hast to say; for the souls of all mcll will hc suspen-
ded in attention to thy words. Earth in thy n~outh(4) ! thou knowest not what hat11 bee11 come
to the earth; thou art ignorant (of it), a d he who is ignorant of a thing, underrates its
importance. Be was a lord ( ~ O ~ O Sglory
C seemtcl) like the moon hastening towards its full ; wllose
hands were always ready to bestow, and whose spcar, 10 slrike. He now draws floocis of tears
from all ; so that their eyes are like his hancls from the torrents which they pour forth p).
Eyes ! spare not your tears,but Ict them flow in streams for the loss of a glorious cllief whosc
flow of gifts never knew what stinting was. When asked for money, his hands showered it
around; when asked to punish oppression, his lances showcrcd streams of blood. HOWoften
did tlle self-sufficient depart halnblcd from his presence; how often did the ~nodcstobtain from
him their wishes. His were victories which cleslroyed each warrior wlio clarcd to face llim and
every rival who had courage 10 resist him. His guests (reposetl)in a garden tbc shadc of which
was his beneficence; those who tried to rival him in glory lost their lives in the atteolpt. 0, how
short was his life! short his slay (here below), short (the days o f ) his generosity! short (the til~u-
he zuent) sword in belt (6). Noble ambition was the steed (7) that bore him to a goal which
others could never reach. He died not before obtaining 11isutmost wishes; he disappeared like
the moon when she has passed through all her stations. Row long was he accustorrled to re-
ceive with hospitality the troops which came to ask it; and to march against them if they calllc
as enemies. I ~ ~ d u l g efor
a t offenders, his sword's blade spared them and his clemency suffisedto
chastise them. (In battle) h e ensanguined the bushy tail of his steed, and used to make the
shoulders of his (horse) throw out drops of blood (8). Generous steed! how long did ~ h gback
sustain the pain i~~flicted by thy intrepid (rider); 0, that it sustained it now p!)! Confusion and
trouble abound since the death of that sagacious man whose genius cleared up every perpiexitg
His conjectures never deceived him, but guidecl always to resulls from which other men were
misled. May the showers of divine mercy never depart from him ! may they always descend upoli
him, morning and evening. May the source of mercy water every morning thegraveof him who
shed, every e~etiir~g, upon the needy, the torrents of his gifts. God decided tbat the emir's might
should be no lo~igerfeared, yet numerous still are his borses and his spears. Here are his young
warriors whose swords, now in their scabbards, gleamed like the lightning-flash to obey his
orders, and whose lances shone like lamps. 0, that his arrows were to-day rustling before him,
aud that the bellies of his liorses rumbled still, but not from fasting (41011 %os of lllunkid !
be patient under your misfortune; in him whom you have lost, both rich aud poor (14) have
received a fatal stroke. Every man is overwhelmed with grief, and, if their sorrow persists,
none will be found to blame them. When the hands of otlier men were parched up (by avarice),
you, sons of Munkid ! are meadows and groves of generosity. When a man escapes from the
burden of adversity, you are his support and his refuge. Aid me to bear our loss with pliel~ce;
he who has patience for his companion is not dismayed by the departure of his friend. He
(iMukullnd) did not sleep (in death) till there appeared in you (his son) a man fit to succeed
him, one gifted with vigilancc and firm resolve (IS). You and he are as two opposite constel-
lations in the sphere of glory; one has set and he other has arisen. Your people bad not
chargecl you with the (sul,yeme) command, did they not know that you accomplish what you
undertake. Like him, you toiled to acquire houour and, had you not toiled, his superaburldaflt
lnerits would have sufficed for your renown. But you did not intend rising (to pozoer) b?
means of what he did; you were in the right! the actions which raise a man must bc hisown ( f:l).
1 swear by your life that, in all which has happened, I was (hisj bridlccompnion and h t o u c f i
 on him my sincerest lore. How could my hart be devoid of that alction: whose influencegU
penetrated into my bosom, to remain there for ever?

We haye here given the whole kastda. In our article on as-%lib Talai Ibn
Ruzzfk (vol. I. p. 659), who was vizir of Egypt, we have spoken of an elrgy composed
on his death by the juriseonsull Omdra tal-Yamani (vol. 11. p . 367). It is in the same
measure and the same rhyme as the foregoing. I quoted only a few verses of it,
hecause copies Omira's collected poetical works are in every one's hands ; whereas,
the poem 1 have inserted here is seldom found complete. For this reason, I gave
the whole of it. Two of its verses have been already inserted in the article on
lame! ad-])in Abf Jaafar Muhammad a\-Ispihini, vizir of Mosul (p. 298 of this
vol.). - Ab6 'l-Mughlth l u n k i d Ibn Nasr Ibn Munkid, the brother of Mukallad,
died in the year 439 {A. D. 1047-8). An elegy was composed on his death by
the learned scholar, al-Khafiji, whose names were Abh Muhammad Abd Allah
Ibn Muhammad Ibn Said Ibn Yahya Ibn al-Husain lbn Muhammad Ibn ar-Rabi
lbn Sinin ((4). This celebraled poet, who was a native of Aleppo, is the author
of a collection of verses. The elegy of which we spealc wds one of his earliest
productions, as he comp~sedi l when a boy. We give it here :

Thy excellent qualities have disappeared most strangely : we had them near us, but fortune
hurried them away (45). Their departure was like h a t of spring, and to spring's abundant
showers has succeeded the burning heat (of sol-row) in our bosoms.

A long kastda rhyming in r , was composed by 81- I<llafiiji on the death of Makhlis
ad-Dawla; another, by the same author and rhymiog in h, was in praise of that
emir. The poet displayed in both great talent.

(l) In the article on this chief, the author intitles him Sadid al-Mulk.
(9) See vol. I, p. 591, note 3.
(3) This seems to mean that the sands of the river admired his beneficence as being more copious than the
waters which flowed over them, or because his nol~ledeeds were morc numerous than they.
(4) A well known imprecation. It means : may you be dead and buried !
( 5 ) The poet means that the tears caused by that emir's (leath flowed in a torrent, copious as the gifts
which he used to shower from his hand.
( 6 ) Such seems to be the meaning of this verse. IIere is the literal translation : 0 life of him! why wert
thou shortened P and why where not long his stations, or rather, his hand, or rather, his shoulder-belt?
(7) The adverbial expression b3) is not easy to rendend, It is applied to horses of the ~ o b l ~
breed and denotes that their long and bushy tails 611 U!; completely the space formed by the bifurcation of the
hind legs. See Az-Zauzani's comnlentary on the fifty-eighth verse of the Moallaka composed by Amro '1-
Kais.
(8) The meaning of this verse appears to be that the tail of his horse was reddened in passing tl~roughtor-
rents of blood and that his shoulders were bleeding from the strokes of the whip. The word rendered by
bmhy signifies a tail of which all the hairs are equally long.
(g) The poet means evidently the pain caused by the whip.
(10) The rumbling noise produced by the belly of some horses in trotting is weU known.
(11) Literally : the shod and the bare-footed.
(i e) Literally : abundant and perfect in resolution.
(1 3) This verse contains a grammatical quibble, as the last hemislich bears two meanings, one of which i s
that the subject of a verb must be put in the nominative case. Trifling allusions of this kind are quite in the
musul man taste.
( 1 4 ) This is the same poet of whom mention has been made i n vol. 11, page 179.
15) Literally : bat time darted its remoteness against their proximity.

MAKKI, T H E TEACHER OF T H E C O R A N - R E A D I N G S

Abh Rluhammatl Makki Ibn Abi TBlib Hamrnfish Ibn Muhammad Ibn Mokhtdr
al-Kaisi al-DIukri (a member of the tribe of Kais, a teacher of the Koran-readings and),
a native of Kairawdn, passed i n to Spain and settled in Cordova. He was deeply read
in the sciences connected with the Koran and the Arabic language; his intellect was
clear, his person handsome, his piety sincere and his understanding great. The
numerous works con~posedby him on the Koranic sciences are very good. He
was well aequsinled with the seven readings (or editions of the Koran) and the signi-
fication -of every various reading which they offer. His birth took place at Kai-
rawin on ihe 22nd of Shahin, 355 (13th August, A. L). 966) at the hour of
sunrise, or a little before it, according to another account; but the Koran-reader,
Amr ad-Dini (i)says that he was born in the year 356. Al-Makki passed his
early youth at Kairawgn ; at the age of thirteen years he went to Old Cairo and fre-
quented the schools where the teachers of youth and the professors of arithmetic gave
their lessons. Re then returned to Kairawin and, in ibe year 374, he finished
learning the Koran by heert; having previously torminaled his sludies in arillimetle
and general literalure. In year 377, 11rocceded to Egypt for the second
time, acquiring a complete knowledge of the readings (as laugh) at Kairawbn,
Tile same year, he made the pilgrimage wldch is obligatory for llle fol]onren of
Islamism, and, in the beginning of tile year 378, 1 1 ~commenced studying the
readiTlgs at Old Cairo under the tuilion of Abb 't-Taiyib Abd al-Munim Ibn Ghal-
bGn (2). During the remainder of the year and par1 of the next, he continued his
studies under that master, and then returned to Kairawiin. AS some various redings
of the Ilornn still remained for him to learn, he went to Egypt for the third time, in
the year 382, and completed his task. I n the following year h e returned to
I(aira\vin, where he began to teach the readings, and he conlinued his lessons till
the year 387. Having then proceeded to Mekka, lle resided there till the end of the
year 390, and made the pilgrimage four years consecutively. I n 391, he returned
from Mekka to Old Cairo, whence he proceeded to Kairawbn, the year following.
Froin that ciiy he set out for Spain and, having arrived illere, i n the month of Rajab,
393 {May-June, A. D. 1003), he commenced o course of lectures on the Koran-
readings in the principal mosque of Cordova. A great number of students profited
by his lessons and acquired a competent knowledge of tlic Koranic text; this spread
his reputation through the city bnd ohaincd for h i m high respect. On arriving at
Cordova, he stopped at the mosque of An-Nukhaila (lhe littlc palm-tree), situated in
the street called Ax-Zukakain (lhe two lanes), near t l ~ cGate of tlic Uruggists (Rdb ad
Attdrgn), and there taught the readings. He was removed from that to the principal .
rnosdue of Az-ZBhira (3), by al-llluzaffar Abd al-Malik lbn Ahi Alrnir (4), and conti-
nued to give lessons there till the power of the Aimerides was overfhrown. (The
khalifl Mohammad al-Mahdi, the son of Hishbm (lbn al-I-IaI~amn)transferred him to the
Outer Mosque (al-Majid al-Khdrij) of Cordova, and there, Makki gave lessons during
the d o l e period of the civil war. On the death of Yhnus Ibn Abd Allah (5), he
was appointed imdm and preacher of the principal mosque by Abb 'l-Hasan ibn
J a l l ~ a r(B). Notwithstanding his learning and inielligence, he was hardly adequale .
10 lllc duties of that place, yet he continoed to fill the office of preacher till his death.
Maliki 1r.a~noted for his virtue, his merit, his humility and his piety; L e readines
lvitll ~ v l ~ i cheaven
h granted whatever he prayed for gained him great celebrity, and
some anecdotes of his (miraculous powers) are still preserved. One of them is thus
related by Abd Abd Allah at-Tarafi (7), a teneller of the reading : " We had
 BlOGRAPI-IICAI, D I C T I O N A R Y . 431
1

(6 Cordova a man of some sharpness, kvho had the talent of annoying tile shatkh Ab;,
&lul~ammad(diakki) : h e would draw near to him when he was about to preacll
c 4 and nod at him and take a nole of every fault he made. The slaikh had a great
hesitation in his speech and often stopped short. One Friday, that man came to
prayers and kept glancing his eye at the shaikh and nodding to ilim.
6 1 Makki and I went out together and, on reaching the place where he usually gave
fi his lessons,he hid us say amen 10 the prayer he was ahout to make. Having then
46 raised up his hands, he exclaimed : ' Almighty God I deliver me from that man, "
which words he repeated three times. We said amen to the prayer; so, tile man
became a cripple and never again went to the mosque." --Makki ~eomposeda
great number of instructive works, such as ihe H i d h ~ aila Bulriglz an-Nikdya jgui-
dance towards the attainment of one's object), treating of the rhetorical figures em-
ployed in the noble Koran, of its interpretation and of the various sciences connected
with it, and forming seventy parts (8); the ~Nuntakhibal-Hujja (selections from Abil
A1i al-Firisi's Hujja) (g), in thirty parts; the Tabsira (elucidation), on the Koran-
readings, i n five parts and the best lcnown of his works; the Jfujaz (abridgment),
treating of the readings, in two parts; the Kildb al-Mlelladr, etc. (opinions trans-
mitted down from Rlblilr) (vol. 1I. p . 5424, relative to the maxims of law contained in
the Koran and its interpretation, i n four parts; the Redya li-Tajw4t.l il-Rurdn (guide
to he correct recitation o f ihe Koran), in four parts; the Ikhlasdr A h k h il-Ketrcin
(abridgment of the legal decisions contained in ihe Korun), in four parts; the Kushllf
dn Wujhh il-Karadt coa Ilaliha (indicatio~zof the various channels lhrough which rhe
differeni readings have been transmitted down and of the defects re-marked ifi lhese chan-
nels), in twenty parts ; the Id6h (Elucidation), on the abrogatingand abrogated.verses of
the Koran, i n three parts ; the Kitbb al-ljdz (Abridgment), on the same subject, in one
part; the Kit86 az-Zdhi fi 'I-Lumd ad-ddllal bla muslbmaldt il-Irdb (the blooming, .
being a treatise on ihc lights which indicate the grammatical inpections in general use),
four parts; the TanbBh (lndicalion) on the principles of NPfi's (10)system of Koran-
readings and its controverted points, two parts; the btasdf (vindicalion), being a refu-
tation of Abii Bakr al-Adfiii's (l1) Kildb al-lbdna(l2)and sn indication of that author's
mistakes, three parts ; the Kit& ar-Riscila (Epistle) adressed to the disciples of AI-
Antaki (13) in order to justify the system of Warsh (i4) relative to the madda,
in three parts ; the lbdna (fll~idation),on the rhetorical figures of the Koran. in one
part; the Kitdb al- Wakf, treating of the pause to be made after the words Kalla (by
432 IBN KHAL1,IKAN'S
no meatlj) and baiu (certainly yes) when tlley occur i n the Koran, two parts; the
Kildb al-lkhtildf f Adad zl Adshdr (on the diuersity of opinions respecling the numbet
of tenlb) (1j),one part; the greater ldghbm, treating of the organs of pronunciation,
in one part; the Baydn nl-Kaldir wa 'S-Saghleir(dislinclion belween sins and /gulla);
i n two parts ; tlie ikhtildf fi 'd-Dablh (diKere~cesof opinion r e l a l i ~ ~toe the Victim) (16);
a treatise on tlie substitution of one preposition for another, one parl; the Tarjzlh ~ 1 -
Maldika dn iz-Zundb (on ihe impeccabilily ofthe Angels) and their pre-eminence over
the sons of Adam, in one part; a lrealise on the letter i as it occurs redoubled in the
Koran and in ordinary discourse, i n one pnrl; a work on the opinions of the learned
coneernjngwhat is meant by the tcrmsna[s (soul) and rdh (spirit), i n one part; another
on the necessily of exacting a fine from him wlio kills game unintentionally in the
sacred territory round Mekka, being a maxim of Malikite jurisprudence, witli the
proofs in its favour, one part; the Mushkil (;har$b il-liurdn (coranical expressions of
rare occurrence and doubtful signification), three parts; the Baiycin al-Asnl fi 'GIJajj
(inrlicationbf what is to Be done during the pilgrimngc), from the moment of putting
on the pilgrim-dress till the visiting of the Prophet's lomb, one parl; a treatise on
the obligation of making the pilgrimage Eor him who has means to perform that
duty, one part; the Tazkba (~emernbrancer),treatingof the points on which the Koran-
readers disagree, one part ; the Tasmiya lal-Altzdb (indicafion of the names given to
lhe sixty equal sections of lhe Koran), one part; selections from Ibn WakZ's (17)
lkhwdrl, in two parts ; a trearise on the letters which coalesce i n pronunciation, two
parts ; the Sharh at-Tamdm w a 'l- Wakf (eaplicatiotz of ihe direrence belween the fut6
stop and the pause), in four parts; the Mushkil al-Ma&ni w a 't-Tarslir (obscure pas-
sages and figurative elcpressions) found in the Koran, filteen parts; the Hlj'd 'I-Mu-
sdhif (onthe number of letters contained in ~hediferent editions ofthe Koran), lwo parts;
a miscellany eniitled Ar-fjibd (meadows), i n five parts ; the Muntaki /i 'I- Akhbir
jhslorical selections), in four parts; and many other treatises on the readings, on the
points wherein the readers disagree, and on the sciences connected with the Koran.
The titles of these works I suppress, so as to avoid prolinity.-Makki died at Cordova
on Saturday, the 1st of Muharram, at the hour of the dawn-prayer, in the year 437
(19111 or July, A. D. 1045); he was interred, the next day, i n the suburb, and the
funeral service was said over him by his son, hbij Tdlib Muhammad.-Ah6 'c-Taifib
Abd a]-Munim lbn Ghalbiin, the teacher of the Koran-readings of whom we have
spoken, was a native of Egypt. Ath-Thdlibi (901. 11. p. 129) mentions him in the
 1.3IOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 433

yal{ma and says : " TO his piety, his talent and his profound aequainlallce wilh
6. the rhetorical figures and the grammatical analysis of the Koran, he joined the

4 . knowledge-of other branches of science and of lilerature. 1 heard a kastda of llis

recited in which was the following passage :

Let your visits be rare; if frequent, tliey lead to mutual dislike. See you not that rain,
rC falling without intermission, is an affliction; and that, if it he withheld, it is prayed for witlr
'-uplifted arms. "

Another author says that AbB Taiyib Ibn GhalbOn was born in the month of
Rajab, 309 (Nov.-Dec. A . D. 921), and that he died in Old Cairo on Thursday, the
7th of the first Jumhda, 389 (26th April, A . D. 999).

(1) Abh Amr Othmbn Ibn Said, a mawla to the Omaiyide family and surnamed ad-Dani, was born at Cor-
dova in the year 371 (A. D. 981-2). He began his studies in the year 3 6 7 , set out for the East in 397,spent
four months at CairawAu, one year in old Cairo, and made the pilgrimage. He returned to Spain in the year
399, after acquiring much traditional learning from the Iips of Ibn Ghalbhn and other great masters. The
number of works composed by l~irnia stated to be one hundred and thirty. He died in the month of ShauwBI,
4 4 4 (Jan.-Feb. A. D. 1053). Ad-DAnia (Denia) was his usual place of residence and, for that reason, he
received the surname of ad-D%ni.-(AI-Makkm.i).
(2) See at the end of this article.
(3) The town of az-Zbhira was built near Cordova by al-Manshr Ibn Abi Agrnir. See professor Dozy's
Histoire des Musulmans d Espagne, tome 111, page 179.
(4) Al-Muzaffar was the son and successor of the celebrated al-Manshr, prime minister of HishBm al-Mu-
waiyad, the Ornaiyide sovereign of Spain.
(5) Abb 'I-Walid Yhnus Ibn Abd Allah, surnamed Ihn as-SaffAr (the son of the brazier] was kddi of the
communily (kbdi 'I-Jamdr,), or chief kbdi, of the ltingdom of Cordova, He was distinguished for his piety and
learning. Some treatises were composed by him on Sufism, for which doctrine he had a great inclination.
One of his works bore the title of Kit& al-Munkatain ila Allah (book of those who renounced the world for
God), from which may be concluded that it was a history of pious ascetics. He died in the year 4 2 9 (A. b.
1037-8), aged upwards of ninety years.--(Casiri's Bib. Arab., t. 11, p. 1 4 8 ; Bughya taz-hfullam~).
(6) Abh 'l-Hazm (not Abzi 'I-Hasan, as Ibn Khallikbn writes it), lbn Jahwar, one of the vizirs in tile S W -
vice of Hishbm 111, took into to his hands the government of Cordova in the year 48% (A. D. 1 0 3 1 ) , on the
deposition of that sovereign. He retained the supreme authority till his death, which event took place in
435 (8-D. 4 0 4 3 - 4 ) .
(7) Muhammad Ibn Ahlnad Ibn a1 Muturif al-KinLni, a native of Cordova, celebrated as a teacher of the
Koran readings and generally known by the surname of at-Tarafi (native of Tabfa), was born in the Year
367 (A- D. 997); he died in the month of Safar, 454 (A. D. 106~).-(Tabakdt Q[-~uffb).
(8) It i s not probable that the word (part) should be employed thmughout this article to
miunae; it may mean quire or chapter.
VOL. 111, 55
 436 I B N KIfAIJI,IKAK'S
(9) See vol. I, page 381.
(10) The life of ~ i f will t l this volume.
i be f o l ~ ~III
(14) Abb Bakr Muhammad I b n Ali al-Adffii (native of Edfou in Upper Egypt), was a grar,~marian,a Corn-
mentator of tllc Korban and a tenchcr of its ?-endiuys. ilc was consitlcrcd as the great master of the age in
these scieuces. commentary on the I<orau fillcrl olla hundrcd and twenty vollimcs. He died in the month
of the first Rabi, 3 8 s (Mnrcli, A. D. 99S), a t the nffc of eighty-eight years. -(Suyirti, de
Ro~unt).
(1 9) .4ccortling to another reading : Iiitd(1 a!-hdln (treatise On tile inclination); that is, indication of the
cases in which the prononciation of the letter n inclines towards that of the Ietler i. The work is not men.
tioned b y IIajji Khalifa.
(13) This is perhaps the satnc person of whom menlion is rrlade i n vol. I, page 337.
(1 4 ) The nickame of IVnrah (milk- curd^) or (HVa~shRn~oiltlpidgeon)was given, by the celebrated Koran-
reuder Nifi, to his second disciple Abh Sald Othm%nl l ~ nSaad, a native of Egypt and a copt by origin, or
according to another account, a native of lfrlkiya (thc province of Tunis). Warscll was born A. 11. 110 (A. D.
788-9) ant1 died A. H. 167 (A. D. 7 8 3 - h).-(I'itbakdt ul-Kurra). His systcrn consisted in softening the pronon-
ciation of the nli/-ltan~samoved by a fdh'a, when i t is prccedcd by anollier letter bearing a ful'ha and
follow~dby a quiescent letter. According to him the words l \ (rur. %,verse 5 ) and
l+J
p,))
(rur. E,
verse 4 0 ) should be pronounced anilartuhun~and ara~tokunz,and not uandavtahum, araaitakum. The trans-
lator is indebted to professor Fleischer for these indications.
(15) This title is too vague to indicate thc sujet oi the work, which treated, perhaps, of the nun~berof
verses, counted by tens, which are contained in the Koran.
(16) In this work the author probably discussed thc question whctlier it was IsmaEl or Isaac whom Abra-
liim intended to offer up as a victim.
( 1 73 Naii lihalifa furrushes no infornlat~onrespecting thls author o r his work,

AbB'l-Hazm Pakki Ibn R a i y h Ibn Sllabbah lbn SPlih, surnamed Sdin ad-
(guarding the religion) ad-Darir he blind), a teacher of the Koran-readings and
a grammarian, was born at MAkisin and resided at Mosul. His father made leaher
carpets at hfikisin and died poor, leaving nothing after him but a wife, a daughter
and a son, this Abii'l-Hazm. The widow, being unal)le to support them on account
of her poverty, was so much afflicted that her son left her. On departing from his
native place, he set out for Mosul and there applied to the study of the Koran and
 literalure. IIavjng then proceeded to Baghdad, he nrct tllerc tile ablest Bra-
fessors of literature and took lessons in Koran-rending from hbG Mul~an~rnad ]hn a\-
Khasllshib (vol. 11. p. 66:, Ibn as-Saffir, ILn nl-AnbAri (p. 53 o[lhis vol.) and Abij
JJuhamrnad Said Ibn ad-l)ahhGn (col. I. p. 574). Having tlien rclurned to hlosul,
]le began to give lessons and llad a great number of pupils. His repulation tllcn
throughout the country and his r e n o a n was borne far and side. In Abd'l-C;,-
rakPt Ibn al-Pustaufi's (vol. 11. p. 556) History of Arhela he is spoken of in :Ilcse
terms : To a knowlerlge of llle pliilological sciences 11e joined (o perfccl acqrnbl-
lance zuilh !\to passages serving as oxa?y~lcsand) proofs of (purc) Arabic pl~r:aeo-
logy; his piety and his inlclligence were universally aeltnowledged and all agreed
resprcting [the extcnf 0011;s learning and (lhe greatnuss o n his n~erit. lie went
10 Baglidad and there met the ablest masters in grammar, pllilology and Tradilions.
t 4 The quantity of oral information which he transrnilted down is very considerable.
He set up a s a teacher of [lie Koran, and was acquainted will1 all the branches of
literature. l i e recited to me lhe following piece of his own con~posilion:"-Ibn
al-~llustaufihad studied under him at Rlosul.

I am weary of life and have ceased to carc for it,; now it treats IIIC as a friend, and t l i e ~It~
afflictsmc (1). Rly foes ceasc not to harm me, and such also is the conduct of my friends.
4b Al-Hadba was my earliest abode, but tf~osewhom I Iove are now dwelling in the desert
of al-Akik (3). "

Al-HadBa (ihe knoll) is a word used to designate illc city of M o s ~ l . - ~ By

~ ihe
same :

" When a favour requires solicitalim, reccive it not, so that you may rise next morning wjth
" a tranquil mind (3). If a favour bestowed wilh a single reproach be disagreeable, how much
" more so, if bcstowed with two.

By the same :

" At thy dour is a servant, who desires admission; he looks for an usher (4) to announce binl;

" being assured that thy bounty is withheld from none. If he obtain his wish, he will cnter
" [thy door) as gwil fortune has done ; if not, he will retire as adversity has retired. "
This thougllt is borrowed from tlre following passage, composed hy another peel :

One of thy servants stands at the door, urerwhelnled with thy boong and acknowledging his
436 I B N KHALLIKAN'S
gratitude. Shall llc approach thee like the favours of fortune? Mayest thou never cease to
enjoy them as long as time endures! or sliall he retire from thee as adversity has done?

( 1 At ,he age of cigllt or nine years," conlinucs Ibn a]-Mustauf;, he lost his '(

sight. He had always a great partiality for Abh 'I-AIS al-kiari (vol. I. p. 94) and
took deliglit in learning from him his poems. Such was the conformig
which blindness and [he love of literature had established between them that he
t' took him for a model in the composilion of his own poems." A person who had
received lessons from Abii'l-Hazm Makki relates that, in his native town, his neigh-
bours and acquaintances called him illukaik, which is the diminutif of Makki (5).
Having subsequently gone abroad 10 prosecute his studies, be felt a longing to revisit
the place of his birlh and returned there. On learning his arrival, those of his
former acquaintances who were still alive went to see him and express lheir happi-
ness that so eminent a man had been horn in their town. The next morning, as he
was going out to t9ke a bath, he heard a woman calling from the upper room of a
house and saying to anolher: 'G Do you know who is come? Mukaik, the son of sucli
a woman."--" By Allah I " lie exclaimed, never shall I stop in a town where they
call me M d a i k ; " and he set out immediately although he had meant to made
a residence ihere (6). He then returned to Mosul and, towards the close of his life,
he proceeded to Syria with the intention of visiting the holy temple of Jerusalem.
Having executed his project, he went to Aleppo and from that to Mosul, where lie
arrived in the month of Ramaddn 603. He died there on the eve of Saturday, the .
6th of Shauwiil, the same year (6th May, A. D. 1207), leaving one son, a little boy.
He was interred i n the plain outside the B l b al-MaidPn (Hippodrome gale), in the
cemetery called after al-Mubfa Ibn Imrln (vol. I. p. 259). His grave is near those
of Abii Bakr al-Kortubi (7)and ibn ad-Dalthin, the grammarian. I t is said that he
died of poison given to him by the order of Nirr ad-Din Arslln Sltbh (vol. I. p. 174),
the sovereign of Mosul, who had some rnolive for desiring his death. The oriho-
graph7 of the mmes Raiydn and Shabbah as given above, is exact. Al-Nllkistn is a
town i n one of the provinces of Mesopoiamia and situated on the river al-Khkbfir.
Though snlall, it resembles a city in the l~eautyof its edifices and houses.

(1) The poet says: afflicts me in my salivc. This expression seems to signify : rendering the salive bitter,
making a man unhappy.
 DIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY 431
p) A,nu"~l]er of valleys it1 Arabia bore the name of al-Akllc.
you may be next morning with s cool eye. The coolness of the eye indicates that i t has
(3) Literally : that
,t been inflamed by weeping. It is a very usual expression. In this verse we meet a verb which must be
(todni).
.F
( 6 ) The ward rendered by uslher must be written and pointed thus L;>!.
(5) This proves that, in the name of Makki, the k is double.
'"
(6) The correct reading is .Y
(7) The life of Abh Bakr Yahya al-Kortubi will bc fount1 i n thc fourth vn!omc.

Abli Abd Allah Mak'hQl Ibn Abd Ailali ash-Sllhmi (the Syrian] was one of the cap-
tives taken at Kbbul (on the first conquest of that city by the lfuszclmam). lbn
Mttkbla (vol. II, p. 248) speaks of him in the Ikrndl, under the article Shddil, and
indicates his origin : Mak'hhl," says he, was the son of Abfi Salama Shahrtb,
" the son of Shiidil, ihe son of Sind, the son of Shirwin, the son of Bardak, the son
" of Yblciib, the son of Kisra." Ibn Aiisha (l) stales thai he had been enfranchised
by a woman belonging to the tribe of Kais, that he was a native of Sind and that he
spoke (Arabic) incorrectly. AI-Wlkidi (vol. III. p. 6 1) says that he was a mau~la
to a wonian of the tribe of Hudail; others say that he was a mawla to Said Ibn al-
Aisi (2)or to the tribe of Laith. His grandfather Shbdil," says the Khatib (vol. I.
p. 75), was a native of Herdt and married a daughter of a king of Kbbul. Be
" died, learing her pregnant, and she returned to her family, where she gave birth
" to Shahrbb, who remained in Kbbul, with his maternal uncles, till he Itad a son
" called Mak'hB1. When Mak'hbl grew up to manhood, he was carried off prisoner
" from that place and then passed into the possession of Said ibn al-APsi, by whom
" he was given to a woman of the tribe of Hudail, from whom he received his
" liberty." Mak'hcl was the preceptor of al-AuzBi (vol. II. p. 84) and of Said Ibn
Abd al-Aziz (3). The learned men, " says az-Zuhri (vol. 11. p. 581), " are four
" in number: Sald lbll al-Musaiyab (vol. I. p. 568) at Medina, Ash-Shabi (vol. 11.
438 1BN I~tlALI,IKhN'S
6' p. 4) at I(fifa, a]-Rasan al-Basri (vol. I. p. 370) a1 nasra and Mak'lrlil in Syria,"
There was not in that age a more clearsighted rnufki than 1 1 ~ ; and h e never gave an
opinion on a point of law willlout saying: " There is no power a n d no might but
tllrougb God] this is (she result of) private judgen~ent,and privaie judgement is
solnetimes wrong, sometimes rigllt. " IIc learned tradilions from Anas Ibn Bd]ik
(ool. 11. p. 5971, Witlliln Ibn al-Ashka (4,
Abii Uind ad-DPri and a nunher of
Damascus was the place of his residence. He spoke wirh a strong foreign
accent, some letters for others. Ndlr Ibn Knis (5) relaks tlrut a certain
emir, having asked him what frce-will (ul.liadar) was, received tliis answer : Am I
? (a-s&hir(,B!-!) nna); rvllcreas Mak'h61 n ~ e a n tto say : Am I a conjurer?
(n.Sdhhir)\,L&,( anal, He at onc time declercd his hcliel i n ([he doctrine o f ) man's
freewill, but aherwards abandonetl that opinion. illllril Ibn Abd al-Aila al-Kurashi
relates as follows: I heard him addrefs a Inan i n Il~cscterms : rna faalt lilk al-
h[ja (itLa), nlcaning to say: nla fuul~ ti!k al-kkbja (+Ls) (Idid not do that buri-
16 ~ C S S ) ;and this fault of prononcialion is very common with the naiives of Sind."

It is related that Abh At& R'larziik as-Sit~cli, a poet of some reputation and a
mawla of the family of Asad lbn Khuzaima, had tlie same deCcct in his pronon-
cia~ion,and that, one evening, Ham~llhdar-Rbwia (vol. I. p. 470), Hammad Ajrad
the poet (vol. I. p 4741, Hammid Ibn Zibrildn (6) and Dakr 1bn Dlusib nl-lazani
met together for the purpose of holding a conkrcnce. One of them then
said : We have here ready, i n our assembly-room, clcry thing we may require;
suppose that we send for Abh At& as-Sjndi, so that the company may be com-
plete? " They sent for him, and Ibn Zibrikin asked if any of [hem were inclined
to entrap AbC A19 and induce him to pronounce ilie words jardda (locusl), zujj
(the but end of a spear) and shaitdn (denion). Hc chose thcse words because A b i
Ath pronounced the j like a z and the sh like a n S . I shall do it," replied
Hammid er-RAwia. Abfi Atb entered soon after and said: Haiyakun Allah (God
9" "YOU long li/e l), (pronouncing !he first word with an ordinary h (. ) irislead of the
mplialic h (S]; on which they made answer: Alarhabanl dlarhalranl (Welcomel
Welcome !), (substituiing one h for the olhrr and thus) imitating his (viciotts)pronun-
ciation. They asked him i f he had dined (taashshti)? and he replied : L Yes 1 have L

" dined (laasstt);but have you got any nnMd(7) here?" Tlley answered ilia! they had
and, when it was brought, h e drank tillhe relaxed from hisgravily. Rammid ar-Riaia
then said to him: Tell me, AbB A t i ! have you a talent for solving riddles?" He
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY 439

replied : Prelty fair " (hasnr~),meaning to say hhasan. Hammad then propounded
to him ilic following enigma of which the word is locust (jardda) :

\\']]at is the yellow thitlg nicknamed Uinm AOf, whose two little legs are like two reaping-
hooks?

Znrdda, " replied Abii Atd. Right I " said the other.
'( lIammld then pro-
p s e d this riddle, the word of which is zujj :

What is the name of the iron fastened to the spear, somewhat below the center of it, and
which is not the head?

Zuxz, " said Abh Atii. You have hit upon it," said Hamrnbd. He then
propounded the following riddle, on a mosque near Basra :

Knowest thou a mosque belonging to the Ban6 Tan~im,a little beyond an-Nil and on this
side of Ban3 Abbiln?

It is Eanh Saitdn, " answered Abil Atb. Right l" said Hammhd. They
L

thus passed an agreeable night, conversing and carousing till morning. This Abii
At6 was a good poet and an akhrab slave ; alchrab means : having the ears slit. Some
fine pieces of his are given in the Hamdsa (8)and, were I not afraid of being prolix
and led away from my subject, I should insert here a number of them.-Mak'hiil
died in the year 118 (A. D. 736); other accounts place his death in the yean 113,
l16, 112 and 114.-Klbul is a well known place i n the province of Sind.

(I) Abh Abd ar-Rahman Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad at-Taimi, surnamed Ibn AAisha, taught Traditions at
Baghdad. He was noted for his piety, his literary ifformation and his acquaintance with the anecdotes res-
pecting the Arabs of the desert and their combats. His death took place in the year 9% (A. D. sb-3).--
(Nujdm, Kitdb al-blabrif).
(9) said Ibn al-AAsi Ibn Abi Uhaiha Said, descended from Omaiya, the progenitor of the Omaiyide fa~ndy.
Hjs birth took place soon after the Hejira, and his death in the year 5 9 (A. D. 678-9). He was governor of
Khfa under the khalif 0thmAn.-(Nujtm.)
(3) Abh Muhammad Said ibn ~ b al-Azfzd of the tribe of Tantkh, was one of the principal jurisconsults
and Traditionists of Syria, He died in the year 167 (A. D. 7~3-4).--(fiffdz-)
(4) WAthila Ibn al-Ashka lbn Abd al-Ozza emigrated from Mekka to Medina when the persecution began
against the first Moslims. He died in the year P5 (A. D. 704).-(NidCzm.)
( 5 ) NGh Ibn Xais, a native of Bas~a,died in the year 293 (A. D. 799-7g0).-@7~jdm.)
440 IBN KI-IALLIKAN'S
( 6 ) The three Harnrnhds were strongly susp~ctedof 110hliflginfidcl doctrines (smtltkiy~),The in which
the third died is not mentioned iu thc works ~0llsultcdby tllc tra~lslator,
(7) See vol. I, p. 316, n. S.
(8) In Freytag's cdition of the lfumdsa, we find only onc piccc by hhh AtA.

MALAK SHAH, T H E SON OF ALP ARSLAN.

Ab6 'l-Fat11 Malak Shb11, the son of Alp ArslBn Muhammad, tlie son of Dbwiid,
the son of Mikdyil, !he son of Saljiik, the son of DukPk, bore the surname of Jaldl
ad-Dowla (the magnificence of the empire). We have already spoken of his father
(page 830 of lhis vol.) and of some other members of [lie same family. At
the time of Alp A n l h ' s death, his son Malnk Sldh was wit11 him, though he had
never accompanied him in any previous expedition. When Alp Arsliin was about
to breaihe his last, he nominated Malak Shiih as his successor and caused the emirs
and the troops to swear fealty to him; he ordered, at the same time, bis vizir, Nidm
al-Mulk Abii Ali al-Hasan (vol. I. p. 413), to distribute the provinces of the empire
between his other sons, on the condition of their acknowledging the supremacy of
Malak Shih. Tliese directions being executed, Malak Shhh crossed the Jaihiin and
returned into the province (of Khordsdn). As we have spoken of this event (lhc
death of Alp Arsldn), we need ~ orelate
t it here. On arriving in that country, Malak
Shih, being informed that his uncle Kiiderd, lord of Kermdn, had revolted against
him, hastened to aitack him and gave him battle near Hamadrin. Ktderd was
defeated and, being closely pursued by a detachment of Malak Shiih's troops, he fell
into their hands and was brought back into the presence of his nephew. Finding
that all his promises of repentance and were of no avail and that the declaration of
his willingness to remain imprisoned for life, provided his life were spared, obtained
no reply from Malak ShAh, he sent to him a casket containing the letters of those
emirs who had pushed hiin to revolt. The sultan called for Nizam al-Mulk and told
him to examine the contents of the casket; but the vizir, instead of obeying
orders, threw it unopened into a brazier which happened to be at hand. As a great
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 443
4 keeper made answer :That I cannot give, for the sultan has not yet received the
c

66 to which he has a right, and it is not lawful for me to wrong him of his
he,--The persons present admired the talent of the sulhn in matching one storg
6 6 with another and adducing an anecdote favorable to his own rights in reply to one

reminded him of his duties."-The following anecdote is related by the

8~ historian : " This sultan met a native of as-Sawid (uol..II. p. 417) and, seeing
him weep, he asked him what was the cause of his grief. The loan replied2
b~ughta water-melon for a few pence, the on17 money I had, but I was met
l1 bg three turkish pages who took it from me; yet that (melon) was the only
c c 6 xwource I had (for rna.king a small gain) .' The sultan told him to keep silent,
c c @cl, as the season for early melons was iust coming in. he called on a tent-pitcher
dL ~Jld said:: c I have a longing for melons; ga therefare through the camp and, iF
you find one,. bring it, here.' M The m m (obeyed and) bnought back a melon.
'&besultan asked him in whose possession he had found it and, being informed
that it was such and such an emir who had it, he caused that officer to be brought
into his presence. Where did YOU get this melon? ' said he. The emir replied :
(l. It was brought to me by my gages.'--; Bring them here immediately;' said the
" &an. The emilc withdrew and, being aware of the snltan's intention with
gespect to them, he bade them take to flight. When he came back, he
" declared that he could not find the.m; on. which the sultan turned towards the

" patiye: of asSaw&d and said: Take this slave of mine*; I give laijn to ran
" ' Because he has not delivered up the persons who took p u r property; now, by
" ' Allah! if you let him g?,, I shall strike of£ your head:' The man laid hld. of
" +.emirand lad him out. of the sultan's presence. He ihen sold him his liberty for
i6
$tee. hushed pieces of. gold and, having some back,, he said;: 0 Sultan I
'- I have sold your s l a ~ for
+ e three hundred pieces of gold.'--' Are you satisfied?'
1' @d the. sultan,-& I am. '--l Wd,'$o a w q and good luck attend you (51.' The
" dban's prosperity a d good,fortune never abandoned 16) : W*. he entered
" L 9 p a b b Baghddd or aay ather citg, awamEapied b x hip f ~ l l o ~ ~ sn~~ i
", ~f whom was. immense,,a great diminution ensued in the pldm of p ~ o v j l and: $~
" ~bipAti,,so, that the persons who sought io gain their livelyhooir furnished
c
P ~ Q I ~ S ~ Q K I Ste the, t r o ~ p ssYifb rrmch profit, to themselves. " p e al-Hama-
relqte~that,, when.the, s u h n was, at Rai, a female, singer W@ presented to
*i
h& @ruck ,$&h.h e r b ~ u t yad.charmed with her wiw, he r e s o l ~ dto e t i . f y
 IBN KHALLIKAIV'S
+6
[7) Literally : I am jealous of.
(8) The wo*d d.+;> (l'take thee ia marriage) i s meant.
(9) The mann is a weight of about two pounds.
(10) This river falls into the Tigris, above BaghdAd.

MANSUR AT-TAMIMI T H E J U R I S C O N S ULT.

~ b f '1-Hasan
i Mansbr Ibn Ismall Ibn Omar at-Tamimi (member of the iribc of
TamEmJ ad-Darir (the blind), was a native of Egypt and a jurisconsult of the sh6fite
sect. His family belonged to Rh-Ain, a well known town i n Mesopotamia. He
his knowledge of the law from the immediate disciples of as-Sh&fi(vol. n.
p. 569) and from those who had studied under them. Some good works were
composed by him on the doctrines of his sect, such as the Wdjib (necessary),the
Musldmal (usual pratice), the Micsdfir (traoetler) and the Hid&ya (direction). Ke
left also some fine poems which became popular. The shaikh Abd Ish& as-
Shlrhi (vol. I. p. 9) speaks of him in tlle Tabalrdt al-Fukahd (classified biography of
the jurisconsulls) and attributes to him the following piece of verse :

Foolish people depreciate the study of the law, but it suffers no harm from their cantempt. -
It harms not the mid-day sun that his light is not perceived by the blind.

It was from this passage that AbB 'l-AI5 a l l a a r r i (vol.' I, p. 94) borrowed the,
idea which he thus expressed in a well known kastda.:

To our eyes the stars seem .very small ; but the fault of littleness belongs not to the stars but
to our eyes.

In another piece he (Mansdr) says :

- .'
I can guard against the ealoiniator, but not against the liar. Against him she @?ern
what he says, my resources are small indeed. -
 A dog, despicable as he is, would be fitter for a companion than a man who contends for s u p
rjority before the time of his obtaining it has come.

It is related that, in a year of excessive drought, he suffered greatly from hunger;

so, one night, he went up to the (flat) roof of his house and recited in his loudest
voice the following verses :

Bely ! 0 ye generous ! you are' s e l (or tanks 01 benejc&icej Bhd Ge i e tberivulets (euriici
they should supp@). Assistance is good in the ham of need, nM whea provisions we cHCap.

TLe& words were heard by his neighbours and, the next morning, he fouhd ene
hindred- eha~gesob wheat deposited at his door; The aeodetes teld of-hid are
well. h m n . He 4ied at Old Cairo, in the month bf the first. ;Judidar
(Octd-lYop.+A. D. 91 8). Tht. shaikh Abh IshPk (m-Shtrhi) sags, in his Tabalrdi,
that his death bok placb before the year 320; The' kddi Abh Abd Mfab &l-&ndiii
( v d . Il. pi 616) speaks. oP him in the khidat and says : Be drew his. origin from
" BbAin. and inhabit& Barnla, whende he removed, t~ Old Cairo; Be resided
" tliei-6 for some time a ~ died d in the year 306. Be was a juriscuh~ultof Mgb
" iiufioritf, vefissd in eve'ry branch of: knowledge azid a good poet; The like of
I' hiamwas not ib be fouhd in Old Cairoi The H&& AbO Obaid (l)professed thrs
" utmost esteem for him up to the inomsat of h(discussion they Kud on a) point
" of law. Abh Obaid held a sitting every evening. in which he exarnizrd kgal
" questions with some person learned in that science, bat, on Fridays,. he remained'
" alone. One of these evenings he gave to Hansirrf another to &G- Jaafai at-
" T a h M (vol. 1. p. 51), a third to Muhammad ibn ar-Rabi al-J$i (2), a fourth to
"'&dl'&n 15fi s'la&-&h, a fff& to as-si;si$ni', dud 5 iix'tk f6 &sclirsions with juris-
" con suit^, and, sometinies, to the teaching of ~raditions. dee eveeiq+ during
" his conyersation with Mansfir, mention was made of (the m u n h U C C W to~ ~ ~

"l which) the pregnaat' mniaii, &voseed by three' (d&~~oidlollp)! ($ d

" alimony (4). On this, Abfi Obaid observed : 'Some peko~s~&aki~pMended bt,
" ' after a divorce by three (declarations),she has no right to alimony; being intitled
" ' to:it' onip aRk~Qefiist sad the second' @&siit ccwdemned t k t docfiine and
" declared that whoever held it was 'no Hosli~(81. &ad w i W and
448 IBN KHALLIICAN'S
6
' Abh Jaafar at-Tahlwi with the conversation, and this. doctor repated
4' it again to Abh Obaid. The lattcr denied having said SO, and al-llfanrfir, being
.L infornledof this, declared that he would give him the lie. The company having
agreed that, they should he present at this scene, met again at ihe k&iPs. &l
6. being assembled, no person uttered a word till Abfi Obaid said : c I do not want
t t c any one to come into my presence! I want neither Manscr, nor Nassdr nor

4' 6Muntasir (6)1 a set of people whose hearts are as blind as their eyes, and who
attribute to us things which we never mentioned.' On this, Mansiir said to
L; him : God well knows that you said SO and SO.'--' You lie!' exclaimed
Obaid.--I God,' replied Mansdr, c well knows who is the liar l " He then rose up,
.b but none would take him by the hand to lead him out except Abd Bakr Ibn al.
Haddid ((vol. 11. p. 602) who did so and then helped him to mount (his mule),
*. The mutual animosity of the two doctors increased to such a degree that
Zak3, the governor of the city, and a number of the soldicrs (7), with other
individuals besides, took the part of Mansbr, whilst another set of people joined
in support of the kddi. Muhammad Ibn ar-Rahf al-Jizi deposed that he had heard
M MansC enounoe a certain (helerodo~)opinion (which he mentioned) and h a t
be gave it on the authority of an-NazzPrn (vol. I. p. 186). ~ A h i s the , k&di
declared that if a second witness made a similar declaration, he would have
Mansiir's head struck off (8). Mansiir was thus put in fear of his life and died
in the month of the first Jumdda of the above year (A. H. 306). AbG Obaid,
being afraid of the soldiers who had taken Mansiir's part, abstained from going to
66 the funeral, but it was attended by the emir Zakb, Ibn Bastdrn the land-tax
collector, all the grandees, and a great crowd of people. Abh Obaid was informed
that Mansljtr said, on his death-bed :

" I fulElled my destiny, but silly people, heedless and plunged in lethargy, rejoice. Edy slap
" (of death) was a thing decreed, and short shall be the day of those who rejoice in the
" misfortunes of others.

When Ab6 Obaid heard these verses, he held down his head for some time and
then recited as follows (9) :

Idethim die even but a day before us, we shall be the ( f a ~ r e dpeople
) on the day of the
" resurrection. Yes ! we have rejoiced and delighted in (his) misfortunes, and no blame to
" those who have rejoiced therein."
 UIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONAIiY. 449
( 2 ) ~ b Obaid
a Ali Ibn a]-Husain Ibn Harbawaih, a native of Baghdad and a jurisconsult of the &&fite
sect, acquired his knowledge of the law from some of as-Shbfi's immediate disciples. He because deeply
vergd in jurisprudence, the Koran readings, the traditions and many other sciences. The number of those
who studied under him was very great. Be went to Egypt, and, in the year 293 (A. D. 9 0 4 - S ) , was ap-
pointed chief kddi. This place he filed during eighteen years and six months; he afterwards removed to
Baghdad, where he died in the Year 319 (A. D. 932).-The history of the KMi's of Egypt by Ibn Hajar al-As-
kal&nicontains a long article on AbO Obaid.
' (g) This person was the son of ar-Rabi al-Jizi, one of as-ShAB's disciples and of whom our author has
already spoken (vol. 1. p. 5 2 0 ) .
(3) The orthodox shbfite doctrine is that no maintenance is due to a woman repudiated by irreversible
divorce (that is, by three declarations), unless she be pregnant. See Hamilton's ffedaya, vol. I. p. 406.
(4) The terme (ulimony, maintenance) includes food, clothes, and lodging.
(5) Literally : Was riot one of the people of the Kibla.
(6) These proper names are derived from the same root and signify respectively : aided, msistant, assisted.
(7) We learn from the Tabakdt as-Shdfllyn, that Manshr had served in the police guards, or regular troops
(juncE), before he lost his sight.
(8) According to the moslim law, a fact is not proved unless two witnesses attest it. In cases of a.dn!-
tvy, four are required.
(9) Abb Obaid's verses are in the same rhyme and measure as those of Manshr.

AL-HAKIM BI-AMR ILLAB,

Abh Ali al-MansQr, surnamed al-Hiikirn bi-amr-illah (the esemlor of God's orders)
and sovereign of Egypt, was ihe son of al-Aziz, the son of al-Moizz, the son of al-
Mansiir, the son of al-Kiiim, the son of al-Mahdi (1). We have spokewof his ances-
tors and some of his descendants; his father also we shaI1 mention (2); All these
princes arrogated to themselves the title of khalif. In the month of Shilbh, 383
(Sept.-Oct. A. D. 993) al-H&im was solemnly designated by his faiber as s z z ~ o r
to the throne, and he assumed the supreme authority on the day of his father's death.
He was prodigal of wealth and fond of shedding blood : a great number of persons
holding eminent stations in the administration of the state were put to death by him
i n an arbitrary manner. The whole tenor of his conduct was. most e x t r a o d k t ~ ,
a d , eve7 moment, he promulgated new orders to which the people wre obliged
VOL. IU. 51
450 IBN KHAI,I,IKAN'S
to Thus, in the year 395 (A. D. 1004-S), he commanded that maledie.
tions, directed against the Companions (of Muhammad), should be inscribed on the
walls of the mosques, the bazars and the streets ;he wrote also to those who governed
his ordering them to do the same ; then, in (be year 397, he caused these
inscriptions to be torn down and forbade the practise. Soon after, he gave orders that
the persons who uttered curses against the Companions should be flogged and pa-
raded ignominiously through Llic streets. In the year 395, he caused all the dogsto
be killed, so that not one of them was to he seen in the market-places, or in the streets
or in the lanes. He forbade the sale of beer, of moldkhya (3), of l~pin-~elrets made
10 be eaten with that (pot-herb), of the rocket and of fish without scales. Persons
transgressing this ordinance were to be punished with the utmosl severity, and some
who had been convicted of selling such things were beaten with whips, paraded
through the streets and then beheaded. Thus again, in the year 402, he forbadethe
sale of raisins, eilher in large or in small quanlities, no matter of what kind they
were; and merchanis were prohibited from importing then1 into Egypt. A great
quantity 01this fruit was then collected and burned by liis orders ; Ule expense incur-
red in burning it amounted, it is said, to five hundred dinars. In the same year,
he Torbade the sale of grapes and dispatched inspectors to al-Jazira (4)(wheret h y re-
mained) till a great part of the vines in that place had been cut down, thrown on,the
ground and trod under foot by oxen. He caused all the jars of honey which were in
the stores 10 be collected together; and these, to the number of five thousand, were
carried to the border of llie Nile, where they were broken and their contents poured
into the river. In this year also he gave orders that the Christians and the Jews, with
the exception of their doctors (5),should wear black turbans, that ihe Christians should
place on their necks crosses one cubit in length and five ratls (or ten pounds) in wpight;
ihe Jews were enjsined to wear on their necks logs of wood equal in weight to the
crosses worn by the Christians. Re forbade them to ride with embroidered saddles,
and commanded that their stirrups should be of wood. They were forbidden to bare
a Moslim in their service, to ride on asses hired out by a hloslim and to embark in a
vessel having a moslim e r m . The Christians, when they entered into a pnblichih,
were to bear crosses on their necks and the Jews bells, in order that they might h '

distinguished from the ~oslims*. He afterwards assigned baths to the Jews and
Christians, distinct from those of the Moslims ; on those of .the Chrisiians ha p]a@d
crosses and, on the jewish baths, logs of wood. This took place in the year 4%
( A , D. 1017.8). The same year, he gave orders that the cllurch known by the name
of al-iirnbma (6) should be demolished, as also all the churches in Egypt; the vases
belonging to them, with all the r a b h (7) and properties settled on them he granted
to a moslim corporation. The result was that a number of Christians embraced
Islamism. The same year, he forbade the kissing of the ground in his presence and
annulled the (usual fornz of) prayer made for him in the Lhotba and in the writings
addressed to him. Instead of that prayer, they were ordered to employ these words :
Salutation the Commander of' he failhful. In the year 404 (A. D. i 013-4) he for-
bade consulting the stars and practising astrology ; those who professed that art he or-
dered to be banished from the country. In consequence of this, all the astrologers
appeared before the kddi Malik Ibn Said, chief magistrate of Old Cairo, and bound
themselves io turn (from their evil ways); the sentence of banishment was there-
fore revoked. The professional musicians were treated in a similar manner. The
same gear, in the month of Shabbn, he gave orders that no woman should go out
into the streets, either by night or by day; he forbade the shoemakers to make boots
such as mere worn by women, and he removed from the baihs the emblems which
indicated those reserved for the use of the female sex. The women remained con-
fined to their l~ousestill the accession of az-Zbhir, al-Hgkim's son (vol. 11. p. 340);
their captivity having lasted seven years and seven months. In the month of Shablin,
81.1 (Nov.-Dec. A. D. 1020), a number of those Christians who had embraced Isla-
mism returned to their former creed, and al-H&im gave orders that such churches
of theirs as had been destroyed should be rebuilt. He restored to them also the pro-
perties settled on their churches. Upon the whole, we may say, that these were but
a small portion of his strange doings and that a full account of them would lead us
too. far.-It was for al-H8kim that the astronomer, Abh 'l-Hasan Ali, surnamed
Ibn Yfinus (vol. N. p. 365), composed the very extensive work called the BBkimite
l'a6b.-I copied the following anecdote from a document in the handwriting of the
hdp AbQ TAhir Ahmad asSilafi (vok. I. p. 86) : al-H&irr: was, one day, sitting in
state when a person present recited aloud the following passage of the Koran :
80.Iswear by i h Lord1~ ~ l h e ~will not (perfectly) belie& unlil they makfi figjtdge of
wn1rover~ieo,and they s h d not n/lerworh fmd in their wm ndndr any W-
ship in w h t thou mayerf ordain, but &U acquiesce Lfrereia rdrh tUbnziSsio1 (8)-
w h ' i t pronounciog these words; the man kept pointing at & m m , hut b h d ~ o
sooner finished than a person named Ibn al-lllushajjar, who was a man of holy we,
452 I B N I<HALLII(IAN'S
recited aloud these words from the same book: 0 men! a parable has been' pro.
pounded, hearken unlo it: those whom ye irrvoke besides God toill never L
able to ereale a fly allhough they joined together for that (purpose), and, if the
sttatch any thing away from them, they cannot recover the same pom it. Weakis ib
petitioner and (weak) the petitioned l l hey have not esteemed God at his just oaluc,
VErilyGod i s power3ful and mighty (9). When he had finished. al-Hlkim changed
countenaoce, but then ordered him one hundred dinars and granted nothing
to the other. One of Ibn al-Mushajjar's friends then said to him : '(You know
al-H$kim's character ancl are awarc of his frequent prevarications; take heed lest
he conceive a hatred for you and punish you later. You would then have much
6. te suffer from him. My advice is that you get out of his sight." In consequence
of this warning, Ibn al-Mushajjar prepared for making the ~ilgrimage,and went otf
by sea, but the vessel sunk. His friend saw him afterwards i n a dream and asked
him in what state he was? To this Ibn al-Mushajjar replied : '' Our captain did not
stop short on the voyage ; he anchored with us at the gate of Paradise." Such was
ihe recompense of Ibn al-Mushajjar's pure intentions and good design.--It was al-
Hdkim who erected and completed the great mosque (jdnb) at Cairo, which had been
commenced by his father al-Aziz. He built also the Jlmi Rdshida outside of Old
Cairo. It wason Monday, thcseventeenih of the first Rabi, 393 (24th Jan. A.D. 1003),
that the conslruction of the edifice was commenced. The person charged with the
direction of the work was the h&@ Abh Muham mad Abd al-Gbani Ibn Said (vol. II.
p. 2 69), and the astronomer who fixed the position of the rnihrab (vol. l , p. 37) was
Ali lbn YQnus. AI-Hikim founded a number of other mosques in the Rarifa and
elsewhere. He sent to the jdmts a quantity of Korans, objects in silver, curtains
and Simhnide mats (10) to an immense amount. IIe was constantly doing and
undoing. In the year 395 (A. D. 1004-5), AbQ Raliwa al-Walid Ibn Hishim al-
Othmini (1 l), a native of Spain, revolted against him and stirred up a rebellion in
the neighbourhood of Barka (in Cyrenaica). A great multitude of people embraced
his cause, and he defeated a large body of troops which al-HBkim had sent against
him ; but, being at length overwhelmed by numbers, he was taken prisoner, in the
year 397 (A. D. 1006-7), after having lost, it is said, about seventy thousand of his
partisans on the field of battle. Being carried before al-Bdkirn, he was paraded
contumeliously (~hroughthe streets) and put to death-by that sovereign's order. This
happened on Sunday, the 27th of the latter Jurnida of that year (i9th of March
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 453

A. D. 1007). A full account 01Abil Rakaa's proceedings is given by Ibn as-SIbi (l%).
-Al-HBkim was born at Cairo on the eve of Thursday, the 23rd of the first Rabf, 375
(13th August, A. D. 9851. He was fond of solitude and lilced to ride out unae-
cornl~anied. It therefore llappened that, on the eve of Monday, the 27th of Shaw-
~ i ]411 , (13th February, A. D. 1021), he went into the country outside of Old
Cairo and passed the whole of the night in rambling about. The next morning he
was at the tomb of al-Fokkii [l3), and from that he proceeded with two of his
footmen towards the east of Hulwin. One of the footmen returned back, aecompa-
nied by nine Suwaidian Arabs (14); the other arrived afterwards and stated [hat he had
left his master in theneigllbourhood of that tomb and of al-Maksaba (15). Thepeople
(in his service) continued, as usual, to go out and await his return, taking with them
the horses used when the prince rode in state. On Thursday, the last day of the
month just mentioned, they ceased going out and, on Sunday, the 2nd ofZb 'l-Kaada,
Muzaffar, the bearer of tl-rc imperial parasol, went out with Halti, the ScIavonian,Na-
sim the guardian of the (dour-) curtain (or chamberlain),Ibn Bashtikin the Turk who
was al-Htikim's lance-bearer, and a number of Ketamian and Turkish officers. After
reaching Dair al-Cosair and the place called Hulwbn, they went up into the mountain
[Nukattam) and discovered, on the very summit, the grey ass, called al-Kamr (the
moon), which al-H&im was accustomed to ride. It still had on the saddle and
bridle which he always made use of, and its fore legs had been hacked by the
strokes of a sword. They retraced (backwards) the footsteps of the animal and
perceived by the tracks, that one man had been walking before it and another after
it. They continued following the footsteps till they came to the cistern which lies to
the east of RulmBn. One of the officers having gonc down into it, found there
, al-H&kim7s clothes, which consisted in seven jubbas (long uesls). They were still
buttoned and bore marks shewing they had been pierced by daggers (16). These
j ~ b b a s they carried to the Castle, at Cairo, and no doubt then remained of his
having been assassinated. Some foolish people, who were extravagantly attached to
a]-Hdkim, continued to believe that he was still living and would certainly r,mppew;
they would swear by the absence o f al-Hdkiml and hold very absurd discourses.
Some say that it was his sister who caused him to be murdered; the particulars of
their recital are, however, too long for insertion (IT).- The orthopaphyof the name
Muhajjar is certain.- Hul~dnis the name of a pretty and mm, agreeable viaage,
situated about five miles above OId Cairo. It was formerly the residence of Abd 81-
%
-
 AzEz Lbn IarwPn Ibn nl-Ualrarn the Ornaiyide, w1m-1 acting as governor of E~~~~in
the name and under the kl~alifateof his hrolher, Abd al-fihlik. He died thero,and
his son, Omar Ibn Abd al-Aziz, was born in lllat place.

(1) For f~~llerinformation respecting al-B&kim, see t)lC extract from al-Makr¶zils Khitat in the first volume
of M. de Sacy's Chreztomnthie uvabe, and the Vie du lclialife IIlrkcm, in the first volume of the same author's
Expose de l'lristoire des Druzes.
(2) Tile name of al-Ijakirn's fatl~crwas Nizdr; al-Adz: Was only his title Or surnamc.
( 3 ) The rnoZ22lchya is a species of mallows. The hotanicnl namc is corchorus olitorius.

(4) If ($$l), the reading of my YSS. bc ~*rrect,tlleislnnd of ar-Ruuda must be meant. In

the extract from the Rhitat given by M. de Sacy wc rcad 01-Djiza (a&\).
( 5 ) The orthography of the word llorc rendcrcd by doctors, is uncertain. 1 rcad 9
&a,a plural form
ofxs, which word is the diminutif o f p .
( 6 ) Al-Kumdm~(L!-,&!!) means sw~repings,dirt. The hfusulmans upply this name contcmptuaosly m the
church of the Resrlrreetion (nl-Kldma bp l) at Jerusalem. The word Kumdma, with this signiflcati~n~ is
sometimes employed without the article.
(7) Sec vol. I. p. 347.
(8) Koran, shrat 4, verse 68.- Thc object of the spcaltcr was to have al-IIblcirn put on a level with Mu-
hammad, and even to induce his hearcrs to acknowlcdgo tllc divine nature of that prince. It is well known
that al-H8kim founded a sect the adopts of which acknowlellged him to bo an incarnation of the Divinity.-
See M. de Sacy's Expod.
( 9 ) Koran, silrat 92, verse 72.
(10) Whal sort of mats these were I cannot dctcrminc.
(11) For the history of Ahh Ralrwa see thc Exposd, p. cccxvrr, and my translntior~of Ibn Khaldbn's HGt6y
of the Berbers, tome I . p. 40. It docs not appear for what reason this adventurer bore thc surname of al-
Othmdni, unless it was his being a collateral relation of the ltl~alifOthrnan. They both descended from
Omaiya, the ancestor of the Omaiyidc khalifs.
(12) The lifc of HilAl Ibn as-Shbi is given in this work.
(13) AI-Makrlzi states, in his Kf~ilat,vol. 11. p. t,CO1 of the Bfilalc cdition, that the mhsjid, or chapel of J-
FokkAi was erected by Kfifhr al-Ikhshidi. The person to whom it was dedicated was the son of a brewer
(fokkdi) who inhabited Old Cairo; be bore the names of Abh 'l-Hasan Ali Ibn al-Basan.
(14) The powerful tribe of Suwaid, the Soueid of the translation of lbn Khaldfin's Berders, passed after-
wards into north Africa.
(15) M a b a b a signifies a place overgrown with reeds.
6) 'When al-HAkim was assassinated, the murderers cut
(l off his armR; this circumstanm ePplains how be -
jubbas could have been taken off the body without being unbuttonned.
(17) See M. de Sacy's Exposd, page ccccxv.
 B l O G R A P H i C A L DICTIONARY.

AL-AAMIR BI-AHRAM ILLAB.

AbO Ali al-Mansfir the Obaidide, surnamed al-Aimir bi-Ahktm illah (fhe
commander who executes God's decrees), was the son of al-Musttli, the son of al-
Mustansir, the son of az-ZAhir, the son of al-Hikim (see the preceding article). In
the life of his father,-see among the Ahmizds, under the letter A (col. I. p. 159),-
mill be found the rest of genealogy. Al-Akrnir was proclaimed successor to the
throne on the day of his father's death, and al-Afdal Shlhanshiib the son of AmPr al-
Juyidsh (%l. I. p. 612) and allustdli's vhir, took in hand the government of the
empire.. I n the life of al-Afdal we. have related some particulars concerning al-
A8mir. When this prince grew up and was capable of judging for himself, he took
al-Afdal's life and conferred the vizirshjp on al-Mlrniin Abii Abd Allah Muhammad
Ibn Abi ShujL FPtik Ibn Abi 'l-Husain MukhtPr, surnamed 1bn al-Batiiihi. The new
vizir excluded his sovereign from the exercise of power and acquired so foul a repu-
tation by his tyranny, that al-Akmir at length arrested him and confiscated all his
property. This happened on the eve of Saturday, the 4th of Bamadh, 519
(4th Oct. A. D. 1125). He caused him to be put to death in the month of
Rajab, 521 (July-Aug. A. D. 11271, and had. his body exposed on a crom ouiside Lbe
walls of Cairo. He executed, at the same time, five of al-Mhmbn's brothers, one of
whom bore the name of d-Mutarnin, Al-Ahmir was haughty, inconsiderate and
extravagant in his conduct. The anecdotes (on this tubjec!) are well known. Evil-
minded and tyrannje, he made a show of his vices and indulged openly in sport,
and arnusernenis. It was under his reign and in the month of ShaaMn, &97
(May, A. D. 1104.) that the Franks took the city of Akka (Awe);on Ponday. the 31th
of Zii 'l-Eijja, 502 (12th Jnly, A. D. i109), they canied Trjpdis of Syria $.stcae,
plundered the houses, made Ule men prisoners and reduced to dauerp the ahmm '
and children. The wealth and property of the iobabitaois, the hdrs*Waagiogto
the college (d& &ilm) and other treasures of incalculable.rake faltt5do their~hmds.
The survivors were put to the torture and despoiled of all they *d.. Tha -
wwben aB was I&
Egyptian troops sent to t.be relief of the city arii~ed3 Tb
year, in the month of Hailladin (dpl.il-Nay, A. I). 1109), Franks took Arka, l,,
whicll they had laid siege on the i st of Shaabjn (6111 Marcll). 111 this ycar also they
iook and possession of Jubail by capitulation. O n Friday, the
21st of zfi '1-Hijj,, 51 1 (15th April, A. D. 1118), they took the castle of Tabnin
and, on Ifonday, the 22nd of the first Jumida, 518 (7tll July, A. D. 1124), they
gained posssssion of Tyre (S&). The officer wllo commanded i n that place held
llis authority under the AtAhek Zahir ad-Din Toglllikin (see vol. 1. p. 2741, who then
possessed Damascus and the neighbouring countries. During the three years which
followed the conquest of Tyre, the Franks continued 10 heat money in the name of
a]-ALmir, but then they discontinued the pmclise. On Friday, the 21st of
Shawwi1, 503 (13th May, A . D. 1110), they look Dairiit by assault and, on the
20th of the first JumBda, 504. (4th December, A. D. 1 110), they occupied Sidon
(Saida). In the year 504, during the reign of al-Aimir, or i n 511, according to
another account -God knows which is the true date ! (1)- Unrdwil (Baldloin) the
Frank undertook an expedition into Egypt for the purpose of taking illat counlry
into his pos,session. On arriving at (the town o [ ) al-Farama, he burned down the
houses, the principal mosque and the olhers also. Having then set out whilst
sufferingunder an indisposition, he.died on the way, before reaching al-Adsh. His
companions opened his body and threw away tllc intestins ; and, to this very day,
passengers cast stones on that spot. His corpse was borne to tlle Kumdma (2)and
there buried. I t is from this Bardwil that the sibkha (or salt-marsh) of Bardwil,
situated in the midst of the sands, on the road to Syria, takes its name. It is there
the stones are thrown, and people call the place the tomb of Bardwtl, though it
r,
contains nothing but his entrails. Bardwil was sovereign of Jerusalem, Acre, Jaffa
and a number of other towns on the sea-coast of Syria, and by him i t was that these
places were taken from the Moslims. In ihc same year (Ihat is, in 505), the Mahdi
Muhammad Ibn Turnart (see page 2 0 5 of rhis vol.) departed from Egypt, which was
then under the rule of al-Aimir. He went to Maghrib in the dress of a legist and
there encountered the adventures of which we have already given ihe relation.--
81-APmir was born in Cairo on Tuesdiy, the 13th of Muharram, 490 (31st December,
A. 10961, and came to the throne at the age of five years. When his allotted
days were passed, h e went forth from Cairo, early in the morning of Tuesday, the
3rd of Zfi 'I-Kaada, 524 (8th Oct. A. D. 1 130), and proceeded to Old Caira,
wI.xx-I~~he crossed the bridge and entered into the islend (3) opposite to that city*
 B ~ O G R A P H I C A LDICTIONARY. 45 7

Some persons who had plotted his death were lying there concealed with their arms
ready; it being agreed among them that they should kill him as he was going up
the lane through which he had to pass in order to reach the top of the hill. AS he
p i n g by ihem, they sprang out and fell upon him with their swords. He had
then crossed the bridge and had no other escort than a few pages, courtiers, and
They bore him in a boat across the Nile and brought him, still living,
into Cairo. The same night he was taken to the Castle and there he died, learing
no posterity. Such was the end of the tenth in lineal descent from the Mahdi
Ohaid Allah, the same who, as we have already stated [vol. U. p. 78), made his first
appearance at Sijilmbsa. The supreme authority devolved on his cousin al-Hkfiz
Abd al-Majid (see vol. 11. p. 179) (C). Al-Abmir's conduct was detestable : he
oppressed the people, seized on their wealth and shed their blood; he committed
with pleasure every excess which should be avoided and regarded forbidden
enjoyments as the sweetest. The people were delighted at his death. He was bf a
middle size, having a remarkably clear complexion and prominent eyes; his hand-
writing was good, his information and inte1ligence.were very considerable.-AI-
Mbmin al-BatAihi, the vizir of whom we have just spoken, was the same who, in
the year 5 j 5 (A. D. i 121-2) built the Grey Mosque (al-jllm$ al-akaar) in Cairo.
During his vizirship he completed the erection of the mosque of the female Elephant
(jdm4 'l-F&a) which al-Afdal, the son of Amir al-Juyiihh, had commenced buifding
in the year 498 (A. D. 1104-S), and which is situated outside of Old W&, hearv
the Observatory that overlooks Birkat al-Habash (the pond of the' ~by&nionr):

(1) The true date is 511.

(9) The church of the Resurrection at Jerusalem; see page 354.
(3) ?his is perhaps the island of Baoda. One of the manwrits hes Jh (~/plo,
which be right
'='W-
(4) 1x1 the article on al-HA&, his name is erroneously writtea Abd d-lh.~tfd.

VOL. 111, m
 IBN KHALLIKAN'S

RUTH AD-DIN MAUDUD.

gutb ad-Din he aais of the failh) Maudbd, surnamed al-Airaj he lame) sad lpp,j
of Mosul, was the son of imid ad-Din Zinki (vol. 1. p. 539), the son of ak-Sunknr
1. p. B 5 ) . In the life of his brother Nhr ad-Din Mahmiid (page 338 oflk
ypl.), lord of Syria, we have mentioned some particulars concerning him and spoken
of his three sons (i). One of them, Saif ad-Din Ghhi (vol. 11. p. 441) succeededhia
as sultan; the others were Izz ad-Din Masiid (page 356 a/' this uol.) and I m ad- ~
Din Zinki (vol. I. p. 541), lord of Sinjar. In the article QQ Ghazi we have g i ~ m
an account of Nbr ad-Din's conduct on the death of his brother Kulb ad-D"! and
mentioned that, after having proceeded 10 Mosul, he confirmed GhLi in the pages-
sion of that city and settled matters with Ill his nephews. Whilst he was on this
expedition, he founded the NOrian Mosque (al-J&mtan-Nldri) within the citg of Po-
sul. Every Friday, the prayer is celebrated in this mosque, which is an edifice
much noted in that city. The motive which led to its conslru~lionis thus stated by
the kdtib Irniid ad-Dln (p. 300 of l h i ~vol.), in that part of his work, the aEBark ar-
Shdrni, where he speaks of N5r ad-Din's arrival at Mosul : * * There was at Mosul, in
S' the center of the citg, an extensive ruin respecting which such rumours were W-
" rent as appalled every heart, and it was generally reported that no one ever un-
, " dertook to rebuild it without losing his life and failing in the attempt. b i n ad-
" Din Omar al-Malk, a shaikh much renowned for the sanctity of his conduct and
" tbe austerity of his lifa, advised Nb ad-J)in to buy the ruin and build a maspe
" with the materials. The prince spent large sums on this edifice and,*
" verted into a coakf (2) for its maintenance a landed estate situated in the ~icin$
" of Mosul."--Kutb ad-Din obtained the sultanale of Mosul and that region 0x1 the
death of his elder brother al-Ghhi. His conduct was exemplary and his admi-
nistration just. It was under his reign that the vizir Jam81 ad-Din Muhammad d-
J a d d (see this 901. p. 295) attained the highest consideration. He was im~ri*
soned, as me have already rnen'tioned, by that prince, whohad then for prime minister
and privy-counsellor the emir Zain ad-Din Ali ,Kutchek, father of Muzafferad-Bn*
 BIOGRAPBICAL DICTIONARY. 459
lord of ArbeL (vol.1.-p. 535) He had there a truly able minister, a sincere adviseiser for
his welfare and prosperity, and, moreover, an undaunted warrior, a renowned horse-
man. We hiwe spoken of him also in the life of his son Muzaffar ad-Din. Kutb ad-
Dfn continued to bold the sultanate and rule with absolute sway till the hour of his
death. This event took place in the month of Shawwbl, 565 (June-July, A. D. 1170)
or, as some say, on the 22nd of Zii 'l-Hijja of that year (6th Sept.). Osiima Ibn
Munkid (vol. 1. p. 177) states, in a little workof his containing the mention of those
provincial sovereigns who were his contemporaries, that Kutb ad-Din died towards
the end of the latter Rabi, 566; but this date cannot be exact, because Niir ad-DPn,
Kutb ad-Din's brother, was at Mosul that very month ; he had been encamped o u t
side the city when messengers came to him from the khalif, and did not enter it till
after his brother's death. Kutb ad-Din died at Hosul, aged somewhat more than forty
years. He left a number of sons, most of whom became sovereigns in different
. provinces.
-
We have already spoken of his father, his grand-father and other mem-
bers of the family.

(I) This reference is not exact. The author probably intended to indicate the article on Masfid, the son of
hudhd, page B56 of this volume.
(9) See vol. I. p, 49.

MU WARRIJ AS-SADUSI.

Abfi Faid Muwarrij Ibn Amr Ibn al-JBrithIbn Thaur Ibn Harmala Ibn hlkama Ibn
Amr Ibn Sadiis Ibn Shaibdn 1611Doht Ibn Thalaba Ibn Akkiba as-Sadiisi was a
grammarian of Basra ' He learned Arabic gxiunmar from al-KhaUl Ibn a m a d
(od. I. p. k93), and delivered traditions on the authority of Shoba ibn d-
aajjsj (l Abfi
}, Amr Ibn d-Alh (aol. £1. p. 399) and 0thei.S. He nsed to sap : " 1
'' came from the desert, unacpuainted with the a p p l i ~ a t i oof~inductive reasoning
" to Arabic grammar; what I h e r of it was merely iqatnrd gift, and it was
'' on1J a i t h i school of bbfi Zaid al-Aqstb-i (001. I. p. 5?0), h %I, that I ka~%d
460 IBN KHALLIBAN'S
6. the use of induClion." AI-Akhfash Said Ibn Mashda (sol. 1. p. 572)'having gone
%

to see Mullammad Ibn al-Muhallab (2),was asked by him whence he came?

answered : From the residence of the kddi Yahya Ibn Aktham (3) What is ."-#l

'C p i n g on there? said Ibn al-Muhallab. The other replied : '.He asked me who,
of all the disciples of al-Khalil Ibn Ahmad, was the most trustworthy, the first in
g$ rank, alld the most deserving of confidence (lop his information); to which I an-
swered: < An-Nadr Ibn Shumail (&), Sibawaih (vol. 11.p. 396), and Muwarrijas-sa.
."
dbsi ' The dominant studies of Muwarrij were philology and poetry. He left
a number of works such as the Kiidb al-Anwd (5), which is a good treatise on the
the Ki~dbGhadb al-Kordn (rare ezpressions occurring in the Koran),the Kit&
Jamdhh il-Kab&il (a general notice of i11e (Arabic) tribes), and the Kiidb al-Madni (boJ
of rhelorical figures (employed in the Koran). He drew up also a succinct account of
the genealogy of the Kuraish family; i t forms a small volume and bears the title of
HadrNisab K~rraish(the corairhide genealogies cleared from dross). Raving accornp
nied al-MBmBn (the Abbaside) from Irdk to Khorhsdn, he setiled in the town of Mam,
but subsequently removed to Naisippdr. During his residence there he gave lessons
which were attended by even the shaikhs (or professors) of the place. He composed
some poetry, and the following verses are given as his by IIBriin Ibn Ali Ibn Yahya
al-Munajjim (6) in the Kit& al-Bad:

So oft have I suffered the pains of separation, that I hced them no longer; I feel no more
the misfortunes which w&nd me by striking my family and friends. Fortune never left with
me one whom I dearly prized, without intending to rcmove that person or to estrange her
from me.

Ibn al-Munajjim here remarks that these verses were the finest ever composed
to express such a thought. A sinrilar idea is found in the Iollowing lines, cornposed
by a modern poet:
So have I been torn from my friends, that I dread no longer the pains of separation; even
though neighbours, dear to my heart, should be removed away. I have now closed my mind
against despair, and my eyes can yield to sleep even on the departure of a beloved friend*

It was from (as-~adfis?s)piece that Ibn at-Takwizi (page 162 of thk vol.) borrowed
the sea of this verse :
Here am I, my heart no longer afflicted at the lass of friendsl no longer rejoicing under the
scdnctions of fortline ! -
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 462
This line is taken from a kastda in which he expresses his grief for the loss of his
sjghl. It contains this passage wherein he alludes to his wife :

~eholdher weeping ! her who had never to complain of privations and whose nearest friends
were never driven (by misfo?*tunes) into a distant land. But now the hand of time hatb wounded
her in the object of her affection p), striking her with a piercing calamity, and calamities pierce
(the heart). She suffers from an awful (mishap) under the l i e of which patience would be
unbecoming and grief never disgraceful. Why blame her even if she shed tears of blood for
him who supported her by his toils and by travelling into distant lands. How painful for her
to see me cowering to the ground, without a spot in the wide-extended earth though which to
roam. (She sees me) no longer able to direct the camel as it goes panting through the clouds
of dust, nor to guide the sleek six-year-old (8)steed which prances when reigned in. I remain
imprisoneci in a fixed abode and pledged to suffer grief from morn to night. Here, where I
dwell on earth, the sky (9) is dark and cloudy; my walking-place is narrow, yet it is a vast
plain exposed to the sun (10). I am led about therein, submissive as a camel (11) to thehalter;
I who had never been submissive, were it not for the perfidy of fortune. I am as a corpse
having no grave in which to lay its side; alas! it is not every corpse which obtains a grave.
Here am I, my heart no longer afflicted at the loss of friends 1 no longer rejoicing under the
seductions of fortune ! I was once an admirable spear, but now its point (12) is blunted, and
my youth (once firm) as wood, is now (shattered) and rent asunder. Blessings on the days in
which I rode uncontroIled on the steed of love ;one as I was then, would suffer no control in his
love for gracefully moving (maidens) (43). My youth, which I enjoyed to the utmost, is now
departed ; it has been snatched away, yet the eyes of fortune retain their azure hue and spakle
still. 0 what nights I joyfully passed with the fair, whose gIances were alternately directed
towards me and turned away! nights in which my ardour was many-fold greater than now; I
plaintively allude to them, for they will declare openly ( w h t Ihme been).

This long and high-sounding h d d a was composed in praise of the i d m an-8Q-

sir h-din illah, the khalif of Baghdad.-81-MarzubHni (p. 67 of l i r vol.] states that
he met with the following passage in the handwriting of Muhammad Ibn al-AbbPs
a]-YazEdi (p. 50 of this vol.) : Abh Faid Muwarrij as-sadfisi gave a robe as a present
" to my g-and-father and was thanked by him in these terms:

" I shall express my thanks for what Puwarrij, the ion of Amr, has bestowed, and ,&all oBer
" him my best praises and my lore. Illustrioos is SadSil (14), a man for whom his fathers,
" passionately fond pf (doing) honorable deeds, procured a noble reputation I T e wan%t& AbB
" Fzid, hoping to obtain a draught from the torrent of his bonntymd tostrike ,h m that
" steel which was never doll and which never refused its sparks. Having quenched onr thirst,
" We parted with gifts and presents fmm a mm who has always been praired by those who

' arrived to visit him and by those who went away (114.Be clothed me g m t a h d p , fhwgh
" I asked him not for clothiig; and gifts so made are themost agre- of&: Be arra@.ms
" in that ample as it was, and, the evening I put it on, I d e w mtting p m d y
" that I mistook (16) my way. It was a robe of h u g , if d e b e of for o m t , and a
,462 LBN K H A L L l K A N ' b
t r winter-dress, if one feared the severe cold. Trimmings (17) were seen on it of the
66 fringes (18) (shone)like the sword newly polished and just draw11from the scabbard. wbibt
$ 1 I Lve, I &all thank as-Sadiisi for his gencrosily and rccolllmeud (in dying), lhosc 1 leave

(8 behincl me (99) to be grateful to as-Sadfisi."

The anecdotes concerning Muwarrij are very numerous. Ibn ao-Nadim 1,

P. 183) states that he found a note in the fiandwriting of Abd A.llah Ibn cl-Motazz
1l.p. 41)in which it was mentioned that Muwarrij as9adfisi was,one of al-Khail
Ibn Ahrnad's (vol. I. p. 493) pupils and ihat be died in the year 105 (A. D. 810-1)
and on the same day as Abh h w i s (vol. 1. p. 391). This indication cannot be ad-
mitted unless we adopt the opinion of those who place the death of AbG Nuwas in
that year, We have noiieed the disagreement which exisl s on that point; but it is
allowed that Muwarrij died in ihe year 195 ; Ibn Kutaiba (vol. 11.p. 291
gives that date in the 6146 al-Madrif and other authors (repeatit). In a copy of as-
Sadiisi's Kit& aGAnwll, I found the following passage : " Abh Ali Ismall Ibn Yahle
t6 Ibn al-Mubgrak al-Yazidi said : We studied this book at Jurj t n under al-Muwar-
dt rij ;then, in the year 202, we went to Irlk Vor the purpose of seeing)al-MLmtin, af-
t$ ter which al-Muwarrij proceeded to Basra where he died.' " This indication dis-
agrees with the one just given, and God knows best which of them is the truest.-
The word faid, taken in its primitive signif cation, designates the Fewer of the saffron
plant or, according to some, the safron itself. -Mawarrzj' is the active participle of
the verb arraj which signifies to egcite people to quarrel. We have already explained
the word Sad& in the life of Katlida (vol. 11.p. 513). Some say that Muwar~ijwas
a nickname and that the real name (of thir grammarian) was Marlhad. Al-Jauhari
(vol. I. p. 22) says, in his (dictionary, the) Sahdh, that the verb mthad signifies "to
arrange wares, in placing them one over the other, or side by side; " he then
adds : In the expression : L When I left such and such a tribe, they were murthidk,
" 'and had not yet loaded their boggage, ' tlie word cnurthidtn means anafigiflg
their efecis." Ibn as-Sikkit (20)sajs : From thence is derived marthad, which
" is the name of a man and ahnanhad, one of the names by which lhe lion is de-

" signated." Al-Muwarrij bimseif said : 31y name and my surname are 01rare
" occurrence ; the Arabs (of i b desert) employ the verbs arraj and ariash with the

" meaning of the verb harrash (to excite quarrels). Faid is the flower of the safim*
" plant The verb fdd, with the aorist yaftd and the noun of action faid, signifies@
" die, when employed in speaking cf a man."
 BlOGRAPHlCAL DICTIONARY,
b 61). See vol. I. p. 493.
(9) This person was probably the son of the Mnhallab whose life.is given in this; volnme.
(3) The life of Ibn Aktham will be found in the fourth volume,
(5) An article on an-Nadr is given in this voIume.
(5) This work treated probably of the twenty eight-mansionsof the moon.
(6) The life of Ibn al-Nunajjim is given in the fourth voluma.
(7) Literally : In the lion of her forest.
(8) I read on the authority of two manuscripts.
(9) g!is the true reading.
'(1 Read L++Q
0) with one of the manuscripts.
{ l r ) The right reading is 4
... I.
(12) Read S>,.
(13) Read A.$ with two manuscripts.
(14) TWOmanuscripts and the edition of Bblak read>\.
(15) Literallg : Always praised as to the goings out(fromhis pond) and the goiogs down (to it).
'(4 6) I read a,?.
(17) Read k.
Bere the readings of the manuscripts and the printed editions all differ. The true reading seems to be
(1 8)
bj\$, that wbich I adopt.
(19) For 3J-t' r e d 3 J . w d.
(90) The life of Yakfib Ibn as-Sikkit is given in the fourth volume.

MUSA 'L-KBZIM.

Ahfi 'l-Hasan, Mhsa 'l-Khim L$), the son af laafar asSidik, the son of Muhsmrnad
al-Bkir, the son of Ali Zain al-Midin, the son of al-Husain, the son of Qli, the
son of Abii Tblib,-God bless them all I - was one of the ttoehe imdm. The K W h
(vol. l . p. 75) says, in his Eistory of ~aghdad:lk@sa.'l-&immas W'S8&.&&
~ - S l l l i h($heholg setwant) on account of bis p i e l ~and his eff03:ts( l m
~ -6 0 4.
1%
is-related that L entered Lone weningl) inta the-mosque of6 b d B ~ g d (d a H-1
and, just as the night W; setting in, he made a - p ( ~ s t r ~ a lrsted Ieh4
morning and, during that time, he was heard t+mpS,. ~ & h o : f l ~ f4'0~ ~ ~
464 I B N KHAL1,IKAN'S
thou wllo art the object of (OUT) fear 1 0 thou wllom it becometh to shew
let thy pardon be kindly granted to me whose sin is so grievous! "
highly generous and beneficent : being informed a man had spoken ill of him,
he sent to him a purse containing one thousand dinars. He used to tie up in pat.
ketS sums of three hundred, or four hundred, or two hundred dinars and distribute
them in the city of Medina. That was his place of residence till al-Mahdi had Gm
brought to Baghdad and shut u p in a prison. (Soon after, lkis khalif) had a beam
in which Ali, the son of Abb TQlib,appeared to him and said : " 0 Muhamma&!(9)
4% were yc ready, therefore, if ye had been put in aulhority, to commit evil in the carlh,
and to violale ihe ties of blood?" (3). Ar-Rabi (see vol. 1.p. 521) related in these
terms what resulted: Re sent for me at night, and that put me in great dread;
dd I went to him and found him chanting the abovc mentioned verse, and no man
had a finer voice than he. He said to me : ' Bring nie Mfisa, the son of Jaaf2.I
d6 I did so and he embraced him, seated him by his side and said to him : Abfi
f i c 'l-Hasan I I have just seen in a dream the Commander of the faithful, Ali bn

d 4 6 Abi Tslib, and he has recited to me such and such a verse; give me the assu-

' rance that you will not revolt against me or against any of my children.' He
answered : By Allah! I am incapable of revolting.'--'You say the truth,'
replied the khalif; ' give him three tllousand pieces of gold and restore him to his
t t g family in Medina.' I arranged tbe affair of his (departtdre) that very night,
lest some obstacle might turn up, and, before morning,'the man was on his
L' journey." Mhsa resided in that city (iMcdldna)until the reign of HbrOn ar-Rashid.
In the month of Ramadin, 179 (Nov.-Dec. A . D. 795), Hiran visited the
Oinra (4) and, an his departure for Baghdad, he took Mhsa with him and had him
imprisoned for life. It is related that HBrCn, in his pilgrimage, went to visit the
tomb of the Prophet, in the midst of a band of Kuraishides and some eminent
members of (Arabian) tribes, and took with him MGsa 'l-Khzim. Wishing to show
how much he was superior in glory to those around them, he said (in addressing 1he
tomb) : '' Salutation unto thee, 0 prophet of God ! unto thee who art my cousin l'"
On hearing this, MDsa said (to ihe tomb) : Salutation unto thee, 0 my dear
' 5 father I HiIrfin changed countenance at these words and said : Abii 'I-HmnI
l' c6

" such glory as thine is truly to be vaunted of." End of the Kllatib's relation.-
Ahfi '1-Hasan Ali al-Masfidi', the son of al-Busain, the son of Ali (see @*

p. 618) says, in that part of his work, the Mu~ajad-Dahab, which contains Ibe
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 465

history of Etkrhn ar-lashld : " Abd Allah Ibn Mdlik al-Khuz$i, the intendant of
61 ar-RashEd's palace and chief of the police guards (Shurta), related as follows: A
6 1 messenger came to me from ar-Hashid at an hour in which I never before

4 6 received his visits; he pulled me out of the place where 1 was and mould
6 1 not even allow me to change my clothes. This put me in great fear. When I
arrived at the palace, a servant went in before me and informed ar-RashPd of
4' mg presence. (The khalif) ordered me to be introduced, and I found him sitting
1 1 up in his bed. I saluted him, but he kept silent for some time; so, my mind
was much troubled and my fears greatly augmented. He at length said :
Abd Allah I do you know why I sent for you at such an hour? I answered: By
Allah I I do not, Commander of the faithfull-Know, said he, that I just had a
dream in which it seemed to me as if an Abyssinian came to me with a javelin in
his hand and said : ' Let MQsa, the son of Jaafar, be set at liberty this very hour,
4 6
otherwise I shall slay thee with this javelin l ' Do you therefore go and set him
free. I replied: Commander of the faithful! shall I then liberate Miisa, the
son of Jaafar, for the third time?-' Yes, said he, go and set MOsa, the son of
' Jaafar, at liberty; give him thirty thousand dirhems and say to him (in my name) :
c If you would like to remain with us, you will obtain from me whatever you may

c' desire ; and if you prefer going to Medina, you have permission to do so.' I
'L went to the prison in order to take him out and, when he saw me, he sprung up
'' on his feet, thinking that 1 had received orders to treat him in a manner he
" should not like, but I said to him : Fear not I he (the khalif) has ordered you to

" be set at liberty and told me to give you thirty thousand dirhems and to deliver

" you this message : if you would like remaining with us, you will obtain whatever

you desire; but, if you prefer going to Medina, you have free permission to do
" so. 1 then gave him the money, set him free and said to him : I see something
" in you extraordinary (what b it?). He replied : I shall tell you : whilst 1 was
" asleep, behold I the apostle of God came to me and said: '0 Mbsa l thou hast
" ' been imprisoned unjustly ; so, recite the words I am going to repeat to thee, for

" ' assuredly, thou shalt not pass all this night in prison.' I replied : ' For thee I
" ' should give up father and mother l what must I say? '-Repeat these words, said
" he : 0 thou who hearest every voice I 0 thou who lettest no opportunity escap I
" ' 0 thou who clothest the bones with flesh and who wilt raise them up after
" ' death l I invoke thee by thy holy names and by that grand and awful name
VOL. m. 59
466 IBN K H A L L I K A N ' S
6' *hieh is treasured up and closely hidden! by that name which no created being
6' shall ever know I 0 thou who art SO mild and whose patience is unequalled I
g< 0 thou whose favours never cease and cannot be numbered ! set me free 1' so
6' you see what has happened."-Numerous
4 stories and anecdotes are related
of Idsa. His birth took place at Medina, on a Tuesday of the year 129 ( 8 , D.
746-7&7), before the break of day; but the Khatib places this event in the year 128,
He died at Baghdad, on the 25th of the month of Rajab, 183 (1st Sept. A. D. 7991,
or in 186, according to another account. Some say that his death was caused by
poison (5). According to the Khatib, he died in prison and was buried in the Shfinlzi
cemetery (6),ou~sidetlle dome (7); his tomb is a well known object of pilgrimage;
over it is erected a large chapel containing an immense quantity of gold and silver
lamps, with divers sorts of furniture and carpets. I1 is on the west side (of the
river).-We have already spoken of his father, his forefathers, and some of his descen-
dants.-The person charged to guard him during his imprisonment was as-Sindi Ibn
Shdhik (vol. I. p. 3181, ancestor of the celebrated poet Kushijim (vol. I. p. 301).

(1) K h i m is the active participle of a verb which signifies : to restrain one's inclinations, to suppras one's
anger. The Koran uses it in this sense. It was given to Mhsa as a surname, by the ShPiks, on account 01
his forbearance and mildness.
(4) The real name of the khalif surnamed nl-Mahdi (the well directed), was Muhammad. He was the son
of Abh Jaafar Abd Allah, surnamed al-Mansbr.
(3) Koran, shrat 47, verse 24.
(4) See page 246 of this volume. The Omra may be visited in any month of the gear.
(5) He was put to death secretly by order of ar-Rashld. See M. de Sacy's Chrestomathie arabe, deuxihme
bdition, tame I, p. 6.
(6) See vol. I. p. 556.
(7) This indication is not clear unless it means the dome which covered the tomb of Sari as-Sakati.

KAMAL AD-DIN IBN MANA.

Ahfi 'l-Fath Mbsa, the son of Abh 'l-Fadl Ycnus, the son of Muhammad, the son
ofPan4, the son of Milik, the son of Muhammad, and surnamed Kamal ad-Din (P@
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 467
fccjionof religion), was a doctor of the Shalite sect.He studied the law at ~~~~l
under his father; then, i n the year 571 (A. D. 1175-61, he proceeded to Baghdad
and took up his residence in the Nizdmiya college (vol. 11. p. 164) where he had for
tutor the moCd (rdpdtiteur)as-sadid as-Salambsi (vol. II. p. 643). At that time, the
Rida 'd-Din Abh 'I-Khair Ahmad al-Kazwini, the son of Ismall, the son of
Y G S U ~ , the son of Muhammad, the son of al-Abbds, was the professor (of law) in the

college. Kam 31 ad-Din (there) studied the controverted points of jurisprudence and
its fondamentals ; he applied also to philological disquisitions under the direction of
Kamkl a&Din Abh 'l-BarakBt Abd ar-Rahm8n Ibn Muhammad al-AnlAri (see vol. ]I.
p . 95). Previously to that, he had studied philology at Mosul with distinguished
success, under Abb Bakr Yahya lbn SaadOn al-Kortobi, a shaikh whose life we shall
give. Having then gone up (from Baghdad) to Mosul, he resumed his sludies with
great assiduity and, on the death of his father, an event of which the date will be
found in our article on that doctor, he replaced him as professor in the mosque
which is called the Zainiya after Zain ad-Din, lord of Arbela. This edifice I
have myself seen ; it is laid out in the manner of a college and is now called the
Kumdliya college, because Kamdl ad-Din, he of whom we are now speaking, resided
i n it for a long time. When the reputation of his merit had spread abroad, juris-
consults hastened in crowds to study under him. He was profoundly versed in every
branch of knowledge and knew certain sciences which are never found together in
the same individual. In the mathematical sciences he was particularly distinguished.
I met him at Mosul in the month of Ramadbn, 626 (July.-August. A. D. 1229),
and went frequently to see him, on account of the close and intimate friendship which
existed between him and my deceased father; but1 had not an opportunity of receiving
lessons from him, because I could not make any stag (in that town) and was obliged
to hurry off to Syria. The doctors of the time declared that he had a solid and
perfect knowledge of twenty-four different sciences, one of which was the (doctrine
of the ShcEfite) sect. I n this last he was the paragon of the age. A number of Hane-
fites studied under his tuition the doctrines of their own sect, and received from him
the most satisfactory solution of the problems contained in the al-Jdm€ '~-lh&(i),
a work noted for its difficulties. He had a perfect acquaintance with the two systems
of polemical jurisprudence, the (Shdbte)which prevails in Irak and the (Banefile)which
is taught at Bukhkra; he knew also the fondamentals of jurisprudence and those
of divinity. When the works of Fakhr ad-Dtn ar-RAzi (ool. If. p. 652) were first
 468 I B N KHALLIKAN'S
bmught to Mosul, there was a great number of well-informed men in that city, but
none of them, excepting Katniil ad-Din, was able to anderstand the technical language
employed by the author. Having met with al-Addi's (vol. U . p. 660) Irshdd, he
solved, in a single night, all the difficulties contained i n that work and then caused
his pupils to read it (whilsthe explained i t ) ; such, at least, is the general report.
He knen the philosophical sciences, logic (that is, the Organum of Aristotle), physics,
nretaphysics and medicine ; he was acquainted wit11 all the parts of mathematical
science explained by Euclid, astronomy, conic sections, mean proportionals (mu-
tatoassita), the Almagest, the different modes of calculation both numerical($), and
algebraic, arithmetic, the system of double false position, music and mensuration,
I n all these sciences lie was without a rival; others had a superfical knowledge of them,
but none knew so well as he the abstruse doctrines and truths which they contain.
I n a word, one might well apply to him the words of the poet :

In the sciences he was such that, from his knowlcdgc of one alone, you might conclude he
knew them all.

He discovered also a mode of calculating. the bours of prayer (3) which no one had
ever fallen upon before. His researches i n {lie study of A rabic and its grammatical
inflexions were so psofounci that he was capable of reading (without a nzaster) the Book
of Sibawaih (vol. I l . p, 396), thc l d d h and the Talcmila of Ahil Ali 'l-Firisi (vol. I .
p. 379), and the Mufaassal of az-Zamaklrshari (p. 321 of ~Risvol.). In the interpreta-
tion of the Koran, in the science of traditions, i n that which treats of the names of
those men (by whom traditions have been handed down,),a n d i n every matter connected
with s u c l ~subjects, he was a most able hand. He knew by heart a mass of histo-
rical relations, accounts of the combats which took place between the (ancient)Arabs,
pieces of poetry and dialogues. Jews and Christians used to go and read under his
tuition the Pentateuch and the Gospels; they even declared that they could find no
one so capable as he of explaining these tw books. He knew so perfectly each of
the above mentioned branches of knowledge that one would have supposed he could
not have found time to learn the others. In a word, none of his predecessorswere ever
known to have bcen acquainted with so many sciences as he. I n the year 625 (A. D-
1288) (B), the shaikh Athir ad-Din al-Mufaddal al-Abheri, the author of the T d l b
/i 'I-Kl~ildf (notes on conlroverted matters), the Ztj (astronomical tables) (51, and
other well-known works, left Mosul and came to Arbela where we were then residing*
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 469
He took u p his lodgings in the Ddr d-Hadith (school for iraditions), and I studied
under his direction some controverted points of jurisprudence. I was with him one
day when an eminent legist of Baghdad, who was residing in the Dbr abHadEth, came
in. Some time passed i n an animated conversation (6) when mention was made of
the shaikh KamBl ad-Din. On this, Athir ad-Din said (to his visitor) : When the
shaikh Kamll ad-Din made the pilgrimage and went to Baghdad, were you there? "
The other replied in the affirmative. " How," said Athir ad-Din, did the Grand
Divan (the intperial court) receive him? "-'c Not in a manner worthy of his de-
sert," was the reply. " That is much to be wondered at," exclaimed Athir ad-

Din, " for never did the like of such a shaikh eilier Baghdad l " These words sur-
prised me so much that I said to him : " Tell me, master! what makes you say so?"
Be answered : '6 My son I no one like AbB HHmid al-Ghazziili (vol. 11.p. 621) had ever
before entered Baghdad, and I declare, by Allah ! that even he is not to be corn-
*. pared with the shdikh (Kamdl ad=&). " Notwithstanding his high reputation as
a master of the sciences, Aihir ad-Din used to sit down before him (Kamdl ad-Dtn)
with a book i n his hand and read it to him (in order to profit by his obseroations);
and yet, on the same day, scholars would be studying works composed by himself;
that I saw with my own eyes. He thus read the Almagest under his direction. The
following anecdote vas related to me by a jurisconsult : I asked the shaikh K a m 3
" ad-Din what rank Athir ad-Din might hold as a scientific man, and he answered
" that he did not know. c How can that be, Sir l ' said I, c since he has been in
" ' your service for many years and still studies under YOU?' He replied : 'When-
" ' ever I made a n observation to him, he received it (wilhout making any remark)
" ' and merely said : ' Yes, sir l ' He never entered into a discussion with me; so,
" ' I have not been able to appreciate his talents.' " There is no doubt that Atb$
ad-Din acted in this manner through politeness and respect. He served Kamiil ad-
Din as under-tutor (motd)in the Badriya college and used to say : '& I should not have
" left my native place and come to Mosul, had I not formed the inlention of studying
" under the shaikh (Kambl ad-Dtn). One of my shaikhs (or professors) named Taki
?'

ad-Din Othrnan Ibn Bbd ar-Rahrnh, and generally known by the surname of h as-
Saldh (see vol. U. p. 188), spoke i n the highest terms of his (Lmdl ad-an's) extra-
ordinary merit and declared him to be without a rival in scientific knowledge. One
day, he commenced, as usual, to make his eulogy when a person present said to bim :
" Tell me, Sir1 under whom did he study? who was his ~reoeptor?" The other
answered: That man was created by God as an imdfl (model) and a master in
6 the brallches of knowledge ; so, let no one ask under ?vllorn lie studied and who was
his preceptor. He is too eminent to render such a question necessary." whilst
1 was at ~ ~a certain
~ jurisconsult
~ 1 related
, io me that Ibn as-Sal411 oblained per-
mission from llim (Kamdl a d - D h ) t~ read secretly under his direction a part of the
Logic Organurn of Aristotle). He went to him regularly for some time but
was unable to understand any thing of it; so at length (Ifambl ad-Dtn) said
to him : a My opinion is, doctor! that you had better renounce the study of
this science." The otlier asked him for what reason, and received this answer:
The public look upon you as a good and pious man, and consider those who apply
64 to this branch of knowledge as holding pernicious opinions on religious matlers;
you risk, therefore, losing their esteem, without even acquiring any knowledge of
g. the science." The jurisconsul t took his advice and gave up the study. Readers
of (his biographical notice may perhaps consider me as exalting too much the nierits
01 this shaikk, but those of his townsmen who are capable of appreciating his talents
know full well that I have not attributed to him (7) a quality (which he did not
really possess). God preserve us from exaggerating (g), and .from carelessness in
transmitting historical information. Ahil 'l-BarakBt Ibn al-Mustaufi (vol. 11.
p. 556) speaks of him in his Tdrlkh Irbil (IIistory of Arbela) : He was," says he,
a most learned man, well versed in every science and particularly dislinguished
by his acquaintance with those of the Ancients (the Greeks), such as geometry and
logic. He got over the difficulties of Euclid and of the Almagest under the tuition
of the shaileh Sharaf ad-DEn al-Muzaffar Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Muzaffar at-Thsi
the Koran reader, the inventor of the lineal astrolabe (al-astarldb al-khatti) (9)
which is generally known by the designation of the star (IO)." He says, farther
on : Questions were sent to him from Baghdad on difficult points of this science
and he answered them all; he treated them as mere trifles and then gave their
" solution. In jurisprudence and the sciences connected with the law of Islamism,
" he stood without a rival. He professed in a number of the colleges at Mosul, and
" many of his pupils attained high distinction in different branches of science." L

Lower down, we read this passage : " E e recited to me the following verses compo=d
" by himself and in which he made an appeal to the clemency of the lord of Arbela:
" If any land can draw lustre from him who holds it under his sway, the kingdom of the
" earth will derive lustre from you. May you live till the end of time and have your orders
 BIOGRAPHICAL 1)ICTIONARY. 87 1
66
obeyed, your zeal gratefully acknowledged and your mansuetude renowned for its
4. equity. You have been established to (wuleh ovw and) guard this extensive country, as
~osepbwas established over the cities of Pharaoh."

1 may here observe that the same verses were repeated to me at Aleppo by an
of mine.-In the year 633 (A. D. 1235-1236), whilst I was at
Damascus, a man of that city who possessed some skill in the mathematical sciences,
met with a number of difficult problems in arithmetic, algebra, geometry and (the
treatise of) Euclid. Being unable to solve them, he wrote them all down on a scroll
of paper and sent them to him (Karndl ad-Dttz), who was then at Mosul. A month
afterwards he received an answer in which all the obscurities were cleared up, all
the difficulties explained and many indications given which it mould be impossible
to recapitulate. The letter concluded by these vords : Have the kindness to
excuse the insufficiency of this answer; for my genius is frozen up and my
intelligence extinguished; my mind has falIen under the sway of forgetfulness
" and is distracted by the events which time has brought about. The greater part
of what I learned from books and of what I knew (by my own observations) is now
as much forgotten by me as if I had never known it." The person who proposed
the questions said to me (of this passage) : Such (elegani) language I never heard
before; the like of it was never uttered but by those of the ancients who where
'' perfectly well versed in these sciences; it is not the language of those who live in
" our time."-The following anecdote was related to me by the shaikh Alam ad-
Din (the standard of the faiailh) Kaisar (Clesar), the son of AbP 'I-Klsim, the son of
Abd al-Ghani, the son of Musbfir, and surnamed Tadstf (11). He was a native of
Egypt, a jurisconsult of the hanefite sect and a mathematician (dddi). In Egypt
and at Damascus he was looked upon as the great master of the age in all the
mathematical sciences. Here is what he said : I felt a great desire to meet milb
" the shaikh Kambl ad-Din, from having heard that he stood without a rival in
" these sciences. So, I set out for Nosul with the intention of going to see him.
64
When I went to present him my respects, I saw that, in his looks and appearance,
" he resembled those ancient sages whose histoq I had read and of whose V C *
" I had formed some idea. After saluting him, I stated that I had come for the
" purpose.of studying under him, and he asked me by what science I wished to

" begin. c By (the theory of) music,' said I.--' That happens very well,' said ho,
" ' for it is a long time since any one studied it under me and I wished to convers
472 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
6. 6 some person on that science so as to renew acquaintance with it.' I then
commenced (the theory of) music, afler wllich 1 passed successively to other
6. sciences, and, in about the space of six months, I went over more illan forv.
4 . works under his tuition. I was already acquainted with music, but wished to
4. be enabled to say that I had studied that science under him. The problems
4' which 1did not understand he explained to me ; I never met with any one capable
8' of filling his place as a teacher."-I have entered into long details for the purpose
of making known the great extent his scientific acquirements, and yet 1 must declare
that what I have said is still too much abridged.-on the death of his brother, the
shaikh Jmid ad-Din (vol. 11. p. 656), h e replaced him as professor in the Al4iyiya
college and, when the Kdhira college was opened, he received bis nomination as
director of that establishment. In the month of Zh 'l-Hijja, 620 (Dec.-Jan.
A. D. 1223-1224) he became director of the Badriya college. His assiduity in
professing and teaching was remarkable. One day, a number of other professon,
ail of them wearing the tailesdn (12), were present at liis lesson and a native of
Bugia (in north Africa), the grammarian ImPd ad-Din Abd Ali Omar Ibn Abd an-
Niir Ibn Mikhakh (13)Ibn Yhuf as-Sanhbdji al-Lczni, wlio happened to be there,
recited extempore the following verses :
Kamll ad-Din is really perfect (kamcil) by his learning and his high desert. Vain are the
efforts of those who strive to attairl the rank to whicli he has risen. JVlien profound investiga-
tors meet together, their only object is to listen whilst hc speaks. Think not that they put on
their tailesdns to vex him ; they wear them merely to veil their faces through modesty and
(thus) acknowledge (their inferiority).

The same Imid ad-])in composed on him other verses which I here give :
Mosul, training her robe in high disdain of all olher cilies, either inhabited or in ruins, is
proud of her Tigris and of her Kam31, both of them remedies for those who are athirst Vor wafer
or for knowledge), and for those whose intelligence is feeble. One is a flowing ocean, though
its waters be fresh; the other is also an ocean, but one of knowledge.
.
The shaikh KamPl ad-Din, -may God be indulgent towards him l -was suspected
of holding loose opinions in matters of religion, because the study of the intellectual
sciences was his ruling passion, and the preoccupation of his mind with these sciencm
hindered him sometimes from perceiving what was passing around him. To tJ&
the same ImPd ad-Din made allusion in the following lines :
I tell you seriously that the gazelle (rhe young beauty whom I love md) who always to
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 473
frown(uponme) has consented to meet me and become my companion. I gave her wine mixed
with (the honey of) her lips, (mine) light as my verses, and light as the religious convictions of
the son of YOnus.

But we are here digressing from our subject and speaking of matters which we
need not have mentioned.-He (Kamdl ad-Ddn) was born at Mosul on Thursday,
the 5th of Safar, 551 (30th of March, A . D. 1156); he died in that city on the 14th
of Shabhn, 639 (17th of Feb. A. D. 1248), and was buried in the funeral-
chapel which bears the name of his fanlily (the Bani Mand) and which is situated
outside the Gate of IrBk, near the mausoleum of Anlz (14). We have already spoken
of his son Sharaf ad-Din Ahmad (001. I. p. 90) and of his brother Imid ad-Din
Muhammad (vol. 11. p. 656) ; we shall also give the life of his father (Ydnus)under
the letter Y.-Whilst I was attending his lectures (15) at Mosul, the idea came into
my mind that, if ever God granted me a male child, I should give it the name of
this [professor). I n the latter part of the year above mentioned, I went to Syria where
I remained ten years and then, in 632 (A. D. 1234-5), I proceeded to Egypt where,
after many vicissitudes of fortune, I entered into the bonds of mairin~ony. My eldest
son came into the world, at Cairo, on Saturday morning, the 11th of Safar, 651
(12th of April, A . D. 1253), and I gave him the name of Jf12sa. It struck me as a
singular coincidence that he was born in the same mouth as Kamdl ad-Din and exactly
one hundred years after him. The learned shaikh and traditionist, Zaki ad-Din Abd
al-Azim (vol.1.p. 89), to whom I mentioned the circumstance, was as much surprised
as I and expressed his astonishment by frequently exclaiming: By Allah l it is an
extraordinary thing."-The shaikh Rida ad-Din al-Kazwini, the professor at the flizd-
miya college of whom we have spoken towards the beginning of this notice, died at
h z w i n on the 23rd of Muharram, 590 ( l 8 t I of Jan. A. D. 1194);he was horn there in
the month of Ramadin, 512 (Dec.-Jan. A.D. 1iiS-91.-Were 1 not afraid of being
too prolix, I should expatiate on the noble qualities and acts of Kamll ad-Dh-We
have already spoken of the word fbnhdja juol. I.p. 249) (16J.-Lezni means belonginy
b l h e tribe of Lezna (f7),a berher people who inhabit the neighbourhood ofBugia, in
the province of ifrikiya (l 8).-Alam ad-Din Takif died at Damascus on Sunday, the
13th of Rajab, 649 (1st Oct. A. D. 1251)and was interred outside the gate died Bib
Sharki (19) ; his body was afterwards removed to the ( c e m e q ouridc the gate n a w
Bbb as-SaghEr (20). His birth took place in the year 574 (A. D. $178-g), at
a place situated to the west if the province of Said (k %pp@' Egypt) (21).
VOL. m. 60
474 IBN KHALLII{ANJS
p , great collector, contains all the secondarl points of law as deduced by the haoc
(1) The Djbmi 9 1 - ~ ~ t lor
fite doctors from the fundamental principles of moslim jurisprudence- The author, Abh 'l-Hasan Ohaid
Ibn al-Husain al-Karkhi, native of al-Karkh, one of the suburbs of Baghdad, was highly respeoted for his
learning and his Born A. H. 261 (A. D. 874-S), he became $0 illustrious by his talents and his linos
that he was nominated chief of the hanefite sect in that city. He died i n the month of Shahan, A , H, 3 4 0
(Janllary, A. D. 958). A fuller account of him is given in thc Tabakdt al-Hanefiya of al-~afawi,MS, of the
Bibliotndque impiriaze, suppldment, no. 699, fol. 120-
(9) In Arabic meplhat, i. e. aprrta. It appears, from t h great
~ dictionary of technical terms used in the
sciences of the Musulmans, published at Calcutta under the direction of Dr. Sprenger, that the science of
culation cmploged in the solution of problems formed tbree branches, geometry, algebra and mefldha, which,
of course, must be numerical arithmetic.
(3) Two manuscripts read &Ls,yl instead of ab3Y1. If their reading be adopted, it most be
&red by magic squares.
(4) Two manuscripts read 626.
(5) Various readings : as-Za~j,ad-Dabh.
(6) The arabic words may perhaps he rendered thus : We passed some time i n communicating traditions
one to another.
(7) Read cY! I lent him.
(8) ~ e a d p \.
(9) I have not been ab!e to discover any account of this aslromer, but a long technical description of the
lineal astrolabe is to be found in the third part of the worlc in which Abb 'I-Hasan of Marocco treats of the
astronomical instruments employed by the Arabs.
(10) Notwithstanding the similitude of the names, I do not think that the staff of at-Tzisi is the same in-
strument which is called Jacob's-staff.
(11) This word signifies fatigues.
( l 2) The tailesdn is a light scarf of crape worn over the turban and covering the shoulders. None were
entitled to wear it except persons who had taken their degrees.
(13) It appears from Ibn Khaldhn's History o f the Berbers, that MAkhilkh was the name of an eminent
Berber family.
(14) Various readings : And, Ghassdn, Ghidth.
(4 5) Literally : Whilst I was going and coming in his service.
(16) Sanhdja or Sinhffjais an Arabic corruption of the Berber name Zenag, which word 1 often heard Pro-
nounced during my long residence in North Africa. The tribe of Zenag came from the country which is still
called after it Senegal.
(47) No Berbcr tribe of this name is now to bo found in the province of Bugia.
(1 8) The kingdom of IMkiya was composed of the provinces of Tunis, Tripoli, Constantina, and Bugia-
(19) Bdb Cknrki is a vulgar alteration of at-Bdb as-Charki (the eastern gafe).
(PO) This name, in correct Arabic, should be al-Bdl as-Saghlr (the little gate).
($4) A s f h lies to the north of Esneh. It is built on an immense mound of rubbish, a t about a milehm
the river.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

MUSA IBN NUSAIR (l).

i ar-Rahmln Mhsa ibn Nusair, the conqueror of Spain, was a member by

~ b iAbd
enfranchisement of the tribe of Lakhm and one of the TdbG. Some traditions,
received from Tamim ad-DAri (vol. 11. p. 2i), were taught by him in that person's
name. He was noted for prudence, generosity, bravery, and piety. No army
under his orders ever suffered a defeat. His father, Nusair, was commander
of Moawia Ibn Abi Sofydn's body-guard and occupied a high place in the esteem of
that sovereign. When Moawia marched against Ali, the son of Abh Tiljb, Nusair
abstained from going with him. Moawia said to him (afterwards) : What pre-
vented you cooling with me? you that are under obligations to me which you have
not requited? " Nusair answered : " It was not possible for me to acknowledge your
c c kindness by being ungrateful to one who had a better right to my gratitude than

L' you."--" Who is that? " said Moawia.-U Almighty God," replied Nusair.-
S L How so? may you be bereft:of your mother l " (2). Nusair replied : How could
t &

'S 1inform you without being mortified and afflicted? " (3). Moawia remained silent
for some time, after which he exclaimed : c c May God pardon my sins ! " and forgave
him.-When Abd Allah, the son of Marwin and the brother of Abd al-Malik, was
governor of Egypt and North Africa (lfrtkiya), he received from his nephew,
the Khalif al-Walfd Ibn Abd al-Malik, a dispatch ordering him to send Mhsa Ibn
Nusair to Ifrikiya. This happened in the eighty-ninth year of the Hegira (which
began on the 1st Dec. A. D . 707); but the h@z Abii Abd-Allah al-Humaidi (p. 1 of
this vol.) says, in his Jlldwa tal-Muktabis, that Mhsa Ibn Nusair obtained the govern-
ment of lfrikiya and Maghrib in the year 77 (A. D. 696-7). Mhsa proceeded thither
with a body of the Jund (vol. 11. p. 132) and, being informed that a number of
rebels were assembled in the extremities of the province, he sent forth his son Abd-
Allah, who brought him back one hundred thousand prisoners (4). His son Hamin,
whom he then sent in another direction, brought him back one buodred thousand
pisoners (5). The fifth part (ofthe captives, that which was resmd for the khalif]
" amounted,'' said al-Laith Ibn Saad, G to sixty thousand."-" Never," said
Shabib as-Sadefi, in moslim limes, was seen soeb a quantity of prisonen that
476 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
4. made by Mbsa Ibn Nusair." He (Wsa)found the greater part of the cities in
lfrikiya because they bad fallen so often into the hands of the Berbers,
A great drought having prevailed in the land, he ordered the people to fast, to pray,
and to forgive each other their offenses. Be then went out with them into the
open country, taking with him all the (domestic) animals, after having separated
them from their young ones. Then arose outcry, lamentation, and clamour. This
continued till the day was half spent, when he offered up the prayer and
addressed a khotba (6) to the assembly. In (his discourse 11eomitted the name of
al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik and, on being asked why he did not pray for the
Commander of the faithful, he answered : " In the present case, prayers are forGod
6 b alone." Rain then fell in such abundance that all were enabled to quench their
thirst. From that place, he proceeded against the Berbers and, in this expedition,
he slew them in great numbers, took many prisoners and an immense quantity of
booty. Having continued his march, he arrived in (theprovince ofl Lower Sbs (D
witl~outmeeting any resistance. The rest of the Berbers, seeing what had befallen
their people, asked for pardon and offered to submit. He received their proposal
and, having placed a commander over tllern, he confided the gouvernment of the
town and the province of Tangiers to his mawla Tirik Ibn Zild al-lerbcri (the Berber)
who, it is said, was an (adoptive) member of (Ihc Arabic tribe of) as-Sadif, and left
him in the command of nineteen thousand Berbcrs, well provided with stores and
arms. These men had embraced the moslim religion and were sincerely attached
to it. He left with them also a few Arabs who were charged to teach them the Koran
and instruct them in the duties of Islamism. EIe then returned to Ifrikiya, and
there did not remain in that country any Berbers or Romans capable ofresisting him.
Having laid the foundations of good order, he wrote to Tbrik, who was then at
Tangiers, ordering him to make an expedition into Spain end to take with him a
body of troops consisting of Berbers and a very small number of Arabs. TBrikobeyed
and crossed the sea, from Ceuta to Algesiras (8), a place situated in the Spanish '
territory, and went up to the hill which i s called after him the rnounlain of T k k
{Djebel Tdrik, Gibraltar). He ascended the hill on Monday, the5th of Rajab, A. B+
93 (17th April. A. D. 712). taking wilh him twelve thousand horsemen, all ofthem
Berbers, with the exception of twelve (Arabs). I t is related that, whilst Tbik Was
crossing the Strait in his ship, he had a dream in which he saw the Prophet and
the four [first)khalifs walking upon the water until they passed him by, and the
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTLOIUARY. 477
prophet said to him : " Be of good cheer! victory awaits you; treat the musulmans
6 6 with mildness and be faithful toyour engagements." It is Ibn B a s h k u ~ h l ( ~1.~ l .
P* 491) who mentions this in his History of Spain, under the letter Kh. The lord of
Toledo and chiefsovereign of Spain was a king called Lodrtk (Roderic). When Tbrik
the mountain above-mentioned, he wrote (in these t e r n s ) to MBsa Ibn
Nutair: I have done what you ordered and God rendered easy for me the entry
(into this country)." Mfisa, on receiving this letter, regretted having staid behind,
for he knew well that, whatever conquests Tiirik might make, the honour would
be for that chief and not for himself. He therefore began to assemble troops and,
having confided to his son Abd-Allah the government of Kairamhn, he set out to
overtake him (T&rik), but did not come up with him till the conquest had been
effected. Lodrfk had marched against (another) adversary and left as his lieu-
tenant in the government of the kingdom a man of the name of Todmir (Theodomir),
the same after whom that part of Spain called the Province of TodmQr was
(subsequently) named. This province consisted of liurcia and its dependances,
five places in all (g).-The Franks got possession of hlurcia in the year 658
(A. D, 1254) (iO).-When Tbrik descendedfrom the mountain with the troops which
accompanied him, Todniir wrote to LodrPk, saying : " A people have entered
into our land, but whether they are from heaven or from earth I know not."
Lodrik, on receiving this news, abandoned his expedition and returned, bringing
with him seventy thousand horsemen and the waggons which contained his
treasures and his baggage. 1Qe himself was borne on a throne placed between two
mules and surmounted by a canopy adorned with pearls, rubies and emeralds.
Tbrik, being informed of his approach, stood up to address his companions
and, after thanking God and rendering him due praise, he encouraged the
Moslims to engage in a holy war and aspire to the glory of dying for the true
faith (11). He then said : a My men I whither can you fly? The sea is behind you
" and the enemy before you; nothing can save you but the help of God, your
" bravery and your steadiness. Be it known to you that you are here as badly off
" as orphans at a miser's table. The foe is coming againstyou with his troops, his
" arms and all his forces; you have nothing to rely on but your swords, no food to

" eat except what you may snatch from the hands of your enemies. If you remaio
" some days longer in your present state of privation, without succeeding in any
" attempt, you will lose pour energy; self-confidence will then replaee the
478 IBN KHALLLILAN'S
c. fear which fills the hearts of your adversaries and embolden them against
6. Defend yourselves like men who have no assistance l0 expect ; the inevitable
result of your present state is that YOU most contend with this tRghla (king, lyranl)
who nov comes against you from his strongly fortified city. But, to triumph over
6. him is for you quite possible, if YOU are willing to expose yourselves to death,
6. In annoncing [his danger to you, I hove not the intention of keeping out of it
g * myself; when I engaged you in a business sucll as this, whercin the lives of men

are the cheapest ware, I was resolved to risk m y own. Be assured hat, if you
6. resist, even for a short time (the attack which inay be) the rudest, you will
afterwards long enjoy the sweetest and the easiest of lives. Let not your minds
be turned against me for (under~akingan expedition) in which the profits falling
to your share will be much greater than mine. You know what this island (12)
produces ; large-eyed maidens, daughters of the Greeks, graceful in their bearing,
covered with pearls, coral and robes interwoven wit11 purc gold ; (maidens)carefully
guarded in the palaces of crowned kings. Al-Walld Ibn Abd al-Malili has chosen
you as being quite as brave as the desert Arabs (13) and has willed that you
* c should become by marriage brothers and sons to the princes of this island; such

is his confidence in your eagerness to charge with the spear ancl your readiness
*I to contend, sword in hand, with the brave warriors and the horsemen. Let
him obtain for his portion, by your concurrence, the recompense granted by God
to those who shall exalt his word and manifest his religion in this island. All
" the booty is fur you; none of it shall be reserved for him on for the other

'' Moslims. May the Almighty aid such heroes as you are, so that you may gain
" renown in this world and in the next. Know also that I shall be the first in
" doing that to which I invite you : at the joining of the two armies in battle, I
" shall myself charge upon the t&ghCaof the people of Lodrik and slay him, if God
" permit. Charge at the same time as I ; if I die after killing him, I shall (at h i )
" have delivered you from the harm he might do you, and you will have no
" difficulty in finding a brave and intelligent (chief) to be a commander over you.
" If I perish before reaching Lodrik, follow up what 1 commenced; charge you also
'*upon him and, by taking his life, effect what is most important for the conquest
" of this island ; your adversaries will lose all hopes in losing him." When Eirik
had finished exliorling his companions to fight bravely against the people of Lodfik,
and mentioned the ample recompense which awaited them, their hearts were set
 BIOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY, 479
at ease, their hopes revived and ( ~ l e yfelt already) the breeze of victorg blowing
upon them. '' We renonce," said they, all thoughts of doing any thing contrary
to vhat you may decide ; go forth against ihe enemy ; we shall be with you and
M march before you." TBrik then got on horseback; his companions did the same,
and they all advanced towards the spot where Lodrfk had haIted, and which was
situated in a wide plain, When the two armies were in presence, Tdrik and his
men dismollnted and passed the night in keeping good guard. The next morning,
some delay occurred on both sides before the squadrons were placed in proper order.
1,odrik was borne on his throne, with a canopy of gold brocade over his head,
to shade him from the sun. He advanced, surrounded by a forest of pennons and
standards, and before him came his warriors, all in arms. TIrik and his companions
advanced also; on their bodies were coats of mail, on iheir heads turbans and helmets,
in their hands Arabian bows; their swords were suspended from their shoulders and
their spears placed in the rest. When Lodrik saw them, he exclaimed : By God 1
6t

these are the very figures we saw in the house of Wisdom which is in our city,"
and his heart was invaded by terror.-Let us now mention what this house of Wis-
dom was, and then we shall finish our account of the battle (14). The Greeks (Yd-
ndn, loniens) (.15),a people renowed for wisdom, inhabited the countries of the East
before the time of Alexander. When the Persians appeared and took possession of
that country, the Greeks, being forced by their encroachments to abandon their states,
emigrated to the Spanish island, because it lay at one extremity of the inhabited
earth. At that time, Spain had never been spoken of, nor had it ever a king worthy
of note. nor a large population. The first who seilled there and founded a colony
vas Andalos, the son of Japhet, the son of Noah, and from him the country drew
its name. When tlie earth received a new population after the deluge, the inhabited
part of it was, according to these philosophers, in the form of a bird: the East repre-
sented the head, the North and the South, the fwo feet, and the West, the tail. This
last region was held in contempt because it corresponded to the vilest part of the bird.
The Greeks did not think it right to destroy people by war, because warfare abounded
in evil, and because it would have hindered them from cultivating the scimces,
which for them, was the most important study of all. These reasons induced them
to retire before the Persians and pass into Spain. On their arrival, they began to till
the ground, to open canals (for i w a l i o n ) , to erect castles, to plant gardens and
vineyards, to build cities, to cover the land with tillage and plantations, and to pro-
 480 IBN K H A L L I K A N ' S
pgate (domestic animals). The country then became so rich and so beautiful that
the inhabitants, on observing how magnificent it Jvas, would often say : If the
(6 West form the tail of tlle bird which is represented by the inhabited portion of
llle that bird must be a peacock; for its beauty lies in its tail." The
inhabitants, being then in the enjoyment of complete welfare, took the of
Toledofor the capital of their empire and for their ~ ~ O U SofC Wisdom; having chosen
it because it was in tlie center of the land. It appeared to them a matter of the
highest importance that their city should be well fortified, in order to preserve it
from the attacks of those people who might hear of its prosperity. On looking round,
they could discover no people inclined to envy their comfort except such as were living
in misery and indigence, and those were the Aral~sand the BerBers. Fearing lest
their island, which they had so well cultivated, might be otiaclied by them, they dew
tided on having a talisman formed, by means of which these two races of men might
be kept away, and tl~eycaused astronomical observalions to bc made for that purpose.
But, as the Berbers were in their neigllbourhood, bcing separated from them only
bya strait of the sea, bands of those people used to pass over into Spain. Tlie coarse-
ness of their manners and the singularity of thcir aspect served to increase the
aversion in which the Greeks held them, and prevented that people from forming
any connexion with them, either as allies by marriage or as neigllbours. This feeling
took so strong a root in their minds that hatred for the Berbers seemed to be an
inherent disposition of their nature. When the Berbcrs wcrc aware of illis hostile
feeling towards them and perceived the dislilre in which they were held by the
people of Spain, they began to look on them with hatred and jealousy; so that you
will not nom find a Spaniard who does not dctest tllc Berbers, nor a Berber who
does not hate the Spaniards. Tlie Berbers, liowever, stand more in need of the Spa-
niards than these do of them, so many things being to be found in Spain which are
not to be had in the country of the Berbers. In an island called Kddis (Cadiz),and
situated in the western part of the island of Spain, was a Greek king who had an
extremely handsome daughter. The renown of her beauty reached the kings
of Spain, for there was a great number of them in that country; every town or ereq
two towns had a separate king, and all these sovereigns treated each other as equals.
The Spanish kings asked her in marriage, and ller father, fearing that, if he gave
her to one, he should offend all the others, was uncertain what to do, and sent for
his daughter (in order to consult her). Wisdom was then inherent in the character
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 48 1
of this ~ e o p l e ,both of the males and the females; so, for that reason it was said:
tc Wisdom descended from heaven upon three different members of the human
body; upon the brains of the Greeks, the hands of the Chinese and the tongues
6. of the Arabs." When she appeared before him, lie said to her: Daughter l
701.1 see me in a great What," said she, is the cause of it? "-
He replied: U All the kings in Spain have asked you from me in marriage and, if
6. I satisfy the wish of one, I shall give offense to all the others."-" Leave the
matter to me," said she, " and I shall save you from re pro ache^."-^$ How mill
you do?"-" I shall myself require one thing, and whoever among them fills the
6 1 condition, him I shall marry; he that is unable to fill it will then have no right

61 to be displeased with you ."-" What do you mean to ask for? "-S$ I shall
64 require that my suitor be not only a king but a sage."-" There indeed," said
he, you make for yourself an excellent choice." He in consequence wrote to all
the royal suitors, informing them that lie had referred their demands to his
daughter and that she would take no king for her husband unless he was a sage.
When those who were not sages read this answer, they (kept tllcir peace and)
spoke no more of her, but two of these princes wrote, each of them declaring
that he was a sage. When the king received their letters, he said to his daughter;
" Things are in the same state as before ; here are two kings, both of them
" sages, and, if I choose one, 1 shall offend the other." She replied: ' ( 1 shall
" require of each of them to do a thing, and him I shall marry who accomplishes
" his task soonest."-a What will you ask of them ?"-&L In the island which
" we inhabit, we require to have mills which turn; so I shall propose to one
" of the kings that he make them turn by means of fresh water flowing to them
" from that country (beyond the strait) ; and 1 shall tell the other to make a
" talisman that may protect this,island against the Berbers." The father approved
highly of what she intended to enact, and wrote to the two kings, informing them of
what his daughter had said. They both accepted the conditions; each of them
chose the task which he preferred and commenced the required work. He
of the mills took great blocks (16) of stone and adapted them one to the oBer,
through the salt sea which separates the island of Spain from the main h n d
(Africa). The place where he did this is known by the name of ihe Straifi of
cma. The empty spaces left between the stones he filled up according to the
dictates of his judgement and, by (this pier of) stones he united the (African)
VOL. 111, 61
482 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
to the Spanish island. Tlrc remains of this construction are still visible
in the strajl separates Ccuta from AJgeziras. It is generally said by the
natives of Spain that these remains are the ruins of a bridge which Alexander
(the Great) constructed in order that people might be enabled to pass from Ceuta
to that island; God knows best whic11 of these accounts is the true one. When
the royal sage llad finished arranging the stones, he directed towards them a
stream of water from an elevated spot in tlle mountain of the (African) continent,
and confined it in a channel constructed with great solidity and, in the Spanish
island, he erected mills on this canal. The king ~ 1 1 0undertook to make the
talisman \.as delayed in liis work, because be had been obliged to wait till a (faoorc
r~blc)observation (of the stars) indicated the proper moment to begin. He SW-
eeeded, ho~vcver,in accomplishing his task, and constructed a square edifice of white
stone on a sandy ground, near the sea-shore and, lliat it might be perfectly solid,he
took care that the foundations should be dug as deep as the building itself was to be
elevated above the surface of the earth. When llc bad raised it io the requisite
height, he took copper and purified iron, mixed tl~cnlwell togetlier and formed
with them the image of a Berbcr having a long beard nncl his head covered with locks
of hair so crispy that ihey stood on end. Under t2lc arm was represented a cloak,
gracefully ant1 solirlly modelled, the two ends of which were held in the left hand;
on the feet were sandals. This statue was placcd on the summit of the edifice
and stood on a narrow base, merely sufficient to receive the feet. This (base) rose
in the air to llle height of more than sixty or seventy cubits; it diminished gra-
dually towards the top, where its breadth was not more than a cubit. The right
arm of the statue grasped in its hand a key and was stretcllcd out towards the sea
as if to say : " No tlloroughfare I " This talisman llad such influence that the
sea opposite to it was never seen to be calm and that, whenever a berber ship navi-
gated therein, the key fell from the hand of the statue. The two kings who had
underlaken to construct, one, the mills and, the other, the talisman, endeavoured,
each of them, to finish his work before the other, because he who had soonest done
would be entitled to marry (the princess). He of the mills conlpleted his work but
concealed the fact, in order that the other might not destroy the talisman; for he
wished to possess it, the (yozmgy) woman and the mills. The morning of the
on which he learned that the talisman was completed, he let the water flow tillii
reached the island and turned the mills. The maker of the talisman was then onae
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 453

top of the statue, polishing the face of it; for it was gilded. When he learned that
the other had finished before him, a weakness came over him and he fell dead from
the summit of the edifice. He of the mills then became possessor of the princess,
the mills and the talisman (17).-The ancient Greek kings feared for Spain on ac-
count of the Berbers; so they all accorded in observing (the stars) for the purpose of
constructing talismans at propitious moments. These talismans they placed in a
*arble chest which they deposited in the chamber of a house (situated) in the city
of Toledo. On this chamber they placed a door and, having locked it, they left
injunctions that every king of Spain should, on the death of his predecessor, add a
lock to that door, for the better conservation of what was in the chamber. This
custom continued till the time arrived wherein the domination of the Greeks vas to
be subverted and the Arabs and Berbers were to enter into Spain. Twenty-six
Greek kings had already reigned from the time of their making the talismans
in the city of Toledo, wlien this (fatal hour) arrived. The above-mentioned
Lodrik was the twenty-seventh of their kings. When he was seated on the throne,
he said to his vizirs and his counsellors of state : " A tliought has come into my
mind touching this chamber which is closed by twenty-six locks; Iwish to open it
' c in order to see millat it contains; for it has certainly not been made in sport."

They answered: r c 0 king! you are right in saying that it was not made in sport
nor locked without a reason; but what you had best do is, to place on it another
" lock in imitation of the kings your predecessors. This custom was never
" neglected by your ancestors and forefathers; so, do not give it up, but fol10~v
" their exemple." He replied: My mind impels me to open it, and it shall he
" done." To this they said: If you think it contains a treasure, estimate what
" you may suppose to be its value and me shall make up that sum out of our own

" money and give it to you ; so, do not open the door lest you bring upon us some-

" thing the consequences of which we cannot foresee." He persisted in his project
and, as he was a man much feared, no one dared to reply to him. The locks,
each of which had its key suspended to it, were opened by his orders. When fie
door was unclosed, nothing was seen in the chamber except a great table of gold and
silver, set round with jewels and bearing this inscription : Table of Solomon, the
" son of David; God's blessing upon them both l" He discovered also in the chamber
the chest of which we spoke ; it had a lock on it to which was suspended a key- On
opening it, he found nothing except a piece of parchmen% and he 0 k m e d on the
484 IBN KHALLIKANJS
sides of the chest figures of horsemen painted i n colours and of a good design.
They Arabs dressed in their cloaks of camel's hair and wearing turbans
from under vrhicll their hair hung in ringlets. Tlley were riding on Arabian
horses; in their hands they bore Arabian bows ; from their sllouldcrs were suspended
mounted, and their spears were in the rest. He ordered the parch-
ment to be and therein he found writ ten : ' ' This chamber and this chest
were locked through prudence; when they are opened, the people whose images
are on the chest will enter into the island of Spain, the empire will escape from
6 4 the hanrls of the Greclffi and their wisdom sllall be obliterated." This was the
House of Wisdom above-mentioned. When Lodnk heard the contents of the parch-
ment, he repented of what he had done and felt convinced hat the empire of the
Greeks had drawn to an end. Very soon aftcr, he learned the arrival of an army sent
from the East by the king of 111c Arabs for the purpose of conquering the provinces
of Spain. Here ends tlle account of the FIouse of Wisdom .--Let us now return to
our subjet and finish tlie llistory of Lodrlk and of the army commanded by Thik
Ibn Zfid. When Thrik saw Lodrik, he said to his companions: There is the
6 4 tyrant that reigns over these people ; charge l " They all cllarged with him and
dispersed ihe warriors who were placed before Lodrik. Tkrik then got up to him,
struck him on the head with his sword and slew him upon his throne. When
Lodrik's companions saw the fall of their king, the two armies attacked each other
and the Moslims remained victorious. The routing of the Greeks was not confined
to that spot alone, for they abandoned town after town and fortress after fortress.
When MQsa was informed of these events, he crossed over to the island with his
iroops and, having overtaken his mawla Tlrik, he said to him: 0 Tkrik, al-
" Walid Ibn Abd al-Malik cannot give you n less recompense for your bravery than
" the government of Spain; so ask for it and may you well enjoy it!" Tdrik
replied: " Emir! I declare by Allah that 1 shall not discontinue my march till 1
" arrive at the sea which surrounds (the world) and enter into it with my horse-"
Be meant Qe Northern ocean which lies under the Ben& Ndch (18). Thik conti-
nued his conquests and Mesa accompanied him till they reached Galicia (a proviflw
~iluated)on the coast of the Surrounding sea; tllen only he turned back*-Al- .
I h n a i d i says in his Judwa tal-Muhtabis: *' M&sa Ibn Nusair was much displeased
" with Tirik for having made a campaign without permission and cast him into
" prison. He was even thinking of putting him to death when he received from
 BlOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 485
41 al-walid a letter by which he was ordered to set him at liberty. He obeyed and
returned with him to Syria. It was in the ninety-fourth year of tile Hejira tllat
Nasa left Spain. He took wit11 him the treasures found there and went to
inform al-Walid of the conquest he had effected with the aid of the Almighty.
.i He bore off also the table of Solomon, the son of David, which, according to some
L historians, had been found in Toledo." The same author says : It was made
of gold and silver, and was encircled by a collar of pearls, a collar of rubies and
a collar of emeralds. Its size was so great that, when it was placed on the back
of a stout mule, the animal did not go far before its legs gave way." He
took with him the crowns of the kings vho had formerly reigned over the
Greeks; each of those crorvns was set with jewels; and he carried off also thirty
thousand prisoners. I t is related that al-Walid had some motive for being dis-
pleased with Milsa; so, when the latter arrived at Damascus, he let him remain
exposed to the sun during a whole summer's day and kept him there till he fainted
away (19).-We have made this article rather long, but one matter led to another
and I could not interrupt the recital. I shall only state that I have given the es-
sential, though many things are omitted.-Al-Walld Ibn Abd al-Malik died after
the arrival of Mbsa in Syria and was*succeeded by his brother Sulaimbn. In the
year 97 of the Hejira (A. D. 715-6), or, by another account, in the year 99, Sulai-
mln set out on the pilgrimage, and Miisa, whom he had taken with him, died on
the way, at WBdi 'I-Kura, or at Marr az-Zahrba (20), for the statements are at
variance. He was born in the nineteenth year of the Hejira (A. D. 6401, under
the khalifat of Omar Ibn al-KhattGb (21j.

(1) Ibn Adkir says, in his Biog~uphicaEHistory 07 Damascus, (MS.of the Adtif Libray, at Constantinople),
that the name of Mhsa's father is a diminutive and must be pronounced Nusair.
(g) Literally : No mother to you! a very common form of imprecation.
(3) He alluded evidently to Moawia's conduct towards Ali.
(4) Literally: Heads of prisoners. This is analogous to the English expression: So many head of oxen.
(5) TO complete this account, the author should have added that Mfisa himself took also one hundred thou-
sand prisoners. This extravagant legend is given by historians on the authority of al-Laith a n %ad (see
vol- page 543), a traditionist by no means worthy of confidence, notwithstanding the favorable character
@Ven of him by our author. Indeed, most of the historical traditions for which the aothority of a1-Gth is
adduced by Ibn Abd al-Hakam and other authors, cannot sustain a critical examination, and some of them are
glaring falsehoods.
(6) See vol. I. page 17 4.
486 IBN IiHALLIIiAN'S
(7) The province of forms the so~ithcrllcxtrcinity hl~rc~cc(~.
(8) Literally: The green island, ctl-Jfldra tnl-Khadj-d.
( 9 ) Those five places were hlorcia, Lorca, M ~ l a Orihucla,
, and Alicallt-
(10) hi^ event tooh glace ill the year a56 (d. D. leGO), according tu al-Mnkkari. The Christian historians
place the occupation of Muroia ill the year 12GG-
(11) ~h~ discourse girco hcrc and attrilruted tcr TBrik is C\'itlently S ~ ) U ~ ~ O U S .
( 1 9 ) The word ja,-ira signifies ('island, [teninsula." I adol~tIhC first m ~ a n i t l gas being more consonan( to
the idea w l l i ~ hthe ancient' Arabs had of the Spanis11 peninsuln; they considcrcd it as an isln~lddetached from
the African continent.
(13) The fabricator of this speech was aot awarc that LhC trovps of Thrilc wcre Bcrbers.
' ( 1 4 ) The arabic historians, and particularly tllns~who WCrC natives of the East, liad very meager and in-
correct ideas respecting the conquest of Spain an11 hislory of that country. During the first two centuries
of the Hejira, all historical informatiorl was prescrvcd by oral tradition, and, when tlic task of writing don,n
these accounts was undcrtabcl~, tl~ogrcalcr part of tllcln had bccu forg~ttcn. TO repair this loss, musulman
historians adlnittcd intn thcir worlts fa11lcs and nl)su18tllcgcl~dssrlcli as those which Ibn Khallil&n is about to
@ve. Tile most satisfactory acco~rntof the conqoclst i s tlrnt ~ i v c nI)y M. Dozy in his Hrstoire Musulnans
d'Espayne, tome 11, page 31.
(15) Lt i s a necdless task to point uut all the al~slirdltics111 lllis lcgcfld.
(16) The text h a s j p , which signifies leads and otlicr srrlall objects wllicli are ranged ill lines; it
nates also the vertebres of the spinc. This may riot, pcrhnl)~,IIC Ihc truc rcading, but thc manuscripts all
agree in giving it.
(17) The want of reflection evinced by our nulhur in relating such sllly fables is unpardonable.
(18) The constellation of the Greater Dcsr is called by the Arabs Bend1 ndsl~(the givls of a bier or hearse),
(19) See DULY'S IlisioLe des Musulrnans cl'E.\pnyne, tomc l, pagc 2 1 4 et seq.
(20) The village of Marr az-Zahrhn was sitnatcd on thc hnrdcr nf a. glen near Mekka. W%di'l-Kura (the
glen of towns)lies half-way between Mekka and I3asra.
(21) Fuller and more certaiu infornlatio~irespcctirlg M&sa will bc found in hf. Dozy's work, the merit d
which I gratefully acknowledge.

AL-MALIK AL-ASHWAF MUZAPFAR AD-DIN

Abd 'l-Falh M%sa, the son of al-Melik el4idil Saff ad-Din Abb Bakr (W
page 235 of this vol.), the son of AiyOb, was surnamed al-Mulili al-Ashraf n f ~ a f f l
ad-Din (the most noble prince, the triumphant in religion). The first government he
obtained was that of ar-Rohi (Edessa),being sent from Egypt to that city by his father
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 487
in the year 598 (A. D. 1201-2). Some time after, he received the government
of HarrAn in addition to what he already possessed. He was beloved by (Ile
people, fortunate (in all his proceedings) and victorious in his mars. He then
encountered on the field of battle and defeated Nlir ad-Din Arslhn Shhh, lord
of llosul (vol. l. p. 174), who was one of the greatest and most illustrious princes
of the age. This took place on Saturday, the 19th of Shawwil, A. B. 600 (Bist of
June, A. D. 1204.). The battle was fought at a place called Bain an-Nahrain and
situated in the province of Mosul. The llistory of this event is so well known that
we need not enter into any details on the subject (1). After the death of his bro-
ther, al-Malik al-Auhad Nadjm ad-Din Aiyiib, lord of Rhaldt, Maiy18rikin and
the neighbouring places, he took possession of his kingdom and united it to his
own. Al-Malik al-Auhad died on the 8th of the first RabE, 609 (8th of August,
A. D. 1212), at Maliizgird, in the province of Khaldt, and was there interred. He
had obtained the sovereignty of Khalht in the month of the first Jumbda, 604
(Nov.-Dec. A. D. 1207). (Al-Ashraf), having t h s enlarged his dominions, go-
verned the people with such justice and benevolence as they had never experienced
from any of his predecessors. By this conduct, he gained all hearts and acquir~d
wide renomn. In the year 606 (A. D. 1209-IO), he got possession of NasiLin in the
East (2), and, on the fourth day of the first Jumfda of the following year, he occu-
pied the (town o f ) SinjBr, (the prouince of) al-KhPbhr and the greater part of
Mesopotamia. These places he visited from time to time and generally took up his
residence at ar-Rakka, because that town was situated on the Euphrates. On the
death of his paternal cousin, al-Malik az-ZAhir Gh&i, lord of Aleppo,-for the date,
see Ghiizi's life (in vol. II. p. 44.3),--the sovereign of ar-Riim (Asia Minor), Izz ad-
Din KaikPBs, son of Ghiith ad-Din Kaikhosrh and grandson of Kilij Arslln,
resolved on making an expedition to Aleppo. The persons who held the ~mnmand
in that city sent a dispatch to al-Malik al-Ashraf, requesting him to come to them
and protect the city. He accepted the invitation and, having gone to join tbem, he
remained during three years at al-YGriikiya (3), in the outskirts of Aleppo. There
is no necessity for our entering into a detailed account of the events in which the
sovereign of ar-Ram, the prince al-Malik al-Ashraf and his cousin d-&kdikal-Afdal,
son of Saldh ad-Din and lord of Surnaisit, were all concerned (&l. In the year 616
(A. D. 1219-io), when the Franks took Darnietia, as we have related in the life of
d-blalik al-Kirnil (p. 241 of this ool.), a number of the Syrian princes went to
~~~~t for tile purpose of giving their assislance to al-Yalili al-himil, but
l a l i k al-Ashraf stood aloof, in consequence of a misunderstanding which erisled
between him and the sovereign of Egypt. Al-MaliIc al-lhazzarn Isa, the prince of
whom we have already given a-notice ( u o ~11.. p. 428), ?vent [hen to see him and
spared no cffort till lle succeeded in gaining hinr over and bringing him to ~ ~ ~
A few months after his arrival, 111e Moslims debated t l l ~Pranks, as rve have already
mentioned in ille life of his brotlier al-Malik al-KBmil, and recovered the city
Damictta. This victory w s generally ascribed 10 the good fortune tvllich always
attended aI-Ashraf. He hat1 joined the Egyptians in the month of Muharram,
6 18 (February-March, A . D. 1221). IIis hrotllel+, al-Malik al-luzaffar Shibbb ad-
Din, whom he had left in Rlialbt as his lieutenant, revolted against him; on
which, he led his army to that ciiy and, on DZonday, llle 12th of the latter
JumPda, 691 (1st of July, A . D. 1224.), iic rccovcrcd it lrom the usurper. On
the dealh of al-Malilr al-Muazzam (sec vol. Ill. p. 429), al-Malik an-Nbsir Sal&
ad-Din Ddwljd assun~cdthc suprcmc command n l 1)amascus ; but his uncle, al-
hlalik al-I<bmil, marched against him from Egypt, wit11 the intention of taking
that city. His [other) uncle, al-IIalik al-Asllral, wllo was then in the East (S]
and whose assistance he had requested, joincd him at l)amascus, and, having
gone, some time after, to have an interview with his llrotller, al-Malik al-Kbmil, it
was agreed upon between them that Damascus should be taken lrom al-Rlalik an-
Ndsir Dlmhd and givcn to al-Malilr al-Asllraf ; tlic formcr being allowed to retain al-
Karak, as-Shaubek, Nablus, BlnyGs and tllc otl~crplaccs in that part of the country,
wliilst the latter was to give up to al-Malik al-Kiimil (lhe d i e s of) ar-Rohl (Edeaa),
Harrln, Sarfij, ar-Rakka and Rbs-Ain. In conscqucnrc or this arrangement, al-
Malik al-Ashraf obtained possession of 1)amascus towards the beginning of the month
of ShabPn (61, 626 (end of June A. D. 1229), and cstablislled in it his lieutenants.
AI-Malik an-Nlsir Dawird departed on Friday, the 12th of Shabin and went to the
provinces which had been left to him, Al-Malilc al-KBmil made his entry into
Damascus on the 16th of that month and then returncd to the place where he usually
stationed, outside the city. On the 18th of Sllahln, lie entered into the citadel
with his brother al-Malik al-Ashraf, and, towards tile cnd of the month, he remitted
the fortress to liim according to agreement. Ilc then set out for the purpose of
inspecling the provinces i n the East which had been ceded to llim and of re-esta-
blishing order in these countries. I passed tllrough ]larrAn at the time he was
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 48'3

there, ~l-Ashrafproceeded to Daniascus and fixed his residence there, in prefe-

rence $0 all the other cities in his states. In the month of the latter DjurnPda, 626
(May, A. D. 1229), Jaldl ad-Din Khhadrezm Shall, who had encamped before
Khaldt and blockaded it closely, took it from the lieutenants of al-Malik al-Ashraf,
was then residing in Damascus, and had been prevented by reasons of a
particular nature from going to deliver the place. Soon after, al-Ashraf entered
into Raldd ar-Rbm (Asia Minor), with the consent of AlA ad-Din Kaikobhd, brother
of lzz ad-Din Kaiklhs and sultan of that country. The two sovereigns, having con-
tracted a mutual alliance, decided on marching against Khhwhrezm Shhh and
giving him battle. The fact was that the lord of er-RSm entertained some fears
for the safety of his states as long as he should have so dangerous a neighbour. A
numerous army composed of Alb ad-Din's troops and of those which al-Malik al-
Ashraf had drawn from Syria and the East, advanced against the common enemy.
On Saturday, the 18th of Ramadln, 60-7 (3lst July, A. D. 1230), they encountered
the army of KhbwBrezm Shell at a place called Beni Jumdn (7) and situated between
KhalAt and Arzangbn, and fought with him that famous battle in which they routed
his army. Al-BBlik al-Ashraf recovered Khaldt, which had been complelely ruined,
and then returned to Syria, whence lie proceeded to Egypt. After remaining
there some time with his brother al-Khmil, he marched with that sovereign and
under his orders, against the city of Aamid, which they took after a short siege.
This was in the year 629 (A. D. 1231-2). Al-Kbmil joined this place to the states
he already possessed in the East and, having installed in it his son al-Blalik as-
Siilih Najm ad-Din Aiyilb, the same of whom we have spoken in the life of al-Barnil
( p . 243 of this vol.), he placed in his service the eunuch Shams ad-Din SawAb, who
had been formerly a slave to al-Malik al-ABdil. The two sovereigns then returned.
each of them to his kingdom. Subsequently to these events and towards the end of
the year 631 (Sept.-Oct. A. D. 12341, was fought the celebrated battle of ad-Der-
bendat (the Passes) (8)in the country of ar-RGm, and (lhe consequence was ihat) al-
K b i l and al,Ashraf were obliged to retire with their allies and abandon their project.
On their departure, the sovereign of ar-Rdm's army invaded, occupied, and deva-
stated the provinces which al-KAmil possessed in the East. Al-Kgmil then returned
to that country with al-Ashraf and the princes who followed their fortune, and Tern-
vered it from the officers whom the lord of ar-Rdrn had left there as his lieutenants.
In the year 633 (A. D. 1235-61, al-Ashraf returned to Damascus. I was there at
VOL. 111. 68
490 IBN KRALLIKAN'S
time and hod oppor~unities of seeing him and al-KBmil, for they rode out toge-
therevery day and played at mall in the great Green Hippodrome. This was in the
monlll of Ramadtin, and tlieir object was to pass away time on account of the
(irkson2cness of alic) fast. I remarked that each of them shewed to the other great
respect. A coolness then grew up between them, and al-Aslimf refused to acknos.
ledge tile aulllorily of al-Rlmil any longer. His resolution being approved of by
the otller princes, he concertcd with the lords of or-RGm, Aleppo, HamPt, Horns,
and tile eastern countries, and t l i q dccided to take up arms against al-Ktmil,
Tile only one who remained faithful to al-K$mil was his nephew Dlwiid, lord of
al.I(arak, U-110proceeded to Egypt and placed himself under the orders of his
The 0 tller princes llad concludecl their alliance,gworn fidelity to each other,
arid decided oil taking the field, when al-Ashraf was attacked by a violent illness
~ l off. Be died at Damascus, on Thursday, the 4th of Muharram,
rrflicll ~ a r r i cllibil

635 (27111 August, A. D. L237), and was buried in the ei tadel. His corpse was
subsequently removed to tlle mausoleun~ whicll he hacl crected for himself at al-
Kallisa, dose to the northern side of the grcat mosque of I)amascus. He was born
in the year 578 (d. D. 1181-33, at Cairo, in Egypt, or, hy another account, at
the castle of al-Karak. In tllc lifc of his brother, al-8llalilc al-Muazzam Isa (2701. 11.
p. 4291, we have mcnlioned thc dares 1~hic11Sibt Ibn al-Jauzi assigned to the birlhs
of these princes.-Shih6b ad-Din Gltcizi, brotlicr of al-Ashraf and lord of Mai~ifa-
riliin, died at that placc in [lie month of Rajab, 645 (Novernbcr, A. D. 124rl).-AI-
Asliraf, the principal events of ~vhoselife we have here relatcd in a summary
manner, was a generous sultan, noted for mildness, largeness of heart, and every
noble quality. He was so profuse of his gifts that nothing was ever to be found in
his treasury, though the kingdom he ruled over was very extensive. He was con-
stantly in debt to merchants and other people. Onc day lie reproached his secretary
and poet, al-KamAl (9) Abii 'l-Hasnn Ali Ibn Dluhamrnad, surnamed I l n an-Nabih
and a native of Egypt, for having only a single pen (calam) in his inkhorn, on
which al-I(smB1 recited to him extempore the following cldbait (dastich):

The noble king was right in saying: Your p a s , 0 Kamiil! are few in mfher."
I answered : Tbc granls you make require such a quantity of writing that our pens g e t u d *
" must be mended and soon disappear."

4s he Qne day sitting in the roam where he his familiar society and
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTJONARY 491
listening to an instrument of music, he was so much pleased with hinl who played on
it that he said : " Ask from me what thou wilt." The olher replied: c c I wish to
obtain the government OE Khalht." Al-Ashraf granted the request and the man
set off i n order to take the government of the city out of the hands 01 the emir who
held it, as lieutenant to the suItan. This officer, whose name was Hus$rn ad-Dfn
Ali Ibn Hammiid, and who was generally known by i l ~ esurname of al-IIAjib aI-
Mausili (the chamberlain of Mosu~), made a compromise with the musician and paid
hjrn a large sum of money (for his relinquishment). Many anecdotes of a similar
nature are related of al-Ashraf. He was favorably inclined to~vardsmen of virlue
and piety, and held them in great esteem. He built at Damascus a school for tra-
ditions (dar hadtlh) and confided the professorship to the shaikh Taki ad-Din lithmhn
Ibn as-SalAh, the same of whom we have already spoken (vol. II, p. 188). Tl~ere
was at a place called al-Akabiya and situated in the outskirts of Damascus a cara-
vansary (khdn)called the Khdn of Ibn aa-Zanjbri. Every sort of amusement was to
be found in that establishment, and the unbounded lewdness and debauchery
which prevailed there surpassed description. AI-Ashraf, being told that such
doings should not be tolerated in a Moslim country, ordered the caravansary to be
demolished and replaced by a mosque for the building of which Ile got indebted to
a great amount. The people named it the Mosque of Repentance (Jdnzd 't-Tauba),
as if to say that the (edifice)had repented and turned 10 God. I feel inclined to
relate here an amusing anecdote concerning the office of preacher (such as it was
filled) in that mosque. An imdm called al-Jarnil as-Sibti (10) was attached to the
college of Sitt as-SAAm (vol. 11. p . 189), which is situated outside the city. I knew
the man when he had groan old and good; for it is said that, in his youth, he
played (inpublic) on a sort of instrument called a Tcheghdna (caslaneis). When Le
was advanced i n age, h e amended his life and frequented the society of the learned
and the virtuous, so that he at length came to be looked on as a very lloly man. A
preacher being required for this mosque, a number of persons mere named to al-
Ashraf, and al-Jamil, being well recommended, was chosen by him to occupy that
Post. When al-Jams died, his place was filled by al-ImAd al-Wbiti who, though
celebrated as a preacher, was suspected of drinking wine. The prince who then
reigned at Demaseus was (al-Malik) asS$lih Imld ad-Din ismail, son of al-Agdil
Ai$b, and, to him the following verses were written by alJami1 Abd ar-Rahim9
surnamed Ibn ZuwaitPna ar-Rahabi :
 Prince! the truth has becn clearly cxl~lainedto me and rcnclered evident by the mosque of
Repentance, which has eonfidcd to lnc a mission. I t spoke lhese words: Say 10 a ] - ~ r ] ~
4' as-Si]ih, ~ l l o m~ o malt!
d 0 pillar of the faith! 0 thou whose reign is praised by all! how
'4 long must I remain enduring evil, annoyance, and contempt? I have a preacher from
1 6 Wisit whose piety consists in the love of wine; his predecessor sung to 111c Tcheghdna; it is

1 8 as if I had never ceased to be a khiln. Restore me to my former state and let tile harm it
" does continue."

This is a clever piece in its way. Ibn az-zuwailina was sent to Egypt on a
mission by the governor of Ernessa, and he then repeated to me tliese verses and
to me why he composed them. This occurred in one of the months of
the year 647 (A. D. 1269-50).-The most distinguished poets of the age celebrated
the praises of al-Asbraf and immortalised his glory by inserting these eulogies in
their collected poetical works. Amongst illem were: Sharal ad-Din Muhammad
Ibn Onain (pogo 176 of this vol.), al-Ball4 Asaad as-Sinjbri (vol. I. p. 1961, R$jih
al-Hilli, of whom mention has been made in tlie life of al-Malik az-Z8hir (vol. 11.
p. &43), Barns1 ad-Din lbn an-Nabih, who died in Nasihin of the East, A . H. 619
(8. D . 1222-3)(1l), at tlie agc of about sixty years, as I have becn informed at Cairo
by his son-in-law, and Muhaddab ad-Din Muhammad Ibn 81-Uasnn (12j Ibn Yumn
Ibn Ali Ibn Allmad Ihn Mullammad Ibn Otlimdn Ibn Abd al-&mid al-Ansdri, a
celebrated poet, generally known by the surname of Ibn Azdahal (13) al-Mausili.
He (dzlfaahal) was born at Mosul in the year 577 (A. D. 1181-2) and died at Maiya-
firikin in tlle month of Rarnaddn, 628 (July, A . D. 1231).

(I) See, for these events, the annals of AbQ 'l-Feda and of Ibn a1-Ath'lr.
('2) The city of Nasfbfn, in Mesopotamia, was sometimes called NasZbin of the East; probably to distinguish
it from a village of the same name which lay in the neighbourhood of Aleppo.
(3) The name of al-YArbkiya was given to an extensive tract of ground in the neighbourhood of Aleppo,
where Ykrhk (see vol. IV, p. I), a Turkoman chief, had fixed his residence.
(4) See Ibn al-Athtr and Abh 'l-Feda. I may here be allowed to observe that the latter name should be
pronounced Abd 'I-Fida.
(5) The term East (as-Shark) is eniployed in this article to designate Mesopotamia.
( 6 ) Two manuscripts read Rajab, the name of the month which prccedes Shabbn.
(7) The orthography of this name is doubtful : all the manuscripts differ, both those of Ibn and
those of Ibn al-Alhtr. The name, without being pointed, seems to have been r r i t t e n ) L but>
how this group is to be pronounced, I cannot say.
(S) These are the defiles through which travellers from Syria must pass before they enter int0
Minor.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DlCTIONARY 493
(g) l may observe here that titles such as al-Kamdl, al-lmdd, al-Bahd, etc., are the equivalents of
KamQl ad-Din, Imdd ad-Din, Bahd ad-Dinra,etc.
(10) Some of the manuscripts read al-Bmti (&I) in place of as-Si6ti (&I). B u t is the name of
a village in ~darbijan;Sibti means nutivs of Sibfa, or Ceuta, a town in north Africa, near the straits of Gi-
braltar.
(14) The poet Ibn an-Nabih died in the year 691 (A. D. 1224).-(Suyiid, in his Husn al-Muhdderu,)
(it)Ibn A b i 'I-Husnin, according to two manuscripts,
(13) Ardahal, according to another reading.

MUSA I B N ABI) AL-MALLK.

Ab6 I m r i n Mhsa I b n Abd al-Malik Tbn Mishbm al-Ispahini, chief of the land-iax
office (diwdn al-li'hardj), was a rd8s (1) and a kdtib (2) of superior merit. He was
employed in the (civil) service under a number of khalifs and mounted gradually to
a high rank i n that department. During the reign of al-lutawakkil he directed
the office instituted for administrating the province of as-Sawhd (Babylonia) and
held also other (eminent ports). As a writer of (official) dispatches he shewed great
talent and became president of the board of correspondence. We have spoken of
him in the life of Abfi 'l-AinP (p. 59 of this vol.) and mentioned the conversation
which passed baween them relative to the affair of Najih Ibn Salama. He com-
posed some fine verses in the sentimental style. One of these pieces we give here :

When we arrived at al-Kidisiya, the muster-place of the caravan, and when I smelt (a per-
fume) from the land of Hij3z (like) the odour of the zephyr breathing from Ir&, I felt assured
that I and those I loved would soon be joined again and be united, and I thought with joy on
that meeting as I had wept (in sorrow) at our separation. A11 I have now to do js to s n p r t
the seven (days) which remain (for me to pass) before we can hold a long discourse and reWe
what we have suffered.

Some persons, in repeating these verses, substitute aih-Th(Uobp for ~l-Kdding@.

Both are haltingplaces in the province of ILijlz and on the road leading to Mk.
" 4th-Thdlabiya was so named after Thilaba Ibn Dddh Ibn Asad Ibn Khuzaima
'6 Ibn &fudrikaIbn al-Yns Ibn lllodnr I b n Nirjr Ibn Maad Ibn hdniin." Such are
words of i h n &galhi (3) in his Djamhara tan-LVisab.-Rcspecting these irerses an
is so interesling that I cannot avoid giving it here. The
~ b f Abd
i Allah &Uurnnidi (p. I . o/' thk I J O ~ . ) has inserted it i n his Judwa taj-
Jfuktnbis, and other historians of the western notions (Africa and Spain) have given
it in their rrrorks. Here it is: Abii hli al-Hasan Ihn al-Askari, a native of Egypt,
as bllows : I was one of tl~osewhom Lllc emir Tamim, the son of ~ b f i
Tamim, admitted into his social parlics and whom ire treated with the utmost
c. fsmjliarify+" This Tnmlrn was the son OF al-MO~ZZ Ibn Bldis (see page 337 of
this vol.) and the same of wllorn WC have spoken under t l ~ c letter T (901, 1,
p. 282). He sent mc to Baghdad and p u r ~ l ~ n s efor d l l i m a charming ~ l a v e - ~ i ~ l ,
an excellent songstress, Wlien I kelurned to llim, be invited his familiars to a
party, and I was one of the numbcr. A curloin was (lien drawn (so as to conceal
H the girl), and hc told h e r to sing. She (oheyed and) sang as follows :

l L When the wounds of love were llealcd, n ligl~tning-flashglimmcrcd feebly before his eyes;

1t it seemed like the fringe of a curtain crtcndcd bcforc rugged su~nnlitsand precipitous sides
(of a mountain). IIc went to sec how it appcarcd, b u t coulci not; being prevented by Ls
jailor. (Thc only /lnsltes he pcrcei~~cd7un.c froni) llic firc (of passion) carllained within his
bosom, and the only rain was that which fcll from l ~ i scyes."

The author of the Kitdb al-Aghlini (vol. 11. p. 249) attributes these verses to the
chari/'Abh Abd Allah Rfuhammad lbn Shlill al-1iasani.--" The girl sang them so
well," said al-Aslrari, that Tamim and all the company gesticulated with admi-
" ration. She then sang the words :

You will be consoled for your loss in (~rteethg)a bounteous princc whose reign, from the
" beginning to the end, shall be praiscd (by all mcn). God hat11 ilirecled his steps and framed
" his character (4) for deeds of gcncrosity, (ond that) from tlie time he was first arrayed in
c c (infants9)clothes.!

The emir Tamim and all present here gave signs of the greatest delight. She
next sung these lines :

" TOGod's protection I confide a full moon (a person with a handsome face) whom I P S -
" sess at Baghdad; it rises at al-Ikkh (5J (and uppears) in a sphere formed by the veils which
" surround it. l'
 BIOGRAPHICAL D1 CTIONARY. 493
This verse is taken from a long kastda the author of which was Muhammad Ibn
Zarik (6), a kdtib of Baghdad.-The narrator continues : H The delight of the enlir
c & Tamlm was now carried to tho highest pitch and he said to her : ' Ask what you

She replied : ' I desire for the emir good health and (God's) protection. '

44
-.
c will.'

Nay,' said he, 'make a wish for yourself.'--C Emir l' said she, ' do you intend
L that my wish shall be fulfilled?'--' I do,' said he.--& Then,' replied the girl,' I
wish to sing that air in Baghdad.' (.lt these words) Tarnin] changed colour, the
expression of his face altered and the minds of all the company were troubled.
He stood up, so did we (anmmhe assembly separated). One of his servants then
came to me and said : ' Go back! the emir is calling for you !' I returned and,
finding him sitting and waiting for me, I saluted and stood up before hirn.
Woe betide you I' said he, ' do you see in10 what a difficulty we are broilght?'
-g I do, emir!' said I.-' We cannot avoid keeping our promise,' said he,
L and, in this business, I can trust to no one but you. So, get ready to take her
L to Baghdad and, when she has sung there, bring her back.'--' Your orders are
c c ' heard,' said 1, ' and sl~allbe obeyed.' I then went out, made my preparations
for departure and bade her to do the same. 1 assigned to her as a servant and
travelling companion (7)a young negress belonging to Tamirn. A female camel,
bearing a palanquin, was brought by the emir's orders. He made me get u p
I' into the palanquin and placed the girl under my direction (8). We then
' c departed for Mekka with the caravan, and when we had accomplished the duty of

'' pilgrimage,we joined the IrGk caravan and set out with it. On arriving at al-
" Hiidisiya, the negress came to me and said: Ny mistress told me to ask you
" ' where we are.' I replied: c We are about to halt at al-Kldisiya;' and she
" returned to inform her mistress. Immediately after, I heard her raise her
" voice and sing these verses. From all parts of the caravan issued a general
" cry of: Repeat it again, for the love of God!' but she did not utter another
" word. Some time after, we reached al-Ydsiriya, which station lies at about
" five miles from Baghdad, in the midst of one continuous forest of gardens.
" The travellers got down to pass the night in that place, with the intention
" of entering into Baghdad the next morning. When daylight appeared, 10 and
" behold! the negress came to me quite* dismayed. I asked her what was the
" matter? and she answered that her mistress had disappeared. 'Woe betide
" thee ' said I, c where is she gone? ' By Allah I ' said the negress, 'I know not-'
496 IBN KHALLIICAN'S
From that moment I was unable to discover the least trace of ilie fugitive (9).
I then to Baghdad and, after doing some business wllicll I had (here, I
H returned to tlle emir Tn~nlrnand informed liim of what liad happened (10).
1' was rnucl1 sllocked at the news ; his sorrow was cxtrernc and, in his profound
6. affliction, he ceased not to speak of her and to lament ller loss."-Al-K&isiya

is a situated higher np (the couniry) illan 1Chfa; near it was fought a

brated battle, under the lcl~alifat of Ornar Ilrn d-KbattBb .-AI- Ybsiriya : w have
just mentioned where illis place is and need not repcat our observations.-Ishtk
Ihn Ibr$hl*rn, the brother of Zaid lbn Tbrdhim (ll), rclated that when he was
appointed to the government of ns-Sirawdn, in the place of this MGsa lbn Qbd
al-Malik, lbrihim ibn al-AbbBs as-SBli, the poet of whom we have spoken
(vol. I. p. 22),passed t11rougli that town and went to sec him. He was on his
lvay 10 Kl,or8sBn wllerc (~hr!abbasidc 1chalifJ al-M6mOn was staying after having
solemnly designated Ali Ibn l d s a ar-Rida (vol. I I . p. 218) as liis successor ill the
khalifat. The llistory of tliis event is ~vellknown. 1bl.BLim (as-Sllli) had jult
composed a poembin which hc praised ar-llida, cxtollcd the merits of tlic posterity
of Ali (Muhammad's sorb-in-law), and dcclared lEitlt Ali's dcsccntlants had a better
right to the khalifat tllan any others. " I found [lie poem so Gne", said Ishlk
(Ibn-lbrdhtm), that I askcd IbrChim Ibn al-Ahl~hs(os-Sbli).to write me out a copy
of it. He did so, antl 1 made him ii prcscnl o r one thousand dirhems (121,
nlounted him on a ( ~ n d eantl
) let him procced to Khorcisbn. Time passed on;
a1-Muta~valrkil became kllalif and IbrBllhm ((1s-Sdli) was appointed to the pIace
which had been filled by Mi~sn1l)n Al)d al-1M;tlik. (As-Sali), wishing to discover
the means employed by llhsa (to mq~ti~e wcabh in defrauding the stale),
" dismissed me from office iind ordercd an inj~inetion to be served upon me (13).
" I appeared in order to repel tllc cllarges, and produced arguments not to
" be refuted, but he would not liearkcn to tllcnl; h e clid not even pay atten-
" tion to the opinions enounced by t l ~ cI~dlibs, altllougll lie had asked their
" advice. During all that time, he addressed mc in tllc most insulting language-
" The kdlibs decided that, on one of the points i n question, I sllould disculpate

" myself by oalI1 ; but I had no sooner sworn illan hc exclaimed: 'An oat11
" ' made to tire sultan (or io his officers) must appear of no value to you who
" .' are a Rafidite.' On this I said to him : Will you allow mc io approach YOU?'
" Having received liis permission, I went u p to him and addressed him thus:
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 497
Your endeavours to bring about the shedding of my blood are really intolerable !
bb I cannot be sure of my life if you write to that man, al-lllutawakkil, what 1
66 have just heard you say. I can endure all except the impulation of RaGdism :

6' .the Kafidite is h e who pretends that dli, the son of Abii Tilib, surpassed al-
Abbis in excellence, and that his posterity have a better right to the khalifnt
than the descendants of al-Abbhs.' On this, he said : 'Whom do you mean?'
and I answered : ' You I I have the proof of what I say in your own handmri~ing.'
6r I then spoke to him of the poem which he had composed on al-lldrnhn and in
which he made mention of Ali Ibn Mhsa (ar-Rida); and, by Allah 1 as soon as I
told him of it, he remained quite confounded (14). 'Bring me,' said he, ' the
b6
album i n which I wrote.' ' By Allah l' said I, that I shall by no means do
G

c unless you give me the positive assurance that you will not prosecute me for

any of my acts, that you will burn this injunction and not examine any of my
a ' accounts.' He swore to me by an oath such as I could count on, that he would
do what I asked. So the list which he had drawn up ( I 5 ) was burned, and I
handed to him the album. He placed it in his writing-desk (161, the proceedings
against me mere quashed and I withdre~."-Numerous anecdotes are told of
Mdsa, the subject of this notice, but I abstain from repeating them, in order to
avoid prolixity. He died i n the month of Shawmbl, 286 (December-January,
A. D. 860-l).-As-Strawdn is a dependency of &l-Masabaddn (with a point on
the dull, which is a government in the province of al-Jabal. This town was the
residence of al-Mahdi, the son of Abii Jaafar (al-dlansdr), and the father of H&bn
ar-Rashid; there also he died. MarwBn Ibn Abi Hafsa, the poet of whom we
have already spoken (page 363 of this vol.) alludes to this circumstance in the
following lines :

The nobIest tomb afier that of Muhammad, the prophet of the true direction, is a tomb at
Masabad3n. I wonder how the hands which, in the morning, filled it with earth, did not lose
their fingers (as a punishment).

--AS-Strawdin is a name common to four places, one of which is that we speak of.
The term al-Jabal (Q!, the mountain), or nlJibd1 ( JQI, €be mountains),
serves to designate Persian IrAk, a country situated between Arabian h* and
U o r b ~ n . Its jriincipal cities are ispahln, Hamadsn, ar-Rai, and Zenjh.

VOL. m. 63
498 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
(i) The title of was given to the directors of the government-offices.
(2) See vol. I. introduction, page XxXlr, and Page 26.
(3) The life of IIishAm Ibn 31-Kalbi will be given in this work.
(4) Literally: Has inflected his sides and formed his person.
(5) Karkh is a suburb of Baghdad, from which it is separated by the Tigris.
(6) Various readings : &j), djj
(7) Literally: To be her counter-poise. The common modc of female travelling in the East is well known;
two covered seats in wicker-work and more or less ornamented are tied together and suspended one on each
side of a stout camel. The woman that sits in one counter-poises her that is i n the other, and if there be only
one woman, some baggage, or even a large stone, is put into the opposite scat to balance her.
( 8 ) Literally: With me.
(9) She had no doubt given a rendezvous to her lover, beforc departing for the court of Tamlm.
(10) This does not seem probable. An Arab, in such a case, would never appear again before hjs master.
(I I) I can discover no information respecting Zaid Ibn IbrAhlm, though he appears to be indicated here as
a well known person. His l~rothcrIshAk Ibn IbrPhllm lbn M o s is,
~ ~on thc contrary, an historical personage:
in the year 9 0 6 (A. D. 881-2) he was appointed governor of Baghdad; he was still holding that place in the
year 217 (A. D. 838), when he marched against the partisans of Babek at-Khurremi and defeated them. He
died in the year 235 (A. D. 849-50).-(Nujdm. Oyidn at-l'awdrikh.)
(12) About twenty-five or thirty pounds sterling.
( 1 3 ) This sort of document is here called a rnuwdnera (i>br). It seems to have been a summans to
pay certain sums therein specified.
(14) Literally: He fell upon his hand. This is equivalent to the Prcnch expression: Les bras lui tombbrent.
(15) The expression here made use of is Jpd( I. The word &S+, in the language of the admi-
nistration, designated a list or inventory. lbn Khaldhn has employed it in this sense and AhB 'l-Faraj
CodAmA also.
(16) The Arabic word signifies literally a small box.

IBN AL-JAWALIKI.

Ab6 Mansiir Mauhiib Ibn Abi TBhir Ahmad Ibn Rluhammad Ibn al-Khidr al-
Jawaliki, a great literary scholar, a learned philologist, and a master of all the
branches of literature, was one of the honours of Baghdad, his native place. Be
learned philology from the khatlb AbG Zakariya at-Tibrizi, whose life shall be given
in the letter Y, having studied under him with great assiduity till he became high11
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 499

proficient in that science. Be was pious, veracious, gifted with eminent talents and
a clear intellect; his handwriting was beautiful and his orthograplly remarkably
correct. A number of instructive works were composed by him and got into wide
circulation ; such, for instance, as the Commentary on the Adab al-Kdtib (see vol. 11.
p , 22), the Muarrab @r Arubicised) (1) which is the most extensive work ever com-
psed on the subject, and the supplement to the Durratal-Ghauwdr of d-Hariri, the
author of the l a k a m d t (vol. 11. p. 492). TO this treaiise he gave the title of at-
Takmila fi rna yolhano phi 'hmnrna (the Complelion, trealing of the incorrect
made use of by the vulgar). In resolving grammatical difficulties,
he gave the preference to certain rules of a very singular character. He was better
skilled in philology than in grammar. Pieces in his handwriting were much
sought after, and people vied in outbidding each other to obtain them. He served as
an im&m (chaplain)to the imdm (khalin al-Muktafi Billah, and directed the five daily
prayers at which that prince attended. He composed for him a short treatise on
prosody. We shall here relate a scene whicll he bad, in the presence of al-Muktafi,
wit11 Hibat Allah Ibn Sb&d, surnamed Ibn at-TalmPd, a Christian physician whose
life shall be given in this work. The first time he appeared before the khalif, for
the purpose of directing the prayer, he said nothing more to him, on entering,
than these words: ((To the Commander of the faithful salutation and the mercy of
God!" On this, Ibn at-Talmid, who was then standing before the khalif and
who, from his long services and his intimacy with the prince, was entitled to act
very familiarly, said to him (Ibn al-Jazodliki) : "Shaikll l that is not the proper
" manner of saluting the Commander of the faithful.'' The other did not seem to
mind him, but turned towards the khalif and said: "The salutation I made is
" founded on the sunna (or sacred traditions) relative to the Prophet ;" be then

repeated to him a tradition concerning the form of saluting which ought to be

employed and finished by saying : Commander of the faithful ! if any one swears
" that no sort of science can enter as it should do (2), into the heart of a
" Christian or a Jew, he will not be obliged to make an expiation for the sin

" of perjury; God himself having put a seal upon their hearts (3),and such a seal

" cannot be broken but by faith." The khalif answered : " You say lrue and you
" have done rightly.'' Ibn at-Talrnid, with all his talent and his copious erudition
in philology (remained silent), as if a stone had been forced into his month (41-
Ibn al-JawkIiki obtained ( t d t i o n a l ) information from ihe lips of all the principal
500 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
shaikhs of the age, and acquired thus a vast fund of knowledge which (in his ismd,
he to others. A few pieces of verse have been attributed to him,
and the following, which 1 met will1 in a compilation (of poems), is given as his,
but that is a point vhich I have not been able to verify :

mankind went to quench their thirst at the sweat waters of tby liberality, but 1 remained
behind the crowd, as a thirsty bird hovers around a source and hesilatcs (20 alight). I waited
tjll one of the drinkers should forgct to go down to the watering-place, but the number of those
who arrived increased more and more.

I since found these two verses in a collection of pieces which goes under the name
of Ibn-al-KBashshBb (see vol. 11. p. 66).--AbB Muhatnmad Ismail, who was the
cleverest of his sons, related as follows : "I was in the Mosque of the Castle (Jdme
'l-caur), after the prayer, and (silting) in the circle of (shdcnls who surroun&4
my htller and w110 were reading (philological worlcs) under his direction, when a
i1 young boy stood up before him and said: 'Sir I two verses have been recited to
c me and, as I do not understand them, I come to recite them to you, in order

L that YOU may explain to me their meaning.' My father told him to repeat
61 them, and Ihe other spoke as follows :

When the beloved arrived, ( I felt as i f ) I was dwelling in the garden of Paradise; her
absence was (for me) the fire of Hell, and scorched me with its flames. The sun is in Sagit-
" tarius and going down when she visits me not; he is in the Twins when she comes to me.

My father, on hearing these two verses, said to the boy: <That, my son! is a
matter belonging to astronomy and the determination of the planetary move-
'' ' ments; it does not appertain to the art cultivated by literary men.' The lad
" went away without obtaining the information he sought for, and my father felt

" quite abashed at being unable to answer a (scientific) question when it was pro-

" posed to him. He stood up and made internally a vow that he would never hold
" his class again till he had looked into astronomy and become acquainted with the
" movements of the sun and the moon. He then turned his mind to that subject
l' and, when he understood it, he resumed his lessons (51." The idea contained
in the verse was this : When the sun is in the lost (degree) of Sagittarius, the nighb
haw attained their greatest length, for the autumn has then come to its end, and
when he is in the last (degree) of the Twins, the nights are shortened to their utmost
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 501
p i n t , and this takes place \vllcn the season of spring is just over. Ttlerefore, the
poet meant to say : When the beloved did not visit me, the night seemed to me
very long, and when she came see me, the night was very short. God knows
hest (if this explanation be right) I-The following verses were composed by a con-
temporary poet on Ibn al-Jawlliki and nl-laghribi, the commentator of the &fan&
m&t (6). In the KlrarEda (page 301, of this vol.), they are attributed to Hais Bais
l . p. 559) and, in the abridgment of that work, to our hdjz :

I can pass over all tbe faults of my native place except two grievous ones which cannot be par-
doned, First, al-Jawiliki is there and gives lectures on literature; then, al-Maghribi is there
and explains dreams. The one is embarrassed (7) by an impedi~nentin his speech aud fatigues
(us) with his clctestable pronounciation (8) ; the other, though wide-awake, is inattentive and
explains (dreams) as if he were asleep.

Numerous anecdotes are told of Ibn al-JawLliki. He was born in the year 466
(A. D. 1073-4.); Ile died at Baglrdad on Sunday, the 15!h of Muharram, 529 (5th Nov.
A. D. 1134) and was interred outside the (city -gate called) Bab Barb. The funeral
service was said over him previously in the Rlosque of the Castle, by az-Zainabi (vol. 2.
p. 6611, the cadi in chief.--JawRliki signifies a maker and seller of sacks (judlils).
Relative adjectives of this form are exceptions to the general rule, being derived
from the plural of the noun and not from the singular. Those exceptions, when
once heard, are easily remembered; Such is the adjective Ansdri, applied to a man
who was one of the Ansars (9). The form jawdltk, employed as the plural ofjuwdlak,
is also an exception to rules, because the long E in the plural has nothing to represent
it in the singular. This word, in the singular, is judllik, wilh an U , and, in the plu-
ral,jawdltk, with an a, which is in conformity with the general rule. Thus huldhd
&L),grave, dignified, has for plural haldhil; oddmil (&!h), ancient, in speak-
ing of renown, takes addmil in the plural; ordir (Y>), chief, takes ardir; oilikid
(A%$), strong, in speaking of a man, has aldkid. Many similar examples might be
given. Juwlllik is an arabioised word of foreign origin; (that i s evident) because
the letters j [c)and k (3) i r e never to be found together in the same arabic word.

(lThis
) work treated, probably, of some foreign words introduced into ~rabic. .
(2) The expression & seems to be the equivalent of &,W &Jl & Or &"l 4'&*
(3) Koran, sdrat 8, verse 6.
(4) Literally: As if he had bridled (or bitted) with a stone.
502 IBN KHA1,LIIiAN'S
(5) Literally: He sat; that is: He hcld his sittitlgs.
(6) Tile Mandmdt wan a ~ v o r ki n wrhicii Ali al-gri~lli.IS-cldidili rclatcll tllc ~ d i f i ~Lfreaml
i l ~ ~ of cellail,
devour sbfis. Who al-Maghribi was carlllot be dctermincd with ccl'l+inl.;.
(7) Literally: Is a prisoner of.
W

(F;) [read ;is wit11 t ~ rna1111scri~lts.

o
(9) See vol. I. pagc 13 7.

AL-MUWAIYAD AT-TUSI

Tile Traditionjst &bij 'I-Hasan nl-lluwaiyad Ibn Mullammod 1l)n Ali at-Tbsi, sup
named Rida 'd-Din (of approued religion) belonged to family which inhabited TBs
but, having fixed his residence in Naisiipiir, he was considered as as native of that
city. No person i n modern times possesscd traditions of wllieh tllc isnads (vol. I.
p. xxrl) mounted up so high as his. Hc met with a number of eminent doctors
and received from them (~radilionnlinfortnation). IIe heard the Sah$h of Muslim
(p. 348 of lhis vol.) taught by the jurisconsult Ahd Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn al-
Fad1 al-Furhvi (see page 8 of this vol.), and was the last surviving pupil of illat
master; the Sahib of al-Buklliri (vol. I!. p. 594) lle flcard taught by Abfi Bakr
Wajih Ibn T&hir ihn hiullammad as-Sliallh6mi and by Abh 'I-Fathll Abd al-WahhAb
lbn Shlh Ibn Ahn~ad asSbldyikbi (l) ; be heard also tllc text of the dluwatla
(vol.11. p. 549) such as had been taught orally by Abii MusPb (2),a i l h the exception of
certain passages (3); the professor who read it to him was Abb Mullammad Hibat
Allah Ibn Sahl Ibn Omar al-Bastiimi, generally known by the surname of as-Suddi.
The commentary on the noble Koran, composed by Abb Ishilc ath-Thalahi (vol. 1.
p. 60) he heard taught by Abh 'l-AbbBs Muhornmad Ibn Mohammad at-Tbsi, gene-
rally known by the surname of Abbdsa (4). He received lessons also from a number
of the doctors who taught at NaisbpOr, and, amongst others, the jurisconsult Abb
bfuliarn mad Abd al-Jabhir Ibn Muhammad al-Khuwlri. Some (traditional)infor-
mation was also oblained by him from Omm al-Khair FQtimo, the daughter of Abc
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 503
'1-Ifasan Ali Ibn Muzaflar Ibn ZAbal (5). He taught a great quantity of traditions,
and students came 10 him from all quarters. I possess an Gdza (see vol. I.p . 252)
which he wrote (and sent 10 me) from KhorbsBn, at the request of my father, who is
now deceased. (It was drawn up) in the month of the latter JumPda, 610 (Oct.-
Nov. A. D. 1213). I give a notice of this doctor merely on account of his great
reputation and because, in his latter days, he had none to equal him (in learning).
His birth took place in the year 524 (A. D. 1130); he died at NaisiipQr on the eve
of the twentieth day of Shawwbl, 617 (17th Dec. A. D. 1120), and was interred the
next morning.-The preceding article, in its present form, had been drawn up
for some years, when I met with an ijleza writ ten by the shaikh al-Muwaiyad himself,
in which he thus traces up his genealogy : "Written by al-Muwaiyad, the son of
Muhammad, the son of Ali, the son of al-Hasan, the son of Muhammad, the son
of SAlih, the native of TQs."

( l ) In the first volume, page 551, this name is transcribed incorrectly.

(9) Abh Musbb Ahmad Ibn AbP Bakr al-K$sim az-Zuhri (az-Zuhairi?), an eminent jurisconsult of the
Malikite sect and kddi of Medina, died i n the month of RamadBn, A . H. 94% (January, A . D. 857).
(3) Literally: To the exclusion of what was excepted in it. The precise meaning of this expression I am
unable to determine.
(4) In all the manuscripts, this name is written L&.
(S) The orthography of this name is fixed by the Kdmds.

AL-MUWAIYAD AL-ULUSI.

Abfi Said aEMuwaiyad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Muhammad al-mbsi was
one of the great poets of his time. He composed a quantity of amatory and sati-
rical pieces, eulogised in his verses a number of persons who held high offices in
and left a d i w d n (or collection) of poems. Entirely devoted to the viair Aiin
ad-Din Yahya Ibn Eubaira ( l ) ,he extolled his merits in same very fine eulogiums.
 [Mullihb ad-Din Ibn an-NajjAr (vol. I. p. 11) gives tile following account of him in
the History of Baghrlsd : " This poet, wlrose name was Aktdf, the son of Muhammad,
6 1 [he son ot. Ali, tllc son or Said, was generally lcnorvn by appellation o[ al-
Jfuzoaiyad (forrified by divine grace). He was horn at U l h , a village in the
neighbourl~o~d of al-Haditha (vol. 11. p. 35), was brouglrl u p at Dujnil and then
went to Baghdad and filled tlle duties of a l c k d ~ s h(8) under tlie reign of the
s 4 imdm (lrhalif)al-llustarshid Billah. was salirizcd by llic poet hhB ']-Fad/ (3);
but afieraards began to make verses llimself and composed so great a quantity of
them that he became generally known as a poet. Ilulogiu~nand satire he mu&
a indulged i n , aher taking rcft~gcin the service of the ~ ~ l l l aMashd
ll Ibn l\Iuhammad
46 Ibn Jfalik Slliil~,"-of wllon~menlion has been already made (p. 355 of tllis vol.)
--<C Having spolcen too much and i n a very improper manner of tlic imdm al-
* c Muktafi and tlie con~panionsof (hat Itllalif, h e was arrested and put in prison,"]

The &$lib I m i d ad-Din al-Ispahini (p. 300 of this vol.) says 04 him, in the Khartda:
His importance v a s exalted, Iris situation opulent, his poetry in lligli request and
4 ; obtaining great success. H e acquired properlies and cstntcs, enjoyed abundant
* ( wealth and lived in the best manner. But then his good fortune stu~nbledunder
d 6 him and made a fall such as could bc recovered horn with difficulty. He re-
d s mained in the prison of the imdm al-blctafi upwards of tcn ycars and did not get
o u t of it till the p a r 555 (A. D. 1160), o n thc accession of the irndm al-Mus-
tanjid to lhc lthnlifat. I met with him at that time and observed that his sight
had been dimmed by tlle darkness of the dungcon i n which they delained him.
" He usually were the military dress. Hc (then) lravellcd to Mosul. Be is the
" author of some good poetry i n tlie amatory slylc, offering charming turns of

" thought and admirable specimens of versificalion. He often hit on the rarest
" of those ideas which are most original. He says, for instance, in describing the
" pen (kalam) :

" A (reed) well-straightened can enrich and can dcstsoy, in case it makes a promise and
" in case of threats. A kalam suffices to diminish a numerous army, even before the swords
" are drain1 from the scabbards. It received T~OLII~ h thicket
c in .vllliich it grew the beneficent
" quality that place communicated to its slreamlets and the dreadfulness it gave to its lions."

I may here observe that 1 found these verses ascribed to another author, and
God knows best by whom they were composed. Never was a finer idea uttered
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 605
on such a subject as the pen. The thought expressed in the third (and last) verse is
borrowed from the following description of a tanbar (4.):
That tanbQr, handsome in shape, imitates, by its clear notes, (the song of) the nightingale.
when it sounds, it utters loud tones, such as it had learned (from the birds) when it waved in
the form of a branch. Thus it is that he who frequents the learned in his youth becomes, whell
he grows up, a well-informed doctor.

This is now a very :trite idea, having been often employed by poets. It is thus
that one of them has said :

She came with a lute (5) which imitated and aided her (voice); see what strange things happen
to a tree! For a time, birds of various sorts sing and coo upon its branches; then, when it '
is dried up, liu~nanbeings sing to it. For it, time has ne+er ceased to be noisy (6): birds
and strings, two classes of irrational beings, have always kept it in excitation.

The same idea is thus cxpressed by another poet :

The lute has enjoyed two kinds of desirable pleasure; blessings be on the man who cut it
from the tree and 011 bim by whom it was planted! Whilst it was green and flourishing, turtle-
doyes cooed upon it and, when dry, a female musician sang to it.

Did I not fear being led away from my subject and falling into prolixity, I should
give here many other detached passages in which the same idea is expressed.
Bahl ad-Din Zuhair, a person of whom we have already spoken Pol. I. p. 542),
said, in a kas4da containing an eulogy on Aksis, the son of al-Malik al-Ernil
(see page 280 of this vol.) :

The hoards of the pulpit thrilled with pleasure at his name; they perhaps recollected the time
when they were (living)branches.

Let us now give the rest of the article drawn up by Imhd ad-Din : " Bis son
" Muhammad was (remarkably) intelligent and composed some good poetry. In
" the year 564 (A. D. 1168-g), he fled (for protection) to al-Malik al-Aldil Niir
" ad-Din Mahmiid (see page 338 of this d.), sovereign of Syria, who was then at
" Sarkbad (7); but h e fell sick there and, being sent off to Damascus by that sultan,

" he died on the way, at a village called Raschida."--End of the extract.--we give
here a specimen of al-Muwaiyad's poetry :

0, how the zephyr breathing from (8) was cool to that bosom (of mim)in which the
VOL. III. , 64
 IBN IiIILALLIKANJS
ardent heats (of lour) were not to be extinguished! 0, how beautiful the inlage ( o f m y btloued,
by me in a btafn) by the brigh~iessof its face it betrayed the presence of n,y a m image
(in tfrat drcnnl) and the11 concealc(1 me with its coal-black hair. Its double belt encirdpd (a
zoclistliIie) a pliant brancli, which had been watercd by showers, SO that its tender (wood) was
and waved (tuifh pleasure). When morning lanced the dart of separation against our
union 2nd left no sign of our interview, except a recollection which I shall retain for ever, I
at IIuzwa ('S), where the marks of the (bclovefs presence, though still existing), had
nearly disappeared, whilst evcry sign of my body's existence (in this world) was completely
There I ren~ainedfixed (as firmly) as my fingers are fixed to my riglit hand, but my stopping
was not like that of a miser who has lost his ring in the sand. Her disdain (wore me away and)
did not leave the slightest trace of my body, not even so much ruins as might be swept away
(F) by the torrent of my tears. She (made m e zocei, tiN I lost mg sight and) did not
leave me a single eye to see with; yet the person who dcstroys a thing is bound to replace it.
0,how I longed to sec her caravan and its weary camels whilst thcy groaned during their not-
turnal march (and followed csrclz ollzer closely), like my tears. The crescent of the night was
then held forth in the hand of the Pleiadcs (and pc?*vzilted 7nc to see her); so, I embraced her
till her necklaces burst asunder and fell to the ground.

This passage is taken from a long kastda in which the autbor displayed great
talent and imitated both in rhyme and measure a pocm composed by al-Mutanabbi
for Saif ad-Dawlat Ibn Hamdhn and c o m m e n c i n g lhus :

(The non-ful/?lment o f ) your promise, my two fricnds! (nfflicts me) as much as (the aspect
o f ) this (abandoned) abode, no part of which is more painful (to contemplate) than its ruins;
(you) both (promised to) seco~idme fin zoceping), and the readiest cure (for the pains of de
hetlrt) are tears shed in abundance.

In the kasjda above-mentioned, al-Uliisi has inserted hemistiches taken from the
poems ofal-nlulanobbi, and employed then1 in tlie manner (designated by the technical
term) tadmln (iO). The greater part of his poetry is good. His birth took place
at Ulds, in t h e year 494 (A. D. 1100-i) ; he passed t h e r e his e a r l y youth and died at
Mosul on Thursday, ;the 24th of Ramadin, 557 (6th Sept. A. D. 1162). Among
the numerous verses composed by him in prison, w e may n o t i c e the following:

My tears were parched up by the burning (ardor which consumed my heart), when my friends
departed, and I marvelled to find myself left here alone. ~ u you t know that wood, placed on the
fire, lets its sap fall in drops, (weeping through sorrow)for having been separated from its leaves.
Ipass my r~ightsin prison, and the pleasure I feel in thinking on you (my friends I ) is equal totbe
joy which liberty could give me. Let the fortune which afflicts me no1 be shocked at the black-
ness of my hair; the flames which torment my heart only serve to :consulidate their cdonr (40.

He left Baghdad in the year 4.56 (A. D. iOG&).-The mention I m a d e of the dale
 BIOGRAPIIICAI, DICTIONARY. 807
on ~ h i c hal-Mustanjid was raised to the throne reminds me of a curious fact nllicll
1 cannot abstain from mentioning : an eminent skaikh of Irdk informed me that
al.Mustanjid had a dream, whilst his father al-MuktaB was still alive, and in it
he saw a figure like an angel come down from heaven and write upon his sleeve
the letter kha four times. w h e n he awoke, he sent for an inierpreter of dreams,
related to him what he had seen and obtained this answer: You will be raised
4 c to the khalifat in the year 555" (i2),and that was really the case. He had this
dream a good whili before his father's death.-" Uldsi means belonging 10 Uldr
64 which is a place situated on the Euphrates, in the neighbourhood of the Baditha
of Ahna." Such is the observation made by Ez ad-Din Ibn al-Athir (vol. I l .
p . 288), in correcting the mistakes of the hdfiz Ihn as-Samlni (vol. 11. p. 156). The
latter had said that Ulds was a place on the sea-coast of Syria, near Tarshs. Al-
UIGsi, having gone to Baghdad in his youtll and fixed his residence there, might be
considered as native of that city. Ibn an-Najjir says that we should pronounce Alds
with a long A (instead of Ulfis.)

[ I )The life of Ibn Hubaira will be found in this work.

( 3 ) A door-keeper, a sergeant of police.
(3) Perhaps Abb 'l-Fad1 Ahmad Ibn al-Khhzin (see vol. I. page 131).
(4) The tanbGr is a sort of lute.
(5) The lute is named ad-atid in Arabic, and the same word signifies also a piece of wood. This double
signification is often played upon by poets.
(6) I read G.
(7) Sarkhad was a strong castle in the province of HaurBn.
(8) This place was situated in Najd, the Arabian Arcadia.
(9) Huzwa also was situated in Najd.
(10) BY the word tadmin is designated the introduction of a verse or a hemistich of one poet into a piece
composed by another. The passage thus quoted undergoes a change of signification which is effected by the
words that precede or follow it.
(11) The translator thinks h e has here indicated clearly the idea which the poet meant to express. The
hemistich, rendered literally, signifies: C c Burning makes solid the work of the burner ( a l - h a d i ) . "
(1%) The four khas are the initials of the words khildfa, khams, khamsin, khammfa, which signify :
khalifit, five, fifty, five-hundred.
 AI,-MUIIAELAB IBM AI31 SUPRA.

was !he son of AbB Sufra Zdlim Ibn Sarrik Ibn Subh Ibn
~ j , , j Said al-Muhallab
Xindi Ibn 4mr Ihn Adi Ibn Wiil Ihn &l-Hirill1Ibn nl-Allk Ibn a l - h ~ d - ~ ral-Asd-
Ihn Jmrio Thn Amr Muzailciya 1l)n Ajrnir M& as-Sami ibn HLritha Ihn Amr al.Kaia
Ibn Thdlabn Ibn Mizin l b n al-Azd. Elis surnames al-hzdi, al-Ataki, al-Basri in&-
catc that descenilcd from al- Alik, lncm ber of tlic t ri be of al-Azd, and that he was
a native of Basra. His father received the surname of AbQ Sufra (the farher of
St4fro)because lie had a daughter called Sufra. " His family," says al-wikidi
(p, 61 of this col ), inlial)i[ed Dabl (l). Thcy embraced lslanrism in the life-
.$ tilne of God's apostle (Muhammacl),but relapsed after his dcatll and refused to pay
the legal alms. (The khahl) AbB Bakr as-siddik sent against tllern Ikrima Ibn
Abi Jahl al-~~alcl~zhmi. This (general) attacked tllcm, put them to rout and slew
a great number. The remainder shut themselves u p in a castle wliich belonged
' 4 to thcm and were there hlocknded by the Musulmans. They a1 length surren-
dercd toHudaifa Ibn al Yamdn and submitted their fate to his decision. He put
to death one IiunJred rr~c~lrbers of their noblesl familics, reduccd ilieir children
in10 captivity and scnt tlicm to Abb Bakr. Among them was Abh Sufra, who was
then a mere boy and hacl not attained the age of pubcrly. Abb Bakr granted them
their liberty and told then) to go wherever they plcased ; on which they dispersed
(in various direction4 and Abd Sufra was one of those who settled at Basra."-
Ibn Kutaiba notices this account in his Kitdb al-dlabrif and says (2): That story
is false and al-Wikidi was mistaken when he related it: Abii Sufra was not
one of those (captives) and was never seen by Ahd Bakr. It was Onlar Ibn al-
Khattib whom he went to see, and he was then an elderly man, with o grey head
" and a grey beard; and Omar told him to dye them, which he did. Bow then
" could he have been a boy when Abh Bakr was reigning 1 moreover, al-Muhallab,

" the youngest of his sons, was born two years before the Prophet's dealh, and some
" of the other sons were born more that thirty years before that event."-Al-
Muhallab was the bravest of men : he defended (the city of) Basra against the Kha-
rijites and had many famous encounters with them in al-Ahviz. Abh '1-Abbh
al-lubarrad (p. 31 0rthb vol.) llas given an account of most of them in his Kbmil,
and, if his narration had not been so long and the events so unconnected, I should
hare given an extract from it (3). The defense of Basra by al-Muhallab pro-
cured for that city the nanle of the Basra of al-dfuhnllab. This chief was dip
tinpished for his noble caracter and his generosity. The following anecdote is
told of him : He once \vent to MekEa for the purpose of conversing will1 Abd Allah
Ibn az-Zubair who was then ruling over Hijdz, Irlk and the neighbouring countries
under the tills of khalif. Abd Allah took him apart in order to consult with
him and (some time aflar.) came in Ahd Allah Ibn Safwin, tllc grandson of
Omaiya lbn Kl~olafIbn Welrb and a member of tlie Koraisliide family called ilie
Jumah. On cntering h e exclainled : '' Commander of the failhful! who is this
man that has lleen talting up your time all day?"--.c Do you not know him?"
said Abd ,4lli1h.-" No," replied the Well l" :aid Abd Allall, he is
the lord of the people of Irii!i."--'b Can iil be al-liuliallab Ibn Abi Sufra?"-
It is he." Al-filuliallab tl~cn said : '' Commander of the faitlirul l who is (his
man 1"-W The lord of lhc Koraish," said Ibn a~-Zubair.--~~Can it he Abd Allah
Ibn Saf~bn?"--~~Jastso." I h n Kutaiba says, i n his Kifdb 111-bIadri,!, that no
reproach was ever made against al-?Iuhallab except for lying, and that i t was hc
ahorn people designated by the words: Rah yehclcb (he set out for ihcpurpose of
lying). Ibn Kritaiba then adds these words : As for me, I shall say that, of all
men, at-Muliallab was he who feared God the most, and that he was too noble,
" too generous 10 tell lies; but he was (nlways)engaged in war and the Propbet has
" said : ' War consists i n (slratagems arrd) deceit.' He used to address the Khari-
" jites i n (epuivocal] tcri:~s, saying one thing and meaning another, so as to keep
" them in dread, and that was why they called him the liar and said that he went
" about telling falsehoods. When the Prophet intended to engage in a war, he
" concealed his real project by giving out another."-AI-lubarrad explains, in his
Kdmil, some verses in which al-Huhallab was accused of lying and what he writes
is to his effect: &'The poet employed the word liar, because al-Muhallab was versed
" in the law and acquainted with the tradition according to which the Prophet
" said : Bvery lic shall be wrilten down as a lie (by the recording angels), with the
" exception of three; a lie told in order to reconcile rwo men, a lying promise mads
" a man to his wife, and a lie in which a man, when aged in war, maker a
" promise or a theat." Al-Puhallab sometimes forged traditions for the purpose
 strengtIlcning the l o s l i m cause and ecalicnil1 tllnt of tile Kllarijites. ~h~~~
was an Azditc iribe callell llle Nedab, ancl lllc pcqile o l i t usecl 10 say, when tile,
saw al-blul~nllnb coming to ilicnl : Al-dlaltalla b Lns SCZ orhl [or the purpose of lying,
I t was of l l i ~ lllat
l one of tllenl said :

You wouId I)c a man perfect in every way, (lid you only spcak tlic truth.

Al-Pubarrod says, towards llie cnd of his lidmi/, in that cllapler wherein 11e relates
the war the Kharijites and gives a n accounl of wlrat passed bclrvecn al-Mahallab
and tile Azarelcitcs (5): "In old Li~r~esstirrups rvc1.c made of wood and were liable to
break wllen the rider ltnockcd llie~n(against any thing); anti, in that case, if he
tried to sirike an adversary 'ivilh the sword or will1 llic spear, he had nothing to
4 .bear upon or to support hirn. A l - ~ ~ u l r a l lthcreforc
al~ gave orders lhat they should
be made of iron, and he was the first who causcd iron stirrups to he forged."--
Tile anecdotes told of 81-hluhallab arc very numerous. I l e passed through many
vicissitudes of fortune. Tlie last post h e hcld was t l ~ cgovernment of Khorbbn,
which province he administered in the name of nl-llajjij 1bn Yiisuf ath-Thalrefi
(vol. I, p. 356) who, at tllat time, ruled over i l ~ etwo lrbks and had moreover
received from Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwan llle govcrnmcnts of Kl~orlsdnand Sijistln.
Khorbsbn he gave to al-Muhallab and SijistLn to Obnid Allah l b n Abi Bakra (5).
Al-Muhallab went to Khorisin and look possession of his government in tlie seventg-
ninth year of the Hejira (A. D. 698-9). He had [lien lost one of his eyes, in con-
sequence of a wound he received at Samarkand wllen Said, the son of (Ihe Rhalifl
Othmin Ibn Affin, effected the conquest of illat city. This happened under the
kbalifat of Moawia, tlie son of ALO Sofyiin. AI-Mullallab 11ad accompanied Said in
that expedition. Another person who h e n lost l ~ i scye was Talha Ibn Abd Allah
Ibn Khaluf al-Khoz$i, surnamed the Talha of Tallras (Talhal al-Talbbl) and renowned
for his noble caracter and his generosity. I t was in allusion to this accident that
al-Muhallab said :

Though I lost my eye, I have preserved my life, and that, tl~anksbe to God! will contribute to
make me forget my mishap. When the cause of God is to bc defended, our cavalry must endure
fatigue; and when missiles are thrown about, some eyes must be blinded.

According to another account, his eye was knocked out of its socket at the siege
of Talakdn- Al-Muhallab held the government of Kllordsin till the day of his death*
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 511
When his last hour drew- near, he chose for successor his so11 Yazid, whose life me
shall give later, and, in his dying injunctions, he told him how he should act and
indicated the measures ire sllould employ. He said to him, amongst other things :
My son I choose your hdjib (ehaml~erlain,prime-minister) for his prudence, and
your kdtib (s~erelary)for the elegance of his style; a man's hdfib is his face and
a man's kbalr his tongue." He died i n the month of Zb 'l-Elijja, A . H. 83 (Dec.-
Jan. A. D. 702-3), at ZBghBI, a village situated in the district of illarm ar-Md, and
in the province of Khor8sbn. At-Tabori (vol. 11. page 597) states, in his History,
that al-Muhallab died in ftle year 72; God knows if he be right. We shall dicuss
this point more fully in the life of his son Yazid, and, to that article we refer the
reader. The fine sayings and elegant allusions which are attributed fo him indi-
care the nobleness of his sentiments and show his desire to obtain an Jlonorable
reputation and merit praise. One of these sayings was: Life is better than death,
and good renown is better than life. Were I to obtain a gift (which God) never
L yet granted to any man, I should wish to become an ear, so that I might hear
what people said of me, the day after my death." These words, according to
anolher account, were uttered by his son Yazfd; God knows best! Al-Mluhallab
used to say to his sons: My dear bcys I the fairest raiment you can have is illat
'' which other people (received from you and) wear." The poet AbG Tarnn~hnat-
Tli (vol. 1.p. 348) alludes to this saying in a letter written to a person from whom
he wished to obtain the gift of a cloak and in which he said:

Thou art he who can well understand what al-Muhallab meant when he gave recommendations
about raiment.

A great number of elegies were composed on the death of al-Muhallab. In one

of these pieces, the poet Nahkr Ibn Tausia (6) said :

Alas l that gbry is departed which placed wealth wi~hinour reach. Generosity and be&-
cence have disappeared since we lost al-Mnhallab, These two (vetzkes) resided constantly at
Marw ar-Riid, but now they are not to be found either in the East or in h e West

AI-Muhallab left a great number of sons, all of them generous, noble-minded,

beneficent and illustrious. Ibn Kutaiba says, in his Kildb al-diodfif: "It is stated
" that three hundred sons came upon earth from the loics of al-bhallab.'' We
hare already mentioned (vol.I. p. 5-29]two of his (greal-] grand-sons, Rah ( R a d )and
Yazid, the sans of Iljn Kabise lhn al-hftillnlldj, nlld 1r.e sllall give tile life o f
Yazid under tile letter P. One of his most distingrrislicd sons, ALfi Paweris
Mughira, \vns p n e r a l l y entrt~sfed by h i m wit11 comnrand of the troops sent
against tile i;Ilariji[es a n d liad rr~itlltllem scvcral f a m o u s e n g a g e m e n t s , accounts of
are c o ~ l t a i n ~i nd books of I~istory. I n these c r p c d i l i o n s h c displayed great
bravery, inlelligence and resolulion. IIc a c c o m p a l ~ i e d father to I<l~oris$n,acted
as h i s lieutenant at l a r w as-Shilij8n a n d lllcrc bc diecl i n the ycar 82 (A. D. 701-21
&ilst his falller was yet alive. An elrgy was composcd on his dentll by
AnlPma Ziad al-Aajam, otherwise called Ziid 1bn Sulai t n i n (7). T h i s popular
poem, w1licll rllimcs in h and begins thus, is attriblltcd bjr sonic to tlle celebrated
poet ILn Jibir, a mcmbcr of the tribe of Abd Kais :

Say to the caravans and to thc warriors selling out for battle, (say to) those w11o depart in the
and those who, in the evening, hasten to arrive: Ccncrosity ancl manliness are now shut
up in a tomb at RIarw, near the high road. On passing by, sacrifice ( l o its inmate) a camel of
noble race ancl many a rapid steed. Sprilikle 111~ blooc1011tllc sides ol his tomb, for he was a
shedcler of blood and a slayer of victims. After lire Ilour of noon, draw ncar unlo his tomb and
the flag of cornn~antlemcnt(which zucivcs over it) and invilc (thosc who pass bg,) as hunters
do when roastiug venison (8). In plirsuirlg (Ihe foe) and iu returning (Pom battle) he was a
father to his troops, but now, he lies (enyrcgcd us) a pledge, in a grave anlong the tombs. On
the day his bier was bornc away, I saw that no1)lc acts wr1.e disnpl~earjngwill1 the superiority of
his merits and praise-worthy deeds. 1\11 the land was shakcn by his hll, so lllat our very hearts
remained not unscatlreil. (They sufcr czen) now, for 11e was the noblcst man that ever walked
(on earth); he sn~ilcdat Qle arrows sitof, (crgainst I L ~ I I Lby
) tlrc b o w l ~ ~ e n .In him every noble
quality arrived at pcrfcction, and to that he lent his aid by Inany a virtuous act. It is grief
enough for us to see the dwelling in which he is now lodged, never to quit it. till [he cud of time.
The pulpits are empty in wllic11 he presided at the prayer; his saddles have been removed from
(the backs of) all his spirited mares and liigll-mcttled stccds. L t t it be known that, when any
mau's death is to be lamented, no lamentations could cqual al-Mugt~ira'smerit. Our horses and
our lances weep for al-Mughira, and the female lnourncrs bewail lii~nwith cries and lamentations.
81-MughPra is dead, after having so often affronted swords and spears. When affairs were em-
broiled for (the rest of) men and led to struggles ancl conflicts (g), 11c alone, that skilful (chief),
unravelled the cord (10)by his superior inlclligrnce. I sec tllc destitute weeping for al-Mughh
the beneficent, whose hands bestowed so freely. For them lie was a verdant meadow, when they
went forth to seek the pasture-ground of beneficence, wile11 tlle flashes of every Iightning-
cloud (but his) had ceased to gleam. AI-Dluhallab, aided by al-blughira, was like him who
]owered buckets into a well which was tl~oughtto be nearly dry, and having found there water
in plenty, filled up the cistern with the aid of camcls ancl machines ( 1 2 ) . If be halted in the
midst of a desert, h e place where his thirsty calnels stationed would overflow, that day, with
running water. Varfare will never have an abler man than al-Muhallab : he makes it prodnce
its effects (12) by means of chosen horses, thin in the flanks, rapid in crossing plains and deserts.
In the hour of grief, his cavalry rallies around him, and the sides of the horses are whitewih
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 513
c o p i o ~sweat.
~ To this mighty prince, bearer of a diadem, his friends look up with joy, whilst
the eyes of the envious are cast down before him. True standard-bearer of war! when he
Inarches against the foe, good omens are for him and bad ones @r his enemies).

This is one of the finest and most brilliant kaddas erer composed. It contains
upwards of fifty verses and, were 1 not apprehensive of lengtllening this article too
much, J should insert the whole of it. Abb Ali 'l-Klli (vol. I. p. 210) speaks of
it in the work which he designed as a supplement to his A?ra&Ei and examines
some of the verses : "This poem," says he, " has been attributed to as-Salatin al-
Abdi (13), the famous poet, but, in reality, it was composed by Zild al-Aajam."
The second verse of it is often quoted in grammatical works, to prove that feminine
nouns may he considered as masculine when they do not designate beings possessing
female sexual organs (14). This verse, having been cited so often, is the best
known of those which form the poem. The idea expressed in the third and fourth
verses was borrowed by another poet and rendered in these terms :

Bear me, both of you, to the side of his tomb and sacrifice me there, if you have no other
victim. Sprinkle my blood upon his grave ; for know this well, that I owe all my blood (my
life) to his beneficence.

These two verses were composed by the shartf AbQ Muhamrnad al-Hasan Ibn
Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Abi 'd-Daii, a descendant of al-Husain, the son of Ali, and
the rector (naktb) of the funeral chapel which is situated near that gate of Baghdad
which is called Bdb at-T$n. They form part of a kastda in which he lamented the
death of the nakib at-Tbhir, the father of Obaid Allah. Such is the statement
made by al-ImBd al-Kdtib (p. 300 of this vol.), in his Khartda. He mentions also
that the shartf Abh Muhammad died at Baghdad in the year 537 (A. D. 1142-3).
After reading this passage in the Khartda, I found the same verses in the #!@am
US-Shuard (Dictionary o f poet$), a work drawn up by al-Marzubbni (p. 67 of thG
DOZ.) for Ahmad Ibn Muharnmad al-Khaithimi, surnamed Abh Abd Allah, or, by
other accounts, Abh 'l-Abbls, or AbQ '1-Hasan. The author had a leaning towards
the Shiite doctrines and wrote satires against al-Bohtori (is).-Al-Mughira, the son
of abMuhallab, tore a brocade cloak which Zild al-Aajam was wearing, and this
circumstance induced the latter to compose the following verse :

I declare that, in tearing the brctcade, you have mm to pieces rhe remwn of &M-
VOL. 1II. 65
514 IBN KEIALLIKAN'S
When al-~ullallabheard of this, he tried to propitiate the poet and succeeded in
pacifying him,--Aba 'l-Husain Ali Ibn Ahmad as-Saliimi relates, in his History of
the governors of Khor$sBn, that a person who heard this kastda recited by ZiHd
Aajom, before nl-luhallab had got any knowledge of it, went to that emir and,
having repeated it to him, obtained from him a gift of one hundred thousand pieees
of silver. Ziid al-Aajam came afterwards and recited to him the same poem, on
al-Muhallab said : " I have already heard it from another person."-.(That
penon," said the poet, (did not compose it, he) only heard me recite it." Al-
Jfullallab gave him also one hundred thousand pieces of silver.-This emir left
a numerous family in Khordsdn, and his posterity were designated by the name
of al-dialdliba (the Muhollabs). AI-Akhnas at-Tli, a poet cited in the Barnha,
speaks of them in a poem composed by him in honour of al-Muhallab. Here
are his words :

In a year of scarcity, as I was far from my nalivc country, I stopped to pass the winter with
the family of al-Muhallab. Their benevolence, their kind enquiries, and their generosity towards
me were unceasing; so it seemed to me as if they were members of my own family.

The vizir Abli Muhammad al-Muhallabi, of whom we have already spoken (vol.1.
p. 410), was descended from al-Muhallab. At the commencement of this article,
some names are mentioned which require to be explained and the orthography of
which we must indicate. Muzaikiyd, with a long final a, was the surname of the
Amr whose name occurs (in the genealoqy). He was a Yemenite king and received
this appellation because he put on, every day, two robes of cloth interwoven with
gold, and tore them to pieces when he toolr them off, in the evening (16). Be did
SO because he disdained to put them on again and was unwilling that any other person
should wear them. It was he who emigrated from Yemen to Syria for a motile
which it would take us too long to explain (17). The Ansars, that is, the tribes
of al-Ads and al-Khazraj, were his descendants. Abfi Omar Ibn Ahd al-Barr (is),
the author of the Kit46 al-lsl4dllB, says, in the little book to which he gave the
title of al-Kasd wo 'l-Amam, and which treats of Arabian and Persian genealogies:
" The Kurds are descended from Amr MuraikigP. They settled in the country of
" the Persians and there propagated their race. Their offspring was very numerous
" and received the name of Kurdo." A certain poet mentions this (tradition)in the
following verse and he expresses the same opinion as Ibn Abd al-Barr :
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 815
I assore you that the Kurds are not the children of the Persians; their ancestor was Kord,
the son of Amr, the son of A"air.

Ahmir, the father of Amr (Muzaikiyd) obtained the surname of Md ar-Samd (the
toater of heaven) on account of his beneficence and the great services which he ren-
dered. For this reason, he was compared to rain. Al-Mundir al-Lakhmi, one
of the kings of al-Hira, was the son of a M& asSam4. His father's name was Amr
aI-Kais, the son of Amr, the son of Adi ; his mother, MA asSaml, was the daughter
of Aiif, the son of Josham, the son of an-Namir, the son of Khsit. She was called
M& as-Samd on account of her beauty and loveliness.--Dabu, yith a short final a,
is the name of a place situated between Omdn and al-Bahrain. A band of Azdites,
having settled there, was called the Azd (04 Daba. After the dispersion of the
Azdites in the manner we have related at the commencement of this article (19),
each of their fractions received an additional name, in order to distinguish it from
the others. So, people spoke of the Azd of Daba, the Azd of Shaniia, the Azd of
OmAn and the Azd of as-Sarlt, though they were a11 sprung from the same stock.
Let no one suppose that the differences indicated by these additional names implied
a difference of origin. The poet surnamed an-Najbshi, and whose names mere
Eais lbn Arnr Ibn Mdlik Ibn Hazn Ibn al-Karith Ibn Kaab Ibn al-Harith al-Hhri-
thi, has said :

I was like a man one of whose legs was sound whilst the other was sutfering from an accident
af fortune. The sound leg was (the tTi6e of) Azd Shaniia: and the lame one, (the tribe of)
Azd Omin.

When al-Muhallab rouied the troops of Katari Ibn al-Fujha (vol. 11. p. 522), he
sent for MUik Ibn Bashir and said to him: I am going to sent you on a mission
" to al-Hajjsj; so, set off, for he is a man like yourself (in turn of mind).'' He
then sent a present after him, but it was returned with this answer: "Presents
" should not be given till they are deserved." Mtilik pursued his journey and
entered into al-HajjAj's presence. What is your name?" said al-Haijaj. The
other answered : Milik Ibn Bashir (20) ."
AGHajjllj: "Possessor and good
" how did you leave al-Muhallabt " dkdik: " He has obtained what hs hoped for
" and is safe from what he feared." ACBg'jj :c c How is he for his tmops?''
Mdlik : 'Like a kind father." Al-Hajjdj : And how are they pleased wifh
" him?" Hdlik: He has loaded them -withkindness and atd them with jus-
&c tiee." Al-Hajjdj: How do you behave when YOU meet the enemy?" M&&,.
We attack with all our might, hoping to prevail over them, and they do the
d. same with us," Al-Hajjdj: What is Kalari Ibn d-Fuj6a doing?" Jfblik;
He employs against us the same stratagems as we do against him." AI-Ha~jdj:
6. What prevented you from pursuing him?" Mdlik: " We thought it better to
take a position in his rear than to pursue him." Al-Hajjllj: " Speak to me of
al-lJullallab's sons." Ndlik : " They stay, as shcpllerds, in the pasture ground
(nab&?), till nothing more is to be feared there, and tLey protect their flock till
they bring it back." Al-Had@ : " Which of them is the wortlliest?" Mdlih;
d 4 Let tlleir father be asked." Al-Hajjdj; " I insist on Tour answering." M&&-
" They are like a solid ring the two ends of which cannot be distinguished." Al.
fiajjdj: "Tell me, I adjure you l did you over take lessons in thal style of speaking?"
#Idlik: *'God makes no one acquainted with his secrets." Al-Hajjiij then said to
those who were sitting with him : "By Allah I that is the style of pure nature and
has nothing artificial."-I may here observc that these paragraphs ought to have
been placed at the beginning of the article; but I gave them as they came to my
mind.

(i) See our author's observations towards the end of the article.
(2) This passage is not to be found in Mr. Wiistcnfelcl's edition of the Kilhb al-Madrif.
(3) A very satisfactory account of the war with the Kharijitcs (dissenters or non-conformists) is given bp
M. Dozy in his Efisloirt des Musultnans d'E'spnyne, tome I , page 155.
(4) See Dozy's fIistoir-e ales Musulmnns d'Espagne, tome I, page 149.
( 5 ) Abh HBtirn Obaid Allah Ibn Abi Bakra, a member of the tribe of Thalc!f2 the same to which al-HajjAj
belonged, was appointed governor of Sijistdn, A. B. 50 ( A . D. 6 7 0 ) , and removed from oflice three years after-
wards. He was again nominated to that post by al-Hajj9j in thc year 78 (A. I). 697-8). He died A. H. 80
( A , D . 699-'loo), whilst he was on an expedition into the enemy's country; provisions failed; the peater Pad
of his troops died of hunger, and he expired in that disastrous campaign. He had acted for some time as a
kddi at Basra, and was the person who introduced the custom of chanting the Koran.-(Nujdrn, Madrib)
(6) See vol. 11. page 515. According to the baron de Hammer, Nahar Ibn Tausta died A. H. 103 (A. D*
79i-2).-(Literaturgescliichte der Araber, vol. 11, page 50 0.)
(7) See vol. I. ]Jag2 6 3 1 , and replace Sulaim, the incorrect reading of Soyhti's Shawdhid, by ~ulaimh,which
i s that of our hlSS. and of the Eitdb al-Aghdni.
(8) The true reading of the last words in this verse i s doubtful.
(9) Literally : And werc struggled for by him who wished t , ~open and him who wished to Shut.
(10) Literally: The cord was twirled by a twister.
(11) The text and the meaning of these two verses is uncertain.
 (1 2) Literally : He milked its fore-teats.
(~13) ~ c c o r d i o gto Ibn Duraid, in his Kitbb oi-bhlikdk, this p e t , ~ ~ ~ h oname
s a i s \vritten
posed satires on Jartr (see vol. 1. page 894). De Hammer states that he attacked the poet al-Farazdak also
a!,
cl corn-

and that his names were Kassflm Ibn Khabiya.-(Literaturgeschichte, vol. 11, page 3441.)
(I 4) The verb L& is the masculine of the dael; to make it agree with the words q o n h r y and monli-
ness, which, i n Arabic, are of the feminine gender, it should be written L,
(15) The life of the poet al-Bohtori will be found in this volume.
(16) The verb rnazok, whence the name of Muzaikiyli is derived, signifies to tear in pieces.
(17) For the history of Muzaikiy%see M. Caussirl do Perceval's Essai, etc., tome I, page S3 et seq.
(18) His life will be found in the fourth volume.
(29) This is an oversight of the author: he probably spoke of the dispersion of the Azdites in the rough copy
of his work and suppressed that account afterwards, but forgot t~ strike out the present passage.
(so) These names signify, in Arabic, posdessor, son of the hearer of good news.

BIIHYAR AD-DAILAMI.

Ab.5 '1-Hasan Mihydr Ibn Mirzawaih, a native of Dailam and secretary Eor the
Persian language, gained high reputation as a poet. He had been a fire-worshipper
but afterwards adopted the loslim faith. It is said that he made his profession
of lslamism to the shad/ ar-Rida, Abb 'l-Hasan Muhammad al-Mhsawi ( l ) , who
was his professor and under whom he made his poetical studies. He had al-
ready composed a number of kastdas on the same model and rhythm as those
of his master. Dly professor (hrad-DCn) Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari (see vol. II. p. 288)
states, in his Annals, that MihyBr's conversion to the true faith took place in the
year 394 (A. D. 1003-h), and that al-Usim Ib&urhiin said to him : "Mihyar l
" by becoming a musulman you have (merely) passed from one corner of hell to
" another."--. How so 4" said MihyPr. Al-Khim replied : " &cause p u were
" formerly a fire-worshipper and now you revile the coppanions of our blessed
" Prophet in your verges (a)." As a poet he surpassed all bis oontemporaries bp
the copiousness of his style. The collection of his poetical works is SO ample that
it fills four volumes. In his poetry he displayed wt delicacy of thou@ and a
remarkable loftiness o& mind. TIE h&: AbB Bakr al-KBatib (d. 1. p. 75)
speaks of him i n his Hisiory of Baghdad and commends highly : I used to
'
see him, says lje, " go regularly, every Friday, to the great mosque called JB7n&
9

' 6 'l-jIan&,"-lhis was i n Baghdad,--" and there students read his collected
4. poetical under his direction ; but I had no op~)ortunityof hearing his les-
66 sons,"-Abfi 'l-Hasan al-Blkharzi (vol. H. page 323) mentions him in the
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - d ~and K a s rof h i m i n these terms : "As a poet he well fulfilled
l - speaks
4 6the sacred rites which excellence requires ; from beneath each 01 his words was
4t displayed a maiden(~hougAt),-- and thcre was not in any of his kastdas a single
41 verse on which critics, i n pronouncing judgement, might say : If it Been so and
0 , that it had been so and sol The human heart was the mould i n which
his verses were cast, and time, harmful as it is, was ii~capableof harming them."
He then gives some pieces composed by him and some verses extracted from his
kstdas. Abii 'I-Hasan Ali Ibn Bassim (3)speaks of Ilim with high commendation
in the Dakhhra or Treasure, (a work) treating of the noble qualities by which the
people of the (Spanish)peninsula were distinguislled; h e gives also some specimens
of his poetry and metrical compositions- One of Milly3r's best-known lias$das is
that which begins thus :

Rlay a persisting rain-cloud, whose waters bear tllc sand even into people's dwellings, rcfredl
and rear~i~llatewith its contents the allode whic11 my ~nislressoccupied a1 Rakolatain (4). HOW
can I re~~ew my intercoursc with Omm MPlik, now that lhc places in which we reside are
separated by (the counhy of') ZarOd (3) and its two mountains? My heart, though far from
her, sees her with the eye of desire and is happy; but who will enable my eyes to see her in
reality? How pure, good God! and yet how troubled is our mutual love! how far is she from
me every morning and yet how near (6) ! When my cycs are saddened (by her absence), I
am consoled by images and likenesses (seen in dreunis and) wbicll augmcut the love I bear
her. I embrace each pliant branch, as if it was her waist, and I sip from the mouth of the
mine-cup, as if it was her lips. (lcannot forget) the day in which that charming gazelle ap-
peared to me; she was standing on a sand-hill and lookcd dismayed, like a doe which had lost
its fawn in the desert, and was alarmed to the heart's core through dread of being Bereaved
(for ever. In that state,) its eyes acquire more beauty and the inflections of its neck more
grace. The resemblance was so great that my sight, 0 Ornm MgLik, doubted not of your being
that gazelle. If you were not like her in the clleeks and in the forehead, you resembled her in
(the graceful turn o f ) your neck; nay more! its eyes were yours. 0 women ! you who con-
demn the fondness shown for the abode of a person dearly beloved, (for a spot which is $0)
difficult to reach by the random efforts even of our wishes, leave the lover to (his attachment for
the land o f ) Najd, the sole occupation of his heart. Were even Najd a valley, that heart would
never go beyotld it. Suppose you hinder him from seeing the beloved with his eyes, can You
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTION:1RY.
hinder his heart f1.0m fonging to possess her? 0 for the night I passed at Zit el-Athe1 (the
ta??2urisHgrove), when her image came (to visit me in n dlleam) and rendered that night SO
short! 0, how clear that remembrance ! 0 how dear! Fear (of discovoy,) treading in the
foot-steps of love, approached (7) me in all its terrors; may God not diminish the length of
their road! They bad nearly gone astray, in the darkness of the night, but they were directed
(towurds us) by the brilliant lustre of the beloved's teeth.

A mell-known pieces of his is the following :

The heavy rain-cloud, driven forward by the south wind, appeared in the morning and wa-
tered thee copiously, abode of Umima; and my heart remained at the sand-hill, in the reserved
grounds of the tribe. Turn, (my friend!) towards those grounds and say to my heart: Fare-
& &well! " Then pursue your journey and relate a wondrous tale; say that a heart went away
and left the bocly standing up. Say to neighbours who dwell at al-Ghada: "How sweet would
be the life one leads at al-Ghada, were it to endure! A year has passed without the lover's
having forgotten you; yet a lover's passion ceases, once he has passed a year. Loaden the
zephyr with the sweet perfumes you exhale, before it receives its load from the shh and the
thumbmn (8), and send your images to visit me in my dreams, if you mean to permit my eye-
lids to taste of sleep. "

These verses are taken from a long knstda which contains many fine passages;
but I sljall confine myself to this extract for the sake of brevity. One of his pieces
remarkable for the delicacy of its ideas is tlie haslicla in w11ich are found the fol-
lowing verses :

I passed a sleepless night; does she who enjoys repose at SaIa (9) possess a heart capable
of pitying those who sleep not? I implore you, by our mutual affection, you whom I love
as my son! for you are dearer to me than the son of my father (10); shed tears through
aflliction; for my eyes, when I ask them to pour forth (istabrastulta) tears, refuse to obey.
Though weeping be difficult for one who is unscathed (by sorroeo), get I have never asked you
10 do what was not difficult.

The same poet is the author of this fine passage on contentedness :

You blame the miser who is sparing of his wealth; why not be more parsimonious than he
by sparing your self-respect? Disgrace not your hand by asking; life itself is of too little value
to be asked for. I wrap myself up in the skirts of my contentedness, and pass the n&br thns
covered and envelopped. Notwithstanding my poverty, I appear before my enemies in
attire as denotes a inan of wealth and thus make them think that I am rich. When a man p a w
his ights in sighing, and all his hopes prove vain, let him count only on himself.

One of his kasldas contains an original thought which is thus expressed :

When your foes see you, their sods tly from them with aEght. One wonld think their
 IBN K f I A L L I K A N J S
souls were aware of your presence sooncr than thcir eyes. When YOU meet a hostile squadron
and to disperse it, you have o111yto declarc aloud your name and surnamc.

The d i ~ d n((orcollected worlrs) of this poet is so well known that we need not
lengthen our article by the insertion of other fine passages. There is, however,
in one of his liasidas, a verse which pleases mc SO much that I shall give it here :

The travellers who have just set out, and from whom you are now separated, have left behind
them hearts which shall ever refuse to admit of consolation for their loss.

MihyPr died on Sunday, the 5th of the latter Jurnida, 1128 (26th March, A.D. i037),
in the same year as the celebrated physician, the rdis Ibn Sina (Auicena, see vol. 1.
p. 444). 1 read, however, in a hook of annals, that his death tool<place in the year
426; but the first date is the true one. Al-BAkkharzi speaks of his son, AbB 'l-Ha.
San, in the Durnya tal-Kasr, and stales him to be the author of the LasEda which
rhymes in h (.C) and in which is found this verse :

0 zephyr which breathest from K2zima l (11) seldom didst thou excite weeping or
affliction.

But this poem, which is of considerable length, is well known to have been com-
posed by 81ihydr Iiimsclf. I know not what made al-BSkharzi fall into this mistake.
->Lv and e ~ j y must be pronounced dlilrydr and Marzawaih. They are both
persian names and their signification is unknown to me.

(I) The life of Muhammad ar-Rida is given in this volume, pagc 118.
(g) Why& had probably embraced the Shlite doctrine with the intcntion of pleasing his patron, who was
descended from Ali.
(3) See vol. Ilr page 5 0 4 , and the Jour~zalAsiatique for Pcb.-March, 1861.

road leading to Basra.-(Rlardsid.) In the text of this verse we must read A.3 d.
-
(4) Ar-Rukmatoin was the name of a place situated on the border of a glen in the Arabian desert, on the

(5) ZaMid is the name of a place on the road leading to Mekka.-(Mardsid.)

(G) The poet says she was near him because he saw her in his dreams.
(7) Read d s . - ~ h etext of this piece is corrupt and the translation ofton conjectural.
(S) The shlh is the plant called by botanists artemisia odorafissima or absinlhium. The t h u d m u (Pani-
cum) is a sort of grass. Both those plants are common in the dry soils of Arabia and north Afria.
(9) Sala was the name of a place near Medina.-(Mardsid.}
(10) The 8on of my father, that is: myself.
( 1 1 ) Kdzima, a well-known place on the road leading from Basra to Mekka.
 NAFB, T H E I A W L A OF IBN OMAR.

AbQ Ahd Allall NBf6 (l), the rnawla (or [reedmon) of lbn Omar (vol. I . p. 567),
was a native of Dailam. He (was tabn prisoner and) came into the possession of
Ibn Omar in one of the latter's campaigns. As a Tdbf he held the first rank, and,
as a traditionist, he had for teachers his patron (I6n Omur),and Abd Said al-Khudri
(vol. I I . p. 108). Traditions were delivered on his authority (by his disciples) az-
Zuhri (see page 3 of this vol.), Aiyhb as-Saklltibni (001. 11. p. 588) and liilik Ibn
Anas (vol.II. p. 545). He had a high reputation as an exact tradilionist and ranked
among those trustmortlly narrators whose accounls were eagerly listened to, care-
fully collected and taken as rules of conduct. The greater part of the Traditions
delivered by Ibn Omar repose on thc authority of Nlf&'sstatements. lllslik said :
r t When I beard Nbf6 deliver u Tradition on the authority of Ibn Omar, 1 had not tile

least wish of hearing the same Tradition from any one else." A saying current
among the learned in the science of Traditions is : A relalion made by as-S!,@ oft
the authorify of Mdlik, and by him on the authority of Nd/& and by him on the autho-
rily of Ibit Omar, (such a series) is really the golden chain ; so exaIted. is the
merit of each of these narrators. The sha2kh AbB lshak asShirhi (vol. l. p. 9)
relates the following anecdote in that chapter of his Muhaddab which treats of
marriage feats and scrambling for sweetmeats; he gives it in the words of N$fG
hi~nself: I was walking with Abd Allah Ibn Omar, and he 'heard the sound
" of a shepherd's pipe. On this, he stopped his ears with his fingers and went off
" the high-road. Every now and then, he would say to me : ' Do you hear it still,
" ' Nlfe?' and when I at length answered that I did not, he removed his fingers
" from his ears and returned to the high-road. Be then said to me : 'It was thus
" ' I saw the Prophet act (on a similar occasion)." This tradition presents a diffi-
culty which gave rise to a discussion among the doctors of the law; it is this :
" Why did ihn Omar stop his ears so as not to hear the sound of the pipe and yet,

" instead of ordering his client N&f&to do the same, he authorised him to listen,
" in as much as he asked him, every moment, if the sound had ceased or not?"
The solution given of this difficulty was that NiB, being at that &me a mere boy,
VOL. III. 66
and not responsable (for u breach of the law), it was not necessary to forhid him to
listen. This answer gave rise to another qucslion , nanlely : " I t is perfectly certain
that a declaration made by n boy is not receivable (in kW);why then did Ibn
4 4Omar put his trust i n Ndf6's declaration touebillg llle cessation of the sound)"
This Tradilion, as handed down 10 us, serves to streqtllcn llie argument of thosewho
assert that traditional information deliverecl by a boy is receivable. This matter
formed the subject of a famous controversy, an account ok' wllicll would be mispla-
ced here. Piurnero~~s onecdoles are told concerning Nkf6. IIe died in the year
117 (A. D. 735-8);or, according to some, in the year 120.

( 3 ) His fatller's name is not well asccrtai~lcd;il WiiS either Iformti= or Kdtis.-(An-Nawawi, in his Tahdfb.)

hbii Ruwaim NAf6, the son of Abd ar-liahn~i'inIbn Abi Nuaim and a rnawla of
Jawam Ihn Sllnhb as-Shijdi, wss a native of Medina and one of the seven principal
KO?-an-readera. 11e was the intdtn (1) of tllc llcoplc of htcdina; ihcy conformed to
his manner of reading and adopted thc readings 11e preferred. He belonged to Ihe
third class (or generalion) after the Companions (of Jfuhauamad) and filled the office
of muhtasib (vol.. I. p. 375). l-lis humour was facctious (2) and his complexion
dark, extremely dark. Ibn Abi Uwais stalecl as follows: 6cMdlik(vol. II. p. 545)
lold me that he read (the Koran) under NBlh's tuition." Al-Asmii (vol. 11. p. 123)
relates that Nif6 said to him : 1 drew my origin from ((1 family o n Ispahln." It
is tllus llmt al-ksmii's statement is reproduced by Abh Noaim (vol. I. p. 74.)in the
of lspal~dn. He (Ndfd) had read (the Koran) under the direction of
laimfina, a mawla of O m m Salama, one of the Prophet's wives. He had two pug
pils who transmitted to posterity his method of Icorsn-reading; one of them waswarsh
(see page 434 of this vol.) and the other Kum bul (vol. 11. p. 21). We have already
 BIOGRAPIIIICAL DICTIOKAKY. 523
mentioned them both under the letter aln (3). NIP died at l e d i n a in the year
469 (A. D. 785-6). This event has been placed under the year 159 and other
dates, but the first mentioned is the true one. Tl~ereare doubts about his surname
it was Abii 'l-Hasan, or Abh Abd Allah, or Abd ar-Rahn~h,or Abh Noaim
-The word (jawana) served originally to designate a little, short man; it
was afterwards employed as a proper name for men, whether they were short or not.
The Jawana here spoken of was a confederate ally of Hamza, the son of Abd ai-
Muttalib, or, by another account, of al-Abbhs, the son of Abd a\-Rluttalib. A third
statement represents him as a confederate of the HIshimide family. - The word
L
, (shatlb) was employed primitively to express the idea of death. - &
(Shijdi) signifies belonging Lo the tribe of Skijci, which is a brsncli OF the BanP Almir
Ibn Laith. As-Sao~ini(ool. 11. p. 156) has neglected menlioning this palronymic
(in his Ansiib).

( l ) The word inzdm designates the person who presides at tbe public prayer; but, in the present case, it
appears to signify oracle, a person whose opinions were o f the highest authority. See the Annals of Abh 'I-
Feda, vol. IT, page 58.
(9) The true reading is 63 L3 A$. ; see Abh 'l-Feda's Annals, vol. 11, p. 58, and Tabakdl al-A$n.ci,&iS.of the
Biblioth2que impdriolr, anciin fonds, No. 619, fol. 95 urrso. We read there 4, ~LSJ dk;
g&\ He (Nafd) was full of gaiety and good humour."
(3) The author is here mistaken: the article to which he alludes (vol. It. page $1) contains a short passas
on Kunbul, but does not make any mention of mrarsh.

AL-MUTARRIZI, T H E P H I L O L O G E R .

Abh 'l-Fath Nbsir Ibn Abi 'l-laklrim Abd asSaiyid Ibn Ali al-Motarrizi was a
native of Khowirezm, a legist of the sect (W school) of Abh Hanifa.[lsc page 555 of
WO!.), a grammarian and a philologer. He possessed a perfect knowledge of
grmmnar, philology, poetry and all the branches of literature. He studied in Pis
native town under his father and AbG 'l-Muwaiyad al-MuwaffaL Ibn Ahmad ibn
Muhammad al-M&ki (, a natiue of dlekka and) the (&# p ~ c h ein r ILl~@*zm
He bad, besides, &er preceptors. Traditions were tauglll to him by a number of
masters, one of was Abu Abd Allall Mullnmnlad Ibn A l i ibn Ahi Scad at-Tgjir
(lhe He p i n e d a perfect acquaintance with that science, became a
head-man among the Motazelites (l)and preached openly the doctrines of !hat sectm
i n *he points of Moslim law, ire follo?v~dthe system of Abii Hanifa,
He his thoughts with elegance a n d displayed great talent as a juriseonsult.
We owe to him n number of instructive works suell as the Commen(nry on lb
Sfa/ions ('akbm$t) of al-Hartri, a treatise which, nolwilhstanding ils ~ o n c i ~ i ~ ~ ,
aflords all tile informalion that can he desired. In his Kitdb al-dluy hrib (the fur-
nisher of curious information) he treats of the strange and uncommon terms em-
ployed in the language of the jurisconselts. This work is for the Hanefites
the work of al-Azllari (see page 48 of lhis vol.) is for the Shafites. In it the author
shewed that he was not unequal to his task, having assembled ilicrc every informa-
tion tllat could be wished for. 1Ii.s Mbrib (czact indicntor) was intended as a corn.
mentary on the Mughrih; it is a large woltlc, but rarcl j lo be found. He drew up also
a pl~iloIagieal(realise entilled the ]hiin& (safficiency),and made an abridgment of the
same work. His ollier productions were a n abridgment of (11~lsiQh al-Manlik(2),the
Misbdh (/lalnbtau)treating of grammar, tlic well-lcnown ~lukaddima(introduclion)to
the siudy ot grammar, etc. Students derived great profit from 11is oral instruction and
from his works. I n the year 601 (A. D. 1205-5) h e entered Baghdad, as a Iekka
pilyri~nantl, us 11e llald the opinions of the Motazelites, ire liad frequcnt controversies
with [he doctors of tl~atcity. IIe gave there lessons i n philology and acquireda great
reputation, extended fame and wide renown. IIe composcd some poetry, such as
the following verses, in which assonances are introduced wit11 great art (3) :

(He is) a fire-box of beneficence, the abundant sparks of which never fail, and a laurel of the
llills possessing noble qualities which are never blighted. Precious is the pearl of his glory,
copious the flow of his gifts.

In anoiher piece he says :

I should blush to acquire fame were I only to be considered as a frequenter of damsels and
an amateur of songs.

He said also :

Portuoe was blind to my just rights, and that was really as bad as if az-Zarka simdaM
 BIOGRAPIIICAL DICTIONARY. 525
blindness (4). If you refuse to acknowledge my merit, its voice is sufficier~tlyloud to advertise
those who have ears to hear.

lie cornposed a great deal or poetry and in it he made frequent use of assonances.
liis birth took place in KhowBrezm, in the month of Rajab, 538 (Jan.-Feb. A. D.
1144); so he was really, as has been remarked, the successor of azlamakhshari,
who died in that year and in the same place (see page 327 of this vol.). Al-
hIutarrizi died on Tuesday, the 21st of the first Jumbda, 610 (8th Oct. A. D.
1213 ), in Kho~vArezm. More than three hundred elegies, some i n Arabic and
some in Persian, were composed on his death.- dlutarrizi means a person who
embroiders stuffs and ornaments them wilh stripes. I do not know whether this sur-
name was given to him because he himself was an embroiderer or because one of
his ancestors had praclised ihat ar~,.-His professor, al-Muwaffak Ibn Ahmad, the
preacher above-mentioned, died in Kho\drezm on the 11th of Safar, 568 (2nd Oc-
tober A. D. 1172).

( l ) The Motazelites endeavoured to conciliate faith with reason, religion with philosophy.
(2) The Isldh al-Mantik (corrector of discourse) is a philological work composed by lbn as-Sikkit, a cele-
brated grammarian whose life will be found among the Ybkubs.
(3) Those assonances disappear, of course, in the translation.
(4) This must refer to Zarka al-YemArna (/he blue-eyed maid of al-Yembrna), who was celebrated for her
piercing sight and ofwhom many fables are related. See the Essai, etc., of M. Caussin de Perceval, tom, I,
p, 100.

AL-AZIZ AL-OBAIDI.

AbP 'l-Mansfir NiaPr al-Obaidi (the Fdtimids), entitled al-Aziz billah (~ugwlby
the grnce of God), was the son of al-Moizz, son of al-Mandr, son of al-gaim, son of
al-Mahdi, and sovereign of Egypf and Maghrib. We have already spoken of his
father (p. 377 of ihir vol.), his ancestors, his son and his grandchildren. He was
publicly declared successor to the (llrone on Thursday llle 4131 of the laller
R&i, 365 (lttl1 Dec. A. D. 9751, and lie assunled the supreme authority on Le
death his father, w]lich event look place On Vl*iday, the 11th of the same month.
A different date llas been given, as we havc remarked in the article on al-Moizz.
\Vben al-Moizz breatlied his last, l i s death was kept secret, till liis son, al-Aziz,
proelaimcd kllalif. The new sovereign was generous, brave and inclined to forgi-
veness, even rvitll the power of punishing. His conduct to\s-ards Ifli kin at
11. p. 4831, the rnamliik of Moizr ad-Daifrla, is well linown : nlren he got him
into his power, he pardoned him and, though the war he llad to wage against him
cost a lleavy sum, lie abstained from cllaslising hinr. AS we have already given a
short account of Iftikin's proceedings in the life of hdud ad-Dawla Ibn Buwaih, we
need not repeat it llcre. The anecdote (as we havc raid,) is well known and proves
the mildness and cIe~neneyof al-Aziz. The emir al-Dlulcl~llral-Musabbihi (p. 87
of his vol.) states, in his History, tliat al-Aziz was lte wlio founded the j&m6 (great
mosque) situated near the gate of Cairo called Bib al-Put~ih. The foundations were
dug and the building was commenced in tlre moiltb of Ramadan, 380 (Nov.-Dec.,
A. D. 990). Farlher on, Le says : " The Kasr a\-Ballr (the palace on the river-side),
( 4 an edifice the like of wllic11 had never been raised either in the East or in the

c 4 West, was built at Cairo in his reign, as also the Kasr ad-Dahab (the golden
palace), the great mosque in (lhc celnarery of) al-lcarlfa and the castles (or palaces)
'4 at Ain Shams (I). He had reddish hair, his eyes were large and dark blue, his
shoulders broad. Kind in disposition and condesccnding, lie disliked to slled
*' blood. Being a good judge of horses and falcons, t ~ ewas passionately found
of the chase and particularly of lion-llunling; he was, besides, a connaisseur in
I' jewellery and furniture; to this we may add that he was a man of talent, and
skilled in literature."- Abh Mansiir nth-Thailibi (,vol. Ii. p. 129) mentions him
i n the Yattma and gives a piece of verse which Ile composed on a day of public fes-
tivity in which he had put all his family into mourning on account of the dealh of
one his children. Here is the passage :

We, the descendants of al-Mustafa (the chosen onc, Muholnmad,) undergo afiliclions which
none among us can survive except those wlto are able to master their grief. Strange that wei
of all mankind, n~ustsufler from misfortuneI the Grst of our, family hacl his trials and so also
has thc last ! The people here beforc us are all rejoicing at their festival; but festivals, for us,
are days of mourning.
 Rere, the same author introduces a long paragraph after which he adds these
3vords : " l heard ihc shaikl 't-Taiyib relate as follows: c The Merwanide
(Omaiyidc) who reigned i n Spain received from NizBr, the sovereign of Egypt,
6 an insulting and satirical letter to which h e replied in these terms : You satirize

16 us bermuse you have heard of us; had we ever heard of you, wc ~hozrldmake you
4

a reply.' N i z h felt the severity of this retort and abstained from answering."
4

~ b i i'I-Hasan ar-Rauhi says, in his work entitled Tuhfa taz-Zt~rafdfi Tarlkh il-
flhulafd (gip for rhe ingenious, being a hislory of the Khalils) (2), that this eorres-
pondence passed between al-Azlz and al-ffakim al-Mustansir, the son of Abd ar-
Rahmhn an-Ndsir and Merwanide sovereign of Spain. According to him, al-Mus-
tansir was the a~itllorof the insulting letter and al-Aziz replied to it in the terms
above mentioned ; God knows best l In our article on al-Mahdi, Niziir's grand-
father (col. U . p. 77) we have spoken of the genealogy which this family gave for
theirs and of the attacks directed against it. The great majority of those who are
versed i n that branch of study do not consider this genealogy to be true, and we
have related, in the life of Ibn Tabitat39 (vol. 11. p. 47), the conversation which
passed, on the subject, between that shari'f and al-NIoizz, the farher of al-Aziz. The
belicf i n its falsity spread among the public and was generally adopted. A1-AGz,
in the cornlnencement of his reign, went up into the pulpit, one friday (lo pro-
nounce Ihe zuual Kholba or invocation), and found in it a leaf of paper on which
were inscribed these lines :

We have head a doubtful genealogy proclaimed from the pulpit of the mosque; if what )on
say be true, name your ancestors up to the fifth degree. 11 you wish to prove your assertion,
give us, for your genealogy, one which may be as certain as that of at-T%i. If not, ieavd your
pedigree in the shaclc and enter with us illto the great family which includes ail mankind.
The most ambitious vainly desire to have a genealogy like that of the sons of Hiishim (the
Abbdszdes).

The author of these verses said : Give us, for your genealogy, etc., because the
occurrence took place i n the reign of at-TBi lillah, the khalif of Baghdad. Another
day, al-Aziz mounted into the pulpit aud found there a piece of paper on which was
writtcn :

We have borne with oppression and wit6 tyraouy, be not witb iofidelitg nor folly. If you
have the gift of k n o w i ~ what
l ~ is hidden, tell us the rlalne ofhim who wrote his note.
 He composed these lines was led to do $0 h c a u s e tlley ([he Wlimidc soub
rens) pretended to possess the knowledge of every hidden from man; the
anecdotes told of illem, on this subject, are well known. Abh 'r-Raklmak
Ibn Muhammad al-Ant6ki (vol. I. p. 116) composed, in praise of a\-Aziz, a kas#&
of whicll the part is renlarkably well turned. The kingdom of this soye-
reign surpassed in extent that of his father ; (his gorlcrab) conquered for him Ernessa,
Ham6(, Aleppo, Sllairar and, in the montli of Muharram, 382 (Dfurch-~~ri], A. D.
992), (Ile khotba was pronounced for him, at hfosul, by Abh Duwtd Mullammad
Ibn al-lusaiyab al-Okaili, the brother of al-81ukollad Ibn al-&fusaiyab (p. 415 of
this and the sovereign of that city and its territory. Tile name of al-Azi~was
there inscribed on the coinage and the standards ; the lchotba was said for him (even)
in Yemen. Re continued to enjoy his greatness till the year 386 ; having then set
out for Syria, he was taken ill at Bilbais, in one of the last ten days of tlie month of
Hajab (August, b. D. 996). His indisposition some times augmented and sometimes
diminished ; on Sunday, the 25th of Rnmadtn, he got on horseback, at Bilbais, and
rode to the bath, from which he procecdcd 10 the lodgings occupied by the usld,!
AbB '1-Fuihh Barjawan (vol. 1 . p. 253), tlie samc who was the keeper of his treasury
at al-Kasr (the citadel of Cairo). He stopped there a n d , on the next morning,
Monday, he felt his sufferings increase, and tlleir violence continued till Tuesday
morning-. His disorder was the stone accompanied wit11 pains in the bo.irels. He
then sent for the kddi, Muhammad Ihn an-Nomin (3) and AbO Mullammad al-Hasan
lbn AmmPr the Ketsmian, surnamed Amin ad-Dawla (lbe warden of !he empire).
This officer was the first native of Maghrib who bore an honorary title (4). He was
the shaikh and commander of the Ketamisn troops. AI-Aziz, having recommended
to the care of these officers the interests of bis son al-Hlkim (p. 449 of this vol.),
sent for the latter and conversed with him on [lie same subject. Though his illness
continued to increase, he remained in the bath and, on quitting it, be expired.
This took place on Tuesday, the 28th of Ramadln, 386 (14th Oct. A. D. 9961, in
the interval between the two after-noon prayers. Such is the account given by al-
Musabbihi. According to the author of the history of Kairawiin, the physician pre-
scribed to al-Aziz a potion, to be taken on entering into the bath, but it was wrongly
made up and tlie prince died on drinking it. His death was not kept secret, even for
single hour, and his son, al-Hakim, was immediately established in his place. On
the morning of Wednesday, when the inhabitan 1s of Cairo heard of this event, they
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 529
went forlh from the city to meet the new sovereign. He made his enlry with stan-
dards and banners waving before him, whilst the umbrella (of slale) was borne over
his head by Raidiin as-Saklabi, tlie same who is mentioned in our ariicle on Bar-
jaxvhn. El-Riikim entered the Kasr a little before sunset, preceded by a litter in
which was borne the body of his father and out of which the txo feet of the corpse
When the litter was taken into the Kasr, the body was washed by the
kddi Ibn an-Nomin and then buried in.a chamber of the Kasr, near the tomb of
al-Muizz, the father of the deceased. The interment took place towards nightfuII.
On Thursday morning, the last of the month, perfect order reigned every where and
proclamations were made throughout the country to the effect that no new charges
or obligations should be imr~osedupon the people, that their lives and fartunes
were under the protection of God and that whoever attempted to deprive them of
either, might be lawfully slain and his property given up to pillage. The birth of
al-Aziz took place on Thursday, the 141h of Muharram, 384 (l It11 May, A. D. g%),
at al-Blahdiya, in the province of Ifrikiya. Al-Farglihni (vol. I. p. 155) states, in
liis lesser llistorical work, h a t al-Aziz billah was born on the eve of Sunday, the
I l th of Muliarran of that year. Al-Filukhtbr al-Musabbihi relates as follows : In
a conversation whicli I had with al-Hdkirn, we happened to speak of the death of
" al-Aziz, on which lie said to me : 0 Mukhtlr! my father sent for me before he
( ' ' breathed liis last, and I found him with nothing on his body but rags and ban-
" ' dages. I kissed him, and he pressed me to his bosom, exclaiming : ' How I
'' ' grieve for thee, beloved of my heart l' and tears flowed from his eyes. He
'' ' then said : 'Go, my master l and play, for I am very well.' I obeyed and began
" ' to amuse myself will1 sucli sports as are usual with boys, and soon after, God

" ' took him to himself. Barjawin then hastened to me and, seeing me on the top
" ' of a sycamore tree, he exclaimed: Come down, my boy! may God protect you
'' ' and us all! ' When I descended, he placed on my head the turban adorned
" ' with jewels, kissed the ground before me and said: Hail to the Commander
" ' of the faithful, with the mercy of God and His blessingl' He then led me out
l'' in that attire and sllewed me to the people, who all kissed the ground before me
" ' and saluted me witll the title of khalif!" The history of a l - A Z ~offers
dance of malter, but we aim at concision.

(1) The ruins of Aln Shams (iYeEiopolis) lie at half a day's journey N. 3. of Cairo.
VOL. 111, 67
530 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
(9) This work is not noticed Ly Hajji Khalifs.
(3) Muhammsd Ibn an-Nom9n was born at Kairawan, A. 3 4 5 (A. D. 956), and was taken to Cairo by

his father, who accompanied al-Moiez to Egypt. h]-Aziz appointed him chief cddi of all Egypt, of
alld Medina and of the military colonies ( j u n d ) in Syria. I'Ie chose him also to preside at the public prayer,
and nominated him director of the mint and intendant of weights and measures. Ibn an-Nom&n filled those
offices during fourteen years and died on the fourth of Safar A. H. 389 (January, A. D. 999). Many mem-
1prs of his family occupied high judicial situations.-(llisl. of the Kd(!is of Cairo, MS. of the Bib[. imp,,
no 691. This manuscrit was written for the use of the author and bears his corrections.)
( 4 ) This is an error: Bolakktn the Ziridc received from al-Moizz, the father of al-Aziz, the title of Saif
ad-Dawla (sword of the empire).

NASR AT,-KIIUBZAR UZZI.

Abh 'l-KBsim Nasr Ibn Ahmad Ibn Nasr Ibn MBmirn, generally known by the
surname of Rhuhziruzzi (the rice-bread baker), was a native of Basra. This dis-
tinguished poet had never received any education and could neither read nor write.
He baked rice-bread in a shop situated at the Mirbncl of Basra, and lie used to recite
here) verses of his own composition, all of them amatory. People crowded about
him for the pleasure of hearing his poems and admiring the talent of one whose state
was so humble. The poet Abti 1'-Husain Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Jaafar,
surnamed Ibn Lenkek al-Basri, (1)was then in the highest reputation, and yet he
often visited Nasr's shop for the purpose of hearing him, and took such an interest
in him that he made a collection (diwdn) of his poetical worlts. Nasr had already
been to Baghdad and resided there s long time. The Khattb (vol. I. p. 75)speab
of him in his historical work and informs us that people went to read (and study\
this d i w h under the author's tuition and that several pieces of verse were learned
from him and given as his by al-Moifa Ibn Zakariya al- Jarlri (see p. 374 of rhis ~ol.).
Ahmad Ibn Mansfir Ibn Muhammad Ibn Hdtim an-NQshari and a number of others
whose names be mentions. Ath-Thahlibi (vol. U . p. 129) speaks of him in the
Yalima and cites a number of pieces composed by him, such as the following :
M Y two frh.Kls I (lid you ever see or hear of any one more generous than a sovereign who
 *
BIOGRAPHlCAL DICTIONARY.
went to visit his slave ! (Ye[ 'horn thus my Beloved) came, without having promised, and said
to me : I esteem you too much to let your heart remain in suspense, awaiting the fulfilment of
a ~romise. hen, between me and her, the star of union revolved in the sphere of happy.
omen and felicity ; now, it presided over the kissing of the narcissus of the eye (2), and then,
over the biting of the appIe of the cheek.

Has not the love I bear you caused me sufficient pain without your beginning to sport
my feelings) and to laugh? Your mockery is more galling to me than what I have already
suLlcred ! I should not care being sent to hell, were it not for the taunts
angel w h o guards it).
(A)
of M P(the
~

Many were those who, though absent, kept their promises towards us; but there were some
who, though present, disdained (to fulfil their engagements). They turned away and then
turned towards (us) ; they shewed an inclination for us, and then repeiIed ns ; they first acted
as friends and then as foes. But blame them not for transgressing (against us); clid they not
transgress, they would have no reason to ask pardon.

Here is anotl~erof his pieces :

A friend begins by visiting another, either to drink wine (zuith him) or to hear the lute
touched (dy) by a female musician. Then he visits his friend, either to confide to hitn
his sorrows or to complain of the rigours of Fortune.

In another piece he says :

How much have I suffered from thy saying tbis and that; from thy wavering promises and
long delays. A week passes over and a month, whilst I expect thee, morning and evening. If i
miss obtaining kind treatment from you, I shall act with exemplary patience. Love increases
by regular gradation, but thus also does it disappear. Take care! think not thyseIf safe from
the vicissitudes of Fortune; she attacks the powerful and leaves them abased. Rethinks I
see the beauty of thy face receive from (approaching)wrinkles the order to depart (3), and that,
in thy fickleness, thou exchangest light for darkness; a very bad exchange1 (People,thm, on seeing
thy figure, would never) think it bad once been as slender as a wand and (that thy swelling
f o m had been like) rounded sand-hilb. When that happens, he whom thou hast not favoured
will rejoice in thy misfortune, but he who obtained tby iavours will still be for thee a friend.

By the same :

I looked at the moon and the face of my beloved; and, to my sigh^, hey seemed two moons.
Such was my embarrassment tbat I could not distingoish the human moon from the moon
of night. Were it not for the two cheeks which I kissed and the bIacLness of the hair which
charmed me, I should have taken the moon for the beloved and the beloved for the moon.
But one sometimes disappears and the other reanins always (with W); a d what
cannot be compared to what remains.
532 IBN K H A L L I K A N ' S
Ahrnad Ibn Mansdr an-Nhshari stafes that al-Khuhziruzzi reciled to him tile fol-
lowing lines, as being of his own cornposilion :

The beloved passed the night wit11 me as a boon compagnon ; ebriety had tinged her &e&
and, when the morning appeared, languor (4) began to tinge her eyes. Rly eyes then lent their
sleep to hers and obtained, in return, the pleasure of gazing on her charms. Tlianb be to
fortune; how well it favours me (in my plans) against her!

Tile Kllatib states, in his history of Baghdad, that Abil Muhammad Abd Allah Ibn
Muhammad al-AkBni of Basra made ihe following relation : " 1went out, one holyday
vacation, with my uncle Abil Abd Allah al-AkfAni the poet, and we had with us
Abh 'l-Husain Ibn Lenkek, Abb Abd Allah al-Mufajjii a n d AbG 'I-Hasan as-Sabbtk.
I, though a boy, accompanied them. They walked on till they came to the place
where Nnsr al-Khubziruzzi was and found him malting bread for a set (of people
*. who were waiting). We sat down i n llis (shop), wishcd Birn a happy holyday and
asked him how h e was getting on. 1Ie had just lighted some dry palm-leaves
under the oven and had put on so much fuel that (my companions) were inconve- .
a nienced by the smoke. As we found the smoke to augment, we all rose up (to
depart), on which Nasr said to Ibn Lenkek : 'When shall 1 see you again? Abh
'l-Husain!' The other replied: 'Whcn my clolhes are soiled.' 1Ie had put on
that day new clothes, as white and as clean as could possibly be, because he wished
*' to appearwell dressed during the festival. W e then went to the street of the Bani
d 4Sarnura and, when we reached the house of Allmad l h n al-lluttranna, Ibn Lenkek
" sat down there and said: ' My friends ! the stalion we made at Nasr's cannot fail

" ' offering him a subject on which h e will have someihing to say ; I wish to anti-
" ' cipate him; bring me an inkhorn.' He then wrote these lines :
" I have in my heart so great a love for Nasr that I surpass tl:crcin all my companions.

" When we went to him, he fumigated us, in guise of inccnsc, with dry leaves which tinged
" our clothes with smoke. I rose in baste, thinking Ire rncant, by that, to drive us away; and
"
said : 'When shall I see you again? ~ b i 'l-I~usaitl!
i ' to which 1 answered: ' When my
" cllrtl~csare soiled."
L

" Tliese lines he sent to Nasr, who immediately dictated a n answer to them-
" We read reply, which was expressed in these ierms :

''On 'l-Husain I bestowcd my sincerest love, and hc mocked me with sweet words.
"Wen he came, his clotl~eswere as (white as) the hair of old age, but (with me,) they
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 533
became dark like the hair of a youth. I thought that, when he sat down with me, be was
&c p i n g to a wedding, and I therefore generously perfumed his garments, saying: LWhens h d
66 ' I see you again? Abfi 'l-flusain !' He replied: When my clothes are soiled.' U the
dislike of dirtiness ( 5 ) be meritorious, why did the Legatee receive the surname of dusfy-
face (6)?"

The Khslidites, Abh Bakr Muhammad and Abh OthmPn Said (vol. II. p. 337),
relate, in the work called al-Hadayd tua '8-Tuhaf (oferings and gi/ts), that al-
$hubz$uzzi sent to Ibn Yazdld, the governor of Basra, a signet-stone and, wilh it,
the following note :

Were many times the double of what I sent you laid at your feet, it would make as little
appearance as the presents offeredby Balkis (the queen of SatcZ) to Solomon. But I do it only
to try you: if you are pleased with it, we shall know evidently that you are pleased with me.

Mentioning one thing brings on another: I found in the same work an amusing
anecdote which I am induced 10 insert here. There was at Ispahin a man remar-
kable for his wealth, his munificence and the nobleness of his character. His
name was Simdk Ibn an-Nomin. A female musician of that city, whose name was
Omm Amr and who was distinguished for her talent and her merit, inspired him
with o violent passion; and his infatuation for her became so great that he bestowed
on her a number of farms and sent her a mule loaded with the deeds by which he
transferred to her these estates. This gave rise to much talk among the public and
excited great astonishment. There was then in IspahPn a man of heavy apprehension
and remarkable for dulness, m110 was in lovewith another female musician. When
he heard of what had passed, he imagined, through his ignorance and his feeble
intelligence, that SimPk had merely given to Omm Amr a quantity of (parchment)
skins with nothing written on them and that presents of such a kind were always
well received and had a great effect on the person to whom they were sent. Be
therefore purchased enough of skins to load two mules, so that his gift might be
doubly as great as Simdk's, and sent them to her he loved. When she received
them and learned what it meant, she was filled with anger against her admirer and
Wrote him a severe letter in which she declared that she would never speak to him
again. In this missive she inserted the following lines which she had got a poet to
compose for her :

The person who revolts against fou will never submit to you a*. I decb tow
 wish to gain my affection sball always be vain. have bmugbt disgrace on the whole
of lovers by the vileness of your act. Tell me! ~110would capJle of seuding skios to hk
*istress except you? I supposc that, in doing SO, JrOU ffleanl l0 imitate SimBk. B U he ~ sent
to Omm Amr Qms wjth their titlc-decds, and you sent tnc lllings which slunk as if you had
made use of them to wipe your mouth. Why should I coilsent 10 have you near me ? blodhead
that you are! I have no wish 10 see you except I welse to Cut up those skins (into s t ~ a a
p~
wear them out) upon your shouldel.~.

I transcribe here another anecdote wllicll 1 found in the same work: Al-Labbidi
the poet set out from one of the towns or Adarbaijan for anolher. a e was mounted
on an colt belonging to himself. A great sterility had prevailed in the
country during that year. On the road, he met with o young man, riding on an ass,
Let us give the remainder of the story in al-Lnbbbdi's own words: '' 1 found that he
had received a good education and could recite poems; 1lc was, besides, light-hearted,
prompt at repartee and skilled in argument. We travelled together the rest of (he
day and, in dle evening, nc arrived at a khOn jcarauanserail) situated on the road.
I asked from the master of it if he could give us nnylhing to eat, and he declared
that he hadnothingremainingin his eslablishment. I tallied will1 Pitn for some time
and cajoledllim so ~vcllthat he atlengtll brought me two cakes of bread, one of which
I reserved for myself, and the other I gavc to my lellow-traveller. The uneasiness
1 felt for my colt, lest it should pass the night witllout feeding, was greater than
what I feIt for myself; so 1 asked the master of the ldibn if lie had any barley. He
replied that he had not a single grain. 1 told him to go and look for some and that I
should pay him [or his trouble. He went oui and, after remaining a long time
absent, he returned and informed me that I-LChad discovered two rnakkdlc's (quarls)
of it, but that the owner had sworn, under the penalty of divorcing his wife, that he
would not let them go for less than a hundred dirllems (fifty shillings). On this I
said: "Since there is an oath made to divorce, discussion is useIess; here are fifty
" dirhems; go and bring me one rnakkdk." He did so, and 1 gave it to my c014
alter which, 1 resumed my conversation with the young man, whose ass was standing
(an the C O U ~ ? ) , with nothing to eat. My companion remained some time wits
downcast eyes and then said: Listen, may God favour you! to some verses which
" have just come to my mind. Let us hare them," said I, and he recited
" follows:

MY verses, Sir! are much inferior to yours, for my poetic talent does not come up even to
 BIOGRAPHICAL ]DICTIONARY. 533
your skill in prose. In what I have recited, I merely displayed before you what was, in n ~ g ,
a single drop compared to your ocean. You conversed with me familiarly, raised my spirits
and treated me kindy ; you paid attention to my state before thinking of your om. I now
wish to ask a favour which, if you grant it, will render me your encomiast and your gratefnl
sei.vant for ever: I have partaken of your hospitality; let my ass share in that of your colt.

I laughed and excused myself for having neglected the animal; so, I purchased
far it the other malckdk, at the price of fifty dirhems."-But, after all, we have
digressed from our subject. The anecdotes and stories related of Nasr are very
numerous. He died, A. H. 317 (A. D. 929-30), but this date is suspicious, for
the Khatib states, in his History, that Ahmad Ibn Manshr an Ndshari, the same of
whom we have already spoken, learned from him (~ornepiecesof verse) in theyear 325.
-The word druzzi, forming the latter part of the surname Khlubzdruzzi, varies in
its pronunciation, because it comes from a root which has six different forms, na-
mely: uruzz (rice), aruzz, urz, uruz, ruzz and runz. Nasr received this surname
because he practised the trade of a rice-bread baker, as we have already stated towards
the commencement of this notice. - Lenkek is a Persian word and the diminutive
of the adjective lenk (lame). The Persians form their diminutives by adding Qe
-
letter k to the end of the word. MiTbad is t4e name of a well-known public place
in Basra. The word itself signified any place where camels and other animals are
shut up, but it became a proper name, applied to the place in Basra.

(1) ~th-ThaAlibi, in his I'atbma, giyes some passages frem Ibn Lenliek's poems and praises the author
highly for his talent. He informs us that Ibn Lenkek was considered as the most accomplished literaq
scholar of Basra.
( 9 ) See vol. I. Introduction, page xxsvr.
g.
(3) f i r obvious reasons I give the signification of l a ~ i n k l sto the word The expression a r - ~ k f l a !
ar-rahila !means : get ready to start !
(0 I read, with one of the MSS. > I. For the signification of this word se& De %cY's Ha*, P. 6%
l 20.
(5) The true reading is
jP' .
(6) According to the ShPites, Muhanlmad appointed Ali Ibn Abi T&b to be his fllccesm;
t0 the latter the surname of al-waf(the leguiee). Abd T u d b (the father of dwt,
the

nickname by which Muhammad designated Ali on account of his piety and lhpnent *-P
 1BN KHALLIKAN'S

NASR AN-NUMAIRI

~ b f'l-Murhaf
i Nasr, a celebrated blind poet, was the son of MansOr Ibn al-Hasan
Ibn Jaushan Ibn Mansir Ibn Humaid Ibn Ithi1 I b n Wazar I b n Attilf Ihn Bishr Ibn
Jandal Ibn Obaid ar-Rbi Ibn Hussain Ibn Moawia Ibn Jandal Ibn Katan Ibn Rabia
Ibn Abd Allah Ibn al-Hbrith Ibn Numair Ibn Abmir I1)n SBs&Ibn Moawia Ibn Bakr
Ibn Hawizin Ibn Manslir Ibn Jlrrima Ibn Rhasafa IIbn Kais Aildn Ibn Modar Ibn Njzk
lbn Maadd Ibn AdnBn. w h e n a boy, he went (rr09n ar-fiak/~a)10 Baghdad and
there he continued to reside up to llle day of his death. He learned the Koran by
heart, studied the system of jurisprudence drawn up by Alimad Ibn Hanbal (vol. 1.
p. 64) and heard traditions delivered by the kddi Abii Bakr Muhammad Ibn Abd
al-BAki al-Anslri, A68 '1-Barakbt Abd a l - W a h l ~ i b Ibn al-Mublrak al-AnrnAli (I],
AbO'1-Fad1 Muhammad Ibn Niisir (2) and other masters. His literary studies were
made under AbQ blansbr al-JawLliki (p. h98 of llris vol.). He (mmposed and) recited '

poems i n which h e eulogized the khalifs, the vizirs and tlie grandees; he taught
traditions and lead a life of devotion and self-morlification. IIjs poetry, of which
there exists a collection, lras all a good tendency. Tlre Bdtib lmdd ad-din (p. 300 or
this vol.) cites some of his verses in tlie Khartda and assigns to him tlie genealogy
which we have given above. '' I t was from his lips," said he, " illat 1learned it."
The Obaid ar-Rli (3) who is mentioned in that list was the celebrated poet whose
diwiin we possess and who waged such a war of satires against Jorir (vol. I. p. 294).
Abii Murhaf (Nasr)10s his sight from the small-pox, at the age of fourteen years.
I m l d ad-din cites the following extract from one of his poems :

Think you that, after our union, now dissolved, we shall ever meet again, and that 1shall no
longer have to apprehend the fearful vicissitudes of Fortune? (Think you) that, after our
mutuaI estrangement, (the aspect of) our camping-spots and pasture-grounds in Najd will
again assuage (my grief)? I well remember the time, now past and gone, when we were d
closely united at Aiman al-Alamain 1 I have been unable to suppress the flow ofmy tears;
tears obey not the (bver's) will when he suffers from passionate desire. My heart impels me
t~wards(the beloved) Khans%,but, between us, a vast extent (of desert) intervenes. Of things
which I dread, that which my heart fears the most is the sight of the lightning when it flashes
over the land of Najd (4). Long separation from my friends has loaded me with a barden
which I am unable to support,
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

His poetry is remarkable for delicacy of thought and elegance of style. When at
Baghdad he remained exclusively attached to Ahn ad-dh Yahya Ibn &haira, a
i r life we shall give, and composed poems in his praise. He was born at
~ i ~whose
sr-Rakka, on Tuesday evening, the 13th of the latter Jumkda, 501 (29th Jan. A. D.
1108); he died at Baghdad on Tuesday, the 28th of the latrer Rabi, 588 (13th May,
A. D. 1i92), and was interred (outside) the gate called Bib Barb.-Nutnairi b a
referring to the Numair Ibn Adrnir whose name is mentioned towards the
beginning of this article. The other names are sufficiendy known (to d i g p s e u
from indicating their orthography).

(1) The h&z Abh 'l-BarakAt Abd al-Wahhhb al-AnmAti was a native of Baghdad. He died in the month
of Muharram, 53 8 (July-August, A. D. 1143).
(9) The hdfiz Abh 'l-Fad1 Muhammad Ibn NAsir as-SdAmi, an inhabitant of Bagdad and one of the gratest
traditionists of IrAk, died in the month of Shaaban, 550 (Oct. A. D. 1155).
(3) For this poet see de Sacy's Ar~thologiegrammaticale, pages 194, 4 5 % .
(4) This perhaps means : because it draws my attention towards that country and awakens painful recol-
lections.

d
IBN KALAKIS.

Abii 'I-Futbh Nasr Allah Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Malchlhf Ibn Ali Ibn Abd al-Bwi Ibn
Kaliikis al-Lakhmi al-Azhari alhkanderiini (an Arab of the tribe of Lakhm, a dacen-
dant of al-Azhar and a native of Alezundria), bore the title of al-Kdi 'l-4ara [& ,ill( S

worshipful kadi) and was noted as a poet. In that art, be displayed gr&t@$fi&, ( . . c I

lalent and genius. H e had so little beard that his face was qoife.b*&v6&at
. ., aet'r.:r

reason, verses were composed against him; which l abstain h%-a$m6~ng . on 17

account of their indelicacy. He was a constant companimsf.&'#ha bb& F-

Gsilafi (vol. I. p, 86) and profited greatly by his h~er&$&$6-$& &g: $%merit
,,'

h@z. ' The collection of his poetical W& COB- * inyI&i%~@ mipkes
VOL. m. $8
538 ]BY l i H A I , Z , I K A N ' S
brilliant eulogiums of his friend, Abb T i h i r who, on his side, spoke of him fie-
puently in the lrighest terms and ernulatrd will1 h i m in the career of mutual praise,
Ibn Kal&is went to pay his court to al-KMi 'l-FAdil Abd W-Rahfm (71ol. 11. p, 11 l)
taking with him a lins$da in wliicl~the name of that vizir was introduced so as to
form the of one of the verses. The piece is of the highest beauty and begins
thus (1) :

Vlhat harm would i t do that gazelle (nymph, maiden), were not to leave (us), and were
(she to heay) one wounded (lover) condole with another? (FvIzat harm) to one whose society
is a paradise, were she not to see him whom she rejected suircrillg from (tomzents like those of)
hell? AS long as I courted her, (that slender waist, like to) a pliant branch in a garden, en-
feebled lny body (by the passion it inspi~edme), so that I became (a mere breath, like)
the zephyr (of that gap~den). She, with the beauty-spot (rakivl) on her cheek, slumbers,
negleclful of (her) sleepless (lover); but sleep was always most suitable for those who had
Rakim (2). Why should a gazelle (maiden) not remain (snmm) (zuitlz us) ? Have I not
heard (g~~am,na~ians say,) as (an exeml~leof') relation : '' The gazelle of the desert (sadm) (3).
How often did a censor continuc (her reproaches) as long as l~ightendured; a being (bahima)
with whom I passed in conviviaIity many a gloomy (hahim) night ! I allowed her to anger me
uncontrolled, for a lnan shou[d be mild when angered by 11is fellow-creature. I said to her,
when she passed all bounds and whilst my heart was in grievous torture : " Excuse a heart
which, through a n effect of love, wanders, like a poet, in every valley (4). How often (did I
long for) that wine of which her niouth was the cup and of which the smell could not suffice
me but the taste I I tricd to absorb it from her lilx and said: "This is really the liquor of
Paradise (B) I " S11e opened her month, in smiling, and disclosed (teeth like) the white flowers
of the hill, or like pearls ranged on a necklace; or (as if) she had received with approbation
the (poem now) received by al-PPdil Abd ar-Rallim.

Ibn Kalikis frequenlly removed Irom one country to another and, alluding to his
fondness for travelling, he used to say :

Men are numerous ($#\), but I am destined to kecp company with sailors orsly and
with camel-drivers.

Towards the close of his life, he went to the city of Aden, in Yemen, and sung
the praises of Abh 'Waraj Yhsir, the son ofAbb 'n-Nada BiIPl I b n Jarir al-Muham-
madi and vizir to Muhammad and Abii js-SaBd, the sons of Arnrin Ibn Muhammad
Ibn ad-Di! SabA Ibn Abi 'S-SaQd Ibn Zuraid Ibn al-Abbbs al-ydrnj, sovereigns of that
country (6). B e was generously treated by YQsir and, having obtained from him
gifts sufficiently ample to make him a rich man, he took ship and departed. The
vessel was wrecked on the idand of ao-N$m&s, near D&]&, and every thing he had
 BIOGRA,PHICAL D I C T I O N A R Y . 539
with him went to the bottom. This occurred on Friday, the 5th of Zd 'I-Kaada, 563
(1 th August, A. D. 1168). He returned to his patron i n a state of nudity and re-
cited to liirn the poem which begins thus :

When we departed, gellerosity called us back, and we returned to thy residence; returning
(from evil ways) is highly meritorious. C

This is a n excellent kaslda, as that single verse is sufficient to prove. He then re-
cited to him another poem in which he spoke of his shipwreck; it begins by these
lines :

Travel, if you wish to acquire real worth; it is by travelling that the crescent becomes a fuU-
moon. Water, whilst it runs, acquires good qualities; when it settles, it becomes corrupt. It
is by removing (from their place) that precious pearls pass from the sea to the ne&s (of the
fair). You who relate the history of Yisir, without knowing by experience his real merit ! read,
if you know how, in the nobleness of his visage, the (open) volume of expectations (fulplled).
Kiss the fingers of his right hand and say: 'cHail to thee who art an ocean (of generosity)l"
But -I mistake, God parclon me! in comparing him to the ocean; he enriched me and it re-
duced me to indigence. I have found that the one always flows, and that the ather (flowsand)
ebbs.

It is a long kasida and displays all the excellence of h e author's talent. The idea
in the second verse is borrowed from an expression employed by BadEa az-Zambn,
the author of the makdrndt; who inserted it i n the beginning of an epistle of which
we have spoken i n his life (vol. I. p. 113) and in which he says: " When wafer h=
" long remained at rest, its noxious qualities appear." The idea of the lhird verse
is borrowed from a piece composed by Surr Durr (vol. II. p. 381), in which the au-
thor says :

Let your stirrups rattle across the deserts, and leave to maidens the shelter of their curtains.
Those who always remain at home are like the inhabitants of the tomb. Did not pearls quit
their dwelling-place, they had never mounted from the sea to the necks (of the fair).

The following verses, composed by him on a black slave-girl, offer a v e q original

idea :

'I know a negress who is really (worth)a white; near her, the (white)camphor b jealons of
the (black) musk. She is l i e the pupil of the eye : people think it black, bat it is ail Ipre)
light.

The good (pieces composed by) Ibn KaIAkis are very numerous. He born in
540 I E N ILlIAL1,IKAN'S
the frontier-city of Alexandria, on Werlnesday, the 4th of the lalter Rabi, 532
Dec. A, D. 1137); and died at Aidlib on the 3rd of SlleuwP1, 567 (29th May, A, D.
1172). In the month of ShaabBn, 563 (May-June, A. D. 1 168), he arrived in Sicily
and, two years later, he visited Yemen. When in Sicily, he got acquainted with a
chief (kdia)named A68 'I-Kkim Ibn al-Hajar (71, by whom he was generously treated
and for wllom he composed a very good work entilled : Az-Zahr al-Bdsim fi awdf
Abi 'i-fisim (the smiling flower, Zrealing of the qualilies of Abd '6Kdsim). When
he left Sicily, with the intention of returning to Egypt, the winter season had set in
and the winds drove his ship back to that island. He then wrole to AbB 'l-g&im a
letter in which he said :

The winter weather l~incleredme from arriving at my native place with thc ambassador. The
wjnds,'~hicll drove me back, came just ss I should have wished, although I did not desire
tlleln. Tile ass someli~rlesstumbles, but tint is oiten through the will of him who hired it out.

There was then in Sicily an ambassador sent there by the sovereign of Egypt.
When he took ship to return, Ibn KalAkis accompanied him, and they were driven
back by a storm to the place they sailed from. Ibn Raliikis then composed tlre versa
here mentioned. The Bdtib Imhd ad-Din mentions, in his khartda, under the article
entitled IBNKALAI~IS, the treatise of which we have spolcen above, and gives there
some good extracts from that poet's works.--Raldlcis is tlre pluriel of Iiolkds (colocosia),
n word of which the meaning is well known.-Aiddb is a small town situated on the
(coestcmn) shore of the sea of Jidda (the Red sea). The vessels of Egypt sail from
thence for nijk (wilk the travellers who arrive at Aiddb) by the road of Kcs. The
'

passage across the sea generally takes a (day an a) night. From Jidda (or Juddn) to
Mekka there is one day's journey. At Jidda is still to be seen the tomb of Eve, our
first mother, which is an object of pilgrimage.-Yhsir was put to death by Shams ad-
Dawlat Turin Shdh (vol. 1. p. 2841 when illat prince invaded Yemen (8).

( l )Tltcse verses are so intricate in their construction, so full of verbal quibbles and ohscure allusions, that
it is hardly possible to malro them perfectly intelligible in another language.
(8) According to some commentators, the Raklm of the Koraa is the name given to the dog of Seven
Sleepers. See Koran, s0rat 48, verse 8.
(3) It i s very possible that the translator has missed the meaning of this verse.
(4) Kordn, shrat 26, verse 285.
(5) Literally: Zemzem and al-Hatirn; that ii3 the sacred well and the enclosure of the Temple, at
 U JOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 541
(6) That is, or Aden and its territory.
(7) This shows that, in Sicily, under William 11, the third Norman king, some Moslim chiefs still held a
high position.
(8) In the year 569 (A. D. 1173*4), when Shams ad-Dawlat Tbrin Shah took the city of Aden, the vizir
YAsir was the governor of the place. The historians who speak of this event make no mention of the two
princes in whose name he governed.

DIA A D - D I N IBN AL-ATHIR.

*

AbB '1-Fath Nasr Allah Ibn Abi 'l-Karam Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abd
al-Karim Ibn Abd al-Wihid as-Shaibdni, generally known by the surname of Ibn
al-Athir al-Jazari and the title of D i i 'd-Din (the light of religion), was born at
- Jazira 't-Ibn Omar (l) and passed there his early youth. In the month of Hajab,
579 (Oct.-Nov. A. 1). 1183) he accompanied his father to Mosul and there he made
his studies. Having then mastered the sciences (connected with law and religion),
learned by heart the Koran; picked up a great quantity of traditions concerning the
Prophet and acquired a fair knowledge of grammar, philology and rhetoric, he m

learned also such a number of poems that he said, towards the beginning of his work
en li tled Al- Washi 'l-Mark8n (the flowered silken tissue) : I learned by heart an
" immense quantity of ancient and modern poetry, but, afterwards, I limited my

" studies to the poems of the two members of the tribe of TAi, Habib I6n Ahs,':
-he means AbB Tamrndrn (vol. I . p. 3k8),--N and Abii Oblda al-Bohtori j2), as
" also to those composed by Abii 't-Taiyib al-lutanabbi (vol. I. p. 102). 1 corn-
" mitted to memory all the poetical work sof these three authors and often stu-
" died them through during a number of years, till 1 obtained the faculty of ex-

" pressing correctly my ideas and succeeded in acquiring such habifs of appJicitiion
.

" as became for me a (second)nature." My sole motive in giving this passsge is to

shew how essen tiol it is for a scribe who is engaged to draw up e@aa (@f@I air-
pakhes) that he sl~ould*closely apply to the decomposing of petrp fin& p o r ~ and f
make that practise the main basis of his art. DtA ad-Din, haring thus obtained P-
s m i ~ nof all the qualifications (reqgzlirifc for a semefq @*f~), ~ ' m e d e dhiheeermrt
of SalAll ad-Din (Saladin), in ibe montlr of the first Rabi, 587 (April, A. D.
1191) and, in the month of the latter Jumlda of the same year ( J u n e - ~ u lhe ~ ~was
)
attacllcd to tile service of illat sullan by al-Kidi 'I-FBdil (vol. 11. p. li I). He con-
tinued with Salill ad-Din till the month of Shauwil of that year (Oct.-Nov,), when
al-Malik al-Afdal MOr ad-Din Ali (a01.11. p. 353), the son of SalAh ad-Din, asked
permission from liis fatlicr to take him (Dad ad-Din) into his service. The sultan
gave tile latter his choice of remaining where he was or of passing into the semice
of the prince, and told him, at the same time, that the pension (rndldm) already
panted to him should be (in each case regularly) continued. Dia ad-Din decided on
going with al-Afdal, wllo \was then a young man, and was appointed by that prince
to the post of vizir. Under such a patron, his circumsLances became greatlyim-
proved. Al-lalik al-Afdal, liaving obtaii~edfor liirnself (lie kingdom of Damascus,
on the death of his lather, Sal411 ad-Din, chose I)Ei ad-Din for his grand-vizir. All
public affairs were then referred to the latter's direction and, i n every circumstance,
4

the highest confidence was placed in his ability. When Damascus was taken from
al-Afdal, that prince removed to Sarkliad, as we have already stated in his life, and,
as Dig ad-Din had been on bad terms wit11 the inhabitants of the former place, they
now resolved on putting him to death; but the chamberlain, llahisin Ibn Ajam, got
him out of danger by locking lliln up a trunk and carrying him secretly out of the city.
Dib ad-Din then went lo join his master and aflcrwnrds accompanied him to Egypt,
whither that prince had h e n called in order to act as tllc ndib (liculenant)of his nephew,
al-Malik al-Mansdr. W e have spoken of these evenls in our article on al-Afdal, and
that dispenses us from repeating our account of lliem hcre. Al-Malik al-Aldil having
proceeded to Egypt (see vol. 11. p. 3541, took ihat country from his nephew al-Afdal,
who received in exchange the government of as-Sharkiya (Irbk and Mesopotamia) and
set out for that province. Dih ad-Din did not follow in tllc train of attendants, be-
cause he was afraid of being assassinated by a band of fellows wlie were wailing for
him. He afterwards succeeded in leaving the city under a disguise, and he has
given an account of his evasion in a long letter tile text of which may be found in the
work (diwdn)which contains his epistolary correspondnnce. He staid away for some
time from his master al-Malik al-Afdal and did not return to his service till that prince
had established his autliority i n Sumais$t. Ile then remained with him till the
month of Zh 'l-Kaada, 607 (April-May, A. D. 121l), when he passed into the ser-
vice of a]-Maljk az-Zlhir Ghhi (vol. 11. p. 143), sovereign of Aleppo and al-Afdars
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 54 3
brother. Soon after, he left his new master, in a moment of anger, and returned
to Mosul, but, being unable to make his way there, he proceeded to Arbela, where
he was equally unsuccessful. From that he went to Sinjir and then, again, to
Mosul. Having decided on fixing his residence there, he got employed by the gover-
nor of that city as a writer ofdispotches. This prince, whose names were h r ad-
Din Mahmdd, and who was the son of al-Malik al-KHhir Izz ad-Din MasGd, the
son of Niir ad-Din Arslln ShPh (vol. I. p. iPb), had then for atdbek {guardian)
the emir Abfi 'l-PadBil an-Nbri. This took place i n the year 618 (A. D. 1281). I
went more than ten times from Arbela to losul, where Dil ad-Din was residing,
and tried to get introduced to him; because I knew that he had been the intimate
friend of my father and l[ wished to study something under his tuition. I did not,
however, succeed in my project. I subsequently left as-Sharkiys and went to Syria,
where I resided about ten years, and then proceeded to Egypt. Dli ad-Din was still
living at that time. I afterwards received at Cairo the news of his death. He
composed a number of works which prove the eminence of his talent. That which
bears the title of Al-Jlalhal as-Sdir fi dddb al-Kdtib wa'sh-Shdir (the Current Proverb,
treating of the literary information requisite for prose-writers and poeis) forms two-
volumes and attests the great abilities of the author. In it, he enters into full
details and omits nothing which a writer of epistles should know. When he
finished it, he read it in public, and allowed it to be written down under his dic-
tation. A copy of i t having reached Baghdad, the jurisconsult Izt ad-Din, who
was ?]so a man of letters, undertook to criticise it, to refute the author and to
point out his errors. The names of illis doctor were Abb Hdmid Abd al-Hamid
Ibn Hibat Allah Ibn Muharnmad Ibn a)-Husain Ibn Abi 'I-Hadid al-Madaini. He
collected his strictures into a volume to which he gave the title of AI-Falak ad-Dbir
ah 'CMathal as- Sbir [the Rmolving Sphere, directed against the Current Prooerb).
When the work was finished, he sent it to his brother, lluwaffak ad-lh^n Abfi 'l-
MaPli Ahmad,-called also al-KHsim,--and received from him a written answer
containing these lines :
*
Sir! YOU have made on the Current Proverb (a book caUed) the Revolvkg Sphhere It is
really a revolving sphere which will render your name as well known as a c n m t pmverb.

ad-Din (the author of that refutation) was barn at d-gadgo on Satmky, the
of Zfi 'l-Hijja, 586 j30th December, A. D. ii90), anddislakBagbdad in the year
655 (A. D. 1 % ~ ) . His brother, MuwaPtk ad-Din, (lied at Baghdad in 656 (A. D.
1258), very soon the taking of that cily by llle Tartars. Both of them were
juriseonsul~s,men of letters and of talent. They left some good poetry. Muwaffd
ad-])in was born in the latter J u ~ n i d a (May-June,) or, according to another
statement, in the first Rabi (Feb.-March), A. II. 590 (A. D. 1194), at al-Madaio,
-(DEB ad-D4n, the subjet of this nolice,) is the author of 111e book entitled Al-varhi
'l-Mar~fimfi haall al-dlonda (the flowered sillten tissue, treating of (the adrantage
resulting from) the decomposing of poetry (into prose). This treatise, though concise,
is very fine and instructive. Be composed also tlie Kitdb d-dladni 'l-LMukhtar&z
book of original ideas), in whicli he treats of the art of prose composition. This is
also an excellent work. Another production of his is a selection of poems from the
works of Abii Tammdm, AbC Obhda 'l-Bohtori, DPk al-Jinn (vol. II. p. 133) and Abii
't-Taiyib al-Mutanabbi. It forms one large volume and may be learned by heart
with great advantage (to the student). Abfi 'I-BarakBt Ibn al-Mustauli (vol. II.
p. 556) says, in his (biographical) History of Arl~ela:'' I found ihe following verses
inscribed, in the hand-writing of Dlh ad-Din, at the e ~ of d the book which coniains
his selection (of poetry) :

Employ this treasure really precious; for it is a selection made by a man of prudence
and of judgment, to whom a11 clegancies of style were obedient and who took, at an early age,
the right road to poelry. "

He left also a diwdn of epistles, filling a number of volumes, and out of which a
choice of letters has been made, forming one volume. An epistle, which he addressed
to his sovereign, after having made a journey in the rainy season and during an in-
tense cold, announces to him that the writer had left his service and contains the
following passage: " The rain-cloud pitched its tent over the (land) and let ifs skirts
" fall down upon it; making every halting-place detestable and changing evev
" hill into a pond. It trencbed the soil will1 furrows, and converted every (oalkyl
" side into the bank of a river. Metllought it wished to rival in copiousness with
" the bountiful hand of our sovereign and to excel it in the persistance of the tor-

" rents which it poured forth. But your humble servant prays God to pardon him
" for making a comparaison so totally devoid of appropriateness ; he well kno?s the

" difference between that (cloud) which fills the vallies with its waters and that (hand)
" which over-whelms the assembly with its beneficence. The plant producing .
 BlOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 545
flowers which the (ardent heats 00sunlmer may cause to disappear, or fruit which
C

is consumed by autumn, must not be compared to a prince (whose hand) pro-

duces riches sufficient to second ( L J J A 'his
) generous intentions and enables the
flocks to graze during spring and summer in a fertile pasture-ground. Then
(your servant) pursued his journey, suffering f r o m ~ h eland and its 'mud, from
6 ' the sky and its rain. It (the sky) was (lik thy hand) liberal to excess ; it con-
6 ' tinued its donations unremittingly till it fatigued (those who received them); it
4 4 was so prodigal that its bounty became irksome; and your humble servant now

dreads the glittering of swords much less that the flashes of the lighning. Dur-
ing the fall of these showers, he continued battling (against ihem), and suffered
affliction from the intensity of their cliillness. Receive my salutationl" When
my friend HusPm ad-Din Isa '1-Hsjiri (vol. 11. p. 434) heard the passage in which
the writer speaks of suffering affliction from the intensity of cold, he greatly ad-
mired the thought and expressed it again in the following ferrns :

How painfully cool the water of her lips! I shall complain of its poignancy (even) to those
who blame me (for loving her).

The person who casts his eyes on this verse may probably desire to knon rest of the
poem, and, as the piece is short, I think there will be no harm in giving it. Here
it is:
Between the sands of al-Jaza and the river of al-Auk dwells a person whose ( c h a m ) her
lover can never forget. He gathered the plunder of the bee (honey)off the lips of (thafmaiden)
whose motions are so graceful and whose teeth so bright. If her forehead were not a paradise,
it would not have produced those charming curls (3). Row painfully cool the water of her
lips! I shall complain of its poignancy (even) to those who censure me. Strange that in (our
mutuaZ) love, she who is my friend should act towards me like an enemy! Let my life be the
ransom of that gazelle whose slender waist works the same effect as the pliant lance (4).

In our article on an-Nafis al-Kutrusi (vol. I. p. ih7) we have inserted a piece

rhyming in k and containing a verse which offers a similar thought. It is :

0 mouth of the beIoved! thou didst consume my heart when I tasted of thy c o o b .

But the idea itself originated with Ibn at-Taiwizi (p. 162 of P& vol.), who id,
in the well-known kasfda which rhymes in :
*
A (~e'quor)cool and chill from her lips, lights up ?he ardour (of h&ad I-tiing
eyes kindle desire.
VOL. HI. 69
 546 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
One of Did ad-Din's dispatches, written i n the name of his sovereign to the
Grand Diwds (akDizodn al-Azh, the court of the khalir of Baghdad), contains the
following passage : His (dc khalif's) dynasty smiles sweetly, though it derives its
name from al-A6bds (the frowner). It is the best dynasty which was ever pro-
duced unto (the eye o [ ) time, and t h u s also its subjects are the best people ever
produced unto mortels. For its livery was chosen the colour of youth ( 5 ) , which
6taugured that the dynasty would never fall into decrepitude and that it would
always continue to enjoy the purest gifts of Fortune, the never-fading love (of the
people) and their unceasing affection. The 'tl~oughthcrc expressed for the first
time has for its author the llumhle servant of the dynasty, one always devoted
to its colours; never, till now, was it traced on paper by a pen, and never yet did
it revolve witlr other orjginal ideas in the hunlan mind."-1 must, however, de-
clare that Pi&ad-Dln was wrong in attribuiing to himself the discovery of this idea,
for Ibn at-TaGwizi had already expressed it in s poem rhyming in S and containing
the praises of the h d t n (khalif)an-NAsir li-Din Illah AbO 'l-Abbh Ahmad. He
recited it to that prince on the 1st of Zii 'l-Kaada, 575 (29th March, A. D. 1180),
the day of lils instalment on the throne of the lihalifate. It begins thus :

(The 'wine) was carried round the company by a cupbearer (graceful and slender) as the
pliant branch of the Ar2k tree.

That part of it where the poet brings on the transition offers the passage to which
we allude and which we give here :

Alas ! the day has brightened up my night (i. e. hoariness has rendered white my black
hair); never again shall I enjoy the gloomy night of youth ! A timc came which changed the
tint of my hair and interposed between me and joyful sports. The young girls, on seeing my
white hair, turn away and say: " Black is best of raiments; why should it not have the prefe-
" rence, since it is the livery of the sons of al-Abbiis?"

ad-Din certainly added to the idea, but i t was Ibn at-Taiwizi who opened the
gate and Eleared the way; so the other had no difficulty in following the road- A
letter in which D% ad-Din announces the defeat of the infidels (the cruradm?)
contains the following description of those who were stripped (by the victors) : " They
LI
were stripped and, in exchange for their garments, they obtained a raiment of
" blood. They appeared in the form of naked men, yet their attire was that of
" people who are dressed. How quickly was sewn for them scarlet clothing; and
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 54?
yet it made no folds upon them and had no need of buttons1 (6). They received
not this dress till Islamism had put on the livery of victory always to endure.
(Their dross) was woven by the cutling blades of lances, not by the skill of the
4 6 artisan ; and those who were to wear it had on1 y to wait till the swords entered

into the heads and the necks, and till the spear, straight ss the letter nlif, en-
6. countered the coals of mail (7)." The idea expressed in the beginning of the
passage just mentioned is borrowed from this verse of al-Bohtori :

They were stripped but the blood, shining on their bodies with a scarlet hue, made them
appear as if they were clothed.

D% ad-Din has given a description of Egypt in a long epistle which contains a

passage on the swelling of the Nile. The idea which he there enounces and the
terms in which he expresses it are quite novel, having never occurred to any other
person. Here is what he says : " Sweet in its waters, like the gatherings of the bee;
d r red in its face, so I knew it liad slain sterility." I have since discovered that this
highly beautiful thought was borrowed from an Arab (of ihe dtarl) who composed a
piece of verse which I here give :
Pity a heart ever appalled by the lightnings of the cloud, as that cloud passes towards the
mountain or over the valley. When its uncovered face appeared red through the murky night,
( I knew full well)that it had murdered sleep.

Dii ad-Din was quite right in taking this idea for himself; having employed it
very skilfully in the passage before us. The same thought is found in a verse com-
posed by Abd Allah ibn allotazz (vol. II. p. W) on a maiden who had sore eyes:

People said: Her eyes complain (of what they suffer), and I replied: That ailment comes
from having slain so many (lovers); their redness is the blood of her victims, and blood on the
edge of a weapon is an excellent witness (against one who is accused).

The epistles of DIP ad-Din abound in beauties. He used to contend with al-K%;
'l-PPdil in this species of composition : when the latter drew up an epistle, he W

indited another on the same subject. They kept up a correspondenca, on& with the
other, and had frequent conferences (on literary matters). Ke had no p a t talent
for poetry, and, a proof, I may cite the following verse :
Three things give joy: a cup, a bow1 and a goblet. When the wine-& h @er& for them,
(the dispelling o f ) care.
it is pierced for
 548 I B N RIlALLIIiAl\i'S
He often recited the following verses of Ornhra tal-Yamsni :
'fllis heart ((,[mine) was sufficienlly enamoured to obey the call of those (friends) who were
setting out for a distant Iand, and not call (on, me to detain il). It was certainly a false idea of
mine to suppose that, after their departure, it would still remain within my ribs.

His productions abound in beauties, but we have spoken long enough on the
subject. lbn al-Mustaufi mentions him, with high commendation, in the History
of Arbela. He arrived at Arbela," says this author, " in Ihe month of the first
a Rabi, 611 (July-August, A. D. 1214). He was born in al-Jazira (upper Mesopola-

mda) in the mouth of Shaabin, 558 (July-August, A. D. 1163), and he died in one
of the two months of Jumida, 637 (Dec.-Jan. A. D. 1239-40) at Baghdad, whither
he had been sent on a mission by the sovereign of Mosul. The funeral service
was said over him the next morning, in the mosque of the citadel (Jdm8 'l-Kusr)
and he was buried near the mausoleum of Miisa Ibn Jaafar (see page 163 of
ibis vol.), which monument is situated in the Kuraish cemetery, on the west bank
(of the Tigris)." Abb Abd Allalr Muhammad Ibn an-Najjlr (vol. I. p. I l)states,
in bis History of Baghdad, that nib ad-Din's death took place on Monday, the
29th of the latter Rabi (28111 November), of the above mentioned year (1239);and this
writer must have lrnotvn ihc fact better than any other person, because he culti-
vated specially this branch of knorvlcdge (biography)and because he (Did ad-Din) died
among thcnl (lhe i~zhalritant.sof Bagkdad). WC have alrcady spolcen of Ilis two bro-
thers klajd ad-Din Abh 'S-Said51 al-Mubrirak (vol. 11. p. 551), and Izz ad-Din Abb
'I-Hasan Ali (vol. 11. p. 288). All tllrce were men of talent, merit and eminence,
and each of them composed some instructive works. - Dib ad-Din had a son of
great abilities, vho wrote very well both in prose and in verse, and composed a
number of works, such as compilations, elc. I met with one of these treatises; the
author had drawn it up for a l l a l i k ol-Ashraf (p. 4SG o r this vol.), the son of al-
Malik al-Aldil Ibn AiyGb, and, in it, he displayed the highest talent. It contained
a great quantity of pieces in prose and verse, colnposed by himself, and a number of
his father's epistles. He was born at Mosul in the month of Ramadin, 585 (Oct.-
NOV. A. D. 1189), and he died there on Monday morning, the 8th of the first Ju-
m&da, 622 (1 8th May, A. D. 1225). His name was Muhammad and his title as-
Sharaf (i. e. Sharaf ad-Wn, noblenes~of religion).
 (9) See vol. 11, pages 989, 553.
(8) His life will be found in this volume.
(3) The translator has purp0scly avoided given the literal meaning of this verse. In all the piece be has
substituted the feminine pronoun for the masculine.
(4) The effect which the poet means is wounding fhe heart.
(5) Black is the colour of youth, because, at that age, the hair is dark.
(6) The true reading isjj? +>.
(7) Literally : till the stroke of the spear joined the letter olif to the idm. The group km-olif (\d) is well
known to Arabic students. Butzhere the alif means a spear as straight as an alif, and the word Idm means:
coals of mail.

AN-NADR IBN SHUMAIL.

*
Abli 'l-Hasan an-Nadr,- the son of Sliumail, the son of Kharasha, the son of Yazid;
ihe son of Kulihhm, the son of Abda, tlie son of Zuhair as-Sakb, the poet, the son of
Orwa, the son of Halima, the son of Hujr, the son of Khuzii, the son of Mkin, the
son of Mblik, the son of Amr, the son of Tamim, was surnamed at-Tamimi aI-Mt
zeni. This grammarian, who was a native of Basra, possessed extensive information
in various branches of knowledge. He was veracious and trustworthy (as'a l r d -
lionit), a perfect master of Arabic jurisprudence and poetry, well acquainted with (ihr
accounts handed down concernhg) the battle-days of the (aneiefil)Arabs, and a relator
of traditions (respecling Muhammad). Be was one of al-Khalil Ihn Ahmad's pupils
(vol. I. p. 493). Abir Obaida (page 388 of this vol.) mentions him in the Kitdb
malhrilib oh1 il-Basra (treatise on the ignoble acts of the people of Basra) and relates as
follows : c An-Nadr Ibn Shumail, when at Basra, fell into straitened circumstances
" and left the place, with the intention of going to KhorbBn. The people of b r a ,
" to the number of about three ihousand persons, escorted him out of the &£g; and
t
not a man of them but was either a iraditionist, or a grammarian, or a philologer,
" or a prosodian, or a historian. When he reached the Mirhad (Mp. 535 of
" vol.), he sat down and said: +peopleof Basra l it is painful for me to quit you,
" ' and, by Allah I if I could haye found there every day a handfa1 (L) of potherbs.
" ' I would not have left you.' Not one of the assembly offered to provide him
550 IBN KNALLIKAN'S
1' Ule lie required. Ilnving arrivcd ill I(lkor&sin, lle sellled at Ham
6 and
great ivcaltl,."--In our arliclc on Abd a]-WdthPb 31-Mlliki 11.
p. 165) will bc found a silnilar discourse, pronounced 117 illat kddi on leaving
Baghdad.-An-Nadr hcard lraditions L80m(Ihc lips o[) IIiclldm Ibn Orwa (21,Ismail
Ibn Abi KIlilid (3), Hamid atdawil (vol. I . p . l7G),hbd Allall Ibn ABn (&), H i C h h
Ibn Hassin (5)and olller TdMs (disciples of Muhan~mud'scompanions). Traditions
were given on his aukllorily by Yabya Ibn Main (61, Ali Ihn al-Madini (7)and other
imamr wllo had an opportunity of meoling llim. visited Naisipirr more than
once, resided illere for some time and taugllt (traditions) to the inhabitants. Some
curious stories and anecdotes are rclated of what passcd Bctweon him and al-Man&,
tile son of llirbn ar-Rashid, to whose social parlies, a1 Marw, lle was frequently ad-
mitted. Al-Hariri (vol. II. p. 490) has inscrted ono of them in his Durra tal-Ghaw-
wds, wilere lie says : Some people employ t l ~ cexpression : (such a thing is) a plug
(saddd) to keep out poverly, but they make a mistake, because llle correct pronun-
ciation is siddil. It is stated in the llislorics of (eelcbrated) grammarians, that an-
e b Aadr Ibn Shumail gained eighty thousand dirlrcms (two thousand pounds slcrlingj

by teaching the rigllt pronunciation of the word."-IIe then gives the anecdote and
commences by an isndd (8) which reaches u p to Mullammad Ibn Pldih al-Ahwhi'
bho related as follows: " An-Nadr Ihn Shumail said to mc : I used to attend al-M$-
" rniin's conversalion parties and, one evening, I went there in a patched cloak.
He (remarked this and) said: L What is thc meaning of such slovenliness? how
" ' dare you appear bebre the Commander of the faithful in so shabby a dress?'
" I answered: "ommander of thc faithful! ' I am il feeble old man, and the beat
" in Marw is very great; so I near tllis dress to keep rnysclf c~ol!-~Not so!' replied

" the khalif, a you are really a sloven.' We tllen got up a conversation (9) in which
" he broughton the subject of women and said: Hushaim (10) informed me that

" Mujilid (I l) had mentioned to him that as-Sh&i (vol. 11. p. 4) had told him
" he heard Ibn Abbbs (vol. 1. p. 89) relate as follows : The Apostle of God said:
" ' When a man marries a woman for L r piety and be~uiy,that is a stopper isdad)

" ' to keep out poverly.' In relating illis tradition, the khalif gave to the word
"
tile pronunciation of sadad. On this I said : LComrnnnder ol the faithful!'
" Bushaim would llave spoken truly, had said: c It was related to me by A@
" ' Ibn Abi JamIla (12), on the authority of al-kIasan, the son of Ali Ibn Abi T i W
" ' that the Apostle of God had spoken t h ~ :s When a man marries a wom@nfor h"
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY , 554
c piety and beauly, she is a stoppeper [(sidPd)to keep out poverty. Al-MBmbn was then
L reclining on a soh, but, on hearing my words, he sat up and asked me why I
&4 said sidlld.' I replied : ' Because suddd, in this tradition, is a fault.--& Do you
L mean to say,' said he, c that I have made the fault?' l answered: 'Ido not; but
Hushaim made it, for he ws a very incorrect speaker (lahhdna),and the Com-
njander of the faithful followed what he said.' He then asked me what was the
difference between the two words, and l answered : SadRd means ihe good direction
and the right road, in speaking of religion, but sidlrd means whatever sna/"ces to
support life, and every thing which serves as a stoppage to another. Do the
' Arabs (of the desert) know this distinction?' said he. ' They do,' said I ; here,
c c for inslance, is a verse by al-Arji (vol. I. p. 267) :

"They allowed me to perish and what a man have they left to perish ! (one wlto couM have
'C served them well) in a day of terror or in the defense (siddd) of a breach."

On this al-Rlbmhn exclaimed : 'God's curse on fellows who have no educa-

&'

" ' tion ! ' He then remained with down-cast eyes, till at length he said : ' What
" ' property (mal) do you possess?' I replied: I have, at Marw, a little piece of
" ' land, and its feeble drainings (produce) 1 drink (atasabbtlha) and suck up.'

" ' Shall I add,' said he, to what you hare.' I answered : 'Of.that I stand
" ' greatly in need.' He then took a piece of paper and wrote on it I knew not what.
" Where he had done, he said: When you make use of the verb atraba (to WUGT
" withaearthor with weallh), how do you say? I replied : Otribhu (couct him
" with earth).' Then' said he, how do you designate the'person so covered?' 1
G

" answered : 'He is mutrab.' c And,' continued he, .if you made use of (the verb
" derived from) ttn (clay) how would you sap in the imperativeg? L To this Ianswered :

" tinha (lute or cement him).' 'And' said he, 'the person thus cemented, how
" * would you designate him?' I should employ (the parli&ple) malin. On this,
" he said: Better and better 1 page I earth him and cement him.' Be then recited -
" the evening prayer at the head of the assembly and, when he bad finished, he
, " said to his attendant: ' Take (this letter) and conduct him fa al-Fadl Ibn Sahl
" ' (vol. 11. p. 472).' When al-Fad1 read the paper, he said C me : 'Tell me,
" ' Nadrl why has the Commander of the faithful ordered ~ c nfifty thousand
" ' dirhems't ' I informed him of what had passec?and dis*d nolhing. ' Then,'
" said he, ' you reproved the Commander of the faiMal hr ormaking a f&dt of pr*
44 nunciaiion.-' Not so,' said I, ' the fault was made by 1Iusllaim, who was noted
I

66 4 for his incorrect pronunciation, and tllc Commaildcr of the faithful repeated his

6' saying so as is always practised will1 the sayings of legists and relators
I' r of historical &is.' Al-Pad1 tllcn ordered me thirty thousand dirllems, so that I
6
' ,gained eigllty ~llousandby- teaching (he rig111 1)ronuncialion of a single $1 &le,"
-Tile verse given as an exan~plein the preceding recital was composed by ~ b d
~ l l ~tlIe , of Amr and the gmnJ-son of (lhc khalif) Olllm$n Ibn A f f h . He
l ~son
was as a poet and had received the surname of al-Arji. Here is the piece
to wvl~ichit belongs :

They llave allowed me perish, and what a Inall hart! tllcy left to perish ! (one who could hue
well) in a day of terror or in the defeilse of a breach ! (one so) firm in desperate
s e p u ~ d f]jem
conflicts .cvhcn he lance of death was lcvell~da1 11istllroal ! I a m dragged cvcry day through
assenlblcd multitudes ;o God ! what oppression ancl violellcc I undergo ! (Now I am) as if I
had never bccn the noblest pearl of thcir assemblics and as if I did no1 bclong to the family of
Amr. Perhaps the sovereign Lord, who hearkens to ~ h praycl-Sc may deliver
of his pctilio~~ers,
me from bondage; then people shall know my gratiludc; tllose who loved mc I shall requite
with honours, and those who hated me sllall recl 111yindigtiation.

The reason of his composing these vcrses was, tllal when Mulra~nrnadIbn Bishhm
Ibn Ismail al-Makllzhmi, (the khalifl IIislii^lm Ibn Abtl al-Malik's maternal uncle,
was governor of Mekka, he cast al-Arji into prison ; (rncaning tbs) to avenge the
honour of liis mother 81-JEdL, wlio belonged to the family of a1-Hlrith Ibn Klh and
on whom the poet bad composed some amatory vcrses. It was not through love
that al-Arji had done so, but merely to bring her son to sliamc. He remained in
prison nine years and died there, after having bcen beatcn with whips by al-
Makhzfimi's order and paraded ignominiously tllrougll the market-places. He com-
-
posed these verses when in prison. But we llnvc digressed from our subject, SO,
let us return to it, and complete our accouni of an-Nadr Ibn Shumail. Another
anecdote concerning him is related by al-llnriri, in the Durra tal-Ghasw4s,
towards the beginning of the work; he says: cLSomepeoplc, when speaking to a
sick man, make use of the expression: dPay Cod renovc (masah, your ail- 'c)
" ment! It is related that an-Nadr Ibn Sl~uumail,being unwell, received visits of
" condolence from a number of people, and one of them, surnamed Abu Sgih,
" addressed him in the above-mentioned terms. An-Nadr replied: 'DO not ai
U ~ a sin (-1, but say massah with a sad p),which word signifies
" ' ~ U S with
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 553
L lo remove, to disperse. Have you not heard this verse of al-Arsha (vol. 1.
p. 267):
AS often as the wine frothed in the (cup), the froth went off and disappeared (massah)?

c L The man answered : ' SEn may be sometimes employed instead of sad, as takes
a
place in the words sir& (roadJ and sakar (hell).' To this an- Aadr replied : Then
c your name is Abd SdtiK(i3).' Another anecdote of a similar cast is related of

a literary man who maintained, in the presence of the vizir AbS '1-Hasan Ibn al-
.& Furlt (vol. 11. p. 355) that it was allowable to substitute the s$n for the sad in
every case. On this, the vizir said to him : 'In reading this verse (Koran,
c c siirat 13, verse 23) : Thc gardens of eternal abode, in10 which they shall enrer,

" with lhose of their ancerlors, wiaes arrd offspring who were airtuous (salah); do
you pronounce this word with n sdd or a slin P ' The man blushed with confusion
L L

and uttered not a word." End of al-Bariri's remarks.-I may here state that the
ablest pl~ilologersallow the substitution of s&d for stn in every word wherein the
sin is followed by one of these four letters: L& (L),khil ghain and kdf (c), (t)
(3).YOUmay therefore say ssirdt for sirdt, ssakhkhara lakurn for sakhkhara Iakurn,
~nussghabafor nza.sghaha, ssaikal for saikal. Take these as exernples of a general rule.
In the philological works which I have consulted i never met with any observation
to the contrary, except i n the Sahdh of al-Jauhari (vol. l. p. 22 ), under the root
i~-a. where the author says: c ' Kutrub ~ u h a m r n a dIbn al-Mustanir (p. 29 of ihh
" vol.) mentions that the family of Bel-Anbar ( l b n al-Anbor), a branch of the tribe
of Tamim, change the sCn into s M when it is followed by any one of these four
letters: lb (L),k&/' (31,ghain and khd (C) (c),
no matter if one, or two, or three
" letters intervene. They say srirdt for sir&,bassta for basia, ssazkal for saikal, ssa-
" rakt for sarakl, massghaba for masghabo, missdaghu for misdogha, ssakhkharu lakunz
" for sakhkhara Inkum, and ssakhub for sakhab." End of al-Jauhari's remarks on
this subject (14). Numerous anecdotes might be related of an-Nadr, b ~ concision t
is to be preferred. He left a great number of works one of which vas on the
subject of species jl) (al-Ajnds) and similar to the Gharlb (15);he entitled it KitAb
as-Sifat (book o f derripizons). According to Ali Ibn al-Eiifi (161, -..#
tlie first volume
treated of the human. frame, beneficence, generosity and the cjualiQs of women ;
the second volume treated of tents, dwellings, mountains and valleys; the third w a s
wholly devoted to camels; the fourth to sheep, birds, the son and moon, rivers, the
VOL. III. 70
 354 IBN K H A I , L I I ( A N ' S
various kinds of milk, truffles (of the deser!),wells, cislerns, wcll-rol,ss, buckets and
descriptions of wine ; the fifib contained ( ~ U S S U of ~ Cpoems
~ rcsperlirtg) corn-fields,
the vine, grapes, the names of potherbs and of trees, winds, clouds and rain, His
\\arks were the Kitdb as-Sddh (on weapons), the Kildb khilli al-lhras (on the
/+ame of fie horse), the Kildb al-Anw&( o n the lunar mansions), ibe Kildb al-dfadnija
rhetorical figures l ) , the Kitdb Ghartb a l - l l a l t h (on ?cnusual words occurring in the
lradijions) , the Kildb al-Nasddir (on verbal nouns 1), the ~ i l d h nl-,lltrrll;hil,
' njeant
as an introduction to ( ~ h study
s of) al-Khalil Ibn Ahmad's (VOL. I - p. 493) Kitdb al-ASn.
An-Nadr died on the last day of ZB-'l-IIijja, 204 (16th J u n e , A. I). X20);-so~r
say, on the first day of [hat montt~,and somc place his deal11 in the year 203. He
died at Marw, a town of KhorlsBn, which was also his birth-place. 11; was brought
u p at Basra and received, for that reason. the sunlame ol sl-Basri.-Nudr, Shu-
mnil, Kharasha, KultltQm, Abda and ns-Sakb, are to IJC pronounced ns here indi-
cated. (Tlie poet Zt~hair)received the surname of as-Sakb for having composed the
following verse :
Through the tent glit~ereda lightning-flash wide-spreading (~lsIiClr).

Halttna has for vowels an n and an 4. Ibn al-Jouzi (vol. 11. p. 96) says in his Kztdb
al-AlkBb (book of surnames),in the article Sakb: " That person's real name was Zu-
'' hair, he son of Orwa, the son of Julhurna." Gocl knows best which of us is
i n the right! Julhuma, as here written, designated originally the side of the valley
called Julhamu or Jalhama, and then became a proper na111e for men. Hujr takes a
u for its vowel. KhwC (as a proper name) is similar to ihe ethnic adjective (whiclr
signifies belonging 10 the tribe of Khuzda). Tlle remainder of the names (in the
genealogy) are so well known that it is needless to fix their ortographg.

(l) The arabic word is KiIJ'a. I t designates a weight 01' trear-ly I'uus ~ ~ u u r l d s .
life of Hisham is given in this volnme,
( 9 ) The
(3) Ismail Ibrl Abi Khuid Hormuz, one of the Tdbts, or disciples ~ u h a r n r n r t d ' s compa~lio~~s,
was a trd-
tlitionist of the highest authority. He died A. H. 1 4 5 (A. D. 762-3).
(4) The traditionist Abd Allah Ibn Abu al-Basri al-Muzani died A . kJ. 151 (A. D. 768).
(5) Hisham Ibn Hassan al-Azdi al-Basrr; this traditionist died A. N. 1 4 6 (A. 1). 7'03-6).
(6) The life of Ibn Main will be found in the fourth volume of this work.
(7) In the second volume, page 243, mention has been made of this crlehratod doctor. 11 is said lhat he
was a partisan of bhe doctrines professed by the ShEttes.
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY.
(8) See ~ i , xxIr.
LOI. I, i r ~ t r o d u ~ t i upage
(g) The text may also signify: we then began to repcat traditions.
(1 0) See vol. I, page 187, note (7).

i d Said al-Bamdfini al-Khfi learned traditions from some of the Tdbb. He taught them to
(14) ~ u j ~ l Ihn
He died A . H. 134 (A. D.
other traditionists, hut his authority is considered by all the doctors as feehle.
751-9).-(an-Nawawi's Tahdib.)
(19) ~ h lbn
f ~ b 3amila,
i surnamed al-Akr2bi (fhe Arab of the desert), bore a fair reputa!ioa as a. traditionist.
gedied A. H. 1 4 6 (A. D. 763-4), or 147.
(13) 2 L& means holy and
2" one who discharges his excrements.
(1 4) The examples given here are most of' them taken from the Koran, the correct reading of which is a
matter of the highest importance with the Musulrnans. The sin is ours; the sdd, or sod, is an emphatic s with
a dull sound and gives to the following vowel a shade of that pronunciation which is special to the vowel o.
(25) This is prohahly the philological work compiled by AblZ Amr as-Shaibbni (vol. I. p. 18'2) and entitled
Ghapib al-AIusunnaf.
(16) According to the author of the Nujzim, a person named Ali lbn Ghannam al-Kbfi died in the year 258
( A . D. 849-3).

T H E I M A M ABU HANIFA.

The imdm and jurisconsult , Abfi Ilanih an-Nomh , the son of Thibit, the son
of ZGta, the son of BIAh, was a native of Kfifa and a client, by enfranchisement, to
the tribe of Tafm Allah Ibn Thalaba. Be belonged to the same family as Hamza
az-Zaiyilt (tiol. I. p. 478),and was a dealer in silk thread. His grandfather, Ziita,
was a native of Kbbul, or, as some say, an inhabitant of Blbel; but, according to
other accounts, he was a native of al-Anbhr, o r of Nasd, or of Tirmid., It was he
who was enslaved (by theMoslim conquerors), and afterwards obtained his liberty. Bis ,
son, Thbbit, was born a rnusuIrnan. Ismail, the son of Hammdd and the gmnd%on
of Abb Hanifn, made the following statement: I am Ismail, the son of Earnmad,
" the son of an-NornPn, the son of Thabit, the son of an-km&, the son of'&
" MarzubPn who belonged to a noble family of Persia. God n e a r laid u ~ USo the
" yoke of slavery. My grandfather was born in the year 80 (A. D-699-?W)- uj
" (the son-in-law of Muhammad), t o vhom T u b i t went' wben a b y , invoked upon
 him and his poslerity h e benediction of God ; and we hope that, on Alits account f

the Almighty will continue to grant U S that favour! An-Norndn, the son of
< LMarzubbn and the father of Thdbit, was he ~ 1 1 0 on , [he day of the autumnal
6. (Mihrqdn),presented the almond cake to Ali, who said: ' Pay our Nib-
s( .
rjjeun be every day like this ( l ) . ''' So i t is related by the Khatib ( ~ o t . I , ~ , 7 5 ) ,
in his History (of Baghdad), but God only knows (if the statement be m),-~hfi
flanifa was born so far back that h e might have met with four of lhe L'rophet's cam-
panions,-nemely: Anas Ibn MBllk (vol. II. p. 587). Abd Allah Ibn Ahi Aefa (21,
wtlo resided at Kiifa, Sahl Ibn Saad hs-S8idi (3) at Medina, and Abh't-Tufail
Ihn Wathila (h),at Dlekka; but he never saw them nor obtained from any of them
Traditions respecting the Prophet. His disciples, however, say that he met with
a number of the Companions and delivered traditional information on their autho-
rity; but, for doctors learned in the science of Traditions, this statement does not
appear well supported. The Khatib says, i n his History of Baglidad, that Abfi
Banifa saw Anas Ibn RIQlik, that he took lessons in jurisprudence from Hammlid
Ibn Abi Sulaimdn (5), and that he heard traditions delivered by A t l Ibn Alli Rabdh
(vol. 11. p. 203), Abh Ishdk as-Sabii (vol. Ii. p. 392), Muhirib Ibn Ditliir (G), al-
Baitham Ibn Habib as-Sarrtf, Muhammad Ibn al-Munkadir (vol. 11. p. 119), NBfE
(see page 521 of this vol.) the mawla of Abd Allall Ibn Ornar, UishHrn Ibn Orwa (7)
and Samrndk Ibn Harb (8). He says also that Traditions were taught on his autho-
rity by Abd Allah lbn nl-Mubarak (vol. 11. p. 12), Wokia Ibn al-Jarrill (vol.I. p. 376))
the kddi Abb Yfisuf (sea next vol.), Muhammad lbn al-Hasan as-Shaibbni (vol. I/.
p. 590) and other doctors. He was a learned man and a practiser (ofgood workr),
remarkable for self-denial, piety, devotion and the fear of God; humble in spirit and
constant in his acls of subnlission to the Almighty. (The khalif) Al-MansGr had him
brought from KBfa to Baghdad in order to appoint him as kui, but Abfi
Hanifa refused to act. AI-MansQr then swore that he should act; the other
swore that he would not; the khalif repeated his oath, and so did Abii Hanifa :
On this, the chamberlain, ar-Rabi Ibn Yirnus (vol. I. p. 521).said (to the laser) :
" Do you not perceive that the Commander of the faithful has made an oath!"

Abb Hanifa replied : " The Commander of the faithful has ampler means than 1 for
'' expiating an oath not fulfilled (g)." A s he persisted in refusing, the khalif sent
him to prison. According to a popular relation, h e (the khalif?) passed a number
of days as a counter of bricks in order to expiate his 08th; but this storg does not
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DZCTLONARY. 557
repose on good authority. Here is ar-Rabi's statement : I saw al-Mansdr enter into
G ( a discussion with Ab6 Hanifa relatively to the affair of the kadiship; and he (Aba
jlantfa) addressed him in these terms: ' Keep the dread of the Lord before your
eyes and choose no man for the service of those confided to your care except one
who fears God. By Allah I I am not assured of (your) good will ; how then can
1 be assured against (your) anger? If I happen to judge of this matter diffe-
rently from you. you may perhaps threaten to have me drowned in the Euphrates,
unless I accept the office of judge ; (even in that case) I should prefer being
drowned. You have (a multitude of) dependants who require to be respected
c on your account; and, for such a task, 1 am not fitted.' The khalif answered
and said : ' You lie ! you are fitted for it I ' AbQ Elanifa replied : You have now
1t decided i n my favour and against yourself; is it lawful for you to nominate a
S

4 6
liar as a kddi over those whom God has confided to your care? ' " The Khatib
gives other acounts of this affair and says : When al-Mansfir had finished the
I 4 building of his city (Baghdad), he took up his residence there, and (his son)

al-Mahdi fixed his abode (in the quarter) on the east side (of the rber). (-4-
Mahdi), having built the mosque at ar-Rusifa, sent for Abh Hanifa and asked
" him to act as a khdi in that place. The other refused, and al-Mahdi said to him :
*' ' If you do not accept, I shall have you flogged U1 you consent.' AbQ Hanifa
'' accepted and sat in judgment for two days, but no one went to him. On the third
" day, a coppersmith appeared before him with another man and said: This nzan
" ' owes me two dirhems and four daneks (one shilling and a penny) for a brass
" ' drinking-cup (and he will not pay me).' Abii Hanifa said to the other: Fear
' God and reflect on what the coppersmith has said.' (The defmduni) replied :
" ' He has no claim upon me.' The plaintiff being asked what he had to say,
" answered: Let the man swear to the truth of his declaration.' Abii Hanifa tben
" bade the defendant repeat these words : By God! by h i who ir the only God!
" When he saw the man on the point of pronouncing them and taking the oath,
" he interrupted him, passed his hand inio his sleeve, opened his purse and, 2 a ~ g
" out two dirhems of full weight, he said to the coppersmith: ' Take these two

" ' pieces as the price of your cup'. The man examined Lt money d ~onsented
" ' to accept it. Two days later, 66%Hanih was taken ill a d , rir days after, he
" ' died.' " Yazid Ibn Omar lbn Hubaira 'l-Faziri (IO), vben%mireorerthe two
I d s , wished to appoint Abfi Banifa to ihe plaae of Mat K&, nbiktbiamhIbn
558 IBN K H ALLlJi AN'S
Muhamulad, the last of llle Omaiyide sovereigns, was still reigning, and, on his
r.efusal, inflicted on him one l m d r e d and ten strokes of a whip; ten every day.
Finding, however7 hlrat Abii Hanifa persisted in his resolution, he set him at liberty.
When Ahmad lfjnHanbal spoke of this occurrence, he would shed tears and invoke
rrodTs lnercy on AbB Hanifa. This took place subsequently to the beating which
he (Ibn Hanbal) had received for refusing to declare h a t the Koran was ereatd.
Ismail Ibn Hammad (vol. I. p. 469), the grandson of Abii uanifa, related as follows:
I passed (one day) through the Kuniisa with my father and, seeing him begin to
shed tears, I said to him : ' My dear father l what makes you weep?' He replied :
My dear sol)! in this place Ibn Hubnira inflicted on my father ten strokes of a
c \vhip every day, for ten days, in order to force him to accept the office of

. hut he would not.' "--The Kunundsa is an open place at Kiifa.-AbB Banifs was '
a I~andsomeman, an agreeable companion, strictly llonorable and full of kindness
for his brethren. He was of a middle size, or, by another account, rather tall, and
his complexion inclined to tawny. No man spoke more elegantly than he, nor
with a sweeter tone of voice. The Khatib statcs, in his history of Baghdad, that
Abh Hanif2 dreamt that he was digging open the lomb of the Prophet, and sent
to consult ibn Sirin (vol. 11. p. 586), who returned this answer: The person who
a had this dream will lay open a science never belore discovered." As-Shlfi
(col. 11.p. 569) relates as follows: Milik (vol. 11. p. 545), being asked if he ever
c saw Abii Hanifa, replied : c I did. He was a rnan oi' such talent that, if he spoke
g of this pillar and undertoolr to demonslrate ttlal it was of gold, he would do so,
cc
and adduce good proofs.' " Barmala Ibn Yaliya (vol. 1. p. 369) relates that as-
ShlfE said : ;' There are five men on whom people musl rely for the nourishment of
their minds: he who wishes to become learned in jurisprudence must have
recourse to Abh Hanifa; "--Abh Hanifa was then considered as one of the highest
authorities in jurisprudence;--S' he who desires to become skilled in poetry must
" apply to Zuhair Ibn Abi Sulma (l l):he wlio would like to become well acquainted
" with the history of the Moslim conquests must obtain his inlormation from Mu-

" hammad Ibn Ishik (vol. 11. p. 677); Ile who wishes to become deeply learned in
" grammar, must have recourse to al-Kisbi (vol. 11. p. 237), and be who seeks to be
" acquainted with the interpretation of the Koran must apply to MukPtil Ibn Sulai-
" mPn {see page 408 of this vol.). " This anecdote is related by the Khatib, in his
History.-ct I n my opinion," says Yahya Ibn Main ([a), Hamza (vol. 1. p. 4479
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 55!4
is the only m a n for the Koran-readings and AbiiHanlfa the only man for jurispru-
$1 dence; and I find that every one agrees with me on this point."--Djaafar Ibn
Rabia said : " I attended (ihe lessons o n Abii Hanifa during five gears, and I never
met a man who would remain silent as long as he; but, when he was questioned
c c concerning (a point o f ) jurisprudence, he would launch out into a flux of word:,

copious as a torrent; and, when h e discoursed, I remarked that he spoke (some-.

& 6 limes) i n a n under tone and (sometimes) in a loud one. In ihe art of drawing
donclusions from analogies (kiybs)he was a master of the highest rank." Ali Ihn
Atsirn (13)relates as follows: " 1 went to visit Abd Hanifa and found with him a
barber (14) who was about to shorten his hair. He said to the man: Cut away
those parts only which are turning white.' The other replied: c Do not insist
c (on thal).' Why not? ' said AbQ Hanifa. Because,' said the barber, that
(1 will increase their whiteness.' Well,' said Abii Hanifa, ' cut away those parts
g

cc which are black; that may perhaps increase their 'blackness.' When I related
L

'l this conversation to Sllarik [vol. I . p. 622), h e laughed and said: If ever AbiI S

c (Hanifa gave u p his system of kiyds, h e did so with this barber (is).'" The fol-
lowing relation was made by Abd Allah Ibn Raja : " Abii Hanifa had for a neigh-
&( bour, in Kiifa, a shoemaker who worked the whole day and came home, at night-
fall, with a piece of meat which h e -boiled, or a fish which he fried. He wonld
" then set to drinking and, when*the liquor got into his head, he would begin to
'' sing. The words which h e sung were always those:
" Tbey allowed me to perish, and what a man have they left to perish! (me who could Ituve
" served them well) in a day of terror or in the defense of a breach! "

" He would remain drinking and repeating this verse till overcome by sleep.
" Abfi Hanifa, being accustomed to pass his nights i n prayer; heard constantly the
" din of that nian's singing. Having perceiv&, after some time. that the noise
" had discontinued, h e enquired.fbr the man- snd was informed that he had been
" taken up by the guard a & " $ o t r i n t o prison. The next morning, *hen he had
" finished the prayer of day-break, h e got on his mule, went to the e&s (tkehirf
" of the police?] a n d asked' admittance. The emir gave orders to' inftdoce him
" without letting hiin dismount lill he coald skt his foot on he q e t ( w W cariered
" the hall). He t h e n seated 'hi&& theVpheof honour, s h w e d him emq'hrk
" of ittention and asked him what he r q u i r e d . Abii BaMfa'answereJ: ' I
 5 60 IBN KHALLIKAN'S
4 for my neighbour a shoemaker and, some nigllts ago, hc was taken up bv
6'
the p a r d . Will tile emir have the kindness to order that lle he set at
I will let hinl out,' replied the emir, ' not only him hut all the persons
frorrl [hat night t i l l this day (16). [le then gave orders for their
immediate liberation. A l h Hanifa rode off, and the shoemaker followed him on
foot. On disaounting, h e went over to him and said: ' Well, my good fellow!
6.
did 1 allow you to perish? (l7)' Tlre olller answered : ' On (he contrary;
6 . preserved me and lulfilled [he duty of a good neighhour ; may God reward yon19
4

He then abandoned his evil ways and never returncil 10 them again."--1bn al-
I)llub$rak related this anecdote: " I met will1 hbfl I h n i r a on the road to Mekka. He
had ca~lsedthe flesh of a fat young camel to be roasted for his companions and,
b 4 as {hey wished to eat it will1 yinegar and could find no dish into which t l q might
pour it out, they were very much embarrassed. 1 then saw him make a shallow
hole in the sand, spread over it the sofra (or icalhern hide h which the provisions
are packed up) and pour the vinegar into the concavity. Being thus enabled to
eat their roast-meat with vinegar, they said to Ilinl : ' All you do is well done.'
He replied: L Address your thanks to God, for it was on your account that he, out
of his bounty, sent me tllis inspiration.' " The same I b n MuhArak related that
he once said to Sofydn ath-Thauri (uol. I. p. 576): " Abh Abd Allah! I never saw a
Inan less given to backhiling tllan A b h 1-Ianifa; never did I hear him speak ill
of the absent." Sofyln replied : " Uy Allah ! 11c is too wise to allow that his good
qualities sliould be overcome by anoll~er quality which would destroy them."
-AbB Yiisuf (18) related as follows : AbO Jaafar al-Mansfir sent for A60 Hanifa,on
which the chamberlain ar-Rabi, who bore great ill-will towards !he latter, said:
Cornmander of the faithfull this Abfi I-Iantfa maintains an opinion contrary to
' that which was held by l b n AbbPs, your ancestor, who said that when a man takes
" ' an oath and puts restrictions to it, one or two [lays after, his restrictions are
" ' valid. Now Abh Banifa teaches that restriclions are no1 val~dunless enounced
" ' simultaneouslywi~h (he oath.' On hearing this, Abb Banila said: ' Commander
'' ' of the faithful l ar-Rabi now asserts h a t the oath of fidelity towards you, which
C ' was taken by your troops, may not be binding.'-'How so l' (said the khny).--
" ' Because, ' answered A b l Hanifa, when they went back to their dwellings, they
" ' might have made such restrictions as rendered the oath hull.' AI-Mansfir laugh-
'' ed and said Io ar-Rabi : ' 1 advise you 10 avoid herealter atlacking AbB Hanlfa*'
 562 ZBN IiHAI,LlllhN'S
of the prayer on tile previous evening ; " and ibis, he, continued during forty
6 6 years." nc spent the night in reciting the wllole of the Koran, whilst making a
siilgle roka, and 11;s sobl~ingswere SO loud that the neighboors would pray God to
have on ],im.- lt has been handed down tlrat, in the place where he died, he
had the entire Koran seven thousand times. Ismail. the son of Hammad
and ihc grandson of Abd Hanifa, relates that he heard his father say : When my ' 6

S ( father died, we asked al-IIasan Ibn Omdra to take c1lurg.c of washing the corpse,

.( he did. When he llad finished, h e exclaimed : ' May God have mercy
c on you and pardon your sins! you never, for thirty years baclc, took a mornin0

L and never, for forly years hack, did you pillow your head on your right
$ c c ]land during t l ~ cnight l you linve (outdone and) fatigued those who stiived to

follow your example, and brought down disgrace upon the Koran-readers."
The onecdoles told of Abd ilanifa's merit and of his decisions are very nu-
merous; the Khatib has inserted many of them in his llistory (of Baghdad) but,
to those, hc has subjoined olhers whictl it would have been fitter for him to omit
and not to notice ; for no doubt can be entertained respecling the sincere religious
conrictions, the piety and the discretion of an indm such as he. Never was any
thing reproaclled to him but his insufficient acquaintance with Arabic grammar.
As an example of his faults in Ihat line, they tell us that the grammarian and
Koran-reader, Abi~Amr Tbn al-Alt (see vol. I I . p. 399), aslced him, one day, if the
slaying of a man with a heavy object necessitaked retaliation or not, and received an
'
answer in the negative, conforrnnhly to Abli llanifrr's own system of jurisprudence
and in opposition to the sysle~nestallislled l)y as-Shili. Abii Arnr then said to him:
'' What say you i f a man slay anolller wit11 a sione shot from a ballista?" and he
replied : Not even if he slew him witlr (a stroke o f ) A6R Kubais l" which is khe
name of the mounfain overhanging Dlekkn. To polliatc this fault of his (23),it was
said that he spoke so conformably to the doctrine of tllose who teach that the six
words of the language which ore (usually) declined by a change of letlers (24) and
which are dbzlh (his father), akhdh (his bro~ller),Barndh (his brother-in-law), fuh jbi5
mouth), hanuha (her matrix), and (rd in the expression) z4 m611 (possessing wealtb],
should take the dlif (a)in the nominative, ltle genitive and the accusative cases. In
proof of their opinion they cited this verse (of an ancient poel) :

Her father and the fathcr of her father (25) attained to the highest point of excellence.
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY 563
This is one of the provincialisms peculiar to the inhabitants of KBfa and, as ~ b f i
Banffa belonged to that city, lie conformed to its dialect.-This digression has led
us from our subject, hot discourse is liable to deviations and one matter brings on
another.-Abh flanffa was born A. B. 80 (A. D. 699-7001; other accounts give the
years 70 and 61, hut the first date is the surest. He died in the rllonlh of Hajab (Au-
gust), or of ShHbPn, according to another statement, and in the year 150 (A. D. 767);
Some say 151 or 153, and on the iktll of the month olBajab, but the date given first
is right. Be died in the prison at Baghdad, having been confined there in order that
he might consent to fill the place of kddi, and that he would not do. This is the more
authentic account, for some say that he did not die in confinement. According to
another relation his death t&k place on the day of as-Shaft's hirth. He was buried
in the Khaizuriin cemetery, and his tomb, whicb is a well-known monument, is
much frequented by pious visiters.-Zzltn is a Nabatean name.-Kdbul is B place of
great note, in India. It has produced a number of remarkable men, some of them
distinguished for learning, and all of them bearing the surname of a/-Kdbuli.-A.s
for B&bel and al-Anbrir, these names are so well-known that it is needless to mark
their pronunciation.-Sharaf al-Mulk Abh Saad Muhamrnad Ibn Mansiir al-Khnwi-
rezmi, who was secretary of state under the reign of the Saljiik sultan, lalak Shiih,
erected a chapel and dome over the tomb of Abii HanPfa and, close to it, he built a
large college for the instruction of students in hanefite lam. When the work was
finished, he rode out to inspect it with a numerous retinue of men high in office.
Wl~ilsthe was there, the sharB/'Abfi Jaafar Masiid, the pame who was generally
known by the surname of al-Bayddi (see page 353 of this d.), went up to him
and recited to him extempore these lines :

Saw you not how science remained disconnected, till it was embodied by him who is now ,
hidden in this tomb. Thus also was this spot of earth: it remained sterile, till the generosity of
his excellence AbQ Saad gave it new life.

For this impromptu the poet received an ample reward. Abh Saad built also a
college at Marw and a number of ribatr%(vol.I. p. 159) and earavanserails in the
deserts. He was noted for the great number of his charitable foundations. Towards
the close of his life, he left the service of the stale and conked himself to his
house, but was then frequently applied to for advie m public affairs. He died
in the month of Muharram, kSC(Nov.-Dec. A. D. il4D)atIspabb. AMkHlnih's
mausoleum and the dome over it were erected by Saad in the year 459 (Q. D.
1066-7).-1 staled (p. 231 of this vol.), in the life of Alp Arslln, the father ofthe
sultan Malak ShBb, that it was he (Alp ArsMn) who erected the mausoleum over the
grave of Abh Hanifa, and so I found it recorded in a historical work; but I do not
now recoJIect from what book I took my information. 1 discovered afterwards that
'the person who built the chapel and the dome was AbG Saad; but it is probable that
he only presided over its erection as being Alp Arslbn's representative, a very usbal
thing with sovereigns and their lieulenants. It was for this reason that the con-
struction of the monument was attributed to Alp Arslln during that ~overeign'~ life-
time. This is indicated by the dale of the construction, which falls within the
reign of that sovereign and by the fact that Abt Saad wgs then acting as his seere-
tary of state. Abii Saad remained in office after the accession of Malak Sh&.
Those observations I make for the purpose of reconciling the two statements.

(1) This anectlote appears to have becn preserved on account of the strange manner in which Ali pronounced
the persian word Mihrijdn. It is reproduced in the Nazm al-Jutndn, a work written by Ibn Dukmllk and
containing a long and most interesting notice on Ahh IIantra, with a chronological account of tho'doctors
who professed his system of jurisprudence, See MS. of the Bib. Imp., ancien fonds, no 741, fol. e2.
(8) Abd Allah Ibn Abi Ahfa Alkama al-Aslami, one of the m~isulmanswho emigrated to Medfna, at the time
orthe persecution, took a share in the war against the Beni 'n-Nadlr arirl the Beni-Kuraiza. On the death of
Muhammad, he removed from that city to Kbfs, wcrc he dicd, A. IT. 86 (A. D. 70b). Some traditions have
been handed down on his authority.-(Nujtim, an-Nawawi's TahdlL al-Asmd.)
(3) Sahl Ibn Saad as-SAidi, a native of Medina, was about fifleon years of age when Muhammad died. He
himself died at Iliedlna, A . H. 8 4 (A. D. 7 0 3).
(4) Abh Tufail AAmir Ibn Wathila &l-Laithi died A. H. 100 (A. D. 718-g).-(Nuydm.)
( 5 ) Abh Ismail HammAd Ibn Abi Sulaimhn Muslim, a client of Abh Mdsa 'I-Ashari a n d a native of Khfa,
possessed a good knowlvdge of jurisprudcnce. Ilc dicd A. 11. l 2 0 (A. D. 738).-(Nu,@).
(6) AbQ '1-Mutarraf Muharib Ibn Dilhtlr as-Sadhi, a Tnbi and a native of Khfa, died A. H. 181 (A. D. 739).
(7) The life of HishAm Ibn Orwa will be found in this volume.
(8) SammAk Ibn Barb ad-Duldi (&U I) dicd A. 11. 193 (A. D. 740-l).-(Nujdrn.)
(9) See vol. I. p. 53.
(10) The life of Ibn Hubaira will be foiind in the next volume.
(11) Zuhair Ibn Abi Sulma was the author of onc of .the Moallukas. For his history, see Mr ca.I&
Perceval's Essai sur l'flibt. des A~abes,tome 11, p. 537.
next volume.
(12) The life of l b r ~blaPn will be found in the
(13) The AdjZz Ali Ibn Aasim Ibn Suhaib died A. H. 801 (A. D. 816-7).-(Nujdrn.)
(14) Literally : with a cupper (or barber-surgeon).
(15) Because he employed the word perhaps and did not draw an absolute conclusion.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 565
(j 6) This anecdote is incorrectly given; the author of the Nuzm al-Jumdn relates it in a much more satis-
factory manner. According to him, the magistrate aslied the prisoner's name, and, on Abh Hauifals saying
that he did not Imow, he declared that he should set at liberty all those who had been arrested on the night -
which Ab3. Hanlfa mentioned.
(17) This was an allusion to the words of the song.
(18) Probably the Hanefite doctor whose life is given in the next volume.
(19) See vol. I, p. 594.
(80) See vol. I, p. 6 3 4 .
(91) ~ b l ~ i t i oisnnecessary before morning prayer, if the person slept, even for a moment, during the night.
(93) The jurisconsult Asad Ibn A& al-Bajeli died A. H. 190 (A. D. 805-6),-.(Nujbrn.)
(93) He should have said Ab1 (in the genitive case).
, (94) Example: Nom. dbz2, Gen. and Dat., Abf, Ac. 466.
(95) Abd abdhb is used here for Abd abihd.

TNh' K A D I S OF T H E NOMAN FAMILY.

Abh HanPfa an-Nomhn lbn Abi Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn MansQrIbn Ahmad
Ibn BaiyGn was a doctor highly distinguished for his talents. The emir al-Mukht4r
al-Musabbihi menlions him in his historical work and says : 6tHewas a man noted
" for learning, for skill in jurisprudence, for piety and for talents not to be sur-
<' passed. He composed n number of works, one of which was the Kildb Ikhtildf
" Usdl al-MazdhQ (treatise on the differences which mist between the fundamental
" principles of Ihe various systems of j u r i ~ ~ r u d e n c * ) .at" ~first followed the
doctrine of MPlik, but then passed over to the sect of the Imhmians (the Fatimides),
and drew up a work entitled : Kil&b lbtidd ad-Dazca libobaidiyln (m ihc origin of
the mission pot up in f ~ v o u rof the Falimideg). He composed also two treatises ob
jurisprudence; the one bearing the title of Kitdb at-Ikhb6 (book of k f m o l i o n ) ,
and the other Kildb al-Jntis&r (the v~indiealor). Ibn Z f i l 4 k L ( ~I'~ .p. 388) has
an article, in his history of the kdldir of Egypt, on AbB 'I-Emu Ali, the son of the
Roman we tire here of, and there we read a pas~sgeto this effect: ' l His
" father, the kddi an-fiomC ibn luhammad, was a man of the highest $ili%s,
 deeply versed in the Koran, fully acrpairi led will1 ( I ~ Cmeaning of the erpressions
c c contained in tllat hook, skilled in 1 1 1 systcnls
~ of jurisprudence, 'ivell informed res-
6' pecting illc conflicling opinions entertained by the legisis, lcarned in Arabic p&-
.' lology, i n poelry of ihe higher class, ill llie liislory of Lhc Laltle-days of the
people (the o,ccicnt Arabs), and distinguislled for intelligence and equity. He
1' composed for tllat family (iltc Fatimides) some volumes containing tllousands of

L < leaves; tlley were drawn up with grcal lalenl and in a style remarkable for the

beauty of its cadences and rhymes. He composed also a good work on the meri-
torious and disgraceful acts (co~nnzittcdby Ihc Arabian tribes), and wrote a nulnber
1< of refutations addressed to tllose who con tested his opinions. One of these trea-
tises was directed against Abii llanifa (the i~~tiirn), ano[lier against MBlik and as-
& < Shiifi, and another against Ibn Suraij (col. 1. p. 46). In his work entitled
L L Ikhtikdf al-Fukah& (di~ercnccs of opinion betwren ihe doctors), he takes the defense
c c of the People of the ilousc (the Fatblairles). To a pdcm of his, treating of juris-
prudence, he gave tile title of al-ilfuniakhab (choice scleelion). IIe was attached
to the service of al-lfoizz Abii Tam!m fifaadd Ibn al-Rlansur,"--a sovereign whom
we have already noticed (page 377 of this volume),-"and, wlien that prince set
out from Ifrflciya for Egypt, he accompanied him. IIc did not long survive (the
4 c journey); his death having takcn place in Old Cairo, on tlle first of Rajab, 363
G (28th larch, A. D. 974)." Allmad Ibn Mul~ammadlbn Abd Allah al-Farghlni
states, in his History of the kdid Jawliar (vol. I. p, 340), illat he died on the eve of
Friday, the last day of the second Jumlda, in t l ~ cyear just men~ioned,and that the
funeral prayer was said over him by al-Moizz. Ibn Ziilik speaks of him after
mentioning the death of al-Moizz, when he gives the names of that sovereign's
children and of the kddis who acted by his appointment. He tliere says : " And his
" kUi, the one who came with him from Nagllrib, was bhfi Hanifa an-NomPn, the
" son of Muhammad the tnissionary (1). On arriving at Old Cairo, he (al-MO~ZZ)
" found that Jawhar had established there provisionally as kddi a native of Baghdad *

'4 named Abh Tiiliir ad Duhli, and illis appointmenl Be confirmed."-Abfi AM

Allah Muhammad, Abii Hanlfa's father, lived to an advanced age. When four
years old, he could recite many curious pieces which he had learned by heart.
died in the month of Rajab, 351 (August, b. D. 962), aged one huadred and four
years, and was buried near the Bib Salm, one of the gates of Kairawio. The
funeral service was said over him by his son.--Abbh Honifa left a number of sons
 CIOGRAPHICA I, DICTIONARY. 567
distinguished themselves by their talents and rose to high places under govern-
ment. (One of them,) Abb '1-Hasan Ali was appointed by al-Noizz to act as the
associate of Abh Tbhir Muhammad in the post of Lddi and chief magistrate. This
~ b f TIhir
i was the son of Ahmad, the son of Abd Allah, the son of Nasr, the son of
Bujair, the son of Silih, the son of Oadrna ad-Duhli. The two continued to act with
joint authority till (he death of al-Moiez and the accession of al-Aziz Nizhr, that
prince's son. The new sovereign confided to the kddi Abb 'l-Basan ihe adminis-
tration of the two (principal) mosques and the direerion of the mint, but the magis-
terial authorily was shared by them both till the kAdi -41~0Tlhir had a derangeme&
of humours which paralized one of liis sides and rendered him incapable of moving
from one place to another without being carried. On the 1st of Safar, 366
(29th Sept. A . D. 976), al-Azfz proceeded on horseback to the island which lies
between Old Cairo and Jiza. Abli Tbhir, acconlpnnied by his assessors, was borne
to the gate of the Sanifa (2) and, being presented to the prince, requested him to
take into consideration the state of weakness to which he was reduced and allow
him to employ, as his substitute, his own son Abli 'l-All. It is related that al-
hztz said, on seeing him so much emaciated: Motliing remains to be done with
c c that man but to make kadtd of him (3)." Two days later, the prince nominated

to the exclusive possession of the kadiship AbG 'I-Easan Ali, ihe son ofan-Nornbn.
Ahd 'l-IIasan then rode to the great mosque of Cairo and caused his diploma to be
read there to the public; and from thence he proceeded to the DjbrnC 'I-AIN~ (the
anczent mosque) at Old Cairo and presided at the same ceremony. The person who
read the diploma w s his brother, Abh Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn an-NomAn. By
this document he was empowered 10 act as (supreme) kidi over all the provinces of
Egypt, Syria, Mekka, Medina, Maghrib and the other countries belonging to al-
beiz; it authorized him, besides, to a d as (chiefl preacher, [chief) imbm, inspector
of the gold and silver coinage and controller of weigh15 and measures. He then
returned to his house, accompanied by a crowd of people, no one thinking i t
proper to stay away. The k&li Abf Tiihir, being always unveil, was obliged io
keep his room, and there he taught Traditions to the numerous scholars who went
to visit him. This continued till the end of the month of Z& 'I-Kaada, 367(9th July,
A- D. 978),when be died. He had t k n attained ihe age of eighty-eight years,
and had held the post of k&lifor sixteen years and seventeen dkys.. He W autho-
rized, during that period, to re~isethe judgments @ronol(ncbd 6( ihfl of taw),
but could never fill h i s duty in salisfaclot.y manner. He had acted for some lime
as a in that suburb of Baghdad wllicll lies on the cast bank (ofthe Tigr&);
but he subsequently removed to Egypt. Bddi '1-Hasan Ali then chose far
deputy Iris own brother, Abb Abd Allall Muhammad, a n d placed under his jurisdib
$ion (the towns of) Damietta, Tinnis, al-Farama and (the country of) al-Ji&.
Abd Allah proceeded to those places and, having inslalled deputies in them, he
relurned back. Soon after, in the year 367, al-Aziz set out for Syria, and Abfi '1-
Hasan, who him, left his brolller Abfi Abd Allall to act as judge in his
placem Ab& '1-Hasan was well versed in a number of sciences: besides his know-
ledge of the duties incumbent on a lcddi and of the grave a n d dignified manner io
which they should be filled, he was well acquoinlcd with jurisprudence, Arabic
philology, polite literature, poetry and the stories of the battle-days (of the an&nl
Arabs]. He was also a good poet a n d held a lligll rank in the art of verse. One
his pieces is given by ah-,Thailibi (vol. 11. p. 129) in the Yadma lad-Dahr, and
runs as follo\t.s :

1 have such a friend thal poverty never attains me, once his eyes fall upon my wants. Re
gives (me) wealth, satisfies (my wishes) and obliges me nci~herto kiss his hand or his foot. He
took charge of my interests when 'C neglected them, and minded my affairs when I heeded
them not,

Ath-ThaAlibi gives also asL his, the following piece in which the same idea is
expressed :

I have a friend, full of courresy; friendship like his is n title of honour. Me shews me more
regard than need be shown, and fccls obliged to do tnorc than is necessary. If his good qua-
lities were appreciated at their full value, gold, compared with them, would be worthless.

The following verses are also given as his by Abii '1-Hasan al-Bikharzi (vol. 11.
p. 323), in the Dumya lal-Kasr, and are also to be found in the biographical article
which Ibn Zhllc has devoted to him (an-Norndn) in the 1Iistory of the k d d i of Egypt;
they are perfectly well turned :
I

At brafit (4) I made the acquaintance of a maid whose beauty stolc from me (the mene€of)
my good works. When I put on the pilgrim's dress, sllc forbade sleep to visit my eyes, and,
with her glances, stle laid waste my reserved park (m9 heart). When she hurried along (from
Arafcit) with the other pilgrims, tears hurried in emulation from my eyelids. She placed a
burning coal on my heart when she walked towards Qe spot where they cast the pebbles.
 BIOGRAPHICAT, DICTIONARY. :,69
soul of mine did not obtain its wish; so l feared, wl~enal al-Khail, that ihc hour u i my d ~ &
was at hand.

Abfi 'I-Hasan continued to fill [he dulics of a Bddi and to remain in high bvorrr
with al-Aziz, till he caught a fever whilst presiding, in the mosque, over ihc court
of justice. He rose up im~nedintclyand reiurned to his house, where he expired aficr
an illness of fourteen days. Ilis den111look place on Monday, Ilre 6111 of Ii3jab, 351
(3rd Dec., A . D. 084). Tlie next morning, h e was borne on a bier into the presence
of al-iziz wliu was then (zcilh ikc a m y ) encamped in the plain of al-Jubb, near the
place which is now known by ihc name of al-Birka (the pond) (5). The bier was
then deposed i n ille ~ n o i q ~ lcalled
e Masjid nl-Dlr roa 'l-Jzcmataizn (the morgue of
the well and the s?ycancrc fig-ITEC). AI-Iziz lelt the camp and went to say the
funeral prayer over llle corpse, which was then carried back and buricd in the house
of the deceased, silualcd in the Ilanzrd. Three places in Oltl Cairo had received
this name because the Europeans uset1 to lodge tlierc (6). Al-Aziz then dispalched
to Abh Bbd Allah Rluhammad, Abii 'l-llasan's brother, a message worded in these
terms : '' The plaec of k d J i is yours; we shall never allow it to pass out of your
4 4family." Abd 'I-EIasan had ren~ainedin of'fice during nine years, five months
and four days. Re was born i n Illaghrib, i n the m o n ~ hof the first Riibi, 339
(Dec.-Jan., A. D. 940-1). Old Cairo rcn~ainedfor ejghtcen days wilbout a kacli to
arrange its affairs, and that because Abh ALd Allah was unwell. When his malady
abated, be rode i n a palenquin to ihc camp of al-Aziz. This was on Thursday, (be
22nd OF Rajob. The nexl day, Friday, he went from that to ihc Djlmi 'l-dtlk,
after haring received from al-Aziz liis ollpointment to ibc kadisbip, with a pelisse of
honour and the sword (of office) suspended from his shoulder. Being much
enfeebled by sickness, h e was unable to gcf down from the palanquin and en!rr in10
the mosque; so ho proceeded to his own I~ouse,and his son, accompanied by n band
of his kinsmen, went to the nlosque and read ilie diploma as soon ns the Fridq
pmpr was ended. This document was similar to that which had been drawn up
for Abd 'I-Hasan and granted to the ncw kddi !Ire some powers as his brother had
received before. In the month of Zh 'l-Kaada, 376 (March-Aprii, A. D. 935).
Bfuhammnd appointed his son AbB 'i-KHsirn Abd al-.4ziz to ad as his deputy in
Alexandria. This was done by ihr! order of al-Aziz, who then arrayed AhS 'I-Kiisim
in a robe of honour. O n Friday, ihe 1st of the first Jumida, 375 j19th SeplemLer.
8. D. 9851, the kddi Nullammad Ibn a n - ~ o m bmarried his son dbh 'l-6iLsim
VOL. ?U,
7%
s-jo IBN KIIALLIKAN'S
the dau$fer of tlie hdid Jawhar. Tllc marriage-act was signed at the levee of
al-Aziz, and nolle were present except the O ~ C C ~ofS tile court. The dowry
(by ~ / , e[irid~groorri)o11 tlie bride was three t l l ~ u s a n dpieces of gold and the
kildb (7) (coasis~e&o f ) a singlc robe of one uniform colour. -When al-loiza,
the fa\l1cr of al-Aziz, was in Bfaghrib, h e ordcred the Iiddi Abh Hanifa an-Nomin
to have an astrolabe made in silver and to place a trust-worLhy person beside the
(irst ha should. cmbczz~csome oflkr: tnetul). I l e e ~ i o s ehis son, luhammsd,
for illat purpose and, ~vlicn tlic astrolabe was iinislied, 11c carried it to al-Mojzz.
W'hom did you place beside tllc workman?" said llle prince. . ' l l y son Mu-
.& hammad," was the reply. " 1Ie sliall be kddi of Egypl! exclaimed al-Iloizz, and
"

so it hoppcned. The fact was rllal 111-Boizz, having always entertained hopes of
getting tlmt country into his possession, was i~:duced to uller tl~esewords, and his
p o d [ortune, scconlled by destiny, cflcctcd for 11inl what he wished.-The k&li
Muhammad relalcd !lie following anccdolc : ' ' When I was a boy, in Paghrih, al-
Moizz would say to his son at-Aziz, evcry lime llc saw m e : " There is your (filure)
/cddi."--~~uharnmad was wcll acquain tcd will1 tlic (Icadzng)rnnxims of jurisprudence
and n great nnmher of sciences; he was a n accomplislicd scllolar and could recite,
with much elegance, narrations, pocnls and stories rcspccling the bai~le-days(of the
Arabs). He composcd also some poctry, and one of his pieces is as follows:

Thou who rescmblesl tile moon, ~ h cmoon of heaven, whcn shc is seven (days old), and
five (more) aod two ! Thou whose grace is llle perfection of bcauty ! Thou hast preoccupied
my heart and kcpt slcep from m y cycs. Cao 1 hopc LO obrnin from you ally favour, or must I
return back wilh the boots of tluneia (8)? Rly eliernics deride rnc for loviog thee and say:
" Tllcre you are still wilh empty bands!" Iic kind to IIIC or take m y life; tl~ouhast the power
to do one or the other.

The following piece was sent to him in a letter by Abd Allah ibn al-Hasin a]-
Jaafari, a native ol Samarkand :

All other fiddis have found their equals in renown, but Abb Abd Allah is without a rival.
is u~lequalled in noble qualities, admirable ill llonourable deeds, great and illnstriuus.
111 I'CIloWn, splcoclid; in rcsolu~ioll,firm; (,$rillinnt)like tllc flashing ol the polished sword. 'In
Judging causes, IIC has right reason for a sworn cornpatlion; whcn 11ebestows, the abundant rain
cloud is lnercly his precursor. Were we to examiue ~ h csenterices pronounced by him, we
sb0uId be led to declare that he was assisted by (the ongel) Gabriel. When he mounts into
pulpit, hc is really a &ss (9); when he is prescni at assemblies, Ile is truly a (10).
 8 1 0 G K A 1 3 H I C A i , DICTIONARY. 57 1

T~ this the kddi Muhammad returned, in writing, the following answer :

We have read in Tour Poem ~1larmill: things, such as a most refined genius only pre-
duce. Its lines are as a ~lcligl1lfulg~lr(~cn,diffusjllg around tljc penctralioB odool.of musk.
When they are rcci[cdt their fragance pcrftlmcs not on1 y our rlwellilgs rrry s a m t me
long to see You, You Ion: to visit US. Send us, every day, verses like those; for are
capable of evcry gcllerous rlced.

The following passages are extracted from Ibn Zlildk's History of the k&is
~ g y ~ WCt : never saw a n y Mdi, i n Old Cairo, acquire so mucl1 influence 4s Mu-
hamrnad I b n an-Nomin, and, as far as we have learned, the like was never secn in
H e well deserved ihat great aulhority on account of his learning, his inte-
wity, his self~comrnand, equity of his judgments and the awe (wich he i n ~ i r h i ) .
a
In the month of Muharram, 383 (Feb.-March, A. D. 993), he aulhorised his son,
Abb" 'l-Kisim Abd al-Aziz, to act aa his deputy in Old and New Cairo and to fulfii
the dulics of a judge, uninterruptedly, every day. Before that, he himself gave
audiences on J1ondag-s and Thursdays only. Abii 'I-Klsim commenced imrnediattlly
to hear causes, to juge and to enregisler acts. He (illuhurnmad) had at first
confided this place to his nephew, Abii Abd Allah al-Eusain, the son of Ali lbn an-
Nomhn, but, on the iOth of the first Jumida, 377 (71h Sept., A. D. 987), he
replaced him by his own son, Abb 'I-Kdsim, whom he au~horisedto acf on illondays
and Thursdays only. The lcddi nluhnmmad had risen so Highly in the favour of al-
Aziz that, in the year 385, on the fes~ival of the Sacrifice (5th Jan., A. D.
996), he was allowed by that sovereign to go up with him into the pulpit. When
al-Azlz died, it was the kdclz' Mu hammad who mashed the corpse (previously lo inler-
mcnt). Al-H8ki m ( p . 449 of this vol.), the son and successor of al-Azlz, confirmed
Muhammod in his place, raised him io bigher honours and augmented his authority.
From the moment that the kddi acquired such kvour at court and such influmee
in the state, he was frequently unwell and, being a constant sufferer from gout and
colic, h e was often laid up. The w : d d Barjawan (vol. I. p. 253), high in rank
though h e was, went very often to visil him. The illness of the k&li continued fo
increase and, on the eve of Tuesday, the 4th of Safar, 389 (25th January, A* D; 99917
he expired, immediately after the last evening pmyer. AI-H$kim rode to the
house of the deceased, at Cairo and, having there repeated the funeral prayer over
the corpse, he presided at the interment, afler which., he returned idhis l?hw-
The kdJi Muhammad was born in Ynghrib on Smda~,the 3rd of Safrn?3m
 ( t i t h Joly, A. D. 951). His palace was given by n!-Hdkim to one of the courtiers,
On WcJnesdag, thc 9111 of llamadin (-4ugllsf, A. 1). 9991, [llc body was removed
to tile liddips privale lloure in Old Cairo and, on tllc cve of Fl-iday, ille loth, i t was
horllc 10 [llc Yarah cemelcry and deposilcd in the ~ o n l bwliicli contained the bodies
of his falhcr Lrolhcr. After lIie deal11 of h l ) ? ~Abd Allah Rluhammad, Cairo
lllore iban 3 rnon~hwillioul a Lcidi. lJiikirn lhcn appointed to that
office Abd Abrl Allah al-llusain, thc son of Ali l l ~ nan-Nomin, and lIle same whonl
unc]c Bluhammad had aulhoriscd to act as 11is sl~bslitulcand wllom he &er-
wcrds replaced by 11is own son AhG 'l-Kisim Abd nl-Az~z. AI-Hus~in's nominalion
took on ille 6th of tllc first ilnl~i,380 (25111 I'ebrnary. A. 1). 999). He re-
mained in offiec till Thursday, tlle iGlb of itamadin, 301- (7111 July, A. D. 1004),
wllcn llis place was given to his cousin, Abii 'I-l(iisirn Abd al-Aziz, the son of the
above-rnenlioncd lfuhonlmatl. Some time ahcr, al-llusain, the son of Ali Ibn an-
N o m i n , was beheaded by al-Hiikim's order, and illat for reasons too long to re-
late ( l l).This occurred on Sunday, tllc Gill of Mul~arram,395 (23rd October,
A. D. 1004). He was cxccuted i n tlrc cell wllcrc llc was confined, and his body was
consumcd by fire. 81~8'I-Kdsim then became lcddi, wit11 undivided authority,
and was C ~ ~ O S Cbesides,
~, Ly al-l-liiltim, lo prcsidc a t lllc court ol' grievances (l?,).
He [hus united in his altributions tllc functions of Lllc two offices, a [king which
nevcr Lcfore lioppcncd to any mcrnbcr ol liis family. AI-lldkini tllen treated him
v i h sucli favour illat, on tllc day of [lie breulting of illc Fast (the 1st o f l h e ~nonlhof
Sl~agwdl),hc permitted him to go u p wilt1 him in10 t l ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ immediately
lpit, alter fhe
general in cl~icfof the army. Thc same honour was accorded to him on l11e Ceslival
of the Sacrifice (~lrc10:l~of Zll 'l-llijju). I n judging causcs, he displayed great
firmness of cllaracter and trealcd will1 cx~rcmcsevcrity such of [hc g~~aodees as dared
to resist him. IIe even arrested many of tl~ctnand did not allow them to leave
lhe court !ill they had fulfilled their engagements. Ile continued to fill all fhe
magirlerial duties which al-lIikim had confided to h i m ; but, o n Friday, the i61h '
of Rsjab, 398 (27ih March, A. U. 1008), ilc was removed from office by \hat
prince and replaced by Abb 'l-Hasan Mjlik Ibn Said 11111 MBlik al-liriki. It was
thus tllat thc allicc of kddi passed o u t of the fanlily oI a n - N o m h . Some time
affer, al-llil!irn ordered ( s w t e o f ) llis Turkisll soldiers to kill, not only '1-
Kdsim Abd al-Aziz, b t ~ t[he general .4Lb Abd Allah al-Husain, the son of Jawhart'
and Ahd Ali Ismail, [he brolher of the kdid Pad1 Ibn Slllb. They ~ G r eall
 BIOGRAPMICAI, DICTIONARY 373
~ahred, at the same momrnt, and that for reasons too long to relate. This
happened on F~sidey. the 2Pnd of llre l a f ~ e JumPda,
r 401 [Slst January, A. 1).
1011); i l ~ emercy of God be upon them! Abri'l-Klsim Abd al-Azfz was born
on hfondny, the 1st of the first RaLi, 354 (71h illarch, A. D. 965).-ALd Mansdr
Allmad ILn Abd Alloh Ibn Aht~ladal-Fnrghbni al-blisri states, i n his historical
work, t h a t he ( ~ b ckjdi Abd Tdhir) was well noted for reciting from memory a
great number of pieces and for [he agreeableness of his society : wit11 his elders,
he behavecl like an elderly mcn, with the middle-aged men, like one who had
reaellcd tllnt period of life, and, aiih young men, he acted as a youlh. Bis death
took plncc on tllc cve of the 30th of Zb 'I-Kaada, 367 (91h July, A. D. 978).

(1) See vol. IT, page 594.

(2) The naval arsenal (({h
as-sondo) situated in the island of Roda, was called the Sanda, by abbreviation.
See hIaltrizi's Khilat, or topographical description of Cairo, edition of Bulak, vol. 11, page 178.
(3) Kudid is the name given to long stripes of flesh salted and dried in the sun. ALAziz's words are
equivalent to the expression: he is only fit to rnake cat's-meat of. 'Ihe prince did not like Abb Tahir and
paid no attention to his request.
(4) This piece is full of verlml quibbles and clever allusions to the ceremonies of the pilgrimage and the
places near Mekkn where these ceremonies are accomplished.
M. de Sacy's Chrestomalhie arabe, t. I, p. 187, of the second edition.
(5) See
The adjective hamrd (rubra) served to designate such persons as had a clear complexion.
(6)
(7) The word kildh means a book or a written document. It is evident'y employed here as a law-term,
but, as sucl~,it is not to be found i n the works on orthodox jurisprudence. It may perhaps Wong to the
system of law professed by the Shlites and signify the jihhz.(in French, iroussenu) given to the Bride.
(8) This provcrh means: much disappointed. It has been explained in three or four d8erent manners,
one of them as follows: A desert Arab, mour~tedon his camel, entered into a town, weut to the bazar and
bargained for a pair of boots. Not being able to conclude with the maker, whose name was Hunain, he flew
into a passion, gave him foul names and then, having made his other purchases, he g& upon his camel,
left the town and took the road leading to his tent. The boot-maker wts so highly offended at the ~ r a b ' s
insulting language that he resolved on being revenged. Taking up the, boots, he ran to the road by w h r d
the Arab had to pass and threw one of them on the ground. A mile or two farther on, he threw down ths
0 t l m and hid himself. The Arab saw lhe first boot as he was l-iding along and said : There is W of
I<
boots of Hunain; if the other was with it, I should dismouxlt and pick it up." ~ b o nhalf*
t b a a,
he Perceived the other boot and regretted not having picked up the first; so he @
! his @,N w i S n k ?
tQfatigue it t ~ much,
o and having &tiere$ it with a cord, picked up the boo& which was l y h there and
back to take up the other. As soon as he disappeared, Xunain went off with the camel and m *B-
m e n the Arab returned, his camel was mioing; M be went home 0- -g asked * be
brought back, he replied: cc The boots of Humin."
(9) See vol. I, p. 187.
574 I B N KHAL,LIIiAN'S
(40) The person here meant was probably al-KhaM fbn Ahmad. Sec vol. 1, P. b93.
(ii) A sum of twenty thousand pieces of gold cam0 illto the ~ O S S C S S ~of
O ~al-Husain Ibn Ali Ibn an-Nomb
who, being a kddi, acted as guardian and depositary of all prop(:rty left by pcrsons who died. The son of
the deceased claimed it from Iiim allrl rcccivcd part of the Sum by i n ~ t n l m e n t ~ .On asking for the rest, h.
was told by the kdd; that be was pair1 up and that no more remained. Al-IiAltim, to whom the heir
adressed a complaint, had the Irdd~brought before him and the account-book (diwdrc) of the tribunal exa-
%ned. This inquest proved that a large sum remained due. The lcdpli acknowledged hjs guilt, indemnified
the heir and begged [or yardon. A1 Hakim deprived hirn of his plilce and Sent hirn to prison, where he was
beheaded, about a year afterwards, in A. H. 397 (A. D. 2 0 0 6 ) . (fli,lloTl of fhe Rddis of Cazro; MS. of the
BibE. imp., ancien fonds, no 690).
(1%)See vol. I, p. 3 4 6 .

AS-SAIYIDA NAFISA

As-Saiyida (1) Nafisa was the daughter of Abii Muhiimn~adal-Hasan, the son 01
Ziid, the son of al-llnsan, the son of Ali, the son of Abfi TAlil,. She arrived in
Old Cairo wilh her husband Is116k, the son of Joafar as-Stdilc. According to
anotfler account, she went there wilh her falher, al-IIasnn, whose tomb, it is said,
may be seen in Old Cairo, but is not generally known. He had been governor of
Medina in the name of (ihe khalif) Abh Jaafar al-Alansiir and had held that post
during five years, when he incurred his sovereign's displeasure and was dismissed
from office. All his properly was confiscated and he himseIf shut up in the prison
at Baghdad and detained there till the death of al-Mnnshr. Al-Rial~dihaving then
come to the ihrone, gave him his liberty and restored to him all that had been
taken from him. Al-Hasan aflerwards remained w i h him and, when that prince set
ollk to make the pilgrimage, he followed in his train, but died on reaching al-Hijir,

A . 8. 168 (A.D.784-5), at the age of eighty-five years. Al-HAjir is at five-

miles from Dledina. According to another statement, he died at Baghdad and
*6

" was interred in the cemetery of al-Hhaizurtn; but the Iact is that he died at al-
" HBjir." So says the KhalEb in his History of Baghdad, but God knows best the
truth. Naflsa was a woman noted for her piety and t l ~ eholiness of her life. It is
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 573
related illat ihc imdm as-Shili, when he arrived- i n Old Cairo, - for the date, see
his life (vol. 11. p. 571), - went to visit her and learned some Traditions from
her. Thc people of Cairo had [lie highest esteem for her, and the veneration in
wllicll she was held subsists up to the present day. When as-ShHfi died, his corpse
was brought in10 her Ilouse, and she there said over it the funeral prayer. The
spot on which that house stood is now occupied by Nalisa's mausoleum. She
continued to dwell tllere during the remainder of her life. Her death too% place
in the month of Ramadtin, 208 (Jan.-Feb., A. D. 884). Where she expired, her
husband, a1-!Ifitamin Ishiik, the son of Jaafar as-Sddik, resolved on transporting the
body to Riedina but, at t l ~ crequest of the inhabitants of Cairo, he consented to leave
it wilh them. The place where she was huried now bears her name; it lies between
Old arid New Cairo, in the neighbourhood of the other mausoleums. This place was
then called the Dcrb as-Sabl (Lion slreet), but the street fell into ruin and nothing
now remains there except her funeral chapel and her tomb. This tomb has a great
repulation, experience having shewn that prayers said near it are fulfilled.

(I) The word saiyida signifies miatress and is sometimes employed, as here, to distinguish certain females
remarkable for the holiness of their lives. It is now pronounced dda, sitta or sitt, and bears the m n g
4f madam.

IBN AS-SHAJARI

The shartf Abd 'S-Sa$d&i &bat Allah Ibn Ali Ibn Muhammad lbn AWP, a
descendan1 of al-Hasan, the son of Ali (Ibn Abi Tblib), was a native of bghdag and
bore the surname of Ibn as-Shajari. He held the highest rank as a grarnmrrian
and a philologer, was well acquainted with the poetrg of the A& actaunts of
their baltle-days and the occurrences which happened in -~ox.dh*~ l'erhl
in accomplishments, and full of literary infarmation, he compcd mlne works
(Arab) philology, one of whicb,.entilled Eilleb a ~ d d i s f & ~8f-@-k
f is
more and lhan ihe others. diclaled ils conlenls i n eigh!y-four
This treelise conloi~lsa mass of information a great variety of philolo,oi-
eal observa[ions, Hc concluded i l by tllc addilion of anolller sitling i n which he
treated of nothing clse h u t some verses of a l l u t a n a b b i ' s (vol.1. p. ion-),indiealcd [he
different manners in which lhcy were explnincd by tllc commcnlalors and added such
obserrn[ions as to iiiinsclf. 1t is n very inslruclire work. \I'beo he finisll-
ed dictating it, received thc visit of Abil Milhan~madAbd Allah, surnamed lbn
al-Khasl~sh8b(I:ol.11. p. G G ) , who expressed to hirn lllc wish of ])caring the work dig.
toled and, by llis refusal, h e incurred llle cnrnity of ibn( oo[hor, who llren a[(ocked
a great number of {he opinions e n o ~ ~ n c c ci nl the work and declared them 10 be
erroneoos. Ibn as-Shajari, l ~ n r i n gmet wilh 111;s refulalion, wrole a rcply to it and
pointed out [he rnis~al~cs in10 whicll his adversary had fallen. This trcakise, forming
one volume, appeared under the title ol al-l~tlisdr([he vindication) and, tlioligh very
short, con tainecl muc21useful information. TIC diclalctl i l to [lie persons who allend-
ed his leclares. Another work of his enrillcd the l h m d s o and drawn u p on the
model of the i l a n ~ d s acomposed by Abh Tammim at-Tli (col. I. p. 34-g),is really
original and very good; h e displayed in i t grcnt lalcn t. A nunibcr of gramrnaliul
works were conlposcd by him and also a treatise on synonyms. He poblishcd a com-
mentary on the Lunla of ibn J i n ~ i i(col. II. p. 191) and anolllor 011 lllc at-'lhsrt/'ai-
JIU/ziki (of t l same
~ au!hor) ( I ) . l l e spolcc wirll great elegance, in a sweet, erpres-
sivc an11 simple stylc. 1Ic read over sonic Tradi~jonsundcr 11mclircclion cf [he great
masters of that day, s u c l ~ss AbO 'l-Hasan a l - l u l i r a k Ihn Ahd al-dalrbilr as-SirbG,
Abl Ali Mi~l~anlniacl Ihn Sa;d lbn Binhiin the kdlib nild o ~ l ~ c r s .Tlie lldjz Ibn as-
Sarnllli (2iol. I I . p. 15G) mcntions him i n {lie Zail (supplerncnf) and says: ''1
46 studied Tradilions under hin; a1 the 'house of ttlc vizir Abh 'l-IGisim tlli ILn Tidd
' I ar-Zainabi (2),and I wrole down solno pieces of poetry undcr his diclation
" (when hc f o q h l ) at the college. l afterwards wcnt and read over, under his tui-
" lion, a porlion of ihc AIslili dictal lion^) eornposcd by ibc grarnmarisn Ahb'l-Ahbb
" Thalab (col. I . p. 83) ".--The grammarian Abh 'l-BnrakBt Ibn ol-Anblri (vol.
p. 95) says, in his .WundliiB al-C'rlu 60 (ijcmerils of (ilerary nzar) : The learned doctor
" Abii 'I-Kbim Mahmdd az-Zamokhshari (p. 321 of erhis volrwnc), having gone fo
" Baghdad, in one of his (frcqurnl) journeys, with the inlenlion of making the pi[-
'' grimage. went to visit our master Ibn as-Shajeri, and I accompanied him. Ph ie
" they met, (Ibn as-Sltajari) addressed him in this verse of nl-lulanabbi's;
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 577
Before we met him, we tbougfit the accounts given of him were exaggerated; ht,when we
a met, experieilce shewed us that we had underrated them.

He then recited to him the following lines :

In questioning theireturning) caravans, I obtained the fairest accounts of Jaafar Ibn Fal%h;
4b

" and, by Allah! when we met, I found lhat my ears had not heard any thing to equal what I
*' witnessed with my eyes."

-I have already mentioned these verses in the life of Jaafar Ibn Fafa (vol. I.
p. 327) and stated that they were composed by Abii 'I-Kbim Ibn Udni al-Andalusi
(page 123 of lhis v o l . ) , hut they have Been attributed to other pods.- To this corn-
" pliment, az-Zamakhshari made the following reply : ' It is related of the Prophe!
c that, on receiving the visit of Zaid al-Khail (31, he said to him : 0 Zaid ! before
L

c the promulgation of Islamism, I never heard a favorable account given of a man

without perceiving7 after the introduction of Islamism, that he was inferior to his
I' reputation. Thou art the only exception.' We then withdrew," said Ibn al-
Anbbri, " and were much struck by the sharirs quoting verses to express his feelings
<' and by az-Zamakhshari's quoting a tradition, him wllo did not belong tothe Arabic

" race."-This anecdote is not given in Ibn al-Anbbri's words, but it contains their
substance. I did not take i t from the book itself, but became acquainted with it long
ago and kept it in my recolleelion. I mention this lest such persons as may read
the book should suppose that I am careless in my quotations, when they perceive the
difference between the two manners in which the anecdote is related.-Abii 'sSa4dAt
(Ibtt as-shojari) was the nakib (or syndic) of those Alides who resided in (ILsuburb
of) al-Karkh. He acted there as the lieulenant of his falher (AliJ at-TAhir. He corn-
posed some good poetry, such as the kosida in which he eulogizes !he vizir Nizhm
ad-Din Abil Nasr al-Muzaffar Ibn Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Jahir (4, and which
begins thus :

Here is (the source o f ) as-Sodaira and the pond full to overflowiog. (Bereymr f i ~ l y
met the 6elooed;) so follow my advice and suppress the feelings of your hart, Tell me, bus-
tree of the valley ! Thou whose fragance widely diffused wodd suffice to me towands thee
the nocturnal traveller, if he lost his way: The happy days which a fond hoer once passed
under thy shade, will they return to him again before his deatb? How onjust was t b t fawn
(maidm) in refusiog even a glance (of /mereye) to one who was h e down by lore, a d in
treating his prayers with d i i i n . Remote is the place d e n 1 migb meet hcr ;she is JP a-7,
and yet she is near, for she dwe& within my bosom. (SAc k Wc) a slendn twig ~ b i c h
VOL. 111. 'I3
57 R JBN KIjAlJJJ1KAN'S
before the and bears on ils top a moon (viso$Je) s ~ r r o u n d c dwith i m p e l ~ d idarknpu
~~
(hor hair). When the glancrs of otl~ereyes par~ookin the conlclnp1ation of her charms, tbPse
eyes (mine, wlro am)a benighted traveller, obtained nor, from that source, a single refreshinn
draught, We pvsed near (the vallcg U / ) al-Aka and, at the sight of those meadoafs an;
pasture grounds in which the gazelles were roaming, our ~ ~ S S ~ Uwas I I rcnered. we ,pc,
on tllose shady groves; yet, how often llavc llowi~lg tears betrayed the secret
lorerl Years of drought hare laid bare the remains of her abodc, and the (proje&ing)
now abandoned, appear like camels drawing water from the wells. Look there, my twn
compniDns! may vour lives be long, may sl~owersprotracted and lasting like the flow of
the evenillg rain-cloud rchebh your dwcllingsl Arc those handsome statues which appear
before our eyes 1 or are they a flock of does? or else maidcns amplis natibus pr~cljtz?
those the e y a of gazelles which look 011 ns tl~roughlhc veils? are they human cheeks and Doses
which we see? When they turned towards us, they lefl not a member of our body unscathed;
even the ravenous beasts had compassion on it. HOW call this hcart (of mine) hope for
delivery from the bondage of love and from misery, if she who wounds it ever soo[hes
and flartcrs? M'cre a drmght of water from (the spring of) USrij (near which my beloved
to moisten the soil (of my heart), the germs of affliclion would make on it no
impression.

Eere the poet introduces the eulogy (o/ Iris palroa). This part 1 abstain from
inserting, lest I should be led loo far, and, besides, my object, in admitting the
extract which precedes, was to give ihe reader an idea of lbn as-Sbajari's poetical style.
Here is another piece by the same aulhor :

Can love remain concealed when our tears bear witness to irs cxistencc? can the lover who
gainsays the reports of jcalous spies persist in denying (the truth)? Elow long will you continue
to wear out your eyes wit11 weeping, you who kr~owh a t Labid fixed a term to the shedding of
tears? Ttlougir my (stature, forwtcrlg as strait as ( 1 ) wand is now bent by old agc, Istill possess
fortitude and energy sufficient to bear up under afflictions.

This passage contains an allusion to a thougllt expressed in the following lines by

Labid Ibn Rabia al-Atmiri (5) :

My two daughters wished their father to live for cvcr; is he then of another race than RaMa
and Modar? Arise (my girls l), arid proclairri ell you know (of my merits), but do not tear
your faces nor cut ofl your hair. Say he was a nlan who never abandoned his friend, who never
broke a prornise a ~ l dwho never deceived. Corltinue ~ h u for
s a ycar, then the salutation of
peace be up011 you ! 'The person wlio weeps a whole year is justified (in not continuing).

It was to these verses that Ahii TammQm at-Tai alludcd when he said :

My friends departed and I wept for their loss during a year; then I ceased, according to be
precept of Labid.
 A degree ofjealousy, such as usually reigns between men of talent, existed
between Ab6 's-sakdtit ( f i nas-Shajari)and Abb Muhammad al-Hasan Ibn Ahmad ]hn
flullamrnad Ibn Hakina al-Harimi (6),a native of Baghdad and a celebrated poet. This
js the same person whose name is mentioned in our life of al-Hariri, the author of
the mctkdmd1 (vol. 11. page 492). When he (Ibn Haktna) read the poems of his rival,
he adressed to him the fo1Iowin.g lines :

C declare, sir! in the name of Him who should prevent you from composing verses which stu-
pify the understauding! that you have nothing in common with your ancestor (iWuharnmad)
except your incapacity for poetry.

The anecdotes related of Ibn as-Shajari are very numerous, but we prefer being
concise. He was born i n the month of Ramadbn, 450 (Oct.-Nov., A. D. lO58), and
died on Thursday, {he 26th of RamadAn, 542 (18th February, A. D. 1148). The
next morning, he was buried in his house situated in al-Karkh he suburb) of
Baghdad.--Shujari is an adjective derived from Shajara, which is the name of a
village in the dependencies of Medina. The word Shajura is also employed as the
name of a man ; the Arabs of the desert gave it this application and their exemple was
followed by ofhers. A great number of persons, some of them men of learning,
bore the surname of as-Shajari. I do not know whether our poei derived his from
the name of the village or from that of one of his ancestors mhe might have borne
the name of Shajara.-We have spoken of al-Karkh in the life of Mariif al.Karkbi
(page 388 of this volume).

( I ) This title appears to signify the imperial treatise on grammatical inflections.

( 9 ) The sharif Abtt 'I-KAsim Ali Ibn TirAd az-Zainabi, vizir to the Abbaside khalifs al-Mustarshid and al-
Muktafi, was noted for his talents and his generosity. Having been removed from office, he m tha
remainder of his days in poverty and died in the reign of the last mentioned khalif.-(El-Fakhri.)
(3) For an account of this celebrated chieftain, see M. Caussin de Perceval's Essui sur Phistoire dcs *A
(4) Ni- ad-Din Abh Nasr al-Muzaffar Ibn J a r acted as vizir to the khalif al-Muktafi li-amr mab.
'MO other vizirs bore the surname of Ibn JahPr; see pages 980, 884 of this volume.
. (5) This Labtd is the author of the MuaZloka; see M. &ussin de Pereeval's Essai, dc., bm lX, page 481.
life, by the autbor of the gitdl al-Aghdai, has been given by M. de &GT ia the nln*
contains the arabic text of Kulila and Dimna.
( 6 ) See page 58e, note (4) of this volume.
 IBN IiHALLIKAIN'S

~ b f 'I-Knsin~
i Hihat Allah, the son of al-Busain, the son of YBsuf, or of Ahmsd,
to another statement, and surnamed a!-Bbdi al-Astorlabi (the admirable, the
o/aslrolajes), was a celebrated poet and an accomplished scholar. As a maker
of astronomical instruments, he was considered to be tile ablest m a n of the age, In
that art, he possessed consummate skill, and by it h e gained a large fortune, under
tile kllolifate of al-Mustorshid. When he died, he left no one capable of replacing
him i n his profession. Abb 'l-ladli 'l-FIaziri (vol. 1. p. 5G3) speaks of him in the
Zdna-tad-Dahr, and Imiid ad-Din al-Jspalibni (page 300 of llzis vol.) mentions him
i n the Khadda. Both authors praise him lliglily and (168 latlcr) gives some pieces of
verse composed by him, one of which is the following:

I offerprcscnts to (my patron at) his noble levee, but what I offcr I received from his benefi-
cence. Thc clouds, in shedding their rains upon tl~esca, place it untlcr no obligation : from it
they received their waters.

None of his verses has obtained such currency as these two, but they have been
attributed to another aulhor. The following piece is given as his :

When (his cheeks) acquired the rcdncss of Moocl (4) and put on the sable hueof the izcir (2),
darkness settled upon them and my heap was still measuring (3).

I n the Ztna tad-Dahr ihese two lines are given as his, but I read elsewhere that
they were composed by Abh Mohnmmad Ibn Hakina ( h ) ,the same of wlrom we have
spoken in [he life of Ibn as-Shajari (page 579 of this vol.). -The expression my heap
was still reasuring is particular to the inhabi~antsof Baghdad a n d signifies, with ,

them, 10 slrrrggls without being ablc 10 escape. The word Mra (heap) is employed by
them in spealcing of flour and is equivalent to the word jumlu (muss, heap), made use
of in Egypt. Here is anolher piece of his composilion :

Dixcrirnt : Amavisti (~phcbum)lcvi gens pr;rditum, scd fama cst illurn barbatum (Jkdsh)
fieri. I rcplicd : Tbe young peacock is ncvcr so handsome as when he is i d l y fledged-
 RIOGRAPIIICAL L)ICTIONARk'. 581
~4krkrEshis a foreign (a Persian) word, formed of ntk r$sh, which signify a hand-
hard. I t is an established practise with the Persians to invert the order of
words which are in annexation (5). He was extremely licentious, and admitted into
his poetry such indelicate idetis as led him to employ the rnosl obscene terms. It is
for this reason that I insert here so few of his verses, though they are very numerous
and were collected l ~ yhimself into a diwdn. Be took also the poems of Ibn Hajjij
1. p . 448) a n d arranged them under one hundred and fbrty-one heads, accord-
ing to their different subjects. This collection, to which he joined an appendix,
received from h i m the. title of Durra tat-Tdj fi ahbr i n Llujid.. (the pearl ofthc diadm,
treating o r the poems of 16' Hujjbji. H e was full o f grace in every thing he did. He
died of a hemiplegy in the year 534. (A. D. 1139-M), and was interred in the ceme-
tery called the Wurdiyn (the rose-garden), which lies on the eastern side of (theriver at)
Baghdad. -Astorlcibi is derived from astorldb, (he name of a well known instrument
(the as!rolabc). Kiishylr Ibn Labben Ibn Bishahri of J i l L (6), the author of the
Kildb az;-Zij( a set of astronotnical tables) says, in his treatise on the use of the astro-
labe, ihat as~orlcibis a greek word and signifies the balance of the sun. I heard a
learned doctor say ihat Zdb is the name of the sun in the language of the Greeks,
so that the word astorlib is coroposed of (the Arabic word) astor (lines), joined to ldb,
and signifies tlie lines ofrhe sun; indicating thus the lines traced upon the instrument.
lt is said tbat the invenior was Ptolemy, the author of the Almegisti, bho was led to
that discovery in the following manner : as he was taking a ride with an armillary
sphere in his hand, he let it fall, and the animal on which he was riding trod upon
it and broke (or flntfened)it, so that it received the shape of an astrolabe. The great
masters in the mathematical sciences thought; till then, that the image (or represm-
talion) of the splrere could only be traced on a mass of a globular form, but Piolemy
then perceived that it could be reproduced upon a surface forming the half of a cir-
cumference, a n d that such an 'instrument would furnish the same results as were
given by the arrnillary sphere. No one ever preceded him in-this discovery; yet
(neither he) nor any bf the ancients supposed that it was possible to represent the image
of the sphere upon a line (a f i t rule). SO they continued to hmplay the w m i l l a ~
spllere and the astrolabe till the shatkh Sharaf ad-Din at-Titsi,-the same of whom we
have spoken in the life of Kaami1 ad-Din Ibn Yfinus (7) and who was that person's
preceptor in n1othematics,-conceived the idea of a line (W mk) which *0~1d fur-
nish all the results that the armillary sphere and Lhea strolabe could give. He called
it the $lof and wrote an elegant treatise on !he subject. I n some points; he
rnitted which were rectified by the obove mentioned Ram81 ad-Din. ~ t .
Tcsi was the first w l l ~ this instrument; none of tlie ancienls baying ever
known it. The result was that the form (or configuralion O[ the sphere), which had
been at first represented by mcans of a globe, is, a solid llaving length, breadlh
and thiclcness, and which had then been delineated on a surface, which has only
length and breadth, wilhout thickness, was now marked on a line (a ru,le)having
length only and neither breadth nor lllickness. There remains only to reduce
this representation to a point; but it is impossible to conceive how lhat can he done,
since a point is neither a solid, nor a surface, nor a line, but only the extremity (m
limit) of a line, in the same manner as ihe line is Ole extremity of the surface, and the
surface of [he solid. The point being indivisible, i t is impossible to conceive how
any thing can be delineated upon it. -These ol~servationsare foreign to our subject,
but they funish some information which i t is beller 10 know tllan not (8). Besides,
we were led into them by the turn which our discourse llad taken.

(t) Literally : of death.

(3) See page xxxvr of the introduction to the first volame.
(3) This proverbial expression is explained, a few lincs farther on.
(4) Here and elsewhere all the manr~scriptsand the editions read Haklna. This appears to be the-right
reading and is that given in the Iltdarlda.
(5) They place the adjective before the substantive, which is contrary to the Arabic system.
( 6 ) Abh 'L-Rasan KhshyAr Ibn Labban Ibn Uishahri, a nativc of JllAn, in Persia, composed astronomical
and astrological works, of which the most important wcrc cvidenlly tha tables in which he gave the mean
positions of the planets, conformably to the era of the Persians, that of Yezdogird. According to Hajji Khalifa, '

in his Bibliographical Dictionary, article JLz.~$ fj, 1110 observations on which these tables were
founded were made by KlshyAr in the year I 5 9 (A. D. 1 0 6 6 - 7 ) ; but, under title of (&( F2 &h,
he states that this latter work was drawn up in tho year 357 (A. D. 9 6 8 ) . 'M. Reinaud, in his introduction
to the French translation of Abh 'I-FedB's Geography, says that Kdshyar lived in the lattcr half of the eleventh
century (from A. H. 449 to 494).
(7) In the life of Ibn Yhnus (vol. 11. p. 361), the name of Sharaf ad-Dlln at-Thsi does not Occur, neith$lr
is the title of KamQl ad-Dln given to Ibn Yhnus. These indications, writtcn, probably, by the author, on the
margin of his own copy, are not to be found in our manuscripts. ~t is hardly necessary to observe that Sha-
raf ad-D'ln at-Thsi must not be confounded with the celebrated astronomer, Nasr ad-Din at-Thsi, who died h~
the latter half of the seventh century of the Hijra.
(8) Our author, like all musulrnans of that epoch, know nothing of greek and not much of astronom'f.
Here, he evidently speaks of matters which he did not well understand.
 II3N AL-RATTAN THE P O E T

Abh 'l-Kisim Hibat Allah Ibn al-Fad1 Ibn Abd al-Aziz Ibn Muhammad Ibn aI-
flusain ibn Ali lbn Ahmad lbn al-Fad1 lbn Yakhb Ibn Ytisuf Ibn Silim, generally
known by the surname of Ibn al-KattPn ((he son of the cotton-spinner), was a poet of
great celebrity and a native of Baghdad. We have already spoken of him and given
some of his verses in our articles on Hais Bais (4)(noE. l. p. 559) and Ibn as-Sawldi
( U . I p. 415). He learned Tradiijons from a number of masters and taught thew to
some disciples. He was excessiveIg Iiceniious and dissolute, full of humour and plea-
santry, pertinacious in flattering and b satirizing the poud'and haughty. The witty
sayings aitributed to this poet and the anecdotes related of him are verp numerous
and amusing. His poetry has been collected into a diwrln. Abb Saad as-Samtni
(vol. 11. p. 156) mentions him in ihe Kildb az-Zail and adds : As a poet, he me-
" rited praise, his verses being Gne and delicately turnkd; but, with him, satire p n -
" dominated so much that he was dreaded for the virulence of his tongue and feared
" as a detractor (thalldb). " Farther an, he says: I wrote down two Traditions under
" his dictation, and no more ; I also committed to paper some pieces of verse composed
" by him and which he recited to me. "-The AdFz as-Silafi (vol. 1. p. 86) speaks,
in these terms, of A bO Abd Allah al-Fadl, the father of Ibn al-Kattiin : Be belong-
" ed to a family of traditionisis. I asked him tlre date of his birth and he told me
" that he was born on the eve of Friday, the 14th Kajab, 418 (20th August,
" A . D. 1027). " According to AbB GhPlib Shuj& Ibn Fbis ad-Duhli, he died on
Wednesday, the 23rd of the latter Rabi, 498 (12th January, A. D. 1105), and was
buried in the cemetery called al-Karkhi. lmid ad-Din al-Ispahini (page 300 of lhit
vol.) speaks of him (fin al-Katl&n) in the KharEda: His wit, " says rhis niter,
" and the graces of his style were universally acknowledged. There exists adirodn of
" his poetry, the greater part of which is good. In his verses, he bantered a nnm-
" her of eminent men and exposed their faults. No one escape&h his attach,
" neither the khalif, at Baghdad, nor any other person. A learned doctor s$e to
&' me of him in these terms : I was a boy and too pmag io learn any ibiog fmm his
4 . lips, butI saw him silting in a place apart from ofhers. IIe was then a druggist
Baghdad, and I heard people say : ' T11t11is Ihn a)-Fad], satirist.' tle learned
Traditions from his own father and some other teachers, amongst wllorn MrereAbfi
6 6 T&ir Ahmad Ibn al-Hasan al-Baliikini, Abh 'I-Fad1 Ahrnad I b n al-Hasan Ibn
JPrbn al-Amin, Abd Abd Allah al-Husain I b n Allmad Ibn II.lul~amn~ad Ibn Talha
6 6 Ibn Muhammad Ibn Othrndn al-Bighlli al-Knrkhi. lie had frequent skirmishes
4 6 with Hais Bais, one of which is thus related : IIais Bais went out, one night,
$ 6 from the palace of the vizir Sharaf ad-Din AbP 'l-Hasan (read al-lidsim) Ali Ibo
4 4 Tir$d az-Zainobi (see p. 579 of tllh vol.), and a young d o g barked at him. As he
had a sward suspended from his slkoulder, h e strucl< it wilh the point (l) of Le
blade and Lilled it. Ibn al-Fad1 (Ibnal-Kolldn) being told of this, drew u p a piece
of verse in whicll h e inserled two lines cornposed by a n Arab of the desert, who,
( 6 being informed that his son lrad been slain by his (/he Arab's) brother, went to
14 take vengeance of the murderer, but lhen Lllrew away his sword and uttered the
verses of which we speak."-They are to be found i n the first section of the Ha-
mdsa (2).--a6 l b n al-Fad1 inscribed his poem o n a piece of paper which lie then tied
t 6 to the neck of a bitch having a number of puppies, a n d charged 8 man to drive

f l her and her young ones u p to the vizir's door. Sllc appeared tllere like a sup-
a s pliant; the paper was talren off her ileclc and presented to the vizir, who found in

it these lines :
People of Baghdad I Know that Rais h i s has clonc a clecd which now covers him with
" shame, throughout the town. It was he, the coward, who, to shew on his bravery, assailed
" a young wllclp which had neither strength to attack nor force to resist. Hc has no money,
" so he cannot pay the price of blood; he is not equal in value to his victim, so he cannot suffice

" to undergo the law of ~.ctnliation. Tllerefore (I,)curlg-hair, recited ihcselines, alterrefer-
'' ring the vengeance of little-gray's blood 10 Rim wlio is the sole, the eternal. Then, to give
" my heart relief and consolation, I said : One of my hands struck me wilhout intending it;

" each of them could supply the place o f the other: one is trulg my brother when I call him
-
'Lby his trame; the other is my son. "
The idea expressed in tl~e'thirdverse (bcginninq loilh : He has no money) is bar-
rowed from this verse of another poet :

They are a people who esteem themselves so vilely that, when one of thcir party commilsa
crime, they think that, by thelaw of retaliation (not one ofthem but), a11 must suner ihependt!
of death.

This is one of the verses given in the IIamdsa (3); i t will be found in the quire
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 585
which begins by the ~ o r d s )+ 2 ((d), and to that work we refer the reader.
The insertion (of the two verses) is cleverly done; I never heard any thing so good,
nolwitl~standingllle great number of pieces into which poets have introduced verses
corn ~ o s e dby others. The only exception I shall make coneerps a piece which
was reciled to me by the shaikh Muhaddab ad-Din Abh Tblib Muhammad, better
known by the surname of Ibn al-Khaimi; the same of whom we have spoken in the
life of Tij ad-Din al-Kindi (vol. I. p. 548). He informed me that, when he was at
Damascus, the sultan ordered the beard of a person in his service to be shaved off
before the eyes of the public. A part of it was already retrenched when some one
L
interceded for the man and obtained for him the permission to retain the rest. He
(Ibn al-Khaimi) composed on this subject the following piece, in which he desig-
nated the person indirectly, without mentioning his name :

I went to visit a son of Adam who, as I was informed, had all his beard shaved off, after
receiving a bastinade. Finding that only the half had been removed, I congratuIated him on
his being allowed to retain the rest. He rose up, half-choked with weeping, and recited to me
two verses wbicli had not been composed in (a spirit of> lying and falsity : When a band o f
fellows come to shaae o f f your beard, throw azuay your clothes so that they may not impede
your Fight. M'hen (friends) come to you, saying: You have still the half; answer: The best
of the halves is that which is gone!

The two last verses are given i n that section of the Hamha which contains the
satires on women (5), but (Ibn al-Khairni) altered the first of them; in its original
form it ran thus :

Marry not an old woman, though they bring her to you; but throw off your clothes so tbat
they may not impede your flight.

(One year), in the month of Ramadin, the poet Hais Bais and Ibn al-Fad1 were at
a grand supper given by the vizir. Ibn al-Fad1 took up a roasted k a ~ a(6)and offered
it to his companion, who immediately turned towards the vizir and exclaimed:
" My lord1 this man has insulted me."-L' How so? " said the vizir.-'f Because
" he has made an allusion to the (weN;knor..un)vene :

" (The tribe of) Tamlm foUows the path of vileness, and therein is betler directed than the
'' kata (towards its nest). Ifthey trod in the path of honour, they dsurdJ go asmy. "

we have already observed (uol, l . p. 559), that Bais Bpis belonged (D *

74
VOL. m.
of Tamirn.--This verse is taken from a picce conlposed by abTi1tirnn18ll l b n Hakjru,
the poet (71, and is followed liy these lines :

Night is disprllcd by day, but {lie i$aurniny of Tarnin1 will never ire dispelled. If []ley saw
a flea riding on a louse and gsllopisg dow11Lo cllarge llicir lillc of battle, they would turn their
backs (and run azuny).

Ibn al-Fadl entered, one day, into the palace of tllc vizir az-Zainabi and, finding
Hais Buis will1 him, h e said : " l have just composed two verses which could not
possibly be augmented by a third, so complctcly do 1Iiey indicate the idea I meant
66to express."--64 Let us licar lhenl, " will the vizir. T h e poel reciled as follows :

An ilaage came (in a dream) to visit (m) which Was as sparing (of cisils) as she who sent
it (wassparing of h c fnvouts);
~ llcill~erdid it cmbracc m(: nor Iciss me, so as to alleviate my
pain. Its visi~sarc only to aid nlc in abstaining fro~nslccp, for it drivcs il away and then cleparts.

The vizir turned towards IIais Bais ancl snitl : '' What tl~inlcyou of h a t preten-
tion? " and received illis answer : " Let lhc aullior repeat l l l c n ~ ,and the vizir
shall hear the tllird verse." Ibn al-Fad1 rcciled the wrscs again by the vizir's
order; Hais Bais remained silent for a momcnt und tllcn camc out will1 this line :

(T?lebcloccd) k11c.v~rlol that 1 cml)loycbd slccl) as a snarc to catch (a siyl~tof) Iicr image, when
I found that all otbcr sliarcs (rc~tiaincdwitlioztt e/f'i.ct and) fa~igucd~ r waking
~ y hours.

Tlie vizir acltnow-ledged illat Rais h i s 1l;id well fulfilled his promise.-l was
told that a modern whom I cannot now dcsigllatc, being unahlc to discover ~ 1 1 0hc
was, look lllis very idea and vcrsilictl it rcmul Lrrbly well ; hc expressed it thus :

You who (bg $OUT heazity) rcndcr jealous tirc sull tllc lrloon ! (&oil?/,c) who will console
the enslaveil lover whom you lrcated so cr~lclly,wliilst you said tlml (not you, but) fate alone
.
was to bc bla~iied. I dcclarc by tlic vitalily o l m y love, that, if I slccp, it is 11ot because1 have
f~rb.otlt~lyou, but for thepurposo ofcarclling(0yiir,tj,sc of')your inlagc (inmy dreams). Regret
not tllc risils which your image rnadc rnc wllils~I slunl],cl-c(l: it was really as coy (and as dis-
dainful) as yourself.

have since discovered ihnl h e author of tll is piecc was Abh 'I-A18 i b n Ahi 'n-Nada
[
al-Mariif.--wlien lie (lbn al-lradl) directed against tile lid& ' l - t o d d t JalPl ad-l)in az-
Zainabi that satirical pocnl of wllich we lravc in the life of lbn as-SawHdi
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 5b7
(vol. 11. p. 416) a n d which we should give here, were it not so long, the kbdi or-
dered one of his servants to bring the poet before him, and, when 11ewas led in,
bored his ears and sent him to prison. Tlie poet remained in confinement so long
that he wrote to Majd ad-Din lbn as-Sihib, tlle khalif's major-dorno, a letter con-
taining the following verses :

Majd ad-Din ! I ask for shelter under your protection and complain to you of such ill
treatment as I alrl unable to support. Some people have brought against me an absurd accusa-
tion and transuiitted it to the worshipful Mdi. A brutal prosecutor dragged me hy the sleeve and
by the collar bcforc the seat of justice. Erery stroke of the (lcridi's) slipper madc me bend my
Iread, till my heart was ready to faint away. Even before the accuser had produced his proofs,
1 reccived such slaps on the face as prevented me from knowing where I was. Suppose that
false acc,usation to he true, and tell rne, master ! if the prisoner should remain in co~~fincmwt
after having paid the lull penalty of his fault?

When he got out of prison, he composed these lines :

He who struck me on the face thought lie dishonoured me and did me harm; but his prison
has not altered my senti~nents,neither have his buffets iujured (8) my ears.

Some verses rhyming in m and directed against Hais Rais hare been already given
in his life with the answer to them. When az-Zainabi, he of whom we have
spoken, was raised to the vizirate, Ibn al-Fad1 went to see him and entered into the
hall of audience, which was crowded with men of high rank who had come to con-
gratulate the vizir on his nomination. Having gone up to him, he wished him every
happiness and, to show his joy and delight, he began to dance about. The vizir,
on seeing this, said to one of his confidants : God confound that old fellow! his
" dancing reminds me of the common proverb : Skip for the ape when the time of
" his (prosperity) is arrived." The poet himself put this idea into verse and trans-

mitted to one of the grandees a written copy of the piece (9). He composed also a
kadda rhyming i n r, in which he diffamed, one way or other, a great number of
the grandees. Jn this poem he said :

Tikrit is out of our reach and, in our ignorance, we go to take Tirmid from Sinjar (10).

The same poem contained the well known verse:

Genealogies traced up to al-Abbis are now so frail (and so ill-spporfeq that rhey may be
compared to pot-herbs.
 A literary man of my friends reciled to me l l l ~following verses as having been
composed by I b n al-Fad1 :

His gencrosil~rput an end to lhc war betwcen mc and Fortune; for one verse of culogium,jle
bestorvet1 on
I I ~ Cgifts ellougll to fill my house.

He went, one day, to [he lrousc of the vizir I h n IIubaira (11) a n d found with him
tile syndic of the Shartfs, who was generally looked on as a grcat miser. This was
in Ramadin, (the month offasling), and the weather was vcry hot. The vizir said
to him : Where have you been? "-He replied : " I n the kitchen of his worship
the sharif."-" \\:retch that you are! " exclaimed llie vizir, " wliat were you doing
b4 in a kitchen, now that we are in the montli of I l a n ~ a d l n ?" I l e answered: By
the life of your Lordship! I was brealtin,g the heat." The vizir smiled, all rhe
persons prcsent laughed out and {lie syndic remained quile confounded. The
expression to brcali the heat b such a place is particular to chc people of that city
(Baghdad) and signifies to chose a cool place for taking ono's o/lcrnoon nap. Another
day, he went to the dwelling of a great man and, being refused admittance, was
much offended. Ere then saw servants bring out meat a n d give i t to their master's
llounds, on whicll he obscrvcd t l ~ a this lordsl~ipwished not to incur the common
imprecation : God's curse on the trec which shelters not its own people.-Another
day, as hc was sitling down to dinner with liis wife, 11e told h e r to uncover her head.
Wlren sltc did so, he rcpcatcd tllcse words of tlic Koran : Soy, God i s one. She asked
him what was tile n~altcrand receivcd this answcr: Wlicn a wonlan uncovers her
head, the angels do not remain prcscnt and, wlicn tliat verse of 111~Koran is pro-
" nounced, the demons take to flight. Now, I do not like being at ta1)lewith acrowd
" (zaltma) about me." The anecdotes told of hirn are very numerous. Be was
born in the year 477 (A. D. 1084-51, but as-Samlni (vol. II. p. 156) says as follows:
" 1 asked him the date of his birth and h e ieplied tllat lle was born on the morning

" of Friday, the 7th of Zii 'l-Ilijja, 478 (26th Marclr, A . D . 1086)." H e died at
Baghdad, on Saturday, the 28111 of R a m a d i n , 558 (30th August, A . D. 1163)
and was buried in the cemetery called al-Karkhi. According to as-Samlni, he died
on the festival day of the breaking of the Fast, (the 1st Shauwdl=2nd september). Did
I not prefer being concise, I should relate a great n u m b e r of the laughable anec-
dotes which are told of him, for, in the chapter ( o fjokes and plcasantry), he held a
noted place.--One of the verses above mentioned and which rhyme in d, contains
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTJOXARY. 389
the word S!.! [hacod), lvhicll signifies the eqsivalent. Thus, the soy : The blood
6 < of this m a n sliall the equivalen lof (i. e. shall answer for) the blood of that man."

The word 2 l . t (Jada), which (signifies curly-haired and which) occurs in the same
piece, is the proper name of a bitch; so 1was informed, but I have found nothing
of the kind i n philological works. Persons versed in philology say only this of it :
-4821 Jada (lhe farher of Jada)is a name given to the wolf; jada serves to designate
the sheep. The wolf was so called because he likes sheep so much."

(1) Literaly : with the heel.

( 9 ) See Freytag's Ilamdsa, page \* + .
(3) See Hamdsa, page \ r \.
(4) Here, the author, by a singular inadvertance, refers to a page or a quire of his o\\n manuscript.
(5) See Hamha, page AtV.
(6) A species of grouse. See vol. 11, p. 145.
(7) This poet lived in the first century of Islamism.
(8) Literally : softened.
(9) Here Ibn Khzllikhn inserts the piece. It contains eleven verses, some of which olfeer expressions and
allnsions belonging, apparently, to the corrupt popular dialrct of Baghdad. The third of these verses is in-
correctly givcn i n the manuscripts and the two printed editions, so that its meaning is not evident. The
other verses, taken separately, are sufficiently intelligible, but when they are all taken together, the general
thought which should pervade the piece cannot be perceived. I therefore do not attempt translating them.
(10) The allusion to these cities I cannot understand.
(11) The life of Ibn H ~ l b a i r awill be found in this work.

AL-KADI 'S-SAID IBN-SANA 'L-MULK

Al-Kbdi 'S-Said (the forrunale kddi), Abrl 'l-KBsim Hibat Allah, the son of a1 Kidi
ar-Rashid (the well-directed kbdi) AbB 'l-Fad1 Jaafar, the son of al-lotamid Sana '1-
Mulk (the lustre o f the Abh Abd Allah Muhammad, the son ol Hibat Allah,
the son of Muhammad as-Saadi, was a celebrated Egyptian poet m d the author of
that diwdn which contains such elegant pieces of verse and such exqllisite rnor-
eels of poetry. He was onc of tliosc men higll in ()ffice obtained general notice
by their rlierit and illcir talent. Ile Imrncd Traditiolrs fro111 h e hd/iz Abh T$hir
Silafi (uol, I. p. 86). To the e ~ n i n e n lrank a n d Case niliclr he enjoyed were
joined the abundant iavoors of fortune and a n amplc sllarc of wordly prosperity,
The Book of an.imals, composed by al-lihiz (vol. 11. p . 405), was abridged by him
and i spirit ofanimals). He
under the quaint til,lc of nouk a l - l l n i ~ d f (lhe
left a &wan (filled roilll pocnrs of t l ~ u Sl ~ C C L P Sifilielr goes wder IL name)
obmuwashshah&t (rounrlulqs), and entillcd Ddr (11-Tidz( l k c lroure or store of m-
broidcry), and another consisting of cxlmcls iron1 i l l ~c~lislolary correspondence
whicll between Iiim and a l - h d i '1-Piidil (vol. 11. p. 11 l ) and containing
elegant ideas of all sorts. Some of llle great 1)oels of lhat agc formed a socielg at
Old Cairo and held si ttings during wllicll Ll~cyconverscd and discoursed in a manner
whicl, was iligl~lypleasing to hear. S l ~ a r a fad-Din 1l)n Onoin (pagc 176 of thisvol.),
Ilaring then visited (hire, was recrivcd by l l i e ~ l~vitll ~ grrnl llonour and invited
to iheir parties. As tllcy (111 agreed io l e a t l i ~ ~agl~lensanl]if(:, l l ~ c ycxclairned, on learn-
ing his arrival: " Here is the poet OS Syria! " and, on t l ~ a toccasion, they held
assemblies during wliicll their discourses were taltcn down in writing. Were I not
apprehensive of being led away too fur, I siloultl give some of t l ~ c u illcre. A lcasida,
composed by h i m (al-Kddi 'S-Said)in t~unourof 111-KIdi 'l-E'idil, contains two elegant
verses wllicli I give here :

Were tlic jewellcr to sea tllc pcarls of her ~ n o u l l ~11c

, would take tlicm for gcms of tire rarest
kind. If any onc say that her figurc is like a willow-ward, tcll him to take care lest her figure
should ovcrl~caryour words (and chastise gou).

Here is another piece of his :

No branch cat] represent the slight~lessof thy fig111-c;no gazcllc (is so graceful as thee). Let
others unite in their form every cllarm ; ihcir beauty is surpassed by ~hine. 0 thou whose smi-
ling lips always display to us a row of beads, cacll of t l ~ c ua ~real l)carl! my censurer asked me
if I liad no ears (for good advice), and I aslced l~iinif he 11ad no cycs (to see thee).

The following amorous ditty was composed by bin, on a blind girl :

MY SUIJ (is in he?.face;) il was never ]aidden but by ])er ]lair and has ncver sufferedan ecli~se
but in its eyes. The sword (orher glances) is sheatlld, bur she wounds without it by Delas
of her eyelids. In looking on her, I see a (blind) nlole in (hlrody o f ) a gazelle, and the eyes
of (the blind) Jamb in (the beod o f the frandsornc) Joscph.
 1310GRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 591
The verses which follow were composed by lrim on a lad who had heen whipped
and then sent to prison :

I should give my life to redecm him who was scourged, not for being in fault but for the
purpose of 111akingillat slender branch open its rose-buds (4). They put him into prison only
to save his bcauty from the stroke of the evil eye, and they said to him: '' You resemble Joseph
d' in beauty ; resemblc him again by enteri~~g into prison. "

The next verses are taken from another of his pieces :

I ceased to love her, not tllrougll lassitude, but for a motive which forced me to say: 1 leave
you. She wished a third to be associated in our intimacy, but in my heart is still that article
of belief which forbids nie (the sin of) association (2).

By tlle same :

0 thou whose neck is bared of every ornament except its beauty ! on thy account I bared my
heart (of e v e q sentiment) exccpt amiction ( ~ O Tthy cruelly). Otl the thread of my eyelids are
strung the pearls of my tears ; wilt thou have for thy neck a collar which will cost thee nothing?
Fear me not! for 1 am as Ieeble and as languid as the zephyr; and the zephyr need not be feared
by the willow-branch (of thy pyure).

The idea expressed i n this last verse is borrowed from the following line composed
by I b n Kaliil<is and already given in his biogrsphioar nolice (sea page 538 of thir
vol.):
A s long as I courted her, (she) that pliant branch in a garden, enfeebIed my body, so that I
an1 become ille zephyr.

A sa specimen of his style i n prose we may cite a passage of a letter written by him,
it is said, to al-Kadi 'l-FBdil, relatively to the Kile which, in [hat year, had not attain-
ed its usual height a n d did not produce an inundation. Here is the passage: " As
" for t h e water (of the Nile),the places where it might draw from are gone dry;
'' its fingers are c u t off (the digits of the nilometer are useless]; the pillar (in that
" edifice) must make its ablution wit11 dust, if ii intend to offer up a prayer for rain,
" and llie scale is so feeble (and lhirstyj that it thinks it has got the dropsy." This
is one of the finest turns of expression which were ever employed to indicate the Nile's
inability (to oaerfiw its banks). There was in Old Cairo a poet called Abb Yakgrim
Hihat Allah i b n M'azir lhn MuLallad the kbtib. 91-KHdi 'S-Said, being informed that
a satire had beell coinposed on him by this person, had him brought inlo his presence
 and, after inflicting on him a corporal clrasliscment, a(ldrcssed him in abusive lan-
guage. A well known peel, named Nnsllii al-l'h111~Allit 'I-Ilasan Ali Ihn hlufarraj
and surnamed Ibn al-lunnjjim al-Maarri (u~knsefamily Belonged to Ifaarra lan-
Nondn, bu,) who was born and lvl10 died i n Egypt, was induced by this circum-
stance to indite the following lines and sent1 then to l l ~ ek d d i :

Say to as-said, wllose prosperity may God nlaitilai~~ l " Wily did you lrcat so unjustly our
lr.ortlly friencl, Ibll Wazir? YOU avcngcd gourscll sufficicrllly b y striking llim on the tee;
why then did you insult him aftcr? 111 (lOin&SO, yorl r(!turrlctl irlsult for insult, but you paid
him moreover, wilh blows for iutcrcst; yct lTlc law dots not d l 0 ~usury. If you say that
4G your illeults did tlini no hurt; thc~l,by Allall ! your blows did no1 hurt hi111 eill~er.''

Al-KBdi 'S-Said composed a lcaslda i n praise of Sliams ad-llnwlat T h i n ShBh (sol.1.

p. 286), the brolller of tlic sultan Sal311 ad-Dfn (Saladin)a n d began it thus:

1 arn indiffcrcnt for nonc cxcepl for rrly turbancd frirnd (3) ; 1 have rcnounccd nothing except
a blameworthy lifc.

When this piece appeared, a number of llle Cairo poels leagued against him and,
having declared that such a manner of opening a poem was dctcstablc, they attacked
him in satires. On this occasion, I b n az-Zarawi (or ad-Darawi), the same person of
whom we have spolren in the life of Saif ad-Dawlat al-Mubirak Ibn Munkid (vol. 11.
p. 555), wrote to him the following lines :

Relate to as-Said thcse words of onc who admires his productions so full of charms: '' Row
" admirable is your clever and perspicuous poem 1 yet our. pocts cannot taste its novcllics. They
" blame the idca of being indiflcrent for a fricnil ; yet, if at-'l'ai (uol. I . p. 348) saw such a tissue

" of verses as yours, he would become (your nrdcnl) partisan. "

Numerous anecdotes are told of this kddi. IIe clicd at Cairo, o n one of the
first ten days of the month of Ramadin, 608 (between tlie 6th and the 16th of
February, A . D. 1212). The Kdtib (Imdd ad-Dtn, sec p. 300 of this vol.) speaks of
him i n tlie Kharida and says : On tlie 18th of Z ~ 'I-Raada,
I i n tlie year 70,"-
that is, in the year 570,--L6(iOth June, A. D. i175), 1was with a l - K U i 'l-FLdil in
" his tent at Marj ad-Dalharniya (h),when h e shewed m e a kastda which as-Said had
" sent to him from Cairo, and he informed me that the author had not yet attained

" his twentieth year. I was much struck with the elegance of its versification."
He (Imdd ad-Din) then gives ihe poem; it begins thus:
 BIOGRAPHlCAL DICTIONARY. 593
separation (from thee) has condemned my heart to be the constant companion of sorrow; tlly
departure has effected a firm accord between my eyes and tears.

If we admit the above mentioned indication, al-Kiidi 'S-Said was born towards
the year 550 (a. D. 1115-6). I m i d ad-Din then says, after inserting the kosidn:
He "-meaning as-said,-" came to Syria in the month of Ramadin, 571, being
d athen in the service of al-KAdi 'l-Fidil; and I found him to be a marvel for jntcl-
ligenee. He has reached the goal in ihe career of prose and of verse; the e x p i -
site (genius)of the Arabic language has delivered to him a standard with its right
d 4hand, and lie obtained from the affabiliiy of al-Kbdi 'I-Fadil a most favorable
reception. The clay of his inlelligence has been moulded by nature on (the whee!
of) sagacity, and I have every hope that his rank in the (lilerary)art will be exalted
cc highly; that, if his days be prolonged, he will obtain scicnce enough to satisfy
I* his utmost wishes, and that, when his merit will be disengaged from jlhe
adn~islrcreof) puerility, reflcaibn will, with him, be watered by the fountain of
knowledge, so that i t may render abundant fruits and produce for him collars
" such as all would wish to po~scss."--I may here add that Jaafar, the fa~herof al-
IGdi 'S-Said, died towards the middle of Ramadin, 580 (December, A. D. 1184).-
I have since found in the handwri~ingof a friend who took interest in these matlcrs
Illat his death occurred on Tuesday, the 5th of Zii 'I-Hijja, 592 (30th Oct., A. D.
i i96), and that he was born towards the middle of Sliauwil, 525 (Sept., A. D. 1131).
-The poet and Adfib Abd 'I-Makirim Hibat Allah Ibn Wazir Ibn lukallad, he whose
name occurs in this article, is spoken of by Imid ad-Din, who says, in his KhoAdo:
" I went to Old Cairo in the year 576 (A. D. 1180-i) end having enquired after
" him, was told that he was dead."

That seems to mean : making his body red.

(9)
In Moslim theology, arsociofion signifies admitting the d~ctrineof polytheism or tbat of the trinily.
(9)
(3) I suppose that, by these words, the poet designated his mietress.
(4) The sultan Saladio invaded Syria, A. H. 570; took Damascus and othor cities and blockaded Aleppo.
The KAdi 'l-FBdil accompanied him. The place called Marj ad-Ddhlmiya vas probably in the neighbourha
of Aleppo.

VOL. IU.
 dbfi 'l-I(dsim, surnamed also Abb 'l-Karau~IIibat Allall 1l)n ill; Ibn MasGd Ibn
Thebit Ibn Hdshim Ibn GIlAlib Ibn Tlrdbi t nl-Ansjri a1-Khazraji, came of a falnily
inhabited al-Jlonaslir, but was born in Egypt and there he rcsidcd. ~ l - h a -
sfri is the appellation by whicli he is generally known (1). This klitib was well
versed in (Arabic) literalure; he knew also by hcart a n u n h e r of pieces which had
been transrnilted down from the ancients and taught sollie Traditions known only to
himself. He thus formed an intermediate link in Ilic cllain by wllicli tlic doctors who
came after him were connected with those of ancient times, and, in tlie latter part of
his life, he held (as a tradilionisl) a rank i n wllicli lie had no equal. l'he system of
koran-reading followed by the hGFz as-SilaG (vol. 1. p. 86) and Ibriihim Ibn HAlim
al-Asadi was tauglit to him by Abljl Sidik Mursliid I b n Yaliya IIbn al-Kisim al-Madini
(a native of Medina and) imdm of the Jbm& 'l- Adk (the anrient ntotque in Old Cairo).
AI-Bhsiri was the last person who ever tauglit Traditions received orally from the
above mentioned Abir Shdik, from Abii 'l-Husain Ali Ibn al-kIusain Ibn Omar, the
koran-reader of Musul, and from Abh Abd Allal~Muhammad I b n BarakGt Ibn Hilt1
as-Saidi, the grammarian. He delivered also s o n ~ cTraditions on the auihority of Abh
'I-Fath Sultdn Ibn Ibr8him Ibn al-Musallam al-Makclisi, and was the last survivor of
all those who taught Traditions wllich they had lcarned from the lips of that doclor.
People came from (distant) countries to hear him, and oblained from hiin a great
quantity of information. His grandfather, Mashd, had removed from al-Monastir
to BGsir, where he took up his residencc, but, wlien his great abilities became
known to the Egyptian government, he was called down to Old Cairo and appointed
10 draw up the official papers in the Correspondence olfice. His son Ali, the father
of the bbb 'l-Klsim whom is the subject of this article, was born i n Old Cairo, in
which city the family resided and had got into notice. Abh 'l-Klsim bore the s ~ r -
name of Saiyid el-A111 (the chief of the family), but ile is better known as Ilibat Allah.
He was born in Old Cairo, A. H. 506 (A. D. 1119-31, or, according to another
statement, on Thursday, the 5th of Zii 'l-Kaada, 500 (28th June, A. D. 1107).
He died in that city on the eve of the 2nd of Safar, 508 (is! Nov., A. D. 1201) and
 BIOGRAPHiCAI, DICTIONARY. 595

was buried at tllc foot of Mount lokaliam. YiikOt sl-Kamawi (2)says, in ],is die-
tjonary of places bearing similar names, that he died in the month of Shauwil.-
a , dcsccndcd fro111al-Khnzraj, the brother of al-Ab. These two were
~ h ~ z rmeans
the sons of I-llirilha Ibn Tlralaba l b n Bmr Muzaikiya Ihn Admir Ma as-Sam$.
The remainder of this genealogical list is well lmown, Their mother's name was
Kaila (G). 11 was among the descendants of these two that the Prophet
found at Medina his Ansdrs (or first assistants).-Al- Monaslir, a town in Ifrikiya '
(the kingdom of Tunis). was fonnded by Hartllama Ibn Aian al-H8shimi (S), in the
year 180 (A. D. 796-7). He had been appointed governor of that province by
Hirdn ar-Bashid, a n d he arrived there on Thursday, the 3rd of the latter Rabi, 179
(26th J u n e , A. D. 795). I n the life of the emir Tamim Ibn al-Moizz Ibn BBdis
(vol. 1. p. 283), reference is made to the present article.--Bdsir (,p2), called
also Bdslr Kdrtdos, wliicl~last name is written uther with a /; (J)or a q (d), is a
town in the province of al-Bahnasa, wich is one of the countries included in the
Said (Upper Egypt), In Ibe lire of the hdlib Abd al-Hamid (vol. 11. p. 175), we
have spoken of another Bhsir situated in the province of al-Faiyiim. There is also
a village near al-Jiza which is called &?,sir as-SiHr, and another in the canton of
as-Samannbdiya. Wc have thus four places of the same name and all of them.situa-
ted in Egypt.-AE-MonaelQr lies betwen al-Mahdiya and Siisa. It is a place of devo-
tion to which pious men retire when they abandon the world for the service of God.
It contains a number of castles resembling convents, all of which are sur-
rounded by one wall (4.). Tllese indications are taken from the work of YSkiir al-
Hamawi.

(1) The author of the Borda, a celebrated poem in praise of Muhammad, bore also the surname of ul-Bddfi.
His names and surnames were Sharaf ad-Dln Abh Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn Saad Ibn Hammad as-Sanhqi
ad-Dhlasi al-Bhsiri. He was a native of ~ g y p t born,
, A. H. 608 (A. D. 12ll), in one of the dependancies of
al-Bahnasa. According to Abfi '1-Mahhin, in the 5th volume of the al-Menhal as-Sdfi, ms. of the Bib. Imp.
ancien fondi, no 751, fol. 198 et sq., he died, A. H. 696 or 697, or, according to Hajji Khalifa, in the year
(4294-5). He descended from the berber tribe of Sanhaja and belonged prob&bly to the HammAd
family which reigned over a part of North ~frka!from A. 8. 398 (A. D. 1 0 0 8 ) to A. & 547 (A. 8. 4153-~3-
The Menhal as-Sdp gives some account of lhis poet.
(2) The life of YAkdt is given ifi this tiro&.
(3) See Ibn Khaldbn's Histor= of the Berbers, vol. I, page 394 of the tran~ldtion-
(4) It is, or was, a Molsim ribdt, on a very extensive scab.
 IBN KIIAL1,lKAN'S

IE-IIBAT ALLAH IBN AT-TALM1D

~ b f ']-Hasan
i P-libat Allah Ibn Abi Ghanhim Siccl Ibn tiibat Allah Tbn lbrthim Ibn
Ali, generally known by the surname of i b n at-filmid and the tillc of Amin ad-
Dnwla (lke irusly servant o[ the empire), was a Christian pllysician and a native of
Baghdad. T h e kdtib Imdd ad-Din (page 300 o r lhis vol.) designates him,. in lire
Kharida, as the sultan of doctors, and praises him i n the l~igllcstterms. Here are
his words: ( ' In the science of medicine, he was for t l ~ cwhole world tllc point to
which they had recourse; he was the IIippocrates of lllc agc, the Galen of lhe
epoch; his talents carried the medical scicncc to the acrl~eof perfecdon, none of
the ancient doctors having reaclied Ihe lieigl~ito whiclr he atlained. His life was
" long and his days prosperous. Whcn Z saw him, Ile was nn old man of a plea-
" sing aspect, and the sweetness (of characlcrj indicated hy his looks was, on trial,

'' found to be real. I-lis mind was quick, his body graceful, his senliments exalted,
" his thoughts aspiring, llis sagacity fclici~ousand his judgement solid. He was
" the elder of tlle Cl~ristjans,llleir priest, their head and their chicf. His verses
" shine by their charming style, by the sweelncss of tlic fruits galhered from them
" and by the admirable abundance (of 11icir ~houghls). Hcre is one of his pieces

" containing an enigmatical clescription of a balance :

" Tell mc what is the thing which bcars various nalncs and givcs a just nleasurc for things
" on earlh and for the hcavens. It decides wilh equily and never uses deception. Though
" blind, it sets the spectator in the right; it is dunlb, but not horn an accident or a malady; it
" enounces by a sign its decisions, and answers, by risiog arid h l l i ~ g ,the appeal 01 hjm who is
" in doubt- Wllen suspended in air, it returns a clear reply. "

One of the various names to whicll 11le author alludes is ~ h balance

c o f l h e sun, by
which is meant the astrolabe and otlier aslronomical instrurncnls, and wl~ichis also
indicated l y the words giving a just measure for ikc heaveas; t h e * o ~ h enames
r are
the balance of discourse, that is to say, grammar, the bolonce of poetry, which means
~ r ~ ~ and g balance of idear, or logic. Tl~eseore the things are designated
o d the
by the names of balance, measure, cubit and other terms besides. lmdd ad-Dfn
then gives a number of passages taken from this author's poems, and some
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 597

of them wc shall notice. The article in which he speaks of the Christian

tarnid id al-Blulli A6h 'l-Faraj Yallya Ibn at-Talmid (i), contains these words :
'c W h e n Abii 'l-Baraj died, h e was replaced by his sister's son,"--the person of whom

we are treating,-" wllo, for that reason, became known by the surname of his
predecessor." lle (Indd aCDin) says, in the work entitled AnmEulqj al-Aaiydn
min chuloard az-Znmdn, clc. (List 01 those ominent conlemporary poets whom I h a e
known or heard of) : " Ibn at-Talmid was versed in many sciences; he possessed a
solid judgcmcn l and a powerful intellect. For a long time, he was in the service of
' c the kllalifs and lllc kings; his conversation was more brilliant than molten gold or

d 4 strings of pearls. I met with him at different times, towards the close of his life,
and marvcllcd grcady that he, with his excellent judgment and extraordinary
in~lligenee,sl~ouldlcl himself be deprived of (the blessing$ on
Islamism; but
God, i n his bounty, directeth whom h e pleaselh and, through his resolve, he
leadeth aslrny whom he pleaselh. I n his epistolary compositions, his style was
" copious and exalted; hy his verses, he placed himself among llie great masters in
a poetry and took the place of honour." Ue then gives some passages from his
f i 'I-Euziri (vol. I . p. 563)mentions him in the ZEno lad-Duhr and
poems. ~ ~ yl-Maili
gives some of his pieces, such as the following :

0 thou who bast Ianched against me, from &e bow of departure, the arrow of separation
(whose ruounds are so) difficult to cure! pardon the absence of him who is far from thee; that
absence is a fault which bears in itself its punishment.

Imid ad-Din cites the last of these verses in the KharQda, as being the production
of Abh Muhammad Ibn Hak.klna (2).and joins to it another which I here give :

If he sulkred no other punishment than thy departure from him, that alone would be
sufficient.

AI-Haziri attributes to him the following lines :

I complained because thy image did not visit (my slumbers), and yet I was prevented from
sleeping hy my love (for thee). It at length paid me a visit of kindness and complained ofm).
(not sleeping to receive it). Thus was fulPUed h e proverb: Dreams go by contraries.

lm8d ad-Din says, in his Khartda, amongst other things : "Abd 'l-PaPli Hibat
" Allah lbn al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Muttalib told me that Abii 'l-Hasan
598 IBN liHd1,LiliAN'S
Ibn at-Tnlmid to him the rollolving lines, declaring t h e m to be of his o ~ ~ n
composing :

6'The llappy days of my youth were a (prolanged) intoxication; but 1 then recovered and
6' comlnenccd to act as a virtuous man. I stopped to await (the I ~ o z ~ Pof)
. death, like the tra-
veller who, knowing ~ b cplace (lo zuhich he is going), stops to pass the nigh1 a t a distance from
the (regular) halting-place. "

The second of these verses is given by Ibn al-II~lnajjirn(3) in the Ilildb al-B&,
where it is attributed to Muslim Ibn al-Mralid (vol. I . p. 25). Ibn at-Talmid must
have therefore borrowed and inserted it among his own. Gbh Mullammad ][hn
Hakina having fallen ill, was treated by Ibn at-Tal mid ; on recovering, he gave him
some money and composed these lines :

Being unwell, I went to be treated by him; for maladies Inlist be curcd. IIe tended me and
consoled me, till I was able ro tliank him as every man would do when delivered from his cares;
and I said: Since this doclor has treated me kindly and. curcd me, Ict tllcriac (4) be adminis-
tered 10 Him. "

He composed on the same person another piece expressing the same idea and
which I give here :

He was kind to his patient and saved him from death; ycl (the sick man) was so ill that they
were on the point oT swathing his legs together, (for burial) (S). The person who keeps death
away from another, merits to share in that man's weallh.

He, one time, requested the same doctor to cross the Tigris for the purpose of
treating him, and,, in this written application, he said :

Amro 'l-Kais, when enamoured with her who rode in tile palanquin, was cured by an abra
(by shedding a flood of tears) (6). An abra (or crossing o f the river) would do me also good.

Ibn Hakina lost his sight iowards the close of his life. lie bad then a quarrel
wit11 Ibn at-Talmld and, when he latter) wished to make up with him, he addressed
to him this line :

If you wish to pacify Bashshar, the son of Burd (vol. I. 11. 25.44, throw upon him his father
(i. e. a cloak, burd).

On this, ibn at-l'alrnid sent him what he asked for and regained his friendship.
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 599
Many stories a r e related of what passed between them. Ihn Hakina mentioned the
name of Bashsllir Ihn Burd i n this verse because Bashshdr had not the use of his
sight and he, being blind also, compared llimself to that peel. Tlie expression ihros
upon,him such a one is in general use with the people of Baghdad : when a man
wishes to make up will1 his adversary a n d the latter refuses, they say: " Throw such
a one upon h i m ;" that is, let such a one visit the adversary and intercede with
him. In taurCa, one thing being said and another meant.-Here
the verse is a
follows a well known piece of which he (lbn a~-lhln16d)is said to be the author, but
1 have found it attributed to an-Nlsih Ibn ad-Dahlidn, a grammarian of Mosul :

Away with (7) reasoning! (see you not how) the passion of love leads to judgments (so wild
t/iut they) cannot be brought into tbe road of good sense. Thus, people sag of love, which is
eternal, that it is a (Imnsitory) accident, yet our bodies are annihilated uuder its influence.

The two following velsses are by the same author, but Imld ad-Din, in his KharOd~,
attributes them to A.bh Ali 'I-Muhandis, a native of Egypt :
My heart shares its love between a troop of beauties, to each of whom I am fondly attached.
It is thus a center of which they are the circumference, and each of my desires is a radius.

By the same :
His liberality is a physician which cures our indispositions by a K i d treatment. He is like
mummy lor a broken bone, and theriac for the bite of a serpent.

I have since found these two verses i n the diwdn of the poet Ibn Hajjiij (vol. I.
p. 448). The following lines were composed by him on his son Said :
My love for Said is an enduring substance; his love for me a transitory accident. The six
dimensions of my substance are occupied by him; but he, thou& enclosed therein, is inclined
to leave me for another.

Abii 'l-Kisirn Ibn Aflah, a poet of whom we h a w already spoken (col. 11. p. 324.),
was cured of a disease under Ibn at-Talmi'd's treatment; and, as the latter forbade
him to take any other food than that which was prescribed to bin], he addressed
to him t h e following lines, complaining of hunger :

I am hungry; deliver me f b m starvation. A piece of bread, even a small morcel, would

be my deliverance. Say not to me : Just now ! take patience! " I cannot hare patience,
even for an hour. Today, my empty stornacb will hearken to no remonstrance against bread.
 Ibn at-Talmid, having read illesc verses, answered them by the following :

is thus that guests (when famished) like mc cornplain to cacll orhes of hunger; yet I will
rcm~onstratcas YOU may ! Try and l~urnol~r
give YOU ~ f l ~isi IIU~IIUI,
t your nppelite wilh
panado; that js h t ~ e than
r a piece of bread Answer, I beg of YOU, to what I prescribe by the
words : I hear and obey.

When Ibn Aflah received these iines, h e wrote i~nclcthe following answer :

I shall endeavour to Follow your prescription, but I cannot say wit11 perfect s i r ~ c e r i:t ~I heat
und obey. 1 1 Allah!
~ I have st~.uggled against hunger, but am unable to repcl it. Preserve
me from its confequcnccs by delivering mc from the lleadachc wlrich it gives.

lbn at-Talmid replied by these lines :

In poetry my talent is feeble and my abilities limitcil, whilst you havcba genius naturallydispo-
sed for it and arc skilled in h a t art. As long as you cannot bcar with the pains of hunger, so
long you will not be dclivcrcd from lour headact~c. Tflereforc, Ict your Uisrn,ilklh (or grace
. bcfore meat) be preceded by ~11etakir~gof (food) an 1lo11rlater (8).

Ibn at-Talrnid and the celebrated physician Auhnd nz-Zamiin (Iho pcurl of the age)
Abli 'I-Barakiit HEbat Allah Ibn Mnlkin (! the
l) , of the philosophicltl treatise
author
entitled a!-Molabir ([he worthy of notice), looked on each o t l ~ e rwill1 feelings of
jealousy and rivalily such as usually prevail between men who are etr~inentin the
same profession. The anecdotes concerning their conferences and clisputcs are well
known. Auhad iiz-Zamin was a Jew, but became a Moslirn in his latter days. To
cure himself of a n elephantiasis, he lct liimscll b e bilien by vipers which he had
kept, for some iirnc, witllotlt rood; and, after receiving a great number of bites, he
was cured, but lost his sight. The history of this affair is well lcnown. Ihn at-
Talmtd composed on his rival the following epigram :

Our friend, the Jew, is so filler1 (fie') with folly that it is n~an~lested
by his tnouth (fihi) ever7
time he speaks. He talks at random (yatih); not a dog but ranks higher than he! one would
think he had not yet got out of the Wilderness (Tlh).

Ibn at-Talmid was very modest, and Auhad az-Zamln very presumptious. This
induced a]-BPdi al-Asiorliibi (page 580 of this vol.) to compose the following lines :

The doctor Abfi 'I-Hasan and his imitator, Abii 'I-Barakit, stand at opposite extremes :0%
 UIOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY. 60 2

by hjs has reached the Pleiatles, and the other, by his presumption, is in the lowat
abyss.
]bn at-Talmid composed some good works on medicine, one of which, the
~ k ~ d b d d t(Arrtadolarium)
n is a very useful treatise and serves as a practical guide to
the ~ h ~ s i c i a nofs our days. Another of his works, that which he composed on the
Kd[liy&t (10) of Ibn Sina (Avicna), bears the title of Kunndrh s a H a s ~ d ~(compi-
h
lation and glosses). The master under whom he made his medical studies was Abfi
$1-Basan Said l b n Hibat Allah (1l), the author of some well known medical works,
such as the TallchEs (compendium), the Muglini (sufficient),in one volume, and the
Iknda (sntisfaclory), in k u r volumes. Some persons found fault with these (two
last) titles and said [hat they should have exchanged places, because tnughni signifies
what enables to d s p c n s e wilh any t h h g and would have been an appropriate title
for the larger work, whilst the term ilnria, signifiying what furnishes a sufficiency,
was more suitable for a compendium. All the medical and literary works (c~nposed
by lbn at-Talmtd) are very good. His conduct was most regular and his gravity
so remarkable that, it is said, in the frequent visits made by him to the palace of
the khalifs, Be was never heard to utter a jest, except on one occasion. That was
in the presence of the khalif al-Muktafi (li-amr iliah). Here is what passed: A
pension which had been assigned to him on the glass-boltle manufactory at Baghdad
was stopped without the khalif's knowledge, and, one day that he was with that
prince, and intended 10 withdraw, he had great difficulty in getting up, by reason
of his advanced age. On this, the khalif said: '' Doctor! you are getting old."
To which he replied : It is true, my lord l my bottles are broken." This
exl~ressionis employed by the people of Baghdad to indicate that a man is old.
When the khalif heard these words from the doctor's lips, he said : '&Duringall
" the time h e has been in our service I never heard him utter a pleasantry."
Enquiries bsing then made into the affair, led to the discovery that his pen-
sion on the bottle nlanufuetory had been suppressed. The khalif, being informed
of the circumstance, gave orders that the pension should be restored to him and
granted him another besides. I t had been suppressed by the vizir Adn ad-Din Ibn
Hubaira. The anecdotes related of this doctor are very numerous. He died at
Baghdad in the month of Safar, 560 (Dec.-Jan., A. D. 1164-51, aged nearly one
hundred years, In the historical work of lbn Zhlhk al-FHriki it is stated that ibn
at-Talrnid died on Christmas day and that he was acquainted with more sciences
VOL. 111. 76
602 I B N I(EIAL1,IKAN'S
than any other man. All (hose who inllabilcd Baghdad, citlicr on one side
or on the oll~er,went with his corpse 10 lllc cllurch and allended
the funeral; not one of hem staid away.-This arlicle eolltains only one nanlc
the or~hograp?lyof w h i c l ~requires to be marked; it is lalltcin, that wllich was
borne by ibe grandfall~er of Auhad az-Zamin. - In the life of l b n al-Jaw$liki
(page 489 of {his vol.) we have rrlafed a scene which passed betwern him and Ibn
at-Talmid in the presence of (he khalif al-ilf~~klafi. i\ly arliclc on Arrlin ac]-l)awlat
Ibn at-TaIrnid was Gnishcd when I met wilh a book in t11e llandwriting of my
Muwoffalc ad-Din Abfi Muhemnlad Abd al-Latif l b n YOsuf, and drawn u p
by llim in rlle form of an autobiograplly (12). Towards l l ~ ccommencen~entof this
wol,k7 h e describes Ibn at-Talmid as being possessed of great Icarning and slrill in
medicine. He then says (13): One of his (remarliuhlc nlrer) was illis : A woman
was carried to him in such a stale that her family dicl not know wllclher she was
4 4living or dead. Though it was 111en in the depth of winter, lie tiad her
stripped and sobmilted to a prolonged affusion of cold water. I l e then ordered
her to be carried into a warm room, which hacl hccn fumigated with aloes-wood
and other perfumes. They coverer1 h e r with a quantity nf furred cloaks and,
some time aftcr, slle sneezed and began to move ; l l ~ c nsllc sat u p and was able
&g to go Ilome on foot wilh her people. Anotlicr lime, ihrly I ~ r o u g h tto him a man
" who sweatccl blood in the sunimer season. Ilc aslccd his pupils, who were about
I' fiCly in n u n h e r , if llley ~ I I C Wwhat illat rrlalatly was, but none of them could
fell. IIc orrlcrecl thc patient to cat l~arlcybread will1 roasted love-apples. The
" sick man dirl so for three days ancl recovered. T l ~ ep r ~ p i l saslccd II~eirmaster
" what the malady was and he replied: c Tlrc man's I~lood llad got thin and the

" ' pores of his body were much opened ; now, tlic virtue of illis regimen is, Lo
" ' thicken the blood and to close the porcs.' T o givc a n idca of his disinte-
" restedness, we may menlion (hat the rear of his house was conliguous to the

" NizPmiya college nod, wlicn any of tllc law studenls was inlien ill, lie had him
" brought to his house and took care of llilu, ill Itc was cured and able to reIurn.
* I

-Bebre this, our professor, PuwalFak ad-Din ( A hd al-.Lattf) says : " I profited
" greatly under rl~etuition of lllis Arnirl ad-1)awln's son. H e lived nearly eighty
" years. His great experience and his acquaintance wirh the secreis of
" the human conslilution were such that h c could discern every malady as clearly
" as if he saw it through a pone of glass; and he h a d never the least llesitaiion in
4. deciding on its nature and [node of treatment. He usually prescribed simple
6. remedies or such as were but slighlly compounded; and he thought no one
4 4
of practising medicine but irinlself. He used to say : c A prudenl man
~ I ~ o u lwcar
d such clothes as may not draw upon hini tlie envy of the lower
c order ar the contempt of the higher.' So he wore white clothes of a fine
a qualily."--IIe (4hd a!-Lall[) 11x11adds : This (duelor) was strangled in the
court of his house, i n ihe first third of the night (14); he became a loslim before
his death. I have often regretted his loss."

(I) This doctor practised in Ba,"hdad, with great reputation, towards the close of the fifth century of the
Hijra. This century ended A . H. 1106.
is the sarne poet wllose nanle is written Jakina, vol. I, p. 17l,and vol. 11, p. 492.
(2) This I am inclined
to think that IIuliina is the right namc. See page S82 of this volume, nate (4).
(3) His life will found pagc 6 0 4 of this volun~c.
(4) Various read in:^ : EL? j19EL!Jj, These words appear to be alterations of 3[?j.
(5) This translation is tncrcly conjeclural.
(6) h m r 'l-Kais says, in the fourth verse ol his Munllaka: a flood of tears ia my cure."
(7) I read with the edition of Bhl&lr.
(8) The absurdity of this recommendation and the impossibility of fulfilling i t imply that the patient should
not take anything. I do riot sce any other way nf explaining the passage.
(9) Auhad ar-Zaman was the khalif al-Mustanjid's physician. He con~poseda number of medical treatises.
For a notice on this doctor see WlistenCeId's Arabiwhe Aerzle, no 177.
(2 0) Kulliydt signifies genevalifies and, when employed as the title of a medical work, means ~ e n e r apnfi-
l
c$es of Ihe~lnpeutics. Aviccna and Averroes composed each of them a Kul!iy&t. In the old latin transla-
tions, this word is rendered or rather transcribed by colliget.
(1 1) The text reads IIibat Allulr 1bn Suid which is a fault. See Arabivche A e ~ z f e no
, 1 4 3 and Hajji gha-
~ , V, p. 653.
Iffa's bibliographical ~ i c l i o n a r tom.
(28) See de Sacy's Rrlution de l'&gYpte, pnr Abd-Allatif, page 458.
(13) Ibn Abi Osaibia gives some long extracts from Abd al-Latlf's autobiography, but has pnvosel~
Ibn at-Tdlmld. See de SacyisAlrdallatif, p. 461. 1 may here observe that Ibn
omitted what co~~cerncd
likan was about twenty-one years of age when, his profesorybd al-Latlf died.
(Z4) Here the text appears to be corrupt.
 HARUN IBN ALT ' L - M I I N A J J I M

A ~ G Hbriin, h e son 01Ali, the son of Yahya, the son 01 Abil bllansdr
al-lunajjim (tAc nsfrologer),was an accomplislicd scholar a n d il rlalivc o f Baghdad
We l1ave spoke11 of his son A l i (no!. 11. p. 313). R a r b n was n hd,fia, know-
jrrg by llear-t and able to repeat a great quantity of poems. His conversation was
a p e a b l e a!:d llis social talents liigllly i)lcasing. Tllc IfiilbB al-Blri (the boo]r of
surpaaing excelle~zre),n work composed by llim on [lie rnuzc;(~llid( o r dloslim) ( I ) poeis,
contains o t ~ chundred and sixty-one articles. J t begins wilh nolicc on Bas},shir
lbrl ljlrrd al-Ohaili (?;ol. l . p. 254), ends with a accounl of RloIranlt-r~ntIIbn Abd a\-
.Pja]ik Ibn Shlih (") and offers l l ~ efinest passagcs composed hy tliese pocls. The
autllor says, towartls ille beginning ol the work : '' I n writirlg tliis hook on the llislory
a of the muwaliid poets, I insertcd such pieces of their poelrSy as I n~yselfhad

cllosen, and, in making that selection, I proceeded wit11 Ilie ulrnosl care and
* I the best of my knowlcilgc. The lcnrned say t l ~ a ot ~rrnn'sinlclligu~!c'eis indicated
by what Ite cliooseth, and thal l l ~ cfaculty of clloosing well proct.ede111 from the
alrundance or the undcrstaadi~ig. Sonlc o l tlicnl also l~avesaid: A man's poetry
is a part o l his discourse, the ol~inionIIC professes is a part of lrjs understanding.
l * and Iiis faculty of clloosing is n part of his (ncquirerl)knowledge." I n tllis strain,
h e goes on to a considernl)lc lenglll and llwn informs us thal this ~ ( j r was k abridged
from another ~ v h i c hlie had con~piledon h e same subject a n d wl~iclllie reduced to
its present dimensions by malting supprcssions. It is really n very useful work be-
cause it does away will1 the neeersily of procuring l lle divrdns (or colketed toorb) of all
the poels which il mentions. Tlic h e t is tlial tile aullior, i n making liis abridgment,
retained the cream of tlicir verses and rejected the froth. 111 tlic life of the /idlib
Imiid ad-!)in (page 300 of lhis vol.), we havc indicated h i s work as the mail1 stern
of several hrancl~es,naniely the IU~artdu,the trcatise of at-llaziri (vol. I. p. 563).
that of al-BPklrarri (vol. 11. p. 323) and illat of il1ll-'l'lla8libi (vol. 11. p. 129). It
was the model afltkr whicll they all compose(I tficirs. Anoiller of Tbn al-Munajjim's
works is tlie K i ~ d ban-fls8 (book of women). It conlains die anecdoles related of
them a d [tie elegarit passagcs in prose and verse of which wonlcn were [lie subject.
 BIOGRAI'HICA I, lblCTlOKtiRY. 605
1 an1 unable Lo gibe here any of his own verses, having never met any of
them. Tn the Kildb al-Bdri, he inserted an article on his father Abfi 'I-Basan
Ali 1bn Yahya, with extracts from his poems and, immediately after, he
gircs a notice on his brother Yal~yaIbn Ali wit11 a series of extracts. These we
need not insert here, as they will be found in our article on Yahya Ibn Ali.-Abfi
Abd Allah I l i r d n l b n al-Munajjirn died in the year 288 (A. D. 901), at an early age.
His great-grandfailler, Abh Manshr, was astrologer to the khalif ALd Jaafar al-lansiir
and, in religion, a fire-worshipper. His son Yahya was attached to the service of
ZG'r-Ridsalain al-Ad1 Ibn Sahl (vol. 11. p. 6'721,and his astrological indications
always regulated [he aclions of that vizir. -4fter al-Fadl's catsstrophy, an event of
which we llnve already spoken (uol. 11. p. 4.75)'Yahya became al-&imiin's astrologer
and boon companion. The pressing instances of illat khalif, who had chosen hirri
for ltis favorite and friend, induced him to turn filoslim, and his profession of the
Mohanlmedan Caitll, made to al-MArnhn, rendered him the rnawla (3) of that prince.
The Munajjin~family produced a number of men who rose to eminence by h e i r
abilities, [heir literary acquirernents and their talent for poelry. All of {hem m-ere
adrr~illedinto 11le intimacy of the (reigning)kllalils and hecame their boon compa-
nions. A~I1-Tllailibi has devoted a whole section of his Yati~nato the members of
this L r l i i l y and notices u great number of them. The abore mentioned Yallya died
at Aleppo wllen al-nfimbn was going on his expedition to Tarsirs. He was buried in
fhc Kuraish ccrnefery of illat city, and his tomb, with his name inscribed on it, is
there s t ~ l to
l Le see]].

(1) See vol. ~ s t ,p. 909.

(2) In the year 1 9 0 of the Hijra (A. D. 811-53), Muhammad, the son of Abd al-Malih lbn Sdliih ttle Abba-
A

side, was named governor of Mesopotamia and Syria by the khalif al-~rnln.-(Nujzim.) '

(3) See vol. 11, Intlboduction, page IX.

 HISLfhM IBN O R W A

~ b 'j-Mrrndir
d Hishirn al-Asndi was the son of Orwa, the sot1 of az-Zobair ]bn
~ ~ ~ dWe mllave. already spokcll of 11;s falllcr il'ol. II. p. 199). Ilis11i11) was one
of most dislinguislled i'dhis of Mcdioa, and il*i~nstnilteddown a great quarllity of
Traditions. He ranked among llle most elninenl of learncd (in the lazu) and was
as one of the principal Tdbis. IIc belonged 10 lllc f ~ u r l l generation
i of
{hoPe who inllabited Rledina. T~.atl~lions W C ~ CLaugh1 10 h i 1 1 1 orally by Ilis uncle

Abd Allall 1bn az-Zubair (/he nntilil~alinand by I h n Onlnr (col. 1. p. 567). He saw
Jlbir Ibn Abd Allall.al-Ansiiri (col. 11. p. 2Oh), Anas 1l)n Miilik (col. 11. p. 587) and
Salll I l ~ nSaad (1). According to anollicr s l a l e ~ ~ ~ eInI Ct ,saw Ibn Otr~ill.but did no1
s lough1 on his aulllorily by Yahya
hear a n y Tradiiions from him. T r a d i l i o ~ ~ware
Ibn Said al-Anslri (ool. 11. p. 5691, Sofyin all,-l'hau1.i (vol. I . p. 57B), 18lik Ibn
Anas (vol. 11. p. 535), A i y ~ l bas-Sikliliiini (2), Ibrl J i ~ r a i j(c;ol. 11. p. 116), Ohaid
Allah Ibn Omar (3), al-Lailll llln Soad (vol. 11. p. S!:)), Sufyin I l ~ nOyoina (vol. I.
p. Q78), Yallya Ibn Said al-l4 all;io (col. 11. p. G'ID), Walri (uol. 1. p . 374.)and olhers.
He werit to Kbfa, in the reign o f A1)b Jaafar al-I!ar~sbr a n d tlelivercd Tradilions fo
the puoplc of tliat city. lIis I~irllllook place A. 11. G 1 ( A . D. 680-1). Abfi Isl~$k
Ibrillirl~Ibn Ali Ibn blullarnmad ad-l)ul~li (4) slalcs t l ~ a l( ~ h kliulir)
c Omar Ibn Ahd
al-Aziz, UishPm l b n Orwa, az-Zubri (vol. 11. p. 581), lCa(;lda (vul. 11. p. 513) and
al-Aamasll (vol. I. p. 587)were born o n or allout ~ l l eday in which al-liusain, ihe son
of Ali, was slain. This occured on tlle ([cstival) day of Asl~itri,A. IT. G i (IOlli Oct.,
A. D. 680). Be went to visit al-Mansbr, at Dagbdnd, snrl (lied tllcre in the year 166
(A. D. 763-81, or i n 145 or 147, according to otlier statc~nenls. The funeral service
was said over him by al-llanslir, a n d he was buried i n lllc Rllaizurin cemetery, on
the eastern side (of 1Be Tigris). S o n ~ csay, however, tllat he was interred on the
western side, willlout tlre wall (of the cify), near the gate of Kutrubbul, beyond the
dikh, and higher up than the cemelery of the 1Iarb gate. Ilis tomb ([hey say) is
still to be seen there and is well known. It is covered with a lldl sione on which is
inscribed : This is ihc lolrrlr of llishdm Ibn Orwa. T h e pcrsons who stole that he was
buried on the eastern side say that the toalb on the western is that of IIishlirn Ibn Oma
 ~ ! o G ~ < . I P F I ~ ( : ~A ~I ,~ ; ~ r i o ~ ! i i : y , 6!;7

nl-larwazi, a disciple of Abd Allah ibn al-luhiirak (sol. 11. p. 12). God knows
hest I Ilc lclt pos~erilyat l e d i n a and ilasra. The ILhatib (col. l. p. '15) relates 2s
follows, in his History of Baghdad : " Al-lansdr said to him one day : Abc 'I-Jlun-
* ' ' dir! do you remember when I and my brothers, the legitimate heirs to the
SS
khalihie, went to visit you, and we found you drinking ptisan through a holloa
reed? When we left you, our father said to us: ' Appreciatewell the merit of [his
4 4 G o!d man ; he will never cease to be of your party, come what may I ' Hishim
4 6 repfied : Comnlander of the failhful! I do not remember that.' When he
L

a withdrew, some one said to him : ' (flow simple you arc) to acknowlevledge that you
4 b do not remember a llling which ihe ltbalif mentioned to jtou and whirf-I would
L

cL ensure you his favour I ' Be answered: 1 did not recollect it, and r 1 1 j vera-
I

" ' ciousness cannol but obtain a recompense from God.' " I t is related !hat he
went ro visit al-nlanstr and said to 11jln : " Conlmander of the faiihful f deliver mc
'' from my debts " Al-Manshr asked him how much he owed and, being told one
hundrcd 1110usand (dirhems) (51, he exclaimed : How could you, with all your
*' learning in the law and all your merit, contract a debt of one hundred thousand
'* (dirlicsns) wilhc7ut lraving ihe means of paying it?" Lie replied: Commander o f I'

" ihe faitl~ful!some of my boys were grown up and, being afraid of incurring ille
" disagreeaLIe necessity of answering for their conduct, I consfrucled for them sepa-
" rate dwellings and n ~ a d emarriage feasis to get rid of hei in; being assured that
" God and the Commander of [he laithful would come to my assistance." The khalif
continued to repeat ihe words : One hundred tl~ousnndl(G)," as if he found the
sun) enormous, and at lcngtll said: I sbi.11 give you ten thousand."-'' Corn-
*' mander of the hilllful I " said Hishim, '. give m e shalrver sum YOU can bestow
" will) good will ; I heard my lather relafe [hat our blessed Pt.ophet said : ' Wlren n
" ' gilt is bestowed and leares i l ~ emind satisfied, [he donor and [he receiver oLkin
" equally the blessing of God ' " The khalif replied : I shall then hestow wliat
L

will leare my mind salisfied." Bisl&n sprung foor~vardto kiss his hand.
other prevented him and : ' c Son of Orwa! we esteem you so higll?y (hiit w e
will not l e t you kiss it, and w t esteeln i t so highly [!;at we do not allow i f
" kissed by olhers."-Tlle anpcdotps related of Hislidlu Ibn 0r.a are very n l l f l : e -
f OUS.

(1) Sahl Ibn Saad as-%6di, one of Muhammad's cmpaniom and a nati~eof Mediua, delivered upwards
of one hundred and eighty traditions r~liit~~~::
to h i s mahlcr. [I(? tlicd a t Mcrlirtn, A. 11. ~8 (A, D, 707).-
NawBwi's Tahdib al-Asma.) The note (3), pitgt? !ifib, 0ugllt to h! sopprrsscd.
(2) Abu Bakr Aiyhb lhn ](isin as-Siltlltiini, a rlative of aasril and rt. traditlonist of good auttLority,died
-4. H. 114 (A. D. 739-S),aged scvel~tytllrre yrars.-(Dnllobi's IilOakUt al-llu/rdz.)
(3) Obaid Allah, the son of thc khalif Otnar, was slaill A. 11. 37 (A. 1). ~ 5 7 ) ,at the I,attle of fjifiln.-(~ah-
dib, Huffdz.)
(5) Ibrahim lbn Ali ad-Duhli dletl A. H. 2 9 3 (A. D. 905-G).-(Nujzim.)
(5) About two thousand live hundrcd p n ~ ~ r ~stcr;irlg.
lls
(6) AI -Mansfir was notorious for his avarice.

The genealogist A hB 'I-3!lundir Hislllm Ibn Abi 'n-Nadr l u l ~ a m r n a dIbn as-S$ib

Ibn Bishr Ibn Amr al-Icalbi was a native of Kiifa. WC Iinve i~lrcadyspoken of
his falher (p. 27 of this col .) and related wllot passcd between Ilim and the poet
al-Farazdak. Traditional information, lcarncd f r o n ~ his falher, was handed
down by his son al-Abbiis and some olllers, amongst wl~omwere Khallfa Ibn
Khaiydt (vol. 1. p. 492), lullammad Ibn Saad Kdtib al- Wdltidi (vol. Ill. p. 641, Mu-
hammad Ibn Abi Sari al-Baghdadi (1)and A I ~ I'I-Ashiith Allmad Ibn al-l\lilcd8m (2).
In the science of genealogy Ire was the most learned of mcn, and his Janahara tan-
Nisab (or collection of geneatogics) is one of the best worlcs ever con~posedon the
subject. As a h@z (vol. 1. xx , M),he bore a high reputation. The Khnlfb
(vol. 1. p. 75) says, in his History of Baghdad, that HishBrn went to that city and
taught Traditions there. He slates also that he said : I liave learned by heart
" rnore that any man ever did, and forgotlen more illan any other man. Being
" rel)roached by my uncle for not knowing the Koran by lieart, I went into a room

" and swore not to leave the place till I had committed that boolc to memory. and
" 1 accomplished the task in three days. I looked at myself, one day, i n a mirror,
" and grasped my beard with the intention or cutling it off from below my clenched
" lrand. and,. I cut it off from above it (E$)." A great number of treatises were
composed by him, such as the Hil! (or pacl) made by Abd al-luttzlib with the tribe
 B l O G R A P H I C A L DIC'rIOJAliY 609

of Khuzga, ilie Hilf al-Fuddl {confederation made between the Pddls) (S), tile IIilf
(or confederation) formed between (the tribes ofj Tarni~n and Kalb, the F;i(&b
Mundfardt (contestations belween rivals who vaunt the glory of their Fespee~irp
families), the Kit66 BuyBldt Kuraish (on the illuseious fumilits of lhe tribe of
Kurnish), the Ilitdb Faddil Kuis Aildn (on the eminent merit of the families de-
scended from Kais Ailbn), thc iiitdb al-Mawddht (on ihe girls buried alive] (51, on the
illustrious llouses (buydtdt) of the tribe of Rabia, the Kitdb abKuna (on by-names),
a work on the noble deeds of Kusai and his descendants in the times of ignorance
and of islamism; the Kildb alkhb Kuraish (deusual surnames among the Kt~raishide~),
the Kddb allcdb al-Yaman (the usual surnames among the Yernenites}, the Kddb ol-
Mathdlib (bo01t or upbraidings), the Kitdb nn-LVawd/iI (on gifts), the ki'tdb iddai Zidd
MoawQa: (on Zidd's clairn of relationship to Jloawta) (6), the History of Zidd Ibn
A bPh, the Kitdb sa~zliiaKuraish (the generous deeds of the Iiuraishides), the &tab al-
Mushhjardt (book of contestations), the Kiirib al-Jfudtabdt (the book of reproaches),
the Kz'tdb muldlc at- TawdEf (on the provincial kings) (7), the Kitdb mztIi2k Kinda (on
!he kings of the tribe: of Kinda), the Kitcib Iftircik wnlad Nizlij* (lhe dispersion of
the posterity of Nizdrj, the Kitdb tafr1k Azd (the dispersion of the sons of Azd),
the Kafdb Tasm wa Jadis (on the ancient tribes of Tasrn and Jadts). His works
are upwards of one hundred and fifty in number. The best and the most
instructive is that which is generally knovn by the title of al-Jomlaro (the rolleciion)
of genealogical information; the like of it was nerer composed on the subject.
He drew u p a genealogical work entitled al-Manzil (the slation), wbicll was more rr-
tensivc than the Jamharn. His Mujuz (abridgment) (8) treats also of genealogies.
The Fargd (precious pearl), on the same subject, a a s composed by him for al-llimfin,
and the Jfu1,dka'(or imperial), another genealogical work, was drawn up by him
for Jaafar Ibn Yahya the Barmekide. The quantity of his narrations concerning
the battle-days and the hjstory of the (Arabian) people is very considerable. Here
is one of these pieces : T l ~ esons of Omaiya assembled at the house of loawia jbn
Abi Sofybn, and reproaelled him for the preference he gave to Amr Ibn Ahsi and
for acknowledging (as his brother) ZiAd lbn Abih. Moawia replied to them and
then pushed Amr on to speak. In this discourse, Amr said (9): L ' I am he who
" pronounced these lines at the battle of Siffin :

" When others looked askance, I blinked not; then I partially closed ~ n eyes,
g but not in
VOL. IIT. 77
 winking the o# dnngm.). Saw mc rctul'll l/tl9 chfirgc) aid Continue to dash
i evil, ;uld 2111 illcxorihle, likc the serpent at the
c c forward. I support (cquallg wcll) ~ o o t and

- ' foot of the tree. "

6 t By Allah! I am neither languid nor hcble. 1 an] 111~deaf snake from whose
bitC none can recover, and wllosc sting renders a man sleepless. I am one
wllo sllatters when he strikes; who coolcs well wlnlcver lie heats. Let him who
l C pleases consult (me);let llim who wislics ask (mv) advice (he will jnd it good).

O ! if they saw what 1 witnessed on the ballle-day o l al-Harir (10); if they faced
what I faced, they would llave found tllc oullcl loo narrow (for lheir escape).
The road woulrl have appalled them wl~ell ( A l l ) tllc father of a1 - Hasan
dashed down upon us, having on his rig111 and on his lclt men of action
and of prudence, noble companions ; Lbcrc, by Alliil~l tllc eyes were star-
( L lng,
. thc miscllicf (of war) was oxalled, and se so1)d~rxcruntcolei usque
ad renes. There were drawn tile lots wliich ~*crrdcred~i~olllcrs cliildless and
made tllem forget what tlicy werc bearing (arc, the wo~nbj;the pupils of the eye
& & were turned red, Ihc horizon was cloudccl will1 (lust, tllc (ocean o f ) sweat came
" up to t l ~ emonth, blood flowed i n torrcnls, tllc dust flew aloft, the brave stood
" firm, the cowards drew Lack, 11lc voices ~ c r ccxlinguis'hed, the lips were
fonn~ing,and nurnerorls iicl s t l ~ c i$!rl.~lggl(.s11ot r c l 10 nc!clc. War was thus set on
its legs; [lie time of deparlorsc ( / j ~ , j a ir[c) arrived; llrc conlbalants struck each
otl~ervvith ~ h cscabbards of llicir swords, after using all their arrows and
splintering tllcir lances. On tIlal dsy, o o t l ~ i l ~was g l ~ c a r dLul the sllouts of the
men and tlic neiglling o l Ilurses. S~vulrlsfell upon Iienrls as the bat of
1I111

'' \vaslier-man falls on tllc Lrestlc. Tllat, In$tccl ( 1 1) for a day, till night came on
" rvilli its darkness, and till morning was cnIigIlteneJ hy ille dawn. Then nothing
" remained of tlle confliel but groans and cries; b r the enemy 1iad learned illat
" I was the Grst of you all i n bravery, t I l c ablest i n cllb~~ts
and llie steadiest in
" dcfcnding ilie standard. To me, wllem eoll~parcd~rilllyou, may well be applied
" l l ~ e s cwords of llie poet :

" 1 shul lny eyes on certairl acts, and if 1 clroosc 10 rncnlion tflcn), 1 shoulcl no room for
" pcnce-[llaliing. Ii LIIC trce o i a y (/tonou~s)l,(: goltl, sl~oultl1 JlOL respect it more than to
" place it in co~trl)clilionwill1 conllnc,n wccdsf "

We still possess rnucll of tllc traditional infornralion wllicli came down from
 UIOGRAPHICAI, DICTIONARY,
C

him. He died i n the year 204 (A. D. 819-820), or, by another account, in 206.
The first is most probably the correct date.

(1) Muhnmmad Ibn Abi Sari ai-Mutawakkil al-AskalAni (a native of Ascalon) and designated by fin Wal-
likln as a native of Baghdad, was considered by the ablest critics in the history of the Traditions as a sure
authority. He died A. H. 9 2 8 (A. D. 842-3), at Asca1on.-(Huff&, NujzZrn.)
(2) Ahmad Ibn al-Miltdhrn, belortged to the tribe of Ijl. This traditionist died A. H. 953 (A. D. 867).-
{Ntrjdm.)
(3 j HishAm meant to indicate by this that his sight was weakened by excessive study. It was customary
with men of learning not to let their beards prow longer than the breadth of the hand.
was formed at Mekka, A. D. 895,for the purpose of protecting strangers
(4) The confederation of the Fadls
maintained its influence till the middle of the first century of the
who came to that city. This associatio~~
Hijra. Muhammad entered into it at the age of twenty-five years.-(Essai, etc., de &l.C. de Ptrceral, tom. I,
p. 330 et suiv.)
(5) Female infanticide was common with the Arah till abolished by Muhammad. He alludes to the prac-
tise in the Koran, sisrat LXXXI, verse 8.
(6) ZiBd, a bastard son of Abh SofyAn, was legitimated by his half-brother, the khalif bfoawla, in the fortg-
fourth year of tlic Hijra, Till that time, he was generally called Zidd Itn dbih, i. e. ZiAd, the son of his
(unknown) father.
(7) This term usually designates the successors of Alexander the Great and the Arsacides. After the fall of
the Omaiyide dynasty in Spain, the governors of the cities and provinces became independant and were also
desigtiated as the kings of peoples or provincial kings.
(8) According to another reading: ul-Muukhklror (the p n a l ) , y J I in place
(9) We possess very few specimens of discourses in prose,prononnced in the first century of the Hijra. This
piece is remarkable for that reason, and is highly caracteristic of its author. The grammarians and philolo-
gers of later times must have prized it as literary curiosity, for it offers a fair sample of the quaint, preten-
tiuas and rhythmical style which was so common during and before the time of Muhammad. The ~ r a b could s
then express their ideas very well in verse, but were singularly awkward and affected in their prose compo-
sitions. As a prose-writer, Muhammad excelled them all.
(10) The Persian army was defeated at al-Kadisiya after a battle which lasted three days. One of those con.
flicts was called the light of growling (lailn id-Hay&).
(41) The true pronounciation of the word u f JJ is uncertain, the diacritical points varying in the manu-
scripts and the printed editions. The meaning here given to it is quite ~00je~tural.
 IIISIIAM An- lbA !l! 11, TflE GRL4MMAR1AN

~ b ;Abd Allah IIisfiim ad-Dari'r (the blind) grammariar~,was a nalive of Ktifa and
a disejp[r of ALh 'l-1Iasan Ali Ibn Ilamsa aI-I(isii (vol. 11. p. 237), horn whom he
received a great quantity of gratnmalical inforrrlalion. One or his trcnlises on this
subject is even attril~utedto al-l<is&i. Ilc co~nposedmany grammatical works, such
as the KitdB al-hludhd ( o n definitions), wl~icll is a sliort [realise, the Muukhlasir (or
abridgnenl) and tllc Kildb al-Ciyls (on ~nalogios). Ishdlc lbll Ibrlltinr Ibn Musab (I)
had, one day, with (lhe khalif) ill-Wumiln, a convcrselion i n wllicll hc committed a
fault of grammar. Perceiving l l l n t lltc lrl~alilslercdal him, llc k n e w what illat meant
and, on retiring, he wcnl to s!ody grammar undcr lltc l u i l i o ~of~ llisllcim. Accord-
ing to Alrh hliililr al-ILindi, tllis grnmrnarian diecl i l l Ll~c: F a r 209 (A. 1). 824-5).

( I ) tsi~ilr11x1 Ilrrbk~ini 11111 Mus?tl), 'r ocl~licwo f Ihc cclcbrntcd T311ir 1b11 al-llusa~n,governor of Khorishn,
S o r I l 1 1I - I I L a s . Ill: dic0 ,A. 11. 235 (A. D. 81t9-50).-(Nuj3m.)

ALB Firh Ilnmmlni, or Uu~riai~rl, i n the diinii~ulivcI'orl~,according to 1bn Kutaiha

(ool. 11. p. 28), in his Tub~liCslash-Shumard, was llrc sull UC Cllilib surnamed Abfi
'I-lklltnl, l l ~ esoli of S h i n , tllc son of.Niji;l, iltc son of 1621, illc son of lullammad,
1112 sal1 of Sufyin, llte son of fil~ijiisllia,i l ~ eson of i)irim, wllose tree name was Ballr,

the son or Nilik, suri~amcdAGI (60s~)for his gcnerosily, i l ~ cson of llanzala, the son
of Pilib, tile son of %aid hlandt, the son of 'laminl, sol) of Dlurr. This celebrated
poei of tlie tribe of Tanlim was geuerCilIy known by al,pella~ionof al-Farazdak
 B K C R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 613

and by h i s fellowship wit11 Jarir (vol. I. p. 294). His father, Ghilib, was one of the
most e m i n c n l chiefs of the tribe. His mother, Laila, was the daughter of HAbis and
the sister of al-Akrl Ibn Hlbis (1). He (Chdlib) was famous for noble acts and
renowned for praise-worthy deeds. Here is an example uf his generosity : The
s BGfa were afflicted by a famine whilst he was there, and most of them
i n l ~ a b i t a n t of
retired i n t o t h e country (amongthe nomadic ~ribes). Ghilib m3s the chief of one tribe
and Sullai~rlIbn Watllil ar-8illli was at the head of another (the Band &$$h). The
refugees (of li%fir)assembled at a place called Suudr situated in the outskirts of (the
deserd o f ) as-Samiwa, i n tlie tcrritory of (the) Kalb (tribe) and at a day's journey from
Ki~fa.--The first syllable of SauQ is to be pronounced with an a and the second
begins will1 an 4.-Ghilih slew a female camel for lds people and prepared a repast
with elle flesh. To the persons of consequence belonging to the tribe of Tarrlim
he prtasen led large dislies filled with thartd (bread sleeped in broti~j,hut Suhaim, to
wllonl tle sent one dish, upset it and beat him who brought it, saying: Do 1stand
'(

" i n n e e d of a repast from Ghllib? as often as he slays a female camel, I shall slay
" an o tl1t:r." Q con test of rivalry then ensued, and Suhaim slew a I'enlale camel for
his p e o p l e . Tlle next morning, Gl~hlibkilled iwo, and Suliaim killed also in-o for
his p e o p l e . The next day, each of them killed three. On the fau1i11day, (;halib
slew o n e hundred, and Suliaim, not having so Inany a t hand, slew none and con-
cealed i n his m i n d (the jealousy which he je!t). When the famihe was over, the
p e o p l e of IiMa returned to the city and tlie Ranh Ridh said to Suhaim: " You have
" brouglll down upon us everlasting disgrace! why did you not kill as many as he?
" For every camel you slew, we should have given you two." He ercused himself
by s a y i n g tliat his camels were absent, and (soon afler) he killed tllrce hundred and
said to the : Here is for you; eat I " This passed in the khalifate of Ali
Ibn Abi Tilib, and (Ali) being consulted on the lawfulness of eating that flerh,
made a n s w e r : To eat i t is contrary to law, because the animals were not killed
" tor eating but througlr another motive, namely, rain glory and ostentation."
So the f i e s l ~ as cast inio ille place (tundsa) n-here tlie slveepings and dirt of hiila
w e r e - deposited, and it rfmainetl there till e2:cn hy dogs, eagles and vu1turer- Tile
history of this occurrence is well h o r n , as il gave rise l0 a nunll;er of poems.
One of them R7as composed by Jarir, i n tlre f ~ r mof a solire on Farazdab- alldcontai1-r
a v e r s e often by gralnmarians in thcir ire~lises,c0 elemklil!. a rcle, l

w h i c h we here give :
 Sons of Dautara! yo11 count as your b ~ s ltitle to glory llle slaying of old can&, i n c o
carlnot (Lomt r/-fslaying wa?.riors) cquil~pcdin llelnk and mail (2).

This idea by al-Mahd (B), a member of the tribe called the Bani
was 11ol.rowed
Katan Ibn Nallslial, and expressed by Ilim in the following tcrms :

I was rejoiced that (the tribe of) Mujiishia could put forward no olIler claim to honour than
the slayi~lgof old camels at Sauir.

The Glljlib here spoken of was blind of a n cyc. T h e Sullainl above-mentioned

was the son of Wathil Ibn Amr Ibn luwain llrn \Ynhaib I l ~ nIlinlyar, and the author
this (well-known) verse :

1 am thc so11of Jall, the climber of rr~ou~ilains

; wl~etlI take off my turban (and veil), yoo
shall know me (4).

This verse is part of a poem (5). The poetical works (of Suhnim) have been
collected and form a small diwbn. WatliOl (as n comrrton iioun) means a zueah rope, or,
according to some, the fibres of the date-tree (6).--Al-l7nrazdak had so great a respect
for the tomb of liis father that, w l ~ e nany person involted its protection, he would go
to his assistance a n d help him to obtain wllnl lle wanted. As an instance of this, we
sllall here give an anccdote inserted by al-Mu1)arrad (page 31 of this vol.) in his
Kdmil : Tanlim Ibn Zaid al-Kaini, having been appoin led to tllc government of Sind
by al-Ilajjij Ibn Ybsuf at-Tliakafi (vol. I. p. 3561, entcrcd into Dasra (for the purpose
of levying troops) and took ofl' with him as many of the inhahi tants as he pleased.
An old woman then went to al-Farazdak a n d said : ' < l have involccd the protection
of your falher's tomb; liere arc some of l l ~ cpebbles (which covcr il)." He asked
her what she wanted and she replied : Tamirn, the son of Zaid, l ~ a carried s off my
'' son, the sole deligllt of my eyes, the only one wlio procures mc subsistence."-
' < What is liis name? " said he. She answcrcd : " His n a m e is Khunaish." He
in~rnetlia[elywrote to Tamini the following lines ant1 sent then off by a person who
was going (to join him) :

Tamim, son of Zaid! Ict not this rcquat be neglected and Icl not its answer be delayed.
Restore me Khunaish; I shall consider it as a great favour; such is the interest I take in a (poor)
mother who can no longer cnjoy llcr rood. Shc came to me, o Tarrlim! and bvoked the tomb
of Ghllib, that grave over which thc winds swcep llrc dusl. AU people know that you are truly
generous atid, whcn the lire of war i s lighted, brave as a lion.
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONAIIY. 615

When Ta~nlrnreceived this letter, he had doubts whether the nanle was Khunoish
or IIubaish, a n d gave orders to see if it was inscribed on the roll of the army.
Six names were found; some of them Khunaish and ihe others Hubaish; so, he
sent all those m e n to ihe poet.-81-Farazdak and Nusaib ( I ) ,a well known poet,
were one day in the presence-chamber of Sulaimdn Ibn Abd al-Malik, ihe Omaiyide
khalif, who said to the former: " Recite me something; " expecting to hear an
eulogium on himself. Al-Farazdals pronounced the following lines in praise of his
own father:
Ilow often (wass e ~ n a) band of travellers on whom the wind, (fatigued) with bearing along
the (heavy) clouds, seemed to be wreaking its vengeance. In their nocturnal journey, they
slrugglcd agairist the blast which envelopped them, (cind f ~ i e dto get) at the water-skins attached
10 the saddles on which their baggage was tied (8). When they saw the light of a fire, they
would exclaim : '' May it be the one (we hope for)! " and already, the (hospitable) h e of
Ghilib was close at hand.
Sulairnln turned away from liim, as if displeased, and Nusaib then said : " Coin-
" mander of the faitl~fulI permit me to recite to you a piece in the same rhyme as
" that which you have heard and, perhaps, not inferior to it in merit."-" Let us
" have it," said the khalif, and the poet recited as follows :

I said to the caravan which I met coming from tlie watering-place, (sitztrrted) behind Zit
Aushzl : " &laythe Lord provide for you (g)! Stop and give me news of Sulainliin; for he
" (always) seeks inhabitants of Nadd%non whom he may bestow his gifts (do)." They turned
(tozuurds me) and praised him has as he deserved; had they even remained silent, their (well
filled) saddle-bags had sufficed for his eulogium.

SulaimPn then said to al-Farazdak: What think you of that?" The otlier
replied: cc He is the best poet of his race," and, on rising up, repealed tlris line :

The best poetry comes from Inen of noble race; the worst proceeds from slaves.

Nusaib was a black slave, belonging to o man who was an inhubitaut of \VBdi
U (ll). He bound himself by a written contract (to purchose his liherly) (121,
and (the Oezaiyide prince) Abd al-Aziz Ibn 313rx$n, in w1lose l ~ o n o i ~her composed
some verses, bought (of r6e former maslcr) lllc right of patronage. Nusaib a a s sur-
named Abii '1-HajnP, or, according to some, -4J-A 'l-lihjan (is).--AI-Farazdak
composed a great number of pieces in whicli he extolled his fall~er. SlrPa 1bn
Nljia, the grandfather of al-J?arazdak, was s powerful chief in ille tinIe of paganism.
He purcllased (and brought up) thirty fe run1 e cllildl*en W ~ O I ~their
I paren 1s intended
to bury alive (14), and one of tllern was a dnugllter of Kais l h n A$sinl a]-Minlcari
1, p. 166). A1 Farilzdak e x p r e s s e d in lhc following lincs the pride he fell in
having such an ancestor :

MY was he who hindered fathers from huryitig tl~eil.rlaugll~crs;he saved the

life of the cllild, sothat it was not buried.

Shsaa tqlas tile first of o u r poet's f o r c b ~ t h c r swho embraccd lslnmism ; and the
author of the istiydb (15) r a n k s h i m a m o n g t l r c Companions of llie Prophet. Sucll
of the (/itcr:rory) men as were acquainted wit11 poetry diflerecl in opinion respec-
ting the merits of al-Farazdalc and J a r i r , but the n~ajorityconsidered Jarir
as the better poet. It i s well k n o w n t l l a l ll~(:sc iwu cornlroscd satircs on each other
and lived in mutual enmity. T l l c pieces (in which they atloclted cuch other) have
been collected into a volume, w h i c h hears t l l c tillc of an-NalrGid (detractory pieces),
and is a well lcnown wor1c. Djarrr c o m p o s e d on Iris rival a poem the rhymes of
which were formed by thc s y l l a b l e r u and wlliclr contnincd tlkis verse :

When you were a gucst at any one's house, you dcpartcd with ignominy and left behind
disgrace.

It happened, some time a f t e r , t h a t a l - l ~ a r n z c l a l islopped a1 ~ h chouse of a woman

who inhabited Medina, and h c l i a d i l l c r c an advcnturc too long lo relate. The sum
of it was that she reccivcd him as a gucst and treated h i m with kindness; on which
h e asked her to yield her p e r s o n u p t o him, b r i t sllc relused. Omar l b n Abd al-Aziz,
who was then wdli (chief ,nagis~rulo)of M c c l i n a , was infornicd of what had passed
and gavc arders that a l - F a r a z d a k should be turtlecl out of tllc city. Re was sent
away, mounted on a female camel, and a spcclalor said : Thc devil take Ibn al-
" Marbghal (16) one would t h i n k 11c l r a d witncsscd w i ~ a tis now passing, when he
" said: Whcrb YOl6 were a guest at any ono's irousc, c~c."-A certain kddi, having
one day heard a deposition made by al-Forazdak, to liirn: " We accept your
" testimony," and then told t l i e p a r t i e s c o n c c r n c J 10 furnisll additional evidence.
A[-Farazdal~,being told, after l e a v i n g t l ~ ecourt, illat li1e [tddi lred rejected his testi-
mony, said (only this): '. What s h o u l d p r e v e n t lliln from doing so? have I not (done
'' like him and) compromised a thousand rcspcclable " IIere is one of the
pieces which he composed d u r i n g his resictenccat Medina :
 D I O G R A P H I C A I , DICTIONARY. 6i7
These two females lowered me down from a height of eighty fathoms. I descended like a
falcon, stooping down its dark head. ?Vhen my Iegs took solid footing on the ground, ~llese
(girls) said : " Is he alive, so that lie may give lropes (of being seen again), or is he killed, so
that we must fear (the consequettce) ? " I said :"Draw up the cords lest we be discocered,'
and I went away more promptly than the last shades of night. I feared two door-keepers who
had been set to watch us and I dreaded a binck (thing) of teak-wood (a door), with creaking
nails (17).

When Jarir heard ihese verses, he composed a long Laslda in which lie said :

The mother of al-Farazdak brought into the world a reprobate, a sl~orl-winged buzzard.
When niglit spreads lier shades around, he forms his two ropes into a ladder, by whicll he may
mount lo tlie chambers of his female neighbours. Adulterer ! you were lowered down from a
height of cigbty fathoms, but you could never attain to any height in glory and iu honour.
People of Rledina I that ~ n a nis impurity itself; be on your guard and shut all entrances by which
may pass ((c wrcfch so) foul, so versed in all lewdness. The expulsion of al-Farazdali from your
town was the purifying of tlie quarter which lies between the Rlusalla and Mrrikirll (l 8).

When al-Farazdak heard the contents of {his poem, he answered it by another,

which was aIso of considerable length and which contained this passage :

It would be wrong in me to revile persons resembling mp high-minded ancestors, so generom,

so noble ! But it would be right for me to return insult for insult, if 1 was attacked by the de-
scendants of hbd Shams or of Hiishim, the two branches of Abd fi1an;if. Such people are my
equals in worth; let me then have one like them (if I nzrrst attack). I disdain satirizingKulaib
(Jarir's ancestor) in opposing to him (my ancestor) DSrirn.

The inhabitants of Rledina, having heard the first of these (three) pieces, met
together and went to Marw$n Ibn al-Halmm the Omaiyide, ~ 1 1 0then governed the
city in the name of his relative, hloawla Ibn Abi Sofyln. " It is not fit," said
they, that a poem such as this should be recited in a place here the sidon-s of
" the Prophet are residing. Besides, the author has incurred tlie penalty of cor-
" poral correction." Marwin replied that he would not inflict that punishment,
but would write to a person who would do so. He then ordered al-Farazdak to quit
the cily within three days. In allusion to this circumstance, the poet said :

He threatened me and fixed a term of three days; the same term assigned to the Thamb-
dites, when threatened with destruction (19).

MarmPn then wrote to one of his officers, commanding him to chastise a!-Farazdak
and east him into prison. (Re gave this letter to ILpoet], making him believe that
VOL. 111. 78
 it contained aa order for a prescnl. He afierwalrls rcgrctlcd what l ~ ehad done,
~ (merely) said : '. I have just
and dispatelled allcr tlle poet a niesscngcr, td W ~ I O I I11e
a piece of verse ; here it is; go and ~ ~ c p e ita l to a]-Farazdak:

Say to al-raraz(lak, - 2nd folly is likc its name (80) ! ' If you obey not the order 1 have
U
given you, go lo Najd (clis). Lcavc klcdina ; il i s iI 1)laccl0 I>c fcill.cd. Go to Mekka or to
' 6 6 Bait al-blakdis (Jcl~usnlcs,~).I[ you llavc C01llfllill~tl
a grave fault, take now consummate
prudence for your guide. ".
The word i j l i s lllcans go to al-Jalsa, that is, 10 N(dtl. This country was called al-
~alsclon account of i ~ elevation
s ; for tllc root jalQs signifies to s i t up (ortar reclining).
-When al-Farazdak l ~ a r t ltllcsc verses, IIC ulldcrsloocl lvl~atMarwan meant, and
threw away t l ~ cIetlcr. Be then said :

0 RJarwin (21) ! my camcl was slopi)ctl, jn exl)cclio~lof ;I gill ldlicll was rlot lolally dispaired
of; alld you gave me a scaled Icllcr; l)al T h1;rrctl i t ~ v o ~ ~ ~jroc~~rc! ltl nlc llic gift of death,
T]lrow a j v i ~ yI tic Ic'L[cI', l~arazdak! lesi i t sl~ouldI)e t l i ~ ~ ~ g c like
~ . o ~l l~~ scIcllcr
, of al-Mulalammis.

As we h a v e now mentioned Ihc Ictlcr of at-Afi~ln(nsurt~is,WC shall relate what is

told of it, as the rcadcr of this \vorlc may pc1.11ilpsbc tl(~si~,ous ollcno\ving what it was.
Jarir Ibn Abd al-nlasill Ibn ALd Alliil~1l)n %aid 1l)n i l a ~ ~ l ' ulbn n 1131%lbn Wahb Jbn
Qulai"Ibn A l ~ n ~ lljn
a s 1)ubaia Ilbn Il;~l,ial l t ~Niziir-
~ B i ) 1 1 hlaadil lbn hclnrin received the

surname of al-Allulalamn~isf'or I l a v i ~ ~sitid,

g i l l a kirst~la:

This (ttnl/l/ened) a1 tl~cti111c(2clc tuc?-e(llrlrlli.ta!/ 411 ///P 17rrlir~y)

ol al-Ird, thc flies of which,
tllal is, llle ,vasl)s, livctl ill i~bullda~~cc,
iIs also t l ~ c1)luc lly, so l~crlinacious(?ritcla~ammis) (28).

AI-hlutalali~misand 'J'aral'il Ibil al-Al,tl ill-llaliri. Itis sister's son, composed, both
of them, satires on Amr 1l)n al-liiad al-l.ulillmi, tlkc k i n g o l llira (23). These
I)o{'fll-vcre c o l l ~ l l i u n i c a l ~LOd Amr, L111 11c rlirl r l ~ r l~ ~ ~ i , n i l ' (ally
\ s l dissatisfaction on
Ilcaring 1lw.oi. Illc twu ports, 11a1ing ;il'Lcrrvar(l:. raised l l i ~ r l in illeir verses, he
r i

lli~llclcd to each of them a Iellcr, atldrcsscrl ( o Ilis I i e u l c ~ r a n tat lIira (2.4)) and gave
lllillll 10 understand tllal tllcse papers cual;lillc,I iril orllcr to Lestow on them a
~landsomepresent. I l l c t r u t l ~was ~ l l a t ,i l l illrr~l.tic rrrjuiticd his lieutenant 10 put
bearers to dealll. IVIlrn tllcy arrived iltmarilil ;l, a\-llutalarn~ilissaid to Tarafa :
" I30111 of U S l ~ a u esaliriscrl i l ~ ckinbr alld, il llc ![a.! tI;~iintentiun or hestowink on
"
n gift, hc ~rrouldllavc done so, witlloui writing in uur favour to Him. Come!
" ]:'I US s l l e n i!~c lcktcrs to some one wllo cilli i c;ld ; i!' :I~cyhu dangerous for us, we
 l3lOGRAI-'!III:AL DICTIONARY (i19
can take io flight before any one knows that we are here." Tarafa replied :
I cannot permit myself to open the king's letter. By Allah! " exclaimed
"-U

li al-Mutalanrmis, " 1 sllall open the one which he gave me; 1 nlust knotv
what it contains, for I do not wish to resemble the man who bore in his hand the
instrument which served to kill him." He then looked about and, seeing a
young boy come out of the town, he said to him : Tell me, my boy! can you
read?''-' L 1 can," said the lad. " Well," said al-Mutalammis, read me this
letter." The boy cast his eyes over it and said: ' L Let the mother of al-8luta-
Iarnmis be rendered childless." O n liearing this, ai-Rlutalammis said to Tarafa:
66 Open your lelter and see if it contains the same order as mine." Tarafa replied :
Amr may be bold enough to have you put to death, but he dare not do so to nie,
lest he sliould give a mortal offence to my tribe." Al-Mutalammis threw his letter
into the river of I-Iira and fled to Syria. Tarafa entered into the city and was put to
death. he l;istory of this is well known.-The letter oral-dlulalarnrnis is an eapres-
sion employed proverbially in speaking of persons who read letters in which their
death is ordercd. It is to this al-Hariri alludes, in his tenth illniidma (%), mhere
he says : And 1 unsealed it as one \vould do who wished to escape from (U danger)
such as (that contained in) ibe letter of al-Mutalammis." The poet al-bblah, of
whom me have already spoken (page 159 of this vol.), said in one of his kasldas:

The passionate lover reads expressions of disdain on the page of her cheek ; ( a page as clear)
as tbe letter of al-DIulalammis.

Let us resume our notice on al-Farazdak. - He then set out ancl fleJ for refuge
to Said Ibn al-Aasi (P6),whom he found in coillpany ~ i t al-Ifasm
h and al-Eusain
{the sons of AC Ibn Abi Tdlib), and A6d Allsh Ihn Jaafar (27). When he told tl~eru
what had happened, each of them ordered him a present of one hundred dinars
and a good travelling camel. He then proceeded to Basra. 3Iar\vBn, being told
(by his friends) that h e had acted wrong in exposing himself to be attacked by h e
ablest poet of (the tribe o f ) blodar, sent after him a rncssenger with one hundred
dinars and a camel; so much he dreaded being satirized by ihe poet.--It is related
illat at-Farazdak, in one of his journiea, halted i n (the midst of;) a desert and lighlrd
a fire. A wolf, seeing the flame, drew near, and he gave i t sonle of his providons
to eat whilst h e recited these lincs :
620 I B N KBALLIIChh'S
ln the micldle of [hc Iiig[lt, I callotl ~learIUC, by ligllli~lg;L fire, ;L dark-gri~y,swift-trotting
wllicll jla(1 never bcm a companion (le a?ry ofie). Wllcll arrivcd, I said: " ~ p .
6 4 proaclll take tllis 1 you and I sl~all llavc equal parts ill llie ])roviaions. " 1 ],awecl the night in
cuttillg lilc Illcat slid hlrnring it b~lwccnUS; - llow, ligtrlctl hy illc fire, and Llicn surroundedby
smoke. nTllell he sltcwcd llis tcctlr, as if in li~ughlcr,llle hilt of lily sword was firm in my
grasp, and 1 said : Sup, o wolf! aid, if you ellgage to use no lrcacllcry towards me, we shall
6' be insellarablccompanions. But jou are (us bad us) n rnan; you and Ircachcry are bra.
' thcrs, llourishcd wilh the s a ~ r ~milk.
c Ilad yen arousctl ally oltlcr bul 1 1 1 ~i 11 dcmancling hos-
" pitality, Ilc would llavc sliot you will) an arrow 01. ~)icrcedyou wit11~ I I Cpoi~ilof hisspear."

1Ie one day recited to the Omaiyidc (Ichalif),S u l a i n ~ d nIbn ALd al-Malik, a poem
rhyming i n m a n d containing the following passagc :

Three ( y i ~ l s and
) two ~naltcfive; thc sixth was (o/ (I. cok~ttrzuhicl~)ilrclincd to black (28).
l'llcy 1)assctl tl~cnigllt lying at Iny sidcs, ant1 I i)assctl it ilr brealii~lgopen llic seals. It seemed
as if ..... were ill it and as if rliey w:re silling 011 I~urningcoals (39).

Wlirn lle p r o n o u l ~ c r dtllrse lines, Sulailtlin said to 11in1: I arii a n irndrn (khalif)
and ye! you acl~nowledgre in 11ly I I ~ ~ S C I I C Cillat yoii c o ~ ~ ~ l ~ l i fornication;
ttc(l you
4L must Qlcrefore u n d e r g o t h e corporal ~ u n i s l ~ r n c nlixctl
l b y law."- -" Commander
I' of the failllCuI1 " said al-Farazdalr, llow call I Ilavc i~lcurrcclsuclt a chastise-
<' ment? "-Sulaitniin answcrcd : " l'hc Allr~igllty II;IS said (Cordn, sur. xxtv,
vcrs. 2) : Ilc and shc wllo c!:lur,~,i/ i , r i ~ i c , c r l i v r r scour!p
. cc~,:lio[ llbern wtlh onc hundred
" slripcs. " AI-Farazilak r e p l i ~ d
: 'ilrl: :,uoh u l God a \ c r l s tI1a1 punisllmcnt from
me, by virlue o l t l ~ c s cwords : Anrl ikc poels; ,to,rc [ilk,w tkrn B r ~ lAc l misguided.
Sccsl iIror6 not troco ikry q*orr?tb lhrolrg h r t i ; * ~ gI ~ R I I o (of ~ /he inr egi~ration),and that
I'they say llliitgs tuhictIi lhcy do vtot p t r / L ~ w . I said illso w11ol I did n o t perform."
Sulnimln sail! to l i i m , i n sl~!iIing: ( h , a w i : ~ , Y O L I I . P ~ ) I - O ! ~ ~ I"--Al-Farazdalc
(*! did
a nullc act for wliich we ruay Ilope ~ l 1 sIlc ~ i ' i l ~ i \ d ia~n~d which
1 gailn5d a d n i ~ s s i o lillto
we sllall relate llcre. llislldi~il b n Abd ill-8l;~Iik w c n ~on a p i l g r i ~ n a g e LO MeLke
(tlrc I:/,ali/'). I l o n ~ i l d c1 1 1 ci,cuils
d u r i n g tllc lifetime of his k t l r r r ~ (about the Kaaba)
a n d cndcnvourcd to a p p r o a c l ~1111: (blrwh) s ~ o n c ,su ~ I i a lIic ~liigliikiss it, but
unable to do so, on account of 11lc crowd. A p l e r f o ~ . l ~wils l set u p for h i m and,
wllilsl Ilc was sitting on it, will, a n o ~ r l l ~ "l . (pviyrcipal) abs uf Syria, 3 r d
e ~ lllc
looliing at 11.:: litwple, Zein sl-h$bidiil (cc!. / l . p. 309) , [lie son uT b l i , llie son of
AbCl Tblib a p p . o a r l ~ c d . Ilc was lllc lrandsunjcsl m e n a n d nu o n c s~xlelledso
swcetly. I J i l ~ i ~ l111ade
g tllc cireui~sabout illt: (koly) i ~ ~ ~ 11c s c ud, v r i ~ e ctowards
~
tllc stone, and [!;c lieuplc rn:i.lc tva) fur ! , i l l , , SO lllal llc was ;Llc IU hiss it. One ol
the Syrians aslced who that person was to w h o m so mucli respect was s h , - ~ r and
~~,
Hishim, fearing tl:at the Syrians fllight take a fancy to him (301, answered that he
did not know. Al-Farazdak, who was presen l, said : " I know him." The Syrian
said to him : Who is he? AbB Firis! " and &liepoet replied in these terms:-

This is hc wllosc footsteps arc ~ ~ ( u Iknown

1 to al-ht'ha (31); he is known to this tenlpje, to
the sacred territory and L0 tt~alwliicll is profane. This is the son of the best of ,lle servants of
God; this is the pious, the pure, ttre uusullied, the learned. 'Whet1 tile KuraisIlidPs look at
him, they say : " Virlues such as his are what the ~~irtuous should strive to imitate. H? has
reached a pinnacle of glory to which the Arabs of Is!amic tirlies and me11 of foreign race have
been unable to atlain. The conier of al-Ilalim (32) recog~lisesthe touch of ]]is lIanll, and
strives to detain it, wf1c11lie goes to kiss (the black stone). The rod which lie owes its
swcel odour lo he c o ~ t k of) ~ t a hand beloi~girigto a Inan of col~leIgaspect alld csrtlted rauk.
Ilis eyes arc cast down, through moclesty, atid those of other 11ie11 are cast doi~llill Ilis pr+
sence; rloilc dare lo speak to him ui~iessthey see hiin suliie. The lightof true guidanceshlucs
forth from his forchcad liltc llte radiance of the sun dispersing the dark clouds. The source
from which he springs is derived from the apostle of God; pure are tlle elcfilenis o[ nhich he is
composed; pure his nature and 16s disposi~ion. Tllar is !he son of F;tima, in case lou know
hiol trot; wit11 his grnndfatl~crtcrolinatcd the scsics of the propliets of God. Long since. God
ennobled and exalted liiui~;tliis was traced on thc lablet of Iris (lif'e)by tlic pen (of' /h&). Four
askillg who lie is can be for I I ~ I I Ino disparagellicut : tlle rirabs li00\\ hitu n iioiu :ou hrlon not,
and so do the foreigners. Each of liis lla~icls(f~dr~ishcx) a shnliel. (of ~;i,f?.~j:!!iic!~ a \ \ eibjo!.;
thc flow of their (benclicence) is co~~stantly i~lvokedand iieler ceases. Fruu~B~i~ti. so ~ulltli11
clisposition, no bursts of passion are to bc feared; he possesses the doliblc beaut! of body and
of mind. Ilc allc\iales tile clistressed and takes their burden o e I~itllself;so sneet is his ternper
tljal lie wol,cl 9e.s is slvcct Tor 11in1to say. Iris, the promises wlricl~are norer broken; his, the
generous inspiratic;ns, l l ~ elarge (rod/ws]~itable)court and t:,c :-csolution which appals (the foe).
Re extends ],is bcucficetlce to all ~nankiud,alld delivers thcni from gloom (33j, from poverty
and from want. tJe belongs to a faoily ~vl~icli religio~loBliges us to l o ~ eand towards ahich
hatred, if sheltli, is a11 act of infi(Icli1y. l'ireir rteigl~bourl~oo~l is an asjlum and a protection.
If pious men were counted, they noultl hold the first rang; if it were asket! who are the beit on
earth, the allswer would be: a Tl~eg". The most boul~tifulof men cnlinot keep pace nilh
tllem ill the career of bcncficence; generous thougll he be, he calillot conle up with lbenl.
Tlley arc (/kl*l$isi,lg)rains whcll drought afnicts the land; they ai-elions, lions of as-Sham, aheii
t]le ardor of war ilas arisen. ,!jtralte!led clrculusaarlces amnot din~iiiishrllc abundance of their
gifts; tileir. collducl is tllcsamc, .r\.lic&erthey be rich or po Ir. 17 \'ilierl~ht.rlnnle of God is Pro-
nounced at tllc beginning or at the close of an inrocation, tl~eirIlomcs are mentioned before
those of otfiern. Tlirir generous nature aiid their bands o\erlowing ui:Il beneficence n i l not
pera~itbla~nflto settle near them : ( S / dme as/<)ivliat are the noble yllalities which lw\e uot
adorllet1 their llceks, frolll the ccliln~etlcelilentof their existence ? Or lnust we not ratlleraffirn~
(that i/,ey thelrr (3 5 ) . Tliey who knos God ksmr the csalted of that nlan : fronl
his family religion was received By every uation.

H i s h ~ n lwas so miich displeased on hearing this kosida illat Le had al-far::rJak

taken 10 , al-AGbidin senl iw(llvr tllottsand ( l i ~~I V I I I S10 1111. poet, who
refused to accept them, saying lllat l ~ ellild praised Ilinl, 1 1 0 ~for the 1lo~)esof ol)tailling
a gift but willl file inlention of pleasing Almigl~ly CO(]. To this Zain al-A&&dio
: We otllers, ikr people O[ t / / c kotcsc (351, never Lnlcc back what we bes-
6 t tow". Al-RrazdilI< tllcn acceplccl the presan t. b'iullnu~111adlhri llabib, o person
of wllam W C lrave already spolicn (3G), rclntcs as rc~llows: ' ' AI-lTalitl, t l ~ eson of
4 . Abd al-Malilc, gut into the pulpit (to prououacc the bllotl);r), a11r1 he heard the
sound of a ~ t d h d r(37). " Wllal is t l ~ a l ? sail1 lle. " Tlic ~nonastory,"was
"

6. tile reply. Ire imn~c~liatcly ordercd i t to Ire lcvellcd lo 1110~ r o o n ( and1 (lid of
0 tile work wit11 11;s owl1 bsnils. T l ~ cpcoplc Tollowcd l ~ i scx:l~liplcancl destroyed
G tlle building. AI-l\lleam, lllc king of tlie (;rcclts (38),tl1cli~vrolca Icltcr in whicll
1i Ile said : ' Tliis ~llonastcrywas nu tlioriscd 1)y y o l ~ r~~rcclcccssclrs; t~rlrl,i f tllcy wtbre
c rig111 in doing so, you arc now in tlie wrong; if you ilrc i n the right, tlicy were

G( 4 wrong.' Al-Valid said : ' Can any one answer Illat Y ' A l - l i i ~ ~ ~ ~ replied ( l i l I ~:
cc
Write to liini tl~esewords : Arid (rcmcmbcr) D ~ v i f (lnd l Solovrho~~, to/~enthey pro-
" ' ~z:~unced judgtne~rl ronrcnlifiy a field, in which lllc sheep o[ cerruir~ pcoplc had
c fcd hy night 11nuiny no skephct.tl; we wcrScwilt~,csst~s or [heir,jtlrlytnctit, and we
' ' c gave the unrlcrstullding of lhe calisl: to Solonion (39)' nrld to all we gave wisdom
' nnd knowled!yc."'
The a ~ ~ e c d o t ctold
s of al-Pnraztlalc are vcry numerous, but col~cisionis to be
preferrctl Ilcre. ITc tlictl at Ilasrn, in lhc ycar 110 (A. 1). 728-g), forty days before
the deal11 of Jarir; sonic say, cigl~ty. Al~il'l-IJnrajIbn al-Jauzi (vol. 11. 1). 96) says,
in his Shzidzir al-Olidrl (401, that t l ~ c y1)otlr tlictl in t l ~ eycar i l l. As-Sukkari (4.1)
slatcs illat al-Famzrlalt saw Ali 11)n Al,i l'ilil), and that 110 tlictl in t l ~ cyear 110.
Other accounts say, 112 or 134.. I l ~ nKulail)a nlcntions, i n his 'I1o,bnkdl as-Shttword
that al-Farazdak, being suffering from a oornica, was taken to Basra in that state.
The doctor wlio v a s called in prescribed to him a drauglll of naplitl~a,on which
the patient exclaimed : IJo you mean LO make me drink n a p l ~ t l ~(before a I arn gone
" l0 h ~ l l l ? I an) still in tllc world." W l ~ r nIle dicd, llr was nearly one hundred
years of age. AI-Mubarrad (p19e 31 of lhis vol.) rc1;rlcs ils Iollows, in his i(rimi1:
I < Al-llasan al-lhsri (1x4.I. p. 370), n ~ r dal-l'srardak lllcl togctllor at n funeral, ancl
" a!-Parazrlak said 10 1 - 1 1 s : A - ! (10 you what the people are
kntlw

" ' saying? ll~ey(lcclare that lllc 1,cst ant1 t l ~ cworst of'men 11ave met at this funeral.'
.' ' Nay.' said JI-IIssan, ' l a m not the hesl of nlcn, noittlrlr are you tllc worst. Bilk,
 IilOG R A P H I C A L UIL'TIONAKY. 623
g tell nic what good work you ran adduce in your favour (6e/Lre tire trikrlrrl 01
Cod ), wllen this day arrives (for yourscl/).' AI-Farazdak answered : c (1sbali
adduce) tlie testimony I have borne, for Llle last sirly years, illat there is only
cc L o n e God.' A fetnale belonging to the tribe of Tanlim declared [hat al-Farazdak
was seen in a drearn and, being aslcctd how ihc Lord had 11.eated him: he ans-
wered : L Ile pardoned me.' lleing then asked for what reason, he replied : For
a \VOI'C~ w11icI1 I said i n a conversation with al-Hasan al-Basri.' "- .Ihe ,
words
\
and J L . k nrust be pronounced Wommdrn and Ikd/.--D8sliam!na~! l l ~ nSufyBn war
one of tiic tl~reeindividuals who 1;ore h e li~inleof . M ~ i h a ~ i z ~ rinl ~ iantc-isia~t~ic
d

times. Ibn Kulaiha mentions then] in ihe K/ldb al-JJurirrf, a11d ss-Suhaili
(vol. U . 1). 99) says, in his ar-Raud al-Qnuf: bc8mongs\ Ihe AsaLs, no one is
known to Iiave borne this name except three persons. Their fd!llr~-8, llaying
' Iheard tlrat a hluhammad was soon i t ) appear, who woulti he writ on a 1 ~ 1 i r . i ~ ~ )
mission to IIijhz, gave this name to tl~cirsous, hoping that onl. of !llcnl oiigIlt ije
" that person. According to Ibn Fdrak (vol. 11. p . 673), in llis Atitlib a!-Fusrii
" (book of chaprers), their names were, 1'' Aluhatnmad Ibn Sol)iin ihn Mujishla,
'' the grandlather of al-Farazdak, 2° Jluharniclarl Ibn Uhailla, illr gi:~ndion of a!-
" Julhh, tlie same who was a (uterinejb r o ~ h c rof Abd al-JIuttal~b,the g~*andl'nll~er 01
m-
" the aposlle o f God, 3' Mnl~amrnad n HaLia. I lit. fcit[ters of these
I b n H ~ ~ n l r dIbn
" 1111-ce weill to a cet.tain king who was acquainted with the p r i ! r t i ~ i ~scriptures,
e
" and lic i ~ i ! o r ~ ~ i ~ dof the corrting of God's apostle and m e ~ ~ t r o n this
them d name.
" Each of i l j t ~ l n had left his wii'e at liunlc in a state of pregnancy, and then
" voved that, if his child was a male, Ile would name it JIuhrrnlnad; and S6
" they dld." F.+ rllust be y~*oauuneedMujdshia; is prdsouneetl Uu'riab
wilk d in ihc second syllable) ; the other names in al-Parazdak's genealogy are iuu
well known to l-equire observation. 3391 pronounced a;-pcr~*uzdak,was a nick-
name givell to iIle peel. Ibn Kutaiba explains it in tn-o diifcre~rtiiiaonera, stating,
in his Adu6 ai-licilrb, that it signifies u iuscy of dough, and illat ils lorm, as a nuun
of unity, is fayaZcluko. ' 4 The says llr, " reeei1eJ lliir l~anla011 account ul'
his ugly face ( 4 2 ) , 9He 1 then skates, ill 111s Tabakdt as-?;i~lut~ctr*ri, tilal he was sc~
called on accuuui llis and dun!py alature, which 11idc him Le cu~llpared
to crust ( ~ h , ~ u z c ~ a / i owitil
) ( ~ 3s )l ~ i e hauruen pulish their lue!k. The f i i j t rljjiunatiun
is tile bPSi,because the poet the so~all-POX and, ~rhruire I'ecu\ ared, his face
remained deiurllied and wrinkled, 1; ia lelaled ihat a peraull raid 10 hiiil : ''-4bfi
62 C I R N I~IIAT,I,IIit2N'S
Firis! vultus tuus est sicllt congeries p n d e n d n ~ . o trnillic1)ri
~~ urn ( c$ 1 dhrih)." T~
: a Inspice! forsan in illa vidcbis pudendorn lnatris tuae,"-
this he
The word dhrah, wit11 two 6, is the plural of irirh, a word enlploycd to designate
tile female sexualorgan. I n the singular, scconcl h is suppressed, but reappean
in the for it is a gcncral rule illat words irregular i n the singular become
regularin ille plural.-Nawb, tlic cousin and w i b of 31-Farazdak, was the daughter
,,fAayan lbn Dubaie Ibn Ikil, of the fanlily of nlujrisl~ia. 11was h e r grandfather,
DubaEa, wllo hamstrung the camel o n which ALslia, t11c motller of tllc faitllful (dq,
was mounted, at the battle of the Camel. A l i u r a i s l ~ i d ehaving askcd NawBr to
marry llirn, she sent to al-Farazdalc and rcrlilcsted h i m 10 act as h c r lcgal guardian,
because h e was tllc son of her uncle. IIc rcplictl : " T n Syria, you have nearer
relaiions Llran m e , and 1 cannot but apprcllcnd that one of tl~crn may arrive
ancl blamc me for interfering. You must tllercrorc dcclnrc bcforc witnesses that
c c you leave wlrat conccrns you to my decision." Slrc consented and (when ~ l e
brmnliiy was cscculed), al-Farazdali went out wit11 1l1c witncsscs ancl said to them:
Slls bus takcn you to vritncss tliut shc Icavcs wliat conccrns ltcr to my decision;
now l take you to witness, that l have tlecidcd on rlrarrying llcr n~yself,and that
I assign to her a dowry of one llundrcd slic-camels of n bay colour with b!ack
eyes." An-NawBr was I T I U C ~ Iinccnscrl i ~ thist proccccling and, wishing to ob-
tain justice, shc wcnt to A1111 AlIn11 ILn ilz-Znl~air,v110was a t tllat time sovereign
of Hijiz and Irak. AI-Parozdalc sct out also. An-Nawlir look u p lier abode
with ~iI-Kl~aula, tllc d a u g l ~ t c r of Manzt~l-Illn lItabl,rin ai-Faziri and the wife
of Abd Allall I l ~ n nz-%ribair. Being ltintlly rcccivcJ by Ircr, slle implored her
intervention (with A*, nz-.Zrd)air'). AI-li'araztlok stopped a t tile Iiouse of Ilamza, the
son of lbn nz-Zulnir ant1 of al-I<l~oula, a n d , having recilcd some verses in his
praise, he oblaincd from him t1:c promisc to inlcrf'cre. AI-Kllaula then spoke in
favour of an-Nawrir and Ilamzn i n favour of al-k'arazrlnk. T h e influence of aI-Khaula
prevailed, and i b n az-Zubair ordcrcd [lie poet to proceed to Basra with an-Rawbr,
and to avoid every familiarity wit11 h e r till the governor of that place had decided
betweell tllcm. I t was on this occasion lhat al-Farnzdak composed these lines
(on ibn uz-Zubair):

The illlesvclltiori of your sons was of no avail, I)ut llrat of RIanzGr Ihrl Ilabblin's daughter
m~eeclcd. An intcrccssor who gocs to you clothcd is not like onc who goes 10 you naked.
 B I O G R A P H I C A I , DICTIONARY. 623
Some time after, they were reconciled together, but a considerable perioll elapsed
before they had any chiltlren. An-Nasvdr then had a number of sans, whose names
were Labata, Sabala, Khabata, Rakada, and Znrnla (45), but they all died childless.
The daughters only left posterity. l b n KhLlaaaih (vol. l. p. 56) says that alllong tile
sons of al-Farazdak were Iialala and Khalata. God knows best l 81-Farazdak
afterwards divorced an-Nawdr for motives the indication of wl~ichwould lead us too
far, H e then repented of what he had done and composed on the subject a
number of pieces, one of which was the following :

My regret was like that of al-Kushi [4G),when Naw3r was divorced and left me. She was
m y paradise and I abandoned it; 'twas thus that a maleficent demon expelled Bdam from his
paradise.

'I'lie slories and anecdotes told of what he did under these circumstances are too
numerous to be related here, and this is not a fit place for them. A male child of
al-Farazdak's died, and the father said over it the funeral service ; he then turned
io the people who were present, and pronounced this verse :

Between u s aud those who lie here there is but little c1ifTeference: me remain here aftcr then1
for a short time, and then we depart (to join them).

He died a few days after.

(1) A1 -8krfi Ibn Bbbis, a brave cavalier of the tribe of Tan~im,was one of bluhammad's companions, and
one of the chiefs who revolted against Abit Balcr, on blahammad's death. He afterwards made his submis-
sinn and commallded the van of the army with vhich Ehblid Ibn al-?Valid attacked the Persian empire. -
(Caussin de Perceval's Essai, etc., tome 111; Ibn Duraid's Ishtikbk.)
(2) The qramniarians notice this verse because it offers an example of the particle lau-Id followed in~nle-
diately by a n m n i n t h e accusative, They get over the difficulty by s a y i ~ ~that
g averb is to he understood.
See de Sacy's edition of the Alfiya of Ibn blllik, page 178, and Ibn Ahil's Commentary on the .ilfiya,
page 230 of the BrllBk edition. The word datstarn signides a heavy, ~ o o dfor nofhing man.
(3) The orthography of this name is doubtful.
(4) This verse is cited by al-jauhari, in the Sahdh and by Ibn Hisham in the "dughni 'l-Labtb. The cele-

brated general, al-HajjAj .jbn Yhsuf, applied i t to himself in his harangue to the people of ELhfa. See Dozy's
Hisfoire des Musulrnans d'Espagne, tome I , page 9 0 4 .
(5) The rest of this poem is given By as-Suyrlti in his S h a d Shawdhid il-Mughni, ms. of the Bib!. imp.,
no 1838, fol. 1 0 5 .
(6) According to as-Suyhti, this name is of the diminutive form and should be pronouncediTz4thail.
(7) See note ( 2 3 ) .
VOL. 111.
 (8) This translatioll of t w o very obscure TIWst:S is lllcrt!ly c:cllljcc;llll~ill.
(9) ~ l l lllcanillg
c U[ tllo sccot~dlleu~istichis very tlvt~bll'ul.

(10) The c,bserv;\tion i l l tile p~.cccditlg~lotcal)pliescccjr~;~lly

to this 11r:rllislich.
vallcy, on ltic r ~ i ~Icarlic~g
(11) A fertile a ~ l dwcll-j~~llabitctl d S ~ I I I IRl(!di~~;l
I ~ C ISyria.

gc'?t!t.nl tic I'&vlpire otlomun, tome VI,

(19,) For tllc 11xtul.cof lllc bond called lcildlra, see ~ ' ~ I I S S O Tf~blenu
IJ'S
page 3 5 .
( 1 :;l 'rllc poet Nusaib 11~11Iliafll gt'11crill1yk t l u ~ l lhy ~ I I CSlll~llaltlO111' hl1f1R l i l l j ; ~(111~
~ ~ ? I I . N T ~ wiilt [ I l ~
was a Iltack sl,~vc. Ilc w;ts I I I ~ C S I ~ I;11
I ~ . 111~
biltl.lc ol' ;il-l(atli.;iyil i l l l ( 1 , ; l c b f ' O l ' t l i l l ~ 1.0 I.tl(, ill~lllorof the NujzIm,
~SlcC tI1ik1 11si11ccand, being asked hp
I[(! w ( b ~111
was r11li.anclriscd b y [lie lillalif Abtl &l-Azfz I l ~ nMi~rwri~~.
liirll \vlint Ile w;llltc(l, r.c~)lictl: " I i1t11 a'islavc." Abd al- AY.!^ ortlrl~~tl
;tl~lll,iscl.sto cslirn:~t.chis value. Theg
answcl-cd : " Ilc is a 1)laclc slave, hardly wc1r11i I I I I ~ ! I~ll~rtlr~ctl sl(!r/inll).
tliltict~s(/i,r5/y~I)~L?LI/.s 'C Yesy " ~ d d
Abh &Ijl,j;~lr,
spc,lliilig "l' Ililnstdr, " but he is ii s~l(!~~llcl'tl
ikl1fI W(!]\ l l l l ( I i l l . ~ I i l l ~ lt,llf!
I~ of a flock, "
Itl~lrlil~CIrlCnt
tlirlars. " - " Yrs,
On this, lhey said : '( '1'wc1 11~111drcd " s,~itl1111~ " 11111. 11t? c;lu sllapc arrows sod
o1.111~1',
[lccl~ethem. " - " tlinnrs. "
T11r.c~lluntl~~ccl - " YPS, 11ut111:slic~r~ls\ V I ~ I I ; ~ r r t l 11ils(It(:mark." - Four
" h~~ritlrcdtlifiars. " - "Yes) b111J I C is it recitcr 01' 1)oClns. " - " I;iv(: ~ I I I I I ( I(1ill:~rs.
I ' I : ~ ~ " IIc addres-
set1 1111: 1tli;lliT in tllcse ial,tns : " bli~y f'avoar lllc c c ~ ~ u ~ ~ r n01~ l1,111: C my ]landscl?
\ V I I ~ I ~ is
t l cI;.~il.l~l'l.~I!
~~ "
Thc i,~,irlc~:
giirc 11imc~uct l ~ o ~ i s itli~~nl,s,
~ ~ ~ t l ~)urcl~nsc~~l
l ~ i s~llcr\.l~c~r
;l1111 i111 1111, L ; I I I I ~ I Y , ;1i1(1 grilrltcd them their
liberty. Accurrlillg to tlrcl N t ! j / i r / ill
~ ~ wlricl~llrjs allcc~lolcis X ~ ~ I ' I IA, ; ~ ~ ~A. 11. 108 (A. D. 726-7).
~ I ? hI l i l ~ j dic~l
S ~ I I I; I~:c c o u uT
~ ~1ri111
t j s S ~ V I - IiIl l lllc Jour.?~n!usl'nlipuc hi.!,i!l~r~i;cl~y,
1R4 1.
(1 :) Iicspccting this barl~arouscuston~,st:c Salc's not(: or1 II1c ctixl~ 111 vcbl.sl: 01' lllc cigl~ly-firstsurat of (he
KorSn.
(15) Tt~cl a l i y t i b , ,I \vurlt I.rt.i~li~~fi
1.11( 1 1 ~ 'I - I I I ~ I ~ ~ ~ I (11
I ~ ~I ~ II II ~SI ; I I I I I I I ; ,Wit:< 11y Yfisul' 1Ln Ahd a!-
I ~ , cc~lrrl~(~s('d

Uat,t., ;L tIrlc,L(!~. !tflrc~>t:

lilc: i v i l l 111, gisc.11 i l l Illis M'OI.~.

( I licri~lly: I I I I I I - 1 ! 'I'ltih iv;rs ;I I I ~ I , ~ , I;~~ .v I( I~ I10 ~ 1:or its origin, see

II IJ~LYIP.
vol. 1, 1In:c 897. i c t i ~ ~(~I Ti i.llis
U;III!II s l i i l ~ ~\.vt41
l III'I.I~II C I - I I I I I I I ~ I ~ I Oy
I (.l116 A I . ; I ~ I SI.o C S I I ~ C S S;11111roh;ltion.
11:~sci,i!~J t11c l;tsl, K I I I , I I X
[ l 7) 11~11lil,;~lIil~?i~~ 111. tllis ~ ( ~ r s~tI!I I , L I I , I , ~ , Irig111 is :
, , I ~ ~rc:~(li~~g
; 11111 h'
" tllc (Lt.orid-1tcrrrL.tl)11ails \rl~iclisl~i~it:
l~~.ig1111y.
"
( 1 6 ) \ \ ' ~ ~ ! I \!its
I I I I tilt! I ~ ~:I
I I ~ I I I OS ci~:,ll<?
;II. blc(Ji~~i~. fll~r~s(t[lit,
stScv . l , 11. ( i O ! i .
('1 9 ) fcot l j r ~ , S11 l';lI,. XI, VCrjl> i i 8 .
( 0 l I I I I I I ~ J S~ II S ~ I I I is
I I 1 ~ i l 1l - 1 i 1 i 11, i111111.;11.S1.0 s i ~ l ~ i:l y" 11 is ils bad to be
stupid, as to be called so, " alltl was ~~rol~aL~ly
usctl in sllc:llii~~g111~ I I : ~ S I~ JI II IUSI I is
I w.:s llcccssnry to put on
tBc;r :ui\rd.
(?l) The rigill r c a d i ~ gis J\31r' 'L will, tllc sl~ucup;~lc;tluoc.ll.ivt8. St.1: fl,iad,v/t,IGI#? ',!":l
(9" "I'liis vfrsc is give11 i~~corrcclly
i l l the ctlitiot~s,lllc ~ ~ ~ ,i S. 1 1 ~f.~llliliilliut
I I I ; I I I I I S ( ; I ~ ~;l1111 I1)11Ihlraid, p. 192.
Tll~?fftln~tisr~,
[I. rir, gives it as it sllould Iic illid C X ~ I ; ~ ~ I I Sits IIII:~IIJ~I~:,' ;I.IIO ~ I ~ ; ~ I L I I I I ; I ~ ~ ( : ; I L co~istl'uction.
(2s) 1;llr it11 :~ccountor this ~ L ~ V C I),yI LLL-MU~UI;LIIIIII~S
UY~: oI"1'11ralh'~Huallaka,
~ , Iicislic's (~(litioli
] I ~ I I I S C ~SI:U

P Jo:uyac$,11. S I . I S ~ ' si'tl.

t
(24) 'I'l~is is 1*vi111~111ly
;L I I I ~ S [ ; I ~ , ~ L! ; ~ I CI(j11g I,( I . I I ( ~ ] I Ir1t11. II;LIJ(; 11itrl :I I Y ~ K I I~I Z
~ ~
( ~I .I I ~ ~in~ ~his I I I Ca-
I ~ OUfll I ~
pital. TIlc tru,. r~t!;i~ii~~::
is ei-lIujnr )*dl, rllicll ,11:1(,1: l l (;;lgil;ll
~ ~ t ~ [ iiai~l.ilis. 'Sbc ritcital made bp
al-~lutalarnr~~is
givcs the 1 i t i t 1 ~ 1~)catli~~g.
~

(35) tlagc \ l" (11clc Sacy 'S cdition.

1

( 2 6 ) ;<aid 11~11al-Abi, ;; I I I ( , I I I ~ J ~ 01'

I. IChla untlel. tllc kl~alihteof OthmAn.
~ I I COmaiyidc ['i~nlily,~ov(bl~nc:d
 BlOGRAt'lIICAL DICTIONARY.
111 A. If. 29 ( d . I). 649-50), hp rc-establishet1 the authority ofthe Arabs inAdalsbaijAn; in 49 (4. D. 669) he
was appointed govcvxnr ol RZctlinn J)y M o a w t and d ~ c dA. H. 5 9 (A, D. 6 7 8 - 9 ) . - (Ntljdm).
(87) ~ b i Allall,
l lhc so11 or Jdalnr and the nephcw of Ali Ibn Abi Tilib, was born in Ab~ssiniaduring the
first Moslim rmijirnl ion. IIc was n dcvotcd partisan of his uncle. His death occurred A. H. SO (A. D. 699-
700). - (Nujini.)
(28) I supl~oscttlc r ~ g l r~~ta d i n gto lie (-I.
(29) Tlre brcakinr: opcn or s c d s and the pronoun i t (ln the third line), without an antecedent, indicate evi-
dently ollsccne idr;,s. Tlw irllndstor is unable to explain the word
(30) It was lo tile Arabs cst,ll~lisl~cd
in Syria that the Omaiyides were indebted for their elevation and llir
maintenance of tllcir power. Ilishim was apprehensive that they might fix tlieir affection on this Alide
prince.
(34) AI-llat'ha i:, thc n;unc of thc valley in which Meltka is built.
(32) The corocr of thc I<anh;l near which is inscrted the black stone, is called the Hatim.
( 3 3 ) Tllc true rmdiug is rlr.~~lltlul,
but thc meaning is clear. I read iG((d,rrkue~s)~
( 3 4 ) Litcrnlly : o r 10 that, y r s ; i. C : or to that (question must we not soy) yes?
(35) The term people of the houre served to designate the descendants of Muhammad, the poeterity of hu
daugbtcr W t i ~ n a ,a n d ol Ali.
(36) The ; t ~ i t l ~ orclcrs
r pcrhnps to a passage i n the life of Jarir the poet, vol. I, p. 296. kbh Jadfar
Mlili,irnm;ld Ibn II;ll~ib, a rtroluln of the Hashim family, dicd at Samarra, A. 8. 2 4 3 ( A . D. $59-60).
Hc was a learncd gcncalogist, well-versed in tlm history of the ancient Arahs and their b,lttle-lays, an exact,
veracious and trusLworlliy tmditionist. -
(Nu3dnz.)-For further iuformation see M. I;l\igel's Grarnnlnti~the
Sc?~u!enfhr ,dmber, p. 67.
( 3 7 ) 111M u ~ ~ a m r n e d acorlntries,
n the use of bells was forbidden in Christian churches. To call the people
toprayer, they strikc wit11 n inallet on a short board which is suspended b.; cords. This is tile rtcil,b.
(38) The Arn1,ic word (nizam) signifies ei~rurnrpertand corpulent. I suspect \re must read (,,&l
(okhram), an adjective which means slit-nosed, and that the person meant was Justinian 11. This prince was
deposed and his oosc was amputated, A. D. 695; but, a few years afterwards he was restored the throne,
and rsigneil till A. 1). 71 l , wher~he was put to death. Al-Walid reigned from A. D. 70 Li to 7 1 4 .
~ , srr, vcr.sc 78.
(39) K o T ~ Isurat On this verse Sale has a note, borroved from the Musul~n;lncoinmenta-
lors, and informing us Illat David ordered the owner of the land to take the sheep in compensation for liis loss ;
but Solomon, who was then only eleven years of age, was of opinion that i t would be morejust for the owner
to take the produce of the sheep, namely their milk, lambs and wool, till the shepherd put the field in as g ~ a d
condition as before t h e trespass.
(40) This title signifies FI~ngntsntsof golden collars. T b work ilself was a historical conlpilation.
( 4 2 ) ~ b f Said
i ITa:an Ibn al-Husaio as-Snkkari, a learned philologer, genealogist and historian, studied
a t the schools of ~ f i and
f ~Basra, and composed some works, one of which was a colkction of ancient Arabic
poetry. He died A. H, 9 7 5 (A. D. 888-g), aged s i x t y - b e e years. For tuller information see professor Plfi-
gel's work entitled Die grarnmatischen Schrclen der A r a k r , p. 8 9 .
(42) ibn Kutaiba should have added, to complete his explanation, that the poet's face was wrinkled and
spotted like a burnt cake of bread.
(43) Here the text is fdutly; l read 4 931 . ~ )
(4 4) The title of Mother of the faithful was given to the widows of bhhammad*
 ( 4 5 ) lbli Dvlraid crplairiq t h meaning
~ 01 l l c ? s ~striingp
~ nenws 111 11is lrl~ttlidlr, page \\CV.
(46) See de Sacy's Clirestorncrlhie ctroCc, torr~c111, I';I~'! 2 3 n . - T l 1 ~ 11chl accourll oI' Fnmzdak is that given bg
M. C. de Perceval I n the Journnl nsinttque Tor Junc, 1 8 3 4 .

Tile lidlib (scribe) Abfi 'I-llasan llilil i b n al-k!uhnssan il)n A h i Isllik Ihr6him Ihn
Uilil IJln Ibrtillln~Ibn ZslrrClr l b n 1labLi111( l ) as-Sibi nl-Ilarrbiiniilhc &bean nnd nulive
o / l I o r i . d r ~ ) ,n a s illc grandsoil of Abit Isll2k as-Sihi, llic a o l l l o ~of tlic eolcbmled (col-
lectiolr 01)episllcs ( 2 ) and Llie satllc or wliom a c have ;~Ir<~ady spukcu (,?U,!. I. p. 31).
11e slndied under !he grammarian Aliii Ali 'I-Fiirisi (csol. I. 11. 3791, Ali I b n Isa ar-
R u n r m l n i (t:ol. II. p. 912), AI,S Il;~hrA l ~ ~ l l n11111 ~ l i\lllllilllllll~dl l ~ nal-Jarriih al-
Kl~linriz (3) ant1 olllcs nlnslcis. 'l'ici' K l ~ n ~ i(lrl~ r , l . l. p. 75) rncnlions liim in the
Ilistory of'Dnglrdti~1 ani1 sags : Wtu \ir,)lo i i o n l ~ (jjierts) uriclcr his dictalion ; he
was V C I I C ~ O L I S((U U t,*urrst,zil!clhof iilour*y/i'~zf~rmalioti). Al-R2ril~nssan,IIilt17sfather,
\ \ * a s a Snbc:in in ~~eligion, as llis onin I'nlllcr, II~~*rilii~u, was lwfurc Irim ; but Hill1
l ; c c a ~ i ~nc 3u'rr:,!im lor\n~-ds111cclosc of Ilis life ('i). Wllilst Iic was an infidel, lie
.' [I 01; Icssu~isfr-om Ic:irs~c~l(~t~zi,sulrnuns), 5 0 ardent was Ilc in lIic pursuit of literary

knoti luilgc (S)." 1 r l l c i I\ it11 n WOI'I~ ul' Ilis, consisti~igof amusing slories and
curiotls anccdo [CS. 11 urns cnli t l ~ dl)y Ilin~Killib nl-Amhlhil toa'l-:l i y d u , wu elr(si1i'l-
-4 utlti[ zoa 'l-&din (boo/; o[ c m i t ~ c r ~ur,t J disliriyui~llcd111011, prortrrcr of/u'1;011rs~d
I[ S ) . It forms cJnc ~ o l u n ~ and c , I (10 no1 ]<now wllcll~cl. cornposcd any-
I ~ r b

Llliil;;. ~llsil nut.-15s soli, Chars an-F4in~uALii 'l-llasnn Rlulramload Ibn Biltil(Gj,
\v,is possi~ssi~'1 of c w r j rilcril and composetl sonlc uscl'ul ~vol-lss,sucli as tlic famous
( C o rc l k e ) great liistory and a liutrk to w l ~ i c llc l ~ gavc ille tille of AC
Rirfam& ctn-,idrlirc~ a l - d l ~ lbalttt
u nl-~i,,ilhozizk,r NW's-Solta/dl al-lrddlra min U!-
Jluyitrr[filh~ rll-,llil hzfizi~i(s.l,imgeblun(lc?.s romrlvilt~d Oy ~ C T S O R ST E S ~ I C bC k~ [~OY
e tl t~iisrtilicsinto which peoplr /iu~nuredby forltlne hatie b e e n led their
 1310GRhPIJICA4i~DICTIONARY.
629
carelessnrss). I n v d u m e lie ;issembled a great quantity of stories relative to the
lllis
subject of wl~icllIle Ireatcd. Here is one of the anecdotes ivhich 1 extracted from it :
Abd Allall 1l)n Ali Ibn Abd Allah i b n sl-Abbds, who was uncle to (ihcabb&side
6 &

khali[s) as-Saffi11 and Abii Jaafar al-Manshr, sent to the former, v110 had then
4 4

commenced his reign, a deputation of shaikhs (chiefi) belonging to the Arabic

" (tribss) cslal~lishcdin Syria. i l e Lliougl~t that their (singular) cast of mind and
a their declarations ill fidelily would afford him some aniusement. ' They swear,'
said Bc, Illat, ol all the Prophet's parents h e y know none, excepring the
Ornaiyides, who had a righi to inherit of him, till yo~iobtained the supreme
L c L aulllar~ity(7).' " IIere is another anecdote which I extracted from the same
book ; tl~oughno1 very deIicate, i t is amusing, and in compilations (such as mine), a
litllc pungency is necessary, as the gay sllould always be mixed 15-ith the serious.
" AbC Said Rliitielt: llbn Bendir, a fire-~vorshipperand a native of Rai, Tvas one of

" tlie riost c n ~ i n c n tkdlibs aulong tllr Dailarnites, a pedple of whose (singular)re-

" serve ( a d uzodt~sly,slrullqe) siories got into currency. Whe:, he acted as secre-
" 1at.y tu thli lL11 Siinldn, one of thc lhilamite clliel's, the vizir Abli ilIutlanlmad al-
" lluhailabi (col. l. p. 4.10)resolved to send him out on a inission and, seeing him

" rise fiort~ his place w ~ l l ltlie intention of witlidra\ving, he said to lli~rl: I' Abil
" ' Sail1 ! do not lceve tllc palace till I ir~akeyou acquainted sit11 an afFair which I
" ' wis11 you to ari.iunge for me.' Ydbek replied : I hear and shall obey.'
" He lllcn stood u p m,l left tllc prescnce e h o ~ ~ ~ l ) e Onr . this, [L~ i z i rsaid :
" ' The man is surely possessed, or else he l l ~ srvorked so much nit11 me that his
" ' heart is oppressed and he requires to withdraw. Lei them tell the door-keeper
" ' to prevent lrinl from going out'. Mjliak bad been a long time seated and was
" wanting to go to tile privy, ancl that nss the reason of his retiring. (0)~ leouiag
" Ihe roonr), he f ~ u n dall tllc privies locked ; tlie vizir having ordered 1l1al to be

" done because,' said be, c h e r e was always a bad s ~ r ~ e in l l the p l a c e of ~ b b

ss
J a n h r ils-S;tirl;ari, wllere tllero was a privy for the use of tlie public.' 3lihah
" discovered at lcngtll o n e closet wliieh was not locked, but a llicll was reserved for
" [he vizir. llc lifted up the curtain which hung at the entrance and m-as about to
" go i n . when farr&h (S) co1t.e up and pushed him away. ' 1s not this a privy?'
said &l&lrek. Tile otller anslvered that it was. blvell!' said [be Mfib, '1~ a n f
" ' dosomething there, alld do you hinder me 9' The f ~ ~ r d s sreplied
h ' This is
. 'P
olllera d r e ]ocked,'
a t 6 areserved close[ into wlli& none enter except the u~zir.
 6 erclaimet: M&Ilek, ]low then sllall I d~ 7 I was going O U ~ ,l)nl lllc door-keeper
6

'6 6 prrven led [ne ; so 1 risk doing a11 in nry ~ 1 0 t I l ~ s . 'l'he farrllsh said : ' Get a n au-

thorisetioll to enter into onc of llicnl ; il shrill illon b~ opener1 C) you, and you
L.

CL
. may do your business.' T110ugl1 llle ease was [~rcssing,1 1 wrote ~
in w)licJlire said : ' Millck, tllc 1lunll)lc servant ol' o u r lord the vizir,
to the vizir a

U 6 wants to do what all me11 must, ant1 wllich is il thing not fi1 lo rtiention. Now,
6' 6 the brrd,yh says : You sll;lll not go in,' and 1 1 1 door-liocpcr
~ says : c Yorl shall
8 . L not go out ;' and your scrvanl is lllt~s plnecd in n (lilcmma ; lltc tliing, moreover,
6. 6 is beconling very pressing. If our lord llic virir ])C rlisposed IOol)lig(: his servant,
he will autllorise hiln todo his nccd in Ihc rescrvcd closcl,l)rovidetl thatsuch be
6 the will of God. Selu(atio~1 I' A c l ~ n ~ t ~ l ) c r l ntoi nwllonl
, I I V rcnlitlrd lllis paper,
66 prcsentcd it 10 t l ~ cvisir rvllo, not knowing wllal l l ~ cwrilcr \vanled, nskcd what was
c L tile maltor. Being inlormcd of lllc circ:a~nslr~ncc~, 1to l i t ~ l i ~Ilcirrtily
tl and wrote
6. on tile back ol tllc petition : ' Let Al)il Said, r r l r o r ~ ~l C ! do his need (9)
6' 6 where he plrasetll, if such be lllc will ol' (;orl.' 'I'lrc~~11:rrrrl~erli~in carried out
d L the paper to MAllcli w l ~ o1,andcrl i t to lllc frrl*rl.sL,siiying : ' I l w e is wliat you
4i asked for, i1 laukili (decisiorr) cnlanating Goill 0111.Iortl ll~c:vizir.' T11c farrtish
" replied : All taukids must be pcrused by A b i l 'l-i\la ibn r n l /idlib
' charged with tllc atlminislrnlitn ol' lltc p a l i ~ ~; cas I;)r Inc, 1 riln ncitllcr rcad nor
' write.' On [his Mdl~clr exclainlctl : !{ring snrilt: on!: of llic palace who can
G

' do so ; for llle miillcr is vcry prcssir~g(3 0).' A r1ot11c:s Ji~rrAshwho was prcsent
" burst into lauglltcr, loolc him by the I ~ n n dancl Iccl llir~lto a closet, w l ~ c r elle might

" do what 11c wan1cd."-l cxlracletl also ~ I l c : I'o!Iowing nnccdotc from {he same
work : " (Thc pocl) Art; lbn Sullniya (11) livcd pilrlly i l l tllc tillre of I'nganism and
partly in Illat of Islno~ism. Ilc c~llercdinlo tllc prrscnec of ({lrn Otnaiyidc Ahalifl
" Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwan who, secing tI~iiIIle was a vcry old inan, asked him to
" repeat some of the verses in which 11c allnrletl to 11rc lcngtll o f his life. Art6 re-
" cited these lines :

" I saw !hat time consumcd (tllc lifc o f l Inart, cvcn as tlic car111 consurnt3sbits of iron cast
" away. When dcarll conlcs to a Son of Adam, sllc rerluircs 11;s soul a110 nollling ore.
" Know lhal s11c will atlack again, G11 sllc fuIliIs flar vow by (scizir~y)Abci 'I-Wi~lid.

" (The khalif) shuddct~cdon hearing lllcsc words, t h i n k i n g that they applied to
" himself, for his surnarnc was Abd 'I-?Valid. Art$ perceived llle L u l l into which
 his inadvcrlencc had led him n11d said : 'Commander of (he faithful 1 1 am sur-
it named A hii 'l-Walid.' The persons present declared that he had said the truth,
d

and ~ l l u srelieved, i n some degree, the apprehensions of Abd al-Ma1ik."-Here is

another ailccdote wllich 1 derivcil front the same source : Abil 'I-blh Sdid Ibn
fi Maklllad (p. G0 of this uol.) who was secrelary (kdlP) to (lhe regesq al-bluwaffak,

L read to his master a letter, brr t did not understand it. Al-llluwaffak then read it
and comprehended ils meaning. This induced isa Ibn al-Ribhi to compose {he
d4 following lines :

1 scc illat Porluoe rcfuscs 11er favours to him who courts her and grants them to ti;ol wko
L *

" rlcglccts 11cr. Ilow Inany have sought the means of gaining (her. good erill), but their efforts
" procured ll~cnkonly uscless faligue. One of her strange freaks is, to slle~vus an emir wlio is
'' a bellcl+sci~olartl~arllliv sccrctalsy."

The AfuwaflIalc just mentioned bore the names of Abh Allmad Tall13; he was the
son of (lhc I ~ l ~ n l ial-Mulawaklcil
f) and the father of [he Abbaside khatif, al-Hotaditl.
-The s u n l c vo1.1~Furnistled lne with the follor\ing anecdote : An Arab of the
" d c s c ~ was
~ t a1 llle station (of Arafat) will1 (the khalif) Onlar Ibn al-Khaitib (wh;lst
s pilgrinlage were y uiny orr). ' h person behind us,' said
~ l c Ihe
" the c c r c ~ ~ z o ~ of

" ' he, cnllccl out !o Omar, in these terns : 0 successor (1:halif) of the Apostle of
' God I and tllen : 0 Commander of the faithful ! A voice from behind me then
" ' exclai~ncd: That f ~ i ! u wcalls llitn [ O ~ n a rlq
) tlie name of a person who is dead;
' &' by Allall l ille cornn~andcrof tlre faithful is dead'. I turned round and recognised
"' ~ l l espcill~cr;lle was a n;eniber of the tribe olLillb, a people descended from Nadr
" l b o A d , and wllo, i n taliina omens, were the most slailfiil in the world.' "-
TOthis al-Iiutlloiyir, the lover ol'al-.izra(vo!. li. p. 529)alludes in the f o l l o s i l ~rerw
~ :

1 asked a man (of the tribe) of Lihb to take an augury: for that talent is 11ow ~s!irely derol\ed
to Lihb.

-(The .ira6 continued his recilul and said): \Vlrcn ac stopped (at jlinuj
'L

" ' to throw the stones, a pebble struck Omar on tlle side and made him bleed. On

" ' this, some one said : L'By Allall I the Conlnlander o f t h e Litllful is marked for
" ' sacrifice (12) 1 by Allah ! he never again will visit this station I' I turnedround
" ' and discorercd that it was this very Lihbide who had spoken. Onlar was mur-
" ' dered before a year parsed away. This anecdote is g i ~ e nalso i n the Iidlnil
9 If
(of al-j)fubarrad). T l ~ cexpression lhc person who is dend rel'crrcd 10 (the kho/in
AbB Bakr as-Siddik, W I ~ Owas called ~ I I C successor of lllc A[losl,lc of Cod. Omar,
having llle suprcmc ~~~~~~~~~ily, 011 ill(: (lealll of A1)8 nakr, was at first de-
signated by llle tillc or ihc sztccessor 01' be u8srr.errOr 2hc Ayoslle o/' God, and
therefore said to tlle eot~~pallions : " This is a tillc wllicll will be lenglhened (in.
definitely), if uvcry one who collles 10 lllc SUpl.c~Ilcpower is called the successor of
his and so on, up 10 the Aposllc of Cod. YOU are lhc faithflll, and
I am your comrnalrder." Tliey tllcn called i~irllthe Cornrnandcr of the faithful
a l - J f & ~ ~ ~ i d nIIe
) . was rile first who bore llris tillc. T l ~ word
c successor
was tile title usually give11 10 A b i ~ljalcr, and, for tllal reason, t l ~ eman (at the pii-
grimagc) said : 11e has called hini by tllc rialllc of a dead inan." Omar Ibn
"

Shahha (vol. 11. p. 375) rclalcs, in his Ilistory of Ilasra, on illc ;lulllorily of as-SbPbi
(vol. 1I.p. IC), tliat t l ~ efirst person wlio oll'crcd up a prayer I'I-OIJ~l l ~ cpulpit for Omar
lbn al-l<l~attdLwas Abir hIi~sa'I-Asllari ( i f ) ) (who
, did so) al l!as~-a. Ilc was also the
firs1 w h o (in wriri~cgto Otnur),inscrillcd 011 tllc lcttcr : 7:) I / / ( :sen,nui o/ Cod (Abd AI-
lah), the commander o[ lhc failh/ul. This niadc Orliar say : '' 1a m truly a servant of
cc God and thc commander of tile P~itliful." Accortling to Auwinn, the first who
designated him by this title was Adi, tllc son of 1Iilirli at-Tii, and [lie first who
saluted him by it was al-Mugllira Ibn Sllobil (14.). Aceording to anoillcr statement,
Omar was one day (boldzng a public) sitting wllcn iic said : By Alloli ! I do not
' c know what we n ~ u s tsay I Abii Balcr was t l ~ esllcccssor of' tllc Aposlle of God and I
" am llle successor of the successor of God's ilposlle. is t1lcl.c any litlc illat can
answer?" Those who wcrc present said : Cornma s d e r (rrmtr) will do."- Nay,"
" said he, you are all commanders." On tllis, ; ~ l - l u ~ l i i said ~ . a : We are the L'

" faithful and you are our comrnand~r."-~~Tl~cn,"said Oll~ar, I a m the comman-

" der of the Lill~ful."(15). Therc obscrvaliolis liavo led us away Tron~our subject.
-Hildl was born in Llle month of Ellauwdl, 350 (Aug.-Sept., A. D. 970))and died
on tlie eve ol Thursday, h e 17111 of llan~odBn,4.48 (P$tll November, A. D. 1056).

( I ) The orthog17;~phy()I'this name is fixed 11y Jhc :ull,llor of the Tttrilrh al-Atni. Sce Chwolsohn's Ssabier,
vol. I, p. 583.
(2) A single voli~mcof tllis great collection of' cpisilcs and dispihlcllcs is prcscrvcld in the Leyden library,
and the list olits contents has hccn fiive11 1)y M. Dozy irt P. 144 ef
illc calnlog,lc of tllatestablishmcnt, vol. 1,
se9. The documents arc on various sul~jcctsa r ~ dwere really sent 10 their address. Some of them were drawn
up by Abfi IsMk himself and the rcst by otllrr IIICII rnnl~alltj talent. T I , C ~ wcrc once highly admiredas
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIONARY. 633
specimens of elegant style, but, for an European reader, their principal interest must consist io the historical
indications which they sometimes offer.
(3) The orthography of this name varies in the manuscripts.
(4) The unusual expression 9~L! i s replaced, in the edition of Bblkk, by b y J=k , rhhh is much
clearer.
(S) It is difficult to determine where this extract finishes.
(6) See vol. I, p. 290, and vol. 11, p, 3.
(7) Their mentioning the Omaiyides, whose authority as-Safftlh had just overturned and whom he detested,
was a sufficient proof of their simplicity.
(8) The duty of the fnrrdsh was to take care of the furniture, and to pitch the vizir's tents when he was on
an expedition.
(9) The vizir here employs the plainest and coarsest word; as if he mennt to scandalise the modesty of his
decorous petitioner.
(10) Here MAhek forgets himself and ~pedksin the crudest terms,
( 1 2 ) This poet belonged to the tribe of Murra. According to the author of the Mmb!~kal-dbsdr, ms. of
the Bibl. imp. no 1371, fol. 95 verso, he lived to the age of one hundred and thirty years. Suhaiya xvas the
name of his mother. Mr. de Hammer mentions him in the Literafurgerchichfe der Araber, vol. It, p. 519.
Some verses of ArtA's are given in the Ifamdsa.
(12) The camels intended to be sacrificed were slightly wounded on the back or on the shouider, so that
they might be known.
(13) Abb hlhsa 'l-Achari died A. H. 50 (A. D. 670-1). For a short notice on this general see my translation
of Ibn Khaldhn's Prolegome~za,vol. I, p. 149.
(1 4) See vol. 11, p. 485, where the name of this chief is incorrectly transcribed : for dfoghaira read X u -
ghira.
(15) Ibn Khaldhn gives another account of this in his Prolegomena, rol. I, page 469 of the French trans-
lation.

AL-HAITHAM IBN AD1

Abh Abd ar-Rahmbn aI-Haitham Ibn Adi Ibn Abd ar-Rahmhn Ibn Zaid Ibn
Usaiyid Ibn Mbir Ibn Adi Ibn Khilid Ibn Khuthaim Ibn Abi Hiritha Ibn Judai Ibn
Tadfil Ibn Bohtor Ibn Athd Ibn Onain Ibn Sal$rnin Ibn Thoal Ibn Amr Ibn al-
Ghauth ibn Julhuma, was surnamed at-Tii after his ancestor Julhuma, who was
denominated at - Tai after his ancestor Julhuma, who bore also the name of
Tai. His other surnames were atb - Thoali (descended from Thoal) , a1- Boh-
tori (descended from Bohtor) and al-KGfi (native of Zdfa). He was a relator of
VOL. 111. 80
63 4 IBN K H A I I I , I K A N y S
poems (cornl,oscrl b y rlrc Arobs of lhe drsert) and of llistorical anecdotes (concerning
them). The specimens wbiel~he lrandcd down of 1angu;lge spoken by these
Arabs, of their knowledge, of their poelry and of (heir idion~s,are very
numerous. His fotller Lad sellled at Wlsit and was a virtuous man. Al-Baitham
(Ibn A&)), lhaving underlaken lo invesligale the origin of (noted) pcople,. discovered
and publislled many things to their disadvantage whiel~,till lhen, had been carefully
concealed, and, by illis, llc incurred their reprobation. is rclatcd illat he men.
tioned s o ~ n e ~ h i n(disgraceful)
g of al-Abbls, the son o l Abd al-Multalib (and the an-
cestorof the Abbaside Ir/~ali/s);and the consequence was lllal IIC was i n ~ p r i s o n ~for d
some years. It is slated however, that he liad Ixen falsely accus(~dand that words were
attributed to him whicll Ile never uilercd ; sonlc l i n ~ ebclbrc, lie l ~ a dgotmarried and,
as the farnil y of lris wife did not like him, tliey pur1)oscly nllcrcd w l ~ a lie t had said
(of al-86bds) and then declared 11im to be llle aullior (01 /he culunirry u k i r h lhey lad
inve?~icd. IVe may hrre oliserue /ha/) h e llcld tllc opinions ol ihc KliArijites. A
n u n ~ b e rof worlcs were composed by lliiir (l), s u c l ~ss t l ~ cliildb al-lal/r(llib (book of
uitupern~ivcpieccs), the Ktldb al-Muarnrnartt~(on /hose who fiued lo rm advanced age),
the Buylrdt Puraish (onthe princial [amilies of the liziruisk triba), l l ~ eBuyaldt aGArab
(onihe principal [nrnilirs of the Arubs), tllclii/db ll?lbrll A d ~ wetc. (on IAC fall ofddam,
he dispersion of !RC Arubr onrl ihe ylrrc~swherr! ihry seftled), a work on the settle-
men ts rnade by tlle Arabs in I(11or~iisil1irnd Sawid (2), a treatise on the genealogy
of the tribe olTdi, thc Jlix(l$li all1 isli-Slrdm (cu/u!lic.srosposcil ~ h Arabs
c eslablished
in Syria), a llielory of tllc I'crsians ( a j n t r ~ailcl
) illc Ornuiyi~lcs, worlc ~rcatingof the
enfrancl~iscdslnvcs who married into A r c t l , i r ~ r ~hnliljcs, 11ic l i i l d b al-'CVUf.12d (076 the
d~pt!tdio~rssent by the A~.lr/rictribes to Al,/i/~avrr?nard), lLi/lSb /i/tilat a[-Kdfa (de-
scriplion of ikc territorinl ullol~ttcntsmade 10 11lc lir*slsc~,tlcl-sin l i i i [ i ) , tire Kildt) Uldt
, grcater llistory of' IIM! Slrari[s, the lesser his-
a!-Kdfa (on llte govcrtiars o f K i / i ~ )tlic
tory of llle Shar'tfs, a clussilicd list (tabaXdt) ol' juriscoi~sul~s and traditionisis, the
Ku,na 'l-Ashrcil' (on he surnarvtes borrtc by lite Sllarl fs, (Ile li/tuwdi&n~, al-Khulafd (on
lhc sig~zel-ringsused by Eire ?ihalil~),o work on 11lc k i d is ul IiGk and Basra, the
I ( ~ t u u r $ ~(pcrioBica1
n meeting-places), a o~ i l ~ eLIlaIi h, 11le liitdb on-Nawddir
( c ~ L Y ' ~ o(~rlrcdulc.~),
~(s a book of annals, a l~isloryol' al-llasnrr ,the son of APi, and ohser-
vations on his rlcall~,s llislory of lllc Pcrsians (Fares), a worli lreeling of lllc officers
wllo commanded tlic policc guards in the service of [lie emirs of irdk. He left
also sump o!her treatises. As he had the llonollr of being admitted into tile
 B l O G R A P H l C A L DICTIONARY, 635
society (3) of (the lihalifs) al-Manshr, al-kiahdi, al-HBdi and ar-Rashid, he transmilted
down a number of their sayings: Al-Mahdi," said he, addressed me (one even-
" alg) i n these terms : ' Attention, Haitham I numerous anecdoles are told of the
L Arabs who dwell in the desert; some speak of their avarice and meanness, others

of their generosity atid beneficence, and these accounts all disagree. What do
h
you know on the subject?' I replied : ' You have fallen on the knowing one I
c I once left my family, with the intention of visiting some of my kindred, and

' took wilh me a female camel on wliieh I rode. And behold 1 she went off and
G ran away (4). I followed her till the evening set in, and then I caught her. On
looking round, I saw a bedwin tent and went to it. The mistress of it called to
g me and said : Who are you?' I answered : ' A guest.' She replied : What has
L G

" a guest to do with us? The desert is surely wide enough (51.' She then stood
C

L up to talce some wheat and, having ground it, she kneaded the flour, made it

into bread and sat down to eat. Very soon after, her husband arrived with milk
and saluted (us). He then said : Who is this man ?' She answered : 'A guest ;'
and h e said to me : L God grant you a long life I' Speaking then to her, he
c<
said : c Tell me, such a one I did you give your guest anything to eat?' She
C answered : SYes.' He entered into the tent, filled a wooden bowl with milk,
* ' brought it out to me and said : ' Drink.' It was the sweetest draught I ever
" drank. I do not see you eating 1' said he ; ' did she give you anything?' I
" ' answered : No, by Allah I' He went into her, full of anger, and said : ' Woe
" ' be to you ! you eat and left your guest (withoutfood) I ' What could I do for him 7'
said she ; c ought 1 to give him my own supper to eat 1'
He had then a discus-
" ' sion with her and ended by giving her a violent stroke on the head, afterwhich,
" ' he took a leather provision bag, went to my camel and cut its throat. ' God
' ' ' forgive you I' 1 exclaimed : ' What are you doing?' He replied : ' By Allah ! my
" ' guest must not pass the night hungry.' He then gathered some sticks, lighted
" ' a fire and began to cook bits of meat arranged on skewers. He then eat
" ' with me, and threw (some morcels) (6) over to her saying: ' Eat, and may
" ' Gocl never give you food I ' At day-break, he left me and went away:
" ' SO, I remained sitting and troubled in mind. When the day was advanced,
"' he returned with a female camel whose beauty the eye would never lire
" ' in admiring, and said : Take this in place of yours.' He then gave me
" ' provisions out of the flesh which remained and of the store which he had in his
 dwelling. 1 sel out, and tlic n i g l ~ brouglll
l lllc to anolller tent. I saluted, and
L' c the mistress of tile tent answered nly salillation a n d said : ' What man are

c you 1' I ansrvered : ' A guest,' ' Welcome I' said she, ' God grant you long
g.
life and preserve you I' 1 dismounted ; she took wlieat, ground il, kneaded the
flour and tnade it into a cake on tvhich she poured cream a n d rrlillc. She then
a 6 i t before me, saying : ' Eat, a n d cxeusc (this modest rqasl).' Soon after,
a surly-looking bedwin Arab came i n and salulcd. Sllc rendered [lie salutation,
6 What man are you 9' said he. I answered : A guesl 1' Ilc rcplied : What
4 i Lllas a guest to do llere17 Ile h e n went i n to his family and asked for his sup-
I d 6 per. Sllc answered : ' 1 gave i l to i l guest.' ~ ' 1 1 0 dare
~ you give my supper
to a guest l' said Le. Many words passed bclweco lllem, lill, a1 length, he
c raiscd his stick and struck Iier on tlrc licad so as 10 wound l ~ c r . 1 began to

c Inugll, 011 \rllicll 11c came out of lire ten1 arld aslied 11lc why 1 did so. I replied :
A11 right I ((10 not mind) !' Ilc insislctl on linuwint;. ant1 1 wlalcd to him what
a L
had passecl hcl~rcenIlle woman and llic mail will1 wllonl 1 11adstnl)l)ccl dhe night
c before. l l c drcw near I ~ I Cancl saicl : ' Tllis J V ~ I I I ~l U~ o r cis lltc sister of that
'i ' man and. tllc woman who li\ cs wit11 lliln i s I I I Y sislcr !' I passed the night
,,
wondering (trf tJlcsc Illirrys) and Illerr \\.c111 away. - 1lcl.c is a n anecdote
somcwllnt similar : A Illan, i n i'o~-,i~,-r li~rlcs, (!aliilt; (his tlinjler oulside the door
of his house) ancl Ilad bcforo I J ~ I I I;I I ' U L I S ~fO\VI. A I~cggar~ v c ~ui pt 10 llim, but was
sent away clisnppointcd. Now l l ~ i sInan was rich. Ilc aflcrwnrtls ilivorccd his wife,
lost his fortunc, a n d tlie wile go1 n n o l l ~ c I~~. [ l ~ l ~ i ~ 1'110
n d . sc~col~tlI~usbandwas one
(lay at dinncr, tvi t11 a roast fowl I~cTorc!I I ~ I I I , wlrcn ;l l)c.gg:r~-c:aruc up. IEIe said to
his wife : " Civc l ~ i ~111c n l'owl." Sllc clid so a r ~ t l , u n loulkirlg irl thc siranger, she
recognised in *llinl licr forurcr I~usband. Sltc. wetit to l ~ c sceorltl r Ilusbancl and told
liint tlle cireurnslance, on \vllicl~llc sail1 : h ~ i l lI , by Allall I was tllal very beggar
" wl~ornllc seilt away disappointccl. So Iiis 11,-ospet.ily wits (UI-ncdover io me, by
" reason of his ingmtitu(1c towards (;od." --'l'llc l'olIo\ring anccdote was related By
al-Tlailliani : Anir az-llubaidi, tltc son o l ilii'jtli r ( 7 , had il sword called as-
Samsd!tla ;ilnd if came into llle possession 01' ( 1 1 1 lr/rc~li/) ~ 11i ~ s r'l-llddi, tlie son of al-
Dlalldi. Anlr I1ad givcn i t lu Said 1l)n ;~I-?,iaithe O ~ a : i i ~ i d ef ,r u l ~ whom i it passed
to his descendanis. 011 tllc dcalll olal-lirlrdi (rohu aftcrw,rrJs y ~ ' lt ) , it was pureha-
scd Ly al-iIidi, WJIO paid a large sum for i t tllc llcirs. AI-1IWi was ihc most li-
l d l k l ~ g l\bPnBfiCCnt. 11.: d i , e w ~ l l csword from
1~c:alof tllc hl~l,asidl j)ri I I C ~ ~i S~ ~ ~11':
the scabbard, laid i t before him and gave orders to a d ~ ~ ithe
i t poels. When tllel
entered, h e llad a measure brought in, containing a badra (81, and told them to
entemporizc verses on that sword. Ben Yamin (L'e~jitmir]al-Basri (9) immediately
hastened to recite these lines :

Of all men, I11Qsa 'l-Amin is he who possesses the San~srilnaof the Znbaidite, the sword of
Amr which, as we have Beard, is the best that a scabbard ever sheatcd. Dark in colour, it
encloses within its sides a tlemlock (dltvhdfl)chillness, and, will1 it, (!eat11 cares not what she
does. The tl~underboltliglltcd a iise over it aud the smiths nliliglcd pison ailli its metal.
When bared, is outsliines the sun, so that he is scarcclg visible. He illat drans it for striking
need not niind whether his left hand wield it or his right. It dazzles the sight and, like a fire-
Brand (tuf~irled?,oztnd),the eye cannot fix 011 it. The lustre and the t e ~ ~ ~ nhicli
p e r per~adeits
sides are of tl~epurest water. It is an excellent glave to strike with (yusa) for him rvho, in the
~umultof battle, figllts to mantail1 his honour; it is an excellent companion.

AI-BBdi exclainied (on heuritlg these verses) : By Mlah ! you have hit on my
6i

" very thoughts," and, cxci~ed by joy, he ordered llie s~vorJand tlie measure of
money to be given to the author. Ben Yamin, on withdrawing, said to the other
poels : " Your hopes have been frustrated on my account; so, herc! take i l ~ emeasure ;
" the sword is enough fur me." AI-Hbdi then repurcllased it fur a lsrge sum. Al-
JJasiidi states, in his MurGj ad-Dahab, illat he bouglit it from tile poet 101' fifly
thousand (tlirhe~ns) (10). The same auillor gives only a part of these verses.-The
word dkubdh is the name 01 a poisollous plant ~ ~ - l ~is i c often
Ii mentioned in poems.
17wa (yercutilur) derives from the verb wlliell is prononeed asiu in tlie preterit and
yasi in the aorist ; ik must not be confounife~lw ~ t hthe verb asa, ynsir, which means
10 colnrnit a sin.-Al-Dlasiidihas inserted tile following relation i n that chapter of the
iIIur4.j ad-Dahab wlliell treats of the reign of Hisl18mItn i b d al-Xalih: "Al-Hailham
l b n Adi slates that Onjar (11) lbn Hdni related 10 llini as lolion-S : I went for111
'f

' ' wit11 Abd Allall Ibn Ali, [lie uncle of (tile Bbhaside khul~fsjas-Saffah and al-i\l'ansbr.
" When we came to tlie tonlb of (tbOetaiyide k/taiiflHishi~nibn bhd al-Malik,
" d u g out tlle body. It was i n p o d preservaiion and nothing aas inissing but the
" cartilage of the nose. Abd Allall gave it eighty strokes of a n.llip and then llad i t
'' burnt. We [ben went to the territory ul h b i k (near ~ l l ~and~ opened o j the
" of Sulairnin l b n Abd al-IIalik. There we lound nothing more than the back-bone,
" the skull and the ribs. These we burned, and did the same with the other budies
" of the Omaiyides who were interred at Kinnisrin. W e then went to Datnascus
" and opened [lie gra\e of al-Wtllici ibn Abd al-Malili, but build in i t nu rel~ai13e.
66 eitller great or small. U'c dug open the grave of Abd al-MdiL and found only
some bones of the skull. I~avingthen opened the grave ofyazid I l ~ nMOa&, we
66 found in jt only one bone and remarked, in lllc place where the body had been
c c deposited, a dark line of a matter like aslics W ~ I ~ cxtended
C ~ J from one end of the
to the otller. We then visited successively the olller (Omaigidc) tombs
situated in different countries and burned whatever remains we found in them,"
The motive which induced Abd Allah to treat tllus Lhe bodies of the Omaiyides was
this : Zaid, the son of Ali Zain al-Aibidin (vol. 11. p. 209) and the grandson of al-
Husain, the son of Ali Ibn Abi Tllib,-the same %aid, of whom we have spoken in
the life of the vizir Ibn Bukiya (page 275 of this ~l.),--took up arms against
Hishin, Ibn Abd al-Malik and aspired to tllc khalifat. A number of sharifs and
Koran-readers followed his standard. He was atlacl<cd by Yhsuf I l ~ nOmar ath-
Thakafi, a chief whose life WC shall give, ancl his parlisans wcrc put to rout. He re-
mained (on the field of battle) will1 a few friends and, whilst figl~lingwith the utmost
bravery, he recited the following lines, as applicable to his own case :

'Tis vile to live and hard to die; a Ilittct. draught cncl~of tl~cmis for me. But, since I must
submit to one or to the other, I shall honorably march lowartls rrly deatl~.

The night separated the two arn~icsand %aid rctu~med(10 his lent) covered with
wounds. An arrow had struck llim on [lie forclleacl, ancl a barbcr-surgeon, who
was brought from a (neighbouring) town to cxlracl lllc iron point, drew it out without
knowing who the wounded man was ; I'or this tllcy concealed from him. Zaid
expired immediately after and was buricd by 11;s put-tisans in llle bed of a running
stream. They covered his grave wit11 earl11 and weccls, and let the water (resume its
course and) flow over it. Tllc barber was prcsent a1 flic inlcrlnent and, wishing to
gain the favour of Ydsuf, he went, the ncxl morning, and informed liim of the
place where the grave was. Ydsuf £lad the body Lalccn out, and sent the head to
HishPm who, in return, wrote to him the order to strip the body naked and fasten
it to a cross. This was done. A poet in the service of the O~naiyidescomposed a
verse on this occasion and, in it be said, addressing tlle descendants of Abd THlib :

We have crucifictl lhat Zaid of yours on lhc trunk of a datcltrce ; and I never yet Saw a
man who was well-guided attached to the trunk of a !.rcc.

The lower part of this cross was then encased in masonry (12). At a later period,
 BIOGRAI'HICAL DICTIONARY. 639
Hishim wrote to Ybsul, ordering him to burn the body and seaiter the ashes to the
winds. This took place in the year 121 (A. D. 739) or 122. According to Ahfi
Bakr Ibn Aiyish (vol. l . p. 553) and a number of the persons who related historical
anecdotes, Zaid's naked body remained on the cross for five years, and no one,
during that period, ever saw the privy parts of i t ; God, in his favour to Zaid,
having veiled them from sight. It was in [he K u n d ~ a(13) of KGfa that the body
was crucified. When Yahya, the son of Zaid, made his appearance in Khordsin,
- this event is well known (14),- al-Walid lhn Yazid, who was then reigning,
wrote to the governor of Kiifa the order to burn the body of Zaid with the wood to
which it was attached. This he did and then scattered the ashes to the wind,
on the bank of the Euphrates. God best ltnows which is the true account. It was to
avenge liis cousins that Abcl Allah treated the O~naiyidesin thesanie manner asthey
had treated llle descendants of Bli. - The following anecdote mas related by al-
Haitharn : I was appointed to collect the cattle-tax due by the Banu Pazdra,
" and a nlan of that tribe came to me and said : ' Shall l shew yuu sometl~ingextra-
" ' o ~ d i n e r y l ' I answered : ' Yes,' and he lead me to a liigll niou~~tain
in which
" tllere was an openiilg. He bid me enter, but I replied that h e guide silould
'' always go first. H e went i n , I followed and a number of people cil111eafter us.
'' The (passage irk the) mountain sometimes got narrow and somelimes widened,
" till we at lcngtl~ saw a light. We wenl up to it, and behold a webice stretched
'' across the ground and javelins were sticking in the sides of the cavern (15). We
.: drew them out and found illem to Le the arrows made use of by (on eoiinct ginnt
race, that o f ) And. On the rock was engraved an inscription, the letters of which
were of two fingers' length, or perhaps more. The writing was Arabic, and
" the inscription ran lhus :

Shall we ever returI1 (1 G) to the dwellings at the foot of Zii 'I-Lima, tile Liwa of ihc sands,
and thus bc assured that our hearts spoke us true. That country was ours anti nle loved i t ;
(c for me11 are men, and a borne is always a home. ))

I t is related that AbB Nuwas Ibn Hini, tile poet of whom we have spoken
(vol. l. p. 39 l ) , went to one of the (literary) sittings which al-Haitbam bat1 began
to hold. The latter, not recognizing h i m , did not invile him to approach nor
offer him a nearer place. So, the other rose up in a passion (and peril nzray).
Al-Baitham asked who he was and, having heard his name, he exclaimed : " God
 preserve rnc I this is a calamity wliiel~1 (fillnot Incan 10 draw upon n~yself. Rise
up and let us go him, that we lnay offer him our cxcuses." On reaching the
door, lie knockcd and mcntioncd who llc was. Being told llic otller to
enter, he went in and found 11iln sitling ( o n $he floor), and s h i n i n g ji7).
The house itself was arranged in a manncr befilling a (rlcbaurhcc) like him.
Al-Haiillam then said : Tlie granling of pardon belongs to God and al'lcrwards to
64 you. By Allall I I d i d not rccogniec you ; b111 1 1 1 ~Piu11 was yours, hccause you
mentioning your name. You thus prcvcnlcd US from sllowing you
fitting respect and trealing you nit11 due rcgartl." Sccing that Ab8 Nuwas
to accept his excuses, I ~ cnddccl : "I beg 01 you (0 spnrc nre (and suppress)
4' whatever verses you may have just composed on nlc." Tlic pocl rcplicd : There
is no means of recalling tlic pasl, b u l you lrave llic assurance (that) for the future
( I shall ?lot attack you) l " On this al-1Iailllam said : " Toll mc wlia t is the past.,
" and my life shall he [lie ransom of yours 1 " Ilc answered : It is a verse l'

which I uttered during the stalc (o[ irrilntion) i n wllicl~ you may perceive me
still to be." Al-Hailllam rcqueslcd him to repeal it and, o n h i s refusal, he
insisted so much that lie obtaincc1 his wish. T l ~ cpoet rccitcd as follows :

Haith3rn7 the son of hdiI yon arc not of lllc Aral)ian slock and it is only indircclly (18) that
you bclong to tlre lribc of Tai. Wl~crlyou rrlalie (or yotob[(llllcr) Atli a clcscerldari~of Tlioal,
place the 11of his narrlc 1)efor.elhc (1, in 1rac.ing up his gcncalogy (I 9).

AI-Baithnm rose up ancl left him, but, some lirne aflcr, tllc remaining verses of
the piece came to his knowlcdgc. lIcrc tlhry arc :
e

Aaitham, the son of Ad!, is so changcal)le in rnintl llrat, cvcry day, Iic sets his foot in the
stirrup. He is always saddling and unsndrlling (Iris rrilttcl) for a jorrrncy ro visit a (r-ich)enfran-
chased slavc or an Arab. kIe has a tongue cxcilcd ( t o ( ! L ) ~ T L T ~ Zl)y I YlJi)i ~nnlilral gcnius (20);
one would thinkhc had always travelled (lilcc (in A w b of lltc desert') upor1 a canlcl's pillion. I
should like to see him set up on lhc ])ridge and nioun~ctlo n it s ~ c c d((1cros.r) ncarly as worthless
as himself. 0 that I saw him covering that stecd will) a raiinctit ol blood, to replace the fila-
ments and Icaves (wltich cooetwl il beforc). Cot1 hclj) ~11cc! (.siw~pktonl)you nccd not be so
proucl of your parenlage ; (lu . ~ u p p o ? ijolcr
~t I,?-c'lcnsiotts) you borrowed a gcxicalogy from books.

On this, Al-Haitham rcturned to Abfi Nuwis ant1 said : Goorl God I did you not give
" me the assurance and the promise illat you woldd not satirize tne 1" The other
answered (in ihar words o f t h e Kordn, sur. xxvl, verse 226): Tlrcy (the poets) say
" that wllicli they do not."-The anecdotes concerning al-Haitham are very
 11IOCRAPIIICAL DICTIONARY. 641

numerous, 1)ut WC llave already given sufficient details. He was born before the
year 130 (A. 1). 747),and ilc died on the 1st ot Muharram, 206 (6th June, A. D.
831), or 207, according to another statement. Ibn Kutaiba's Ma&rifplaces
his death i n the ycar 200. lie left posterity at Baghdad. As-SamBni (ool. 11.
p. 156) says, in his Ansdb, under the word al-Bohtori, that he died H. 209 at
Fam as-Silll, aged nincly-thrcc years. Another author adds that he died at tile
house of al-IInsan Ibn Sal11 (vol. 1. p. 108). We have already mentioned, in the
life of BbrAn (vol. I. p. 2691, that her marriage with al-Mdmhn took place at Fam
as-Silh, in h a 1 ycar. From this it appears that al-Hailham was one of the company
wl~ich he Ilad will1 Ilirn. -
We have already spoken of Tai (uol. I. p. 359,
and (shall speak) of Bo\dori. Thoali means descended from Thoal, the son of
Amr, the son of al-Gliautli, the son of TaT. The rest of the genealogy will he
found in our article on al-Bolitori, under the letter W. A number of families
descended fro111 Tal" bore the surname of Thoali; such, were the Bohtori, the
Sallrnan a n d others. To the tribe of Thoal belonged Amr Ibn at-lasih athdhoali,
(lhe chief) who accompanied one of the deputations sent by the Arab tribes to Be
Prophcl. IIc b e d m e a Moslim at Medina, being then one hundred and fifty years
of age. Ue was the hest archer of all the Arabs. It is to him that the poet Amr
al-Kais Hondoj ill ICindi, the son of Hojr, alludes in this verse :

Somelimcs an arcllcr of the tribe of Thoal, thursting out his hands from his hiding-place (21).

This is one of the srgurncnts adduced by Ibn Kutaiba, in his Tabakdt ash-Shu~ard,
to prove that A.mr al-Kais lived about forty years before the Prophet; for such is the
conclusion announced by that author.

( I )In the Arabic text the term employed is kutub musannafa. In the introduction to the first volume of
this translation, page =v, and in a note of the second volume, page 489, I offered conjectural expla~ation~
of this term. I am now inclined to think that i t means works in which the divers matters are classed and
a r r a n s d under separate heads, each chapter being appropriated to a particular subject. Al-Jauh& says, in
his dictionary, that the verb sunnaf signifies to dispose a thing in classes:
(S) The term sawdd signifies darkness, uadure, o crowd, and was employed to designaR the ternitor7 in
which Basra and Kbfa were situated. It thus included the ancient Chaldaea and Babylonia. See vol. 1 1 , ~ .417-
(3) Literally : to the sittings.
(4) In this nal-ration al-Haitham imitates the idiom spokeo by the uomadic ~ r a b s *
(5) This seems to mean : you may easily iiud auother halting-place.
Si
VOL. '111.
 642 I B N KNALL1ILANyS
(6) The civilised Arabs, those who inhabitctl towns, handed tllc nlcat to thcir guests; those of the desert
thre\v it to them. Sec 8 remarlmble inslnncc in Amr al-Kais's M u n l l r ~ l ~ a10th
, verse.
(7) For the history of this Amr, scc tllc third volume of M. C L L U S de
S ~ I'crccval's
I~ Essai sup I'hjstojre der
Arabes.
(8) A badm Jvas ten tlrousand dirhems; about two hundred poullds stcrling. Somo say that any sum,
fronl one tllousand dirhems to ten thousand fvrrncd a badru,
(9) 1 can find uo information respecting this poet who, to judgc frorrl his names, was a Jew and a native
of Basra.
(10) About one tl\ousnnd pounds stcrling.
(I 1) The edition of BDl$k rcads Yuammar.
(I 2) The text has: and ha built a column underneath the woorl, or I~cam.
(13) The word lcunha signifies s place whcrc tllc dirt and swoc~~ingsol'a town are deposited.
(14) Sec Price's Retrospect of Mahommedan hzstos-y, vol. I, pages 570, 573.
(15) Literally : in thc mountain.
(16) Literally: shall there ever bc a rcturn.
(17) Sec vol. 1, p. 316.
(16) The Arabic ir.ords arc &,whiclr I rcndcr by cotljccturt?.
( 1 9 ) The word dui signifies: countcrfcit, spnrious, bastard.
(20) IIcrc, and in sonlc otller passagcs of tho same piccc, I tl.;~nsl;~tc
I)y conjccturc.
(21) See my DiwAn d'dmro'lkais, page 56.

WASIL 1IIN A'I'A

Abli Iludaih Wiisil Tbn AW, Llic Motazilitc, lrnown also by the name of al-Ghazzil,
was a ~)lat.ulato t l ~ ctribc of Dubba or, by auuihcr stntcn~cnl,to the tribeofMakhziirn.
Hc was one of thosc grcat isaslcrs of tile Arabic la~lguagc (l) who discoursed on
scllolastic llieology (kuldnl)and otlicr scicnccs. IJc lisl~cdin pronouncing theletterr
(rdj al!d lllus llladc ol it a gh jghuin). AbG 'l-Abl~ds al-Mubarrad (page 31 o/ this
vul.) mentions l l i l ~ iin h e Iidmil and spc~lcs01 Ilim in these terms : 'L W6sil Ibn
" A l l was really a woi,dcrful man. llc had a horrid lisp in pronouncing the letter
" r and, forPlbalreason, lie never, in speaking, made use of words wherein it m-

" curred. No one pcrccived the (difficully he hud to surmounl), such was his
 BIOGRAPIIICAL DICTIONARY, 643
mastery over the language and the fluency of his pronunciation." Alluding to
[his, a Motazilile poet named BbB 't-Turiik ad-Dubbi, said, in praise of ille talent
with which W h i l made speeches without employing the r , a letter which presents
itself very frequently in discourse and which was (for him,) as if it did not exist :

Skilled (alim) in raplacing one letter by another, and surpassing every preacher, whose vain
(doctrines) were (lhus) overcome by the truth (2).

And another poet said, on the same subject :

When speaking of wheat (burr) he employs (the toord) knmh, and, id his enmity to the 1; he
manages adroitly to express (in other letters Ilze zoord) shiar (poetry). He never says matar
(rain), even in the haste of speech, but comes out with (the word) ghaith ;so greatly he fears
the rain (nzatar).

It is related that he said, in speaking of Bashshir Ibn Burd (vol. l. p. 251) : Is

'' there n o one who will kill that blind fellow surnamed Abh Muhd? By Allah I if
" treachery were not a characteristic of the Shiiles, I sltould send a person to cut
" open his belly whilst he is on his couch. Then he would (no loitger)be a Saddside

" or a n Okailide." He said this blind fellow (aamd) to avoid saying Bashshdr and
Dartr; instead of illughairiya or Marzsdriya (the names of Shtite sects), he empIoyed
the word Ghdliya (i.e. estravagants, the names of another ShCiie sect) ; being un-
willing to say arsalt (which means I should send), he chose the word beatht, and
instead of marked (sleeping-place)or of fardsh (bed), he made use of the word rnadjd
(couch); to avoid saying yabkar (splil open), he employed the term yabaadj (bunt); he
brought in the Okailides and the Sadhsides because Bashshdr was a mawla to the
first mentioned of these tribes and had dwelt for some timewith the second.-As-
Sarnani (vol. 11. p. 156) states, in his Ansdb, under the title .Vuutazili, that Wkil
Ibn Atl used to go and sit with (3) al-Hasan al-Basri (vol. I. p. 370), but disputes
having arisen (concerning the dogmas of the faiih),the Bhkrijites taught that whoever
committed a great sin was an infidel (and deserved to be put to death) ; whilst the
general opinion of the Moslims was that such a man was a true believer, though
guilty of a heinous sin. On this WBsil Ibn At& left both parties, declaring that a
wicked man of the Moslim community was neither a believer nor an infidel, but
held a middle station between the two. This made al-Hasan expel him from his
school (4). Whil, having seceded (nzotazel) from him, got for a pupil (5)
 Obaid (vol. I ] . p. 393). These two and llieir lullowers received the nickname of
Motazilites (seceders). This is ihe passage 10 lvllicll 1 referred in my a r l i c l ~on Amr
Ibn Obeid, in case the reader wislicd 10 know the signification itnd origin of the term
Yolaailiie. In my notice on Katida Ibn DiQma as-Sadiisi (vol. Ii. p. 513) 1 men-
tioned tllat it was 11e who gave thcln lliis name. Wisil's skill in avoiding the
Ieiter r became proverbial, and poets have often alluded to i t in their verses. ~t
is thus illat Ab5 IIluliammad al-Khbzin (6) said, in a Iligll-sounding Itastda corn-
posed in praise of the SBhib Ibn Abbdd (vol. 1. p. 212) :

Truly, on the clay of gifts (atci), hc avoids saying thc word no, ancl that wit11 as much care as
Ibn Atii avoids the letter r.

Another poet said of a 1)erson whom hc loved and wlro lisped :

Lisp (to me) that 1. again ; (it sounds to swcelly) tl~al,if Wrisil was prcscnt and heard it, he
would r~everagain suppress t l ~ cr .

By another :

Do you trcat my lovc as you trcat the lellcr r, \vIiicli you (n,void and) ncver ullcr; you have
rejected mc as if you wcrc \Irisil.

How admirably said I 1io.c~bcaulil'ul llle expression : you have rejected me as if

you were Wdszt (7)1 Anoilier poet lias said :

Trcal mc not likc the nlif of union (kce,~;trtocisil) ( 8 ) ; I should tllcn (lilc it), be rejected!
trcal 111crlo~as Wisil did l l ~ cP.

Tlle celebrated Spanis11 pocl, Abi~Onlnr Yiisuf lbn LlGrin al-Kindi ar-Rambdi(9),
who died A. H. 403 (A. D. 1013), is tlic autllor of [Ile lollowing lincs, in which,
however, he makes no allusion to Wlsil :

Neitl~erthe P nor I can 11opclo obtain your ~ ~ I v ( Jhui ~n ;g rc~jcc~c(1

(by gou), the same mis-
forlunc ul~itcsus boril, and (irt tflat) wc arc cquaI. Wllcn L was alone, I wrotc it on the palm
of my hand, ancl ~.emaincdsighing, bol11 I ancl ir (10).

This is a srlLjcct so vat t tlrat we cannot g o o n with i l any farther ; and the ex-
amples nliiell WC l~avegiven a r c quile sullicicnl..-A p e a l number of verses have
been composed by pocls on the defect of prununcialion by wllielr the letter S is Con-
verted into th (or is). &re, for instance, is a piece attributed to AbB fiuwds (vol.
1. p. 391) ; tlrougli it is not to be found in his collected poetical works. It may pro-
bably llavc bcen transmitted d o w n orally by Ali Ibn Hamza al-Ispahbni (ill, who
k n e w by lieart and taughl to others a great n u m b e r of poems. T l ~ e verses are
remarkable [or tlieir elegance and sweetnes :

I asked tLlai tender fawn (ltinidelz) what was her name, and she answered : Mird&, "
Whcr~i l ~ enight carnc on, slie ba~idedme a cup of mine and said : " (Fear not!) the people am
g h ~ l c c p . Sec how beautiful the garlands which crown us! the jasmine and the myrtle con-
" tribute to adorn them." On hearing her lisp, I also became a lisper and said : Where is the
pitchcr a r ~ dtlie wine-cup (92).'"

If I u n d e r t o o k to give h e r e every piece of this kind, I should be led very far.

T h e r e are, howcvcr, but few which allude to the lisping of ihe letter r , a n d there
fore sllall i n s e r t t h e following :

I swear by ille whiteness of my beloved's teeth! by the beauty-spot like thc point on the
lcllcc if ) which is secn on her clicck when the ringlel is turned aside! that her 8losulian lisp
has fascinated me. The love it inspires hascast me into a swollen sea (ofpussio~~).The cheeks
of that fair one who spcaks wilh a foreign accerlt are shaded by scorpions (ritlglets) empowered to
sting me alone. When she speaks, the dcalcst of the deaf liearlteli 10 the ruuelul lisping of her
words. She says to me, when L kiss her shining mouth, - for it is she whom I Iovc aud who
-
grants IIIC all I wish for, (she says) when the cup of ebriety is emptied and the tint of the
wine displays ils fairest colours on her cheeks : Go on gently! for the inebriating liquor which
" you sip irom the vine of my lips ~viflonly add intoxication lo intoxication (43)."

T h i s poet has well expressed t h e thought. I n the last verse are a great number of
rs wliicli have bcen replaced by yhs.-AI-Bhubzaruazi, a poet of whom we have
a l r e a d y s p o k e n (page 530 of this vol.), composed the following piece on a girl who
lisped t h e r, b u t he does not indicate this lisp except i n ihe last word of the last
verse :
At al-Karkh is a fawn who speaks with a lisp; and lisping is a quality which I require (in a
mistress). How like is her waist to that of t l ~ ewasp I it is even as thin as the scorpion (ringlet
pendent) or1 lier chcck. Her lips enclose a tl~eriacwhich heals the sting, whcrl its violence
burris m y l~eart. If I sap, when embracing her : '' hlay Iny lilt lie the ransoin of tliine ! Dic
" mihi; ubi est (tne?ztula) 1" sbe replies " I do not know" (14).

One w o r d has brought on anolher and diverted u s from our subject, namely, the
history of WAsil Ibn At$. His neck was so long that people reproaclled lliln for it
a s a fault, a n d B a s h s h i r Ibn Ourd composed on it the IoIIo~ringverses :
 why s ~ is like that an
1 be pIagucil with a glrnzad/ (n c o l l o n - ~ ~ ] ~ i l l ?~l 1~ l1. )0nccli
in thc [lcsert, whcther h c slays or goCS away? 'rllitl camclcopa1.d'~ncclc of yours, what
do you lllean \ritll i t ? I mina it ,lot. You cdl IIIOSC men i~~fidels all0 dcclarerl a certaill
(i. e. yotc) to 1)r) so (15).

Those two persons had a great dislike for each ollkcr a n d proofs of their mutual
jealousy are very numerous; NI! l~avealready mcnlionc(l wliat Wisil said of B a s h ~ h $ ~ ,
81-Dlubarrad informs us, in liis Kdrnil, ll~atWisil was not a spinner (ghazz&),but
that h e received this surname becausc lie frcquenlcd the colton-spinncrs for the
purpose of discovering poor and virtuous females to whom lie m i g l ~ dislribute
l alms.
He then adds : a Wisil liad a very long ncclc, and it is relalcd that Amr Ihn Obaid
said, before making his acquaintance : ' No good can comc of illat n ~ a nas long as
c h e has sucll a neck.' " Wlisil composed (2 numl~crof worlts, sucll as a treatise
on the different sects of the Morjians (16), ariolllcr o n llrc rcpenling of one's sins,
another enti~ledllrc Itziemzediate stalion, anoll~cl*conIniningpious discoursesin which
the letter r was no1 to be found, another on llre nffldtti or rl~cloriculfigures of the
Kordn, another consisting of discourscs on ihe unity of Cod and on juslice([ree-will),
a recital of what passed between llini and h m r Ibn OLaid, a guide 10 the knowledge
of the truth (as SabQEila rndrib tal-hnlclr), a trcatisc on t l ~ cDawa (or doctrine pro-
fessed by him), a classified list (tahnkdt) of !he learnctl and tlle ignorant, etc. The
anecdotes related of him arc very numerous. IIc was horn in Medina, A . 8.80
(A. D. 699-7001, and lie died i n the year 131 (A. D. 748-9)(17).

(1) Literally : Ile was one of the rloqucnt t~rrdrns.

(2) The meaning of thc last hcmistich may pcrllaps havc cscapcd tlrc translalor.
(3) The expression JI yJ; cc to go and sit near a person, signifies, probably, to attend his lessonsg
(4) Literally : from the placc where hc hclrl his sittings (mcljlis).
(8) Literally : a by-sitter.
(6) Abh Muhammad Abd Allah Ibn Ahmad, surnamed nl-Khkin ( t h e treasurer, or librarian), was one 0
the most distinguished poels of IspnhAn. The Sahib Ib11 Abbbd trcatcd him wilh great favour, chose him
for his librariall and admitted ldm into his pa.rtics of pleasure. hftcr solnc timc,Abh Muhammad left himin
a moment of anger and continued, during a few ycnrs, to lead a stmggling lifc jn IrAk,in Syria and in Hij$z.
He aftmwards rejolncd the Sahib at Jurjan. Ath-Thnilibi, who fi~rnishes these indications, gives, in his
YatIma, several pieces of verse composed by al-Khgzin; but does not indicate the year of his death, which
probably occurred before t t ~ obeginning ol the fifth century o f the hijra (A. 1). 9040).
(7) Our author admires lliis hernistich because it bears another rneaninp, namely: as if you meant to take
me into favour,
 B I O G R A P H I C A L DICTIUNARY. 647
(8) Thc leltcr called Lhe ctlirof union is clidcd in the pronuuciation.
( 9 ) Thc nexl vol. contains an arliclo ou the poet ar-Ramddi. Be entered into a conspiracy against the
vizir AbS Abmir al-MansOr, who was thca all-powerful in Cordova. For his advel~tures, see M, Dozy's
Histoire des Musulmans d'Bspagne, tome 111, p. 172 et seq.
(10) I do not know what the poet mearjs by this verse, which I may, perhaps, have misunderstood.
composed a work on eminent Persians and poblished editions
(11) Abh 'I-Farnj Ali lbn Hamza of Is~)i~hiin,
of the poetical worlrs left b y Abh Tanlmhrn, Abh Nuw&s and al-Bolltori. Hajji Khalifa places his death in
the ycar 35G (b. I). 9 6 6 -7). This was also the year in which took place the death of Abh 'I-Faraj Ali Ibn at-
Husain of Ispahan, the anthor of the KiltZL a!-Agkdni, vol. I[, p. 249. Professor Fliigel considers them to be
one and the sarnc person.
(22) In the text of this piece, every s of tlic dialogue is replaced by th.
(13) The last verse, if correctly written, should run thus:

~ s ; . ~ ~ r - ~ ~ 1&+,(JC..p"J'
- I ; J 3 ~324
~ ji
"
(1 4) She said rna adyhi instead of mu adri.
(15) This is a n allusion to the doctrine professed by W&il and already indicated by our author.
(1 6) See Sale's Preliminary discourse to his translation of the Eorfin, sectan VILI.
(171 Thc edition of Ddlbk and one of my manuscripts oKer the date 181 as that of Rrisil's death. It does
not appear 10 be acccptable; that given in the other manuscripts and in the Nujii:n is pr.obah1.i the true one,
and, as suc;h, is adopted here.

WATIIIMA IBN MUSA

Abh Yazid WathPnla, the son of Miisa, the so11 of al-Furbt, bore the surnames
of al-Washshi, al-FLrisi al-Fasami (the silk-mercer, native of the town of Fasa in
Persia). Having proceeded from his native place to Basra, he went from that to
Egypt, whence he travelled as a merchant to Spain. He dealt in silk brocades.
In a work composed by him on the history of the great apostas!- (ridda),he
mentions the (Arabian) tribes which apostatized on the death of the Prophet, and
gives an account of the expeditions sent against them by (the khalir) bbd Bakr
as-Siddik. He relates also the manner in which the war was carried on, and gives
an account of what passed between these ineurgenis and the Nusulmans. He
mentions in it also the tribes which returned to ille true faith, the atioeks directed
against those who refused to pay the {raktd 0 1 lglhe on caltle}, and relates all that
 toolc place between KhBlirl ibn nl-Walid al-Mdcl~zfinli and h1lililc 1Ln Nuwaira
al-YarbQi, on whose death some well-known clcgics werc conlposcd by liis brother
Matammim. In this work he rclatcs the manner in wllicll Mlililc was Irilled, and
gives tile tent of the poems eompose(l by Mutorntr~imandoil~erson tltat cvcnt. 11 is
a good work and contains muc11 uselul inforlnntioo. We havc alrcady mentioned,
i n the lifc of dbfi Abd Allah al-Wbkidi (poge G 1 o[llris vol.), tlrat he also composed
a good work on the apostasy. 1 do no1 linow ilwntltlrno wrote any ollier work than
the one I have spoken of; but he acyuirctl a grcnt reputation : Ab11 'l-Walid Ibn
al-Paradi (vol. 11. p. 68)spealis of him i n his (biog~.uphicul)lristory of Spain ; the
h@a Abh Abd Allall al-tIumnidi (page 1 of lrris vol.) mentions him i n the dudwa
lal-Mulrlubis, Ahh Said Ibn Ydnlis (vol. II. p. 93) in his IIisiory ol Egypt, and
Abh Saad as-Snrnini (vol. 11. 11. 156), in 11is Ansdb, untlcr llle word Fvushshd. Be
there says : He dealt in washi, \vliicl~ is a stuff nrndc o l silk." A number of
persons have borne this surnamc, one of whom was llrc Watlli~l~a llerc rncntioned.
jl'athirna returned from Spain 10 Egypt, and tlictl in Old Cairo on Monday, the
10th of the first Jumida, 237 (9111 Novcmbcr, A. I). 851). AbO SnEd Ibn Yhnus
says, in his History, illat Watl~imalcfl a son wl~oscnnllrcs wcrc ALh Iiifiia Omdra
Ibn Wathima, and who taught lradilions on tllc autllorily d Abh Sdlill, al-Laith Ibn
Saad's secretary ( l ) ,on that of his onrn l'atllcr and on tliat of other Trmditionists.
A llistory i n the form of annals was composcd by him. I-Ie was born in Old
Cairo, and lle died on t l ~ ceve of TharsJ;ly, tllc 233r of t l ~ claltcr Jumida, 289
(4th June. A. D. SOB). WathEwa means a hcnp b f herbs o r of prouisions; it
signifies also a TOER, and is employcd as a proper narnc for men. It means also
the stone made w c of 10 strike fire. The Arabs say, i n one of lllcir oaths : '' By
" him who brought fort11 ihe adk from the jarlrna and fire from the walWrna I "
Adk 4 As means a date-tree, and jartrna a date-kencl. We liave spoken of ihe
word Fasawi in llle life of AbB Ali al-Firisi (nol. l. p. 381), and in that of Arslin
al-BasAsiri (vol. I. p. 1731, so we need not rcpcnt our observations here. Having
mentioned the names of Mblik and of his brotlrer Mutammirn, 1 feel obliged to give
liere a skctcli of h e i r liistory, which is very interesting. MAlilc Ibn Nuwaira was
one of [hose princely-minded and eminent mcn who acted as radtfs (lieutenany to
kings (2). Radtfs were of two sorts : one rodc bellincl the prince and on the s-~me
camel, when they went out to hunt, or to any place of amusement. The office
of the second was much more eminent ; when the prince held a c,oort of justice,
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 649
md happended to quit his seat, the radEf look his place and judged between the
contending parties- This MPlik is the same whose name occurs in the proverbial
expression : A paslure-ground, but nol like thar of us-suadd~;a source, but not like
that of Suddd, and a hero, but not like Mdllik. He was a gallant cavaliel; a poet, a
chief devotedly obeyed by his tribe ; full of audacity and bravery, so remarkable for
his thick head of hair that he was designated by the epithet of dafdl (hairy-head).
When the Arabian tribes sent deputations to the Prophet, he was one of those who
went and, having embraced the Moslim religion, he was nominated by the Prophet
colledor of the alms-tax (sadaka) payable by his tribe. When i l ~ eArabs apostatized,
after the death of the Prophet, by their refusing to pay the tax, Mdlik did as the others.
O n the appointment of AbQ Bakr to the khalifat, Khdlid Ibn al-Walid marched
against the rebels and halted at the place where Mblik was (3). This chief had
already gathered in the tax imposed on his tribe, the Ban6 Yarbiia, and appro-
priated it to his own use. Khdlid spoke to him on the subject and received this
answer : '' I fulfil1 the duty of prayer but shall not pay the tax."--6LDo you
'' not know," said Khblid, "that prayer and the payment of this tax go together?
one will not be accepted with out the other."--Mtilik answered : Was it your
$' master who said that 1"- Khdlid replied : Do you not consider him to be your
'L master also? by Allah f I have a great mind to strike off your head." Then,
after a long a1tercation, Khiilid said : I shall take your life."-"
6 Is that also the order
which your master gave you 1" said Miilik. - '' Do you say that aller what you
" have already said?" exclaimed Khilid ; by Allah I I shall take your life l "
Abd Allah Ibn Omar (vol. I. p. 5671, and Abh Rat& the Anser (4 were present
at this scene and remonstrated with KhUid, but he would not hearken to them.
Malik then said : 0 HhPlid! send us io Abh ~ a k r ' a n dlet him judge between us ;
" you have already done so for others who were more culpable than we." Kllilid
answered : ''May God never forgive me my sins, if 1 do not kill you l " He then
ordered Dir&r Ibn al-Azwar al-Asadi to strike off his head. On this, lJ91ik turned
towards his wife, Ornm Mutammim, and said to Khtilid : " There is the person who
costs me my life.'' She was, indeed, extremely beautiful. Khilid replied :
Not at all ] I t is God who slays you for abandoning islamism." Milik declared
that he was a filoslim. Dirfir I " said Hhslid, " strike off his head*" This
was done, and the head was put in the place of one of the three stones d j c h slip-
parted the flesh-pot. &]&, as we hare said, surpassed most men by the abundance
VOL. 111. S2
 G50 IBN KIIALLIKAN'S
of his hair, was so iliick, that the meat was cooked i n tllc pot before the
fire bad reached the skull. Illn aI-Kalbi (page 608 ofthis vol.) stales, in his ,lana-
hara, that MPlilc ~vasput to deal11 on tllc day of al-llitiili (5). Ilis brother Mutom-
rnim escaped and composed elegies on llis dealll. Kll6lid seized on the wife
of M$lik,-or by another accounl lie purebased her ullt of lhc booty,-and lnarried
her. It is said that lie allowed her l o wail till s l ~ eI ~ a dthrice llcr periodical infir-
mity, and then obtained lier consent to marry him. Ile invited 1bn Omar and Abfi
gat;& to the wedding, but ihey refused, and the former said to Ilim : I shall
write to Abh Rakr and relate to him what has passed. " Kliiilid was inflexible
and married her. This induced Abii Nullair (6) as-Saadi to compose ihe follow..
ing lines :

Say to the tribe whom the horsemen ~rampleclundcr loot : Ilow long this n i g l ~ tappears
after thc dcatli of MiiIik! IIe was trcatcd will1 iniquity on accounl of his wife, and KllBlid, who
committed the crime, was in love wit11 Ilct* loag l~eforc. Ilc: cxccutcd his purpose wi~hout
endeavouring to rein in his passion anil conlrol it. FIc lllus bccanlc a rnnrrictl Inan, a t ~ dDlllik,
who perished as all things must, was rcduccd to no~hi~lg.W llo now rcn~ainsafter him to protect
the widows and the orphans? Wllo is tlierc now 10 aid LIIC poor anrl lllc destilute? 'l'be Tami-
mides (7), from the highest to thc lowest (S), l ~ a v crcccivcd a fatal stroke in tllc person of their
cavalier, himon whom they fixcd tlleir Ilopcs, 11i1tl wit11 the slcndcr slloulders (!)).

When intelligcncc of illis event reacl~ccl A L i Balcr a n d Omar, the latter said to
tllc for~ner: '' Kllilid has cornmilled adullery ; order him to be lapidaled." Abfi
Bakr replied : 1 cannot allow him to be lapidatecl; he only interpreted wrong
" (his orders) But," said Omar, c c h c I ~ a skilled a R1oslim."-U I cannot put
" llirn to death lor tllat," said the other ; h 11eonly interpreted wrong (Iris orders)."
" Tllen deprive him of l i s command men^," said O r n a ~ . - No," ~ ~ replied Ah3 Bakr.
" I sllall never slleath a sword wllicll God drew against tlle wicked."-Such is the
relalion given of this afiair in the hook composed h y W a l l ~ i m a and in lllal of ai-
WriLidi, and let them he answerable for i(s trutlh. -- Rlulammirn 1bn Nuwaira, the
r Jlilik, ],are thc surname of .\bB Nallsllal, and was celel~raledas a poet.
J ) r a t l l ~of
scJ(loii1 slisrcd out of his house (or tent), and troubled IlirnselI lillle about his
owil alr:dirs, I~ecnusche relied on his brotller. lIc was cleforrned in hod1 and
1osl a n eye. When h e was informed of MiliL's death, 11e went to the mosque
of I'rophel (at dlebna) and, having taken Slis place bellind Ahb Bakr, he said
(ffiiti~hiln) tllc morning praycr. Mfllcn tllc kllaiif, wllo was in 11ic mihrdb lurneJ
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 631
round (10 the congregation), Mutammim stood up and, leaning on t4e extremity of
his bow, reciled these lines :

He was truly admirable when the winds howled about the tents, he who was slain by you,
Ibn al-Azwar ! You invited him in God's name and you betrayed him; bad he invited you,
under the safeguard of his honour, he would not have betrayed.

(On pronouncing these last words,)he pointed to Abii Bakr who exclaimed :
By
" Allall l I never invited him nor ever betrayed him." The poet continued thus :

Admirable he was, either sheathed ih mail or unarmed! How excellent a retreat was his
dwelling for the benighted traveller who perceived the light of his fire I Under bis dress he
concealed no turpitude; he was, in disposition, mild, and in conduct, chaste.

l l e then wept and, ceasing to lean upon his how, he sat down and lamented so
bitterly that tears flowed from his blind eye. Omar Ibn al-Khaitbb went up to lljm
and said : " 1 wish you had composed such an elegy as that on the death of my
brother Zaid." lutarnrnirn answered : 0 Abii Hafs l if I thought that my
" brother had gone to the place where yours is now, I should not lalilent his

" death." On this, Omar said : Mever, since I lost Zaid, did any man give me
" sweeter consolation illan Mutarnmin1."-Zaid, the son of al-Khattlb, fell a martyr
in klie baltle of al-Yamlnla (10). Omar used to say : I enjoy the breath of ihe
" zephyr because i l blows from the spot where Zaid reposes." It is stated that
Omal. said to Mutammirn : If I could make verses on the deaih of my broiher,
" they should be like d i a l you made 011 the death of - ILis stated tba1 Mu-
tammim had composed an elegy on Zaid, but dill not well succeed ; so, Omar said to
him : c Why was your elegy on the death of Zaid so different from that which you
c c composed on MBlikl" The poei answered : By Allall ! I was moved to lenrent
Miilili for motives which did not lead me to Iarnenf Zaid. " Omar said to hinr
" one day : You are really a man of judgment; how \ras your brotlier, compared
" 1r.i th you l" He replied : "My brother would mount a thardl (slow-paced) camel,
'c i n a tlulndedng (&zEz)and cloudy (surrdd)night, leading by the bridle a reslive horse
" (jardr), and carryins in his hand a heavy spear. On his shoulders was a small
'' cloak ( faillt ) a n d , on each side of h i m , a provision has (wazilda ) ; and he aould
" ride on till r n ~ r ~ l i n g a smile on his face." The word B;!.- (>jl)signifies rhr
wilb
sound of thulrrler;snrr&j, (2ly) means a thirc cloud fit which there is 110 zcacer; -
thaf&(JL$)is a slow-paced camel, so lleavy that it can liardly walk ;jdrQr (>,+l is a
horse which disobeys the rein; a fakit (A$) cloak is one which scarcely holds on the
person wears i t ; mazdda (;,l?) is llle water-bag, as is wcll known.-Another
day, Omar said to liim : " Tell me something' concerning your brother ;"and he
thus : " Commander of the faithful! I was once taken prisoner by a
&(tribe of Arabs, and my brothcr, being informed of wltat liad happened, cam&to
16them. When they saw him appear. every one stood up, and every woman of the
tribe peeped out througli the openings of the tents. fIe had not time to get off his
&c when they lead me up to him, cord and all, (li tcrall y : wit k my rumma) ,
and it was Le who untied me." - Therc," said Omar, " was true nobilityl "
A rumma is a worn out cord ; from it is derived llre expression ; to give a man a
lhing with its rurnrna. I t originated in a man's giving to anotlier a camel with a
halter on its neck, and was then employed to denote the gift oI a thing with all
belonging to it.-Mutammirn said, another day, to Omar : "A tribe of Arabs at-
tacked the tribe of my brother whilst lie was absent. When the alarm reached him,
he sallied forth and followed their foot-steps. He llad with him a camel which he
rode or drove before him alternately, ancl he overtook tllern after travelling three
(nights). At the moment tlley tbought tllemselves out of danger, he appeared
i bunexpectedly. When they saw him, they fled away, abandoning their prisoners
and booty. My brother overtoolr them, and they all surrendered, so that he had
4 4only to tie their hands behind their backs and lead them to his own country."
On this, Omar said : " We llcard of his bcneficence and his bravery, but we knew
g nolhing of what you have just related."-One of the elegies composed by him on
Milik is of singular beauty ; it rhymcs in k and is to be found in that section of the
Harndsa (11)which contains the elegiac poems. Here it is :

N y companion blamed me for weeping over every tomb and slledding floods of tears. " Why
" weep you over every tomb you see? is il for (tile recollection) of that tomb which lies between
" al-Liwa and ad-Dakiidik? " I answered : " Sighs beget siglls ; so, let me weep! for all these
" are (for me) as the tomb of Malik. "

In a h s k l a of considerable length and beauty, tile rhyme of which is formed by

tlic lcller alin, the same poet says :

Iror a loilg tinic we were likc l11etwo boon companions of Jaclirna ; so that it was said of us :
" '111eywill never h separated! " We I d r life of Ilappiness, but, before us, death attained the
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 653
families of Chosroes and of Tobbi. When we separated, the long time which I passed with
klllik seemed to me as short as a single night.

As the reader of this book may desire some information respecting Jadima and
his two boon companions, I shall speak of them here. JadEma, for so his name must
be pronounced, belonged to the family of, al-Azd, and bore the rurnom of Abb
Mdlik. He was the son of hlblik, the son of Fahm, the son of Daus, the son of
al-Azd. Hira and the neighbouring country acknowledged his authority. People
called him the speckled (a/-Abrach)or the spotted with white (al- Waddih),because he
was a leper. The Arabs abstained from giving him the surname of the leper, through
fear of offending him, and therefore designated him by one or the other of the former
terms. He was one of the provincial kings, and lived about thirty years after
Jesus (12). So great was his pride that he would have no other boon companions
than the two stars called al-hrkaddn (13). His sister had a son named Amr, the son of
Adi the Lakhmide, who was the son of Nasr, the son of Rabia, the son of al-Htirith,
the son of Mtlik, the son of Adi, surnamed Amam, because he was the first who
wore a turban (imdma),the son of Numlra, the son of Lakhm. The rest of the
genealogy is well known (14). The name of Jadima's sister was Riktish. Her
son, for whom JadEma had o great affection, was spirited away by ihe genii, and
his uncle searched for him a long time without finding him. There were two
brothers of the tribe of al-Kain, one of whom was named Rlhlik and the oiher AkM.
Their father's name was Flrih, the son of Mllik, the son of Kaab, the son of al-Kain,
whose true name was an-Nornhn, the son of Jasr, the son of Shai Allah. These two
found Amr in the desert, with his hair dishevelled, his nails g r o m to a great len@
and his appearance miserable. They knew him and brought him to his uncle, afler
arranging his hairand attiring him decently. Jadima was so overjoyed at seeing him
that he told them to ask whatever reward they pleased, and they said : " Let us be
" your boon companions ss long as you and we live." Re answered : That 1
" grant to you."-These were the two boon companions whose reptation became
proverbial. It is said that they were Jadima's constant guests during for9 gean
and that they never, in all that period, repeated to him a story which they had
already told him. It is to them that Abb Khirlsh the Hudailite (15)alludes in these
verses, taken from an elegy composed by him on his broiher Orwa :

(The calumniator)says : 1see that be disports himself sincc the death of O~wa;and tbat,
654 I B N KHALLIKAN'S
'L as you must know, is highly detrimcnlal (to / ~ i ? t ~ s e l f"l . ( 1 ~ s u ! c ! . c d:) " Think not that
I have ceased to remember llle days I passed will1 Ilirn; Itnow, Urrraima I that I support (rr2y
(6 sorrolo) wit]] I>ecolningpalicncc. Ilasl thou hearcl th;rt, bcforc our lirne, two sincere boon
companions wcrc separated, DISlik and A kil? "

This summary account of {heir history is rather long, and yct I aimcd a t being con-
cise.--Abd Ali al-Klili (vol. l. p. 210) says, i n the trcalise wl~icllhc designed as
supplement to iris Arndli, lllat Mutammim went up to Onrar, who admired ]rim
greally, and that Omar said : "Tell me, Mutamminl ! what l ~ i n d e r s you from
marrying? God may perhaps raise children horn illat alliance, for you belong
to a family which is on the point of becoming exlinct." Tlie poet, in consequence,
married a wonian of Medina, but Ile was no1 11appywith I ~ c r ,nor she witll. him, so
he divorced l ~ c and
r t l ~ c nsaid :

I say to Iliod, when dispcascd will1 her disccniment (I(i) : " I)oclsyonr co~~duct proceed from
'' the corluctry of love, or do you hate ~ n ?c Do y o u wish k)r a scp;~r;~tion? ant1 certainly, to
separate from any (zoitorn I h o e ) is now, for mc, bul sliglrlly paitilul, siricc M3lik has dcparted
'' (ljhorn tfre world). "

Omar said to hiin : l r u u will nevcr cease t h i ~ ~ l t i nofg Milili I" i l ~ ~ dsoon
L' , afler,
he received Iris mortal wound. Mutatnmirn, who was r l ~ c ni n I\lccl;na, cornposed
an elcgy on 11;s dcntl~. In a word, i t lras ncvcr I)clcn llnnrled tlown tlral a n Arab or
any ollicr person cvcr \ \ ~ p forl ~1lcloss of a friend as rlrucll as Mula~rlrr~inl did for
tliat of Itis bro1lter.-AI-Wlil<icli relates, in llis Iiildb nr-lkidcla, Illat Ornar Ibn al-
Kliatlib said to Mutam~nim: To wlmt dcgrcc did y o u carry your gricl [or Milik?"
and that lllc poct ,y-iswercd : I wept during n year, witlluut ever cnjoying a mo-
" ment's slcep, from evening to n ~ o r n i n g ; and I ncvcr saw a fire ( o r kospilalily)
" ligllled during tlic night will~out t l ~ i n k i n y10 n~ysclfLl~alI oug11t to go out to it,
" so that 1 might rccal to my rccollcclion 11ic fires liglllcd by my brother. MBlik
" ordered a fire to he always kcpr l ~ u r n i n g till niorning lesl travcllcrs n~iglltpass the
" njyllt in liis neigltbourllood (withoutdiscovering his tant), and so h a t , when they
" sal+; lllc fire, lltcy n~iglltdraw ncar to it. Certainly, i n Iris cagcrncss to have guests
" IJCfelt Inore joy- than ollier people do when o n e ol tiicir fricnds rcturns to them

" froln a dislnlll lanrl." On hearing illis, Omar tllat such conduct was
lligllly ilonourablc. The samc au tllor relates [hat Mutammim, being asked what effect
griclsnd tlrc sl~edding.of'tcars had produced on llin1, answered in illese terms : "This
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 655
c 'eye," pointing to his blind one, "was already gone, and I wept with the good
one so abundantly that the lost eye came to its assistance and shed tears."-
'&Such sorrow," said Omar, " is really excessive; no one should grieve like that
for the death of a relative." -The poets make frequent allusions to Malik and
his brother Mutammim. Ibn Haiyiis, (page 138 of illis vol.) said, in one of his
kasldas :

I t was a manifest calamity, like the death of MAlik; and it would be disgraceful for me not to
be a Rlulammim.

Abb Bakr Mullammad Ibn Isa ad-Dkni, generally known by the surname of Ibn
al-labbrinn (p- 192 of this vol.), said, in a kaslda containing a lament on the fall of
al-Motamid Ibn Abbiid, the sovereign ol' Seville, who was arrested (and cast into prism)
by Yhsuf Ibn TBchifin, as we have related in our article on al-lotamid (page 191
oflhis vol.) :

On quitting your kingdom, you resembled Mllik, and I, in my affliction, resembied Mu-
tammim.

Another poet, probably the Ibn Munir of whom I have spoken under the letter A
(vol. I. page 138), composed a piece containing an allusion of the same kind as
that wliich we are mentioning. -J have since verified the name of the author and
found it to be Najm ad-Din Abii 'I-Fath Yfisuf Ibn al-Husain Ibn Muhammad, gene-
rally known by the surname of Ibn al-Mujiiwir of Damascus. Here is the verse :

0, my dear Mllik! thou hast left in my heart a nuwaira (a little fii.e) and, through love for
thee, the pupil of ruy eye is become a Mutammim.

Abd 'I-Ghantiim Ibn al-!luailim, the poet of whom we have spoken (page 168 of
this vol.) said also, in n piece of verse containing the description of a (deserted:
dwelling and praying the rains of heaven to water it :

The rains watered it before my arrival, and I came to complete their work. Had a BIlik
been there, I might have been called a blutammim (a compleier).

AI-Kidi as-Said lbn San6 'I-Mulk [page 589 of this vol.) made also a similar allu-
sion in tlie following verse :
 656 I B N KHALLII(IANJS
I wept with both my eyes, as if I tried to complete the task which Mulammim ]lad left
unfinished.

To erpose this subject fully would require a long dissertation, and we have already
passed all bounds in this digression.-Pronounce D1ulammim.-Thc word I b (S&),
in the expression: o source, but nol like Sadd, is pronounced in three different
manners : Sudda, with a double d and a short final a ;Sadd5, with the vowel a after
the s and a long f nal a ;so tlrat, being pronounced will1 an U , it lakes a short fina],
and, with an a, a long one. Tlie third form is Saddd, will1 a single d followed by
two hanzzas, one coming immediately after the olller. Tliis is the name of a famous
well the water of which is sweet and limpid.

(1) Our author (vol. I[, p. 5 4 3 ) declares al-Lnith Ibn Snntl to ~ ; L V CIbce11 an exact and trustworthy tradi-
tionist; but I must say that Inany of tlie 11isto1.icnl trntlitiorls givcrl on llis authority by l t ~ nAbd al-fIakam,
in his history of the conquest of Egypt, arc cvidcr~tlyfi~lsc.
( 9 ) These kings were probably the phylarchs of Ir91~am1 of Syriir.
(3) The history of MAlik is given in a much rnorc satisfactory manner by M. Ciius~intie Perceval in his
Essai sur l'histoire des Avabes.
(4) Al-Hkrith Ibn Ribhi, surnamed Abb KalAtla altd one of the bravest l~orscrncri in the service of Muham-
mad, was a native OSMcdinil. IIc died, A. 11. 5 4 (A. 1). (;7:i-h). - (Nyjrlm.)
(5) See M. Caussin's Essrii, e l c . , tornc Ill, 1). 3G6.
(6) I follow tlic r c a ~ l i ~oll'c~.~d
~ g by tlla rniir~uucript7 0 2 i~rltlt h i~i u l o g ~ l ' hof the Anni~lsof AbQ 'I-Fed$,
(7) MSlik's lribc, the Yi~rl~hil,
was iL branch ol'tl~ep e a t trilrt! oS'l'i~rr~lm.
(8) Literally : their Silt aotl Lhcir Ican.
(9) The two last words vilry in tllc printcd aditiorls and t I ~ ainiltloscrigts. I rcacl J)\&' 6.
(10) SCCCaussirl's Bssai, tornc 111, 1). 371.
(11) See Preytag's Iiumdsu, page 370.
(12) According to M. Caussin dc l)c!rccval, this prlncc livod irk lllc tllirtl ccntnry ol' our ora (Essai, tome 11,
1'. 16).
(13) The Parlcacldn arc the stars ;~rrtfy of Urtin. minor. WI! read in thu h'ssai or M. Caussin de Per-
ceval : (( 11 avait choisi pour scs corlvivcs tlel~xfitoilcs i~l)l,r:lbasICt-fnrcnOrnt; ct, clliicluc fois clu'il prenait la
coup?, on cn rcrnplissait cn mOrnc tctrlpfi dcur autrr:s, clur~til f'i~isitittics lil~iltionfi il ces btoilos. - (TomeI f ,
41.18.)
( i h ) I t 1s Klvcrr hy M..Caussin in Iris E s ~ a i .
(16) yllc Illlrliiilitc 110ct I<lluwailid Ibn Murra, surnarncd Al,u Kllira~h,tlicd ln the khuliht of Omar. Some
verSCs Of 111sarc givcn 111 t l ~ cIlarnilsn.
G) Lilcrally : WILL
(l 1 1 ~ 1 . lotplllgc~rrcc,
 . c sons whowere present, and, when they re tired, he said : ' YOUarc the best poet of
'6 who recited verses to me. In what circunislances are YOU?' 1 complained of
4

poverty, on he wrote to Ll~e inlrabitants of Maarra tan-Nomln a letler in

which ]lc bore testimony to my talent and recomrncnded mc lo their generosity.
6 Go,' said he, ' and recite verses in their praise.'I wen1 l0 tl~cm,and they, in
of his letlcr, treated me will1 great honour and n ~ a d eme a pen-
sion of four thousand dirllems (4). This was llie first money I ever earned."
Abu Obhda (at-Bohtori)related, in t1;c following tcrrns, his firs1 interview with ~ b f i
Tammbm : I went to visit AbG Said Muhamnud. lbn Yilsul ( 5 ) and spoke his
a praises in a kastda w11icIl began thus :

" Was a captivated lovcr cvcr delivcrcd from his passion; so illat 1 also Inay hope for
" delivrance T Was it by breaking his e~igagerncnts(lhnl he yot fi'cc), or by Ilcarkening 10 the
advicc of a compassionate friend 1) "

" When I finished, he expressed liis salisfaetion and said to rnc ' God bless you, :
6' my boy 1' A man who was in the saloon then said : 'God exall you (emir)! tllese
g

verses are by me, but that young man has got tllcr~l by llcart and recited
' ' them to you before I had time to do so.' AbG Snid loolrctl at me will1 an al-
' tered countenance and said : ' My boy ! you liavc in your Family and relatives
a a sufficent tille to rrly favour ; so, do not have recourse to such nlcans as these.'

I replied : God exalt you I tile vcrscs are mine.' On tllis, tile stranger
exclaimed : Good Cod, my boy I d o not say such a tlling.' l i e then began to
" repeat some verscs oC my kastda. On this, Al~hSaid turned to me and said:
" ' W e shall furnish you wit11 wllatcvcr you desire, but (10 not again have recourse
' to proceedings such as these.' I was astounded and left the saloon, not
" lcnowingwllat to say and meaning to ask who tbat man might be. 1 had not
" gone far when ALP Said called me bnclc ancl said : WC are merely jesting with
" ' you ; so take things patiently. Do you Itnow illat man'?' I replied that I did
'' not. ' It is your cousin,' said he ; it is IIahib Ibn ASS 01-Tf A bb Tammim !
g
'

" ' go up to him.' 1 went over and embraced. hitn. Ile turned towards me,
" praised me lligl~ly, and spolte fnvourably of nly vencs. I was only jesting
" L wit11 you,' said Ire. I?rom that mon~ent 1 got attaellcd to him and admired
" grcally 11is promptitude in learning passaga by llenrt." As-SBli relates also in
the same work : Abd l'amm$n~made to tllc notller of nl-B~l~turi a proposal of' mar-
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 659
riage, to which she consented, saying : L ' Convoke the people to the ceremony."
On this, he answered : " The grandeur of God is such that llis name ougi~tnot to
be mentioned (in an afairulhich b lo pass) between us two. Let us give each other
the hand and act with mutual indulgence (6)"-AI-Bohtori, being asked whether
h e or Abh Tammlm was the better poet, replied : His best pieces surpass the best
of mine, and my worst are better than the worst of his," It has been said of al-
Bohlori's poems that they w r e chains of gold. He held (in realiiy) the highest rank
(as a pocl). - It is related that Abb 'l-Ali al-Maarri [vol. I. page 9k),being asked
which was the best poet of these three : Abb Tammtm, al-Bohtori and al-llutanabbi
(vol. 1. page 102), replied that two of them were moralists and that al Bohtori was the
poet. I must declare that Ibn ar-Rfirni (vol. 11, page 297)was not equitable towards
him when h e said :

The boy, al-Bohtori, steals from the son of Aiis (AbG Tornmiim) the praises of the great and
of the lair. In each of his verses, the thought is well expressed, but that thought belongs to
Habib, the son of Aixs.

AI-Bohtori related h a t he recited a poem of his composition to Abh Tammhm, and

that the latter recited to him (in return) this verse of ACs Ibn Hajar (7):

When our force is diminished by the death of one of our lions, another appears amongst us,
ready to show his teeth (8).

" There," exclaimed Abii Tamrnbrn, '1 have announced to myself that my
' death is near I' I replied : God forbid 1' Way,' said he, my life will not
L

" ' be long ; and another poet like you is now growing up in the tribe of Tai (who

'' ' will replace you also). Know you not the anecdote told of KhPlid lbn SaMn
'' ' al-Minkari (9)4 h e heard Shabib Ibn Shabba (vol. 11. p. 4), who was of the same
' family as he, make a discourse and he said to him : ' By son I the talent dis-
'' c played by yau in speaking announces to me that my death is near ; we belong to
c a family in which, wheu an orator is produced, his predecessor soon dies.' "

AI-Bohtori here observed that Abh Tammlm died a year after. He reIaied also the
following anecdote : a I recited to Bbii T a r n m h a poem which I had composed in
" honour of one of the Humaid family and by which I gained a large sum of money.
W h e n 1 finished, he exclaimed : ITerygood I you shall be the prince of poets when
I a m no more.' These words gave me more pleasure fhan $1 the wealth which
 .+
16 I had collected."--Maimfin lbn llrirhn related as follows : ' I met with the his-
&( torian Abh Jaafar Allmad Ibn Yahya ILn Jlbir Ibn Diiwiid a l - b l i d o r i ( i O ) and he
appeared Bloogl~t(ll). I asked him wllal I ~ a docclirrcd, and lie said :
6' c I was one of those persons wllom (Ikc likalif) al-M~lslaioadmitted into llis

$6 intimate Some pock having comc to cclcl)ralc his praise, h e said :

a I will receive eulogiums from no m a n , unless 1ic producc n verse like

that which al-Bohtori composed on (the lckalif) &l-Mlllawalikil and wl~iclrruns

6

" ' fllus :

'If a passionate lover could bc forccd to do wltnt is l)eyo~ltihis power, the pulpit woutd
' certainly hasten forward 10 saiulc you. '

ct I returned h o n ~ cand, the next time I went 10 scc lliri~,I lold h i m that I had
composed some verses which were better lllan tl~oscof al-1~olllol.i. ' Let us hear
them,' said h e ; and I recited as I'ollows :

If the mantle of the Choscn onc (~luhnrnmud)posscsscd llie faculty of tllough1, it would
think that you were its forlncr master; and, wllcn you received it ant1 put it on, it would
have said : ' Tl~eseare his sliouldcrs and lris arn~u!'

Betold me to return to rr~ydwelling and cxeculc tltc ordcr wliicll 1 should re-
(6

ceive from him. JIc then sent lrlc sevcrl tllousnnrl dinars (1LL), wit11 this message:
" ' Trcasurc thcni up for what may bcfal you after my dcntll, for, a s long as I live,
cc
you sl~allreceive from me a pension s~lffieientfor your sopport.' " Al-Mutanabbi
expressed, in the following terms, tllc thouglrt onnounccd by ol-llolitori :

If the tree towards which you look had the usc of reason, it would strctch its branches
towards you, in salutation.

Abb TammLm expressed tllc same idea 1)clorc tllern botll, wlicn h e said :

If a piece of ground could avancc forward to rcccive thc bonesof Noma, thc soil which is parched
up would have moved towards her (13).

AI-Bol~tori'sverse is taken Srom a long kaslda (14)in which tllc autllor llas attained
the height of excrllcnce. Ile praises in it he lchalifl A hu 'l-Pad1 Jnafar al-Muta-
wakkil al'-Allall and describes his going f o r l l ~to preside nt the public prayer on the
day of tile Breaking of tLe Lsl. It begins illus :
 BlOGRAPHlCAL DICTIONARY.
I conceal within my bosom the love I bear you, and I (sometimes) disclose it; g~ie~iogunder
your cruelty, I am blamed and then excused.

Tlie verses with which the one above mentioned is conneeled are the following :

You fasted in righteousn~s~; YOU are the most'meritorious of fasters; and you now break the
fast in conformity to the prescriptions of God. Let your eyes be rejoiced by the day of the
past-breaking; it is the most brilliant in the year, the most renowned, On it, you showed off
the grandeur of the empire in (sending forth) the loud-sounding phalanx which guards the faith
and which mantains it. On Bearing it approach, we thought thatthemountains were in mar&;
il advanced, that morning, in such numbers as surpassed the most nnmerous army. The horses
neighed, the riders shoutcd, the swords glanced and the spears glittered The eartb, submis-
sive, trembled under their weight; the sky was obscured and the horizon shrouded in dust.
The sun, in rising, lighted up the day, but his brightness was soon extinguishedina turbid cloud
of dust. (So it remained) till your face, appearing in all its splendor, dispelled the darkness
and clcared away the dust. The spectators are fascinated by your presence; towards you are
directed evcry finger and every eye. They feel that your aspect, which they now enjoy, is one
of Cod's blessings for which none should be ungrateful. By your looks you remind them of the
Prophet and, when p u appear exalted above your escort, they cry out : '' Godis the only god I
God is almighty !" (This continued) till you reached the mosalla (is),arrayed (as you wme) in
the robe of true direction, visible to every eye. You advanced as one wbo is humble and submis-
sive to the will of God, without ostentation and without pride. If a passionate lover could be
forced to do what is beyond hispower, the pulpit would certainly hasten forward to salute you.
Eloquence came to assist you with S& wisdom as announced and displayed the evidenceof truth.
Clothecl in the Prophet's mantle, you gave warnings and good tidings (to the eonyregation).

'l'his extract is sufficent for our purpose. The poem itself is really a piece of law-
ful magic and is composed with a facility not to be imitated. What an admirable
flow (of language) l how light the bridle (with which he directs his steed) ! how beau-
tifully h e has moulded his ideas I how elegant his thoughts1 in the poem there is
nothing superfluous ; every part of it is exquisite ! - The collection of his poetical
works exists (16) and his verses are currently known ; it is therefore needless to
insert here many specimens of his poetry. I shall, however, relate some anecdoies
concerning him which may be considered as interesting. He had a young slare-girl
(17)called Nadm (zephyr)and sold her to the Mtib Abii 'l-Fad1 al-Hasan ibn Wahb,
the brother of the Sulaimln Ibn Wahb whom I have already given an account of
(vol. I . p . 596). He tben regretted deeply what he had done, longed to get her
back and composed verses i n her praise, declaring that lie had been deceived and
that the sale was effected against his will. Bere is one of these pieces :

0 Nastm ? are the promises of Fortune ever true when she encourages tile hopes of a passio-
 nate lover? Why do I miss tf~eeis my dreams ? Why laast 1110~ceascd to console the lover
who is scorned by his mislress? You abstain front coming to visit me through fear of those
(who al.e abut pou) ; but what can Irindcr your image from visiting 111y nocturnal slumbers?
TO day, love has passed all bounds in (the trcalrnent of') its viclirns, and 1, as you well know,
am a lover. Lct al-llasnn Ibn Wahb enjoy (his Iriumlilt) ; he 111cctswill1 his heloved and1 am
separated from mine.

He composed many pieces on the same person. - There was at Aleppo a man
Tciliir Ibn Muhammad al-Ilisllimi, who, on the death of his father, inherited
a fortune ol about one llundred thousand dinars (18). Tliis sun1 he spent in deeds
of cllarity, bestowing gifts on poets and (needy) visitors. Al-Bolitori went from
Irik to see him and, on arriving at Aleppo, he heard that the man was overwhelmed
with debts and obliged to stay in his house. This intelligence grieved llirn enees-
sively, and Be sent to Tshir, by one of llis rnawlas, a poem which he hod composed in
his praise. When Tiliir received and rcad lllc piece, he s l ~ c dtears, called in his
servant and said : Sell this bouse of mine." Tllc other exclaimed : " I€you sell
b' your house, you will be reduced to beggary (19)."-"Scll it you must!" re-
plied the oiher. The sale produced three llundred dinars, one llundred of which
Tihir tied up in the corner of a handkerchief and sent to al-IJohlori with a letter
containing these lines :

If thcrc was a gilt adorjuale to tllc csiccm in wllicll I hold yorlr merit, I would heap upon
you silvcr, pcarls and rubies, rare thougl~they wcre. R u t tf~cclegant sd~olar,ilie man oi
intelligcncc, will condescei~dto pardo11 a fricrid who, possessing but little, offers an insufi-
cient gift.

When 31-Bolltori receivcd h i s letlcr, lle sent back tllc n~oneyand wrote to the
donor the fo'ollowing verses :

Blessings on you! you are worlhy of being beneficent! In the race of generosity, you pre-
cede and your rival can only lollow (20). A srnall gift niay appear grcat iuld a great ones~nall;that
depends on the feelings oC him who counts on your generosity. But I return this mark of your
bounty, because, if taken from you, it would be moncy ill acquired, and as such, is unlawful.
If you repay vcrses with verses, the obligaiion is lulfilled and ttlc dinars arc superfluous.

Wllen t l ~ cs u m was brought back, TPhir opened the knot of the handkerchief and
put in fifty dinars more, declaring, at Lhe same, by a solemn oath, that he would not
allow al-Bohtori to relurn them. When t l ~ elatter received this gift, he recited
these lines :
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 663
I you thanks ; your humble servant feelsa real pleasure in being gratefnl. ~ o increw
d
the store of him who is thankful. In every age there is but one model of perlection, and, in
this age, you arc certainly the one.

AI-Bolitori often recited with admiration the following lines, composed by a poet
whose name I have forgotten :
Turtle-dove of (ihe groves of) al-Arik! for whom do you wail? for whom do you lament?
BY your complaints, you have excited (to torrow) those hearts of ours and, by your weeping,
drawn tears from those eyes. Come I let us, in our affliction, get up a scene of sorrow, and
sigh for the absence of our brethren who have journeyed to a distant land. We shall assist
you, and you shall aid us ; those that are in sorrow can console the sorrowful.

I have since discovered that the author of these verses was an Arab called Nab-
h l n al-Faklsi. - Al-Bohtori was passing through Mosul, or, according to another
statement, through HAS-Aln, when he was taken seriously ill. The physician who
attended and treated him, prescribed, one day, a mumuwam (21). The poet hav-
i n g no one witlr him except a servant boy, told him to prepare it. One of the chief
men (rciis)of the town used to visit him during his illness, and, being then present,
said : c ' That boy cannot prepare such a thing well ; but I have a cook,"-here he
enumerated all !he good qualities of this cook and extolled his talents to the highest.
Al-Bohtori's boy abstained from preparing the muzauwura, fully relying on the pro-
mise of the rdis. The poet remained sitting, in expectation of receiving it, but the
rdis had so many affairs to occupy his mind, that jhe quite forgot to have it made.
AI-Bohtori, seeing that it was not forthcoming and that the time had passed in
which he should have received if, wrote these lines to the rdis :
I find that your promise respecting the muzauwum is a deception (saw), though you positi-
vely declared that you would direct a person to prepare it. May God not cure him who hopes
to be cured by it ! and may his fortune (22) not be exalted who puts to it his band! orbi id your
messenger to bring it to me; as I have forbidden mine to receive it.

The anecdotes and honorable acts related of him are very numerous ; so we need
not expatiate on them further.-His poems were not arranged in order lill Ab6 Bakr
as-SClli collected them and classed them alphabetically (by their rhymer) ; dli Ibn
tfamza (23) collected them also and arraoged them according to their subjects,
as h e did for the poems of Abb Tammim. -
Al-Bohtori drew up a Haadsa i n
imitation of that which was compiled by Abh Tammim. There exists also a work of
his on the ideas vhich usually occur in poetry (illallai 'slt-SAiarJ. Be xas born in
the year 206 (A. D. 821-2), -0t11er accounts say, i n 205,202, 201 and 200 ;--he
died in the year 284 (A. I). 897-8) ; olllers say, i n 285 o r 283, hut tlie first date is
the true one. Ibn al-Jauzi (vol. 11. p. 96) says, in his Admdr al-Atyiln (lives of
eminent men), that al-Solitori l i e d at t l ~ eage of eighty ycars. llis death took place
at Manbij ;- some say, but inexaclly, at Alcppo. Tlie Kl~atib(vol. l . p. 75) men-
tions, in llis Hislory of Baghdad, that al-Bohtori received the surnames of Qbc '1-
Hasan and Ahil Ob$da, but, bcing advised, in tllc reign of al-Mutawalckil, to adopt
the latter exclusively, as bcing the morc rernarlcable, 11e did so. Literary scholars
often ask to whom Abli 'l-Alh al-Maarri ( a d . l. p. 04) alludcs in tliis verse :
~l-Walidsaid thal the nabd-tree (24) produces no fruit ; and llie flock of gazelles missed
obtaining fruit from the nt~bir-tree.

These persons say: Who is h i s Walid and in w11at (piece of vcrsc) did he say that
ille nabd-lree produces no iruit 'l This question has been addressed to me by many.
The al-Walfd mentioned in the verse was the al-Bolitori of whom we are now speak-
ing ; lle said, i n a long kastda of his composition :
She reproached me with my struggles against poverty; but that was foolish in her : the
nabd-tree is bare and has no fruit upon its branches.
This is the verse to which Abii '1-AI& rnade allusion. I menlion illis as a piece
of information wlrich may be useful.-Obaid Allall a n d Abii Obdda, the sons of
Yallya the son of nl-Walid al-Bohlori, were persons i n lvl~osepraise al-Mutanabbi
cornposed a number of kastdas. Tl~eywcre al-Dulilori's grandsons and eminent
rdises at that time. -Bohlori means descended from Bolrlor, who, as may he seen i n
the genealogical list given at (he liead of illis article, was one o l our poct's ancestors.--
Zardafna is a village in the dependcncics of Manbij. - Manbij is n town of Syria.
situated between Aleppo and Lhe Euphrates. It was built (anew) by Chosroes wlren he
effected the conquesi of Syria (25). 11e called it Mnwbeb, wl~iclr name the Arabs
changed into dlunbij. As it was h e birth-place of al-Uolliori, it is frequently men-
tioned i n his poems. We find it, for instance, in the following passage, terminating
a long lcusCda and i n wllich lle addresses Abli Janfilr Muhammad IbnHamid Ibn Abd
al-Hamid at-Tusi, the person in whose llonolir h e composed it :

I shall never forget the tranquil moments I passed witti you ; enjoying, at your house, the
t($mpcraleshade of a happy life. I dwelt lhcre iu confort and, reposing under the shelter of it5
trees ((rf$h%i),I thought ~nysclla1 R.lanbij.
 tled in pcrl~etuity (wakf) (32) on [lie descendants of al-llolltori lllc poet."- ~bfi
Firis (33) nl-llamdkni ~nentionsil in his pocrliz.

(.l) This is thc Muharnmnd lbn Rllalaf (not h'ltnlf) C)[' S~)OI~CI~,
wlrurn nllr nulllor 11;~s;~ll'l>;t(l~ 1,
p. 397. [.re a nntive of ill-Muhir.~rwal,n villngc sit~~ntctl 10 1.11~west. 01' T i i ~ ~ l ~ t l iAs
~ ~ al . tmnw\itter of
traditions, hc was looltcd upnn as n p o t 1 aullrori1.y. I\ccortlirrji to 1.h1:;llll.l~ot~
01' 1.11~Nr!jiitn, hc was dis-
tinguished for his lcarninfi ant1 cont[)osctl somo fine works ono ol' wllit:ll WilS ('lll.itlllll l'(r/ilil ({l-li'zlrlb etc. (the
prc.eminencc ofdogs over onnny o r tltosc who lrloir clothes, f i ~ l [ ! cslnl~lis/tctl).
/ A . 11.
I l l ! (li1~11 (A. D. 991.4).
T]lc manuscripts of Il)n I(l~nllilr~t~'s w n r ~ t rcnri a,,, ( S C V C ~ Z )in I)I;LCC of c-; ( t t c r r / ' ) ; iL vcbryc:olrlrrron mis-
L' L
Laltc. The true date is given in tlrc N ~ j t 2 m .
(2) Abil Al)d Allall nl-I~usairl 11111Isrnail nl-Miiird~r~ili ; ~ c l ~;ISt l I\iIlIi ill, lil\l;l (111t.irlfr !,WO Y(!;I~s, ant1 held tllc
higl~ost rank at l~irghdatlas a, tratlitionist iintl a. I I ~ I . I ~ ' I ? S S O ~111:
. tlictl A . I [ . 3 0 3 ( A . I). 31 M), at the agc
of sixty-eight yca1.s. -
(Dalrabi's l'crb(tlr~lt01-llu//i!z.)
tlicvl A. 11. 336 (A. I). 9 4 ' 7 - 8 ) .
( 3 ) Ab11Abd Allall Mul~nmm;ul11111 Alrtnatl ;!l-ll;ilti~r~i - (Nu,jrim). ,

( 4 ) Abont nincty pounds stcrli~rg.

gc!rlt1m.lswllo fiainctl a victory
(5) The cnlir Abh Snltl Mu11alnrr1n.d Il)n Y I ~ S I I Swi1s 1 1 1 ~IIrst of t,lr(: R111slil11
over t l ~ ctl-oops ol' tlkc I'iimous 13Abck al-1il1arr;lrni. Ilt-ing ~ ( ~ 1 11.06 ~ r ~ l ( , l ~i l ll l tiro
, y c ; ~540 (A. 1). 8353, by
tlie khalif al-hfolasirn, with orrlcrs to rcpair all tllC k ~ r l swhic:l~ f!hl)(>ktlil.ll (II:sI.I.o~cII
;111(1to (!~l;~I~lish
rortified
posts along the road I)y which provisions wcrc to l)(! cor~v~ycll
to Ill(: Woslirr~ i L I * r I I y , III! i ~ ~ c ~ ~ r ~ i ~his
l i stask
l~etl
hi~tllc..- (11~11i~l-Atlrlr'sI&Zrr?il; Nti,jdrn.)
and routed the insurgcnls i n n snng~.~iniiry
( G ) This appears to mean that Abh T;l.rnrnilrn {l(!sircbrlI l ~ oi~lli:u~co
wil.lrorll. guirlg throl~glrt l ~ c1cgal forms.
( 7 ) Sce vol. I , Ilnjic G 00.
(8) T11is is ~ncrolyan ;~l.lorrrl~l
111 c?sllrcss tllo itlc;~c~lo~r~rc.r.rl
iri l . 1 1 ~A ~ ; I I I ~
vc:~.sc!,
I ; wl~ic:Ir, if literally trans-
Latcrl, woultl rrrn t l ~ u s :wlrcl~wi! IIISC 111~
~I~iLt'llIlt'hs
(l)/' OU?' le(!ll~)i r ~(losilly) orrc of' (1111. t:l~ic!l't;~ir~s,
tlic toot11
of icl~olhcrcllie[ ilourishcs I I iI.lr1on::
~ 11s.
(9) ILIlillid, lhc sou of S;il'vviit~,iinrl t:i~ici01 tlrc! trilm of ' J ' i t t ~ ~ i ~ t rsl~~llio
, iris ~ I ? grca1 elegance.
I ; L I ~ ~ I I ; ~wit11
IIis f'alher was also r c r n n ~ ~ k i ~Ibr
l ~ lhis
c ti~lc~rl,
;\S iL lint: SII(?;II<C~. is r(~liilci1by Ibn Badrhn
AII i l l l l u ~ i l ;~IIc(:(~(.I(.(:
l~
(Dcl?yl.s erlitioti, p. 21 G) of wlli~t~)usstxlf)ctwcc!n l r i r r ~ ~ L I I A
~ Il ~ h'l-Al)l)hs as-Si~ll'Al~,t.111: lirst Al~basiclckhalif.
lhn Kutaiba mentions hirn in thc ICilillr ~ i l - A l o / l r i ~ .
(1 0) See vol. 1, pagc 4 3 6 , notc (1.1). The arnbic tcxt ol' nl-lli~li\(lori's cclr!l~ri~l,ctlwork on llle corlqrlests
cfrectell hy the first Musulmans has 11con pcrblislrod at Lt!ytlcn by M. (;oc>,jc.
(1.1) T t ~ emeaning of Lho words 6LCLp:~ dL9 is dn111)lSul.
(1%)Somewhat more t h a ~ tllrcc
l lhousiind live Iinr111rc:cl l m r ~ t l sstt?rliti~.
( I 3) Tllc word LLy (li-ad:dm) 11~l.crcntlcrcd l,y : 'ri~rct:r:ivc! 1.11~bor~cs,l ' nijil,lifics '( to cxalt, " if
~~rcsnouncctl
r
li-ic':hn. I Itnow not whiclr is l l ~ nriglrt rc!iuling.
( 1 4 ) This l~nsirlai s not vcry long; it contains only tl~irtyscvcrl vcrscs.
(15) Sec ~ o l l., p. (;OS.
( 2 6 ) T ~ cclpy
c 01' i~l-J!olllol~i'~ helonging to 111c~ l i h l i o / ] r , t ! ~inrpivimle,
7)iv~dr~ uc nocicn fi.r~~tIs,
no , i J g % , was
~ ~ r i t t c Ar l. H. 6 1 0 (A. 1). 121 3) ;rtrtl is in ~?sccllcnl~~rcsrrvirl.ion. I t conliri~rs4 3 9 IC~LVCS, or 8G4 Ilalfcs. The
t i c i ~ l accnrdir~gto 1 1 1 ~letter's w l ~ i c lTI,I.NL
I)ocms arc nrrilngctl irl ; ~ l l ~ h ; ~ t l ( ~ortlcr, ~ s . of these
ilrc ~ - l ~ y ~ n cMost
Ojrccs ; 1 ~rl~lofir~rrrs ndrl~~cssrtl!.I., ~ ; rclst consists in satires,
kh;~lik,vjzirs, cll,jrs R , I , ~ cllll~r Krpnt ~ r l l ~ r tl~c:
 BlOCHAPHlCAL DICTIONARY.
667
addresses to ghazdls or amatory pieces. The test of this nlanuscript has not been and
on'ers, in conscyuenrt, somc ialsc readings.
(17) Tile arabic word i s ghuldrn h.
F'
(1 8) About fi lty thousand pounds sterling.
(19) Lite,rall~: You will remain (standing) over the heads of the people. That js : you will go up to those
who are sitting a t lllcir meals and stand before them in expectation of receivi~gfrom them a morcel of
bread.
(20) Literally: the concurrent later, anti you before.
(21) T l ~ cwurd m u z a u w a ~or muz(8uwara occurs in the Canon of Avicena. From the comparison of three
passages i n which i t is found, I am led think that it means sowel-soup. It was certainly a culinary prepara-
tion in ~wllichbread was sol~pedand which, it appears, had an acid taste. In north Africa this word desi-
gnates semoule, on granulated flour, of the finest sort.
(22) Literally: the hand.
(23) Sec page 647 of this volume.
(24) Thc nnbd was of no good but for making bows and arrows.
(25) Chosroes I1 conquered Syria A. D. 611. It was in this expedition that he fook Hieropolis [blanblj),
(26) I1 is hard!y ncccssary to warn the reader that this Fath Ibn KhLkAn, one of al-hlutawaltil's tizirs,
must not he confounded with Fath Ibn KhBkAn of Seville, the author of the Kaldid al-lliiydn and other nell
known worlts. The first was murdered in the palace of al-Jaafari, near Sarra-man-raa, A. H. 247, and the
other at Morocco, A. H. 529.
(27) They were murdered by some of the Tu~kishguards at the instigation of hfuharnmad al-AIuntaslr, tile
son of al-Mutawalclcll.
(28) Tlie tribcs of al-Ails and Khazraj took hfuhammad under their protectiou at Aiedioa and were therefore
callcd his Ansdrs (helpers).
(29) Tlie test of this piece is inexactly given in the manuscripts and the printed editions. The corrections,
furnished1 by al-Bohtori's Dzwdn, are indicated in the translation.
(30) In tile note (12) of the page 31 6 of the first volume, it is stated, on other authorities, that Abd al-
hlalili Ibll SSlih died A. 11. 193. The date given here by Ibn Iihallikbn is certainly wrong, for the hiujlim
informs us (vol. I, p. 558) that, previously to the month of Rajab, A. H. 195, he was already dead.
(31) Tlie lire or tlijs YBkht will be found in the fourth volume.
(32) A property settled on a religious establishment is salled a v~lthf. It may be stipulated by the donor
that his descendallts arc to receive the ~vholeor part of tile reY2nUeS which it produces. On the death of tllr
last descendant, the property is fully acquired to that eslablishrnent and must rtnlain \yltll it in l ~ . " r ~ e t ~ ~ i t ~ -
name is incorrectly transcribed Fards, in vol, I, p. 3GG, where t h lifi:
~ the ~r@Ct is "iselt.
(33)
 AI-WalPd Il,n Tarif Ibn as-Salt 1i)n l'irsilc Il)n Sil~;in!It11 I I ~ I I Jliililc 3s-
ilrtil.

ShaibAni as-Sllhri ; suc11 is tllc gcncillogy given b y h l ) i S:l;~tl

~ i l ~ - S itl;i
\ ~1 1 i { I . P. 156)
(11ot.

in two passages of his A,&b : onc untlcr llrc lillc of hl.- h I!I\ \ A I ;LII(\ 1111: o l l ~ c r1111c1eF
{hat of AS-S~IIANI, i\, nnmc in whicl, lllc s is ro\lowclt\ I)y all a.---Al-\Vnlitl was onc of

those men m110 acquirctl a gl-cnl ~-c~lnlatinn for coulagcb,; i ~ ~ c l i ~ ( 'ii\(~yl ( lI ) r i ~ v p r ~ .]lC
was of 111eIilliiriji (c's (l),
ant1 i ~ s ~ ~ nsralioncrl
lly in Nabillill, i l l - l i l r i I ) ~ I I - and LIlat
aeiglll~curllood. I ~ crcvolhxl uo(lel i l ~ ckl~iilifi~~(: of' IIdri~ll i ~ ~ , - I l i ~ i l ~ ~ollllllitt~(1
i(l,
acts or violencc nrul galllcrctl nboul 11itl1 it gl'ci11 I ~ I I I ~ I ~ ~ I( I01'
( ~T ( '( ~ / I O / S('2).
) Al)A
l[ill;ilid Yazid Ibn Uaxyatl li,n ZLiitla as-Sl~iril);ir~i, ii cllicll' w l t o s ~ lil'(b ~ v csltt~llgive,

was sent against 11i1nby nr-RasllEd, al I I I C 11cntl of i l I I I I I I ~ ~ I ;11*11ry, ~ ~ ~ I Sitlifi ~l*ic(l,at

first, to circumvent arid wllccdlc llis atlvcrsar-y. '1'11~ I l i i ~ t ~ li(( ~l vIs\, 11ol liking
Yazid, incenscd ar-l\nsl~itl againcl I ~ i l n: " I?c sl)n~-c.sI l l ( : rvl)cl, snid lllcy,
3

in considcrntion of ~ h rcla~ionsllip
c \vllic:ll csisls l)rbtw(:rt~lIltc:ri~ (:j). 'Vl~ougl~A l -
c ( Wnlid Ilas vcry f c Il-ool)s,
~ Ynzitl tloi~snolltitrg h11t ;111111:41 l ~ i ~ It VlI I J I T i l i ~ ' P ~ O ~ ~ I ~ S C S
r 1

till llc secs I ~ o wtllings 1 1 1 ; ~1\11-11

~ 0111.'' 1 I t i s i ~ t t i ~ i (i *~~ ~~~-I ~ 1~0 wt*il(:
; ~ ~n ill angry
~ ; ~ l
lotlcr 10 Yilxitl, i n ull~icllIlc said : " Ilad E tlisli;\l(:lrcltl on lltis I)~lsi~lc\ss one of my
" slaves, I I woul(1
~ ltavc tlonc tl~ings l)e l ~ c r111ii11 yon. YOII arc tr'ying lo deccivc
' I (me) ancl spilrc your own rclnlivcs, 1,111 lltc ( : O I I I I I I ~ ~ ~ I ~ol' ~ I IIllr!
. ktilllfril sulctnrs ll~at,
'' if yuu dcfcr giving bnlllc to a!-\Vnlitl, 11c will sclltl ;L p c ~ * s owill1 ~ l orrlcrs lo f~ring
c : '10 him your Iread." In c o n s c ~ ~ ~ of ~ ~[Itis
n c Irllrr,
c Yit~t,Ii~llii~;IiO(i ~ ~ ~ - (]C- W ~ ~ ~
r i
fcuted ant1 slew I ~ i m . lliis toolc place o n llle cvc of' il lllurstli~yi n lllc rnnnlli of
Ilnmatlrin, l79 (Nov.-lhc. A.1). 7!)5). 'I'lic 1):illIc was so r o ~ t l a ~ ~ l i i ~11nt i b l ~it is
~ncrltioncil in the l~ooksof annals. AI-\Vi~litl Ilatl n sislcr nnrnctl :tl-T'lirita, or,
as solrlc say. lJ;ltinla. Sllc possesscrl ;L [nlc~llfor lloctry a n d , as a!-l<llansi niade
elegies 011 l l ~ c1111al11 o l her broillcr Sakljr (h), sllc folluwc(1 tllc sonlc 1 ~ ~ 1 1and 1 coin-
posed, 011 tll(! clcolll o r ilcrs, a11 e x c c l l c ~ ~k(lsE$n,
l I 1 is very scarce and 1101 10 be
f o ~ ~ coluplctc
nd in ally of' l l ~ clitcri~ryautl~ologies(5); Abil hli 'I-l<Pli (ool. I . 11. 210)
Ilililsclfgives only 6)0tsverses of i l i l l his Asl&i. I l ~ a ~ i p lo~ discovcr ~ ~ c ~ al colll-
plele COIIY oI' ill^ poor11 i ~ ~ l ii\s
I , i t is 11ot ority P ~ I . c 1 1 1 1 1 g l l O ~ ~ ,1 S I I D I I insert it. 11~1.c:
 A L 'l'c+IlNollIha i I W llic imr:lnilinsof tomb (t~hichal,peatr) like a ilill overtopping all othpr
Ilills. I I I il are cticlasa1 itcredilary glory, chicftaiasl~il),courage and soull(1 jurlgmaa. .rrees
01 ;11-l<lr:1l)dl' 1 W ~ I YIII'C 1011 COVCI.C(~ I C ~ V C S ? J'Oil appear 1101 to grieve for [he death of the
so11o f '1';irif; of llirl h r r o \v110 ran:cl for 110 ollrcr provision but that of piety; acquired no
\ \ r ( : ; l l l l ~ 1,111 I)y rkl(biinsof irlrces alld ofsaor(~s. Thc only treasures he valued rrere
sleek
alrl v i g c ~ ~ r ) ~i ~~rsc,~ l r t o n 10 ~ a clrarge
l upon the ral~ks(of lhe foe). Sou (IL,horegret h i no/)
p 1 1 (-~111o 11i1vc
t wil~~clssctl t11;i~( b n t i k ) , lior stoocl firm before the enerny \\tllen lie attacked, and
l I l . YOIIn ~ w ncvcr l I I ~ I V C11ut 011 a coal of mail, with llle intelltioll of entering into
;III ;~hyss01' lerl.ol., illto ilrc c~*owilof warriors wit11 brilliaut arms. You must never have
c . ! ~gv{l i ~ ~i l l ;I (lily or l);t1110,IVIICII war, prrgnanl (~oithd(lnge~s),was goade<lon by the points of
II l t o -f S ( ) Ilc and gcncrosity were inseparable companions; whilst he liverl,
j~(vl(lrosily \I1ilS I ) / ( ~ ; I swill) c ~ Ilirn; aow, that he is dead, she finds no colnpanion that can please
I ( I l ixli(l!) yo11 ;ITC los1 for US (i~r~epn?~aDly), as the days of our youth are lost; o! that
\v(! r.oi~lti ~ . o t l c c ~yo11 ~ ~ l (/i.o~rr,/ctllll) by the sacrifice ol ttlousanrls of our youths! till Walid's life
tv;rs (8x1 ir~gt~ishc(l, Irc ncTvorccjasrtl to be a curb [or his foes ailcl a refuge for the feeble. ,ilert,
111y~ C O I ' I C ! tlcntll ant1 ruin arc a1 Iland, ant1 the earth is iaclined to tremble for his loss. Alert,
rlry ~ ) ~ o l ) l ciila~t~ity c! rrlltl tlcstrctetioa arc ncar; here conies adversity, the obsthiate foe of the
gcbrlcl.orls. Iicl~oltll ~ l r c~ r ~ o oisn rcady to fall frorn its placc among rlle stars, and the sun has
rrsolvrtl I O caclil,sc his ligllt. Bclrold r l ~ clion who was in all tllings lion : lllzy now Bear hirn to a
ravily I~rlllo\\lc~tl 111 the ciil-111and covecctl over. Illay Gocl punish that spot of ground nhiclr lrides
Crorn O I I ~sig-11 ;I Ilcro \+!l~o was never salcd in doi~lgactsolkindticss. Nc pcribhed by the hands
of Yirzitl I l ) r ~ R f i ~ ail z ~ ; I,ut whol ol rtlat I how often clid lle engage his bands against hostile troops!
~ s 1l1c y t)crictlic~ionof ~ o t rest l upon llilrl for er er I I scc \hat dcath lets fall llcr strokes on all
l llat is 11oblc.

S l ~ ccornposcd n grcel n u m b e r of other elegies on l ~ i sdeakb, end, in one of them,,

sl1c says :

1 tllirik of al-Wnlid ant1 his glorious dcetls, now 111atI sre the land deprived of his presence.
I {rrn gem 10 look for lriln in heaven, iu t t ~ aplace ~ to which aspired his nob!c pride, ncm
Icvrilerl to iltc d s s l (7). flis ireoplr lost 1lirn by their fault ; let il!ea~now scar cl^ for aq goor! ;l
t".olccler as Ilirn \v110111 l l l ~ ylost ! 0 ! if the swor(1s ~vl~ic!i struck I~inlwit11 their edge. 11x1
L I - I O ~~vllat ~ did, tlioy i ~ o u l dhave rccoile(l off Bim, a h e s wiei(k(rdto strike, ~llrnug!~
~ ~ I ~,tlcy rc5prer
ant1 t l ~ r o u g ill.cntl
l~ of his 111-avcry.

AI-Walitl usrd 10 rocite t h e following lines every timc engage:l

Ilc ~ms in bnlilc :
11 Fits
I ,7nl Walitl jbll Tarif as-S/121.i! lllc !ion-c]licf ndlose ardour nonc can ~ h b s t ~ ~ c l !
your tyranlly which drew me forth from my abode.

It is rclntcd ihn!, rvbcll ille ornly of' al-Walid was ruiited, Yaziql liimseit' p : l i * s ~ ~ l
his atlvcrsnr.y to a great distance anti i n kiiling llim and ciltiiog of'fjlis ilca(l.
~;!lic11
Wllcn al-Wa]id's sisicr lvas jnfurmc(l ol. his death, rllc p ~ on t !he 2mlJul
sljc llreii (o fig?,!, al1d cllarged ilpon the lroops ol' Yuzid. ?Vllen lie S:IE h e r ,
cried out : L L ]Cct her alone " and tlicn, silllying forlll, Ilc slrtlcli her horse wiltl his
lance and to lrrr : " Go aisay, and Co(lYscurse (8) h(' ll])ufl you ! Y O U will ],ring
6 6 &gacc upon tllc il-ibe (g). " On Ilearing l l ~ e ~wi)r(ls, c ~ 1 1 1 : f ~ l asllarncd
l and
went nway.-Tnri/' is 10 be pronounced as llcrc wrillen (trot Tt~mi/').--Toll NuhBha,
tllc $ace WIICI-C Illis cclcLralcd 1)alllc was So~lgllt, is, I I ) c ~ ~ c vin c , Llic terriiory of
Nnsfbin.-Al-fi$/~fi,r is llic wcll-Itnowtn river* wj~iclr!Ins ils s o ~ ~ r cnlc I&,-Ain and
falls into {lie I':tipllratcs, near liarlrisiya. 0 1 1 its 1)alllis i11.c ilgr(:iit rlurnber of vil-
lages wliicll r e s e ~ i ~ b llargo
e towns, lllc c o n n l ~ ~;truu~ld
y tl~crlli ~ c i ~ pcrl'eclly
lg culti-
vated and tlre nlarkets abundanlly sloclied will1 1 1 1 ~p ~ ~ o d u cofc llrc soil. 'l'llc narne
is so well-lcnown that I necd no1 indicalc its or1llogra~)lly.-Sllciri (a seller) lias for
its plural Shurdl and serves to dcsignotc l l ~ cli11lrijik.s. ?'llis 1la111cwas applied to
illem because they Iladtl~ecustom of saying : " We llave sold our souls lllrolrgll obc-
diel~ccio God ; " tllai is to say : I ' WC l~avcgiven Illcrn 10 p ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ a s q ~ a rina c l i s
abandoiling [Ire causc of the irniirl~s(Irltcr Ei{:u) wllo lrar~sgrcss tllc law. "--The
true name of al-JLhansd was lurnddir. llcr filll~cbr,A r ~ l r1l11ras-Sl~ari(l,Lclonged to
r l
Ilie tribe of Sulairn. llic word 1thn~1ssignifies lo kllvc 11, /h1nosc u l d yronainerit
nosl?+ils she rcceivecl this ~ticltnamcI)ecn~iscIlrat was licr case. 'l'llc l~isloryoS her
brotllcr Salchr and tllc clcgics wllicll slic corn~)oscdon Ikis tlcnI.11 are \veil lcnohvn.
~ . i I. p. 383).
We 1lave said a word of I I ~ I I Iill [II(: lil'c of AIJCI A ~ I I T I; ~; l~- ~h ~ l \ i i('(iol.
Opinior~sare at variance rcspccliog lllc plncc wl~c~*c! l ~ i slorlll) is siluilll.rI. Some say
that hc was hurirdncar Astb, a ~vcll-Iinowllt~lounlti~in in I I I ~ : coull~ryof lllc Grcelis (to),
and [hat tile Lounb wliicll is to 1)c scclr lllcrc nitcl is considcrtd ils ~ l i clolr11) oi' Arnr
c ~ l is in i-r;klily tI~ilt o l Sekllr. AC-
al-Kais i b n llujr al-lcindi, t l ~ c~ e l c l ) r i ~ ~pocl,
carding to anotlrer slatclacnl, bo111\\(ere L u r i d Il~(:rc. T l ~ cbO(iz A b i ~Riilir 81-llirirni
(see page 11 of this volume) siiys, in llis i)icliooary of I l o r ~ l o n y ~ ~tllat ~ s , AsZh is a
mounlain in tlic lancl OS llijtiz, and [flat Salcllr, tllc I,x.otI~crof al-I(l~;insii,was buried
near it. From these indica~ionsit woultl upl,c;ir 1Il;rt ~ I t c r carc two 1110ilnlainswhich
]]car Illis nnmc ; one of llicm, wl,icll is t l ~ c1)llsl kllown, lics in tllc country of the
Creelis atid tlie otller in llijjz. Yikilt al-lla~tiawi(II) sllould llovc noliced hsib in
his gwg~':ipl~icdI)ictionarli, l ~ l i 'lb do not lint1 il ~ricxllionetlin I.llnt work.
 RIO(; KAPEIICAL DICTIONARY.
67 1
1I1c city (11Jit~alAttill c~btainctl from the inhabitants a gift of thirty thousallrl pieces of gold. fie then in-
va~lrtlA(lu.l)ai.i:\~i,IIlllw%a, L ~ Snwld
c o l lriik, t l ~ ccorrritries on the west bank ofthe Tigris and i\Iesopstamia;

dcvnst:~l,iugtlicsc provil1r:cs : ~ r l t l r;lnsoming tile cities. The lrhaiif Hdrdn ar-Rashtd sent against him Pazil]
Ibn klnzyntl, iind 111x1r:l~irrvninqnishcd and slew the rebel in the following year.
(3) AI-WLliil ancl Tchhlid wcrc rclativcs; they belong?d to the tribe of Shaibdn anddrew their descent from
thc salnc n~lccslor,Wail.
( h ) Scc V I ~ .l, 1litZC 3 8 3 and M. Caussin de Perceval's Essni sur l'ltisloire dcr Ambe$.
(!j) 1 1 1 11111ill-Atl~ir's l<drnil it is given with solnc omissions, transpositions and new readings.

(6) 1 rrma \Q;:-i!

with the nhlilt edition.
(7) Literally : '' '4s was desired by llis nose now cut off. " The word nose signifies figuratively honouvnble
pride.
(S) 1,itcrally : Ari~lthe vchcrncllcc of God bc upon you ! "
(9) S l ~ c ,w l ~ owas s I-elation of Yasld's, might have been taken prisoner and ill treated.
(1 0) Thc rnoulllairl 11amct1Asib is situated in the neighbourhoorl of Angora. See my Di~odnrl'drnrolkais,
page 9 8 .
( 4 1 ) l'hc life ol 111isgeographer will hc f(~undi n Ihe next volome.

WATIB' IBN MUNABBllH

Abii Abd Allah, 7Vallb ibn M~i~~abbill Ibn gdmil Ibn Saij ( I ,)Ibn ZiaKibir al-Ya-
m i n i (a native of Yernm) was tlie great transmitter of narrations and legends.
He possessed information concerning the origin of things, the formalion of the
world, the llistory of ihe propbets and of (ancient)kings (2). According to Ibn Ku-
taiha (vol. II. p. 221, he declared that, of all God's books, 11c had read seventy-two.
The same author says : I saw a treatise of his entitled : An otcot~nt [O the
" c~owncdkings belonging to the rare of flimyar, wilh their history, ihe anccdoies
" related of tlrat~z, the indicalion of their tombs and specitnens of their poclq. It
" forms one volume and is an instructive work. He had several brqtllen; one of
" them, who was older than himself andnamed U a m m i m Ibn Slunabbili, relatedsome
" traditions which he had learned from AbB Huraira (rol. I. p. 570.l."
Wabh
counted ss one of the Abnd. We shall here explain what is weant by this denomi-
naiion :Abh lliurra Saif Ibn Zi-Yaaan the IIirnyarite, held the sovereignty ofTe:aen.
W e n ille Abyssinians took possession of his empire, he 15-eenl lo implorc tile assis-
 tanceofChosrocs\n<lsllrc~G~l,a~ni~l~ltI~~in~1i~l~rs. r~l~(!~~i~lory~)~l~is~~roc
l l \v(:I~ I(IIOIVII i\i1(1 i\ ft11 l ; ~ ~ ; P OII!I I oJ ~ I I C J II ~V O I I ~l ~ 11s too
011 tllis o ~ c a ~ i oare (3).
Tile result tJli\l Clrosrocs s r n l oil' will] l i i 111 S C V C I I Illo~rsa~ltl I'ivr: Irundrccl ]'crsian
Ilorsel~ienunder llle c o n ~ n ~ a uofd ,Wiillr:ls. So S:IYS11111I i ~ ~ I i l i l )1~111, ; ~ , acp,~~1-(lin;
10
Blullam~iintlI b n IIsliAlc (vol. 11. p. 677), lllo kiri;; st:rrl w i l l ] l r i l l l only cigI11 I I U L ~
llorscme~l,ol n lloill two 11undl.cd w c l ~dro\rl~e(li r ) ill(? w i r y :I 1111 sir 11t111(11~i~d escaped.
A)JG al-I($siltl ns-Sul~uili(vol. 11. 1,. !l!)) tIc(hIii~'t!~ !I1;11 1 1 1 ~1 i t . b I ~ l i ~ [ ~ t ~isr cm(1l-c nl
likely (o be truc, hcc;lusc i t is diflicull lu s~l[)poscthat six inr~idrrtl11orsr111en could
llovc all the h byssinians. IVlrcn 111esc tt*ool)sarr*ivctlit1 Yo~lhcn,[Ire Sougllt
a ball1 e wit11 the ,ii,yssinians, gained a victory ovcbr thorrl :i11(1 poll et1 111001fro111 llle
coulliry. Saif Ibri Xi-Ynznn ant1 Wal~l-axloult 11l)or1tlrc~~rsolvcsI I r ( \ sujbrcmc cijrrl-
111aod and llcld 11 for Sour ycnre. Sail, iraviny i~l111itl01I101111: o f 111eA l ) y ~ s i t r i i l ~ ~
into Iris service, wcnl out lo one OS Iris t ~ ~ i a l i n g - g r u ~ ~ailtl r l t !look
~ llloso ~)r:oplcwill;
liirn. \'1711cn they f'ouixl him alonc, llrcy 1 l 1 1 . cl~l ~ c i Jnvc:llrrs r ;L[1 1 i 1 1 1 i111rl Jiilletl him,
after wlricl~,thcy flcd to the tops of the ~ t ~ o u ~ r l u;i hlil n s tIl(: c o ~ ~ ~ l ) i \ n iofo ~Silif r : , pur-
sued 1l~e1-11 tlierc a n d rIew t l l c ~ ~all.
r 1Jro1il t11;1t I I I O I I ; C I Il ~1 ,1 ~IIIOII~~I.(:IIY OS Y ~ I I I ~ I I
was dissolved; [lie pcoplc of tl~ntcorinlry 1101 ~)likr:ingfl~c~n~solvc~s r l ~ l t l ( ~ 111c
r. co~iin~and
ol atlotller sovercign, Ijul tlrc inlral)ilanls of cac:l~dis11.ic;l c : l r o o ~ i ~;t ~ ~ilcnlbcr g oC the
I S I S e r 1 I lrc ~ ; o ~ c i - n ~ r ol'
I 1
~ l t pl.ovialc.iiil Icir~gssu11-
~ o Ilrc!sc:
si:;!c(l [ i l l (h(1 p,:ivc ~ I I C hIohli111~*chli;;iori10 l110~ v o r l t l . i c c o r ~ l i ~ r10g ~ ~ I I ( J ~ I I Crecital, I'
lltc co:!l~li~yrcnluincrl i r ~1110 Ilatltls o l 1l1c I'cl~~siri~rs a l ~ t lxv;~s govc~*t~c:tl I)y llle licil-
tc~iilillsof' (:llosrocs lill 1l1c tilissio~l ol' (iotl's ~)~.oj)lrcl.AI, 111ill lit~it*,l l r ~ r cw r c in
L'c!:lc~~two young tncn wllo i~clcrl as gt:acl-als lorb Ihr.wix jl'cruiz); onc of
tll~lll\VdS ~ ~ ~ ~ i h L~I lI IlI~i) (t) fcu ~~ I I CI I i l I I l O ( ~ 1 %1'ilvi1x ; L ~ I oC ~ ~ I (\ViIS: I * (:~IIIO(I ~ ) ~ t l ~ l i ! ~ d l .
r 1
diley bccilnlc AHo:,li~llsanrl ivci.1: t l ~ chill!tc O W S O I ~ S\v110 ~ ) L : I ~ c I I .Ivit11 > ( ~ l l ~ nal-
~ ~ I ( !<;\is
nlakshiih (4.1, into tlic lroosc of' ill-Aswnil al-AIIS~,wllo l~aclscl 1111 1'01. il 1)ropllct in
Y C I ~ I C IaIt,~ dslew llini. l ' l ~ c11islol.y of tliis rbvent is so wall 1\11o\r.nilriil wc need
not 1.11Iirlc il (5). Our ol,jcr:t i n ~ r l c ~ ~ l i o n all i ~ l gllris is to i~ltlic:i\tc Llrc origin of
r )
won1 .Ilijrd ( S O U S ) . llris title was give11 h) 1111: suns iltltl ~ I . ~ ~ I ~ OI SO S L LI C II~Per-
S
sian soldiers as sctllcd in Ycmcn, got murrictl a l l t l Iriitl c:Irildr.cn. TGwhs, the
learned doctor af whom we liavc already spolcen (77ol. I. p. (;&E), was one OS the -4b-
nd. 1 illdicnlcd lllat lac1 in his hiograpltieal iloticc, 1,ul (lid not explain t l ~ cword as
r ,
1 l w c (lone 11crc.-1110 1iis1o1-yO S CVilIil, is suflicicnlly I ~ I ~ ~ w Iso, I ; wc need not
mention any thing morr e o n c o * ~ l i n Igr i r i i (6). Ilc dlcd 81,SallGn irr Ycrnen, i n (Ilc
 BIOGRAPHIQAL DICTIONARY. 673
month of Mullarram, 110 (April-May, A. D. 728) ; or, by other accounts, in i i k or
116. He had ihen attained the age of ninety years.-We have spoken of San& in
the life of Abd ar-Razziik acSandni (vol. II. p. 1631.-Some foreign names are
mentioned above, but, as they are well known, we abstain from indicating their
orthography and thus avoid lenghtening the present article.

(1) Sce Wiistcnfeld's edition of Nawawi's biographical dictionary, page 7 9.

(9) A great part of the information which the Musulman historians give us respecting the anteislamic his-
tory of Persia, Greece, Yemen, Egypt and other countries, comes from Wahb Ibn Munabbih. He was an
audacious liar, as Moslim critics of a later period at length discovered.
(3) See M. Caussin de Perceval's Essai star I'histoire des ~rabes,-vol. I, p. 146 et sep.
(4) Some copies read Maksdh. Tabari and other historians replace this name by Abd YaghQ.
(5) The full history of al-Ansi will be found in Kosegarten's edition of the Annals of Tabari and in M. Caus-
sin's Essai.
(6) Ouahb, a jew converted to Islamism, was highly esteemed in his day as a transmitter of historical in-
formation and even as a relator of traditions. Part of the latter information he delivered on the authority of
some of the Tabis, or disciples of Muhammad's companions; and in that, he is considered as trustworthy.

THE KADI ABU L'-BAKHTARI

Abh 'l-Bakhtari Wahb Ibn Wahb Ibn Wahb Ibn liathir Ibn Abd Allah lbn Za-
mda Ibn al-Aswad Ibn a]-Mntlalib Ibn Asad Ibn Abd al-Ozza Ibn Kusai Ihn KilAb,
a member of the tribe of Kuraish, a descendant of Asad and a native of Medina,
taught iraditions on the authority of Obaid Allah ibn Omar al-Omari, B i s h b
Ibn Orwa (page 606 of this vol.), Jaafar as-Shdik Ibn Muhanlmad (vol.l Q. 300)
and others ; traditions were delivered on his authority by Raj&Ibn Sahl as-SaghPni,
AbB '1-Kisim Ibn Said Ibn al-Musaiyab and others. He was considered as one
(

whose traditions ought to be rejected and was notorious as a fabricator of such

pieces. Having removed from Medina to Baghdad, under the khalifate' of B ~ r i i n
$5
VOL. 111.
 ar-Rashid, he was appointed by that sovereign 10 the kridisllip of Aslcar al-%ahdi,
( a place situaied) to tlre east of Baghdad. W e llavc already spolten OS tllis town in
our article on al-WBkidi ( p u p 64 of this vol.). Some timc alter, tllc khalif removed
llim from that post and nominated h i m to tlrc lridisliip of ~ ~ c d i n ian, tllc place of
Bakk$r Ibn A l ~ dAllall az-Zubairi (vol. l . p. 531). IIc gave Iiinl, at l l ~ esalrlc time,
the direction of military affairs in that (province). A!- j h ~ ktnri,
l ~ ]wing afterwards
deprived of tlrese offices by the kl~alif,proceeded to nilgIida(1 alrd lllcre 1ic continued
10 reside till liis death. Tllc K h i t i l ~(vol. I. p. 75)says, in tliat i11.liclc or 1Iw 11istur~ of
Baghdad which contnirrs ille life of the llaniliic k d d i A b i l Yhsul' Yalci~l,I l ~ nI1)rBlrirn(l) :
*' This doctor was cltief bddi at Baglldad. On his dcalli, ar-ltasl~idgavc liis place
to Abii 'I-Baltlltari Walib 1bn Walib tllc Kuraisllitlu, w l ~ owas a jririsconsalt, a
historian and a genealogist ; generous, noble-rriintlc(1 ant1 horlntiful ; fond. of
praise and rewardingampl y tliosc wlio culogizcd I l i r l r . \Yhc!llic~ 11cgavc lillle or
mucll, he always requested tlle rcccivcr 10 Sorgivc his parcilnony. Ile r~joic~erl so
loudly when an applicant camc to solicit l ~ i sbcncvolcncc, tliat ally pcrson wlio did
1' not know who h e was .~vouldsay : There is a rnan wllo llns obliiinc(1 a grcat favour

which lle aslrcd for." Jaafar as-SidiIc married 11111al-llaklilari's ~ ~ r o t l rat. c r Me-
dina, and some ol his tratlitions wit11 their isrlhls (%), wcrc 11anrlctltlo~vnI)y liis step-
son. 1Irr namc was Obtla; licr fa~licrA l i , tlesccndctl l'rorrl A1)d klaniif I)? ille Tol-
lowing line : Yazid, I l a k ~ r i a ,Abd Yazirl, IIzislrini, ;il-fiI~litillil), Abtl Rlcnif. Iler
motlitlr was [lie daugliler of Ahil, t l ~ cson of A L i l Tilil). l ' l ~ clillilil), in liis llistory
of Baglldad, praiscs ~ ~ I ~ ~ i ' l - Btari
a l iin
l ~ t l ~ cl ~ i g l ~ tcrnrs
c s ~ and reliltcs h a t a poet went
to l l i r ~one
~ day and rccitctl tilcsc lirlcs :

J\']lerI TYalil) opcas Iris lips to slrljlc, yon .rrroaltll i t k c ( / / / P l,~-;~,llhc.ss I ) / ' /((:S IccIIL) for llic
lighrnings of a cloutl wllich ~*c:joices oat i ~ wittc~.s
ill ~)oul-it~g s o v c r I n n I i y Iilntls. Words or blame
uttcred by il~ose~ i ~arcl ~ Ilostilc
o lo great nlcr~ciltrlrot itljllrc Walib; ~ h star c is ~ i o Irurlcd
l when
t)al.kctl at by a dog. RIatly nlctl ilihcrii trcnsul.cs fro1111llc:ir htllcrs, i d 111c lreasure ol the
Soris of Fillr (the I~u~~aisiizlks) co~isistsin 111atconcrc~io~i of I)c~icficct~cc (taltosc nartic is) Wahb.

ALB 'l-UaLlltari," says the llislorian gave way to an cxcess of joy and lnuglied
" outriglll. 1Ie tlren called forward one o l b i s ad~l.9(3) and wllispercd something in
" Iiis ear. l l l c Inan l ~ r o s g h to
r 7

t h i m a purse containing live hundred dinars ( b ) ,and

" he ( Abil 'I-Balihlari) gave it to the poet ." A bb 'I-Fill.aj al-lspalliini (vol. 11. p. 249)
reldcs as f~llows, ill llle article of tllc lCilCI1, al-Aghdni wllicll contains the life of
Ahfi 1)ulaf a1-ljli (vol. 11. p. 502) : Allmad 1Ln Obaid Allall l b n Amrnir spoke to
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 675
me and said : cWe wcrc one day at the house of AbB 'l-AbbPs alYubarrad (page
Lc 31 of this vol.) and found with him a young boy who was the grandson of the
d 6
k&di A b t 'I-Bakhtari Wahb Ibn Wahb. His face was smooth and handsome.
c Witlr him was another boy wllo resembled liim in beauty and who was the

L grandson of AbB Dulaf al-Ijli. Al-Mubarrad said to the grandson of Abb 'l-Bahh.
' c tari : I know a charming anecdote of your grandfather; how he performed an
L act of goncrosily, the like of which no man ever did before.' Re (the boy) asked
a c lo hear it and AI-Mubarrad spoke as follows: A literary man received an inviia-

a c tion to some place (or other), and there ihey gave him to drink a different sort

nabEd (5) from that which was served to the rest of the company. This made
'' ' him compose llle following verses :

* Two sorts of nabid were in the same room; one for the rich men, and one for their guest!
' Had you done the same with your eatables, you mould have follouled the rule you
" ' observed wit11 respect to your intoxicating liquor. But, if you wished to reach the goal
C towards wliicll all generous men aspire, you would have imitated the conduct of dbd '1-
" Bakhtari : He sought for his brethren throughout the land and enabled the poor man
' to do without the help of the rich.

' When these verses came to the knowledge of Abh '1-Bakhtari, he sent !o the
' author three hundred dinars. I told him, said Ibn Ammdr, that (Abd Dulaf,)
" ' the grandfather of the other boy, did something of the same kind and even finer.
" ' (Al-H~hburrad)asked to hear what it was, and I related as follo~s:He was in-
" ' formed that a man, formerly rich, had fallen into porerty and h a t his rrife fo!d
'' ' him to go and enlist in the army ijund); on which he said :

Let me alone; you require of me a thing exorbitant : to bear arms and to hear peopIe in
armour cry : Halt 1 Do you take me for one of those men of death nbo, night and day, seek
their own destruction?>Wheu death approaches otbers, jt appals me; how then could I rush
towards it, head foremost (6)? Do you think that to go forward and fight with a n adversaryin
single combat is in my nature, or that my bosom contains the heart of bbu DuIaf?

" ' Abil Dulaf (having heard of this,) sent for the man and said : ' Hov much
" ' pay (rizk) did your wife count on your receiving? ' He answered : lone hundred
'' ' dinars (7].'-cAnd how long,' said AbO Dulaf, 'do you expect to live? ' The man
I' ' ansvered : c Twenty years.'--' Then ' said AbB Dulaf, I owe you the amount
" of wllrt you (bolh) hoped for, and shall pay if out of my pocket, not out of the
'' ' sultan's treasury.' Be then gave orders that the sum should he paid imme-
 676 IBN K H A L L I 1 i A N y S
c diately.' I saw, said t11e narrator, that the face of Abb Dulars grandson
brightened up and that Abii 'I-Bakhtari's grandson was put quite out
Of countenance.' " E n d of thc recital furnished by tllc author of the ILit&bal-
Aglrdni.-We have given these verses i n the life of All6 Dulaf (vol. 11. p. 503)
and tlke name of him who made them, will1 t h e manner i n which they
were brought about. They differ, in some degree, from illose whicll are inserted
Bere. The first piece of verse (cited in the foregoing extract and) referring to Abfi
'I-Bakhtari, was composed by Abd Abd ar-Rahmin Mullammad l b n Abd ar-Ralimin
Ibn Atiya al-Atawi, a celebrated poet (see vol. I, p. 186, nole). IIe drew his sur-
name of al-Atawi from the n a m e of his grandfatlier, who was a native of Basra and
a mawla of the family of Laith Ibn n a k r I b n Abd Manit 1bn K i n i n a . Ile (nl-Aluwi)
was a Motazelite and left a diwdn of poetry. The ILhat?b, in his lIis~oryof Bagh-
dad, attributes to Abfi 'l-Baklllari the following saying : " 1prefer being wit11 people
better informed than myself to being with people who are not so well informed as
I am. For, if I know more than they do, I can learn nothing from tI1en1; where
as, with the others, I can gain information." Tlic Kl)a\ib ~ - e l d c salso in the
same work, that Hdriln ar-Kashi'd, on arriving at Medfna, declarccl illat it would be
a profanation if he were to go u p inlo the Prophet's p~llpitwliilst hc liad slill on him
liis travelling-jacket (hub&)and sword-helt. Abd 'l-Baklitari, on hearing lIicse words,
said to Ilirn : Jaafar, tlie son of RIuliilmmad "-meaning Jaafar a~.Sddik,--~' re-
'' lated to tne illat he heard liis father spealc i n these lerms : 'Gabriel, on wllo~ube
" ~lle blessing ofGod! descended (rrorn heaven) to tlle l'ropllet, and lle had upon him
" a kabd and a belt furnislled with its sword.' " This induced al-Mo8la at-Tamimi
to compose the following liilcs :

Evil and woe betide AbQ'I-Bakhlari wl~en all rncn shall appear tqclher at ll~eresurrec-
tion! for lie has said and published a falsehood respecting Jaalar. By Allali! lie never had one
hour's conversation wit11 Jaafar, eithcr in town or in country ; never whilst Ile lived, was he
seen to pass between the (prophet's) torrib and the pulpit (8). May God cllastise the son of
Wahb for publishing a scandalous falsehood : he pretcnds that, when the Mustafa ~ h n l a d
(tile chosen one, illuhammad) received the visits of Gabriel, that angel, l~olyand pure, appeared
to him in boots, and in a black kabi, with a sword girt around his loins !

h a f a r at-Taiyilisi relates that Yahya Ibn Main (g) stopped one day hehind
s were taking lessons from Abii 'I-Bal~lilari. The pro-
the eercle of s l u d e ~ ~ iwlio
fessor was then repeating to them the tradition which came from Jnafar as-sAdik*
 B I O G R A P H l C A L DICTIONARY, 677
On hearing it, Ibn Main exclaimed : Enemy of God I you there tell a lie of the
a Prophet !"--" On that," said Lbn Main, B e police-guards arrested me (IO), but
I said to them; 'This man pretends that the messenger of the Lord of all creatures
a came down to the Prophet with a kabd on 11is slloulders.' They replied to me:
'By Allah I that man is a lying story-teller,' and they let me go."--lbn Kutaiba
says, i n his Kitdb al-bladrif? that A60 '1-Bakhtari's authority as a traditionist was
feeble. The K h a ~ t bsays, in his History, that Ibrhhim al-Harbi (uol. I. p. 46, note)
related what here follows : Ahmad ibn Hanbal (vol. I. p. 41)was asked if he knew
by whom was published the tradition which runs thus : No speed (can be made)
" except with cloven hoofs, or with solid hoofs or roith wings ? and he replied : a No
'I one can have related such a thing except that liar ;' meaning Abh 'l-Bakhtari.-
This kddi composed a number of works, such as the,Jiitillrb or-Rdydybl (on standards),
the history of Tasm and JadPs, the Kztdb sifa tan-hbi (a description of the Prophet's
person and character),the I'addil al-Ansdr (the meritorious qualities and doings of the
Ansdrs), the Kit46 a/-Faddiil al-Kabtr (the larger wtirk on meriroriovs qualilies), and
a genealogy of the descendants of lsmail, containing also a quantity of traditions and
narratives. The anecdotes told of him and of his merits are very numerous. He
died at Baghdad, A.H. 200 (A.D. 815-6), under the khalifate of al-Rlgmfin. Ibn
Kulaiba mentions him twice in the Kildb al-Madrif; the 6rst time, in a special
article wherein is given an -account of what he was; the second time, in the
paragraph headed : The names which occur ilrrice successiaely, where he gives as
exenlples: Abii 'I-Bakhtnri Wahb, the son of Wahb, ihe son of Wahb, and,
" among the Persian kings : Eahr&m, the son of Bahriim, the son of Bahriim,

" and, among the descendants of Abii Tiilib, Hasan, (he son of Hasan, B e son of
" Hasan, and, among the Gl~assbnides, al-tlarith the younger, son of al-Harill1 the

" lame, son of al-Harith the elder." These are all the cases which Ibn Kutaiba
mentions, the others appeared in Iafer times ; thus, I b h ll$miil al-Ghazzdli
(vol. 11. p. 681) was named Mul~ammadIbn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad (1 1).-
Bakhlari is derived from the verb bakhiara, which signifies to strut proudly. This
surname is often confounded with that of Bohtori.--Zatnda, in its primitive signjfi-
cation, means the excrescence which grows behind the cloven feet of animals. It
was afterwards employed as a proper name.-We hare already spoken of a!-dsadi.
-This article was finished when I met with an anecdote which 1 must add to it :
Abh 'l-Bakhtari related as follows : 0 I used to go into the preserlce of Ildr8n ar-
678 IBN KI-IALLIICAN'S BIOCl\hI'lIICA L D I C T I O N A R Y .

.cRashid, and 1 found llirn, one day, wit11 his son nl-KLini, s~irnarncdal-Mutamin,
4' standing before him. I kept my eyes fixcd on ill(! boy, from 1 1 1 ~time 1 went in till
1 was p i n g out. Onc of the hlialil's boon companions then said : 'Abir 'l-Bakhtari
c nlust, I tltinlr, like lambs' Iicads.' Tllc kl~nlifunderstood his meaning and,
when I went again to see him, be addresscrl mc illus : ' I sec that you cannot
your eyes off my son al-Ic8sirn ; do you wish tlint hc sllould he given up to
you completely ?'-l replied : Cod proiect t l ~ cCommander of tile faitllful ! why
44
cast up to me a thing (a vice) which is not i n rlie 9 I looke(l on him fixedly
because Jaafar as-Stidik, on whom be Cod's blessing ! rclalctl, on tile authority
L

L of his forefathers, up to the Prophet of God, that llie Prophet said : L Tllree

things fortify the sight : looking at vcrdurc, at running water and a t a handsome
G

" c face." I copied this from lllc Iiandwriling of the Icddi ICarnil ad-1)En Ibn al-
Adfrn (vol. l. p. 2-46); it was his rough draught of llie IIislory (o[ Aleppo),

(l) Thc lifc of Abh Ytrsuf the hancfitc will 11c fi~untlI I I tho rlcrt volome.
(2) Sce Ir~troductionto vol. I, p. xxlr.
(3) The adn (aid, hclper) is it sort of a. const;il)lc and rncsscnKcr ;~lt;rctl~(i
to 111ctr~l)r~r~:ll
ol k d d i .
(4) Sorncwhat rnorc Lhan two I~u~ltlrcd
i~rltlfilly ~ ) o ~ t r ~
slerling.
iis
(5) Sec vol. I, 11. 316.
(6) Lilerdlly : I ~ tltilrsting
I Iorwilrtl l11c sho~~ltlrbr.
stc:r.ling.
(7) Al)ol~tlil'ly [~ol~nrls
(X) I'llls iviis pc:r.l~a[~s wllcre J;i;tfar a6-Sitlilc usually stationed.
the Ilassngc Iczttling to ~h:lt11ilrLof' thc ~~loscl~~c!
(9) 'I'he ar1ic:lc on IIIJI Mi1t11is givcn i r ~thc next v~lurr~c.
(10) Tllc l r ~ r~alling-
c is LJd l >&b.
( I t ) Exar~rlrlesof' this Iitsl. citsc hcci~mcvery rlrllncrotrs.
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

PAGE3, line 22. For. : firs, read : first,

1'. I I , line 9f;. For : Shurdt, read : Sl~urzit.
1'. 1 5 , line 5. Ilefects is here the true moaning of the Arabic word.
larl)., line 1 9. Nukltdsl~signifies also sculptor.
1'. 21, line 13. For: designated, read : designed.
l', 96, note (/&),line3. For : scolastic, read : scholastic.
1'. 27,1172~' 20. n ~ a d: if those art a genealogist.
1'. 99. The rlotc (9) should be supprcssed.
P. 35, line 2. I'or : Muaddal, read :Muaddil.
P. 11 3 , note (111). Add : In the verses quoted by Mr. Caussin de Perceval, page 106 of the same u)bnne, the
poet's nnmn occurs and must bc pronounced Abid, as Ibn Khallikin says. Suyfiti, in his Shnrh Shafctlhid
I

il-Mughni, maltes tllc same statement.

P. 5 5 , line 8 . For : thc final h, read : the h and its different kinds.
P. 59, lzne 19. For : Abd Allah, read : Abd at-Malik.
P. 79, line 16 , 1:or : GOUTJYA,rcad :G ~ T I Y A .
P. 83, lino 4. This Tdrlkl~ii s the same historian who is generally known by the surname of aj--Kdzt; pro-
fessor Dozy has given a very satisfactory account of him in the introduction to the al Baydn ~ l - ~ V o zb,
g 9 1'. 22
et seq.
P. 93, izne 17. For : Jew, read : Jewess.
P. 9 5 , line f 2. After the words Great vision insert (al-ilfandm al-Kabir)-
P. 11 7 , line 19. For : has perished, read : shall perish.
P. 122, line 1. For : khutt, read : khatt.
P. 133, line 1 4 . The two inverted commas ought to have been placed at the begioning or li'''.

IBID., note ( G ) , lines 4 and 5. Read : the emir of that place.

~ ' ~ ' l ~ ' ~ -
P. 133, nole ( ( l ) . (idd : Mr. P u n k has published a good article on lbn BAjja in his : - v b i m ~ ~
phic arale et juive, p. 385 et sep.
P. 139, line ult. For: merchandize, read : merchandise.
P. 143, line 32. For: Azbkir, read : AsAkir.
P. 151, line 1. For : Abi, read : Abh.
P. 159, lines 4 and 5. For : XjsBni and Bisdn, read : Rizdni and gi3*dfl.
P. 162, line 1 6 . For : Diwdn at, read: Diwdn @l.
680 ADDITIONS A N D CORRECTIONS.
172, nofa (8). Add : The Arabic expression is as follows : k. b.
p. 186, line 8. For: witht he, rcad : with thc.
P. 188, line 24. For : YAzid, read : Yazid.
P. 199, line 16. For the (great) men, read : the men (who are reallg so).
P. 398, line 4. For : Mubashshar, read : Mubashshir.
P. 207, line 6. For : the latter's, read : Tamtm's.
P. 299, note (3). Add : Ibn al-AthEr also has left us a history of the Scljhkides.
p. $39, line 5 a(, imo. For : Kubbd, read : Kubbn.
P. 238, line G 06 inio. A notc should have been added here to indicate that this invasion of the Franks is
what is generally denominated the sixth Crusade.
P. $44, line 6 ab imo. For: DjanSh, read : Jankh.
P. 247, line 8. For : gratification of wishes, read : rose of the gardens.
P. 261, line 15. For : Fald, rcad :Fadl.
P. 265, note (8). For :259, read : 248.
P. $6 6, line 5 . For : Yanzani, read : Yamini.
P. $69, line 16. Here, and i n vol. I, p. 431, read : Bejkem in place of Begkem.
P. 271, note ( I ) , line 1. After : chumbers, insert : or cells.
P. 272, line 1l.For: (the khalif), read : (the prince).
P. 975, line 8 . For : hew ho, read : he who.
P. 296, line 8. This name should probably be pronounced Zenghi, not Zinki.
P. 301, line 10. For : al-ark Bns, read : al-Bark as.
P. 303, line 19. For: bik, read : bik.
P. 316, lines 11 and 8 0 . For : Zodiac, read : spllere, and suppress the notes ( b ) and (5) of the followil~gpage.
P. 308, Iine 5. For : Said, read : SA&d.
IBID., line 17. For : h ~ y d s ,read : kiyds.
P. 320, line 18. For : BuzjSni, rcad Bhzj&ni.
P. 333, Iine 15. For : on the merits, read : on &liemerits of.
P . 323, line 6. For : Zamaslshshari, read : Zdmaklishari.
P. 335, line 6 ab imo. For : mcanaing, read : meaning.
P. 386, line 9. For : klisida, read : Itastda.
P. 327, note (5). For : Christiana, read : Christiania,
P. 336, note (2). For : otal, read : of al.
P. 339, line 9. For : Muin, read : MoPn.
P. 3 4 2 , note (I). Add : See page 229 of this volume.
P. 374, note (9). For : this volume, read : the fourth volume.
P. 360, line %0. In that manuscript copy of Abh 'l-Peda's Annals which bears the corrections of the author,
we find the name AlLi (&j\) pointed so as to be read : Alba.
P. 369, line 19. For : statement, read : statements.
P. 373. The notes (7) and (8) should change numbers and places.
P. 374, note (l3). If the word be pt-unounced kadah, it means a cup; if it be pronounced kidh, it
*ems an arrow. In the Arabic verse here translated, the rules of prosody oblige us to read lridh, Here is
me first bemistich : 1 L?+. The measure i s lawU.
 h l ~ U l r l 'ONS
I A N D CORRECTIONS. 681
1). 380, /r?ir 1. h l t w : Guixii, itlsrrt: (or Jiza).
IJ.3 9 4 , nn/elreritdt. Artlr lbll nl-ltnabn was tl10 principal c11icf of Yathrib (or Medlna), towards ule end uf
tllc sixtl~c c t ~ t ~ i rofy r l l l r . (:m. Sec Mr. Caussin de Perceval's Zssai, t. 11, pages 492, 499, 675.
I>. as(;, lzr~e1 4 . I;trto : Nusl!jAnj, reat1 : NhshjAni.
P. 41 1, note (3). I'or : Djnad, rcad : Jnad.
P. h / 7, ult. For : Iiirwach, rcad : ICirwAsh,
1). 4 18, Zine 4 4 . 1;ol. . I<irwAch, rcad : I{irwAsh.
1'. (121, line 7 . itlscrt tlkc :irticlc fll Lcfore Mukallad.
1'. 444, nolc ( 1 8 ) . I:or : 309, rend : 30G.
1.' 428, rid~.filiorito note (7). TIlis csprcssiod signifies at fullspeed; see Mr Dozy's Ibn Bddrhn, p ~ g e115.
l'. 429, line 1 7 . For : Corar1,rcad: l{oran,which is the form adopted in this translation; but the true pm-
~ o ~ i IJC much hcttcr represented by Curr-awn.
~ ~ o u n c i a t would
1'. lr42, line 6 . For : preposition, read : letter.
1'. 4 3 4 , note (1 4). I'lnce n comma nftcr Warshdn. Two lines farther on,replace : Warsch, by : Warsh,and.
Li7ie 5 , for : fith'i~,reall fat'lia.
P. 4 5 4 , note (10). For : S~inanlclemats, read : mats made of the sort of grass called sdmdn. See Jaultelt s
t~.aaslal,ion01. [dr.isi's Gcagr-nl~l~y,
1.01.1, p. 339. Ibn al-Baithbr mentions tbisplaut in his Dictionary of simpla
undcr tllc word+\ illld states it to Le the same as the dis (arundo feducoidesor orundo tenax)),a species ol
reed very common in Algcriit.
I?. 456, line 8 alr inzo. For : l'umart, read r Tilmart.
1'. 4G3, note (6). l:or : the four111 volume, read : tliis volume.
P. 4 7 4 , line 33. This Tnasif was one of Saladin'snlilitary engineers. Abh 'I-PcdA mentions hi111In hi: A:1-

nals, ycar 64'2, and al-Makrizi, i n his History of the Mamldk Sultans, year 6 4 9 .
I). 476, line 40. l'or : Djcl)el, road : Jabal.

P. 480, line I G . For : bya, rend : l ~ ya.

1'. (184, line 6 a6 imo. For: N k h , read : Nbsh.
P, 498, line 9. For : ez-Zuwaitina, read : Zuwaitina.
IRID., r~ote(4), line 2. Rcad : Abh 'I-PidA.
P. ,505, line 3 u l imo. For : liaschida, read: Rashida.
P. 50 8, line 9 . For : Dabii, read :Daba.
P. 517, line 7 a6 imo. The name (31~j) should perlrap~be yru~ivunced~ i ~ r l t d r .
P. 581, Zine 4 9. For: feats, read : leasts.
P. 585, note (9). For : YBkubs, read : Yakhbs.
IBID., note ( 4 ) . For : Zarlca, read : ZarkA.
P. 530, note (3). hdd : A fuller account of this k&di will be found in this volume, II. 565 et seY-
P. 537, note (3). Add : See also page 397 of this volume, note (161,
P. 141, l i ~ 8e ab imo. For : work sof, read : works of.
B I D . , antepenult. Decomposing of poetry into prose in expressed in Arabic by b e words
l "(
P. 546, jiae 5 ab imo. The note of interrogation after the word Cru.cader8 should be suppressed.
"-
.

P. 550, line 20. For :conversation parties, read : evening parties.

1). 553, line 5 5 . After the words : is followed, insert, as an observation made by tha transistor : ( f ~ i f ~ ~ i
immedialely or otherwise).
VOL. IU.
 P . 55 G , line 9. For : Sbidi, read : Sriedi.
IBID., line 43. For : but, for doctors, read : but, according to doctors.
P. 559. The verse given in this page helongs to a picce wl~ichhas bccn already iascrred, p. ~ $ uf2 ihls
volume.
P. 564, note ( 3 ) . For : Slidi, read : SABdi, and see notc (I), p. 607 of this volnrnc.
P. 568, line 7 ab imo. For : ZblAc, read: ZdlBk.
P. 584, tine 9. For : see page 579, read : pages 153,154, 579.
P. 585, note ( 7 ) . The three first lines of this note must ba suppressed, tire author hiiving given the life (11
KamPl ad-Din Ibn Man& in this volume, p. 466.
P. 589, note (40). It must be observed that Sinjar (F) is the name of a Scljuliirlc prince and ought not
to be confounded with Sinjdr G[+;"), the name of a town.
P. 590, line penult. For : hcr eyelids, read : thc scabbard (i. e. her eyelids).
P. 592, line 243. For : A sa, read : As a.
p. 5 9 3 , note (3). For : mictrcss, read : mistress.
.
P. 599, line 4 1 For ; good scnsc, read : common sensc.
P. 604, line 6. For : Muwallid, read : Muwallad.
P. 605, line 8. For : abore, read : above.
P, 606, line 12. Read : SakhtiAni, and make thc satnc corrcction in tllc note (S), page GO*.
P. 619, line 1 4 . For: me, read : we.
P. 690, line 4 ub imo. Aftcr : 209, insert : the son of ~1-Busain.
P. 684, line 43. For : in illa, read : inter illa.
P. 686, note (f8). Far : Wbhim, read : Wakim.
IBID., note ( 9 1 ) . For : j h J 2 real : d 1 j y in two wonis.
P. 6438, line 3 ab imo. For : malhouein, rcad : malhAzin.
P. 629, line 4 ad imo. For : come, ruoad : came.
P. 642> line 2 3 . For : Dubba, rcad : Dabba.
P. 6 4 3 , line 2. For : Duhbi, read : Dabbi.
P. 665, line C, nb imo. For : as appanagc, reat1 : as arl appannge.
 IN1)EX TO THE TIIIRD VOLUME
I'AIb7.' I. - PROPER NAMES

1V. II.l'tri: IlaIrlcls ~~rcc:rdctl hy an astcrislc are those of persons or places particularly noticed ln tlus volun~e.
111 c o ~ ~ s r l l ttli~s ! ~ sc'11,ct~ tor tlic Ilarnc or surnanle by which the person was usual!y known, and neqlect
~ ~ lIlst,
l)refiscs. SIII-II ;IS . f h t i , lhr), ctc.

11, "~Zltrl Allah Ibn Jaaf'nr, tile Alide, physiciau and philosopt~er, i 2 0 ,
619, 627. 608.
'Iha Ahisl~;~, h:~i~. Abrl Allah Ibn Malik, 465. "Abd a!-Malik Ibu &lardin, 871,
'AAjarni, 85. Abd Allall Ibn MansQr, 57. 630.
*A$lij, 50, 121;. AJJ~ Allsll Ibn Marwdn, 475. "Abd al-Malik Ibn E&\ih,665, G G i .
"Afilikln, 2 3 8 . Abd Allall Ibn Mhsa Ibn Nusair, 475, 'Abd al-blhmin Ibn Ali, 207, 208.
Ailmid, 489. 477. Abd al-Muntm; see Ibn Ghalbhi.
Aamir, the filther of A I I ~ Muziiikiya,
P Abd Allah Ibn Omar,521,649,650. Abd ar-Rabmln Ibn Abd al-Jabbdr,
515. Abd Allah lbn SafwAn, 509. 1 4 5 , 146.
*al-AAmir bi-Ahlcfiro Illnh, 455. ~ b Allah
d Ihn az-Zuhair, 509, b 8 4 . 'Abd ar-Rahmln Ibn Abf, 3 .
AAmir al-Mansilr, 18 3. Ihn Abd Allah, the Icdtib, 121. -
Abd ar Rahmiin Ihn HaeAo ILn
*A&rilbi, 25. Abd a!-Azim; see al-Mundiri. ThAbit: 347.
" I f m nl-AilrAbi, 43. ~ h al-nziz
d Ibn al-Manshr lbn Abi Abd ar-RahmAn an-N&sir, 1SS.
nl-Atlraj, lbn Abi'l-Wulltl, 79. Ahrnir, 200, 201. Abd ar-Rahmkn Ibn Zaid, 4 0 %
*It?( Aasirn, 564. Abd al-AzEz Ibn MarwAn, 454. 'Abd ar-Razzlk as-SanAoi, Vol. 11,
Anyan I l ~ nDul)aia, 6 2 4 . Abd al-Azlz Ibn YOsuf, the l~b!ih, p. 163.
"Abhward, 147. 4 12. Ibn Abd ar-Razzak, 4 5 6 .
Abbad Ibn b211harnmati; sea nl-810- lhn Ahd al-BBki, 536. ~ b asSal&m
d Ibn al-&Iuaddil, 3 3 ,
tadid Iiillah. *Abd al-Ghani 1bn Abi Bakr, 102. Ibn Abd as-salam, kli, $00.
Abbad; see as-sahib. * ~ b~, ~b dal-(;l~ani; see Alam ad- Abd as-Samad A10 Galir, 1 'Jb'.
"Abbbdi, 366. Din Tarlsif. ibr, Abd al-Wahhib> 79.
'al-Al~bhdi, Kutb ad-Din, 365. Abd al-IXitlck, Abh 'l-Husain, 21. "Abd Yalll, 7.
Abbdn Ibn nl-W;ilid, 3 7 4 . ~ j , da[-HJklc ~ b ulbra]?fm, 4310. Abda, the daughter of Ah Yd-
"Ihrr AhLdn, 249. "Abd nl-Hamid al-l'dadbini, 5 4 3 . zid, 674.
;[l-Abbh Ibn al-lfasan, 2 1 8. I l n Abd al-Hamid at-Thsi, 664. Abdhs Ibn Abd Allafi, C-
d h& 'l-Abbas al-l'ilsi, stj1 . *hbd &JabbQr Ibn Abdar-Kahmin, Ibn Abdhs bfuhamad, 95-
"Abbhsn (town),369. 408. Abek hlujir ad-Din, 339.
Abbgsa at-Tbsi, 50%. ~ b al-J;lbb&r
d Ihnbluhammad, 504. *al-Abbari al-hfufaddal, 4bS, 4 fig.
al-Abd as-SAlih, 4 63. I h n Abd al-JabbAr, ~ b f 'l-Fath
i Ibn al-bbiad; see Abh h k r -
'Abd Allah Ibn Adi 'l-Jurjbai, 3 6 3 . Abd Allah, 141. [bn Abi 'I-Abiad al-Kaisi, $71 .
Allah I b n ~ l i the
, Abbaside, 629, [bn ~ b al-Jabbar
d as-Sir&fl, 576, 'Abid Ibn a!-Abras, 4% 43, C T 9 -
637. *Abd a!-Kaaba, 3. ~ b l dIbn Sbarya, 1').1
h h d Allall IBn Amr; see al-Arji. Abd al-EihAlik Ibn Ahmad, 11. "Abtward, 47; 147.
"Ahd Allah lbn ABn, 554. Ibn Abd al-Iihllik, 14 . "al-Ablwardi, 14 4.
Abd Allah Ihn Boluggle, 9 9 0 . ~ b al-Latif
d Mumallfak ad-Din, the *a[--4blah~1597 It;*-
 11,)t ! / < / / L 'I-;',!i~~di'~i, !I:\, ljatlr ill-Jam:lli, as%.
1/!1i ;II-Ass~II, l S!), *al-Barlrlni, Abh Bakr, 15.
''J~i~dr;ln Aid '1-Padl, the Olcailjde, Brtrkyadk, 232, 233, 934.
i a l - h s l ~ ~ ~ ~!\SO, l ~ l ~R;! i ,1. 492.
~ I - A S I \ ~ ~ I IiiI-;411si,
I li72. The Barmekides; date of their fall.
":ill-IjAfi, Abh Muhammad, 377. 372, 373.
1/))1As\v;~rl, A l ~ ~ l ~ ; ~ r ~ ~509. lltirrl, al-BarrAd Ibn Kais, 397.
;l//tl AIA. its-Sirltli, S 3 H , 439.
'ill-hl.il\\ri, Altll .dl1ll ; l ~ - ~ ~ L l h l l tllc l ~ t l ,Ba11;Z ad-Dawla, the Buide, son of al-BasAsiri, 38,) 421.
~)or!t, 2 5 8 , ~ 7 1 ; . Aducl-ad-Dawla, 115, 235, 423. BashshBr Ibn Burd, 645, 646.
' A l t l i r ; 1 ~ l - I ~ l l l i ~ I - A l 1 l l n 1 - i , L c ; 8 , 4 c ; 9ljallhztl-nEn;seeIbnShadd&d.
. *IbnBashShar,66,
Il)n :I.I-AI I I ~ I . , hl:ulj id-1)111 ill-klu- Baha atl-l)in ar-It $lib, 360. Ibn Bashtikln, 453.
Irhr;r.lc, !?!)S, 9):). Ili~)insna,339. The Basra of a1-Muhallab, 509.
' [ h ~ i~l-ALtblr
l R1ultiirn1nntl Slli~ril.l'nt1- ';;ll-Whili, hbh 'l-Hnsaill, 397, *Ibn Bassam, 1 8 4 , 198.
1)i11, !;,K. %l-lli~hlra,213, &17. *al-nasty 174, 495;.
*Il)rl i11-Allt)t. Ni~srAlli111 1)l:l ad-Dirt, */ja)-lrilm Ibn al-ghidr, 996. Ibn Bastilm, 448.
5hI. llnttrhm Khsh, 313. al-Bastlmi, Hibat Allah as-Soddi,
' A L ~ ~ s11rirtcr:
, Aiybl,irlc, 436, 839, *J$;lhrhl.li,174. 502.
505. 'nl-llahrllni, 172, 174. Ibn al-Rasti, 164.
Atl,i111 11111 S : L ~ !J9. I~, Ilhi TI\z, 3 3 0. al-Batiiih, 169.
"11-Al.tfii1i, li~lltllhtllI t)n Arnr, 99. al-llaidak Muhammad an-Nadim, *al-Batiiihi, the vizir, 455, 457.
%l-All;llri, Alj11 t i l i t ~ ~ ~ grarnma- hr, 105. "1-Bat'ha, 637.
r i : ~ ~ )!J8.
, Bain an-Nahrain, 487. Ibn BAtish al-hlausili, 363.
'i~l-Atl;~l,i~Pn,'22. '31-llzi y Arri, A l ~ hMuhammad, 85. "Battan, or Bittan, 318.
*At~iI,f1lt11Mutt;~mtn;ttl, 601,. nl-Jiaiyfisi, 198. 'dl-Batdni, 327.
"AI)[' 1I)i1 A11i Ji11rilI3, b5b. *llajarwin, 396. Baulos, the christian, 140.
*Ihu A h i A~ll'it.,5(;5. *11iQj~,4 32, 133. Briward, 47, 147.
AII~IS!,IIS,220. *I/m Ryja, 130, *Bawbrdi, 47,147.
*Autr:ul i~x-%i~~nA.n, G00. "'IlajJkna,. 200, 204. "al-Bayldi, the sharlf, 353, 563.
I l ~ t iAbi Abll, Mt.ilti~m~rtntl,95. *Rnlthtarl, 677. Ibe al-Bazzbr, .4bh 't-Taiqib, 135.
'Ails nnrl I < l ~ n z r a ~ l595. j, * h b ~ l'1-BakhTnri, the kAdi, 673. Begkeln (Bejke??z),269.
* A I I x ~ I ~ ~:%l I .0,~ ~ I , Rillthtflr, Izz ad-Dawla, 273. Bcktimor, 360.
* I 1 v ~ ~ 1~30. p ~ ~ ~ ~ , ' *[bra 13;1lihty&r, 159. Bel- Anbar, 553,
hvc:itxrr;t r, 9 :l h . al-llakili~~i, h b h TAhir, 584. "BenltNbsh, 484, 486.
Avic:nnrln, 620. *Ilnliiya Ibn al-Walid, 4 11. "BendBr, 66.
'Aw3.11;1, vill;tysc, 2 7 7 . N'IblrIlaliiya, the v i ~ i r ,572. Ibn Bendkr, G99.
Awbnir, I,nldilior,ist, 632. Llnlikdr az-Zubairi, 674. Ben Yamin at-Basri, 637.
The A;r;~rclti~os, 91 0. lk~ltrIbn Dlo~Ab, 438. Bibars, 247.
Azhx, 1139. *Abli Baltr al-Abiad, 137. al-BighAli, 58 4.
* i ~ l - ~ ; r d!jq , 5. #:>.J 62 naltr Allmad Ibu Illujht~iri,1G, *BilLI Ibn RabSh, 4 S 1
* A Z thtl):~,
~ !; I 5. is. "illita, 304.
*Aed Orniir, ! j l b. *.,l612 .Rakr, see ntl-D&ni. 16s Billita, 2003, 208.
" ~ z as-Silr;\t,
~l 515. .., -*,J63 nal'r a[-KhoyArezmi, 108. al-Bim:iristini, 950.
*Am1 Sitanfin, 51 b. "AI) Bakr d-Shli, 68. I6n BinhtZn, 570.
I h t ~A x ~ l a l ~ a l492. , .,lbd naltr Ibn Toghj, 217 et seq. *al-Birka, %g.
[hn Abi 'I-Azl~rtr, 3 1. ~ b llaltr h at-Tdsi, 229. Birlca tal-Habash, 457.
*Azllari, b 9. *16,1 A6i Uakra, 516. Abd Bishr; see Matta.
& l - k ~ l r i ~ r Abh i, 'l-I<;lsim, 3716. Ibri Balctilcio, 296, 338. *Bist&n Ibn liais, 4 0 8.
*al-Axhari, Al)il Manshr, 48. +ii,n nl-naladi, 163, 166, 167. *al-Hitgh, 650.
al-r\xlmi, ~ ) , ~h b Allah, d 41 7, al-~alBdori,AbhJaarar Allmad, 660. *a1-BittA~7318.
211-Ax9x Balthr atl-l)ln OthrnBn, 847. *Bal&s&ghhn, 32 0. "Bohtori, 641, 664.
*al-B&tori, the poet, 8 51, 63 7.
"al-Axlz al-lspshhni, vol. I, p. 170. Baldwin, 456. Bologguin (Bulukkin) Ibn Ziri, $79 ,
*d-Axis Ni8A.r al-Obaidi, 525. *Halhait, 69, 73.
Axlx ad-Dawla Ril~iln,326. 51-Bandahi, 99, 4 00. 385.
B8ni&s, 339. [bn Bologgfn, Abd Allan, 190.
Ihti Akhi 'l-AxPz, 300.
*Baraka Iba al-Mukallad, 421. *al-Bukai~a, 3 4 1 345;' ~
Ibn al-bxrak al-k'arilti, 386. Ibn Bu'buly the yizir2 "'
[ho al-AzwZLr al-Aradi, 6 1 9 , 6 ~ 1 . 'Abd 'I-BarakAt al-IItl~hshimi, 100.
* ~ b d71-Bar;lkat Ibo Malkbn, 600. Bhluk Arslan, 360'
Ibn BarakAt as-Saidi, 594. Bulukkin; see Bolag,aia.
Bardwil, 456. al-Bundai, 399.
B al-BundAri, 306.
Ihn Barhi3n al-Asadi, 46. 1bn B u r h h (~arhbn?)al-Edsim:5.17.
I)Bh at-TAk, 374. al-B&ri ad-Dahbh, 154.
Barjawlln, 538, 5 9 9 , 574. Bbri TAj .j-Mulhk, 339.
BA11clr nl-IChurr;lmi, U"7,GCG. &Bdsir, 595.
'nl-8ndf nl-AstorlAbi, 580. "Ilarka, 224.
?!l-Barkaidi, 419, 444. * ~ f i s i as-Sidr,
r 595.
Badr al-Ilrt~sl~ldi,271.
 *ill-lli~siri, thc tratliliori~sl, 595. ad-Dnwbtli Allli A l i , 3 7 5 .
'al-l)ilsil.i, Ille pet, 595. a.tl-l)crl~~!~~tlill,, /I Y 9.
Ilust, 330, Ilia atl-l)i~\I$~lirArr~, ?,g(;,
'ill-l%usli,Ibn Habl~bn,G G , 364, h 10 '.J)ia iitl-l)i~~11~11al-Al,hlry '5 1.
liusii, vol. I, p. 477. J)ilril id-l<hux/~i,178.
3~l-l:usti,tllc poct, 330. I//n IJil~ya,tlio kcrllib, 1J!i.
+IIll~ji111, 320. Dirilr 11111 ~II-.~SW:IF, G 4 9, 6 5 1 .
"~l-U~'Izj:Ini,32 0. I)i~*:it. 11~11Otiiritl, 37.
*fba Dit11;1r, 564,
A h ~ i1)olol; 675, 676,
lbrr l)ul~iria,6 2 4 .
~ S Sndaltn, 418. .
I ) I I ~ I ~ I1L11
"I~)~lhait,l~A, 1 03.
*1b11;\(l-lh~h;tithi, 4 02.
;~cl-l)~ll~i (?), f;.
*l)~lgl1il,3 6 .
*ad-I)ut~li,Ibsal~ltnllhn A l i , ( ; O S .
'l)i~l~iI, 508, 5 1 5. ad-Dul~li, M I I J I ~ L I I ~11~11 I I I ~Al1111ittl
L~I ;
nd-Di~l)b;i~, 154. see Ah~l'I'Ell~ir.
at!-Dnl)l~i, A11h 'I-Alrlrds, 301;. i~(l-l)~il~li, St~ujil:~ I ~ I I I l::\ris, 583.
nrl-D&bbi, A l l i ~'t-Tnrbk, l;4 3. ';L)llk:~li,tllc S~ljl'rltitlc, %CL&, 829.
*Dibik, (i37. h k n ~ i \ l i ,Ejli 4 ,
I ) i d ~ ~ ! v ; ~672.
il~, "Di~lAl),(if;.
l i Di\gl~ir,
~ 15 5 . *l)llIi\l) al-.Ji\r, 6f;.
*I612 :rtl-lJnl~l~iln,hluhi~r~~rnntl, 175. "atl-l)hl;lbi, All11 llishr, (; 5.
Ihtz atl-L)ahbAn S;~itl;lrt-Nilsil~, 175, *I)u~.:ritl, $ 2 ,
4 3 6 , 599. ' / h 1 U11rnit1, 117.
l b r ~DShir, 6 9 . 'I)uny;tscr, 299.
*ad-Dahna., 49, 50. tll,Q 1111wlldal-Iyilcli, 8'1X, 920.
Ibia a d - W , 538. 11112 11bi I>uwhd, r,hc Iriltli, Y a u , 9;4,

ad-DailamiyLt, 478. "253, 354.

;id-Dainawal-i, Abh Abd Alial~, f) l , 1O?z arl-Uuwnidn, lf10.
"Dair al-Ja~rr%jim,80.
Ilair al-I<os:rir, 4 5 3 .
*D. '.
dl.km, . 318.
L);~l<Bkn,31;.
*ad-I)Alcttil, 9 3 h .
lbz D i ~ k i n ~ ~33 l i (i.
,
*:~<l-I)all~ii~~~iy:~, !if)?, !593.
*'ttd-L)il~aafi.ll;Ir~i, ALI'I .Iitnfar, 837.
I'la~nictta,2 I! .l , /I 87.
"ad-I)i\~~i, A11h A I I I ~Otl~~r~ilri, /I 3.3.

**(l-Dd~li, Al~h15nlir Ihn I,:ll~llikflil,

l j 8 , 2 Y B , 293,49f1,197, W .
D b a Ir.ln Dhra, 72.
'Diraiyi~, 95.
*ad-l)iirnliutr~i,vol. 11, 2:{9.
Ib)l ad-Darnwi, 592 ;see ICn az-%a-
rawi.
*Ibn Iklre~t,,Ah11 'l-Ghar:Aim, 151,
153, 9SI.
ni\rij, 578.
';l);i~.ilr~, G IS, G.13.
"xtl-Di~i,ir, nl111Ali, GO.
*ad-Dask:trn, 04 ! I .
"1h2 Ahi 'd-Dah, 5 1 3 .
'"autarn, 614, 62.5.
'"libb Di~uwicl(Dowlitl?) I t ~ nal-Mu -
saiyal~,4 1 5.
ltrt ad-Da\~\.rZtni(-?),1 1; 1.
I)Awbtl, nl-hlalilc ;ir~-NAs.ir, 4!~0.
"l)fi\Vild Ibn I\lilthyil, t l ~ oScl.jfikidc,
296, 227, '230, 232.
 INDEX,
L - l l ~ i ~ ill-
l , \lllili 11111 hllll', 'dhd i i ; ~ i p ~ [ l ; at-Tilbliidi, $100,~q ~ ~ i f l ~ i ,
L I C , 417. 264. *Ihn Hanna, 51.
'31-(;liilnii\si, M1111;urlrn;itli b r ~Sol- *llaiyhs, 143. Harmala lbri Yahya, 555.
Li111, 138. 'Ihn HaiyOs, 1 38, 622. *al-Ilarrb, 370, 373.
'lbn (;lln~~n;lrn, All, 558. 'kIajar, 166, I GS. HarrAn (History of), 96,
'Ghnrs nil- lhwla I l ~ nl[tkmdin, 0 2 . 11,~nl-Hajar, 540. al-IiarrAni, Abfi Shoab, 9.
*Ghnrs an-Nim:~;is-SiZl~i,401, G%S. al-IIAjib al-Mausili, 49 1. "Harthama Ibli Aian, 595.
,16d Gli;~ssiln,27%. IIlljib lbn Sulaim,Zn, 363, *Hrlrdn Ibn Ali al-Jlunajjim, G o b .
'nl-C;hilurb, 17%. *al-Ilqjir, 574. 'Harbn ar-Rashid, 363, 465.
GhAzi; see al-Malik ax-Zlhir. 'al-IlAjiri, Ifusam ild-Din, 5 4 5 . Ihn HAriin; see Maimfin ~ l l ~ [
Ghnzi, lllri A l h i , tho Ol.tol<~dc,360. *Ihn al-HAjj al-Lfirki, 198, drami.
Glihzi, Saif ad-Din, 996, 297, 438, al-Najjdj lbn Yhsuf, 51 5, 516. *al-Hasan Ibn Ahmad, 1-2.
357. *AM 'l-Hajnh, 615, 026. *al-Hasan Ibo Ali, brother of Ibn
'Gli?~zi, Sl~ihAl)ail-Din, 488, 490. * I I ~ j b n ,306. Mukla, 273.
* I / J(il~azlfirl,
~ 489, 199. nl-llakkiriya, 361. a]-Hasan al-Basri, G29, 643.
*al-Chnzz31, ~ $ 8 ,6/16. "a]-1lAk1m bi-Amr Illah, 449. al-Hasan Ibn OmAra, 562.
:L[-Ghazz:lli, Ab1*1 llhmiil, 23 3. Abfi IiakEm al-Khabri, 120. al-Hasan Ibn Wahb, 661.
nl-Ghilzzi, Il~rill~lrri, 4 14 . 'al-Haklmi, Mohammad 1bn hhmad, *al-Hasan lbn Zaid, the Alidc, 574.
"The C;l~nzz,4 1 8 , 4 2 3 . 657, 666. AbB 'I-Hasdn Ali, the Almora\idc,
*nl-C;liutln(li, 273. Ibn IIakfna,579, 580,597,595,603. 209.
'GhulArn Thalab, (t 3. 'Ihn al-Barnadhi, 265. Abh 'I-Hasan Ihn al-Uusaig;tb, the
'Ghilta, 95. 1Ln Hamd~ln,al-Husain, 918. Okailide, 4 l S.
Gibmltar, 478. Ibn IIamdAn, Abb 'l-1Clisim Jaafal; Hashim Ibn Ahmad al-Halabi, 1 5 5
Cog 2nd Milgog, 4 94. 31. Ibta Hishim, the preacher, 156.
*fhtt al-Goliy,~,7 9 . 'IhrnAmi, 42. 'dl-Hbhirni Abh Abd Allah, 23.
' G u i r ~ l l ~ t ~234.
li, 'al-IIamddni (Hamadhi?), Muham- *al-Hbshimiya, 401.
Gnilishn, ti l . mad Ibn Abd al-Maltk, 284, 290, lhn Abi Hasina, 141.
*Guzhl lbu Iltlulcuz, 302. $24, 425. Hassbn Ibn ThAbit, 3 4 7 , 34s.
al-IIaindAni Ahb Taghlib, 211. *Tile Hatim, 306, 540, 627.
1612 IIamdis, 192. *At2 Hatim ar-Rbzi, 41 1.
Il *Ib)l HamdOn, the kdtzt, 90. Ibn Hlttim as-Asadi, 594.
9011 llarndbn Ghars ad-Dawla, 99. h-Hitimi, Abb Ali, 46, 73.
'IIabannakn, 35. *Ihn Hamdhn, al-Hasan Ibn bIuham- Ifatti, 453.
'1/1?t 1labbd11, 6 6 , 364, 4 20. mad, 99. *al-Haufaziin, h0 7.
*Iiabl)ilr, l 5 3. ' I l n Hamduyah, vol. If, p. GM. 'db6 'I-Hazm Makki, 434.
'iii~bbtlriya, 153. Ibti Abd al-Hamid at-Thsi, 664. 'lbn Hazm, Abb Omar, S5.
*I/nz al-llabl)$r~ya, 180, 285. 'Hainmad Mosl~m,564. *at-HBzimi, Abtl Bakr the hdfiz. I I .
'Ilm Ilabbiln, f;LLfj. 'Hammhd Ibn Abi Sulaiman, 5G4. *Hibat Allah al-Bhski, 594.
'IIilbir; 4 9 , 50. Tfic Hammrlds, 438, 440. * m a t Allah Ibn al-Fadl, 5S3.
lbn IIAlris, 613, 62b. *Mammim Ibn Ghblib, 618. Hibat Allah Ibn Muhammad, 239.
'Ifadan (p-), $02. IIammAm Ibn Munabbih, 671. Hibat -4llah Ibn Sahl, 5 0 %
"al-Hadb~, 4 35. 'Ibn Hammiish, 429. Ibn Hibat ALlah, 383,.
'al-Hadbbni, Dill ad-Din, vol. 11, Hamrii, 569, 573. The Hijr, 306.
187. Hamza, Ibn Abd Allah Ibn az-Zu- *HilAl as-Stlbi, 653.
31-I-I;tdh&ni, Abh 'l-RaijB, 419. bair, 624. al-Hil$li; see AIBsa.
*Ion al-Haddild , the jurisconsult, Hamza Ibn Abd ar-Razzlik, 426. *al-~ima,178.
vol. 11, p. 602. Ihn Hanbal ; see Ahmad. dbti Hind ad-DM, 43s.
1bn al-EIaddAd al-gaisi, 301, 202. *Iln HAni, bfuhammad, 193. Hishim Ibn Abd al-XaWr, G90,6.!. 1.
al-Badi, the Abbaside khalif, 636. Ibn Hani, Omar, 637. * H i s h h ad-Dartr, 6 1F.
'al-IIadr, 318, 320. *Ab6 HAnifa, 85, 535. *Hisham B n al-Hakam, l S 3 , 134.
'al-Hadra, 8 7 . Hanzala Ibn Sharki, 318. +Hishim Ibn Bassan, 5 54.
al-fladrami, Ibrl HArbn, 37 4. *Ear%miIbn Ombra, 41 1. *Hishim Ibn al-Kalbi, 60s.
'Abd Hafsa, 3 4 3. *IhHarbawaih, 449. "Hisham Ibn Om3, 606.
'Ibn Bbi Hafsa, l\larwAn, 3 43. *Harghi, 315. dbli Hbshim, the Abbadite, 195-
'Haiatila, 4 41. BArim, 339. Ibn HishArn d - ~ a k h m i ,9s. 43-
Ihn Haidara, 140. al-Harimi; see 1bn Hakfna. 'fisn al-AkrAd, 341.
'L-IIaija al-Hadbbni, 4 19. al-KarEr, 398, 6/0, 621. Hisn MasIama, 41 7.
Abh 'l-Haija Ibn Imrdn, 42 6. al-Hariri, Abh 'l-Kbsim, 10r, 550, qisnhni, 174.
' A M 'l-Baija Shibl ad-Dawla, 4lZ. . 55%. *Hisni, 174.
Hais Bais, 33 7, 58 3 et seq. al-Hiarith Ibn Kaab, 559. H ~ a i m ,T?hya, the ~ i z i r588.
,
'al-Haitham Ibn Adi, 633. +al-HArith Ibn Ribdi, 616. [bn Hdaiya; see Tazid Ibn Omar-
al-HArith Ibn Sharfk, 407. Hudaifa Ibn al-Yamiir;, 508.
nl-Haitham Ibn Hablb, 550.
'Haiydn, 54. Hgritha Ibn HajjAj, 318. *Bulwln, 453.
al-KSdir Uill,~ll;see Ibn Zi 'n-Nhl
ICAdis, 4 8 0.
lbn al-lihtlisi, 2 7 9 .
al-l{Stlisiya, 397, 49G.
al-KSL', poet, 1 4 0.
al-TLaKril al-Mqcrwrrzi, 934.
K ilr Za~nnrar,3i;O.
*KAfi 'l-lLt~I'i\L, 90.
*Kafraththi, 299.
al-KaL'rathll~i, IJiA i~d-Dln, 29G.
K&Mr iil-Iltl~st~lrli,2 9 0 .
*Ibn K a i c g l ~ l i ~Ahni
l ~ , 111, 91 9, 22:
*Ihn ICaicgl~ligll,11)r8~llirn,
Ibn Knicgl~ligh,Ishhlr lbn lbrahin
223.
KdPldiks, 4 87.
KailtohAd, 2 4 3 , 489.
Ibn Kaikllya, 225.
Kaila, 595.
*al-ILSirn al-Ob:lidi, 18 1 .
*ICbirn&z AI-Mushdi, SAriln ad-Din
245, 248.
KaimBz az-Z ~ini, nlujihid ad-DPo
358.
al-ICi~in, 653.
a[-Knini, 61 h .
K:~irawAn (Nistorirs of), 383.
"Kais AilSn, 3 69.
Kais Ibli Arnr irl-l112-rilhi, 515.
*Kais Kubl),~,3 6 9.
*Kais Ibn Aasirn, 408, 616.
Kais Ibn at-Mnkshhh, G72.
*Kaisar, 2 t 9.
Kais.lr; see Alam ad-Din.
*#:iis,+rCLni, G, 4 58.
*fbn al-Kaisarhni, 2 5 5.
al-Kajji, 9.
Ibn ICakfiyah, 225, 423.
*f{alA tal-Inl&diyn, 3 G I .
'KalA tar-llnud,i, 24 8.
"KaUkis, 5 4 0.
*Ibn Kalhlris, 537, 591.
*Kalbi, 28,
' I b n al-Knlbi, Ilish~m,608.
*Ibn al-Kalbi, Muhammad, 27.
al-KAli Abh Ali, SO.
*&l-Ballas, 41 1.
Karnkl ad-Din ; see al-Furawi.
K a d ad-Diu MQsa, 320.
*Rams1 ad-Din, Ibn as-Shahrozbri,
300, and vol. 11. p. 646.
*KamAl ad-Din , Ibn Yhnus Ibn
Mand, 466, 581.
T h e Kam%liyacollege, 467.
al-Kamlkhi , Muhammad Ibn Oth-
m a n , 6.
*Kanjah, f 03.
Ear% ArslAn, Fakhr ad-D!n, 242.
"al-Karazi ,Muhammad Ibn Kaab,
373.
*h'arkh, 385, 498.
Karkh of J u d d h , 3 8 5,
*Kark hi, 3 8 5.
Abh Bakr
279, 280.
*al-kirkhi, Abh 'I-Hasan Obaid A:
lah, 474.
'al-ICarkhi, Mlirhf, 384.
*AI-lLarlchi, Obaid Allah, 474.
"l'lle Icarmats, 49, 417.
iil-ILarrliz, Muhammad Ibn Jaafar
48.
ICArbn, 295.
ixl- Kashlini ; see Anhshrew&n.
*IiAshghLr, 444, 310.
223. Ibu al-ICashi, 631.
Iktshit, musician, vol. 11.p. 374.
4'lLisim Ibn Asbagh, 85.
al-Kilsirn lbn Burhbn, 517.
'i~l-Krlsim Ibn Maan, 26.
Abli 'I-KSsirn al-ABma, 109.
Abi 'l-IlBsim al-RaghdAdi, 68.
'Khiybn, 400.
"ICiisr 31-Bahr, 526.
'lcasr ad-Dahab, 526.
LassArn Ibn Khabiya, 517.
'A62 IcptBda 'I-Ansari, 649, 656.
' b n Katida, 243.
Tatari Ibn al-Fujda, 515, 516.
~1<itib al-WiEkidi, 65.
'bn al-Uattilx, 186.
'Ibn al-Kattan, the poet, 583.
'I6n al-Katlbn, al-Fkdil, the Tradi-
tionist, 583.
'Ibn al-ICattin Abd Allah Ibn Adi
Traditionist, 365.
'liazim, 46 6.
'l<rizima, 5 9 0 .
'al-ILazwfni, Rida ad-Din, 467,473,
llazzbz, 87.
ill-KazzPz, the grammarian, 85.
.I-Kabri (?), Ab6 Iiakim, 120.
al-Khabhr, 320, 670.
Banh KhaPija, 423.
al-IChafkji, lbn Sinan, 438, 429.
LhaKlin, 347.
Ichaidar Ibn PAhs, 276.
611 KhailSn, 307, 308.
bn al-Khaimi, 585.
.l-Khaithami, Ahmad, 513.
bn al-KhaiyAt, Ahmad, 1 4 3 .
5n KhBkAn, al-Fath, the vizir, 665,
667.
,
in KhSkan, al-Fath the author,
131, 191, 192, 667.
chalaf al-Ahmar, 391, 397.
halaf al-Hasri, 186.
halbt, 489.
hAgd Ibn Abd Allah al-Kasri, 3 71.
lhblid Ibn SAfwan, 659, 666.
KhAlid Ibn al-Walid, 649 et seq.
*Zbn Abi Khalid, 554.
*KhAlidi, 157.
The KhAlidites, 111, 533.
*Ibn Khallikkn, 38, 67, t o o , 10%
157, 177, 180, 343, 843, 344,
*al-~hhrni, t 58.
l b n al-Khammka, $86.
*a]-Khans& 668, 670.
Ibn Kharhf al-nfaghribi, 166.
ibn al-KhashshLb, 576.
al-Khashabi, 369.
11-Khassa Tiktn, 223.
'al-Uhatt, 408.
Khattlib, 409.
4b2i 'I-KhattLr, 81.
Khitbu al-Eisma, 44 5.
iL-Khaula, 624.
%l-Khauwis, Abh 'l-Hasan, 12.
The Khazars, 445.
'a[-KhAzin, Abh blubammad, 64 6.
'al-Kliazraj, 6 9 5.
'Khazriji, 595.
'al-Khidr, 398.
'bn al-Khidr Di% ad-Dtn, 996.
'Abzi Khirash, 653, 656.
Vre Khorrlsanides; their invasion of
Mesopotamia, 36 6.
IhowArezm Shah ;see JalBl ad-Din.
Khowlrezmi, 110.
11-Khowiirezmi , Abh Balir, legist,
68.
al-Khowirezmi .4bd Bakr, the poet,
108, 362.
'al-Khubzaruzzi, 530, 645.
ihumlirawalh, '218.
'Khumm, 383.
ihunaish, 6 1 4, 615.
11-KhushnAmi, 365.
Khuwjilid Ibn hIorra, 656.
11-Khuwlri,Ali lbn Muhammad, 39.
11-KhuwAri, Abd al-J ,bb&, 503.
l-Khuzki, Abd Allah Ibn Malik,
465.
bn al-Kifti, 807.
al-KllLi, Said Ibn JBhir, 89,.
dl-XinAni, Ibn al-bl utsrrif., 433.
Kirrnln or Karman, 153.
1-Kirmhni, Abh Hafs, 9 5 0 .
DrwBsh Ibn al-l\ilukakiid, 416,417,
418, 421, 484.
l-Kiski, 558.
al-Ezini, 158.
iorklnj, 337.
-Kortobi, Abh Bakr, 467.
ubbash, S?.
-KubbBshi, Abh Abd Allah aI-M&-
firi, 89.
,l-Kubbbhi, Abh Babr, S?, $3,
hfan, 141,
11-Kdfani, i 47.
bn &Khfi MujSlid, 555.
bn al-K&, 79, 82.
[hkubhri, vol. 11. p. 535.
:ulthDm Ibn Amr, 99.
I-Knmait Ibn Zaid, 371, 373-
87

Ibn al-Ic~~rnait, Tazid, 5GZ.
*a]-Ii~un&ma, 454.
Kumbul, 518.
al-Kummi, Abh Ali, 256.
al-Kumn~i, Al)h 'l-Char~;iim, 153.
*Kunksa, 977, 558, 613, 642.
161,RunclAj, "28, 223.
Kundijik, 293.
'Kundur, 295.
"al-Bunrl~rri, b l ~ ~ h n m m albn d Man-'
s131,,11-.1111itl, 2 2 8 , 290,
"Ibn liurain, 9 3 .
'ff~r.ai~11 I1,11 Ll ,drrin, tllc Oknilid~,
421.
The Kurtls; their origin, 514.
"IiOrirlos, 595.
Iil~rbr~ tlalnbh, 357.
I ( ~ s ,540.
al-Kushi, 15'25.
al I<hslii as-Sl~fitlili, 502.
*Khshylr Ib11 L,jbl,dn, 581, 582.
*Kutl) ad-Din al-Al~l~cidi,365.
Kl~tbad-Din; see M'lrldhtl.
*Eutb a(l-Ditl ;rn-N,usLpi~ri, 351.
el-Kutbi ; see Slrlili Artr~cn.
l ~ ; Zdin ad-Din Ali.
K u t c l ~ ~ sec
Knthniyir, 6 3 2 .
*d!-Iiiltiya, 81.
*l611 al-Ki~~iyn, o r al-Ghtiya, 79.
*Kutrub, 29.
*Kutulmish, 230, 231, 232, 423.
' 1 6 , ~Kutulmish, SulaimSn, 143.
al-l.a1~1)8di, 538.
*11,ti al-l,;lbl~il~ia;see ad-Dhi.
[.;ihi11 11~11liiibin, 578.
Laila Hint Iliil~is,623.
al-! aith 1b11Sa:~tl, h75, 485, G56.
al-Lakhmi, 38, 4 3 .
;L-Laklimi; see dd-Dilni.
*Lenkclr, 535.
*Ihn Lcnltek, 530, 532, 535.
*I,ezni, 473.
al-Lezni, linjd ad-Din, 479.
Lihb, 631.
* ~ o b i d ,370.
Lodrilc ; .see Roderic.
*LokrnAo, Ibn Aid, 370, 371.
Lhli~,21s.
*Lhrlii, 197.
*a]-l.brki, I l ~ nal-lI:ijj, 198.
Lft Ibn hliktillul, 106.
'M& as-Samil, 515.
M<iwara 'n-Nrlhr, 229,
.4b~i 'l-&I;ifili, Hibnt Allah, 597. al-Milkisini, 173.
*aiC3 'l-M,ili 'I-Jnwaini, ImSm *hlilltlii ad-Darir, 4 34.
INDEX.
volu~neII. 1). 120.
:~l-IJ;imn~;r~n,
AOti 'L-Mecl11 ICuraish, 4 2 l.
*,ll,d 'I-Mdrlli b l u l ~ a n ~ m alllc d , Adlih,
90.
blaitn lbn Mullarrlnidd lbn Sumhdill,
200,201.
*&faart Ibn ZBida, 344, 398.
*ill-RIaclltini, Abh IIhr~~irl, 513.
*ill-hIadani, 64.
'Rladhij, 8b.
1ht1 nIadi Karib, 636. hli~lilz:i~~l,1187.
*Madinn, 5. hlniili l1111 h ~ l : ~6s5, s .
"11-hlatlini, Abh Musa, 4. kliiIil< 11111 It;isl~ir,51 5 , 516.
Ihti ill-bladi~ii, Ali, 3 9 2 . hti'i.lilc 11111 I:;ir,ilt, 0 8 3 .
*Rlntlltwaih, 420. 'Aliilili 11111 N I I \ v ~ I ~(;G8 ~ : Iel, .seq.
*Alilgllri:~jor Mighdaj, 36. hliilil~11111 Sit ill, t111- httdt', 451) 572,
*Bliigl~rib,306. h]i\lili 11111 W1111iril1, 209, 210.
nl-hfolngl~ribi,501. '11-hliilik ill-,lhtlil Ib11 Aiyllb, 235,
*Tile Milh3liba, 51 4. 5/1&.
~ ~ t l - h 1 i i l 1 ~ t 1A~l ~i lhi Abd
~ AIla11, 111~"i11-h1 #lilt HI-,\dtlil I l ~ niil-Malik al-
.
/ ~ d ( E l ,G G G 1<;\111il) 2113, 2115.
'iklnI~Arish Ibn al-Mujalli, tlic Olrai- i l l - i l l i ~ l i l i :~l-hiitlil; .?CC NI'I~ ad-Din.
lide, 493. i~l-hl:~lik it\-Ari!ii,l 1I)n S8tIAliad-D¶n,
blal~Asin11111Ajam, 542. 487, 542.
hliil~&si 1111111 Salilr\~a,96. *i~l-hli~iilc ill-Asl~rill', 237, 242, 486.
'ill-hIdhdi, 121c Abbdsiilc, 4 06, 5b7, *it1-hIi~lilcu l - A ~ ~ l ~ ;23G. ~ t l , 237, 487.
635. a\-hiil\i\c ii\-l:i\i~,2110, 241.
11-hl,~l~di lbn IIisllA~n, tho Spar~ial~i~l-h!itIili i t l - J i 1 ~ ~ ~24 ~ 14,1 , 2/65.
Omaiyitle, 4 3 0 . *ill-illi~!ili ill-Iiil I ~ i r ,SOII of Arslin
'Tft~blahdi, I l ~ nTumart, 205, 4 56. Stli\ll, :\(;,l, 5f,3,
Pulllltck lbn 13end&r, 629. *iri-hl;tlilc al-IiA~njl, 237, 2/10, 488,
(!l sur/.
;~l-Mahel (3.5" J1 .?), G1 4. ill-bl;~lili ill-hln~~sbr.,son of Arslrtn
'',~LJIL bIi111filx1b11I+'iriiz, 384. Slt:iI1. : i ( ; l .
101~~ l , i l i l ~ lAIJ~I
z , '1-11u~~1i11, q21. "al-hI:~lili ill-Rfir~htl, 2 3 6 , 243, 244.
iil-iIIAt~i~' a l - ~ l a ~ ~ r A x156.
i~~i, al-hliiiilc ill-hlilsild ,
tho Ortoltide,
"&lah~ntvlIbrl !hIullam~niid,Il.1~SCI- 242.
jt'lltidc, '234, 337, 355. *i~l--ht;iIik n I - h I ~ ~ i ~ z ~ iIbn i m , al-Ma-
bliillmbd Ibn Nasr al-Mi~ddsi, 133;lik ol-Ailtlil, 937, 240, 4.88.
230. *;~l-hli~lil~ itI-iPlt~iir~,~rr~ 'Si~rAnsh&h,
*hlahmbtl Ihn Nfimn, 11 7. 2/1(i, "L7, 248, 541.
'Mallnintl I l ~ nSnbulilikin, 225,323.
*i~l-hl:~lil< i ~ I - k l [ ~ ~ I ~247.ill\,
*&lilt~mbdlbn Zinki ; sea NQr ad-
~l-&!i~lilii ~ l - b ~ ~ ~ , j : \ grandso11
l~i~l, of
Din. As:ul :~tI-I)itiSl\irlii~li,24 5.
*Mi~l~ri, 199. ill-Mi~lilc i i ; - h l ~ ~ x ; ~ lSlrihAb
l ; ~ r ad-D!n
f l ~ nMqiu, Y a h y ~ 362.
, Gl~ilai,688, 490.
BlitimOri 11~11IlArhn, 249, GGO. al-MaliIi na-Nhsir Dawhd, 242, 345
A6d Main~hna, 622. e t scrl., 4 8 8 , 4 9 0 .
Majd atl-1Jil1 1l)n its-Sbhil), 587. "ill-Millilt a s - SAlili Najm ad-1l)b
A l ~ h 'l-blil. k h i m ns - Silmarl~andi, hiyi111, 2/12, 2/13, 246 et seq.
300. at-hlillilc :IS-Silih Ismail, son of Nbr
>l bd 'I-hlalt&rim; see lltr Wazlr, tlic
Bdlib.
*nl-Makdisi, Abh 'l-Fadl, 5. ;(l-M;~lilca s - ~ ~ l i Muhmdd,
tl theor-
*dI-Moktlisi; see Atd Z~1r.a. tcrlcirlc, 24 2.
hIi11thlAd lbn Kaid$d, l g 9 . al-M'ililc ae-Zilt~irllll~ars,247.
*lhn Malthlnd, al-Nasan, 61. :tI-Mi~lik az-ZAlrir Cl~Sxi,son of Sa-
I h t hk~kllukh, 11 72. 13.h a.(]-l)ir~,236, 542.
*Mi~k'hhlash-Shhmi, 4 3 7 . "MalliiZr~,cioe.
Bliiliil ILn Abd al-Aala, 4 3 8. "Ihrr Mitllthn, G O O .
*id-h!dliisin, 436. *Millnxr Ihrl iil-hluthanna, 388.
al-MA.~ri~'l~l, l l ~ clr11.1lil; 550, 551.
*arl-81h~nilt~ al-llartlihi, 44 5, 457.
 INDEX.
l - I I ~ I I I O I I I I I 1, 1 - 22fi, 335, 81-.Muhar;lliIbn .\bd al-JabbAr,571;.
l)i~(litc,188, l !) 1 . 'A'Iikslhl llm Moharnmad, the Saljh- al-bfub&rak Iljn Ali, 300.
I ~ IMa.u~~hy;~lr,
L "LiO. kitlc, 355. *al-Mubhrak Ibn a\-hIubarbk Ibn
* N i Ii I - I , i , 8 . 'RI~sfidIbn M;,ndfid, 356. at-Taa~izi,1C2, 167, 168.
*lhu ~ I ; ) I I I I AI)I'I~ I , : l l ) ~ l 1\1Iitl1, 7. ''hh~bd Ibn T11Ahit al-Anshri, 59, Ibn al-l\Iubardk, 560.
Il)f'l Milllll;l, Allcl . l i . l 1 3 i y i l , 1h?;. id-Milshdi, the historian, IIG4, 637, I/jna[-hfubir,,k al-yazidi, 463.
A~II'I ' l - k l C t ~ ~,VC(! i ~ ~ILi~wish.
; 665. *al-Mubarr,ld, 31, 3 46, $09.
*.:\( iil~ij,( ; ( ; h . ";I l-Mashdi a]-Bandahi, 99, Yubashshir Jbn SulaimAn, 198.
Miltlshr, AL)ir R.l11(1:1r,:IY, :125, bl;ttar Ibn Shari](, 407, *hal-Mudabbar (hludabbir ?), 56,
*Mar~shri l l , - ' l ' i ~ l l ~ l ~ r,l i ~.lrt: j~ll~isco!~-1 I , , ~ r dMati~r,344. 57, 60.
sillt,, 4f1ti. "1Cl;lltn ILn Yhnus, 307, 310. %l-Mufaddal ad-Dabbi, 96.
*1\f'~rtbll r 1 1 t r l Ndl1 , 1,11(3 Sil~~;lllil]~.!,"M:~ndbd Knlb ad-Din lbn Zinkj, al-Mufaddal &Jundi, 9,
348, 3 1 9, 458. al-Mufajji, 53%.
M,lnshu. Ilb11 Isl~Ak II)II Al1111ii.tllbn M i l ~ l ( l ~lhn ( l Alt,dtililn, 355. al-M~~ghira, Abfi 'I-FawBris Ibn al-
NRIi, 3 1 1 . "blit1111hhlbn Ali 'S8tlir; 1198. &luhallab, 532. 513.
l - I ~ I S I ,I A A t i 18 . ill-Mrr.wilr(li, 71, 237. Ibn Mughith, Rluhammad, 79.
al-M;lnsdr, lrll(: Al)lt:~s~tle lillillif, 556, ill-Mawfizini, Abb 'l-I[&im, 156. Muhaddab ad-Din Olllar lbn Shihna,
Sf;O, 607. "Mayhrak,~,3 . 367.
Mii~~siir,l l ~ caslrologcr, 604, "';ll-klilazari, 4. Muhaddab ad-Din, hluhammad Ibn
IjOS. a l-Mrlzini, Abb Othmin, 249. al-Hasan, 49%.
a l - M i ~ ~ s h r a24 , 1, 2116. 'ill-M;~alcRr, 28, 20. *al-Muhallab Ibn Abi Sufra, 508.
*al-Mi~rlel"criy,~, :{H1. "IrIeyAr Ill11 Kir.hn, 276, 277. al-bluhallabi, the vizir, 75, 514,
7'111: Mckran of Khfa, 374. 629.
Milnfir (jgb>) ~ I I I I i l i ~ l ~ l )624.
d~,
207. BIuhammad Ibn Abd Allah, the
[ / I ) ( a l - b I a ~ ~ iI\,~t;l I ~(i. "Al111Mihjan, G 2 6, 636. Alide, 393.
al-M;~r.Agl~i, ll.111hlltl ill-JabbAr, 2 46. l b Miltdl, ~ 38, Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah, the kd-
Marash, 3 3 9 . al-Mikili, Abb 'I-Padl, 261,966. fib, 121.
*MAriya,wil'i: (,I' Al)h Shnrnrnir, 305. * f h z al-Mikdhm, G 1 4 . , *Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Xalik Ibn
Mdriya, tluugl~l,croL'It.~b"lI l ~ nS,tad, Mina, 380. Sdlih, 604, 605.
3tj. *ill-Mirhad, 530, 535. *Suhammad Ibn Abd al-Malili al-
'al-MAriya, 204, "hlirdis, 139. Hamdhni, 485.
*Marj ad-I)i~llr;~rniyir, 538, 533. Borizi MirdBs, 139. *bluhan~madIbo Abd al-Nalik Ibn
*hlitrr ~IX-Z~IIII~~AII, 4 86. Y'al-MissEsi,Ahh 'I-Fath, 351, 352. az-Zaiyit, 249.
*NI;~rlt~i~il, 4fi2. *Morld Ibn Muslim, 370. *hluha~nm*dIbn Aiydb sl-rlnsbri,
*h1 I S I ~ IXI-l{11~1{11i, 38h. ;~l-Mobf;~ at-l'dmjmi, 676. 204.
al-Mqttsfil; A l d ~'l-AIi1, 586. *a~l-MoktB. Ibn Zllcariya, 37L, 530. hluhammad lbn Aliat-TAjir, 524.
*Ll frw,ln al-Alil.,i~r,313, 3 4 6 . Moawix Jbn Abi SofyBn, 13 1, 39 5. kluhammad Ibn timrAn (or I I I I ~ D ) ,
kr;~rwlltial-Asgh:rr., 3/13, 846. h1o:lwia Ibn Abi Sofyan, poet, 109. 518, 539.
"hiurwfi.n Ibn ~ \ b ill,lfsa, 34.3, 399, "al-Moawi, 144. "luhammad Ibn Bashshar, 66 1.
C O Y et S ~ Y . ,IOli, 497. ,Ibti Modar Manshr, 381, 325. Muhammad Ibn ~ a b i b ,622, 627.
M -rw&nI l ~ n a l - l l ; ~ l t a r ~ ~ , l l ~ c O m : Moln ~ i ~ i dad-Din
c, ; see Aner. hfuhammad Ibn Hamid, 664.
~27. Moin ad-Din sl-MaM, 458. hluhammad lbn Hisham al-3iIakh-
M i ~ t * ~ i lthe n , son ol' M~lsaI l ~ n Nusoir, *ill-Moizz li-Din Illah, 377. zhtni, 559.
4 75. *a]-Moizz Ibn Bidis, 386. Muhammad Ibn IIomrAn, 693.
*Ibn Marzaw:~,il~, 278, 517. "nl-Moizziya, 380. Jruhammad Ibn al-Husain, 385.
*hlnrzulAn, G8. *al-Monastlr, 595. hIubammad Ibn ImrLn, the Barme-
IlJtl ;~l-MarzuhAn, Mul~ammad Jbn "al-Motadid Billah, Abbad, 1864 liide, e 5 0 -
lillalaf, 657, GIiG. al-Motali, the klammOdite, 163. b1uhammad Ibn IS^; see ad-nhni.
16,1 al-MarzohAn, au-Nom$n, 5%. 'al-bfotamid Ibn Abbkd, 1.27, 198, Mubarnmad Ishili, 55S, and
'i~l-M~irzub~~ni, Abh Abd Allah, 41, 182, 186. vol. 11. p. 677.
67. Motamid al-Mulk; see Ibn at-Tal- *Muhammad Ihn Ismail, the Abba-
Marzhk as-Sindi, 4 38. mid. dite, 183, 184.
. *,(l-MaaabadBn, 4 97. qal-Motasim Jbn Sum&dih, 20 0.
*Motazelites, 524, 643, 644,
*~!uhammad lbn JAbir, 3i7*
*hIuhammad Ibn K a d , 373.
Ibr4 al-klAsarjisi, 348. *suhammad Ibn Kllalaf al-garzu-
*Ibn Masarril, 85. Ibn al-Motazz, 19%,344-
Ihn al-\lasbthb,.240. [bn al-Muaddil, 5 5 . b$n, 657,666.
al-M:lsih Ibn Maryam, 220. lbn al-Mllalla, ~ b 'l-Abb&, h the %uharnmad Ibn Malak Shah, the,
Klitib, 93. y % l j m d e , 838. . .
Ibn al-Maslh ath-Thoali, ti 41.
Maslama 1bn ~ b al-lalilc, d t h emir,
~ ~ b fail - ~ u i l l au r l A b d Allah al-Azdi, *Nnhammad'lbn 'r'rwbn~ l 3
*Jluhammad Ibn biahmhd Ibn Su-
372, 374. 3 4.
*Ibx al-Muallim, the y0etyI68, 6SJ. buktikin, 335.
ai-P(nslilb, Mohammad Ibo Said, *Muhammad Ibn Xan.shr al-Ghum-P-
41 0. Lbn al-yuallm, Muhammad,legist,
3 51. rezmi, 563.
Masitd Ibn llahmhd lbn Subuktiltin,
 INDEX.
&iuharnmad Ibn al-biuhallab, 46 0. 160 ai-hlunajjirn al-Maari; see Nashu 4bzi 'I-Metarrif Abd ar-Rahman, the
bluhammad Ibn Muhammad at- 'I-Mulk. spar~ishOlnaiyide, l 88.
Thsi, 502. *Iblr al-Munajjim, I-lrirhn, 604. 'Ih11 al-Mutarrif al-Kindni at-Tarafi,
*bIuhammad Ibn Mhsa, 315. * I l n al-Munajjim, Yahya, 605. 433.
*bIuhammad I ~ Ial-Musaiyab,
I 41 5, *BanG 'I-Munajjim, 605. " ~ u r r i z , 47.
528. al-Mundir al-Lakt~mi,515. "al-~utilrriz, A ~ Omar,
C 4 3.
*Muhammad Ibn biuslim, the Okai- Mundjr Ibn Yahya at-Tujibi, 200. 'al-Mutarriz, Abb 'l-Kasim, 47.
lide, 422. al-blundiri, Zaki ad-Din Abd al- '~Iutarrizi, 525.
*d/luhammad Jbn an-Noman, 528, Azim, 368, 473. 'al-Mutarrizi, 5 2 4 .
530, 547, 5G8, 5 6 3 , 571, 572. al-Mundiri , Abb 'l-Fadl. Muham- 11-Mutawakkil, the Abbaside, 453,
*hIullammatl Ibn Omar al-Wikidi, mad, 48. 680.
lLn Munir, 155, 156. 'Muttlanna, 396.
61.
"Muhammad Ibn Saad, 64. M hriis al-Khddim, 184 . Ibn ill-hlulhanna, A hmad, 532.
16n al-Mtlttalil~,Abd 'l-MaSli, 597.
bluhamn~aclIbn Srthl, 371. *T/ie hlunkid kmily, 425, 426.
*Aluhammad Ibn as-Siiib al-Kalbi, %funkid I l ~ nNaar, 428. 11-Muttalibi, al-Iiusain Ibn Abd AI-
27. *ai-Muntajili, 85. 1;111, 6 5 .
Muhammad Ibn Said, 410. hlurcia taken by the Franlcs, 477, hal-Muwaflhlc Talha, the Omaiyide,
*Muhammad ShAh I bn- MahmOd, 486. G31.
338. "1iLli Murhaf an-Numairi, 5 3 G. "al-h1uwaKak lbn Ahmad al-Makki,
hluhammnd Ibn SofyBn, 61 2,693. hbh 'l-blurrAkh Ibn al-Musaiyab, 523, 595.
Muharnmad Ibn Toghj, 218. the Okailidc, 41 8. 'Al~rwan';lli ad-Din Muharnmad al-
bluhammad Ibn Uhaiha, 623. al-Murri al-Abbas, 27 5. Irhili, 172.
"Aluhamn~adIbn Yazid, 3 I , 33. Blursltid Ibn Yahya, 594. "Muwalthlr nd-rJin Abh 'l-Maali Ah-
*Afuhammatl Ibn Yallya ad-Duhli, MCsa lbn Abd Allah ( r e a d Abd al- mad, 543, 554.
349, 3 5 0 , hlalik) al-lspahlni, 59. M(~wiifl;~k atl-lJln ; see Ahd al-Latif.
*Muhammar1 lbn Yhsuf, the emir, 'Mirsa l b n Abd al-Dilalilc, the kdtib, *MuwafY:~lcad-Din Muzaff'ar, 366.
658, 666. 61. 493. *a1-Muwaiyad at-Thsi, 502.
*al-RZuliarnmndiya, 38 8. Mtsa Ibu Abd ar-RahmAn al-EIilhli, *al-hlu\vaiyad al-Uldsi, 503.
al-kluhaodis, Abh Ali, 599. 394. *Muwar~aij,4G2.
"&iuh&ribIb1.1Ditbir, 55G, 564. *Mhsa lbn Jaafar 'l-KAzim, 403. "Wuwarrij as-Sadhsi, 659.
Muhkrish; vol. 1. p. 1 7 3. *Mhsa Ibn Nusiir, 475. Muzafir, 453.
*al-Mul~auwal,66. klbsa Ibn Yhnus, 320. at-MtizaMjr Ibn Abi Admir, 430,
*l6t2 Mahriz al-Wahr-Ani, 95. *Abzi Mllsa 'l-Ashar-i, 633. (133.
Rfuin ad-Din; see Ailcr. +Abh blili~sa'l-Ispalirini 'I-Madini, 4. *RI ~~z;tffiirI l ~ nIbrAhIm al-AilAni,
kIu~j&hitl al-AAmiri, 20 0. *Bunt; Mhsa, 31 5. 366,
btujfihid 311-Din ;see IibimSz. ILn hlusdb, Bakr, 438. l b t ~al-kluzaflar Adud ad-Din, 165,
'TLia hlujbl~id,Ahmad Ibn hl'lhsa, 16, Ihm RIusAb; see 1sh;ilr Ibn Ibrdhfrn. Ibu ;(L-hluzafl'nr at-l'hsi, 470.
1s. " d W Musilb, Allmad Ibll Ali, 503. MuznKar ad-Din, son of Izx ad-Din
"MnjAlid Ibii nl-IChfi, 5 5 5 . ILn al-Musaiyab, Abb '1-l<&sim,G73. M;fihd, 358.
Ibn al-Mojh~vir, G55, *Musabbiiii, 90. M ~ ~ i i Katl-1)ln
ir ICdkubdri, the son
*Mujrlshia, 612, 623. *al-Dilusabbihi; see al-MulilitAr. of Z;rin ad-l)ill, 3 5 8 , 9 6 0 ; and
Mujir ad-Din ; see Abck. *lbn at-Mushajjar, 451, 458, 453. vol. II. p . 535.
*&lukailr, 43 6. *Muslim Ibn al-Bnjjfij, 348. Batrl2 Muzi~ffar,2 62.
"al-Mukallad l b r ~al-Blusaiyab, 41 5. *Muslim Ibn Kuraish, 142,143,491: Ibn MuzBllim, 81.
'Mukallad lbn Nasr, 425. 422. *Muzailciya, 5 1 4 .
*Ibn hlukarram, 58, 60. Abzi Muslim Ibn Fibr, 84.
*Muli%tilIbn Atiya, 41 2. *ILn al-Must,rnir, 29.
*Muhrilil Ibn Sulaim&n, 408, 558. "al-Mustanjid Ilillah, 91, 164, 507,
Biukbil, 372; his arrow, 6 6 0 . al-Dilusta~~siral-IIakam, the Spanisl-
-
*Mukhlis a d Dawla a!-Mukallad, Omaiyide, 5 9 7 ,
Ni~l>l~bn
ul-Fakdd '), 663.
4P5. "al-Mustansir Uilldti, the Fatimide,
*al-h1ukht:ir al-Musabbihi, 87, 529. 382. an-NAhigha all-Dabybni, 346.
Ibn al-Mukbtass al-lrbili, 157. al-Mustarshid, the Abbasidc, 355. ' I b n an-Nabih, 490, 491, 492, 493.
*Ibn biukla, AL<I Ali, 266. 16n al-Mustaufi, 47 0. *Ibn Abi 'n-Nada, A b ~ l'I-All, 586.
Ibn Muliln, Ab11 'I-IIusain, 268. *al-~lutalammis, 618, 619. Ibn Abi '11-Nada Bilal, 538.
Ibn al-Mukrab, 96. al-Mulamin, al-K&sirn, son of Harhr Bnnzi Nadab, 51 0,
Mukram Ibri al-,413, 41 2,413, 414. ar-Rashid, 678. Nadr Ibn Azd, 631.
Vbn Muksirn, 46, 47. al-hlutamin; see Ishbk. *an-Nadr IBn Shumail, 549.
al-Muktadi Uillah, 4 44. al-Mutarnin al-Bathihi, 455. *Alrli 'n-Nadr al-Kalbi, 9 7 .
Munabbih Ibn Saab, 85. *hluta~nmim Ibn Nuwaira, 648, Nadlra Bint SitirOn, 318.
'al-hlunajjim, Abb Manshr, 608. 6/19, 6b0, 654, 650. 'NAfd, the Traditionist, 531.
al-Munajjim , Ali Ibn Yahya, al-Mutanabbi, 74 e t seq., 256,257 'NdIi, the kordn-reader, 52%.
605. *blutarrif lbn Mizin as-Sanani, 3G2 "a~isa, 574.

an-NaCs az-Znkiyn, 26.
*NahAr Ibn TausEa, 511, SP6.
'I'IBILi~n-Nalillis, 424.
"Nahrawin, 37 G.
*an-Nahrawani al-MoATa, 371.
Abti Nahsl~Al,650; sec Mutammin
*NajAh Ibn Salarnn, 59, 61, 493.
an-NajAshi, the poet, 525.
Ahd 'n-Najlb al-Nlaraghi, 145.
Alrd Najiya, 41.
Najm ad-Din Aiy bb, 301.
an-Nalchii Isltalc Ibn Muhammac
106.
an-NaltllAi, Ibn W a l lra, 28.
NakjiiwAn, 3r;l.
'an-Nakltbsh ill-Ii:~fihdAdi, 14.
'an-Nnmari A l ~ bAbd Allah, 37.
*an-NBmds, islilnd, 538.
Nashir 'I-Mullc, Ibn al-Munajjin
592.
"Naslbiu of the East, 492.
an-n'&s~tt; title 01' the vizir Ibn Ba
kiya, 273.
*an-Nhsilt ,Said Ibn al-MubArak Ib
ad-Dallllin, 1 7 5, 599.
Nasfln, c t ~ a ~ r ~ l ) c r tol
a i nthe Fatimid
khalif al-IlAkim, 453.
Nasim, a slave-girl, 661.
NAsir ad-Din Muharnmad, the son c
Shfrkbh, 360.
:N&sir Ibn Abd as-Saiyid, 523.
Ibn Nasir as -SalC~n~i, 537.
Nastr Ibn Ismail, the s l t a ~ i f 227.
Ni~sPrad-Ilawla Mansbr, the Mer
wanide, 282.
"Nasr Ibn Isniafl, the Samanide, 314
Nasr l b n hlahmhd , the hlirdaside
139, 140.
"Nasr an-Numairi, 53G, 53 7.
Nasr l h n SaigBr, 577.
Nasr 1Ln Subbktiltfn, 331.
*Nasr Allah Ibn Abd Allah, 537.
Nasr ad-Dawla, the Merwanide, 28 1
98%.
Nasr ad-Din Mahmhd, son of Izz a d
Din Mashd, 543.
A66 Nasr Ibn Abd al-KhAlik, 11.
*NawBr, Farazdak's wife, 624,635
IDn NcmA; see ACti 'th-Thenb.
Niftawaih, 87 0 .
Nizam ail-Dlin Ibn MarwAn, 28.1.
*Niz%m al-Hadratain, 151, 154.
Nizilm al-Mulk, the vizir, 150, 151:
931, 440, 444, 442.
*NizAr al-Azlz Ibn al-Moizz, 525.
*an-Noman ;the kddis of that fa-
mily, 565.
"an-Nom%n ; Abh Abd Allah al-Ha-
San Ibn Ali, 571, 571, 574.
"an-Non1An, Abn Abd Allah Muham-
mad, 566 et seq., 570.
'an-Noman, Abb 'l-Hasan Ali, 565,
567, 568, 569.
INDEX.
*an-Noman, Abh Hanffa, the imdm
555.
*an-NomPn, Abh IIanlfa, the kdd
565.
*an-Noman, AbQ 'l-KLsim Abd a
Aziz, 569, 571, 57%.
an-Noman Ibn al-MarzubAn, 556.
"an-Noman Ibn Muhammad, 565.
an-Nom%n Ibn al-Mundir, 42.
' I t n an-Nomkn; see Muhammad.
"Noman al-ArAk, 133, 148.
1Lrz Nubhta as-Saadi, 957,258,259
260, 978.
*Nbh lbn Kais, 439.
*Nhh Ibn Nasr, the Sarnanide, 34 4
Abh Nuhair as-Saadi, 650.
*an-Nukaib, 219, 224.
an-Nukhaila, mosque, 430.
*lDn Nukta, 4 01.
*an-Numairi, Nasr, 536, 537.
N d n ;see Ibn Zi 'n-Nbn.
Nhr ad-Din Arslan Shah, 361,487
*Nbr ad-Din, Mahmhd Ibn-Zinki
330, 338, 458.
xn-Nbri, Abb '1-Fadhil, 543.
'Nusaib lbn Riiih, the poet, 615
'Nusair, 475, 485.
,in-NOst~ari,Al>madIbnManshr,530
532, 535.
tn-NbshjAni, 396.
Vhshtikin, 167.
4bh NuwAs, 33, 639, 640.
,
'Abzi:ObBdz~,al-Bohtori, 657.
466 Obada Ibn Yahya, 664.
Ibaid Ibn al-Husain ;see ar-RA?.
'Abzi Obaid, the liddi, 447, 449.
Ibaid Allah Ibn Hibat Allah, 235.
Obaid Allah Ibn Omar, 608.
)baid Allah Ibn Omar al-Omari, 673,
h i d Allah Jbn SulaimanIbn Wahb.
19%.
Ibaid Allah Ibn Toghj, 218.
)baid Allah Ibn Yahya, 61, 664.
A6d Obaida, 388.
*he Obaidites, 388.
bbba, 81,
ldda tad-Din, Ibn al-Kaisarhi 155.
,
ldda tad-Dawla the Hamdrlnide,
416.
'he Okail Arabs, 143.
'he Okail lamily, 4 i 5 et sep.
l-Okaili, Abb Said, 72.
l-Okaili, Abh DuwAd, 828.
31naiya Ibn Abi 'S-Salt, 494.
anti Omaiya, 144.
m a r Ibn Abd al-Azfz, 616.
mar Ibn Hbni, 637.
mar Ibn al-Khatm, 304, 345,
631, 651, 654.
Omar lbn Muharnmad, the kddi, 16.
Omar Ibn Abi Rabia, 3%.
lbri Omar, Abd Allah, 531,549,650,
and vol. I. p. 567.
*AM Omar az-Z%hid, 43.
Omm Arnr, 533.
Omm al-Iihair FAtima, 509.
Omm Mauddd, 159.
Omm Mutammim, 6 69.
*Ibn Onain, the poet, 176, 937,305,
590.
Osama Ibn Munkid, 459.
Ibn Abi Oskma, 65.
al-Oaridi, lbn Abd al-Jabbiir, 65,
66.
Otba Abb 'S-S$ib Ibn Obaid Allah,
the.kbdi, 9 3.
'Otbi, 107.
al-Otbi, 56.
al-Otbi, Abd Nasr, the historian,
266, 333.
*al-Otbi, the poet, 106.
*OthmAn Ibn Said, 433.
'OtrAr, 310.
'al-Ozaib, 173, 445.
'Ibn Ozair as-Sijistgni, 37.
11-Ozairi, 85.
11-Ozri, 181.
Me Ozrite, 395.
~r-Rabada, 988.
~r-RabiIbn Yhnus, 464, 556,557,
560.
.bn ar-Rabi al-Jizi, 447, 448.
labia lbn Jaafar, 346.
{abia Ibn Saad, 36.
Ibn Rabn at-Tabari, 313, 31 4.
ar-RAdi Yazid, the Abbadide, 188,
191.
Ibn ar-Raffa, poet, 133.
ar-R$1, Obaid Ibn at-Husain, 397,
536.
Laidan as-Saklabi, 599.
lbn R$ik, 967, 863, 969, 971.
'he Rais ar-Ruwa.4, 48.
bn R d s ar-Ruwasii, 304.
bn Raiybn, Abfi 'I-Khim Ali, 6.
1bn R a i y b , Abh 'l-Hazm Makki,
434.
,aji Ibn Sahl as-Saghiini, 673.
bn Rajl, Abd Allah, 559.
Ibn Abi 'r-Raja, 338.
ir-Rashid Ibn az-Zubair, U O ~ , I.
p. 143.
bzi 'r-Raliamak, 538.
*Raktm, 540.
'ar-Raltmatain, 52 0.
"Abli Rakwa, 452.
*fir-Ramidi, poet, 644.
I6n ar-Ramkarem, 4.2.4.
Rhhida, mosque, 452.
RLshida, village, 5 07.
Zbn Kashik, 6 6 , 387.
1bn Rauh, Ahrl1a11Ibn Omar, 374.
ar-Rauhi, Abh 'l-IIasan, 587.
*ar-RBzi, Abh Ilakr, 311.
ar-RAzi, Fakhr ad-Din, 237.
*lbn ar-IlavAz, 300, 306.
Baad Ririh, ri 1 3.
ar-Riktii, Abh Alrd Allah, 83.
*Ribat Furgwa, 9.
ar-Rida, Ali Ibn Mhsa, 384, 385
496.
ar-Rida, Ali Ihn Tirbd, 154.
,
'ar-Rida ICIohamniad the shn? if
418.
'Rida ad-Din al-l~nz\rini,467, 473.
Abil 'r-Ridn al-Firilti, BSL.
AbQ 'r-Ritln Ihn S;ldakn, 396.
tbn ar-Rilhi, Ahmad, 169.
Rihhn, Aziz ad-Dawla, 326.
Rikish, 653.
Roderic, Icing of thc Goths, 477.
479, 483, 484.
R~idrdwar,288.
'RQdrLwari, 290.
'ar-RhdrAwari, Abil Sfiujila Muham.
mad, 288.
Rumaik Ibn IIajjAj, 129.
* a r - ~ u m a i k i ~ a239.
, as-Snidi, hluh aulm;~dl I J ~ I lJ:~ral(ht, *i~s-Si~tti\t~i,
*ar-RusBlh, 64,
'ar-Rusdti, Muhammad Ibn nl-Rall'ri,
133.
+AM Saad a1- Iihuwarezmi 56 3, , "Saihhn, 289.
564.
"Abh 'S-SaAdBt Bibat Allah, thc sha-
rlf, 575.
'as-Saadi , Abb Alld ar-Rahrndn,
Ibn S a a d t n al-Kortobi, 467.
Zbn Saba, Abd Allnh, 28.
Ibn as-Sabhkgh, 28 4 .
as-SabbLk, Abh 'I-Ilasan, 538.
tbn as-Srlbi ; see Ghars an-Nima.
Ibn as-Scibi, IIiIril ; vol. I f . p. 362.
Silbik Ibrl blahrnbd, the Mirdaside,
141.
'as-S&bik al-Mrlrlari, 285.
Ibn Sabr, the lcddi, 374.
*Sabra, 381.
Sadaka Ibn blansdr Ibn ICfazyad al-
Asadi, 1 5 S , 232.
Ibn Sadaka, Abii 'r-Rida, 296.
as-Sadefi, AbQ Shabib, 475.
SAdik Ibn Badr, 244, 245, 248. .
A b ~ iSAllih nl-hlndirli, 5 9 L . Salill iul-nin, Ll~csult;~rt,3 39, 34 2 ,
as-Snti~lsi; sec hIuwnrrij. 3 4 2 , 352 ei s q .
*ns-Sb6d i, 607. "S:~l;ltni, l !&h.
Ibtz S;I&rl, llibnt Allstl; scc f6n at- 'as-SirlArni , A1)R 'I-Fat11 Rlollam-
Tnlmid. m:~rl,t l l ~I ~ ~ f f i z1,0
I b ~ zas-Si~flnr, 4 3 5. ;IS-Siiliirrti, Alrh 'I-II11~iiinAli, the
'lbn as-Sailar YOnus, 4 3 3 . I ~ i s l o t ~ i ;:~ilt ~ 4 .,
as-Saghani ; see Rii,jA l l ~ nSahl. *;IS-Si~l;i~r~i, Alti~ 'I-IIilsnu Mnham-
as-Sihi11 Ill11Abl);id, 256. , r)oPt,. 4 l 0.
I I I ~ L ~[,11i?
Ibn as-SAliib, 537. "as-Snlalilt~i l l - - A l ~ r l i , 51 R, 517.
'S,il~l lbn Sa.ld, 6 0 7. S:\lil~I1)t1 : I I - A s ~ ) ; Iitt-'P~11~1Iilii,657.
~II
Ibn Sahl; see I1il)at Allah. Abti Sfilih. !i!j%, 553.
as-Saib 1l)n Uisllr, 28. Alrh 6fi.liI1,'~~';ltlil.iortist,,F L 8 .
*Said Ibn al-Aiisi, 437, 439, 619, lh.,d SilIi11~t l ~ f :.V/I/IV/[,494.
626, 636. 1 1 1 ~Siili111,Alri~' I - I I ~ L S ~20. ~II,
*S;~lrlIbn Abd al-AzEz, 439. *S.tI,jirl(,2 9 4 , 2 ? 0 .
- ,
Said I!)n Al~d a r l\alim&n t l r ~ Iljtj i~s-S,tllilr,Mi~ltltiII)II Mansilr, 6.
Sitlrn I I I I I Al~wilr,2 7 7 .
Ornaiy~de, 393.
*Said Itm Illbat Allah, 601. /h14 ils-SiklI,, 1 i ~ t ~ i ~ l 1 ~320. 111,
'S,tid ll)n Ji\bir, 82. I b t ~S:I~II:~;I ~ L I , - ' ~ ~ I I I~I ~3I I.I ~ .
16 1 n s - S i ~ m A ~ ~ 289,
i , 576.
*Said Itrrl Mnlihlad, 57, 60, 631.
Sriitl Il)n hli~sncl~l, 460. The S : I I I I ; I I I ~ ~:{l OS 3..
$,lit1 lljil 0thi~1A11 11)n Alltin, 510. *Sii~n~rlAIi I l ) t ~I I ; I I 11, 5(;4.
S;iitl l l ~ nY a i ~ yI ad-T)all;iilhi, 103. 2 h . i i\s-Sntn~\\ik,AI)<\ 'l-Al)h$s, 2 8,
S:~itl Ihn Abi Snirl, 9. 385.
' A b d Si~irlal-lstnkhri, 363, 3GS. ' ~ l s - S ~ ~ 1 1 1 l lI,!), ~ i ~ ,50.
l~,
AA12 %lid al-Atlilw~, 37h. * ~ ; ~ I ~ I I I I~I JI I II Il l i ~ t r t ~ t i12.
,
"hhh Said, hluhatnmad lbn Yhstll, * l o t & s:lrrll~lll1,21 .
G6fi. S : ~ m . d r ~ ~63ri. n,
*Lbn Sntd, Ali 11~1Mbsa, t h c histo- i r s - S ; r ~ ~ ~ 1Im i ~ c l hhtliyn, 34 3.
rian and geogr:~pller, 21 6. " I l ~ nSunA 'l-%lull(, 1lilr;rl All:iJi, 368,
589, 6 5 6 .
,
SSitl (or ,59611 3 . c L ~ ) I l ~ nAl~tnad I I ) I ~ Si111il' l - h I ~ I k , JilrLr~lr,593
at-ICort~ilri, 305, 8.11. The SilllA;l, 573.
h f ~ ~ t i ~ r ~ * i fh!:izi~t,
. I l ) r l 362.
594. *%tnl~gi;~, 385, ~ 7 h
*Sirif Ibn Zi-Yiizil11, G71, 673. SiIlbi~r% 'I-~lil;Zl,
il 318, 319.
,
Saic ad-1)irwla. l b n Llarndcirr 308, *,~iir:~I~osti, 132.
309, 416. 'Si~rdill~iya,38 1.
if atl-Din al-Aamidi; see vol. Ii. * A h d 's-Si~ri Sal11 Ibn Abi Ghilib,
p. 235. 370, 373.
'Ibrl as-Srligb, 130. "Ibri as-Shri, 52.
'klbrt A h l Sari, (; 11.
as-Sairnari, Aljh Abd AUah, 68. S;lri111mI-l)in ; .we l i i l i ~ n a ~ .
:is-Snimari, Abh Ja~fill',(j29. 'Sarir nti-l)i~l~:~i), 923.
"S-Sairafi, Ornar. 1bu Ali, 41 1. 'S;~.rltllatl, 507.
Ibn S:jiy&r; see Nilsr. I b n as-Si~rr;il, 556,
.
"Ihn Saiyi1.r Ah~natlal-Marwasi, 4 1 1 *S:i,rt,i\j, 5 3 .
"aiyid nl-Ahl, 5 9 h . * I I ~ I I i~s-Sa~.rAj,g r a m m i ~ l ~ i a n52. ,
,as-Saiyitla Nallsa, 57 6 . 'SAski I11n N:\.jia, 6 15, 6 i 6.
I6n Abi 'S-SAj, 21 8, 223. S;lbiI~, 23.
'as-S.j;ii, Al)h Yahya, 411. +as-SGllnin, 32 8.
';Sa1.\:~lliya, 105, 'bauilr', 61 3.
4
'as-Sillib, pact, 549, 551,. /1fd 'S-Si~l\d1bn Alnrfin, 538.
3:1klir, 6 6 8 , 670. "Snudn, 50.
1s-~alctlciini,Abb Balrr Aiybb, 521, Saw,ll>, Shnms ad-Din, 489.
608. 'as-SawA.d, 642.
S a k i 'l-Furat, 416, 418, 423. "';IS-S;iwdd; see Ard.
,Ihd 'S-Salcr, thc vizir, 57, 58. "Tltc Seljf~liitlcs,224, 2 2 5 .
'lbn Abi 'S-Sakr, 148. AbQ Sl~i~tril) iis-Sadcli, 475.
'Saln, 520. *1bn Skl~ll~11, 44.
3nlnrliti ;see S a l U ~ d - D i n . I h n Sl~;idrliItl,Jial~fintl-Din, 360.
"tbn as-Saliih, 469,"470, 491. *lbn Sllidi, Al~mi~$lbn ArnmBr,255.
 lNl~l<X. 695 .
S11ii.tlilIlm S i ~ ~ t 4l ,57. S1111j;inIbt~I:il.is, 583, *as-Shri, Abd al-~uhsin, vol. 11.
~ I S - S I I ~ Il ~ ~ Ii IV~ l , 1 1 1 l Slllll,;iltil Ibl1 Maan, 3 6 4 , 545, P. 176.
Sl~;i,ll,502. "l'lre Shl~rAt,670. Surr Durr, 289, 291.
;IS-Shfil'i, 575. SII~ISII, 3(;i,
"St~ill~ A~~rr~crl, Rl1ll1;1l11l1li~dI ~ lhra-
u Sil~kltaCal8dwil, 456.
Illm ;~l-Ktlfl~i,Q(i0. 'f4.5il~t
Ibn at-Tattwixj, 162. T
as-SII;\II 11111M'lkn.l, 38. S i d i ~ , 81.
' l h n SIlAh, h l ~ ;l I ~ - ~ V ; I ~ I I I502,
A~), /h?' Sida, 305. TaAsif; see Alam ad-Din.
as-Sl~irl~t~:inii, Wilji11 l1111TAllir,502. Sjflin, 205, *Tabwizi, 4 67.
fh?z S i ~ f i l ~A11il i ~ ~ '1-lli~iji~.,
, 4 16. "its-SihAni, 668. *It91at-Ta&wizi, 162, 169, 545.
6 lit111,l 1 i l l i l 7 . '";~s-sjl{llti&t]i, 591 and volume 11. *at-Tabarkllazi, 108.
I f ) & Sl1i11Alli111. (;!i:). p. 588. Ibn Tabhtaba, Abd Allah, 380.
S l ~ i ~ i Ib11
l ~ a ill- Wi~litlill-Al~si, 36. as-silafi, 323. Abd Taghlib al-BamdAni; see al-
'I/~IL,!I)i Sl~ail~a,, 373. Si~r~hlr: Ibn an-Noman, 533. G!~adanfir.
We sl~;~iltlr; see Srltlilc lbn h&. ;u-Sijis[$ni, 447. *TAhir Ibn Abd aI-Azlz, 82.
'S11;1j;l~i,579. Sillrl~l,Abil 'I-Hnsan,339, 340, 341. 'TBhir al-Makdisi, 6, 11.
'1Lrc as-Shnjari, 575. I b t l Sinln; see al-IihafAji. Tihir lbn Muhammad al-Hkhimi,
' f b n Sl~iiltir, 32 5. Siuili Ibn Sl~Ahik,466. . 663.
*AM S11Brnil, llri! hislorian; see "'as-Sinrliyn, 93, 94. *at-Tihir Zh 'I-Manikib, 128.
v o l . 11. 11. 190. :%Si,i Al~lIrltI, 366. *Abti Tfihir ad-Dubli, kddi of Misr,
lbn Abt Sl~ilirrir, i~ll-NornAn, 346, Sil~jtir ll,u l a l a k Shdli, 232, 333, 379, 566, 567.
348. 5517. AGd TAhir al-Halabi, 155.
'16n Sllannbhd, 46, $268. Sil; Ibn ~ j j Bakr,
i 191, 199, Tahya, 347.
'as-Sl~;~rii,23 8. as-Sirali, Abll 'l-I-Iasan al-Mubllrak, *Taimiya, 97.
SllarilS ad-Oin at-Thsi , 4 7 0 , 581, 576. 'Ihn Taimiya 'l-Harrbni, 96.
582. *its-Sirawkn, 497. A6li 't-Taiyib; see Ibn Gbalbhn.
Sha.ral ntl-Dawla, 111~ Oltailidc, / 4 3 . Sise]>crt, 8 1, ALli Taiyib, the shaikh, 587.
'Slli~ral'ill-Mdli, l 55. Sissah Ibn DBhir, 69, 70, 73. 'Taj al-Mulk; see Abci 'l-GhanBim
Slrar.af al-Mulli al-fihuwArcxmi, 563, *Sit5r, $0. Ibn Direst,
564. *as-SitArAn, 49, SO. Tkj ar-RuwasA, 1 3 7 .
Sl~nrafal-Ii;tiritwhrii, 94. Spain undcr the Omaiyides, 188. at-Tijir, Ibn Abi Saad, 524.
"as-Shal,Al, 219, 224. 'Sul~ukti~iin, 330, 336. at-Tijiya, I 61.
"Sl~Ari, 6 7 0 . *lbn Sul~l~litiltin, Mahmdd, 339. Taki ad-Din Omar, nephew of Salkh
Ihn as-Sllilrid; sec Amr. as-Sudoira, 577. ad-Din, 359.
i1.s-Sl~arif al- AELl~irl, 2 O F . *Sudda, 649, 656. Tall~ab n hiihammad Ibn Jaafar,
*as-St~arkiyn, 236, 54 2. as-Sutldi ; see al-BastAmi. 15.
Ibn as-Shal~rozDri; sec Kamal ad- *Ibn Abi SuTra, 508. *Ta!ha .tat-TalliBt, 5 1 0.
Ilin. as-sutlaili, Abh 'l-Kasim, 67-9. *.4bd ~ i l i bal-hlakhi, 50.
'RIbl~Sharyrr, a l - J u t ~ l ~ i ~ m121.
i, "Suhairn I b ~Wathll,
i 613, 614. Tall; seeTell.
I61i 5115111, Ahh 'I-Fall1 Obaid Allah, "fba Suhaiya, 630, 633. *Tall RAhit, 1 7s.
11. Shlr al-Arj, 66. Tall Tauba, 2 8 4 , 431.
as-Sl~atrruiji,Abb IIaSs, 92. Sill< al-lihawwassin, 341. *at-Tall&f:dri,AbB 'I-Hasan (?) Ali,
*as-Shatrat~ji as-Shli, 68. *Sukkara, 4 17. 112,114, 115.
Sl~ehcnlArIbn Shirbyah, 11. *1bn Sljhkara al-H&shimi, 115. *at-TallAfari, Shihhb ad-Din &hh-
"Shibl ad-Dawla MukAtil, 412. "as-Sukkari, Abh Said, 627. mcd, 115.
Ihn A6i 'S-Shibl, Abh Ali, 102, 418. as-Sulaihi,Ali IJjn &fuhammad,38l. *Ibn at-Talmid Hibat Allah Ibn
"Shifya, 418, 433. Sulain12n Ibn Abd al-Malik, the SfiBd, 499, 596.
ShihBb ail-Din; see GhAzi. Ornaiyide, 485, 615,690. ]bn at-Talmid, bIotamid a\-Mulk
%hihAb al-llndratain, 154. *Sulairnbn Ibn Fahd, 490, 424. .4bh 'l-Faraj Yahga, 597-
I b n as-Shil~na, 367, ,
Sulairnbn Ibn D&whd,the Saljaide, ALd TammAm the Poet, 5 4 6579
Shihrbm, G9. 230. 658, 659.
*as-Shijhi, 523, sulaiman Ibn ~ u t u l m i s b ,143. Tamim Ibn al-Moizz Ibn mdis,494*
*16n as-Shilrhkhfr, 3 6 4. Ibrc .46i Sulaimdn, 564. Talnim lbn Zaid al-Iiainl, 614-
Shilrlr, 123. *as-Slili; see A622 Bakr. 'Tarafa, the poet, 618, 619.
'Shilbi, 129. as-Shli, Ibrahlrn, 49 6 . ''at-Tar&, Abll Abd Allah, 433.
as-Shilbi; see 16,a Ammar A-An- Sullbn lbn Ibrahim al-bfakdisi,594. *Tar$% 376.
dalosi. sultan ad-Dawla Fann&hosr&> 278, *Ibn TadrA 'l-Jaziri> 374.
as-ShirAzi, AbO Ishak, 4 4 4 , 4 4 7 . 279. *Tadf, 670.
ShPrkdh, Asad ad-Din, 339. *I& Sultbn al-Ghanawi, 138. Tarif, 66S.
Ibl~Shlriiyah, 11. *Sum&dih, 204. *at-Tarikhi, 8 3, 67 8.
'l!,,, Shoaib, 1 7 5 . * l b r t Sumgdih, 200. TArik Ibn Nusair, 81, 84.
A62 Slloaib al-HarrAni, 9. * a s - ~ u m ~ d i h i y a200,
, $04, 90s. +T&rikIbn Ziad, 47% 4T79 484.
Ihn Yhuhaib, 109. *SQ~i~cn&t, 332. *Tarkhgu, 3 10.

ibn Tarkbgn, Abh Rakr, 2.
*fbn Tarkhan, Abh Nasr al-FArbbi
30.
Taufik Ibn Muhammad, 155.
*at,-Taut~Pdi, AbiI Haiyiin, 26OJIf64, "lhs, 5 0 7 .
Ibn Tausia; see Nat~ar.
at-Tawina, 3 60.
TAwrls, 67%.
Tchakirbek, 930.
Tell Bcni Saiyhr, 417.
*Tell Nohdka, C70.
Tell; see nlso Tall.
ThAbit Ibn SinBn, 269.
Tt~PbitIbn Zhta, 555.
Thalaba Ibn Dhdkn, 493.
*att~-Thllabiya,4 93.
Abzi 'th-ThauA Mahmhd Ibn Nema
Ibn Arsliln, 117.
*Tharthlr, 318, 320.
ath-Thauri, Ahmad lbn Ali, 374.
*lbn ThawiZba, 58, 61.
16n A68 ThiyAb, 260,
*Thoali, ti 4 1.
ath-Thoali; see Amr Ibn al-Masih. 'Wahb 11x1 Munabbih, 671.
qhumkli, 32, 34.
*Tikin; see al-Khassa.
Tikirl al-Khazari, 2 18.
*Tin Mall, 21 0,2+ 5, 24 7.
Tirad az-Zainabi, 1 5 4.
'Ibn Tirad; see az-Zainabi.
*at-Tirimrnat~, 374, 374, 586.
+TodmCr, 129, 130, 477, 486.
'Toghj Ibn Juff, 281,221, 228.
at-Toghrki, Abh Ismall, 355. , *a]-Wriltisn, 4 4 5 .
,
*Toghrulbek the Seljbhide , 224 ! *Wllltidi, 64.
229.
'Toghrul Bek (Toghrul), Ibn Mu- al-Waltslli, Ab11 'l-Wnlid, 199.
hammad, the SeljGkide, 338.
Toledo, 18 9.
*Abh Tufail, Aamir Ibn Wlthiia
al-Laithi, 564.
"'Tujibi, 2 32.
Tukush Ibn Alp Arsldn, 449.
*TumAdir, 6 7 0.
"Tarnart, 2 I 7.
"Ibn Thmart, 205, 456.
*TfimPn, 183.
*at-Thr, 2 47.
*Abi TurAb, 535.
*TuraithEth, 295.
*at-Turaithithi, 351:
Turkan KhAthn, 153.
Turbn Shah; see al-Malik al-Muaz- * W a d ll,n At&, 642.
zam.
Abd t'-Turbk ad-Dabbi, 643.
*Tush%na, 18 3.
at-Thsi, Abh 'L-Ahbbs Muhammad "WathPma, 6 48.
502, 561.
at-Tbsi, Ahh Bakr, 2119.
at-Tbsi; see Sharaf
Tustur, 159, 161.
Tutush, 483.
I'uwaila, 169.
INDEX.
Yahrln, 1 2 6 , 170, 2 9 5
Ibn al-Ukwa, 154. 11-Yaghisdni, Salilh ad-Dln Mu-
ha~r~miid, 338.
%l-Ulhsi, 503, 307. inllya lt)n Ali, the ldrisidc, 183.
Umaima, 653.
Yahya 11111 I l ~ ~ t l a i82. l,
Umm; see Omm. lahya Ibn Iil~Lllid,the Barmekide,
'al-Ushnandani, Safd Ibn Ilarfin,
344,349.
39, 43. lallyi~l l ~ nMain, 676.
$1-UshnAni al-Milhi, 1 l G .
l a l ~ y lbn
a T a ~ r ~ i an sl - S a ~ ~ h g j207.
i,
11-UstAd, 2 56.
rbn Abi Uwais, 522.
Y i ~ l ~ yIbn -
a Yahyn an Naisaphri,
348, 350.
lahya Ibn Zait1,tllo Alidc, 976,277,
638, 639.
bn Y;ll~yn,algcl)raist, 3%1.
Ihn Abz Yiihyn, Irl l .
'al-Waddiih, 653. 1612 l a i r r ~ ) ,I I I C flnfiz, 3 4 9 , 350.
ibn WaddBb, Muhammad, 85. rbrr YAltllt nl-Ill~~xitfl~tr, 267.
Wadclfin, 615. Abd Y i ~ l iI ~i , ~ ~ r l zthe
; ~ ,Irdtli, 426.
'WWi 'l-ICura, 486, 615. 'YnltikCn, 21 7 , 222.
*Ab; 'l-War&, 320. 11-Yarrli, 538.
Rr~?tdY;lr.\)iln, G66.
#Wahb Ibli Wahb, 673. 'al-Y&riilciyi~, 4 8 7 , 4 9 2 .
16rc Wirt~b;see Ultaitt Allah. ffi~it-,h1111'l-l?;~r:~.j,6 3 8 .
16n Wahbhn al-Mursi, 127. "i\-Y&sir.iyi\, 4!15, 4 9 6 .
*Wahim, 626. 'bn Ynz~lAtl, 5 3 3 .
'Wahrini, 95. 'Yaatd Iljn Ahii i~I-M;ll~k,3 7 2 .
Wahraz, 6 7 2 . Yaeitl I t ~ nnl-Ml~~niut,561.
WajPh Ibn Thhir, $02. Ynzlrl Ilm M;lxy,~(l,403, 668.
YnzPd Ibn Moawi,~,67.
L>),
eau
Ibn Waki ( 432.
Yazttl Ilm Otoar 1h1iIlubaira al-Fa-
z9r.i: 3'39, 557.
4 h l Yazltl, the Icliarijitc, 18%.
*al-WAlcidi, 61. 'YazPdi, 51.
'ill-Yitzlrli, A l ~ iAbtl l Allah,thc gram-
sl-Wnlirl Il)n Abd al-Malilc, G29. marii~n, 50.
s l - Walid ibn IIishhm ; see A672 11-Ynzlrli, Al)rI Ali Ismnll, 462.
Rakwn. 11-YiizZtli, Abh Mlil~ammadYahya,
'nl-Walid Ihn Obaid, 657. 36, 1711.
'xl-Walid llm Tarif, 6G8. Yr~hnn~ril lbn KhnilSn, 307, 308.
lbtr Abi 'l-Walld, 79. 'Ybn~lsl l ~ nAbtl Alli~h,433.
11-Wansharlsi, 208 e t seq.
Ward al-Muna, 24 7.
fbn W a r k a 'n-flaltl~Ai, 28. 'I6n Y I ~ I I I I S ; KainAl ad-Din,
see
*Warsh, 434, 52%. Yhsuf nl-Kl~owhrczsni,830, 231.
'Warshhn, 434. Ybsul lbn Tilsl~il'in,189 et seq., 203.
*al-WarrAk ar-Rkzi, CII. Abli YQsuC, the I~ddi,345, 560.
'Washka, "25.
'Washslia, 648.
al-Wasi, 533.
W a t t ~ i lbn
l Arnr, 614. l b t ~ZAbal, 503.
*Wilthila Ibn at-Ashka, h39. "Ibn Zal'ikr as-Sakalli, 1 0 4.
*lbn WSthila al-Laithi, 564. F z ~ \ ~ z> t5l 1~ll .
az-ZAhir al-Jaznri, 41 9, 4 2 0 .
*Wathltma Ibn M k a , 647. 'Zal~irad-Din a r - ~ R d r i w a r i ,288.
*Ibn Wathlma, 648. *az-ZBhira, 433.
*Ibn WazPr, Abh 'l-Malcarim Hibal *az-ZiihrA, 188, 198.
Allah, the Irdtib, 591, 593. Zaid lbri lbrshlm Ihn MosAb, 496,
Witiza, 81. 498.
Ibn Wuhaib, 209. Zaid a!-Khail, 577.
 INDEX.
*xaid 1011al-Kl~;~t.tfil),6 5 4 .
*Zaid 11)11Ali % i t i l l i~l-Ahl~itlir~,
e t suq., 6 3 8 , (;:I!).
' % ~ I ~ ~ I ; I657,
27h %,rr.lh, fi57.
c?),
Iliri %;~t.ilc 495.
I ' I I ~G(;&,
~,
1lz-Zubaidi, Hasan Ibn Abd AIIah,
82.
'az-Zubair Ibn al-AnwAm, 64.
Zalia, 1110( ! v i t ~ ' ,1148. i ~ ~ . - % , ~ ~54h,
k ; t , 525. Zuhair Ibn Alsi Salma, 564.
Za1n1 ~(I-I);L~vI;I l!i~r:~Ii:r,4 21. 1111~%;lrlthya, 44. Zh 'l-Kfrlyatain, Ali, 269, 963.
tZalrn nr-ltuwi~sfi, Allh 'I-l{hsirn, '%,lh l , 520. Zh Marakh, 345.
881 e t seq., BU 7. Xiit AnshAl, 616, Zh 'S-Sharafain, 154,
Zain nl-AAbi~llr~, A l i , 640,(;W , (;BZ. *;~x-%il~~r.h, 299, 353. Z6 'l-Wizaratain, 127, 130.
~ i 11111 I ~ ; ~ l ~ ~ i l i219161,, 91111Zcr~ji,t l ~ nIcdlil, 123.
Zili11 ~ ~ i l - l ) !Ali Zuhair, mawla of Ibn Abi AArnir,
$38, 458. 1111~X1 '11-Nhn, 1 8 9 . 800.
*a-%uin;ll)i, linrlj 'I-l<otlh t, J;llAl all- Zihtl- nl-Adjam, AbCl AmAma, 819, Zuhair Ibn Abi Salma, 558.
llln, Al)h 'I-lilsirl~A l i 1 1 1 '~l ' i d ~ ~ l , 5 1 3, 51 4. Zuhair Bahd ad-Din, 201.
Ibl,lS:),1B4,BRI1,%H1,501,371;, Xifill Iljn Al~nll, 609, 611. Zuhr, Abii 'l-AlI, 137.
579, 5 8 h , !jut;, $ 8 7 . %i;iil 1l)11M ~ R w ~546. B, *lbn Zuhr, Abd al-Malik, 137.
'Ibn w~-Ziiiyfil, lllo vizir, 24 3. % r : i r l Ibn Sulaiman; see Ziildsl-Ad- Ibn Zuhr, Abh Zaid, 137.
*Z;~ltn.riyh I I ~ I I Yid1 yit ;IS-S:lji, 4 1 2 . .i;crn. *Ibn Zuhr, Muhammad, 134.
Zalri ul-l)111; see ill-Mortt1ir.i. *I/JILZilbirj, 98. 'az-Zuhri, Abd ar-RahmAn Ibn Mf,
ae-%;111ilka, I 'SO. lbrt Zilrriknn, 1188, 3.
Z n ~ r t hIl)r~
i ~ ill-Asw:rtl, 6 7 3 , (i77. Zirilii IIjri Mnudhd, 367, 398. Zulaikba, daughter of Alp ArslAn,
*Zarrtir.kt~sl~irr., 325, $27. %111),iiil 11111 Saab, 85. LBS.
*nz-%nrn;~k!rst~;iri,: % 9 l ,1113, 576. %1111;tidil, dniightcr of the vizir Ni- l!; %l& a l - M k i , 601.
fbn a&-%itrljAri, 11'3 1. xtlrr~ill-Mulk, 284, 286. Ibn Zhta Thdbit, 555.
'Abd Zr~rilTA.tlir*ill-%li~kdisi,6, 1I . '%~~l)aidi, U b. Ilrn ZQwaitina, 491, 49%.
[ha U-Zar;~wi, 594. "ax-Zubaidi, Muhammad, 83.

PAW 11. - NOTES

Colliget, 603.
- Commander of the faithful ;origin
djnrni'(&~), 95. Asharites, at this title, 63%.
J ~ S ! , 299.
Aslorldb, 581. coolness of the eye (yiJI p),
of-Astorldlr al-khatti, 47 0. 437.
Adrn 01-BIIIL~IYI,
21 3, 917, Crusaders; dates of their first con-
The Abridh, 98. Astrolabes, 581, 582,
Associadion 593- quests iaSyria, 455, 456.
The Abnd, 671, 672.
Adlc ( c ~ ; A 6)4,8 . 991(index), 5. Cupping, 4 0 8 , .

Adl, 8 7 7 . Dast (carpet?), 126.

Adn (@), 678. The day of the House, 3 4 7 .
Ahl an-Nasb, 123.
Akkrtll, 439. Tllc Autdcls, 98. Ddr as-San&, 573.
aa'-l)iwdn a[-Ask, 164, 333, 904,
624. >j\, 651. 332, 546. This term designated
The Akhydrs, 98. the govcrnrnent of the khalif of
Alcrdbddln, G 0 1. Badra, 048. Baghdad, and, in the time of Sa-
A l . A noun commenoing by thc B&linjdti, 13 3. ladin, it was applied to tbe kha-
article and forming an hon0rar.j Sakl, 255. lif himself.
title is eqnivalene to the same noun Bukydr, 297. D k d n al-Ehardj, 493.
without t h e article and followcd Band! Namh, 966. Diwdn al-Hukdlidt, 16%
by the word ad-Din, 49 3. Ileards; their proper length, 611- Diwdn at-Tarfib, 90.
The Borda (the author QE), 89% Diwdn a!-Ta'auki~, 61*
Aldrna (&YE.), 327. Black dirhems, 239. Diwdn az-Zimbm, 131.
Tlie BudalAs, 98.
Alldrna (W%), 328. Butndn, 90.
Amlr aCMtlminin, 632.
ct4.J equivalent, 589.
Amlr aEUrnard, 271. The Earth oppr&g by its narrow-
b (list, atcoin$), 498.
Anhas, 92.
Camphor, signifies whiteness, 161.
' Chambers (or cells); Youths dtbe*
ness, 199.
The Earth; its circumfere~cedeter-
mined, 315, 316.
The AnsArs, 51 4, 6 6 7. 271. Earth in thy mouth! 497, 498.
Anwd, 96. Chanting of the Koran, introduced
Awaj, 462. by Abi Bakra, 5 16. ,Emfr (police magistrate?), 559-
 698 INDEX.
Fadls (Confederation of the), 621.
Faid, -I, 62.
,2b, 327. illii/iir12 ( 31xr ) , ~ a ~ ~ ~ ssalary,
!i42. r io,~,

Falthri (The), 279, 280. ,

?
;
E 433. A~/IzI?I/(I, G !jl .
Farewcll (Ycar ol the), 384. .luru1!16dn, 94. Jg-'s", %c;(;, 397.
FurrQsh, 633.
Firuun, 224. IC/ifs (thc sevcn), 12 8.
Lt-Z919 G J.?,428.
Pranks. Tl~circonquests in Syria, ~ i d d *i ~ - ~ 4 o33. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , Rlei~l.; ~nnr~r~c.rs
of piissing it to a
455, 456. ~ ~ ~ i ' 6s4lP.,
Ka~Zid(J?S ) )573. M i ~ d f).,? l :{ 9 .
Gkado, tree, 98. Kni.~ar,22 9. fill'rrrldhn /nl-liltoislt, 92.
Chnvih nl-.l.lusntrna/, 855, !ii~ld, 249. ~ ~ I I J / I ~ /2( 1I /ii.c ,
The Chctul/l, 98. h'tlntin (clulcimcr), 311. h11 fti/ili/!///, 11!ih.
G~lat(Niml-ad's), 4 1 1 .
3v(hcnp), 580.
h l o ~ . , j i i ~( ;~h ~( ;~. ,
~Ilo//t~!t~ or //!c /ili//tft~l,G27.
IIubt; SO. Kar*m (L&, 373. kl~~[;txcliI(~s;
f ; h 1,.
( . i r i ~ 111
i ~ ~t l ~ c i r nitme,
Waigdn (dl-:-a) and I l s b l ~ l n , l . 1 , ~ [[n(fgyo juq 91 8.
(dLU) ; thesc namcs are often Kf"zf"~
JA*@ (?tltl~4~l(!il),9 0.
mistakcm, 54. 1</1(1( . ). Significat.iotl of this b l -
C
~ b z ,31 1.
Hdjib, 168. hlt~/i~~///ili!/(?/, Zt;, $G.
tcr ~'CI~C;LLC(~ four ~ ~ I Q c S507-
, &~I,/~,~YIIII~IIII; I,II[! , I I : I ~ S who I I ~ Siirst
Iltil-ul-Ja) LI, etc., I, 2.
/i/~rr/drdl, 4 4 5. ~ I I I I ~111is II:IIIII?, ti23.
Iflinliy(1 (s:i/~ib al-), 277. ~ !
Huntam, 42. li/i/llc(~,r~, 2 1 9. /1,1t hit~I<l:t; l l ~ i ! \ v r , i t l , ~ ? ~ i~ t ~ a r a c t c r
h'hdn3dlt, 99. i r 1 v i ~ r 1 ~11y
1 ~I l~i 1~ r t ?271.
Har~nsh,4 62.
h'/iu?ts, 670. A f ~ ~ l t ~ f I ~ t / t ~189, ~ t / i t4 i99.
~~,
flurd?~ 1 6 8. li11t?/*Vi, 6 7 0. f i l ~ ~ / (it-T(~r~?;/;
fij~ 7 2 , G09> 61 1.
T ~ Ildshi?tziyd&,
c 373. K/iziwi?ju, 4 5.
fIa.shZvit, 25 5. lih'j~i, 554. t , Z L ~ ~ hhg.
,
u.2t.rtcl, 2 1 9. &luu/ic~rri/;2 9 6 .
F.5 )S,& 96s.
tlikdyrl zon i l ~Ldr,
h 2 1g.
ffill'ul-Futllil, G O 9, 6 11. h'isra, 21 0. n11t1 ?p,
87, 143.

3+, 315. liild (h), 167. nlu.~tf1/~~t,

37, 28, 29.
13orns (A tower I>uili wilt,) ; 442.
L
r;/17// ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~570, ~ s373.
~ p ; ~ l ~ 9 i ~ g ~ ; ~
JIousc u l wis[10111, 4 79, n au, 4 ~ 4 . ~ i / r i / m
( a w ~ * i l t t~~orlil),
: ~ ~ 626. ; I I - M I I ~ : I I(- I I. ~I O
~ S ~of),
U C 8,
liilr%bcliuC-lnsird, :l 01 .
f ~ t (~ 'pm ~ s J I ), 397. fl~f4~/,/1//11//1, :!0.
/<i;(T~z (~itchcrs),1 5 9 . Rl1l711r1//NI/, i; 0 4 .
IIumin (The bools of), 573. I<ixi\~~ilc dc~*wicllcs,158. Altr~u~~~.c~ltsh~~/tOI, 1 31;, 890.
ICcll~hn(;L ki t ~ d01 vcl~iclc), 34 7. 90.
ukl ( i j ~ i s ~C, ~ S . K I A / / ~ &603.
h'tir?,dsa, 68.
?~, dl?1~11cru)ri~-, riG3, 667.
IfshZn, 224. Tlie h'ulb, 98.
i/c?dsh, 1 G 8. N(t11d ( t , ~ ' ~ t6~G7. ),
hklub niusannnfa, 641. N(l/l'd/, 1ti 7.
Imdnl (the bass chord of the lute),! 15.
Nrrkt2s, 627.
4.) I Y, 475, h8b, n o 8 (B).
Imdm (oracle), 523.
ddl P ~ 1) J3 l i .
r .. .. .
A-n-QJ , t, l, 9 .
N(rl?j /il-ll(d~lgh(r, 11 72.
Infanticide, 641, 646. Lufr IOU N u ~ r ,161. N(~R.shi,2 1 9.
h d ~ h b ,70. L j J ) m r ~ of A1c~)rro~ i l l a g c d by a n N~lril/n?i-Nukrr/~d, 1 1 9, $ 6 4 ,
Isbahid, 224, nmufcur, 100. NII~CI~S, c;a2, 627.
Istihdcl, 425. Library (Asklrafiyi~) at k i m a s c ~ s , N;lnlc-s.yllcrc exist numcrcrnsexam-
Ithyar, 122. 148. J ~ O S trl' il~r: sitmc nanlcs bcing
Lies (wlrcn aulhorixcd), 509. 1~or.rlctry grun(llhthcrJ I'athcr and
Jaar, 36'. Litlirim, 109. sort, 677.
Jdda ('hx+), 589. Ncrtl, 69.
Jafr (The), 207. Maftdhat, 474. Ncr.rl.rshlr, (;!l.
Jdhiliydt, 26, 56. Magic that is lawful, 31th. NtRt.i.s/~, 581.
Tllc Jaiydni cemetery, 1 4 . Afaltdlc (&c4), 51.
Ni!/n, 336.
'I'll(: Nug'libd, or Nujab, 98.
J1 A,
Jalsd, 61 0.
646. ASujlis, 9 4.
Y o j z l i , 369.
'l'llc Nu/c(lOd o r Ntrkub, 98.
Tho Nhriya Inosrllle, 458.
Mnnn, 446'.
Jnrinu, 6 48. Mcci~tlitim,62. Orrlaiyidcs ; violation of thcir tombs,
Jal'Gr (pJ+), 651. Maklcl/c, 534. 637, 638.
 INDEX.
sha 120. Ternaries, 30.
Tesauden (d34j'), &is.
l'hc I'cc111loof'thc Ilousc, 9 0 7 , 666
%v but, 618, 626.
yG,246.
1527.
Si6t (Ly), 167. Tlrarld, 661.
I'rivatc j ~ ~ t l ~ r x i r(di,
r l t 397. Sidro, 10. Tarkhim diminutives, k% ,
I'r.or~c~ur~c:ii~I,i~~~ 01' tho ICorAn, whc- Sixty-three yoars; superstition ofth~ Thurndma, 520.
t 1 1 ~ ri t I)o i:r~:it[:tl or uucrealct Ivfoslims respecting that number Tobba, 219.
(b!rcal1/1 t a l - l , ~ r ~ ) 880,
, 3111. 373. Torab, 48.
rc.v-Sl?jha tal-Madantka, 308. TClsi's Staff, 470, 474, 58%.
Solonlun (the table of'), 483, 485.
The (U I) of at-Thsi, sor
of astrolabe, 1170, 474, 582. Vizjrs; their stipend under the Sel-
Slirr-ups made of iron for the firs juk government, 997.
lirnc, 510.
Stonc (being bridled or gagged wit1 TVc~kf,667.
a), 501. Waiba, 70.
Sdl, 294. Wuli, 304, 305.
Sultan of sultans, 321.
Surnames, such as Abu Fuldn. Listc &J! &, 50l.
of thosc which are cmployed tc Washi, 648.
designate certain doctors of thi 01- Was!, 535.
law, 411. Wasmi, 305.
Sutra, 336. Water of the face, 147.
Wathil, 614.
WathZma, 648.
Turlmln, 507. White dinars, 4139.
'. Titghia (Christian king, despot), 478, Wifk, Aufdk, 474.
>!,--,926. %hM, 308. Wild ass (the flesh of the), 939.
Snrudd, G 41. Tnilesdn, 327, 474.
Slturif, 16 3. r d j ( K u l b n lal-), 232.
Tanldr, 507. zl-Yamki (a historical work), 866,
Sk~aringof thc hcnd; ono of tho rites 336.
ol pilgrirnngo, 4 11. EmnQr, 256.
r d r l k h Olbi, 266. Yaum at-Tamyiz, 2917.
&G, 642. r ~ ~ / ~31, . i ( i264.
,
siladh (+3x-), ~23. Tuurla, 59 9. Tainiyn college, 467.
Tho Siiurdt, 670. rc'cheglrcina 491. Yakktim, 396.
s/1u9-iay 4 0 8. rents of a red colour, 126. ?h-, the treble chord of thelute, 115.

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