g 4 sh for general competitions ~~ Volt from Cc Voll 4S | <_, (English) > by Neetu Singh4 || VERB (BASIC) CHAPTER Any word that denotes an action is verb. Hence verb is also called ‘doing word’, & Verb can be cl tied into two categories. Verb Helping Verb Main verb ‘The word that expresses fan act or occurence, A main verb is sometimes Primary Auxiliary Vorb preceded by an auxiliary verb Bare (Be, Do, Have) ‘oF eg- can, could may ete. They act as both, Note: ‘Need! ‘dare helping verb and ed to" act a nal main verb, ry verbs; ‘nee: are’ act ais both, n verb and modal. » ‘Used to’ acts as both 'modal' and ‘adjective > Auxiliary Verbs: They are used in addition to other verbs. These are also called helping verbs. > Modal Auxiliary Verbs: They are ulso called helping verbs. Can, could, may, might, shall, will, would, should, must and ought to are called Modal Auxiliary Verbs. Eg: 1.(a) She can run_ fast. oan, fun Modal MV. (b) You should study English. Modal MV. 2. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs: Used to, need and dare are Marginal Auxiliary verbs. These modals can be used as a main verb (Need & Dare) or an adjective (used to) in a sentence. E.g: 1. Iam usedto sleeping late at night. am, usedto, Sore. WV. “Adjective. ~ Gerand _—__—_—__—_—_ English — from Plinth to Paramount 7Rule 1: Rule 3: Rule 1: Eg ed you fay V {onal Corie lemnarraw, he docs not dare lo caine borne bate MV, to hot enter bis 160K without permission IMPORTANT POINTS ON AUXILIARY VERBS ————— eee Modal Auxiliary verbs are not used! ns main verbs, They orc only used ag helping verbs Tecan Jift this box wow He should work hard wy. MY Modal Auxiliary verbs are not used in V,, Vz, Vg , ‘ing’ or 's/es’ form. Their forms do not change with subject, person or number. She canhelp you. ve You should understand you friends. ‘Ought’ and ‘used’ is always followed by Infinitive ‘to + V,’. We ought to respect our parents. He used to come late. USE OF MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS CAN & COULD Can denotes power, ability and capacity. Could denotes past ability, power or capacity. He can lift the box. 1 could not come yesterday. Z>__ — engiisn-from Plinth to ParamountVERB (BASIC) | Rele 2; Can is also used for taking /giving permission. Eg You ean go now. Rule 3; Can denotes theoretical possibility. Eg: Everyone ean make a mistake. Could is used to show remote possibility. There could be a bomb under your seat Can shows friendly request; while could shows formal request (1) Can 1 take your scooter? (2) Could I talk to Mr. Shukla? Note: Both able to’ and ‘could/can’ show eapacity. Hence they are never used together in a sentence. Eg: 1 cannot be able to come tomorrow. (*) (This is a superfluous sentence. The word ‘superfluous’ means more than required.) The correct sentence 1s:- | cannot come tomorrow. (Y) I will not be able to come tomorrow. (7) MAY,MIGHT & MUST ‘May’ shows possibility . It may rain tonight May expresses willingness in an optative sentence. May you live long! 5 Fi . 5 We use ‘may’ in subordinate clause if Principal clause is in present tense, and the subordinate clause starts with that/so that/in order that and the subordinate clause denotes ® purpose - We eat so that we may live. possibility. May expre but seeing his intelligence I Rule 4: Might shows less sses possibility (neither low nor high) { Eg: 1. He might pass the exam do not have much hope. 2. It may rain tonight. Rule5: Must shows greater possibility. Eg: He stays in five-star hotels and travels by Rule 6: When ‘May’, shows Fes! Eg: ‘May’ I come in? TS tunth to Paramount air, He must be rich. pect/request, it is always used in interrogative form. ee TTTNote: any Rule t Rule (2): Eg: Rule (3): Eg: ee VERB (BAgic) Poaaitty /likely is never used with may, bly Come tomorrow, (x) (a) tle may p thor aeutence i superfluous, (hh He may cone lomorrow bly Come tomorrow, (7) SHALL & WILL fo) the wall p Shall is wet with frat person ‘land 'we' in future tense. All the other persone fake will Vahall go (0 college tomorrow and he will come with me. We Motor Bagstish, wil! can be used with 'T and ‘we! but in interrogative 1 sentences, we must use only ‘shall’ with 'T' and ‘we', Wall Ugo (a) Shall gor) Shall is used with second person (You), third person (He, She, It, They), to ‘note command, promise, threat, determination, compulsion and advice, WAU ts used with Land We in similar cases, (a) Command You ahall leave the room at once. (0) Promise You ahall be awarded. Uwill help you come what may (cl) Threat Trespassers shall be prosecuted. Twill punish you, (@) Determination Twill work hard and score good marks. (e) Compulsion You shall be here for the meeting. Uwill finish this work by tomorrow. Imperative sentence beginning with let us/let’s, will have ‘shall we’ in the question tag. Let us dance together, shall we? Shall is used with first person to make a suggestion in interrogative sentences. Shall we talk to the management? a evi tish- from Print to ParamountVERS BASIC Note: Note: EF . po Fed Fm lo ga Eg: ; Eg. > che HHS NFS Of sentences ahall/will is not used. Ose SANS WAUN pant, the wal would pass. 48 Nath past then would/should is used. heable even when modal/verb is used in place of will/shall, He said that he es was coming This rule is mot applicable if the 2nd part is a universal truth, habitual action, general fact, idiom or phrase a S not a machine. (¥) that honesty is the best policy. (¥) in future one after the other, and the first action be in simple present tense. by The second action wil! be in simple future tense. l will meet you. (*) + you. (¥) Those who wii work hard, will pass the exam.(Y) Simple fature is never used immediately after the following words. Instead simple present tense is used. If, as soon as, in case, provided, unless, until, before, after, when. (see ‘Conditional Sentence’) WOULD Would is used to express past habit. I would go to school by bus. Would shows preference / choice when it comes with rather. He would rather die than beg. If the sentence is in past, it will continue in past. He hoped that he will would pass.(Would is the past of will) We can use either Would’, ‘used to’ or ‘Simple Past Tense' to express Past Routine Action. : before [used to go to school by bus. I would return on foot. We played for hours edt would + vy returning home. English - from Plinth to Paramount— VERB Would is used principal clause of imaginative sentences, Basic) 1, [ would fly in the sky were a Was’ is not ith the following words as they make a sentence i imag In Irish, as though’, if, ‘as if, ‘would that’ and’ ‘suppose’, ary. W “dis used as the past of ‘will’ in indirect speech. He will go there.” (Direct) - would go there. (Indirect) 1g a ‘polite request! in an interrogative sentence, probability’ Rule B: wish, [rdia would become a developed country soon. Would like to’ shows ‘wish’. Rule 1 | would like k to the manager. SHOULD Rule 1: Should is used to express suggestion/ advice 2 should stu 2. You should not laugh at his mistake. Rule 3: [f should is used after lest, it shows negative purpose. Eg: He ran fast, lest he should miss the train. Note: Lest can also take 'V,’ but plural form even with singular subjects. Eg: Take care lest you/he fall. Note: Lest doesn't take ‘not! after it Eg He doesnt take risk lest he should not lose all his money. (Remove not) OUGHT TO “Ought to” shows moral obligation or duty. We ought to love our country. MUST Must is used to denote compulsion Candidates must write in ink. Must also shows fixed determination. India must win the World Cup. Must expresses duty. A soldier must fight for his country. USED TO Used to’ denotes past habit/situation. Eg: He used to study till 10 p.m = Ero tish - from Puinth to ParamountVERB (BASIC). Gg (ii) () Eg: "Use to’ or ‘Uses to’ docs not show present routine action. Instead simple present tense is used for such purpose. He uses to study till 10 p.m. and then goes to bed. (*) He studies till 10 p.m. and then goes to bed.(¥) See the use of ‘used to’ in affirmative/negative/interrogative sentence Affirmative He used to come here. Negative He used not to come here He did not use to come here. Interrogative Did he use to come here? Used he to come here? When V, + ing, is used after verb + used to, it shows habitual action lam used to getting up late in the morning, In the following cases, to + V, is not used. Instead 'V + ing’ is used after ‘to’ Here 'to’ is not a part of infinitive ‘to + V,'. Here ‘to’ is a preposition and after all the prepositions, if we use a verb, the verb must be in 'V + ing’ form. Some of the important phrases from which questions are asked in exams are given below. Be used to, accustomed to, averse to, with a view to, addicted to, devoted to, in addition to, look forward to, object to, owing to, given to, taken to, prone to. He is addicted to smoking. He was looking forward to mecting you. I got used to driving on right, when I was in London. DARE/NEED ‘Dare’ and ‘need’ are used as both ‘main verb’ as well as ‘modal’. Dare expresses challenges or courage Need expresses requirements. (a) He needs me 7 (b) She does not dare to go there. wv (c) You need_ not come tomorrow. ~ Modal English - from Plinth to Paramount ———___________—_re ~~ VERB (BASIC) / generally not used as modal in positive sense. | Need /dare Eg: (1)_1_ need help him - (*) (2) need ‘ohelp him. (¥) “Modal Tanne > To+V, ce .es after need and dare, if need and dare are used in a positive sentence Eg: (a) He needs to work hard (b) He will not dare to come here > If need/dare is used in-ve sentence, ‘not' is followed by a bare infinitive. This means only ' V,' and not 'to + V,'. Eg: [need not come tomorrow. He dare not cheat anyone again Following modals are used for making a request v Modals Use E.g.: Can Friendly request Can I take your bike? Could Formal request Could I talk to Mr. Singh? May Request with respect. | May I come in,Sir? Would Polite Request Would you help me? > Modals are used in the following ways in active and Passive voice:- MODALS ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE | Indefinite Sub+modal+V,+obj. Obj + modal + be + V, + by + sub. Continuous ‘Sub + modal + be + V, + ing + obj. | «xxx Perfect Sub + modal + have + V, + obj. |Obj + modal + have + been + V, + by + sub. Peet continous Ba EEN Yann ® In the above mentioned chart you will ind that a modal is always followed by ‘Vy! » See the formula given below, where modal is used in perfect tense. Sub + modal + have +V, + obj taxi egg tsrn- from Plinth to ParamountVERB (BASIC) » When some modals are used in formula 'modal + have + Vy! (e.g. should have hidden wld have gone, need not have seen, must have seen etc), there ie a hidden meaning in the sentence which is opposite to the meaning of the sentence. (This is not applicable in case of will, would and might ) Eg: (1) I could score good marks. (Meaning- I had the ability) (2) Tcould have scored good marks.(Hidden meaning- I did not score, though I had the ability.) (3) You should work hard. (Just a suggestion) (4) You should have worked hard. (Hidden meaning- You didn’t) PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS ES Do, have, be are Primary Auxiliary Verbs. They are used as. helping as well as. main verbs, Eg: (1) Do’ has the following forms: Do foes Dia Done {a) 1 do my work. mv. (b) Idid not know him. BV. MV, (2) The forms of 'Have' are :- Has L have Had Had | (i) 'Have' demonstrates possession. I havea car. “ay. (i) "Have' is used as a helping verb in Perfect & Perfect Continuous Tense. i (a) I have not seen him. f RV. MeV. (b) I had been waiting for him for a long time. wv. v (iii) Have + Infinitive denotes forced action. (a) I have to work hard. (b) She had to leave her job. English — from Plinth to Paramount flVERD (Bante he following forms: are was,were been v y > Now let's see how it is used as helping and main verb (a) I am a doctor uv (b) He as, WOTKINE arg HY ow (c) He has been to London RV OM MAIN VERB —_—_— MAIN VERBS: I Those verbs that express an action, an occurence or a atate of being and those which have V,/V,/V,/ing or /a/es forms are called Main Verba, Eg: I know you % I knew you. Ma Thave known you for two years, » The forms of Main Verbs will change if the tense of the sentence changes, FORMS OF VERBS ees 1. Present (1*t form) 2. Past (2™4 form) 3. 3" form 4. ing form GROUP -I Present Past 3" Form ~ ing Form s/es Form (1* Form) (2™ Form) Arise arose arisen arising arises Awake awoke awaken awaking awakes Be was, were been being is/was at Engi - from Puntnrto ParamountVERB (BASIC) Bear bore Bear bore Become became Begin began Bite bit Blow blew Bind bound Bid bade Break broke Choose chose Cling clung Come came Dig dug Do did Draw drew Drink drank Drive drove Eat ate Fall fell Find found Fly flew Forbid forbade Forget forgot Freeze froze Get got Give gave Grind ground Grow grew Hang hung Hide hid Hold held Know knew Lie lay Ride rode Ring rang Rise rose See saw Shake shook Shine shone Shoot shot Shrink shrank borne become begun bitten blown bound bidden broken chosen clung come dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen found flown forbidden forgotten. frozen got given ground grown hung hidden held known lain ridden rung risen seen shaken shone shot shrunk bearing bears bearing bears becoming becomes beginning begins biting bites blowing blows binding binds bidding bids breaking breaks choosing chooses clinging clings coming comes digging digs doing does drawing draws drinking drinks driving drives eating eats falling falls finding finds flying flies forbidding forbids forgetting forgets freezing freezes getting gets giving gives grinding grinds growing grows hanging hangs hiding hides holding holds knowing knows lying lies riding rides ringing rings rising rises seeing Bees shaking shakes shining shines shooting shoots shrinking shrinks English - from Plinth to Paramount ———______rgVERB nT Te Swing Take Tear Wear Weave Win Wind Write Wring The verbs given Present (1* Form) Abuse Act Add Admire Advise Allow Answer Appoint Appear Arrive Arrest Ask Attack Bark Bathe sang sung singing sank sunk sinking sat sat sitting slew slain slaying spoke spoken speaking spat spat spitting stood stood standing stole stolen stealing stuck stuck sticking struck struck striking swore sworn, swearing swam swum swimming swung swung swinging took taken taking tore torn tearing wore wom wearing wove woven weaving won won winning wound wound winding wrote written writing wrung wrung wringing GROUP - below have the same 2™ and 3" form. Past Past. Participle — ing Form (2° Form) 3" Form) abused abused abusing acted acted acting added added adding admired admired admiring advised advised advising allowed allowed allowing answered answered answering appointed appointed appointing appeared appeared appearing arrived arrived arriving arrested arrested arresting asked asked asking attacked attacked attacking barked barked barking bathed bathed bathing = sings sinks sits slays Speaks spits stands steals sticks strikes swears swims swings takes tears wears weaves wins winds writes wrings s/es Form abuses acts, adds admires advises allows answers appoints appeers arrives arrests asks attacks barks batheseve Confuse Consult Cover Crow Cross Creep Cry Decorate Dance Deceive Defeat Decide Desire English - from Plinth tn Parr ine begged believed behaved bled blessed broke brought doiled boasted borrowed built bumt bought called carried caught cleaned closed changed checked climbed clapped copied collected complained cooked counted confused consulted covered crowed crossed crept cried decorated danced deceived defeated decided desired begged believed behaved bled blessed broken brought boiled boasted borrowed built bumt bought called carried caught cleaned closed changed checked climbed clapped copied collected complained cooked counted confused consulted covered crowed crossed crept cried decorated danced deceived defeated decided desired beggin believing, behaving bleeding blessing, breaking bringing boiling boasting borrowing building burning buying calling carrying catching cleaning closing changing checking climbing clapping copying collecting complaining cooking counting confusing consulting covering crowing crossing creeping crying decorating dancing deceiving defeating deciding desiring a! begs believes behaves bleeds blesses, breaks brings boils boasta borrows builds burns, buys calls carries catches cleans closes changes checks climbs claps copies collects complains cooks. counts confuses consults covers crows crosses creeps cries decorates dances deceives defeats decides desiresDiscover Dip Die Divide Dream Dry Drown Dye Fam Enter Employ Explain Face Fail Fear Feed Feel Fell Flee Graze Gather Have Hate Hang Hear Help Improve Invite Join Jump Keep Kill Knit Kneel Lay Lie St discovered dipped died divided dreamed dried drowned dyed earned entered employed explained faced failed feared fed felt felled fled fought finished fined floated grazed gathered had hated hanged heard helped improved invited joined jumped kept killed knitted knelt laid lied discovered dipped died divided dreamed dried drowned dyed earned entered employed explained faced failed feared fed felt felled fled fought finished fined * floated grazed gathered had hated hanged heard helped improved invited joined jumped kept Killed knitted knelt laid lied discovering discovers dipping ae aying dics dividing divides dreaming dreams arying dries drowning drowns dyeing dyes earning eel) entering enters employing employs explaining explains facing faces failing fails fearing fears feeding feeds feeling feels felling fells fleeing flees fighting fights finishing finishes fining fines floating floats grazing grazes gathering gathers having has hating hates hanging hangs hearing hears helping helps improving improves inviting invites joinin, - cones Pama keepin, Pamet ceping keeps killing kills knitting knits Reeling kneels ying lays ‘ying lies PPOUSh— from Punth to ParamountLaugh Learn Leave Lend Lose Like Listen Look Live Love Lead Marry Make Mean Meet Move Melt Mend Mix Name Need Nip Obey Open Order Oppose Pay Play Pray Praise Preach Peep Plant Pluck Prepare Pull Prevent Punish Prove laughed learned left lent lost liked listened looked lived loved led married made Meant met moved melted mended mixed named needed nipped obeyed opened ordered opposed paid played prayed praised preached peeped planted plucked prepared pulled prevented punished laughed learned left lent lost liked listened looked lived loved led married made meant met moved melted mended mixed named needed nipped obeyed opened ordered opposed paid played prayed praised preached Peeped planted plucked Prepared pulled prevented punished proved laughing learning leaving lending losing liking listening looking living loving leading marrying making meaning meeting moving melting mending mixing naming needing nipping obeying opening ordering opposing, paying playing praying praising preaching peeping planting plucking preparing pulling preventing punishing proving laughs learns leaves lends loses likes listens looks lives loves leads marries makes means meets moves melts mends mixes names needs nips obeys opens orders opposes Pays plays prays praises preaches Peeps plants plucks prepares pulls prevents punishes proves—~ aB8IG) Promise promised promised promising Promises Push pushed pushed pushing Pushes Plough ploughed ploughed ploughing Ploughs Quarrel quarrelled quarrelled quarrelling quarrels Rain rained rained raining rains Reply replied replied replying replies Reach reached reached reaching Teaches Receive received received receiving receives Refuse refused refused refusing Tefuses Rest rested rested resting rests Resign resigned resigned resigning resigns Repair repaired repaired repairing Tepairs Remember remembered remembered remembering rememberg Return returned returned returning returns Roar roared roared roaring roars Say said said saying says Seek sought sought seeking seeks Sell sold sold . selling sells Save saved saved saving saves Saw sawed sawed sawing saws Send sent sent sending sends Select selected selected selecting selects Sleep slept slept sleeping sleeps Stand stood stood standing stands Stay stayed stayed staying stays Spend spent spent spending spends Stop stopped stopped stopping stops Sweep swept swept sweeping sweeps Study studied studied studying studies Slip slipped slipped slipping slips. Talk talked talked talking talks’ \ Tell told told telling tells Teach taught taught teaching teaches Think thought thought thinking thinks Tie tied tied tying ties Touch touched touched touching touches Try tried tried trying tries Trust trusted trusted trusting trusts Use used used using uses a tierVERB (BASIC): Understand understood. under a a unre ae eae ‘understands Wash washed washed washing ashe wait waited waited waiting nae Weep wept wept weeping oe Work worked worked working works Watch watched watched watching watches Wish wished wished wishing wishes Wander wandered wandered wandering wanders Waste wasted wasted wasting wastes wed wedded wedded wedding weds Wound wounded wounded wounding wounds Worship worshipped worshipped worshipping worships Wonder wondered wondered wondering wonders Wrap wrapped wrapped wrapping wraps Yield yielded yielded yielding yields GROUP - Ill The verbs given below have the same present, past and past parciple forms. Present Past P.Participle - ing Form s/es Form (1* Form) (2™ Form) (3" Form) Bid bid bid bidding bids Bet bet bet betting bets Burst burst burst bursting bursts Cast cast cast casting casts Cost cost cost costing costs cut cut cut cutting cuts Hurt hurt hurt hurting hurts Let let let letting lets Put put put putting puts Read read read reading reads Set nee set setting sets Shed shed shed shedding sheds Shut shut shut shutting shuts Spread spread spread spreading spreads Thrust thrust thrust thrusting thrusts Quit quit quit quitting quits ET English-from Plinth to Paramount ESTCONFUSING PAIR 1, Bear bore born > to give birth | Bear bore borne + to tolerate 2. Fall fell fallen — to descend freely | Fell felled felled > tobringdown 3. Find found found —> to come across Found founded founded > to establish 4. Grind ground ground — to reduce to powder or small Pieces Ground grounded _grounded —> to bring to ground 5. Hang hanged hanged —> to suspend by the neck Hang hung hung — to suspend from peg etc. 6. Lie lied lied > to make an untrue statement Lie lay lain — to move into a horizontal position To sacrifice Lay laid laid —> to tear or break something violently Rent rented rented —>to grant possession in exchange of a fixed amount 8. Rise rose risen >to get up, to progress, to ascend Raise raised raised to uplift, to collect, to set upright Raze razed razed —> to demolish 9. See saw seen —>to perceive by the eye | Saw sawed sawed/sawn —> to cut with the help of a saw which is a toothed blade used to cut trees etc. 10. Wind wound wound —> to move so as to encircle something ! Wound — wounded wounded > to injure | 11. Fly flew flown — to move in air as a bird does | Flow flowed flowed — to move in a stream just as water | does Alt $AABhaoo AA natch — fern print tr ParrcamourtVERB (BASIC) aT VERBS CONFUSED WITH VERB/ NOUN/ ADJECTIVE. All the following words are very easy but meanings are given in Hindi for better. understanding as far as their usage is concerned. 1. Practice - Practise ~ Noun Verb + 4 ae - ST Sa 2. Advice - Advise Advice - Advise Noun verb + + wae - = were a 3. Complain - Complaint —_—— vere Noun farsraa wen - fear 4. Affect - Effect Verb Noun/ Ve t oR BET vioMy ARTA AAT 5. Assure - Ensure - Insure Vero ver verb 7 + t acct ta - afifrad wen - ahr eT 6. Hear - Listen “Verb verb i + qn - ena a 7. Heal - Heel Verb Noun t + deer - Ut (aa we H) 8. Prescribe - Proscribe verb Verb v + wee t= Tet TT Englsh- from Plinth to Paramount 13. 14. 16. Adopt - Adapt - Adept jeoue vere Vere 7S 4 + + mig ot - agen - Fy Allude - Elude Allude Elude verb vere 7 i auiisdesad- jaa Amend - Emend ve verb Behe wen - syfsal Frere SH Bought - __ Brought ——— ——— V, & Vy form of buy Vs8Vs Bimal bing + aten - wa Compose - Comprise me Verb ver + t wr - tan Deface - Efface Verb verb 7 fag ae - frat Deprecate - Depreciate ————— vero ver + + array ST - Apes er Envelop - Envelope eee verb nenaVERB (Baie, a 17. Excite - Incite verb Verb ¢ 7 wif een - | NEaT 18, Flout - Flaunt ver vee + 21. 22, 25. se wen - fear eer Hoard ~ Horde verb Noun t t fou at on eer ant ar aye Loathe - — Loath Verb i + t AES FUN are Lose ~ Loss - Loose ‘Verb Noun Ai + + + ah een - aya | tea Mitigate - Militate oe ve Aen won (ea aS) - wa tH Pour - Pore ‘Verb Noun L L wea - fax Proceed - Precede Ver Verb + + wma - @tuedan Pray - Prey Verb Vero Noun + + + 26. 27. 29, 32, Rout Route - Root ‘Vaib Noun Noun t + + arent a wer eM Censure = Censor Verb Verb + + Fiat - ae ey Wave - Waive Noun/Verb “ve ‘aet (N)/ TEA (V)- Be AAT Tow - Toe - _Tiptoe Verb Noun a v L f dam - Rat - at sight aoa ainferat aT Site - Sight - Cite Frater ea - tora a gfe - seh eT Defuse - Diffuse verb Verb t eae - dar Desert = Dessert ——Pesert _ Noon vp en + ‘fre wm oH - Meals # am &1 sweet dish Sever - Severe — Sewer '_-Sever Verb Ra Roam 4 T + WRF stem at oa | da - ow allt ngssr from Plinth to ParamountVERB (BASIC) 34. See - Look - Stare - Peep - = i So RE,” SGP” ep - Cuessceer - genset Fer | SIAR Se YT - waT(V) - TRA a SerTV)- TH werR te) -UH wee te) Appearance(N)- qv 8 Serv) -FA A we AHIN)-CH Bers (N) - UH ATEN) 35. Light = Burn Ag Noun Verb Verb Noun fs t t z t weet tert wafta ac Wert | Wet Es AM (wee wT) 36. Catch - Hold vero/Noun VerbjNoun fret fava at weet (V)- aed ef cts st aT (V) weg (N) wag (N) 37. Canvass - Canvas Verb Noun ways & ate aim - wher wae (fred Gi wi 2 aA t) 3g. Refuse - Deny/Refute - Decline Seuss Decne Vero Verb verb t q y wee - | Gee - ween BOW eR HT 39, Peddle a Pedal Verb Noun/Verb wees S ware tan — ureter A fare we A a we GAA BI (N), Pedal warm (V) 40. Ride - Drive verbjNoun t “a (Ny / aefed a arta at Bard we (V) - a (N) / ar oiea at aad FeT (V) 41. Wither - Weather - Whether - Whither Verb } Co at ¢ art - fe-sfafes atte - = Where (wel) (qa are &t rmether oF Coneatve #) ait ara 3) 42, Sink - Drown ‘Verb vee y er (fafa) - | SAG eh English - from Punth to Paramount TTT TN,ut VERB (BASIC) 43. Cease - Seize 44, Invent - Disow or vee ver We oo Ra - wa or orf eT - as aor See how the confused words are used in the following sentences- 1 Th peel th he wall . The servant e picture on the wa 2. Lay your books aside and lie down to rest. hg makes a man perfect. the questions given in the assignment. 5. Ineed your advice ‘Noun 6. Do not advise me. Verb 7 Ihave lodged acomplaint against him. Noun 8. Hecomplained against me. verb 9. Bad weather affects your health and the effect is cough and cold Verb Noun 10. Many songs are not worthlistening to.{ Remove ‘to’) 11.He lighted the candle and burnt the papers. 12. The thief eluded arrest. Verb 13. The earth's atmosphere comprises of three layers. ( In active voice, comprise is not followed by ‘of ) 14, Mirabai composed many songs. 15. I refused to help him. 16. The thief denied the charges. 17. I declined the offer. 18. Silence precedes the storm. 19. This is a good site for a school. 20. Please cite an example. : = +VERB (@AsiCy Py SPOTTING THE ERROR 7 2) He was so (b) that he rose many’ (c) questions in the class J (a) No is 2 (a) Hewa ents,’ (b) but brought up/ (c) in an affluent family./ (d) 1950/ (c) when India was not self dependent y (0) as 8 spite of my repeated warnings, (c) he failed (8) No error t have’ (b) permanent affect on a person/ (c)because only the ever loose my temper/ (c) even when provoked/ (4) No for hours/ (c) enjoying the cool breeze./ (d) No error. } any rivers overflew their banks/ (c) and caused nd lay down/ (c} to rest for a while ./ (d) No error. age. / (b) they faced it/ (c) bravely./ (d) No error. nvicted | (b) and ordered to/ (c) be hung. / (d) No error. ” ’ x Heave now, (b) I will not be able to/ (c) return back before 9 p.m ./ (d) No pany offered him a purse on his retirement (b) he refused to/ No error eat was driven/ (b) into a narrow lane/ (c) where it was slewed (a) No error a (b) he was conclusively suspected/ (c) for N (d) No error. 1 omebody must have dared/ (c) him steal the der ) Twas young, / (bj can run/ (c) faster than Mohan./ (d) No error. / here/ (c) as it is getting dark./ (d) No error. ot to/ (c) go there. / (d) No error. ») play Hockey/ (c) when I was of ten years. / (d) No error. (b) could fight/ (c) for his country and save his country's honour. / (d) (a) Harish needs not/ (b) co (a) He dare (a) Luse to, 22. {b) die/ (c) then beg. / (d) No error. 23. (a) Run fast/ (b) lest you/ (c) will miss the train/ (d) No error. 24. (a) He hoped, (b) that he will/ (c) pass the exam with flying colours. / (d) No error. 35. (a) You need to work hard/ (b) but you need not/ (c) to waste time on unimportant lessons/ (d) No error. 26. (a) She would broke/ (b) a plate every day (d) No error. / (c) when she came to Delhi last month./ 7. 1! / y liv ./ (d) No error. 2 ‘The old lady/ (b) prayed that he/ (c) may live long./ ( 28 el Rama ‘must not to/ (b) have treated his mistress/ (c) like that./ (d) No error. recycle/ (c) if possible/ (d) No error. 29. (a) Waste material/ (b) should be English - from Plinth to Paramountven (BA; 30, (a) The Government cannot/ (b) be able to contain/ (c) Encephalitis by Spending just 1% of GDP on Health sector. / (d) No error. 31. (a) The police think/ (b) that he may be there/ (c) yesterday at the scene of crime, (d) No error. i “He may live long"/ (b) his sad mother/ (c) prayed./ (d) No error. 3 (a) He returned the purse/ (b) though he could keep/ (c) it very easily./ (d) No error. 34. (a) When you were young/ (b) you ought to learn/ (c) good habits. / (d) No error, 35. (a) Ifyou get good marks/ (b) I shall happy/ (c) as much as you./ (d) No error. 36. (a) We ought to/ (b) honest/ (c) in our dealings./ (d) No error. 37. (a) It is very cold here/ (b) I should bring/ (c) my woolen clothes but I didn't./ (d) No error. 38. (a) Are you/ (b) used to get/ (c) up early?/ (d) No error. 39. (a) Our knowledge of history does not come to our help/ (b) and sometimes we even fail to remember/ (c) who invented America./ (d) No error. 40. (a) I think/ (b) the news/ (c) might true./ (d) No error. 41. (a) Very soon/ (b) I realised/ (c) that he is at fault/ (d) No error. 42. (a) He remembered/ (b) that his visa/ (c) will be expired in a month/ (d) No error. 43, (a) I wasn’t/ (b) at the last meeting and/ (c) neither was you/ (d) No error. 44. (a) In any case no disciplinary action/ (b) are required/ (c) to be taken/ (d) No error. 45. (a) The capital of Yemen/ (b) is situating/ (c) 2190 metres above the sea level/ (d) No error. 46. (a) Owing to the heavy rains, / (b) the ship drowned/ (c) in the middle of the ocean./ (d) No error. 47. (a) If your jogging clothes/ (b) were not made of/ (c) permeable fabric you will drown/ (d) in your sweat. Answers with Explanation 1. (0) ‘raised’ is the correct word . ‘Rose’ means to ‘get up’ 2. (a) V; of bear ( to produce offsprings ) is ‘born’. V, of bear (to tolerate) is borne. 3. (b) use founded’ in place of ‘found’. V, of found ( to establish ) is ‘founded’. 4. (a) V,/V, of complain is complained. Complaint is a noun. ‘Complaint’ means a grievance or a problem. 5. (b) Use effect (N) in place of affect (Verb) 6. (b) Loose (Adj) is not an appropriate word here. 'Lose'(Verb) is the correct word. 7. (a) Use ‘lay’ in place of ‘lied’ 8. (b) Overflowed is the correct word here which means ' to flow out of a particular space because it has become surplus’. 9. (a) Laid is the correct word and V, of ‘lay’ 10. (a) ‘Befell' is an appropiate word here which means ‘to happen (something bad) especially as if by fate’. Use 'Hanged’ in place of ‘hung’. ‘Hanged’ means ‘to suspend by the neck’. 11. (c) Remove ‘back’. The word ‘back’ makes ‘return’ superfluous. 12. (c) =a rch ~from Plinth to Paramount13, 14, 15. 16. 19, 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. ic) tb) (c) (o) la) () (a) (c) (c) ) {c) (a) (c) (a) (b) (b) (b) (a) (b) (b) (b) (a) (o) () (c) (c) (c) () (c) © ) (b) (c) Use ‘accept’ in place of ‘agree Slain is the V, of ‘slay’, Slewed is wrong ‘Conclusively’ means ‘putting an end to a debate, question or doubt’. The word " Suspect’ doesn't go with ‘conclusively’ as the sentence becomes self contradictory. Add ‘to’ before ‘steal’ Use could (past) as the sentence is in past tense Use ‘need’ in place of ‘needs’, ‘Need’ is a modal here and not a main verb. ‘dare not is followed by ‘go’ and not ‘to go’ Use ‘I used to’ in place of 'I use to’. ‘Used to’ expresses past routine action. Use ‘must’ or ‘ought to’ in place of ‘could’ Use ‘than’ in place of ‘then’ Use ‘should’ in place of will, ‘Lest’ is followed by ‘should Use would (past) as the senten in past tense. Need not’ is followed by 'V,". Hence remove ‘to’ V, is used after all the modals . Use ‘break’ in place of ‘broke’. Use ‘might’ (past) in place of ‘may’ (present) as the sentence is in past. Remove ‘to’ as the sentence must be in the formula ‘must + not + have + V," Should be" is followed by 'V,'. 'Re ' is the appropiate word. ‘Cannot’ shows ability, remove ‘be able to’.lf we use both ‘able to’ and ‘can’ together in a sentence, the sentence becomes superfluous. Change ‘may’ into ‘might’ (past). ‘Yesterday’ denotes ‘past time’. Hence past form of ‘may’ must be used. May he live long’ is right. In an optative sentence, ‘May’ comes at the starting of the sentence. Change ‘could keep’ to ‘could have kept’. From the sentence we understand that the hidden meaning is - ‘he did not keep the purse’ ‘Ought to learn’ should be changed to ‘ought to have learnt’, From the sentence we understand that the hidden meaning is - ‘he did not learn good habits’. Add main verb ‘be’ after ‘shall’. A modal must be followed by a main verb. Add 'be' after ‘ought to’. A modal must be followed by a main verb. Use ‘should have brought’. From the sentence we understand that the hidden meaning is - ‘he did not bring’. Change ‘get’ into getting’ (Here ‘used to’ denoted a habitual action) Change ‘invented! into ' discovered’ as ‘to invent’ means 'to make something new that was not there before that time. ‘To discover’ means ‘to find out something for the first time which was not in the knowledge of the people’. Use 'be’ after ‘might’ Change ‘is’ into ‘was’. Change ‘will be expired’ into ‘would expire’. Change ‘was into ‘were’. 'You' takes ‘were’ and not ‘was’. Change ‘are’ into ‘is’ because the subject “disciplinary action" is singular. Change ‘situating’ to ‘situated’. Use sank (V,), in place of 'drowned’.'Sink’ comes for non-living things. Change ‘will’ into ‘would’ as the sentence is in past tense. English - from Plinth to Paramount —————________gTENSE CHAPTER] Tense denotes the time of action as well as the state. Tense ’ | 3. Future 1, Present 2. Past J ¥ Sub v y y 1 Division: Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Note: Questions are often based on confusing pairs CONFUSING PAIRS Q) (2) (3) (4) q) (2) Eg: 3) Eg: Simple present & Present continuous Continuous & Perfect continuous’ Present perfect & Simple past Simple past & Past perfect Present Indefinite: Under Present Indefinite we include the following activities: (a) Routine Action: Regular Action - I come here daily. Irregular Action - Earthquake comes in Japan. Habits - He smokes, Universal Truth - The sun rises in the east. Note: In newspaper headlines and commentary of sports, Simple Present Tense is used. PM signs deal. Sachin strikes the ball and off it goes across the boundary lines. Simple Present tense is used to express planned action of near future. PM leaves for China next week. =a 2 ish - from Pint to ParamountTENSE: a Formulae: + ve-> Sub + V, + obj. ( Ifthe Sub is I, we, they, you or plural ) -ve-+ Sub + do not (don’t) + V, + obj. Ques — Do + Sub + V, + obj? Do + Sub + not+ V, + obj? Don't + Sub + V, + obj? + ve» Sub +V, +8/es + obj. (If sub is he, she, it, name or singular ) -ve-+ Sub + does not (doesn’t) + V, + obj. Ques + Does + Sub + V, + obj? Does + Sub + not+ V, + obj? Doesn't + Sub + V, + obj? > Correct the following sentences: (1) What he knows about you? («) What does he know about you ? (v) (2) Ido not know what he knows about you. (¥) (3) The appeal of the victims to transfer the cases related to riots to some other states do not affect the merit of the case. ( Change ‘do’ into ‘does’ as the main subject is ‘appeal’) Explanation of sentences 1 & 2: In the Ist statement ‘what’ is being used to ask a question. Hence interrogative form should be used after ‘what’. In the 2nd sentence ‘what’ is joining two sentences. Thus a normal sentence should follow ‘what Sentence 3: [Explanation] > Averb should always agree with the main subject of the sentence. We often relate the verb with the nearest subject but this is wrong. See Subject-Verb agreement (Rule 8) Simple Past > An action that is over is expressed in Simple Past Tense. Eg: I saw you but you did not see me. Formulae:Sub + V, + obj Sub + did not (didn't) + V, + obj Did + Sub + V, + obj ? Did + Sub + not + V, + obj? Didn't + Sub + V, + obj ? s with ‘It's time’, ‘It's high time’ or ‘It's about time’ ard if itis t will be in second ( V,) f the sentence start: followed by a subject, the verb that will follow the subject form. a English - from Plinth to Paramountsense Eg: It's time you should study. (*) It's time you studied. (¥) ; 4 > If'It's time’ is followed by ‘to’, ‘V,' will be used. Eg.: It's time to study. : > Usually ina sentence, ‘do’, ‘does’ and ‘did’ are not used ‘uel do’, does eed a ashelping verb. But to emphasise the main verb, we rohan aeons before the main verb. In such sentences main verb shou! i . (1) You do come here everyday. (7) M (2) He did make a mistake. (v) ~ : M If past time is given in a sentence, the sentence must be in Simple Past Tense and never is Present Perfect Tense. (1) Ihave come yesterday. (x) (2) I came yesterday. (v) Simple Future: * An action to take place in future comes under Simple Future Tense. Eg: I shall meet you tomorrow. Formulae: + ve—> Sub + shall/ will + V, + obj “ve — Sub + shall/ will + not + V, + obj Sub + shan't/ won't + V, + obj Ques Shall/will + sub + V, + obj > Shall/ will + sub + not + V, + obj ? Shan't/ won't + sub + V, + obj > Note: Use of shall / will is explained in Modals, PRESENT CONTINUOUS: » An action that is going on at the time of speaking comes in Present Continuous Tense. Eg: Iam studying English now. > Sometimes some events are going on even at the time of speaking but we cannot see them, they too come in Present Continuous Tense, (1) Coastal areas are getting submerged. (2) Population is increasing day by day. Note: For events that will take place in near future, Eg: Iam going to Mumbai tomorrow. aqua _—__"__——_-xigiish- from Plinth to Paramount Present Continuous Tense is used.ce —_,__§_——<$ Formulae: + ve-> Sub + is/ am/ are + v, + ing+ obj > Eg: > Note: Eg -ve-> Sub + is/ are/ am/ + not + v, + ing+ obj Sub + isn't/ aren't/ am not + v, + ing+ obj Ques Is/ am/ are +8 + v, + ing+ obj? Is/ am/ are + S + not + v, + ing+ obj? Ien't/ aren't +8 + v, + ing+ obj? ‘Am not’ has no contracted form. Hence in question tag aren't is used. lam fine, aren't I? Use of is / am / are Is - he/she/it/name/singular Am -I Are - you/we/they/all/ plural My father is working in a bank and my brother is studying in a school. (*) My father works in a bank and my brother studies in a school. (¥) If the statement deals with a routine action, Simple Present Tense is used and not Present Continuous Tense. But if the work is just a temporary routine action, Present Continuous Tense is used. 1 am preparing for competitive exams now-a-days. PAST CONTINUOUS: Eg Eg: If an action was in continuation in the past, Simple Past Tense is used. I was waiting for you. Formulae: +Ve— Sub + was/were + V, + ing + obj -Ve-» Sub + was/were + not + V, + ing + obj Sub + wasn't/weren't + V, + ing + obj Ques > Was/were + Sub + V, + ing + obj ? Was/were + Sub + not+ V, + ing + obj ? Wasn't/weren't + Sub + V, + ing + obj ? Use of was and were. Was -» He/she / it / name / singular/1I Were You / we / they / plural / all In imaginary sentence, ‘were’ is used with all subjects no matter whether it is used as a helping verb or main verb. 1. | wish, I] _were a bird. mv. 2. He pretended as if he EST sleeping. English — from Plinth to Paramount ——____emgya a FUTURE CONTINUOUS: ' te | a tinuous: nse. ' An action going on in future comes under Future Cont We shall be taking the examanination at this time, : | Formulae: +Ve-> Sub + shall/ will + be + V, + ing + obj a | -Ve —> Sub + shall/ will + not + be + V, + ing + obj | Sub + shan't/ won't + be + V, + ing + obj \ Ques-> Will/shall + Sub + be+V, + ing + obj ? Will/shall + Sub + not+ bet V, + ing + obj ? | Won't/shan't + Sub +be+ V, + ing + obj ? ( next month. Eg Some verbs do not take ‘ing’ form. Hence they cannot come in continuous tense. » List of (1) Verbs of Perception- See, taste, smell, hear, prefer, please, notice, recognize. (2) Verbs of Thinking Process- Think, know, mean, mind, remember, suppose. (3) Verbs Showing Possession- Own, have, belong, comprise, possess, contain, consist. (4) Verbs expressing Feelings or State of Mind- Believe, like, dislike, love, adore, want, wish, desire, hate, agree, trust, imagine. (5) Verbs in General- Look, seem, appear, affect, resemble, cost, require, become, hope, refuse. Eg 1. He is owning a car. (x) He owns a car. (Y) 2. This house is belonging to me. (x) This house belongs to me. (¥) 3. Iam not meaning anything wrong. (x) I don't mean anything wrong. (v) 4. Iam seeing a man standing there. (x) I see a man standing there. (v) If "have' denotes ‘possession’, it is not used in ‘ing’ form but if ‘have’ denotes ‘to have fun or to eat’, ‘have’ can be used in ‘ing’ form, Eg: Iam having a piece of cake. (¥) Tam having a car. (x) Ihave a car. (¥) > Ifthink, remember, feel, look, appear ctc are used to express emotions or the verbs given above are used in progressive state, they can come in ‘ing’ form. Eg: 1. lam thinking you are right. (x) I think you are right. (¥) tats _ zn tsh-from Plinth to Paramount —_—— EEE ______TENSE: 1am thinking of you. (¥) - It was appearing as if they were going to kill us. (x) It appeared as if they were going to kill us.(¥) 4. You are looking good. (Y) 5. Look ! He is smelling the rose. (“) > In 'Gerund’ & ‘Present Participle’, verbs are used in ‘ing’ form. Eg: 1. Being ill, I could not come. 2. Getting a job is easy now-a-days. 3. Seeing is believing. 4. Swimming is a good exercise. Note: See verb (Advance) for detailed explanation. > If we use a verb after a preposition, the verb will be in ‘ing’ form. wn Eg: (1) Bats are capable of hearing ultrasonic waves. Wine (2) We must keep away from smoking . we ‘An action that has recently finished is expressed in Present Perfect Tense. He has come to Delhi recently. If the action is important and not the time of action, and the time of action is not given, we use Present Perfect Tense . Eg: We have progressed a lot. We have reached the moon. Formulae: +Ve-> Sub + has/ have + V, + obj -Ve-> Sub + has/ have + not + V, + obj Sub + hasn't/ haven't + V, + obj Ques—> Has/ have + Sub + V,+ obj ? Has/ have + Sub +not+ V,+ obj ? Hasn't/ haven't + Sub + V,+ obj ? > Use of Has / Have: has -With He/ She/ It/ Name/Singular have- With 1/ We/ They/ You/ Plural See the difference: 1. Science has given us many new inventions. (¥) 2. We have reached the moon. (¥) oe English - from Plinth to Paramount1. Science has given us many new inventions in the 19" century. (x) 2. We have reached the moon on 22" Oct, 2008. (*) oe > If past time is given, use Simple Past Tense tense an Perfect Tense. The correct sentences will be: 1. Science gave us many life saving drugs in the 19% century.(7) 2. We reached the moon on 22™4 Oct, 2008. (v) ; Note: In a sentence, any form of ‘have’ can be followed by ‘had’ (Here ‘had! will be the main verb). This is because in Perfect Tense , such combinations are used, 1. I have had enough problems here. (Y) 2. He has had his breakfast. (¥) 2. ‘Usually’, ‘recently’, ‘already’, yet’, ‘so far’ are used in Perfect Tense. 'Yet' is generally used in negative sentences of Present perfect. Eg: He has not reached home yet. (present perfect) He had not done any work so far. (past perfect) 3. If ‘since’ is followed by ‘Simple Past Tense’ , ‘since’ is preceded by ‘Present Perfect Tense’. E.g.: haven't seen him since he left India. Present perfect ‘Simple past In such sentences the perfect form of any modal can also be used. He may have grown old since she last saw him. Simple past ‘Modal in perfect form > If since is used at the beginning of a sentence, the formation of the sentence will be as follows- g.: Since he joined the army, he has not taken any leave. ‘Simpie past Present perfect PAST PERFECT > Look at the sentences given below: 1. I saw him before he stopped his car. () 2. Thad seen him before he stopped his car. (¥) 3. Before he understood anything the robber fled. (x) Before he understood anything the robber had fled. (v) 4. I met him after I finished my work. (x) ! I met him after I had finished my work. (Y) 5S. By the time I reached theatre, the show started. (x) By the time I reached the theatre, the show had started. (v) =a—_$_$_$_—__—_—___—_____Engish - from Punth to Paramount6. When Anand reached hi him. (¥) he found the news about him had preceded , _ Iftwo actions take place in the past, one after the other, the 1st action will be in Past Perfect Tense and the 2nd action will be in Simple Past Tense Formulae: + Ve» Sub + had + V, + obj. - Ve-» Sub + had + not (hadn't) + V, + obj. Ques Had + sub + V, + obj? Had + sub +not + V, + obj ? Hadn't + sub + V, + obj ? e the Sth sentence When Anand reached his village, he found that the news about him had preceded him ANAT! + ‘Precede’ means ‘to come before’ The Ist action is ‘the coming of the news’ which ist be in Past Perfect Tense and the 2nd action is ‘Anand going to the * which must be in Simple Past Tense FUTURE PERFECT ~ An action that will have been completed in future, comes under Future Perfect Tense. You will have finished your syllabus by the end of next month. Look at the following sentences: By the time I reach the station, the train will have left By the time, Future Perfect, By the time, Simple Present, Future Perfect Formulae: + Ve -> Sub + will/Shall + have + V, + obj - Ve -» Sub + will/Shall + not + have + V, + obj Sub + won't/Shan't + have + V, + obj Ques— Will/Shall + Sub + have+ V,+ obj ? Will/shall + Sub + not + have + V,+ obj ? Won't/Shan't + Sub +have + V+ obj? Look at the ifference: 1. By the time I reach the station, the Simple Present will have left, Periect English - from Plinth to Paramount rmrain had left, the tran ———~ ‘simple Past PRESENT PERFECT. CONTINUOUS: il der Pi > An action already started and still going on comes under Fresent Potten, Continuous Tense. Eg: I have been living in Delhi for five years. Formulae: +Ve—> Sub + has/ have + been + V, + ing + obj+ for/ since + time, -Ve-> Sub + has/ have + not + been + V, + ing + obj+ for/ since + time, Sub + hasn't/ haven't + been + V, + ing + obj+ for/ since + time, Ques Has/ have + Sub + + been + V,+ ing + obj + for/ since + time? Has/have + Sub +not+ been + V,+ing + obj + for/since +time? Hasn't/ haven't + Sub + been + V, + ing + obj + for/ since + time? Eg: [am teaching you since an hour. (*) I have been teaching you for an hour. (Y) > For: _ is used fora period of time. Eg: For two hours, for last 2 years. For five years, for last 2 months. For 10 years, for last 3 weeks. > Since: is used for a point of time. Eg: Since Monday, since the beginning. Since 2008, since time immemorial. Since 7 pm, since last year. Days =~ Monday, Tuesday ete. Dates + 7" May, 8" July etc. an Years + 2005, 2007 etc. Since, Months = - May, June etc. Oceasions + Holi, Diwali etc. Clock 70! clock, 8 p.mete. Stages of life ———— Childhood, adolescence etc. Morning, last night, noon etc. Part of each day ‘English — from Plinth to ParamountTENSE: 7 = PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS: An activity that started in the p: Past Perfect Continuous Tense. Eg: [had been waiting for ) Formulae: +Ve-> Sub + had + been + V, ing + obj + for/ since - time. ‘Ve + Sub+had + not (hadn't) + been - V, ~ ing - obj - for/ since + time. Ques — Had + Sub + been + V, + ing + obj - for/ since - time ? Had + Sub + not+ been + V_ st since morning ing + obj + for/ since - time ? Hadn't + Sub + been + V, + ing + obj - for/ since + time ? FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOU: + Anaction that continues up to some future point of time =~» uncer Future Perfect Continuous. Eg: I shal! have been living in Dethi for five years by the end of t ear Formulae: + Ve -> Sub + shall/will + have ~ been - V, +ing ~ obj -for/ from -time. -Ve » Sub + shall/will + not + have + been - V, - ing + obj + for/from + time. Sub+ shan't/won't + have - been ~ V. + ing - obj - for/ from ~ time. Ques — Will/shall+sub + have - been - V, - ing + obj + for/ from-time? ‘Will/shall + sub + not + have + been + V, + ing + obj + Sor/from + time ? Won't/shan't + sub + have - been + V_ + ing ~ obj > for/ from + time ? Note: Verbs that are not used in ‘ing form not used in crnunu cus perfect uous tense verbs sh id be used tn Indefinite Tense E.g: lam knowing you. (* Continuous Tense I know you. (1 + Such verbs should be used in Perfect Tense ins: Eg: I have been knowin f Perfect Continuous tense I have known him for five years.(v) > For/since is used in both Perfect & Perfect Continuous Tense Eg: [have been living in Delhi for five vears. (¥) I had known him for two yea: 4. If for/since + time’ is used 1 Perfect Continuous Tense the sentence be in Perfect Eg: late nothing since morning. (+) I have eaten nothing since morn English — from Plinth to Paramount ———————_ —_ -—- -- —-— —Ja SPOTTING THE ERROR Sm aince pwenty years/ (b) and so I cannot Say with certaing7 1. 2. 23. 24, 25. (a) I have not seen him wenty earn ror (c) whether he is alive or dead./ (4) 0 7b) he asked is Wil (whey (a) When he did not find his cook in the had he gone./ (d) No error (a) Although I am playing cric t/ {oh or oe been able to score a century, jo el , (a) I do not know where could he have gone/ (b) $0 early/ (c) in the morning. / (g No error (a) By the time/ (b) we got our tickets and entered the cinema theatre,/ (c) the show was already begun. / (d) No error ; (a) By the time/ (b) we will get our tickets and enter the cinema theatre,/ (c) the show will have already begun./ (d) No error (a) Gowri told me/ (b) his name after/ (c) he left./ (d) No error (a) We have been/ (b) celebrating many festivals/ (c) since centuries. / (d) No error (@) Old age and infirmity/ (b) had began to/ (c) catch up with him./ (d) No error (a) The passer-by told us/ (b) where was the marriage hall/ (c) and even led us to it./ (d) No error (a) | have passed / (b) the examination/ (c) two years ago./ (d) No error (a) Since he joined/ (b) this post, he did not take/ (c) any bribe./ (d) No error (2) Perhaps you know/ (b) that I have passed/ (c) the examination in 1990. (d) No (a) He has read four plays/ (b) written by Shak i Be has read four pla y espeare/ (c) by the end of his (a) When they stole / (b) the money/ (c) and where di i id they hide it? i ts The teacher/ (b) has took/ (c) the responsibility. (2) No error. 110) No error fa) For time immemorial/ (b} hi : is Eoii elie / (b) sea shells have been used by man/ (c) in many (a) The river is in spate/ (b) and it has overflown/ (¢) i _ its (a) The little boy/ (b) had been waiting for his ne ee ee the i (c) since a long time./ (d) No (a) This T.V. serial/ (b) is going on/ (c) for 3 years./ (4) No error (a) In the early years of the renaissance of Bh; i have their own set of accompanists/ (b) who eee ee ey Sc with them from place to place/ (c) when they gave performances / (a) ee (a) This is turned out to be/ (b) one of our most suc jects are st 8 ve a have made quite/ (d) a large profit from it/ fe) Nogenn (6) and we (a) He is given me/ (b) a lot of fic is given mel t , a lot of documents/ (c) to read before/ (d) the presentation (a) Since the trip home/ (b) was expensi i oe ef (b) was expensive I/ (c did not went home/ (a) during the (a) As she is late/ (b) for work yesterday Tease fon ce ertork yesterday she decided (c) to skip breakfast and/ (2 ket/ (b) for more than three years/ (c) I have not = ‘English — from Plinth to ParamountTENSE: 26. (a) As soon as the CEO entered the offi = ¢ office, the/ ‘ and report the matter to him./ (d) No enter amInAanane {a) The college/ (b) is running a com) puter course/ (c) since 2U / (a) Did he tell you/ (b) why he hasn’t/ (c) come yesterday >) {a Noten sor (a) Last night I dream/ (b) | was a Shei i Last nigh cikh on the 169" floor/ (c) of Burj Khalifa./ (d) 27. 28. 29. 30. (a) She and her sister/ (b) were working here/ (c) since 1983./ (d) No error 31. (a) Nobody saw him/ (b) since the fire broke/ (c) in his locality./ (a) No — 32. (a) By this time next year/ (b) Ramesh will take/ (c) his degree. / (d) No error 33. (a) The families/ (b) are living in G . The fami g in Gulmohar Park/ (c) for the last two decades. / (a) 34. (a) My uncle/ (b) has left/ (c) for Bombay last Saturday. / (d) No error 35. (a) Good heavens !/ (b) How has she/ (c) grown !/ (d) No error 36. (a) Late/ (b) nothing/ {c) since morning, / (d) No error 37. (a) He/ (b) is having/ (c) many friends here/ (d) No error 38. (a) When I went there/ (b) Charles is playing/ (c) a game of chess/ (d) No error 39. (a) The vaccine/ (b) when hit the market/ (c) is dogged by controversy/ (d) No error 40. (a) The victim tried to tell us/ (b) what has happened but/ (c) his voice was not audible. / (d) No error 41. (a) Our history can be seen as a long evolutionary dialectical development/(b) in which there have been/ (c) a painstaking forging of rational and moral self. /(d) No error 42. (a) Last year two Italian prisoners of war/ (b) escapes from a prison camp/ (c) in Kenya during the war./ (d) No error 43. (a) Madhuri Dixit/ (b) is 44. (a) No one heard anything/ (b) out him since/ (c) he left India for good./ (d) No error 45. (a) Before the teacher/ (b) could finish the question/ (c) the students gave the correct answer. / (d) No error 46. (a) She did not prepare/ (b) her/ (c) breakfast yet./ (d) No error 47. (a) Perhaps you do not know/ (b) | am owning/ (c) a farm house besides two bungalows. / (d) No error 48. (a) When Anand reached his village/ (b) he found that / (c) the news about him preceded him./ (d) No error 49. (a) She will already return/ (b) home/ (c] when he arrives./ (d) No error 50. (a) Each one of them/ (b) has have his share/ (c) of joy and sorrow. / (4) No error times immemorial./ (d) No error {c) to aving’ \v) a large fan following. / (d) No error 51. (a) This custom/ (b) has come down/ (c) since 52. (a) Since his arrival in India,/ (b) he is visiting acquire a firsthand knowledge of rural India. / (a) No error. English - from Plinth to Paramount as many villages as he can/ PTF TTY—————— ver you have said./ (d) No error, see ea something useful/ (4) No error. {e) something shed your homework?"/ (d) No error, 4) when the prices comes down. / (4) yo ie) when th error ning (c) when Lwas young. / (d) No error. Answers with explanation Hence for should be used in place of 'since’, byect’ in an interrogative sentence. Since wwe sentence, had’ will come after ‘h The sentence is in Perfect Continuous ZALIVE Se e been ce the sentence is not interrogative . t 1 place of was. If two actions take place in the past one after the 2 ‘st action will be in Past Perfect Tense and the second action will Sumple Past Tense. | We get our tickets is correct. If in a sentence two actions will A future, the first action will be in Simple n Future Perfect Tense. 6. (b) Remove ‘wi have taken place one after the other Present Tense and the second will be i 7. (c) He had left’ is the correct form: Simple Past after Past Perfect 8‘) Use for in place of ‘since because ‘centuries’ is a Period of time. 9) Use Vy (begun) with 700 {b) Was’ will come after marriage hall because sentence is assertive and not interrogative, ‘1. (a) T passed’ (simple past) is the correct form, When a Past time is mentioned, we use Simple Past Tense and not Present Perfect Tenee. 12. (bj Use ‘he has not taken in place of ‘he did not take’, S+has Since S + (See the last point of Present Perfect Tense.) 13. (b) I passed is the correct format "(See the explanation of question 11). 14. (aj Use ‘He will have read, in place of ‘he has read’. An action certain future point of time wi 1S. (a) Use when did they steal’ in pl interrogative form 16. (b) Use V, (taken) with ‘has ee from Plinth to Paramount to be completed at be in Future Perfect Tense. face of when ‘they stole’ as the sentence is in17. 18. 19. 20. 21 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41 42. English - from Plinth to Paramount TENSE- a fa)’ i orial ‘poi ji (a) ‘Time immemorial’ denotes ‘point of time’ und not ‘period of time’ ‘si . cmon time’. Use ‘since’ (0) V, of ‘overflow’ is ‘overflowed’ (c) Use ‘for’ in place of ‘since’ because ‘a long time’ is a period of time. Use ‘has be : © of fi . ; (b) Use has been going! in place of is going’. The sentence is in Present Perfect (a) ‘early years of renaissance’ shows that the sentence depicts some past time. Hence ‘had’ will replace ‘have (a) Change ‘this is turned out’ into ‘this has turned out’ as the sentence is of Present Perfect Tense. (a) ‘He has given me’ should come in place of ‘He is given me’ (c) ‘did not is followed by 'V,". Use ‘go’ in place of ‘went’ (a) ‘Yesterday’ depicts past time. Change ‘is (c) Change ‘report’ into ‘reported’ as the whole sentence is in past tense (b) Change ‘is running’ into ‘has been running’. The sentence is of Present Perfect Continuous Tense. (b) Change ‘He hasn't into ‘He hadn't’. (See the explanation of question 11). (a) Last night depicts past time. Hence use V, of dream i.e ‘dreamt’ in place of ‘dream’ . (b) Use ‘had been’ in place of ‘were’. The sentence must be in Past Perfect Continuous Tense as ‘since 1983 ' has been used in the sentence . (a) ‘Simple Past Tense’ is used after ‘since’ if 'Present Perfect’ comes before ‘since’. "Nobody has seen him’ must come in place of ‘nobody saw him’ . (b) Use ‘Ramesh will have taken’ in place of Ramesh will take’. (See the explanation of question 14). (b) Use ‘have been’ in place of ‘are’. (b) Use ‘left’ in place of ' has left.(See the explanation of question 11). (b) Use ‘she has’ in place of ‘has she’ since the sentence is not a question time’ can be used in Perfect / Perfect Continuous Tense only. to ‘was’. (a) 'Since/for + fi Hence change 'I ate’ into ‘I have eaten’. : (6) Change ‘is having’ into ‘has’. If Shave’ means 'to possess’, it cannot be used in ‘ing’ form. (b) Use ‘was’ in place of ‘is. past. , fee {c) ‘Vaccine when hit’ depicts that the sentence is in past. Change ‘is into ‘was. ‘had’ i f ‘has’, Here an experience is being narrated by the victim. ° Ce ieee hee took place before the subject became a victim must be in Past Perfect Tense. (0) ‘A painstaking forging’ is singular. (b) Use ‘escaped’ in place of ‘escape’. es | ‘When I went there’ depicts that the sentence is in Hence ‘has’ will replace ‘have’.of is having (See the explanation of question 37), poe of noone heard. (See the explanation of question no one has heard’ in place jents had given’ in place of ‘the students gave’. fect (Past Perfect) the stud Beiore Simp! Action she has not prepared’ in place of ‘she did not prepare’ . 'Yet' is generally J in Present Perfect negative Tense ing into ‘I own’. fo) Change ‘lam ceded’ will be replaced by ‘had preceded’. have already returned’ will replace ‘she will already return’. (See the Janation of question 6}. () -V, (had) will come after ‘has’ me will replace ‘times (b) has been’ will come in place of ‘i ge ‘am believing’ into ‘believe’. ‘Believe’ is not used in ‘ing’ form. % Cc (| Change ‘we should have done’ into ‘we did’. c| Change you have’ into ‘have you’ since the sentence is interrogative. (c) Use prices comes’ will be changed to ‘price comes’. b) The sentence is in past. Hence change ‘have’ into ‘had’. ze Brg ish - from Plinth to Paramountm 3. When the subject or a my Inthe above sentence the action is more important, The people PASSIVE VOICE Those forms of verb that st e ‘an action dons o at show the 'st lon + poeta \e ‘subject doing an action 11 otto " Active \ In active voice, the verb expresses the action of the subject upon the object General Formula:- |Sub + verb + obj) pted upon Passive Voice is used in the following cases: When the subject cannot do an action. Tea grows both in Assam and Ceylon. (*) Tea is grown both in Assam and Ceylon. (7) When the action is important and not the doer although the doer Ix quite known. He was rushed to the hospital where he was declared brought dead. and doctor involved in the process are irrelevant the doer of the action Is either unknown or irrelevant. People were relocated from the flood affected villages Different Tense in Active voice & Pas ive voice + IndefiniteTense | Simple Present Passive Subject + V, * Object Tojeet * anfam/are + V, ¢ by ¢ mabe t 7 by + mubject Opject + wan/were + V. | Simple Past Subject» V, + Object Te vse object | Obyeet + whalt/will + be ¢ Vo * BY * yee caple Future | Subject + Shall/will Oigect * modal» he + V, + ty ¢ eubiee wv.s object | 0PASSIVE VOICE Change the voice passive a 1 him 1, He was arrested. : ce arrested hit te was arrested . eonte speak English all over the world. 2. English is spoken all over the world, ieache ‘ 3. English is taught here. nes English here ee er 4. Riots are not desired weere ese This nonsense will not be tolerated Jerate this nonsense 5. by me, EXPLANATION OF SENTENCES 1, 2 & 3: ons are done by a particular subject only. In such cases "by sub! must honed in the passwe voice (See sentences 1 and 3). And if the sentence Voice without ‘by subject’, use that subject in active voice that s that work. room was cleaned aner cleaned the room rot clear (Vague noun / indefinite pronoun),the agent (by + subject) wwoned in passive voice . (See sentences 2 & 4) abet be’ is used as main verb, the sentence cannot be turned into passive. am happy. (A.V) 2. He should be polite. (A.V) ove sentences cannot be converted into Passive Voice. CONTINUOUS TENSE T Continuous Tense | Active Passive . [Obj + is/am/are + being + V, + by + sub Continuous [Sub vo) aml ae] Vtg ol [sup + was / were + V, + ing + obj Sub + shall/wil >be +V, +g + obj |Pasane voice not possi [Sub + modal - be V, + ing obj [Passive voice not possible + = Past Connmious JObj + was/were + being + V, + by + sub Suture Connnuous [Noda Connnuous: Note:- Do not forget to use ‘being’ in Passive Voice of Continuous Tense. Change the voice The committee is looking into the matter. (Active) The matter is being looked into by the committee. (Passive) Note: Do not forget to use the preposition in Passive Voice that follows the verb in Active Voice. 2. They are laughing at you (Active) You are being laughed at by them. (Passive) 3. The accused is being produced before the court. (Pas The police are producing the accused before the court.(Active) ‘English — from Plinth to Paramount ive)PASSIVE VOICE: a 4. Right to protest peacefully is being demanded by the revolutionaries. (Passive) The revolutionaries are demanding ripht to protest peacefully, (Active) 5. You were not taking the exam seriously. (Active) The exam was not being taken seriously by you. (Passive) PERFECT TENSE Perfect Tense ‘Active Passive _| Present Perfect [Sub + has/have + V, + obj Joby + haw J have + been + V,+ by + sub Past Perfect [Sub + had + V, + obi Joby had + been + V+ by + sub Future Perfect_ [Sub + shall/ will + have + V+ obj_fobj + shall / will + have + been + V, + by + sub Modal Perfect [Sub + Modal + have + V, + obj obi + modal + have + been + V, + by + sub Note: __If passive voice is used in perfect tense, there "been" must be used CHANGE THE VOICE E.g.:1. Who has seen him? (Active) By whom has he been seen? (Passive) 2. The news has surprised us. (Active) We have been surprised at the news. (Passive) 3. He will have understood your ulterior motive by that time. (Active) Your ulterior motive will have been understood by him by that time. (Passive) 4. The committee had looked into the matter impartially before he was found guilty. The matter had been looked into by the committee impartially before it found him guilty. Note: Egil. Certain verbs take fixed preposition after them that replaces the ‘by' of ‘by +sub’. ; known to, surprised at/by, amazed at, astonished at, startled at, vexed at, annoyed with somebody, annoyed at something, contained im, embodied in, crammed with, decorated with, filled with, ornamented with, thronged with, tired of, engulfed in. ‘Surprised’ is followed by ‘at’ when the action was contrary to our expectation. I was surprised at his impudent behaviour. In all other cases ‘surprised by’ is used. Iwas surprised by his result. The fire engulfed the building. The building was engulfed in the fire. 2. This box contains ten cigars. Ten cigars are contained in this box. PASSIVE VOICE OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES > In the Passive Voice of Interrogative Sentences, we start the sentence with the helping verb that goes with the object . English — from Plinth to Paramount ————______________—_Active: Have you broken the glass Passiv you? tence of "WH Family we ada of the sentence. Has the glass been broken by nterrogative sen If we want to make an Ii oem the 'Wh' word before the interrogative form Why have you broken the window pane ? Active: Passive: Why has the window pane bee Interrogative word Interrogative form of tense This rule is only applicable to ‘why’, ‘how’, ‘when’, ‘where’ and what In case of who and whom, thc rules are different and the Passive Voice is made as illustrated below Active: Who wrote the Rama’ 2 Passive: By whom was the Ramayana written? Or Who was the Ramayana written by? [Whom was the Ramayana written by 2 is wrong] Whom have you invited? Passive: Who has been invited by vou? IMPERATIVE SENTENCES | 1. With ob 4 : . With obj 2. Without obj Moral Suggestion ) Shut the door (A.V) (i) Go away. (A.V) (i) Help the poor. (A.V, A" way Let the door be shut (PV) You are ordered to The poor should be go away. (P.V.) helped. (P.V,) 2" way “You are or x [You are ordered/ ; quested/| (Obj + should ybe FW) forbidden ete. + to +V, + obj, nd * Should + be + Vy You are ordered/ requested/| forbidden ete. + to + V, + obj INFINITIVE (TO + V. ) Active: [To +V,] To + be + V, lam to do it. It is to be done by me. Ber Plinth to ParamountPASSIVE VOICE Note. Note: Eg: Active: You are to write it in ink Ll Passive: It is to be written im inke To + V, is changed into 'to + be + V,’ in Passive rule. If we change 'to + V,' into 'to + be + V the same subject is repeated in the seit Racer Carlier, we do not change ‘to + V, Active: The teacher g Passive: | was given a Voice but this is not a universal we open the option of ‘by+Suby and if nee that has already come in the into ‘to + be + Vv," ave me a book to read. book by my teacher to read 'HAVE/HAS/HAD + TO + Vv ety Active: Passive: [Obj+ have /has/ had to* be + Vy + by + sub] (i) Active: 1 (© finish this work GT 1 Shave tev vj Passive: This work has to be finished by me . bovd ‘ ~ ob Obj has to be VV, by sub (1) Active: You have to choose a dress Passive: A dress has to be chosen by you VERB- LET, BID, HELP, MAKE —— BID, HELP, MAKE Verb- Let, bid, help and make are u: 1. She let me go. 2. I bade him leave the room 3. They must help me finish the work 4. 1 made him wash all the clothes Bid, help and make are used in Passive Voice follow Infinitive 1. He was bidden to leave the room by me. 2. I must be helped to finish the work 3. He was made to wash all the clothes by me. Let’ is used in different sense in different sentences and the meaning of the sentence determines the Passive Voice. 1. Let me play (Request for permission) I may be allowed to play 2. Let him do this work. Let this work be done by him 3. Let us organize a party. (suggestion) A party should be organized. 4. Let us help the poor. (moral suggestion) The poor should be helped 'd in Active Voice followed by a Bare Infinitive. ” ed by Infinitive not Bare English — from Plinth to Paramount —————_ergyVERBS FOLLOWED BY. ADJECTIVES. Rose smells sweet. (Active) Rose is sweet when it is smelt. (Passive) ve+when+ pronoun + HV + V3 Sub + verb + adjective + when + pronoun = Ff according according © “Tense and y\ form. number and number 1. Quinine tastes bitter. (Active) Quinine is bitter when it is tasted. (Passive) Those mangoes tasted sour. (Active) : Those mangoes were sour when they were tasted. (Passive) rey PRACTICE SET Directions: A sentence has been given in Active /Passive Voice. Out of the four alternatives suggested below, select the one which best expresses the same sentence in Passive/Active Voice. 1. What amused you? (a) What you are made to amuse by? (b) By what are you being amused? (c) By what were you amused? (4) By what have you been amused? 2. Smoke and flames engulfed the area and made rescue operations difficult. (a) The area was engulfed in smoke and flames and make rescue operations difficult (b) The area was engulfed in smoke and flames making rescue operations diffi- cult. (c) The area has been engulfed in smoke and flames and made rescue opera- tions difficult (d)_ The area was engulfed in smoke and flames and rescue operations were made difficult, 3. He asked me to finish the work in time. (a) I was asked that I should finish the work in time. (b) He asked me that I should finish the work in time. (c) I was asked to finish the work in time. (@) I was asked to finished the work in time by him. 4. Quinine tastes bitter. (a) Quinine is bitter when it is tasted. (b) Quinine is bitter tested. (c) The taste of quinine is bitter. (d@) Quinine is tasted bitter. 5. The vintage cars hold a special place in the hearts of their owners. (a) A special place in the hearts of the vintage car owners is held by them. (b) A special place was held by the vintage cars in the hearts of their owners. (c)_ A special place is held by the vintage cars in the hearts of their owners. (d) A special place is being held by the vintage cars in the hearts of their owners. ave Erg ish -from Plinth to Paramount\ PASSIVE VOICE: 6 10. 11, 12. +13, 14, ‘The accountant took t! cheque from the customer. (a) The cheque is taken from the customer by the accountant, (b) The cheque was taken from the customer by the accountant, () The customer was taken the cheque by the accountant. (d) The cheque had been taken from the customer by the accountant. The gatekeeper refused him admittance. (a) He was refused admittance by the gatekeeper. (b) Admittance is refused to him by the gatekeeper. (c) Admittance was refused by the gatekeeper (a) Admittance is refused him by the gatekeeper, Sohan was interviewing the political leade (a) The political leaders were being in (>) The (c) The (d) The erviewed by Sohan. political leader was being interviewed by Sohan. political leaders are being interviewed by Sohan. political leaders is being interviewed by Sohan. The builders have built a perfect dam across the stream. (a)_A perfect dam has built by the builders across the stream. (0) A perfect dam has been built by the builders across the stream. (c) A perfect dam have been built by the builders across the stream. (A) A perfect dam was being built by the builders across the stream They should follow alll the instructions carefully. (a) All the instructions are carefully followed by them. (0) All the instructions should be carefully followed by them (c}_ All the instructions have to be followed by them. (@) All the instructions can be carefully followed by them. Shut the door and leave. (a) Let the door be shut and you are ordered to leave. (©) Let the door be shutted and you are ordered to leave, (c)_ Let the door be shut and you be left. (d)_Let be the door shut and you are ordered to leave, Who knows you? (a) By whom are you known? (0) Whom are you known by? (c)_ To whom are you known? (@) Who are you known? Help others but do not ex; (a) You are advised to hel (b) Let others be helped (€) You were advised to pect anything in return, Ip others and expect anything in return. and expect nothing in return. (a) A teacher teaches us English here (©) English is taught here, (c) A lady teaches us English here, (@)_ You teach us English here. English - from Plinth to Paramount —___15. 16. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. The news surprised Us. ¢ news news news th in the news cup. 0 be won by Spain. the World Cup. expected by Spain. World Cup be won by it. ‘the hospital, I dropped her at her place. Focpital, she was dropped at her place by me was dropped at her place by me hospital and dropped at her place by me. she was dropped on her place by me. Have this loc! x broken. Have Ke this lo Think before you speak. n ¢ done before you speak. be not done before you think (c) to think before you speak. @ requested to think before you speak The case is being investigated by the police alongwith the CBI. (a) The police alongwith the CBI are investigating the case. (o) The police alongwith the CBI is investigating the case. {c) The police alongwith the CBI was investigating the case. (d) The police alongwith the CBI were investigating the case. He doesn’t like people to call him cheat. (a) He doesn't like to be called a cheat. (b) He doesn't like to be call is a cheat (c) He doesn't like anyone to call him cheat. (d) To call cheat is not liked by him. At Paramount every question is answered as we believe that even Einstein asked questions. (a) At Paramount every question is answered as we believe that even questions were asked by Einstein. (b) At Paramount every question is answered as that is believed by us that Einstein even asked question. " At Paramount we answer every question as it is believed by us that questions were asked by even Einstein. ° (d) Every question is answered by Paramount as we believe that Einstein asked even questions. ge ngtish ~ from punth to paramountPASSIVE VOICE. 23. 24. 27. 28. 29. 30, 31. You must hit th a) The nail must hit on the head. ») The nail must be hit on the head. The nail has to be hit on the head The nail on the head must be hit. Those mangoes smell sweet, Those mangoes are sweet when they are smell ©) Those mangoes are sweet when they are smelt {c)_ Those mangoes were sweet when those are smelt () Sweet are smelt by those mangoes The little boy asked the man the way to Athens. (c) The man was being asked the way to Athens by the little boy. ) |The way to Athens was asked by the man from the little boy Shut the door and go away. (a) Let the door be shut and you are ordered to Bo away. (0) You are €d to go away and shut the door {¢)_ Let the door be shut and let you be gone. @)_ Shut the door and let you be gone Your proposal was objected to and everyone laughed at you. 2) Everyone objected your proposal and laughed at you (}) Everyone objected to your proposal and you were laughed at. (c)_ Everyone objected to and laughed at you and your proposal. (6) _Your proposal was objected and you were laughed Let everyone be given a chance, (a) Give everyone a chance. (0) Give a chance for everyone. (c) Let a chance be given to everyone (@) I will give up a chance. Do not make a noise. (a) Let a noise be made not. (0) You are requested to not make a noise. (c) You are ordered to not make a noise (@) You are forbidden to make a noise. People are raising a hue and cry and are breaking the furniture. (a) A hue and cry is being raised and the furniture is being broken by the people. (©) A hue and cry is being raised and the furniture are being broken by the people. (c) Hue and cry and the furniture is being broken. (d) A hue and cry has been raised and the furniture has been broke. The fur coats were imported from Sweden by us. (a) Sweden imported the fur coats. (bo) Sweden was imported the fur coats. {c) We imported the fur coats from Sweden. (4) We had imported the fur coats from Sweden, English - from Plinth to Paramount —————___wy--~ rug 32. Abullet in the chest ts adored by the brave, oe brave adores a bullet tn the che ¢ brave adore a bullet in the Chest in the chest brave have adored @ bullet in the Chest Decisions muat be tak 4a) Decisions shoul be tak QD We must take decisions, ae) This good to take decisions: Y We shoul take decisions: 34. Are they not cheating us? al Are we not being cheated? Are not we being cheated? Are we being not chested? 6 brave adored a bul a) Are we being cheated? 38. The room was cleaned. (a) The ch anter cleaned the roon | ¢ TEEN should be cleaned { (2) Leleaned the room a cone cleared the room 36. I should have met him yesterday. (a) He should have met by me yesterday (&) He should be mecting me yesterday (c)_ He should have been meeting by me yesterday (@) He should have been met by me yesterday, One could see her lying on the flowerbeds, (a) Flowerbeds could be seen lying on her 0) 37. She could see on lying on flowerbeds. {c) She could be seen lying on flowerbeds. (@) She could be lying on flowerbeds: 38. We expect good news. (a) Good new's is expected by us (b) Let good news be expected (c) Let us expect good news. (@)_ Expecting good news from them 39. My teacher gave me a journal to read. (a) Twas given a journal by my teacher to be read. (b) A journal to read was given to me by my teacher. (c) A journal was given me to read by my teacher. (@)_ Iwas given a journal by my teacher to read 40. It is impossible to do this. (a) This is impossible to be done (b) To do this by it is impossible (c) It is impossible to have done this. (@)_ It can't be done. en Ete rg tish - from Plinth to ParamountPASSIVE VOICE —- 41. Physically challenged peo; (a) Ph should not be laughed at by the public. ically challenged people should not laugh at the public (b) The public will not be laughing at physically challenged people (c) The public shall not be laughing at physically challenged people (@)_ The public should not laugh at physically challenged people 42, They say that people live on distant planets . (a) twas said that people live on distant planets (b) It is being said that people live on distant planets . {c)_ It is said that people live on distant planets. (d)_Itis saying that people live on distant planets . 43. Can we send the parcel tomorrow? (a) Can be the parcel sent by us tomorrow? (b) Can we be sent by the parcel tomorrow? () Can the parcel be sent by us tomorrow? (@)_ Can the parcel sent by us tomorrow? 44, A detective arrested him as soon as he got home. {a) An arrest was made by a detective as soon as he got home. (b) He was arrested by a detective as soon as he got home. (c) A detective was arrested by him as soon as he got home. (d)_ An arrest was detected by him as soon as he got horne. 45. They cooked the food and sent it to the orphanage. (a) They cooked food was sent to the orphanage by them. (b) The food was cooked and sent to the orphanage by them. (c)_ The food was sent to the orphanage by them (a) The food was cooked and sent by them. 46. Where were they playing the cricket match? (a) Where was the cricket match played? en played? (c) Where will the cricket match be played? (a) Where was the cricket match being played? 47. They say he can teach almost anything in this world. (a) It's said that almost anything in this world can be taught by him. (b) It was said that alm: ything could be taught by him. (c) They say almost anything could be taught by him (@) They say anything almost will be taught by him. 48. Please enter by the left door. (a) Let the left door be entered by you. (b) You are requested to enter by the left door. (c) Let it be entered by the left door (@) The left door is requested to be entered. 49. Iwould advise you not to get on the wrong side of your boss. (a) It would be advised by me not to get on the wrong side of your boss. (b) It would be my advice not to get on the wrong side of your boss. {c) You would be advised by me not to get on the wrong side of your boss. (d) My advice to you would be not to get on the wrong side of your boss. English - from Plinth to Paramount ————______________54. 57. PASSIVE Foi, They have done this to defuse the crisis Open the door, (a) The door y ()) The () «@ le (bh) Anybody > (ce) Nobody wou! (@) Nobody The boys were ~ digging «hole in the ground a) Ahole was t he gro t @) ty () ! (@) Anhole int b We must now deal with theee pete, (a) These problems must now be dealt with (b) These problems must now be dealin (c)_ These problems must now deal with by us (a) These problems are to be dealt with by us. The audience loudly cheered the leader's speech. (a) The leader's speech was loudly cheered by the a (b) The leader's speech in loudly cheered by the (c) The audience loudly cheered the leader 8 spee (d)_ The speech of the leader was loudly cheered by the Someone is following u (a) We are following by someone. (b) We are being followed by someone. (c) We were being followed by someone. (4) We had been followed by someone. He hasn’t slept in his bed. (a) His bed hasn't been slept in (b) He had not been slept in his bed. (c) His bed had been slept in. (d)_ His bed had not been slept in ta Fr ish - from Plinth to ParamountPASSIVE voce — 59, Iwas recommended another lawyer. (a) Somebody recommended another lawyer. (b) Somebody recommended me to another lawyer. () Somebody recommended me another lawyer (4) Somebody recommends me another lawyer 60. Many a person has been saved from the man-eaters by thene hunter (a) These hunters will save many a person from the man enters (b) These hunters save many a person from the man-ente (c) These hunters saved many a person from the man-entera aa fg) These hunters have saved many a person from the man eate (a) Must this tree will cut? (b) Must this tree be cut? (c) Must this tree was cut? (@) Must this 62. You will be looked after well. (a) They will look after you well (b) They can't look after you well (c). They may look after well. (a). They shall look after you well 63. Didn't they tell you to be here by six o’clock? (a) Weren't you told to be here by six o'clock? (b) Haven't they told you to be here by six o'clock? (c) You were expected to be here by six o'clock. (d) They expected you to be here by six o'clock. 64. Don't touch this switch. (a) This switch does not be touched (b) This switch must not be touched. (c). This switch don't be touched (4) This switch need not be touched 65. One cannot gather grapes from thistles. (a) Thistles cannot be gathered from grapes. (b). Grapes cannot be gathered from thistles. (c) Grapes and thistles cannot be gathered by one. (d) Grapes cannot be gathered by them. They will have completed the work by the time we get there. ee is cut? 66. (a) The work will be completed by the time we get there. (6) The work will have been completed by the time we get there. (c) The work will have completed by the time we get there (@) The work will have been completed by the time we have got there. 67. You will have to pull down this sky-scraper as you have not complied with the town planning regulations. (a) This sky-scraper will have to be pulled down as the town planning regulations have not been complied with. seaming (o) This sky-scraper will have to be pulled down by you as the town planning regulations have not been complied by you. English from Plinth to Paramount ————______—jown as the town planning regulations have | a _ (co) This sky-seraper will not been complied with (a). This sky-seraper will have (0 be have not been complied 68, He has written a poem which fascinat fa) A poem has been written by him w! {b) Everyone is fascinated by the poem w! fo) Poem written by him fascinates everyone : (a) Every one fascinates the poem which is written by him. : pulled d pulled down as the town planning regulations | es every one. hich fascinates every one. | ‘hich has been written by him. \ Wy days be ever forgotten by me? | 69, Will those happ: t (a) Will Lever forget those happy days? {b) Shall Lever forget those happy days? {o) Would I forget these happy days? ii) Ever shall I forget those happy days? 70. You are requested to permit him. (a) Please permit him {b) request you to permit me {c) He requests to permit him {@). [plead you to permit him. 71, Tam not going to tolerate this nonsense anymore. rn) ve asense is not going to be tolerated by me anymore. {b) This nonsense is not being gone to be tolerated by me anymore. {e) This nonsense is not being going to be tolerated by me anymore {d) Tolerate is not being going to be done by me of this nonsense. 7a. The boys were being laughed at by the passers-by on the busy thoroughfare last evening. (a). The passers-by laughed at the boys on the busy thoroughfare last evening. fb). The passers-by were laughingat the boys on the busy thoroughfare last evening. fe) The boys were latughing at the passers-by on the busy thoroughfare last evening, {d) None of the above. 73. The police are questioning Mr. and Mrs. Sharma. (a) Mr. and Mrs. Sharma are questioned by the police. (0). Mr. and Mrs, Sharma have been questioning the police. {c) Mr, and Mrs, Sharma have been questioned by the police (a) Mr, and Mrs. Sharma are being questioned by the police. 74, Before they invented printing, people had to write everything by hand. (a) Before printing was invented everything had to be written by hand. {b)_ Before printing was invented by them, everything had to be written. (¢)_ Before printing was invented people had to write everything by hand. (a) Before printing was invented everything was written by hand, 75. Did any one ever make it clear how one operates the machine? (a) Was it ever made clear how the machine is operated? f (b) Did any one ever make it by clear how the machine is operated? (c) Was ever it made clear how to operate the machine? {@) Was how to operate the machine ever made clear? Ee OO English—from Plinth to Paramountge os eee 76. Why did your father re! fuse to gi (a), Why was your fatt to give the money to you? Qo) Why was th her reftised money to your = (c) Why was the money Pen ecTes eer by your father? {@) Why the money was refi sd to be given to you by your father? 77, Doyouexpect your Seca tobe gen fo yu by ye father? (a). Did your parents come tod: come from Hyderabad today? (o) Were your paren ay from Hyderabad? ae scars ten uence en pected to come today from Hyderabad? 7s. Why are you aa $ are expected to come today from Hyderabad? a aneesiatt ing a hue and cry? y vderabad? fa) Why are a hue and cry being raised & ) Why isat ane being raised by you? \). Why ane xe and cry being raised by you? | 8) Why q i are being raised by you? (@) Why a hue ised by you? 79. They say that ivi cele | say that there are living beings on Mars. fa) They say that Mars has living beings b) Itis said hore are people ving ¢ (Weis sai that there living on Mars. (c) On Mars, there a: bein ig) Itis sai eee eg ee id) said s said ing beings on Mars 80. A fortnight after h fe f a a he was convicted for the rape and murder of his classmate, (a) A fortnight after he hi ad bee ae Caer A fortnight after Be Be been convicted for the Tape ‘and murder of his class- oe been sent nced to death by the Delhi High Court on Monday. A foremighe after he as convicted for the rape ‘and murder of his classmate he es entenced fo desth by the Delhi High Court on Monday. enight after he was convicted for the rape ‘and murder of his classmate he ee ntenced to death by the Delhi High Court on Monday. {@) A fortnight after he was been convicted for the rape and murder of his class- | mate he was s¢ atenced to death by the Delhi High Court on Monday, 81, Their dog bit our neighbour yesterday (a) Our neighbour bit their dos yesterday. (b) Our neighbour bitten by their dog yesterday. (c) Our neighbour was bitten by their dog yesterday ia) Our neighbour were bit by thet. dog yesterday 82, The MD told us about the new project. {@) We were told about the new project by the MD. fb) We are told about the new prover by the MD. {c)_ We told by MD about the new project. {@) We had been told by MD about project. 83. The Minister had already jnformed his Cabinet about his decision. (a) His Cabinet was already informed about the Minister's decision. (ob) His Cabinet ha: already informed the Minister about his decision. (c) His Cabinet jad already been 1 {@) His Cabinet will have ciready been informed about the ‘sformed about his decision by the Minister. Minister’s decision. English —from Plinth to Paramount84. Sayali gav 85. 86. 87. 89. 90. 91. PASSIVE Vorcy ar an old sari. (a) nn ot sari was given to the beggar by Sayali. (b) An old sari was given to See aiaecares (c) The besgar was being given on id sari by Sayali (d) The beggar had to be given on old sari by Sayall. ‘They are going to perform “Hamlet”. (a) “Hamlet” is going to be performed by then. (o) “Hamlet” is going to perform by them. (c) “Hamlet” is to perform. (@) “Hamlet” has to be performed. hocked by the letter. (a) They shocked me with the letter. (b) Lam shocked (c) The letter shocked me. (d)_ I shocked with the letter. Somebody stole my car last week. (a) Last week my car was steal by somebody. () My car was stolen last week by somebody. (c) My car was stolen that week by somebody. (d@) Somebody last week has stolen my car. Do they sell construction material? (a) Does construction material sold by them? (b) Is construction material selling by them? (c)_ Is construction material sold by them? (@)_ Does construction material sell by them? Sharma was cleaning the house. (a) The house was cleaned by Sharma. (0) The house will be cleaned by Sharma. (c)_ The house was being cleaned by Sharma. (a) The house is being cleaned by Sharma. I bought a new shirt last week. (a) Last week a new shirt was bought by 1. (b) Last week a new shirt is bought by I. (c)_ Last week a new shirt was bought by me. (a) Last week a new shirt had been bought by me. The plants have been watered by the gardener. (a) The gardener is watering the plants. (0) The gardener has been watering the plants. (c)_ The gardener has watered the plants. (@) The gardener have watered the plants, The children could use the place always. (a) The place can be used by children always. (0) The place is used by children always. (c)_ The place could always be used by children. (@) The place has been used by children always, id?+—___—_—__rngiisn —from Plinth to Paramountva o8, 99, 100, i ' 101, English - from Plinth to Paramount parsive Vorer _—— of f F ‘They any that the earth Is round, () HW hes been said that the earth is round. (h) That the sarth is round is said by them ()) Wis said (het the earth is round, (1) was anid that the earth was round. hie machine must not be used after 5.30 p.m. (a) You can't use the machine after 5.30 p.m. ()) You mayit't se the machine after 5.30 p.m. (:) You need not you the machine after 5.30 p.m (4) You must not use the machine after 5.30 p.m. Tiny houses dot the landscape. (a) The landscape was dotted by tiny houses. ih) The landse ‘ape is being dotted by tiny houses. (:) The landscape is dotted by tiny houses. (i) The landscape has been dotted by tiny houses. Doge always chase cai (a) Cats are always chasing dogs (h) Cats have been always chased by dogs. (©) Cats are always chased by dogs. (i) Cats ate being always chased by dogs. The farmer prepared the field. (a). The field was prepared by the farmer. (b) The field was being prepared by the farmer. (ec) The field were prepared by the farmer. (Wl) The field were being prepared by the farmer. Teachers should be respected. (a) Teachers deserve respect. ()) Teachers are to be respected. (c) We shall respect teaches. (@) We should respect teachers, He will do the work tomorrow. (a). The work will be done by him tomorrow. () The work would be done by him tomorrow. (c)_ The work could be done by him tomorrow. (a) The work will have been done by him tomorrow. She gave me a book. (a) Twas given a book by her (b) She was given a book. () A book is given by her to me. (@)_ Twas given her a book. Thave bought a new car. (a) Anew car was bought by me. (b) Anew car is bought by me. (c) Anew car has been bought by me. (a) Anew car had been bought by me.PASSIVE voice 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. some concessions. ncessions to their teachers, cessions by their teachers ons to their teachers. sions by their teachers. Teachers might have given their student: have c (a) Their students mi (b) Their students (c) Their stuc (d) Stud fa) Ve 2 r Heh Meat should be offer () V 5 should 1 {d) You should offer no 2 nor You must write off all those bad debts. (a) You must be written off by (b) All those ba (c) Write off (d) All those bad debts could be written off Are they receiving the chief guest at the station ? (a) Was the c (b) Is the ch: (c) suest be (a) ¢ from milk by us. (b) is made us (c) Butter is make us. (4) From milk butter is n y Us. I don’t like people telling me what to do. (a) I don’t like being told what to do (b) People telling me what to do was not liked by me. (c) I do not like being told by the people . (a) People don’t like telling me what to do The meeting has been called off by the chairman. {a} The chairman called off the meeting. (b) chairman has called off the meeting. (c) The chairman is calling off the meeting (4) The chairman had called off the meeting, The police arrested 200 students on the University campus. {a) 200 students had been arrested on the University campus by the police. {b) 200 students has been arrested by the police on the University campus. (c)_ 200 students were arrested by the police on the University campus. (d) 200 students are arrested on the University campus by the police. Why do you like him so much ? (a) Why has he been liked so much by you ? (b) Why was he liked by you so much? (c) Why is he liked by you so much (a) Why he is liked by you so much ? EAH rn gish ~from Plinth to ParamountPASSIVE VOICE! iL 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. English — from Plinth to Paramount ‘The invitation cards will be sent today. sent the invitation cards today. wave sent the invitation cards today nd the invitation cards today. be sending the invitation cards today. he has baked several cakes for her friends. She has several cakes to be baked for her friends. s had several cakes baked by her. 2 cakes have been baked by her for her friends. 3 ds baked several cakes for her. We believe that God gives us misery. gee ey She that God gives us misery c t God gives us misery. a God gives us misery. A lot « of saplings have been planted by the chief guest. T st is planting a lot of saplings. guest has planted a lot of saplings. guest have planted a lot of saplings. guest has been planting a lot of saplings. The Prime Minister has discussed the matter with the other ministers. er was discussed by the Prime Minister with the other ministers. is discussed by the Prime Minister with the other ministers. er had been discussed by the Prime Minister with the other ministers. matter has been discussed by the Prime Minister with the other ministers. The Principal will meet the students this evening. s will be met by the Principal this evening ‘be meeting the Principal this evening. The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President. (a) The President of India appointed the Chief Justice. o President appoints the Chief Justice of India. (¢) The President appointed the Chief Justice of India (@) The appointment order of the Chief Justice of India was given by the President. ‘A meeting was convened by the Principal. (a) The Principal convened a meeting. (0) The Principal was convening a meeting. (c) The Principal has convened a meeting (@ The Principal is convening a meeting. Someone has stolen my suitcase. (a) My suitcase is stolen by someone. (b) Someone has been stolen my suitcase. {c) My suitcase has someone been stolen. {d) My suitcase has been stolen by someone.120. 121 122 123, 124, 125. 126, 127. Anu is Interviewing Radhiks and (a) sity (bh) ae fe) Rad fd) Resell - Our task had b (a) We comple (bh) We have compete (co) We complete tank tate, (i) We hind completed Gorts The boy laughed at the begg: (a) The bepper sas lnupren + (b) The be () The be (d) The bepgar ws phied The government has launched 2 massive triz welfare programme iz Jharkhand. (a) A (b) Jharkhand fe) J () The government ir programme The boys were playing cricket (a) Cricket had been played + (b) Cricket has been plave () Cricket was pla (a) Cricket was being play They drew a circle in the morning. (a) A circle was being dr: () A circle was drawn by the (c)_In the morning a circle h (@)_A circle has been drawing since x They will demolish the entire block. (a) The entire block is being demo! (b) The block may be demolished ¢ (c) The entire block will have to be a ) The entire block will be demolished by The burglar destroyed several items in the room. Even the torn. (a) Several items destroyed in the room torn. (b) Several items in the room wer the carpet. {c) Including the carpet, several items in the room have bee: (@)_ The burglar, being destroyed several items in the room, arkhand pe carpet has been ‘Ss torn even by the burglar. also carpet has tom. ax ___rngusr ~from Plinth to Paramount\ PASSIVE VOICE: 128. 129. 130. 131, 132. 133. 134, 135. 136. We must respect the elders, a (a) The elders deserve respect from us. (>) The elders must be respected. (c) The elders must respected by us. (a) Respect the elders we must We have warned you, (a) You have been warned ()) We have you warned (c) Warned you have been, (@) Have you been warned. Has anybody answered your question ? (a) Your question has been answered > (0) Anybody has answered your question > (¢) Has your question been answered ? (a) Have you answered your question ? The shopkeeper lowered the prices. (a) The prices lowered the shopkeeper (b) The prices were lowered by the shopkeeper. (c) Down went the prices (@)_ The shopkeeper got down the prices One must keep one’s promises. (a) One's promises are kept (b) One's promises must kept (c) One's promises were kept (@) Promises must be kept. The government has not approved the new drug for sale. (a) The government approval for the sale of the new drug has not been given. The new drug has not been approved for sale by the government (c) For the sale of the new drug we have not been given the approval. (a) The new drug was not approved by the government. They have published all the details of the invention. (a) All the details of the invention have been published by them. >) The publication of the details of invention was done by them (c) All the details have been invented by the publishers (@) All the inventions have been detailed by them He teaches us grammar. (a) Grammar was taught to us by him. (0) We are taught grammar by him (c) Grammar will be taught to us by him. (a) We were teached grammar by him. The manager could not accept the union leader's proposals. (a) The union leader's proposals could not be accepted by the manager. (b) The union leader’s proposals were not accepted by the manager. (c) The union leader’s proposals will not be accepted by the manager. (a) The union leader's proposals would not be accepted by the manager. English — from Plinth to Paramount ___aggPAHAIVE VOICE oO —— 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144, 145. a Prepare yourself for the worst (a) You be prepared for the worst sel {b) The worst should be prepared by your c) Be prepared for the wors! va A ravine worst, preparation should be made by you Please shut the door and go to sleep. . (a) The door is to be shut and you are to Re fe aleep. (b) Let the door be shut and you be asleep. \ (c) You are requested to shut the door and go to tee (@) The door is to be shut and you are requested (0 sleep: Small strokes fell great oaks. are fallen by small strokes. felled by small strokes. (c) Great oaks are fell by small strokes. (a) Great oaks were fallen by small strokes: We must take care of all living species on Earth, {a) All living species on Earth are taken care of by us, (b) All living speci th must be taken care of by us. (c) All living species th had been taken care of by us. (@) All living species th will be taken care of by us. People call him a fool. (a) He has been called a fool, () He is called a fool by the people. (c). The people have been calling him a fool. (d) We all people have called him a fool. It is being read by us. (a) We are reading (b) It will be read by us. (c). We can read it. (d) We have to read it He had committed a mistake. (a) A mistake had committed by him. (0) A mistake was committed by him. (c) A mistake had been committed by him. (4) A mistake has been committed by him. The most useful training of my career was given to me by my bos: (a) My boss has been giving me the most useful training of my career. (b) My boss gives me the most useful training. . {c) My boss is giving me the most useful training. (4) My boss gave me the most useful training of my career. We have decided to open a new branch. (a) To open a new branch was decided by us (b) To be opened a new branch has been decided, (c) It has been decided to open a new branch. (d)_ It may be decided to open a new branch by us, ‘English — from Plinth to ParamountPASSIVE VOICE 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 183, 154, The loan will be (a) The bank (wo) (c) The bank would sanction the loan, (@) The bank will sanction the loan. Paint the windows, (a). Windows should be painted. (v) Let the windows be painted. (c)_ Let be the windows painted. (a) Windows are let to be painted The traitors should be shot dead. (a) They should have shot the traitors dead. (0) They shall shoot the traitors dead. (c) They should shoot the traitors dead. (@)_ They shot the traitors dead. Rahul is teaching the children in the slum areas. (a) The children in the slum areas are taught by Rahul. (0) The children are taught by Rahul in the slum area. (c)_ Im the slum areas the children are learning from Rahul. () The children in the slum areas are being taught by Rahul. One cannot expect children to understand these problems. (a) Children cannot be expected to understand these problems. (o) Children to understand these problems cannot be expected. (c)_ Children cannot be expected to be understood these problems. 4) _ To understand these problems cannot be expected from children by one. Why did she break the garden wall ? (a) Why the garden wall was broken by her? (0) Why had the garden wall been broken by her ? (c) Why was the garden wall broken by her? (@) Why will the garden wall be broken by her ? The students were laughing at the old man. (a) The old man was being laughed at by the students. (b)_ The old man was laughed at by the students. {c)_ The old man was being laughed by the students. (@) The old man is laughing at the students. He admonished her for the error. {a) She was admonished by him for the error. (0) She has been admonished by him for the error. {c) She would be admonished by him for the error. (@) She is admonished by him for the error. Can we send this big parcel by air ? (a) Can this big parcel be sent by air? () Can this big parcel sent by air 2 () Could this big parcel be sent by air? (4) Could this big parcel sent by us by air? English — from Plinth to Paramount er155, 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. The boy! = Many elders are naver - 1 Many elders are being saved from drowning by the boys, | elders were saved from drowning by the boys 1 Many citer have been sive from drowning, by the boys He waa refund admittance. (a) ‘The guards refuse him admittance ‘The guar fused him for admittance Phe guards have refused him admittance (a) The guards refused him admittance You will be taken care of by me. (a) Twill be taking care of you vod many elders from drowning. { from drowning by th (b) I would take care of you (c) 1 will take care of you (@) Twill being take care of you Promises should be kept. (a) You must keep the promises (bo) We must keep their promises. (c)_ Kept the promises @) One should keep one’s promises: Circumstances forced him to resign his post. (a) Circumstances make him to resign his post (b) He was forced to resign his post (c) He is forced to resign his post. (@) He is forced and resigned his post He would have written this essay in time. (a) The essay was written on time. (b) This essay would have been written by him in time. (c) The essay was written by him in time. (@) He wrote the essay on time. Igive alms to the poor on Saturdays. (a) Alms are given to the poor by me on Saturdays, (b) Alms is given to the poor by me on Saturdays. (c) Alms are given to the poors by me on Saturdays, (4) Alms were given to the poor by me on Saturdays, God helps the brave. (@) The brave is helped by God (b) The brave are helped by God (©) The brave are help by God (@) The brave helped by God T haven't read Three Musketeers fa) Three Musketeers have not been rea (o) Three Musketeers has not been read bynes , (c) Three Musketeers has been not read by me. (@) Three Musketeers has not been readed. by me. ‘PASSIVE voyPASSIVE VOICE: 164 168. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. English - from Plinth to Paramount Tam going to buy new spectacles tomorrow. " (a) New spectacles are going to be bo, Smarts (9 New shectaces is going to be bmught br nese (<)_ New spectacles are being bought by me tomorrow cee are 10 be bought by me tomorrow. aking chaj 7 (a) Tongs are used by our mothers while mnaking chapaties. () Tongs is used by our mothers while making chapaties. (c) Tongs are used by our mothers while chapaties are being made. e Depaness use by our mothers while making chapaties. rw 's during my free time. (a) Billiards are played by me during my free time (>) Billiards were played by me during my free time. <) Billiards are being played by me during my free time Billiards is played by me during my free time. Have the car painted black. the car black ve painted the car black omeone to paint the car black Black has been painted by the car Who has stolen my binoculars? a) By whom my binoculars have been stolen? (b} By whom have my binoculars been stolen? c) By whom has my binoculars been stolen? (@) By whom my binoculars has been stolen? He has been arrested and sent to jail. a) The police arrested him and the court sent him to jail. ) The police has arrested him and the court have sent him to jail. ¢) The police have arrested him and the court has sent him to jail. (@) The police has arrested him and the court has sent him to jail Anna and his team hope to fight corruption with Jan Lokpal Bill. a) It is hoped by Anna and his team that they would fight corruption by Jan 1 Bill ; (o) fought corruption is been hoped by Anna and his team by Jan Lokal ae (c) To fight corruption was being hoped by Anna and his team by Jan tak pal Bil {@) To fight corruption is being hoping by Anna and his team by Jan Lokpal Bill. The Greeks expected to conquer Carthage. a ted the Greeks to conquer Carthage. o oa expected by the Greeks to conquer Carthage. (c) To conquer Carthage was expected by the Co , {d) Carthage was experted to be conquered by the Greeks. Rome was not built in a day- (a) They did not build Rome in a day (o) They could not build Rome ina day. (c) The Romans did not build Rome ina day. (@) They have not built Rome in a day __ _—a PASSIVE VOICE 173, The ship is being taken to safe water by the Captain and not his crew, (a) The Captain and not his crew is taking the ship to safe water. (b) The Captain and not his crew are taking the ship to safe water. (c) The Captain and not his crew have taken the ship to safe water. (2) The Captain and not his crew is being taking the ship to safe water. 174, Strong Anti-Corruption law is liked by neither the Central Government nor the State Governments. | (a) Neither the Central Government nor the State Governments likes strong Anti-Corruption law. , (b) Neither the Central Government nor the State Governments like strong Anti. Corruption law. | (c) Neither the Central Government nor the State Governments liked strong Anti-Corruption law. (@)_ Neither the Central Government nor the State Governments are liking strong Anti-Corruption law. 178. Ifyou cannot change the master, you cannot change the destiny. (a) The destiny cannot be changed if masters cannot change. (b) The destiny could not be changed if masters cannot be changed. (c) The destiny cannot change if masters cannot be changed. (@) The destiny cannot be changed if masters cannot be changed. 176, The curd smelt sour. (a) The curd is sour when smelt. (v) The curd was sour when it was smelling. (c) The curd was sour when it was smelt. {d) The curd is sour when it was smelt. 177. People are not going to tolerate Government’s despotism. {a) Government's despotism is not going to be tolerated by people. (0) Government's despotism was not going to be tolerated by people. (c) Government's despotism is not being tolerated by people. (@ Government's despotism is not to be tolerated by people. 178. He is writing a lette: (a) A letter is being written by him. () Aletter is written by him. (c) A letter has been written by him. (d) Let a letter be written by him. 179. The man cut the tree into thin strips. (a) The tree was cut into thin strips by the man. (b) The tree cut itself into thin strips by the man. (c) The tree has cut into thin strips by the man. (@) The tree can be cut into thin strips by the man. 180. My father gave me a hundred rupee note yesterday. (a) A hundred rupee note was given to me by my father yesterday. (b) A hundred rupee note was being given to me by my father. (c) A hundred rupee note had been given to me by my father. (@) Yesterday, my father was given a hundred rupee note by me. ze ish - from Plinth to Paramount eePASSIVE VOICE- a 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188, 189, The pilot landed the plane safely. (a) The plane had been landed safely by the pilot. () The plane was landed safely by the pilot. () The plane has been landed safely by the pilot. (@)_ The plane was to be landed safely by the pilot. Abha sent me a card. (a) Acard will be send to me by Abha. (b) Acard was sent to me by Abha. (c) Acard will be sent to me by Abha. (a) Acard is sent to me by Abha. He will never forget it. (a) It will never be forgotten by him. (b) It can never be forgotten by him. (c) It should never be forgotten by him. (@)_ It may never be forgotten by him. Let not his insulting words be minded. (a) Don't be insulted his words. (b) Don’t mind his insulting words. (c) Don’t insult him with his words. (d) Do mind his insulting words. The students have been punished by the teacher for negligence of duty. {a) The teacher has punished the students for negligencerof duty. (b) The teacher had punished the students for negligence of duty. (c) The teacher punished the students for negligence of duty. (d) The teacher have punished the students for negligence of duty. The storm has destroyed twelve houses. {a) Twelve houses had been destroyed by the storm. (b) Twelve houses have been destroyed by the storm. (c) Twelve houses were destroyed by the storm. (d) Twelve houses have been stormed. She is reading a novel. (a) A novel is being read by her. (b) A novel has been read by her. (c) A novel is read by her. (@) Anovel was being read by her. The whole village was ravaged by the man-eater. (a) The man-eater ravages the whole village. (b) The whole village is ravaged by the man-eater. (c) The man-eater ravaged the whole village. (@) The whole village is being ravaged by the man-eater. The purity of justice is maintained by the reports of proceedings in the law courts. (a) The law courts maintain purity of justice in the reports of the proceedings. (b) The reports of the proceedings in the law courts maintain the purity of justice. (c) Pure justice is maintained in the proceedings of the law courts. (@) The maintenance of justice is pure in the proceedings of the law courts. English — from Plinth to ParamountPASSIVE VOICE 190. Newton wrote this letter yesterday. (a) Yesterday was written letter by Newton. (b) This letter is written by Newton yesterday. (c) This letter was written by Newton yesterday. (a) This letter was wrote by Newton yesterday. 191. Anawareness is being created among the people by the Government about the importance of trees. (a) The Government is creating an awareness among the people about the importance of trees. (0) The Government are creating an awareness among the people about the importance of trees. (c) The Government creates an awareness among the people about the importance of trees. ness among the people about the (@) The Government created an awar importance of trees. 192. Ads on TV increase the sale of any commodity. (a) The sale of any commodity is being increased by ads on TV. (b) The sale of any commodity are increased by ads on TV. () The sale of any commodity are being increased by ads on TV. (@) The sale of any commodity is increased by ads on TV. The Indian Government is encouraging the Europeans to visit India. (a) The Europeans are encouraged by the Indian Government to visit India. (0) The Europeans are encouraging by the Indian Government to visit India. (c) The Europeans are being encouraged by the Indian Government to visit India. (@) The Europeans is being encouraged by the Indian Government to visit India, 194. He handed her a chair. (a) She was handed a chair by him. (b) He handed a chair to her. (c) He will hand a chair to her. (@) Achair will be handed to her by him. 195. Call the police at once. (a) Let the police be called at once. (b) The police was to be called at once. (c) The police is to be called at once. (@) Let the police called at once. 196. Post the letter. (a) The letter is posted. (0) The letter was posted. (c) Let the letter be posted. (@ The letter will be posted. 197. Who painted it? (a) It was painted? (}) Was it painted? (c) Had it been painted by? (@) By whom was it painted? —OwxKtdtlt 2b ish - from Plinth to Paramount 193.fa) 2 3 | & @ A B cd * 10.) 22 a ~ * 0 fa) ) ee 30. (a) <) ee 40. a) a) ea 0. &) 62. (a) s&s a 60. (4) A 2 . a 70. ta) a) we © T . 80. (ce) 2. 1 a ete ae x 100, (a), Loe 110. (e) o 120, (a) » 6 120.) s 140. (b) “ 149. @) 150. (a) S a 159, (b) 160. (b) 169. (6) 170. (@) 173. (a) 174. (B} @ TT, 179. (a) 180. (a) 183. {a} 184. (b} (a) 189. (b) 190. (c) 193. (c) 194. (a) 195. (a) EXPLANATION: 16. 18. 32. English - from Plinth to Paramount () (b) tb) at ‘it was expected by the Spain expected to win’. Hence Option (a) cannot be the answer as it people’ but in the question it is mentioned th option (b) is a better option. Have’ is a Causative Verb here. Hence we need a subject someone’ here. noun. If we add ‘the’ before adjectives like and will take plural verb. “The brave’ is a plural common brave, poor, rich ete,they become plural common nou If the sentence is given in Passive voice without by subject’. use that subject in active voice that generally does that work. If we change ‘to + V,’ into ‘to + be + V,, we open same subject is repeated in the sentence that has earlier, we do not change ‘to + V,' into ‘to * be+ i the option of by+Sub’ and if the already come in the sentencePASSIVE VOICE 161. (a) ‘Alms’ is a Plural Noun. Hence use plural verb ‘are’, Hence use plural verb ‘are’. 164. (a) ‘Spectacles’ is a Plural Noun. 165. (a) ‘Tongs’ is a Plural Noun, Hence use plural verb ‘are’. 166. (4) ‘Billiards’ is phival in form but singular in meaning as it is the name of a game, Hence use sir iar verb ‘is’ 167. (c) ‘Have’ is a Cav.sative Verb here. Hence we need a subject ' someone’ here, 168. (6) Binoculars is a Plural Noun. Hence use plural verb ‘are’. 169. (c) Police is a Plural Noun. Hence use plural verb ‘are’. 171. (b) See the explanation of question 16. 173. (a) When we join two subjects by using ‘and not’, the verb agrees with the first with it. sing ‘neither.....nor’, the verb agrees with the subject.’The captain’ will take ' 174. (b) When two sub are joined by second subject.'State Governments’ (Plural noun) will take a plural verb. SPOTTING THE ERROR 1. (a) The officers/ (b) who were on inspection in this factory /(c) were discovered many discrepancies. /(d) No error. 2. (b) The teacher asked / (b) the students whether they could/(c) tell the name of the man who had been invented steam engine. / (d) No error. 3. (a) He held a bomb / (b) in his hand which was totally hiding / (c) in the long cloak that he was wearing. / (d) No error. 4. (a) I was surprise / (b) at his brazenness/ (c) as he was considered an obedient student / (d) No error. 5. (a) Had the police not/ (b) reached here / (c) on time, the traders would have robbed . / (d) No error. 6. (a)He seriously wounded / (b) during the cross fire and / (c) was rushed to hospital / (d) No error. 7. (a) Police Officers sent / (b) to the theatre and every nook and corner /(c) was thoroughly checked. /(d) No error. 8. (a) When the minister was shot dead,/ (b) people were run here and there / (c) to save themselves. /(d) No error. 9. (a) Mother's milk / (b) cannot substituted by / (c) any thing else. /(d) No error. 10. (a) When the thief broke into their house / (b) they raised a hue and cry / (c) and the thief caught immediately by the people. / (d) No error 11. (a)The city / (b) was tore / (c) by riots. /(d) No error. qt 2 ish — from Pint to ParamountPASSIVE VOICE: (a) It was suggested / (b) care. / (d) No error. (a) The truck driver was accused / (b) the lady for walking / (c) in the middle of the road. / (a) No error. him that the baby / (c) should be immediately taken 4) Some passengers / (b) were flew/ (c} to Paris on the last trip. /(d) No error, 2) By the time he arrived, / (b) everybody had / (c) been gone. /(d) No error. a) | am extremely annoyed / (b) by/ (c) the mismanagement. /(d) No error. a) The mall was / (b) engulfed/ (c) by the fire/ (d) No error. ») It believed earlier / (b) that the sun/ (c) revolved round the earth. /(d) No error. a) As she was wearing / (b) skimpy clothes/ (c) she was stared. /(d) No error. ) You behave in such / (b) a weird manner that / (c) everybody disgusted with you. /(@) No error. a) Ten mangoes / (b) are contained / (c) by this box. /(d) No error A gang of robbers were arrested/ (b) by the police / (c) last night near the and. / (d) No error. a) The streets of Rome / (b) were thronged/ (c) by the common people./(d) No error. ‘veryone says that/ (b) he born / (c) of poor parents. /(d) No error. a)The ship sank / (b) and everyone / (c) aboard drowned. /(d) No error. a) [f motorists do not observe the traffic regulations, (b) they will be stopped, ticketed ©) and have to pay a fine. / (d) No error a) There will be no more supplies/ (b) unless all arrears of payment / (c) were cleared by next Monday. / (d) No error a) The news of his father's death / (b) was not declared / (c) so far. / (d) No error Se OO eeeeeet ic) Sores ie Moerror Answers with explanation ee v w a (c]_ Remove ‘were’. Since the sentence is in Active Voice of Past Indefinite Tense ‘V, will be used in place of ‘were + V,’. (c}_ Remove ‘been’. The sentence is in Active Voice. Hence ‘had + V,' will be used and not ‘had + been + V,' which is used in Passive Voice of Past Perfect Tense . () Turn ‘hiding’ into ‘hidden’. {a) Change ‘surprise’ into ‘surprised’. In Passive vocie, the main verb is in form. (c) ‘Would have' will be followed by ‘been’. ‘Traders would have robbed’ means ‘the traders would have performed the act of robbing’. (a) ‘He seriously wounded’ means ‘he performed the act of harming someone grievously’. Change ‘he seriously wounded’ into ‘he was seriously wounded’. (a) Add ‘were’ before ‘sent’. English — from Plinth to Perreamousrt J ___sagla 1S, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 22 23. 27. 28. a PABIVE VOC () Change ‘were run’ into ‘ran’, Here ‘people’ (the subject) performed the aet yf running. Hence the sentence will be in active voice. () Use ‘be! after ‘cannot’. In P nnot + be + V,'is used {c) Change ‘thief caught’ into ‘thief was c the doer of the action’, ()) Use 'V,' after ‘wa (‘torn’ is the 'V,' form of 't ‘) “Do not forget to use the preposition in Passive Voice that ive Voic ght, ‘Thief caught’ means ‘thief jy (c) Use ‘of efter 'caix follows the verb in Active Voice: (a) ‘Truck driver’ is the subject here. Hence remove ‘was’, ' (b) Use (c) Remove 'been’. The sentence is not in Pas ‘The sentence is not In ive voice. y after ‘were’, Vy of ly’ is ‘flown’, (b) Change ‘by’ into ‘at’ Ne (a) Annoyed at something (b) Annoyed with someone “Engulfed' takes preposition ‘in’. (c) Use ‘in’, in place of 'by’ (a) Change ‘it believed’ into 'It was believed’. {c) ‘stared’ takes preposition ‘at’. (c) Change ‘everybody disgusted’ into ‘everybody is disgusted’ (c) ‘Contained’ takes preposition ‘in’. (a) Gang’ is a collective noun. Hence it will take singular verb 'was'. () "‘Thronged’ takes preposition ‘with’. (b) Change ‘he born’ into ‘he was born’. (c) Add ‘was’ before ‘drowned’. () “and will have to" is the correct formation. The sentence is in ‘Active Voice! after ‘and’. (c) Use ‘are’ in place of ‘were’. Sentence is of ‘Future Conditional’. If two actions take place one after the other in future, the second depending on the first, the 1st action will be in Simple Present Tense and the 2nd action will be in Simple Future Tense. (b) Change ‘was not declared’ intu has not been declared’. 'Yet' or 'so far’ is used in the sentence . Present Perfect Tense is preferred to Simple Past Tense when ‘yet’ or ‘so far’ is used in the sentence. at 4naish ~ from Punth to ParamountCHAPTER! » We study Direct Speech; ‘Direct’ and ‘Indirect Speech’ under Narration ithe sentence spoken by the speaker is written without any change, the sentence is said to be in the direct speech, Bags Ram saya." Lwork hard" Repartoug Reported Speech ai » Ifthe sentence spoken by the speaker is changed by the narrator following certain rules, it is called the Indirect Speech. Eg: Ram says that he works hard. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES He says, “I work hard", (Direct Speech) He says that he works hard, (Indirect Speech) Rules_For Converting Direct into Indirect Speech: > (1) Comma’ and ‘inverted commas’ are removed and conjunction ‘that’ is used while changing the sentence into Indirect Speech. > (2) Pronoun changes according to the following rule - Obj No 12" Person|3™ Person you lhe, she, it, they Eg:i, He says, "work hard” ub Ist L_ \ enenest according to He says that he works hard. English — from Ptinth to Paramount ———____NARRATION — | 2. He says to me, " You work hard.” ' obj and : Person ub. lchanges to according to| He tells me that I work hard ard.” 3. He says to me, "She works ard Person no change He tells me that she works hard. > (3) Say/Said remains unchanged in Indirect Speech ‘Say to’ changes into ‘tell’ and ‘said to! changes into ‘told’. E.g.: He says to me, “You work hard” He tells me that I work hard. ‘to! is not used after ‘tell’ and 'told’. (See page 22! ‘to’ and that does not take 'to' is given. ) > (4) If the reporting verb is in 'present’ or ‘future tense’, in the tense of the reported speech. E.g: He says, “I come here”. He says that he comes here. > (5) Ifthe reporting verb is in ‘past’, ‘phrase’ / ‘idiom’ / ‘habitual action’ or speech does not change. Eg: He said, “The Sun is a star”. He said that the Sun is a star. If the reporting verb is in ‘past’, and the reported speech is not an idiom/ phrase etc, the reported speech changes according to the rules given below- Note: 8. The list of verbs that takes there shall be no change and the reported speech is a ‘universal truth’ / ‘historical fact’, the tense of the reported > (6) Eg: He said, “I came here yesterday’. He said that he had come there the previous day. (1) Change in Tense d it Simple present _, Simple past _ Past perfect _y, > “V/do/does ” V,/did hhads Vy Present continuous Pastcontinuous _ Past perfect continuous a is/am/are was/were hhad been ike —_—_—_£_ ——_———2rglish -from Plinth to ParamountPast perfect fect contin A perfect / pect perfect comtiawos yous, (2) CHANGE OF MODALS ab ——— shall/will + should / would may > might can > could (3)_ CHANGE IN TIME AND PLACE oe er rO—EECE today > that day, tomorrow — the next day, yesterday -» the previous day/ the day before, tonight —; that night, Last -, the previous, here -, there, this - that, these —, those, ago — before, now — then. Examples 1. 2. 3. She said, “I cannot help you at this time.” She said that she couldn't help me at that time. He said to me, “I shall come to meet you tomorrow.” He told me that he would come to meet me the next day. Ram said, “I haven't taken any exam this year but | intend to take two exams the next year” Ram said that he hadn't taken any exam that year but he intended to take two exams the next year. He said, “Virtue is its own reward” He said that virtue is its own reward (Sentence is a phrase) Our teacher said, “We have to finish this work today as we know that tomorrow never comes.” Our teacher said that we had to finish that work that day as we know that tomorrow never comes. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES He said to me, “Are you coming?" He asked me whether I was coming. > 1 2. 3. * 5. Questions | FO He said to me, "when are you coming?" (Question is of wh family) He asked me when I was coming. Rules Change ‘Said to’ into asked, questioned, inquired or interrogated. ‘Question Mark (?)' should be changed into ‘full stop’. ‘The sentences will not be in interrogative form in Indirect Speech. This means that helping verb is used after the subject. Tense and pronoun shall be changed according to the rules. If the question can be answered in yes/no, conjunction if / whether will be used. If the question is of ‘wh family’ no conjunction will be used. English - from Plinth to Paramount ————______________ Fg‘NARRATION Examp les- He said to me, “Do you know me?” He asked me if I knew him. She said to him, “What are you doing now?” 2. She asked him what he was doing then. 3. He said to him, “Did you intend to come with me?” He asked him if he had intended to come with him. 4. He said to her, “Haven't you seen this movie?” He asked her if she hadn't seen that movie. 5. He said to her, “Madam, can I help you?” She said, "No” He asked her respectfully if he could help her. She answered in the negative: 6. He said to me, “When will the train arrive?” He enquired of me when the train would arrive. Explanation of Sentence 5: > Ifwe use ‘Sir /'Madam'/'Your Honour’ or any other word of respect in the Direct > > Speech, such word should be replaced by word 'respectfully’ in the Indirect Speech. Ifwe use ‘Darling’ /‘Dear’/'My beloved’ or any other word of affection in the Direct Speech, such word should be replaced by word ‘lovingly/ affectionately’ in the Indirect Speech. If the answer is in 'yes' or ‘no’, they must be changed into ‘answered in the affirmative/ answered in the negative’ respectively. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES: > 1. 2 3. 4. 1. He said to me, “Go away”. He ordered me to go away. Rules - Change ‘Said to’ into ordered / respected / forbade/ suggested etc. Conjunction ‘to’ will replace comma and inverted commas. ‘To! is followed by 'V,'. Tense and Pronoun change according to rules. les- She said to me, “Do not come here” She forbade me to come there. or She ordered me not to come there. He said, “call the first witness now.” He ordered them to call the first witness then, She said, “Spread the clothes in the sunlight and do not wash anything else.” She ordered him to spread the clothes in the sunlight and not to wash anything The captain said to the soldiers, “Stand at ease.” The captain commanded the soldiers to stand at ease. ze 2s — from Plinth to ParamountNARRATION a 5, My mother said to me, ‘Help others but do not expect anything in return” My mother advised me to help others but not to expect anything in return.” EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES She said, ! 1 am undone”. She exclaimed with sorrow that she was undone Rules 1 Said + Alas! __changesto_, exclaimed with sorrow. Said + Hurray { __chnseso_, exclaimed with joy. Said + Fil / Ugh! —ches'©_, exclaimed with despise /disgust. Said + Wow ! __shenscs©_, exclaimed with joy. Said + Oh! __cngesto_, exclaimed with surprise / regret. 2. Conjunction ‘that’ will replace comma and inverted commas. 3, Tense and pronoun change according to rules. Examples: 1. She said, “Hurray ! we have won this match.” She exclaimed with joy that they had won that match. 2. She said, “How beautiful is the rain!” She exclaimed with joy that the rain was very beautiful. 3. He said,“Bravo ! you have done well. ” He applauded him saying that he had done well. 4. She said, “What a pleasant surprise!” She exclaimed that it was a pleasant surprise. OPTATIVE SENTENCES He said, “May God bless you.” He prayed that God might bless me. Rules 1. Change ‘Said’ into ‘wished’ or ‘prayed’. 2. Conjunction ‘that’ is used. 3, Tense and Pronoun are changed according to rules. Examples: She said, “May God pardon him’. She prayed that God might pardon him. 2. They said, “Long live the king’. They prayed that the king might live long. English—from Plinth to Paramount ———‘NARRATION Some important points: Need not, used to, would rather, would better, had rather, had better, are not changed when Direct Speech is changed into Indirect Speech. He said, “I used to go to school by bus’. He said that he used to go to school by bus. 1: Past Continuous is used with time clause, the tense does not change. He said to me, ‘While I was studying, you were playing”. He told me that while he was studying, I was playing. If the time clause is mentioned, in Past Indefinite Tense, the tense docs mot change. He said, ‘When I met him, she was playing’. He said that when he met him, she was playing. If two simultaneous actions are given in past indefinite tense, the tense docs not change when the speech in changed from direct to indirect. She said, “I prepared the tea and he fried the chips”. She said that she prepared the tea and he fried the chips. In case of historical event, the tense does not change. He said, “Gandhiji started the Quit India Movement”. He said that Gandiji started the Quit India Movement. Will/shall is changed into would/should but the statement will/shall, should be changed into ‘should’ if the statement is suggestive. (See example 2) ) He said, ‘I shall come tomorrow, He said that he would come the next day. 2) She said to me, “What shall I do after the exam?" She asked me what she should do after the exam. Modals will be changed according to the meaning of the sentence. fof Fn» ky, oe Eg. She said, “If I get selected, I need not take any exam further”. She said that if she got selected, she would not have to take any exam further. He said, ‘Need I send an e-mail?” He asked me if he had to send an e-mail. He said, ‘When I was a kid, I could not go out alone”.(here ‘could’ is for 'permission') He said that when he was a kid, he was not allowed to go out alone. She said, “Rohit, you must be prudent’. She ordered Rohit to be prudent. (here ‘must’ is used for ‘order’)NARRATION: PRACTICE SET . Directions: A sentence has been given in direct/Indirect form. Out of the fou: 7 ¢ four alternatives suggested, select the o: Indirect/Direct form. me which best expresses the same sentence in L “Call the first witness”, ‘id the Judge. {a) The judge commanded to call the first witness. (b) The judge commanded them to call the first witness (c) The judge commanded that the first witness be called. (@) The judge commanded the first witness to be called. ‘The queen said to her son, “Y peels ‘ou must go to the forest and remain there till (a) The queen ordered her son t calls him back. Tatas {b) The queen told her son that he must go to the forest and remain there till his father called him back. (c) The queen told his son that you must go to the forest and remain there tll your father called you back. {@) The queen told her son to go to the forest and remained there till his father called him back. I said to her, “All your faults will be pardoned if you confess them.” {a)_I told her that all her faults will be pardoned if you confess them. (b) [told her that all her faults would be pardoned if she confessed them. (c) I told her that all her faults will have to be pardoned if she confessed them. {@) I told her that all her faults would have to be pardoned if she confessed them. (ih said to Sita, “When do you intend to pay back the money You ‘borrowed from me?” {a) He enquired Sita when did she intend to pay back the money she borrowed from him. {b) He enquired Sita when she intended to pay back the money she borrowed from him. (c) He enquired Sita when she intended to pay back the money she had borrowed from him. ; (@) He enquired when Sita intended to pay back the money she borrowed from him. “Let's give a party”, said Jays. epet’s not”, said ber husband. 7 | ao cnr ee oe “Jaya suggested giving a party Dut Het i - a Saya cuegested giving a party but her husband contradicted her. {G) Jaya suggested giving @ party but her husband refused. The old man of Latur said, “alas! my only son is dead.’ ee (a) The old man of Latur a cjaimed with sorrow that his only son was 222° id ma of Latur told with pain that his only son was dead, a The ea man of Lature expressed with anguish that his only son was dead. (@) The old man of Latur sorrowfully narrated that his only son was dead. st and remain there till his father English—from Plinth to Paramount10. 11. 12. 13. 14. ate UN She said to the girl, “Did you do this ?” (a) She asked the girl that she did that. (b) She asked the girl if she did that. (c) She asked the girl if she had done that. (d)_ She told the girl that she had done that. “Many happy returns of your birthday”, we said. (a) We greeted him on his birthday. (b) We said that many happy returns of your birthday. (c) We wished him many happy returns of his birthday. (@) We prayed for many happy returns of his birthday. “Doctor”, the patient cried, “please tell me how much time I have.” (a) The patient pleaded the doctor how much time he will have. (b) The patient exclaimed to the doctor that how much time he had. (c) The patient pleaded with the doctor to tell him how much time he had. (d) The patient cried to the doctor that how much time had he. “So help me Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again.” (a) He wanted Heaven to help him so that he would never steal again. (b) She exclaimed to heaven that he would never steal again. (c) He exclaimed heaven to help him that he would never steal again. (@) He called upon heaven to witness his resolve never to steal again. She said, “I'll give you Rs. 100/- to keep your mouth shut.” {a) She said that she would give him Rs. 100/- to keep his mouth shut. (b) She offered him Rs. 100/- to keep his mouth shut. (c) She suggested to him that she would give him Rs. 100/- to keep his mouth shut. (4) She proposed that she would give him Rs. 100/- to keep his mouth shut. From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Qutub Minar’, said my friend. {a) My friend told that from one of the windows of his flat he could see the Qutub Minar. (b) My friend said that from one of the windows of his flat he can see the Qutub Minar. My friend said that from one of the windows of his flat he could see the Qutub Minar. (@) My friend told that from one of the windows of his flat he can see the Qutub Minar. The teacher said to the student, “Why were you absent yesterday?” (a) The teacher asked the student why had been he absent the previous day. () The teacher asked the student why had he been absent the previous day. (c) The teacher informed the student that why he had been absent the next day. (d) The teacher asked the student why he had been absent the previous day. ‘The teacher said to Ashok, “I shall report the matter to the Principal if you misbehave again.” (a) The teacher told Ashok that he would be reporting the matter to the Principal if he misbehaved again. (v) The teacher warned Ashok that he would report the matter to the Principal if he misbehaved again. (c) The teacher threatened Ashok to report the matter to the Principal if he mis- behave agaih. (d) The teacher cautioned Ashok about reporting the matter to the Principal if he misbehaved again. (c) = ng lish - from Plinth to Paramount& suidiee and alraid of fighting!" said Babar. o. fist WILD SHPBPISe (hat @ Soldier should be afraid of Hahting, Her, aide cursed him that he should be afraid ef fighting. aed Ye suiler Whe Was afraid of fighting Si SloS8h 4d sabia vied that a seldier should net be afraid of pening. , She Saeter sud te Ram, “Would you like te ge en a trip te Kashi 7 se asta (f Raw Would lke to ga en a trip ta Kashmir and Ram gilt SS, saivitsr asked Ras if he would like te ga en a trip te Kashmir and Ram : the lantern and hung it eut: auld light the lantern and Rang it eut: aad ask me for help if you get inte iffieulties.”, az he wouldnt came and help me if! get inte op Hd , Bt nat te eamie and ask him fer help if | get inte wis’ 4, But nat ts came and ask him fer help if | get idid as | wished he would not come and help me if] get + Said the eld lady te Rer sen: i long Hs an AS long life and prasperity. ad said that he might live leng and prosper: and praved fer his leng life and presperily: beter. rom Pith to Poremeunt ———_——_—l oe‘NARRay, 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 30. “virtue is its own reward.” Socrates said, had its own rewards. (a) Socrates said that virtue fb) Socrates says that virtue is its own reward {c) Socrates said that virtue is its own reward (a) Soc.ates said that virtue was its own reward, Gad to the interviewer, “Could you please repeat the question?” fay ‘He requested the interviewer if he could please repeat the question (b) He requested the interviewer to please repeat the question. . {c) He requested the interviewer to repeat the question. {@) He requested the interviewer if he could repeat the qui He said, “It used to be 2 lovely, quiet street.” (a) He said that it used to be a lovely, quiet street. (b) He pointed out that it had used to be a lovely, quiet street. (c) He said that there used to be a lovely, quiet street. 9s ae whether there was a lovely, quiet street. a ime Minister suid that no one would be allowed to disturb the peace ‘a The Prime Minister said, ‘We shall not allow any one to disturb the peace’ ister saic ve v y i ta ene Mecca would not allow any one to disturb the peace fre Pere steal No one will disturb the peace.” rime Minister said, “No one can disturb the peace.” RG spectators sald, “Bravo Well done, players.” (a) The spectators shouted thi becawerele Pree ene rere earner ie pipers were oa io The spectators applauded the players pagina th at they h cae heb ) The spectators ay i pte bed done Se pplauded the players joyfully ; Isaid to my friend, “Good Morni Sarl ; orning.Let us go f¢ > (a) I told good morning t. i ear ees friend and asked to go for a picnic that day. era g and proposed that we should go for a pict: (c) Iwished my friend i good mornin, @ that day. g and proposed that they should go for a pic: ‘old good morning to my friend and The new student asked the old one aa od to go for a picnic today. ‘a ‘the new student asked the old one if be ine ae The new student ernie names () The new student ed a cal ea al a ears (a) The new student asked the old one if he keee Iie ae (2) The new student asked the old one if he knows his name. Twamed her that I eould no longer tolerate her coming late. (2) } said to her, "You can no longer tolerate my coming late.* emcees ee no longer tolerate your coming late. sa (@) Isaid to her, “I can no lo longer tolerate her coming late". Taaid to my mother, “I will cecainly take cee oe , ‘a > e: tal 2 t ) Told my mother he would paige ee ane eeneeee m1 told my mother that 1 would Fre eis econ my mother that she would corte gee eengalore that week: (a) I told to m; ertainly take h yy mother that I would take you to Pareclve trae eck week iO galore that week. ‘English — from Plinth to estion.NARRATION. 31. 32. 33. 34. 37. 38. 39. “How clever of you to have solv. (a) The mother exclaimed admit the puzzle so quickly. () The mother expressed that he was so clever to have solved the (c) The mother told that he was very clever in solvi (d) The mother exclaimed with joy that he was cle: ed the puzzle so quickly!” r said the mother, ringly that it was very clever of him to have solved puzzle quickly, ing the puzzle so quickly ver enough to solve the puzzle so quickly. He said that he went for a walk every morning. (a) He said, “I went for a walk every morning”. (0) He said, “I go for a walk every morning”. (c)_ He said, “I will go for a walk morning”. (d) He said, “he went for a walk every morning’. : :. I reiterated, “I don’t care about the job”. (a) I reiterated I didn’t care about the job. : (b) I said again and again I didn’t care about the job. (c) I reiterated that I did not care about the job. (d)_I repeatedly said that | cared about the job. . I said to my brother, “Let us go to some hill station for a change.” change. (a) I suggested to my brother that they should go to some hill statio fora change (b) I suggested to my brother that we should go to some hill station ae ge. d to my brother that let us go to some hill station for ac ange. (a) I suegeste : hill station for a change. (a) _ suggested to my brother that Jet them go to some Iwondered how many discoveries went unheeded. (a) I said, “How many discoveries have gone unheeded? (b) I said, “How many discoveries wrent unheeded? id, “Do discoveries go unheede: . ia i said, “How many discoveries go unheeded?” i me id to me, “Can you do these sums for m InGoean asked me ifI could do those sums for him. if I can do those sums for him. 9 Gopan asked me ff an ee ee ; s for him. uld do these sum . (4) Gopan asked if] cou ee _ The bose aad iat it was time they had begun planning their work. (2) The boss said that jt was time we had began planning our work. (b) The boss said that it Was ‘ime they began planning their work. (c)_ The boss said that it Was time we began planning his work. (@ The boss said that it was began planning id to the judge, “I did not commit this crime.” | ane judge that he did not commit the 7 fee eeeraeesiaa that he had not committed the crime. (0) The told tne jes pat he had not committed that crime. {c)_ He told the judge that he had not committed this crime. ju nel ee a a _ ill do it now or neve! (2) Rahul said tnat he will now or never do it. () Raul 2iG that he would do it then or never. (c) Rahul sai (@) Rahul said that he would now or never do it. English- from Plinth to Paramount49, 44. & 46: — Teer 11UY My father ance said te me, “if t can’t trust my people, then I den't Want te be deing this.” (a) His father anee told hin thal if he coulde't trust his peaple then he didny want te be doing that (8) My father once told me that if he couldn't trust his people then he didn't want ta be daing that (ce) My father once told me that if he couldn't trust my people then he didn't want fe be desing that | (My father onee told me that if he couldn't Wust his people then he didn't want fe be doing this Deshi said te his wife, “Please seleet one of these neeklaees.” (a) Bashi requested his wits te select ane of these necklaces: aid te his wile to pleas st ane ef these necklaces. (el Bashi told his wit te please select one of these necklaees. (a) Bashi requested his wife to select one of (hese necklaces: He wrete in his repert, “The rainfall has been seanty till new.” {el He reperted that the rainfall has been seanty till then () He reported that the rainfall had been seanty till then. “Gevind.” said the manager sternly, “I command you te tell me what the eld man said." (a) The manager sternly commanded Govind te tell him what the eld man had said. (b) The manager cemmanded sternly te Govind te tell hima what the eld man had te say. {e) The manager commanded Govind te iell him what the eld man said. (a) The manager teld Gavind te tell him what the eld man said. He says, “I am geing te the market new.” (a) He says that he is gaing ta the market new. fo) He said that he was gaing te tie market then: (e) He says that he was going te the market then: (d) He said that he was going ta the market pow. She said te Rita, “Please help me with my hamewark,” (a) She wquested Rita te help her in her hamework. (b) Rita requested her to help her with her homewark. (ce) She requested Rita te help her with her homework. (a) She requested Rita ta help her hamewerk: La said fe me; “De net run after meney and then you will see money running eF YOu: (a) He teld te me that | did net run after money and then | wauld see money running me: () A advised me net to Fun after meney and then | weuld see meney running er THe: (ec) He warned me net te run after meney and then | will see meney running after me: (d) He warned me net te run after meney and then meney would run after me: rsh = from Plinth to ParamountNABBATION 47 i Bngltish=frem Plin He said te me, * 3 Bo yes know Bagiish?” a He ase My father said te me, “Bays that he had had a s Our teacher said te us. i “lam net (a) Que teacher wa (a) Gur teacher w (e) Our teacher told u e GF ReRsense anyinere. s islehale SUF RONSSASE ARYTATE. (d) Our teacher said that she at esing Sheela said, “f am geing te finish this werk temerew:” (a) () new work the nest dav Sheela said that she is going a befare she started a new (e] work the next day (d) Sheela told that she was goirs new work the next day "Be yeu suppese yeu knew mother: (a) Her angry mother shouted and asked th better than her own father (b) Her angry mether shouted and asked th than her own father. (e) Her angry mother sheuted Wi her own father. (@) Her angry mother shouted a better than her ewn father: th to Paramount fh that work then before she started a better than yeur ews father? shouted her angry he supposed whether she new she supposed that she knew better nether she supposed that she known better than ad asked her whether she supposed that she knewcried “I will never drive recklessly" esolve never to 4 " ¢ never to drive recklessly wed never to drive recklessly 53. “So help me, Heaven !" he (a) He called upon Heaven to see his () He called upon Heaven to witness h (¢) He called upon Heaven to witness his (d) He ordered Heaven to witness his resolve nev 54, The dwarf s:ic to her, “Promise me that when you are a queen you will give me your first-be a child.” a) ‘The dw: f advised her to promised that when she was a queen she would give him her first born child. d Deen a queen she (b) The dwarf requested her to promise that when she hai would give him her first born child (c). The dwarf requested her to promise that when she is born child -d her to promise him that when she was a queen she would a queen she would give him her firs (@) The dwarf a give him her first born child SS. "Dear bird", she said, stroking its feathers, "have you come to comfort me in my sorrow?” (a) Stroking the bird's feathers, she asked affectionately that she had come to comfort her in her sorrow. Stroking the bird’s feathers, she asked affectionately whether it had come to comfort in her sorrow. Stroking the bird’s feathers, she asked affectionately whether they had come to comfort her in her sorrow. (d) Stroking the bird’s feathers, she asked affectionately whether it had come to comfort her in her sorrow. 56. He said, "My God ! [am ruined.” (a) He exclaimed sadly that he was ruined. (b) He exclaimed that he was ruined (c) He exclaimed sadly that he had been ruined. (@) He exclaimed sadly that he ruined 57. "Ah me!"exclaimed the man, "What a rash and bloody deed you have done!” (a) The man exclaimed that he had done a very rash and bloody deed. (b) The man exclaimed sadly that he had done a very rash and bloody deed. (c) The man exclaimed with sorry that you had done a very rash and bloody deed. (d@) The man exclaimed with sorrow that they had done a very rash and bloody deed. Bhishma said, "Boys! Boys! Remember you are playing a game. If it be Arjuna’s turn let him have it.” (a) Bhishma asked the boys to remembered that they were playing a game. If it was Arjuna’s turn he must have it (o) Bhishma asked the boys to remembered that they were playing a game. If it is Arjuna’s turn he must have it. (c) Bhishma asked the boys to remember that they were playing a game. Ifit was Arjuna’s turn he must have it. (@ Bhishma asked the boys to remember that we were playing a game. If it was Arjuna’s turn he must have it. —3—_—<—$£@—__ ————A2nglish- from Plinth to Paramount o (NARRATION: —a “What are you doing, grandma?"sai op, little prince.” "Ah, how fataccetiner tee’ nai “Tm planting saplings, my (a) The little boy said to his grandma what she was doin ae at . ately that she was planting saplings. The boy exclaimed that —— Ce esting and wanted to try if he could also do so. it was very inter- Tie ty abe ib rand wa hers ding She ed leon ng saplings. The boy exclaimed that it was very inter- esting and wanted to try if he could also do so. The little boy asked his grandma that she was doing. She replied affection- ately that she was planting saplings. The boy exclaimed that it was very inter- esting and wanted to try if he could also do so. ‘The little boy asked his grandma what was she doing. She replied affection- ately that she was planting saplings. The boy exclaimed that it was very inter- esting and wanted to try if he could also do so. 60. "You say," said the judge, "that the bag you lost contained one hundred and ten pounds". "Yes, your honour,” replied the cheat. "Then as this one contains one hundred pounds it cannot be yours.” (a) The judge asked the cheat if the bag he had lost contained one hundred and ten pounds. The cheat replied respectfully in the affirmative. Then the judge concluded that as that one contained one hundred pounds it could not be his. (b) The judge ordered the cheat if the bag he had lost contained one hundred and ten pounds. The cheat replied respectfully in the affirmative. Then the judge concluded that as that one contained one hundred pounds it could not be his. ‘The judge ordered the cheat that the bag he had lost contained one hundred and ten pounds. The cheat replied respectfully in the affirmative. Then the judge concluded that as that one contained one hundred pounds it could not be his. (@) The judge asked the cheat that the bag he had lost contained one hundred and ten pounds. The cheat replied in the affirmative. Then the judge con- Giuded as this one contained one hundred pounds it could not be his. 61, The child said, ‘Mommy, can you bring the moon for me?’ Mommy said, ‘No.’ (a) The child asked his mommy if she could bring the moon for him. Mommy replied in the negative. (b) The child told his mommy if she could bring the moon for him. Mommy replied in the negative. (©) The child asked his mommy if she could bring the moon for him. Mommy replied no. (@) The child said to his mommy that she could Pring the moon for him. Mommy replied in the negative. 62. He said, "Fil" and vomited (a) He exclaimed with disgust and had vomited (0) He exclaimed with disgust and vomited (c) He exclaimed with sorrow and vomited (@) He exclaimed with disgust and then had vomited oO ( @ (c English from Plinth to Paramount i63: 7 said te the seldiers, ' Stand at ease." fant eaptae eommanded the soldiers to stand at ease. {b) The captain said te a te ee ain told the soldiers te stane s Hy the septal commanded the soldiers that they stand at ease. "} ean shew He merey," said the king, "exeept permitting you te cheese wha eu wish te die." eye aa eins eared that he esuld show ne mercy except permitting him te Cheese what kind ef death he wished to die (b) The king advised that he could shaw ne merey except permitting him to eheage what kind of death he wished to die in (@) The king ordered that he could shew no merey except permitting him te eheage what kind ef death he wished te die oo, @ The king said that he could shew ne merey except permitting him te cheese what kind of death he wished to die. Hausalya said te Rama, " De net desire, 0 my ehild, te passes the stars, beeause they are thousands of miles eff.” (a) Kaushaiya forbade ber child Rama to desire te possess the stars because they were theusands of miles off. (8) Kaushalya requested her child Rata te desire te possess the stars because they were thousands of miles off. (3) ae poeree her child Rama to net desire te possess the stars because ey were theusands of miles off. (@) Kaushalya said te her child Rama not to desire te pessess the stars beeause they were thousands of miles aff. “What a stupid fellew yeu are!” she remarked: (a) She exclaimed that what a stupid fellaw he was. (b) She exclaimed that he was a very stupid fellaw. (é) She exclaimed in disgust hew he could he se stupid (@) She asked him what a stupid fellow he was. ‘Phe poliee said te the thief, “Den't move.” (a) The police erdered the thief not te move. (b) The police ordered the thief that he should not move. (e) The police told the thief that he did net move. (a) The police ordered to the thief to net move. He said, “I am geing te eellege just new." (a) He said that he was going to eellege just now (bo) He asked that he was going te college just then. (c) He said that he was going to college just then, (d) He asked that he was going to college just new. ‘The teaeher said te the student “Can you explain this?” (a) The teacher asked the student whether he ean explain this. (b) The teacher asked the student whether he ean explain that. (e) The teacher asked the student whether he could explain this, (4) The teacher asked the student whether he could explain that. Ey ——Angiish = from Ptinth to Paramount— ‘My sastes plisaimg ta build a huge house in Khandala.” ve ta Huge Hause in Rhandala. gts Jud a Ruge house in Rhandala 2 buld a Ruge Reuse if KRandala bulld a huge Reuse in Rhandala Few at day s next day sent day swt day t 76. “How di re?” she wanted te knew, (a) She wanted te know hew did it get here fb) She wanted ta knew how it had got there (e) Bhe wanted to know how did it got there (d) She wanted to knaw how it get there English = from Plinth to Paramount —————$—_$—_—$ id79. 80. 81. 82. 83. NARRATION cg Mais the waved * . Se Ser oy nae Her ORS ake . . PSO Oe ANE “do wot trouble your Sanity aaearare™ Ye meee aR, ANN PROS 2’ ge away Yay ere ‘The author said, “It took me three years (a) The author said that it took Yn os (0) The author said that it had take (c) The author said (@) The author said “Go away!” she said to the man, (a) She asked the man to go awa’ (b) She asked the man no {c) She asked the man not to t (d) She asked the man to go ° nee He asked me, “Have you finished read) as the magarine (a) He asked me whether | x : x (b) He asked me if (c) He asked me if I hi d (a) He asked me whether | shed He said, “We have done our work.” (a) He said that he had don (b) He said that they have done (c) He said that they had (d) He said that they should do y “['m sorry I’m unable to repay the loan in time, (a) The customer regrets that he wa : (b) The customer regretted that he (c) The customer regretted that he wa (@) The customer said that he could b “Please, take me to the officer,” said the visitor. (a) The visitor requested them to take to the officer (b) The visitor told them to take him to the officer (c) The visitor requested for the officer to be ¢. = (@) The visitor wanted the officer to take hi Nitin said, “What a pleasant atmosphere this place has!” (a) Nitin exclaimed with joy that that place was a pleasant atmosphere (b) Nitin exclaimed with joy that was a pleasant atmosphere in that place. (c) Nitin exclaimed with joy that that place had a pleasant atmosphere. (d)_Nitin exclaimed with joy that what a pleasant atmosphere that place had. Aarti said, “Iam in a hurry today.” (a) Aarti said that she was in a hurry that day. (b) Aarti said that I am in a hurry today. (c) Aarti said that she is in a hurry toda: (4) Aarti said that she is in a hurry that day. They said, “We are practising for the next match.” (a) They said that they are practising for the next match. (b) They said that they practised for the next match. (c) They said that they were practising for the next match. (@) They said they were going to practise for the next match, be che fa ” said the customer, a ___——F raish - from Pinth to Paramount91. 92. 93. (c) She asked r (@) She wan to kr U my brother. Ruby requested me to lend her Rs. 1000 the next day. (a) Ruby said to me, *P- s 1000 the next ) (@) Ruby said to me “You'd better leave the d (a) The i (b) The man {c) the man warmed (d) The man said I sho. u En “Pd have enjoyed the journey more if the man next to me hadn’t snored all the time,” said John. (a) John said that he (b) John said that he wo him hadn't snored all the (c) John said that he wo! snored all the time (@) John said that he w not snore. A poet said, “The night is dark and I am far from home.” (a) A poet said that the night was dark and he was far from home. (b) A poet told his friend that the night is dark and that he is far from home. (c) The friend was told by the poet that the night was dark and he was far from home. (d) A poet said that the night is dark and he is far from home. The players reported that the spectators were cheering while they were playing. (a) “The spectators have been cheering while we played”, said the players. () “The spectators cheered while we were playing”, said the players. () “The spectators were cheering while we were playing”, said the players. (d) “The spectators played while we cheered”, said the players. She requested the boys to listen to what she was saying. (a) She said to the boys, “Please listen to what I am saying.” (b) I said to the boys, “Listen to what I am saying.” (c) She said, “Boys, listen to what I was saying.” (d) She said, “I requested you to listen to what I am saying.” the man next to me snored. amey more if the man next to journey if the next man hadn't journey if the man next to him did English - from Plinth to Paramount ————+ fi