Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Friday, November 9, 12 1
Basic Electronic Components
Soldering Iron
(Weller, 2010)
Friday, November 9, 12 2
Basic Electronic Components
Electricity
Electricity is the flow of charge around a circuit carrying energy from the battery (or
power supply) to components.
Electricity can flow only if there is a complete circuit from the battery or power supply
through wires to components and back to the battery or power supply again.
The switch works by breaking the circuit.
We can see, hear or feel the effects of electricity flowing such as a lamp lighting, a bell
ringing, or a mixer being turned on. (Hewes, 2011)
(Darren) 3
Friday, November 9, 12 3
Basic Electronic Components
Conventional current
Conventional current is said to flow from positive (+) to negative (-). But in reality it
flows from negative to positive. The end result is the same.
Simple DC Circuit
(Kightley)
4
Friday, November 9, 12 4
Basic Electronic Components
AC/DC
The frequency of this alternating cycle in the UK/Europe and most of the world, is 50Hz.
In the US it's 60Hz. (which is why mains hum sounds like a 50 Hz tone).
In DC the electrons will carry on flowing around the circuit without changing direction.
AC is used to transmit power over long distances because DC current loses power the
further it goes.
In the 1800s only those who lived in a mile radius of a power station had power .
These days AC is used to power our homes.
Friday, November 9, 12 5
Basic Electronic Components
Simple AC Circuit Simple DC Circuit
(Kurtus, 2005)
Friday, November 9, 12 6
Basic Electronic Components
Simple AC Circuit Simple DC Circuit
(Kurtus, 2005)
Ohm's Law
Friday, November 9, 12 7
Basic Electronic Components
Ohm's Law
(Kurtus, 2005)
(teknikka, 2008) 8
Friday, November 9, 12 8
Basic Electronic Components
Voltage
Voltage is the electrical potential energy or potential difference and is measured in volts.
A good analogy is to think of a water hose. There is water pressure or potential energy on the
other side of the outlet valve. Once you open the tap, the pressure causes the water to rush
through the hose.
The measurement is Volts. e.g. 110V.
(Kurtus, 2005)
Current
Current indicates the amount of electrons passing through the wire and is measured in amperes
or amps for short. Confusingly I is used to indicate current in Ohm’s Law.
The measurement is amps. e.g. 2.0A.
Electrical current is similar to the rate of water flowing through a hose.
Friday, November 9, 12 9
Basic Electronic Components
Resistance
Electrical resistance can be thought of as the "friction" on the movement of electrons in a wire.
Resistance is measured in ohms, and the unit symbol for it is the Greek letter omega, Ω.
3 ohms is often written as 3 Ω.
Most devices in an electrical circuit can be considered resistors, including loudspeakers. Even the
wire itself provides some resistance. Just as you get some heat from friction, electrical resistance
also results in heat. Explaining why the light bulb filament gets hot and glows.
Keeping the water hose analogy. The resistance increases with a narrower hose, just like a thin
copper wire has more electrical resistance than a thick wire. (Kurtus, 2005)
10
Friday, November 9, 12 10
Basic Electronic Components
Electric Circuit
11
Friday, November 9, 12 11
Basic Electronic Components
12
Friday, November 9, 12 12
Speaker basics - part 2 - calculating loudness
Michael , P. (Videographer) (2008). Speaker basics - part 2 - calculating loudness [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9rur78FE1k
13
Friday, November 9, 12 13
Basic Electronic Components
Basic Electronic theory will appeal to those who are interested in electrical maintenance,
studio installation or live sound applications where equipment is regularly setup.
DJs who want to understand their PAs will also benefit from a good understanding of
speaker resistance and power ratios.
14
Friday, November 9, 12 14
Basic Electronic Components
Transformers
Used in all audio equipment that needs power.
Transforming high voltage (24o volts in Europe and most of the world) to lower voltages
required by the equipment.
(Audio, 2011) 15
("transformer winding," )
Friday, November 9, 12 15
Basic Electronic Components
Transformer Types
Step-up Transformer:
The secondary has more turns than the primary so the output voltage is higher.
Step-down Transformer:
The secondary has fewer turns than the primary so the output voltage is lower.
Isolating Transformer:
Intended to transform from one voltage to the same voltage. The two coils have
approximately equal numbers of turns, although often there is a slight difference in the
number of turns, in order to compensate for losses (otherwise the output voltage would
be a little less than, rather than the same as, the input voltage).
Variable Transformer:
The primary and secondary have an adjustable number of turns which can be selected
without reconnecting the transformer.
(Tabtronics, 2007)
16
Friday, November 9, 12 16
Basic Electronic Components
Friday, November 9, 12 17
Basic Electronic Components
Resistors
(Eagle)
18
Friday, November 9, 12 18
Ohm’s Law Dating from 1827
The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current
through it. The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.
Georg Ohm
(Antique, 2012)
19
Friday, November 9, 12 19
Basic Electronic Components
Resistors
Resistors values are coded with colored
stripes. The stripes are weighted to one
end of the resistor. That is the end to
start from.
(Kadi, 2006)
20
(Eagle)
Friday, November 9, 12 20
Basic Electronic Components
Resistors in Practice
Resistors and other components in a circuit can be connected in two ways.
In Series :
The same current flows through all the components but a different potential difference
(voltage) can exist across each one.
In Parallel :
The same potential difference (voltage) exists across all the components but each
component may carry a different current..
(Coates, 2007)
21
Friday, November 9, 12 21
Basic Electronic Components
Resistors in Practice
In Series :
To calculate the total resistance of resistors wired in series then simply sum the
individual resistors.
R total = R1 + R2 + R3
For example if three resistors having values of 1, 2 and 3 Ohms are wired in series then
the resistance total will be 6 Ohms.
1 2 3 6 Ohms
22
Friday, November 9, 12 22
Basic Electronic Components
Resistors in Practice
In Parallel :
If resistors are placed in parallel they share the current and the calculation is a little more
difficult.
23
For more than two resistors the calculation is more complex.
Friday, November 9, 12 23
Ohm’s Law in Practice
24
Friday, November 9, 12 24
Ohm’s Law in Practice
25
Friday, November 9, 12 25
Ohm’s Law in Practice
R1 Current 12/12 =
R2
R3
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-ac 26
Friday, November 9, 12 26
Ohm’s Law in Practice
R2
R3
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-ac 27
Friday, November 9, 12 27
Power
Power in Electrical Circuits
Electrical Power, (P) in a circuit is the amount of energy that is absorbed or produced
within the circuit.
A source of energy such as a voltage will produce power while the connected load
absorbs it.
The symbol for power is P and is the product of voltage multiplied by the current with
the unit of measurement being the Watt (W)
By using Ohm's law and substituting for V, I and R the formula for electrical power can
be found as:
(Storr, 2012) 28
Friday, November 9, 12 28
Power
25 V 2.5 ohms
29
Friday, November 9, 12 29
Power
10 amps
25 V 2.5 ohms
250 Watts
30
Friday, November 9, 12 30
Basic Electronic Components Classic Guitar from the inside
(Marossy, 2009)
(Kit)
31
Friday, November 9, 12 31
Basic Electronic Components
(Circuits, 2001)
32
Friday, November 9, 12 32
Basic Electronic Components
Inductors and Capacitors
33
Friday, November 9, 12 33
Basic Electronic Components
A dielectric is an insulator...
34
(Nave, 2001)
Friday, November 9, 12 34
Microphones (from Intro to Audio Tech...)
Condenser
microphones are
said to use a
capacitor
principle.
(Nave, 2001)
35
Friday, November 9, 12 35
Production Listening
36
Friday, November 9, 12 36
Decibels
The decibel is the unit for measuring the level of sound. It is also used to measure electronic
signals. Our ears do not function in a linear fashion so a non linear measurement was found.
Unlike frequency measurements which are linear the dB is a logarithmic measurement used to
describe a ratio between two measurements which might be power of an amplifier, sound pressure
level of a microphone or loudspeaker, voltage in an electronic circuit.
37
( R e c h n e r, 2 0 0 0 )
Friday, November 9, 12 37
Decibels
dB vs dBm
When a physical quantity, such as power or intensity, is measured relative to a reference
level it is expressed in decibels (dB), which is a logarithmic unit.
Decibel is considered as a dimensionless unit because it is a ratio of two quantities.
The best example of this is the signal-to-noise ratio.
When measuring sound pressure level, the basic reference against which we take
measurements is the threshold of hearing.
(Ian, 2011)
38
Friday, November 9, 12 38
Decibels
dB vs dBm
dBm is different but definitely related to dB. dBm stands for an absolute power level. It is
in reference to another unit of power the milliwatt.
(Ian, 2011)
39
Friday, November 9, 12 39
Decibels
dBv
dBv is for measuring voltage.
(Ian, 2011)
40
Friday, November 9, 12 40
Decibels
41
Friday, November 9, 12 41
Metering
Use Pro-
Tools
session to
demo the
response
(Robjohns, 2000)
42
Friday, November 9, 12 42
Metering
PPM Meter
A fast high level signal also known as a transient can be monitored with a Peak Programme
meter.
(Robjohns, 2000)
43
Friday, November 9, 12 43
Metering
24 track Otari Tape Machine (recording/mixing) 1986
VU Meter
(Galdon, 2008)
( Fi x e r )
44
Friday, November 9, 12 44
Metering
With different meters designed in different
countries for different audio applications we
are left with a confusing set of numbers.
(Astronomy)
45
Friday, November 9, 12 45
Headroom
Is the maximum signal level any signal chain can handle before distortion takes place.
In the old days headroom was defined by the equipment’s analogue components. In
the digital domain the headroom is defined by digital word length or bit rate.
(Thornton, 2010)
(Yamaha, 1990) 46
(Robjohns, 2000)
Friday, November 9, 12 46
Signal to Noise Ratio
Definition
Signal to Noise Ratio is the measurement of how much noise there is compared with the
desired audio signal.
For example if the signal level is – 40 dBm and the noise floor of an equipment is –130
dBm) then the signal to noise ratio is 90 dBm
47
Friday, November 9, 12 47
Basics of Sound Waves
SPL is measured in Decibels and you will find it on microphone specifications. The
higher the SPL the more volume the microphone can take before it distorts.
48
Friday, November 9, 12 48
49
Friday, November 9, 12 49
References
Biology , B. (Editor) (2011). Voltage, current and resistance[Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4Vq-xHqUo8&feature=related
Ian. (2011, October 11). Difference between db and dbm. Retrieved from http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-db-and-dbm/
Kadi, J. (2006). Introduction to sound recording technology. Unpublished raw data, Department of Music, Stanford University, California, California. Retrieved from https://ccrma.stanford.edu/
courses/192a/1-Basic_Electronics.pdf
Storr, W. (2012, February). Electronics tutorials about ohms law and power. Retrieved from http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_2.html
Thornton, M. (2010, June). Keep your headroom. Sound On Sound, Retrieved from http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun10/articles/pt_0610.htm
50
Friday, November 9, 12 50
Image References
Audio, M. (Photographer). (2011). Marshall 12,0000 series 100w. [Print Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.merrenaudio.com/marshall_power_transformers
BBC. (Photographer). (2007). Ppm meter. [Print Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.bbcradioresources.com/TechnicalSpecificationBWAV/Glossary.html
b r e c h b u e h l e r. ( Wr i t e r ) ( 2 0 1 1 ) . Ta b l e o f s o u n d l e v e l s t o g e t a f e e l o f d e c i b e l s [ We b ] . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w. b r e c h b u e h l e r. c h /
W h i s p e r- 9 0 0 0 . 1 2 9 . 0 . h t m l
D a v e . ( Wr i t e r ) ( 2 0 0 5 ) . Wa v e l e n g t h f o r m u l a [ We b ] . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / f o r u m s . r a d i o r e f e r e n c e . c o m / g e n e r a l - s c a n n i n g - f o r u m / 3 5 1 8 4 -
s c a n n e r- r a d i o - s i g n a l - b o o s t e r s . h t m l
H e i j l i g e r s , M . ( Wr i t e r ) ( 2 0 0 6 ) . A s h o r t i n t r o d u c t i o n t o a u d i o e n c o d i n g [ We b ] . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / h o m e p a g e . m a c . c o m / m a r c . h e i j l i g e r s /
audio/ipod/compression/encoding/encoding.html
M i c h e l e n , A . ( D e s i g n e r ) . ( 1 9 9 9 ) . Ty p e o f d e v i c e s . [ We b G r a p h i c ] . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w. g l o b a l s p e c . c o m / r e f e r e n c e / 9 6 4 0 / 3 5 9 7 4 9 / i - v -
characteristics
51
Friday, November 9, 12 51
Image References
O X , O. ( E d i t o r ) ( 2 0 1 1 ) . D o u b l e u p . [ T h e a t e r ] . A v a i l a b l e f r o m h t t p : / / d a n c i n g w i t h a m m o . b l o g s p o t . c o m /
R u m s e y, F. , & M c C o r m i c k , T. ( 2 0 0 9 ) . S o u n d a n d r e c o r d i n g . ( 6 t h e d . , p . 2 / 3 ) . O x f o r d : E l s e v i e r.
S m i t h , S . W. ( 1 9 9 7 ) . Ti m b r e . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w. d s p g u i d e . c o m / c h 2 2 / 2 . h t m
Yamaha. (Photographer). (1990). Dynamic range and headroom. [Print Drawing]. Retrieved from http://www.yamaha.com/yamahavgn/CDA/ContentDetail/WrappedTextDetail.html?
CNTID=48553&CTID=227500
Weller. (Photographer). (2010). We&er soldering iron. [Print Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.wellersolderingiron.co.uk/images/2.jpg
52
Friday, November 9, 12 52
Bibliography
Metzler, B. (1993). Audio measurement handbook. Oregon: AUDIO PRECISION. (Metzler, 1993)
Robjohns, H. (2000, June). Metering frequently asked questions. Sound On Sound, Retrieved from http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun00/articles/metring.htm
Wa r l i c k , C . ( 2 0 1 0 ) . c i t a t i o n m a c h i n e . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / c i t a t i o n m a c h i n e . n e t / i n d e x 2 . p h p ?
start=&reqstyleid=0&stylebox=2
w a v e l e n g t h o f a n a c o u s t i c w a v e . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w. s e n g p i e l a u d i o . c o m / c a l c u l a t o r - w a v e s . h t m
53
Friday, November 9, 12 53