Investigation of end effect in permanent magnet brushless machines having magnets

on the stator
Z. Q. Zhu, Y. Pang, W. Hua, M. Cheng, and D. Howe

Citation: Journal of Applied Physics 99, 08R319 (2006);

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2172182
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/jap/99/8
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 99, 08R319 共2006兲

Investigation of end effect in permanent magnet brushless machines

having magnets on the stator
Z. Q. Zhua兲 and Y. Pangb兲
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street,
Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
W. Huac兲
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street,
Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom and Department of Electrical Enginnering, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210096, China
M. Chengd兲
Department of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
D. Howee兲
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street,
Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
共Presented on 3 November 2005; published online 25 April 2006兲
This paper investigates the influence of the end effect on the back-emf wave forms of flux-switching
and doubly salient permanent magnet brushless machines, in which the magnets are located on the
stator. Their electromagnetic performance is predicted from two-dimensional and three-dimensional
finite element analyses and validated experimentally. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.
关DOI: 10.1063/1.2172182兴

I. INTRODUCTION FSPM machines. Although the machines have similar to-

Unlike conventional permanent magnet 共PM兲 brushless
machines, which have permanent magnets on the rotor, dou-
bly salient PM 共DSPM兲 共Ref. 1兲 and flux-switching PM
共FSPM兲 共Ref. 2兲 machines have the magnets located on the
stator and have recently been the subject of considerable re-
search. Such machines have a salient stator and rotor struc-
ture and employ concentrated stator windings, and, in addi-
tion to offering a high power density, make it easier to
control the temperature rise of the magnets. This paper in-
vestigates the influence of the end effect on the flux-linkage
and back-emf wave forms of FSPM and DSPM machines, in
which leakage fields external to the stator core and in the end
regions are more significant than in conventional PM brush-
less machines as a result of the doubly-salient structure and
the magnets being mounted on the stator. Performance pre-
dictions from two-dimensional 共2D兲 and three-dimensional
共3D兲 magnetostatic finite element 共FE兲 analyses are com-
pared with the measurements.
pologies, in the DSPM machine a concentrated coil is wound
on every stator tooth and the magnets are located in the stator
core back, so that when the rotor rotates one rotor pole
pitch the polarity of the flux linkage with a stator coil
does not change. Thus, the coil flux-linkage and phase
flux-linkage wave forms are unipolar. In the FSPM machine,
a concentrated coil is wound around a pair of teeth,
between each of which a permanent magnet is located, so
that when the rotor rotates one rotor pole pitch the coil flux-
linkage and phase flux-linkage wave forms are bipolar. Con-
sequently, a FSPM machine can exhibit a higher torque
density.
Although both machines have a salient structure, which
is similar to that of a switched reluctance 共SR兲 machine, the
electromagnetic torque of both DSPM and FSPM machines
results predominantly from the permanent magnet excitation
torque, i.e., the reluctance torque component is relatively
small.

II. DSPM AND FSPM BRUSHLESS III. INFLUENCE OF END EFFECT

MACHINES
A three-phase FSPM machine, Fig. 1共b兲, having 12-
Figure 1 shows typical cross sections and open-circuit stator teeth and 10-rotor teeth 共dc link voltage=36 V,
field distributions of representative three-phase DSPM and speed=400 rpm, outside diameter=90 mm, axial length
=25 mm, air gap=0.5 mm, number of turns/phase=72, and
a兲
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; FAX: 44-114- NdFeB magnets with a remanence=1.2 T兲 and a three-phase
2225196; electronic mail: z.q.zhu@sheffield.ac.uk DSPM machine, Fig. 1共a兲, having 12-stator teeth and 8-rotor
b兲
c兲
FAX: 44-114-2225196; electronic mail: elp01yp@sheffield.ac.uk teeth 共dc link voltage=440 V, speed=1500 rpm, outer diam-
FAX: 44-114-2225196 and 86-25-83791696; electronic mail:
eter=142 mm, axial length=75 mm, air gap=0.45 mm, num-
w.hua@sheffield.ac.uk
d兲
FAX: 86-25-83791696; electronic mail: mcheng@seu.edu.cn ber of turns/phase=260, and NdFeB magnets with a rema-
e兲
FAX: 44-114-2225196; electronic mail: d.howe@sheffield.ac.uk nence=1.02 T兲 are considered. Figures 2 and 3 show the air

0021-8979/2006/99共8兲/08R319/3/$23.00 99, 08R319-1 © 2006 American Institute of Physics

08R319-2 Zhu et al.
FIG. 1. Schematics of DSPM and FSPM machines, and open-circuit field distributions.
gap flux density distribution, the phase flux linkage, the
peak air gap flux density distribution along the machine axis,
predicted from 2D and 3D magnetostatic finite element
analyses, as well as measured and predicted phase back-emf
wave forms for the DSPM and FSPM machines, respectively.
It will be seen that both air gap field distributions contain
significant harmonics, similar to a SR machine. In the
overlapping region of the stator teeth and rotor teeth, the
radial component of air gap flux density is very high, being
⬃1.5 and ⬃2 T for the DSPM and FSPM machines,
respectively, the peak air gap flux density in the FSPM ma-
chine being significantly greater due to the much more pro-
nounced flux focusing from the permanent magnets, al-
though significant local magnetic saturation also exists,
particularly in the stator and rotor tooth tips. The flux-linkage
wave form for the FSPM machine is bipolar, while that of
the DSPM is unipolar, as expected. It will also be seen
J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08R319 共2006兲
that end effects, which are accounted for in the 3D FE
analysis but not in the 2D FE analysis, reduce the peak air
gap flux density in the active region by ⬃5% and ⬃12%,
respectively, for the FSPM and DSPM machines, the
difference between the two machines being due to the
different topologies and magnetic saturation levels. Conse-
quently, the amplitudes of the back emf’s are reduced by
⬃14% and ⬃23% for the FSPM and DSPM machines,
respectively. The 2D FE analyses significantly overestimate
the air gap field as well as the flux-linkage and back-emf
wave forms, while the 3D FE predictions agree well
with the measurements. Furthermore, the back-emf wave
form for the FSPM machine is essentially sinusoidal, hence
making such a machine more appropriate for brushless ac
operation, while that of the DSPM machine is essentially
trapezoidal, which makes it more suitable for brushless dc
operation.
08R319-3 Zhu et al.
FIG. 2. DSPM machine.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The paper has compared the relative merits of DSPM
and FSPM brushless machines and quantified the influence
of their finite active length on the air gap field distribution,
the stator flux linkage, and the back emf. Since both ma-
chines have the magnets located on the stator, end effects are
J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08R319 共2006兲
FIG. 3. FSPM machine.
more pronounced than in conventional permanent magnet
brushless machines and can significantly reduce their perfor-
mance.
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