Chapter 4.

Perforating

Question 1: Which of the following is considered as the factors affecting perforation

performance?
a. Gun clearance
b. Compressive strength of formation rock
c. Wellbore fluid pressure, temperature and density
d. All of above
Question 2: Which of the following are the main advantages of Tubing-Conveyed
perforation guns?
a) Combines large gun size with high negative pressure differential
b) Allows easier perforation of long pay intervals
c) Allows easier perforation of highly deviated wells
d) All of above
Question 3: All of the following are the disadvantages of Tubing-Conveyed perforation
exept
a) Impossible to confirm individual charge detonation
b) Combines large gun size
c) Added expense, particularly when perforating a few small zones over a large interval
d) Needs significan rat-hole to receive guns after firing
Question 4: Which of the following perforating method are run into the well after the tubing
has been installed via wireline pressure control equipment?
a) Through-tubing gun
b) Conventional casing gun
c) Tubing-conveyed gun
d) None of above
Question 5: Which of the following perforating method are run on the bottom of the tubing
string?
a) Tubing-conveyed gun
b) Through-tubing gun
c) Conventional casing gun
d) None of above
Question 6: Which of the following is considered as the factor affecting the crushed zone?
a) Grain composition, size and shape of the formation
b) Casing wall thickness and strength
c) Size of perforation charge
d) All of above
Question 7: All of the following are the advantages of expendable gun exept
 a) Less P&T resistant
b) Cheaper
c) Light and flexible
d) More penetration
Question 8: Which of the following is not considered as the component of the shaped
charge?
a) Detonating cord
b) Primer
c) Conical liner
d) Case
Question 9: What is the important factor which is considered for successful perforation
operation?
a) Depth of penetration
b) Shot density
c) Phasing
d) All of above
Question 10: Which of the following factor is taken into account for choosing different
phasing angles?
a) Pipe and formation strength
b) Presence of natural fractures
c) Gun types
d) All of above
Question 11: The objective of perforating a well is provide an effective flow communication
between wellbore and formation, and achieve adequate well productivity.
a) True b) False
Question 12: With the assumption of fixed perforation lengths and no formation damage,
which phasing has the highest productivity ratio?
a) 0o
b) 90o
c) 120o
d) 180o
Question 13: Which of the following perforating method requiring pressure control
equipment?
a) Conventional casing gun
b) Tubing-conveyed gun
c) Through-tubing gun
d) None of above
Question 14: What is the depth of penetration if we use 2 1/8’’ inches gun diameter and 20
grams of explosive?
 a) 20.3 cm
b) 17.8 cm
c) 22.9 cm
d) 15.2 cm
Question 15: Peforating damage can consist of
a) A crushed zone
b) Migration of fine formation particles
c) Debris inside perforation tunnels
d) All of above
Question 16: Fill in the blank: “Shaped charge creats ....... that is designed to penetrate the
casing, the cement and, as far as possible, into the formation.” (a very high pressure, but a
highly focussed jet)
Question 17: What is the chemical formula of RDX explosive?
a) C3H6N6O6
b) C4H8N8O8
c) C6H6N6O6
d) C14H6N6O12
Question 18: All of the following are the advantages of retrievable carriers exept
a) Small charges
b) P&T resistant
c) Non-damaging
d) Reliable and strong
Question 19: Wireline Conveyed Casing guns are constrained by which factor?
a) The gun diameter must be less than the casing inside diameter
b) The length of gun
c) Both a and b
d) None of a and b
Question 20: What is the limitation length of retrievable hollow carrier gns?
a) 30-40 ft for small diameter guns
b) 60-80 ft for small diameter guns
c) 60-80 ft for large diameter guns
d) 90-120 ft for large diameter guns
SAND CONTROL QUIZ

1) Which of these following statements is True?

a) There are 4 main types of approaches in sand control techniques
b) A passive approach of sand control techniques is rate exclusion
c) An active approach of sand control techniques is selective completion practices
d) Sand control helps to reduce risks and initial cost of oil and gas production
2) Which of these sand control techniques is less favorable nowadays due to its harmful
impact on the environment?
a) Resin coated gravel
b) Gravel packing
c) Maintenance and workover
d) Slotted liners

3) Which of these following statements indicate the limitation of rate exclusion method?
a) It cannot be applied for tight formation
b) It needs good hydraulic communication
c) It is harmful to the environment
d) It neglects some potentially sand-producing factors

4) What is the advantage of plastic consolidation method?

a) It does not depend on the wellbore temperature
b) It can be applied for tight formation
c) It does not require complex wellbore equipment
d) It is environmentally friendly and very cost effective

5) If the bottom hole temperature is 200oF, which sand control method is not viable?
a) Standalone screens
b) Resin coated gravel
c) A and B are correct
d) A and B are incorrect

6) Given the grain diameters at 10%, 40%, 90% cumulative weight are 0.0055, 0.0043,
and 0.0031 respectively. Determine the design standalone screen opening size
a) 0.0086
b) 0.0077
c) 0.0055
d) 0.0062

7) Fill in the blank: “The crucial nuisance of slotted liners method is …… ; Among the
screen types, the …… has the highest quality.”
a) Annular flow ; Expandable
b) Grain size ; Wire wrapped
c) Bend tolerance ; Wire wrapped
d) Bend tolerance ; Premium

8) What is the most efficient sand control method nowadays?

a) Expandable screens
b) Standalone screens
c) Gravel packing
d) Resin coated gravel
9) Which of these following statements is False?
a) Horizontal slotted liners are not preferable for high strength
b) Slotted liners have an advantage of cost over screens
c) The procedure of gravel pack selection is: Obtain sample → Sieve analysis →
Gravel size → Screen openings size → Gravel type
d) Gravel pack method is the best sand control method and should be applied
independently

10) Given the grain diameters at 20%, 50%, 80% cumulative weight are 121.9, 101.6, and
86.4 microns respectively. The D50 of gravel pack in inches should be
a) 0.0187
b) 0.0432
c) 0.0365
d) 0.0248
1. Which is the cause of sand production?
a. The fine grain is mobilized from around the grain to grain contacts
b. Biochemical reaction with the natural cementing materials
c. Precipitation of reaction products
d. Variations in reservoir permeability

2. How many correct statements concerning to “Sand Production May Begin Late in the
Life of a Well”
i. Increased drawdown leads to increased resisting forces
ii. Increasing mechanical stresses can be caused by cavity pressure
reduction
iii. Pulsed pressure can be caused by laminar production
iv. Water breakthough can severely reduce capillary pressure forces
a. 2
b. 1
c. 3
d. 4

3. What can we learn from the sonic log to predict sand production?
a. Short travel times, less than 50μs, indicate high density and hard rock
b. Short travel times, less than 50μs, indicate high porosity and hard rock
c. Long travel times, 95μs or greater, indicate soft-low density, high porosity
rock
d. Long travel times, 95μs or greater, indicate high density, soft-low porosity
rock

4. There are some given factors

i. Porosity iii. Permeability v. Viscosity
 ii. Temperature iv. Pressure vi. Capillarity

How many factors normally associated with the pressure drawdown:

a. 3
b. 2
c. 5
d. 4

5. Choose the incorrect statement:

a. If fluids are in turbulent flow, such sand-laden fluids are lowly erosive
b. If the production velocity in well tubulars is insufficient to transport sand to
the surface, it will begin to fill the inside of the casing
c. If the production velocity is sufficient to transport sand to the surface, the sand
may still become trapped in the separator, heater treater, or production
flowline
d. If the production of sand is continuous, the cleanout operations may be
required periodically

6. The table below shows some parameters of sand failure. What is the value of X and
Y?

a. X: High; Y: Rich
b. X: High; Y: Poor
c. X: Low; Y: Rich
d. X: Low; Y: Poor

7. Arrange the sand grain size in order from the finest to the coarsest:
a. Gravel > Coarse Sand > V Coarse Sand > Fine Sand > Medium Sand > Clay > Silt
b. Gravel > V Coarse Sand > Coarse Sand > Medium Sand >Fine Sand > Silt > Clay
c. Silt < Clay < Medium Sand < Fine Sand <V Coarse Sand < Coarse Sand < Gravel
 d. Clay < Silt < Fine Sand < Medium Sand < Coarse Sand < V Coarse Sand <
Gravel

8. What is the smallest value of sand sample size when we do formation sand analysis?
a. 7 cm3
b. 11 cm3
c. 15 cm3
d. 19 cm3

9. Which type of geometry that the third slotted liner associated?

a. Single Slotted Staggered Rows

b. Single – Slotted Staggered Rows
c. Multi – Slotted Staggered Rows
d. Gang – Slotted Staggered Rows

10. Which of the following is not belonged to Gravel Pack Selection Procedure:
a. Determine required screen opening
b. Determine weight of gravel
c. Determine volume of gravel
d. Determine formation grain size and distribution

MATRIX ACIDIZING
1. What is the goal of a matrix acidizing treatment?
a. To reduce the non-mechanical skin effect to near zero
b. To create highly conductive paths some distance away from the wellbore into
the reservoir
c. To reduce the permeability in the near-wellbore region
2. Which one is not the main application for matrix acidizing?
a. High permeability formation with damage
b. Formation not suitable for fracturing
c. In naturally fractured or highly vugular carbonate reservoirs, live acid
may penetrate to a sufficient distance to yield a productivity enhancement
lower than that normally expected from a true matrix treatment
d. In highly productive wells, the productivity improvement of about 20% that is
possible with matrix stimulation of undamaged well may be economic
3. Which acid is used in sandstone matrix treatment?
 a. HCl
b. HF
c. A mixture of HF and HCl
d. HCOOH
4. Sort the acids in ascending order of acidity?
a. HCl> CH3COOH >HCOOH
b. CH3COOH >HCl>HCOOH
c. HCOOH= CH3COOH <HCl
d. HCOOH< CH3COOH <HCl
5. Why hydrochloric acid or organic acid is mixed with HF?
a. To keep the pH low when it spends, thereby preventing detrimental
precipitates
b. To reduce the cost
c. To increase the acidity
d. To help the acid can move further in the wellbore region
6. Which statement is FASLE?
a. The treatment of a reservoir formation with a stimulation fluid containing a
reactive acid
b. In sandstone formations, the acid reacts with the soluble substances in the
formation matrix to enlarge the pore spaces
c. In carbonate formations, the acid dissolves the entire formation matrix
d. Matrix acidizing operations are ideally performed at low rate, but at
treatment pressures above the fracture pressure of the formation
7. In carbonate formations, which acids can use to dissolves the formation matrix?
a. HCl + HF
b. Only HCl
c. HCl, CH3COOH
d. CH3COOH, HCOOH
8. Mineral origin from invasion of drill, cementing or completion fluids, or host
materials occurring naturally in…?
a. The rock formation
b. The chemical weathering
c. The physical weathering
d. The impact of erosion
9. In reaction rate, which statement is FALSE?
a. The reaction between an acid and a mineral occurs when acid reaches the
surface of the mineral by diffusion or convection from the bulk solution
b. The reaction between an acid and a mineral occurs when acid reaches the
surface of the mineral by releasing from the bulk solution
c. The overall rate of acid consumption or mineral dissolution depends on two
distinct phenomena: the rate of transport of acid to the mineral surface by
diffusion or convection, and the actual reaction rate on the mineral surface.
d. Usually, one of these processes is much slower than the other
10. Which is not the most common damaging precipitates that may occur in sandstone
acidizing?
a. Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
 b. Calcium fluoride (CaF2)
c. Colloidal silica (Si(OH)4)
d. Ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3)
11. Fill in the blank of the following statement:
Candidate Selection (Recognition) is the process of … for
treatment which have the capacity for higher production and better… return
“Good Wells Make the Best Candidates for …
a. Identifying and selecting wells, Well Stimulation, Economic
b. Economic, Identifying and selecting wells, Well Stimulation
c. Economic, Well Stimulation, Identifying and selecting wells
d. Well Stimulation, Identifying and selecting wells, Economic
12. The formation damage/impairment may be related to:
a. drilling, completion or workover operations
b. produced or (continually) injected fluids
c. injected fluids during specific well operations e.g. well killing
d. All of them
13. Which is the correct order of a typical treatment stages?
a. Preflush, Overflush, Main treating fuild, Displacement
b. Preflush, Man treating fluid, Overflush, Displacement
c. Displacement, Preflush, Main treating fuild, Overfulsh
d. Main treating fluid, Preflush, Overflush, Displacement
14. Given these statements about stimulation of carbonate formation:
- Carbonates are normally found as massive deposits of chalk, limestone or
dolomite
- Carbonates consist of very fine grains exhibiting a vugular or fracture porosity
rather than the intergranular porosity shown by sandstones
- The many possible diagenetic processes can lead to formations with similar
chemical compositions having a strength
that varies from very strong to behaving similar to toothpaste
- Carbonates react slower with hydrochloric acid than sandstones, for the same
formation temperature
How many correct statements?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
15. The structure of wormhole patterns will depend on many factors, including
a. Flow geometry,
b. Injection rate
c. Reaction kinetics and mass transfer rate
d. All of them
e. None of them
16. Given these statements about Wormholes:
 1. “Wormholes”,created by dissolution of the rock uniformly (Hoefner and
Fogler, 1988.), consist of a main channel from
which many highly branched structures are formed
2. Since wormholes are much smaller than the pores in nonvugular carbonates,
the pressure drop through the region penetrated by wormholes will be
insignificant
3. in matrix acidizing, knowledge of the depth of penetration of wormholes does
not allow a prediction of the effect of acidizing on the skin effect
4. Wormholing is also very significant in acid fracturing, as it will increase
fluid loss rates, limiting the penetration of acid down the fracture
The correct statements are
a. 1, 2
b. 2, 4
c. 1, 4
d. 3, 4
17. Fill in the blank in the given picture
 A C

E
Ans: A: Casing
B: Cement
C: Carbonate Formation
D: Borehole Wall
E: Pre-Perforated Liner
18. The number and extent of the wormholes depend on:
a. the carbonate formation’s reactivity
b. the acid leak-off rate into the matrix
c. The presence of higher permeability streaks, fractures, vugs etc will determine
the preferred direction of wormhole
growth
d. All of them

19. Fill in the blank of the following statement :

The most common matrix stimulation treatment is …, in which an acidic solution is
injected to … minerals in the formation. However, other solvents are also used. The
 next most common fluids onversare … aimed at dissolving waxes, paraffins,
asphaltenes or other organic damaging materials.
a. Acidizing, dissolve, organic solvents
b. Organic solvents, dissolve, acidizing
c. Acidizing, remove, organic solvents
d. Organic solvents, remove, acidizing
20. When organic acids are used to replace hydrochloric acid?
a. In horizontal wells
b. In vertical wells
c. In higher temperature wells
d. In higher pressure wells

CHAPTER 8: HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

1. Hydraulic fracturing cannot be characterized by its:
a. Width
b. Length
c. Conductivity
d. Related equivalent skin effect
Answer: a
2. Hydraulic fractures should be designed for:
a. a > 1 or CfD > 1.6
b. a<1 or CfD > 1.6
c. a < 1 or CfD < 1.6
d. a = 1 or CfD = 1.6
Answer: b
3. Choose the correct statement about Tip screen out (TSO) techniques:
a. Fracture width can be increased without increasing the fracture extent.
b. Fracture length can be increased without increasing the fracture extent.
c. Fracture width can be increased without decreasing the fracture extent.
d. Fracture length can be increased without decreasing the fracture extent.
Answer: a
4. Choose the correct statement about Proppant duties:
a. Be capable of holding the fracture faces apart
b. must be long lasting.
c. be readily available, safe to handle, and relatively inexpensive.
d. a, b and c are correct
Answer: d
5. Water base fluids consist of:
a. natural guar gum (Guar)
b. hydroxypropyl guar (HPG)
c. Mixtures of oil and an aqueous material.
d. a and b are correct.
Answer: d
6. The crossover between PKN and KGD lines occurs approximately at the point at
which a "square fracture" has been created, when:

a. √2 xf =hf
1
b. xf = hf
√2

c. 2xf = hf
1
d. 2xf = hf

Answer: c
7. What is the main factor that control fluid leakoff?
a. fracture face
b. Mud cake
c. Filter cake
d. a,b and c are correct.
Answer: c
8. Choose the correct statement about Tensile Strength:
a. The maximum stress that a material can tolerate without rupture in a uniaxial tensile
experiment is the tensile stress.
b. The minimum stress that a material can tolerate without rupture in a uniaxial tensile
experiment is the tensile stress.
c. The maximum stress that a material can tolerate without rupture in an axial tensile
experiment is the tensile stress.
d. a, b and c are not correct
Answer: a
9. What is the optimum CfD constant for any reservoir and any fixed amount of
proppant?
a. CfD = 1.5
b. CfD = 1.6
c. CfD = 1.7
d. CfD = 1.8
Answer: b
10. What is not the parameter for minimum hydraulic fracturing candidate well
selection screening criteria?
a. Water Cut
b. Reservoir Temperature
c. Permeability
d. Reservoir Pressure
Answer: b
1. What are the ideas behind Carter's leakoff coefficient?
 if a filter-cake wall is building up, it will allow less fluid to pass through a unit area in
unit time;
 the reservoir itself can take less and less fluid if it has been exposed to inflow.

2. How many types of fracturing fluid? What are they?

5 types:
Water-Base Fluids
 natural guar gum (Guar)
 hydroxypropyl guar (HPG)
 hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)
 carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC)

Oil-Base Fluids
 Lease oil and gelled oils.

Acid-Base Fluids
 Used in limestones or dolomitic formations.

Emulsions
 Mixtures of oil and an aqueous material (either water or acid).

Gas/Foam Fluids
  Specialized emulsions using nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas as the inner phase of an
aqueous mixture.

3. What are duties of proppants? Describe two kinds of proppants

Proppant duties:
 Be capable of holding the fracture faces apart
 must be long lasting.
 be readily available, safe to handle, and relatively inexpensive

Two major categories:

Naturally occurring sand
 White Sand ("Ottawa" sand)

Manufactured proppants
 Sintered Bauxite
 Intermediate Strength Proppants
 Resin Coated Proppants

4. A gas reservoir has a permeability of 1 mD. A vertical well of 0.328ft radius draws the
reservoir from the center of an area of 160 acres. If the well is hydraulically fractured to
create a 2,000-ft long, 0.12-inch wide fracture of 200,000 mD permeability around the
center of the drainage area, what would be the fold of increase in well productivity?
5. What is the procedure of Hydraulic Fracturing Design?
 Select a fracturing fluid
 Select a proppant
 Determine the maximum allowable treatment pressure
 Select a fracture propagation model
 Select treatment size (fracture length and proppant concentration)
 Perform production forecast analyses
 Perform NPV analysis

6. Predict the maximum expected surface injection pressure using the following
additional data:
 Specific gravity of fracturing fluid: 1.2
 Viscosity of fracturing fluid: 20 cp
 Tubing inner diameter: 3.0 in.
 Fluid injection rate: 10bpm

7. Given data for hydraulic fracturing treatment design:

 Pay zone thickness: 70 ft
 Young’s modulus of rock: 3*10^6 psi
 Poison’s ratio: 0.25
 Fluid viscosity: 1.5 cp
 Leak-off coefficient: 0:002 ft/min^0.5
 Proppant density: 165 lb/ft^3
 Proppant porosity: 0.4
 Fracture half-length: 1,000 ft
 Fracture height: 100 ft
 Fluid injection rate: 40 bpm
 Final proppant concentration: 3 ppg
 Injection time : t.in = 37min
  Proppant concentration schedule

Assuming KGD fracture, estimate

a) Fluid volume requirement
b) Proppant mixing schedule
c) Proppant weight requirement
d) Propped fracture width
8. Productivity of fractured wells depends on?
1. receiving fluids from formation
2. transporting the received fluid to the wellbore.
Usually one of the steps is a limiting step that controls the well-production rate. The efficiency
of the first step depends on fracture dimension (length and height), and the efficiency of the
second step depends on fracture permeability
9. What is Hydraulic Fracturing? How many stages are there in Frac-Job?
Hydraulic fracturing is a well-stimulation technique that is most suitable to wells in low- and
moderate-permeability reservoirs that do not provide commercial production rates even though
formation damages are removed by acidizing treatments.
A hydraulic fracturing job is divided into two stages: the pad stage and the slurry stage
10. What are some techniques for Post-frac evaluation?
Post-frac evaluation can be performed by pressure matching, pressure transient data analysis,
and other techniques including pumping radioactive materials stages and running tracer logs,
running production logging tools, and conducting back-pressure and performing Nodal
analysis.