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PLASTICS USES
Whether you are aware of it or not, plastics play an important part in your life. Plastics'
versatility allow them to be used in everything from car parts to doll parts, from soft
drink bottles to the refrigerators they are stored in. From the car you drive to work in to
the television you watch at home, plastics help make your life easier and better. So how is
it that plastics have become so widely used? How did plastics become the material of
choice for so many varied applications?

The simple answer is that plastics can provide the things consumers want and need at
economical costs. Plastics have the unique capability to be manufactured to meet very
specific functional needs for consumers. So maybe there's another question that's
relevant: What do I want? Regardless of how you answer this question, plastics can
probably satisfy your needs.

If a product is made of plastic, there's a reason. And chances are the reason has
everything to do with helping you, the consumer, get what you want: Health. Safety.
Performance. and Value. Plastics help make these things possible.

Shopping
Just consider the changes we've seen in the grocery store in recent years: plastic wrap
helps keep meat fresh while protecting it from the poking and prodding fingers of your
fellow shoppers; plastic bottles mean you can actually lift an economy-size bottle of juice
and should you accidentally drop that bottle, it is shatter-resistant. In each case, plastics
help make your life easier, healthier and safer.

Grocery Cart vs. Dent-Resistant Body Panel

Plastics also help you get maximum value from some of the big-ticket items you buy.
Plastics help make portable phones and computers that really are portable. They help
major appliances - like refrigerators or dishwashers - resist corrosion, last longer and
operate more efficiently. Plastic car fenders and body panels resist dings, so you can
cruise the grocery store parking lot with confidence.

Packaging
Modern packaging -- such as heat-sealed plastic pouches and wraps -- helps keep food
fresh and free of contamination. That means the resources that went into producing that
food aren't wasted. It's the same thing once you get the food home: plastic wraps and
resealable containers keep your leftovers protected -- much to the chagrin of kids
everywhere. In fact, packaging experts have estimated that each pound of plastic
packaging can reduce food waste by up to 1.7 pounds.

Plastics can also help you bring home more product with less packaging. For example,
just 2 pounds of plastic can deliver 1,300 ounces -- roughly 10 gallons -- of a beverage
such as juice, soda or water. You'd need 3 pounds of aluminum to bring home the same
amount of product, 8 pounds of steel or over 40 pounds of glass. Not only do plastic bags
require less total energy to produce than paper bags, they conserve fuel in shipping. It
takes seven trucks to carry the same number of paper bags as fits in one truckload of
plastic bags. Plastics make packaging more efficient, which ultimately conserves
resources.

Lightweighting
Plastics engineers are always working to do even more with less material. Since 1977, the
2-liter plastic soft drink bottle has gone from weighing 68 grams to just 47 grams today,
representing a 31 percent reduction per bottle. That saved more than 180 million pounds
of packaging in 2006 for just 2-liter soft drink bottles. The 1-gallon plastic milk jug has
undergone a similar reduction, weighing 30 percent less than what it did 20 years ago.

Doing more with less helps conserve resources in another way. It helps save energy. In
fact, plastics can play a significant role in energy conservation. Just look at the decision
you're asked to make at the grocery store checkout: "Paper or plastic?" Plastic bag
manufacture generates less greenhouse gas and uses less fresh water than does paper bag
manufacture. Not only do plastic bags require less total production energy to produce
than paper bags, they conserve fuel in shipping. It takes seven trucks to carry the same
number of paper bags as fits in one truckload of plastic bags.

Plastics in Home Construction

Plastics also help to conserve energy in your home. Vinyl siding and windows help cut
energy consumption and lower heating and cooling bills. Furthermore, the U.S.
Department of Energy estimates that use of plastic foam insulation in homes and
buildings each year could save over 60 million barrels of oil over other kinds of
insulation.

The same principles apply in appliances such as refrigerators and air conditioners. Plastic
parts and insulation have helped to improve their energy efficiency by 30 to 50 percent
since the early 1970s. Again, this energy savings helps reduce your heating and cooling
bills. And appliances run more quietly than earlier designs that used other materials.

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END LIFE

Mechanical Recycling
Recycling of post-consumer plastics packaging began in the early 1980s as a result of
state level bottle deposit programs, which produced a consistent supply of returned PETE
bottles. With the addition of HDPE milk jug recycling in the late 1980s, plastics recycling
has grown steadily but relative to competing packaging materials.

Roughly 60 percent of the U.S. population - about 148 million people - have access to a
plastics recycling program. The two common forms of collection are: curbside collection
- where consumers place designated plastics in a special bin to be picked up by a public
or private hauling company (approximately 8,550 communities participate in curbside
recycling) and drop-off centers - where consumers take their recyclables to a centrally
located facility (12,000). Most curbside programs collect more than one type of plastic
resin; usually both PETE and HDPE. Once collected, the plastics are delivered to a
material recovery facility (MRF) or handler for sorting into single resin streams to
increase product value. The sorted plastics are then baled to reduce shipping costs to
reclaimers.

Reclamation is the next step where the plastics are chopped into flakes, washed to
remove contaminants and sold to end users to manufacture new products such as bottles,
containers, clothing, carpet, plastic lumber, etc. The number of companies handling and
reclaiming post-consumer plastics today is over five times greater than in 1986, growing
from 310 companies to 1,677 in 1999. The number of end uses for recycled plastics
continues to grow. The federal and state government as well as many major corporations
now support market growth through purchasing preference policies.

Early in the 1990s, concern over the perceived reduction of landfill capacity spurred
efforts by legislators to mandate the use of recycled materials. Mandates, as a means of
expanding markets, can be troubling. Mandates may fail to take health, safety and
performance attributes into account. Mandates distort the economic decisions and can
lead to sub optimal financial results. Moreover, they are unable to acknowledge the life
cycle benefits of alternatives to the environment, such as the efficient use of energy and
natural resources.

Feedstock Recycling
Pyrolysis involves heating plastics in the absence or near absence of oxygen to break
down the long polymer chains into small molecules. Under mild conditions polyolefins
can yield a petroleum-like oil. Special conditions can yield monomers such as ethylene
and propylene. Some gasification processes yield syngas (mixtures of hydrogen and
carbon monoxide are called synthesis gas, or syngas). In contrast to pyrolysis,
combustion is an oxidative process that generates heat, carbon dioxide, and water.

Chemical recycling is a special case where condensation polymers such as PET or nylon
are chemically reacted to form starting materials.

Source Reduction
Source reduction is gaining more attention as an important resource conservation and
solid waste management option. Source reduction, often called "waste prevention" is
defined as "activities to reduce the amount of material in products and packaging before
that material enters the municipal solid waste management system."

Source reduction activities reduce the consumption of resources at the point of

generation. In general, source reduction activities include:

• Redesigning products or packages so as to reduce the quantity of the materials

used, by substituting lighter materials for heavier ones or lengthening the life of
products to postpone disposal.
• Using packaging that reduces the amount of damage or spoilage to the product.
• Reducing amounts of products or packages used through modification of current
practices by processors and consumers.
• Reusing products or packages already manufactured.
• Managing non-product organic wastes (food wastes, yard trimmings) through
backyard composting or other on-site alternatives to disposal.