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Simulation of TE6,2-to-Gaussian Internal Mode
Converter for a 95-GHz Gyrotron
Shahana K., Vishal Kesari , Shantanu Karmakar, and Rengaswamy Seshadri
Abstract— A Denisov-type mode launcher having dimpled-wall
tapered waveguide and a helical cut was combined with a set of
four synthesized toroidal mirrors to design a converter for TE6,2
cavity mode to TEM0,0 Gaussian mode for a transverse output
millimeter-wave gyrotron. A commercially available simulation
tool, namely, Surf3d was used to design this mode converter, in
which the variation of inside launcher boundaries couples the
TE6,2 eigenmode fed to the launcher with its satellite modes,
and thus the surface deformations at the radiator transforms
TE6,2 cavity mode into a TEM0,0 Gaussian-like profile at the
launcher cut aperture. This RF beam in TEM0,0 Gaussian-like
profile was fed to a set of four synthesized toroidal mirrors to
achieve an energy conservation of 96% and Gaussian fit of 98.9%
after phase corrections within 336 mm of envelope length and
75 mm of envelope radius of the mode converter.
Index Terms— Internal mode converter, millimeter-wave
gyrotron, transverse output gyrotron.
I. I NTRODUCTION
G YROTRON is an oscillator capable of delivering coher-
ent electromagnetic radiation up to megawatt level in the
millimeter-wave frequency range. The wide range of industrial,
scientific, and medical applications such as material sciences,
solid-state physics, molecular analysis, plasma diagnostics,
magnetic fusion research, electron spin resonance and nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atmospheric research
[1]–[4] motivated the researchers to develop the gyrotron.
A gyrotron contains a number of subassemblies, namely,
magnetron injection gun (MIG), beam tunnel, interaction
cavity, nonlinear taper, mode converter, window, collector,
and superconducting magnet. Under the influence of high
axial magnetic field, the gyrating-electron beam is emitted
from cathode contained in MIG. It reaches in interaction
cavity after being adiabatically compressed in beam tunnel and
interacts with transverse component of electric field intensity
of the cavity mode of interaction to transfer part of its
azimuthal kinetic energy into coherent electromagnetic radi-
ation. The electromagnetic radiation thus generated in cavity
mode through nonlinear taper reaches to entrance of mode
launcher, which converts cavity mode to a nearly Gaussian
RF beam. This nearly Gaussian RF beam is phase corrected
Manuscript received October 1, 2017; revised November 9, 2017; accepted
November 14, 2017. The review of this paper was arranged by Senior Editor
D. A. Shiffler. (Corresponding author: Vishal Kesari.)
The authors are with the Microwave Tube Research and Development
Centre, Bengaluru 560013, India (e-mail: vishal_kesari@rediffmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2017.2774503
0093-3813 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1
in mirror section to give a Gaussian RF beam that comes
out of sealed vacuum envelope to atmosphere through RF
window. The mode launcher with mirror section separates the
RF beam from hollow-gyrating-electron beam and propagates
it in the transverse/radial direction. The spent hollow-gyrating-
electron beam gave away its remaining energy to the collector,
mounted at the end of the device [1]–[4]. The internal mode
converter [4]–[12] of a transverse output gyrotron consists of a
quasi-optical mode launcher for mode conversion and a mirror
section containing a set of mirrors with surface deformations
for phase corrections and minimizing the astigmatism. The
mode launcher is a smooth (Vlasov type) [6], [7] or a dimpled-
wall (Denisov type) [4], [5], [8]–[13] cylindrical tapered
waveguide with a helical cut or step cut. The mode conversion
in Vlasov-type launcher is ∼85%; however, it is higher for
Denisov type [12].
In this paper, the design and simulation of a mode launcher
with helical cut and surface deformations, and the mirror
section with four synthesized toroidal mirrors are presented for
a W -band transverse output gyrotron. A helically corrugated
launcher and three curved mirrors were used for 94 GHz,
TE5,3 mode gyrotron for getting more than 95% vector
Gaussian mode content at the window plane [5]. A Vlasov-
type launcher with two adapted phase correcting mirrors was
used in 94 GHz, TE6,2 mode gyrotron for vector Gaussian
mode content of 97.38% on window plane with a power
transmission efficiency of 87.19% [6]. A Vlasov launcher with
two quasi-optical reflectors was used for 94 GHz, TE6,2 mode
gyrotron to obtain 85.6% Gaussian mode content at the win-
dow plane [7]. A TE6,2 -to-Gaussian mode converter including
a Denisov-type launcher and a set of four nonsynthesized
mirrors: one quasi-parabolic, two spherical, and one flat, was
reported at 95 GHz predicting the value of cross-correlation
function at the window plane as 97.9% in simulation and
97.7% in experiment [8]. The Denisov launcher with four
smooth mirrors was used in 1.5 MW, 110 GHz, and TE22,6
mode gyrotron [9], [10] to achieve an RF beam with 96%
Gaussian mode content at the output window. A quasi-optical
TE01–TEM00 mode converter for W -band gyro-traveling-wave
tubes was developed to achieve the mode conversion efficiency
above 95% [11].
In the W -band frequency range, we report a Denisov-
type TE6,2 -to-Gaussian mode launcher with a set of four
synthesized toroidal mirrors. The present mode converter
differs from that reported in [8] by the types of mirrors and
synthesis implemented for the mirrors. The design of such
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2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE

a mode converter is proposed in this paper to get possible theorem. The Sobolev–Denisov synthesis algorithm [23] uses
maximum energy conservation (>95%) and Gaussian mode the surface electric and magnetic fields for estimating the
content (>98%) at the RF window plane. The parametric surface deformation that may call for higher accuracies than
analysis is carried out using geometric optics theory [14] the usually needed to get the radiated fields. The said higher
to obtain the initial dimensional parameters of quasi-optical accuracy is being obtained by finer meshing and increased field
mode launcher, which are fed to Surf3d simulation tool [15] wave expansion order [15]. The described method is proved
to get the optimized inner radius profiles of the mode launcher to be an efficient iterative process [15].
for the best possible result (Section II). A mirror section
(Section III) is then included with mode launcher to carry III. M ODELING AND S IMULATION OF M IRROR S ECTION
out the synthesis of the complete mode converter (Section IV).
In order to define the mirror positions, the origin of the
Further, the outcomes are discussed (Section V) and concluded
Cartesian coordinate system is chosen as the center of the
(Section VI).
circle at the start plane of the mode launcher and the launcher
axis taken as z-axis. The longitudinal cross section of the mode
II. M ODELING AND S IMULATION OF M ODE L AUNCHER launcher lie in xy plane and all the y-coordinates are zero over
the launcher cut line. Clearly, the launcher cut line lie in xz
The geometric optics theory [14] is used for parametric
plane (Fig. 1). For simplicity, the toroidal mirrors are selected
analysis of the mode launcher. The proposed mode launcher
for the mirror section. Based on typically fixed z-distance
should convert TE6,2 mode to Gaussian mode in a 95-GHz
(298 mm) of RF window center from origin, the number of
transverse output gyrotron with a conversion efficiency higher
mirrors is chosen as four. At this stage one may need to carry
than 90% for lesser phase correction requirement in mirror
out an exercise for aligning the mirrors by taking four smooth
section. For this required design parameters Brillouin angle is
surface toroidal mirrors to get the required RF output beam at
calculated as 67.72°, helical cut angle as 70.6°, and launcher
the window center. It is also required to check if the RF beam
cut length as 13.6 mm. The total launcher length may be
radiated out of the launcher is shifted in x-direction. In order
considered as 4 and 5 times of cut length. A clockwise
to correct this shift, all the four mirrors need to be given a
helical cut Denisov-type launcher is considered that includes
compensatory shift in x-direction. This fixes the x-coordinate
deformations over the inner surface of the launcher. These
of the center of all the four mirrors. Further, the coordinates of
deformations allow the launcher to convert the cavity mode to
the centers and the radii of curvature in x- and z-directions of
Gaussian like RF beam due to axial and azimuthal bunching
all the toroidal mirrors need to be suitably chosen. One may fix
of the satellite modes generated inside the launcher. The
the centers, major and minor radii, and the relative distances of
surface deformations inside the launcher will change the
the four mirrors for getting minimum beam divergence, nearly
boundaries and the waveguide mode will couple into a number
Gaussian RF beam and RF beam positioned around the center
of waveguide modes, which can be analyzed using the coupled
of the window plane. As the RF beam radiated out from mode
mode theory [16]–[19]. The surface deformations are defined
launcher need to progress in positive z-direction, first three
in such a way that this set of waveguide modes will include a
mirrors may be given a tilt away from launcher axis. Further,
set of nine satellite modes: TE4,3, TE7,2 , TE10,1 , TE3,3 , TE6,2 ,
for the requirement of RF beam to be perpendicular to window
TE9,1 , TE2,3 , TE5,2 , and TE8,1 with their relative power levels
plane, the fourth mirror may be given an inclination toward
around 3%, 11%, 3%, 11%, 44%, 11%, 3%, 11%, and 3%,
the axis of the mode converter. At this stage one may measure
respectively, which combine to result into Gaussian like RF
the RF beam parameters, such as: beam widths, propagation
beam at the launcher cut aperture [16]–[19].
angle, and the beam center in the window plane. Here, it is
The design parameters are fed to the Surf3d software [15]
required to check the mode conversion efficiency, divergence
for simulation and surface synthesis. The deformations in the
and astigmatism of the RF beam as compared to their values
inner surface of the launcher improve the conversion efficiency
just after the mode launcher. It is obvious in the literature that
of the launcher. In Surf3d, the full-wave analysis is done
the mode conversion efficiency may improve very limited by
through electrical field integral equation (EFIE) [20]–[22].
using the smooth surface mirrors; however, it reduces the beam
Following EFIE approach, the waveguide fields can be
divergence and astigmatism to a sufficient extent. Therefore,
expressed in terms of surface currents. Surf3d automatically
it requires synthesis of mirrors to obtain small deformations
considers all the waveguide modes and allows the calculation
(perturbations) at the inner surface of the toroidal mirrors
of electromagnetic field in the waveguide with different types
while the center positions, arc lengths and radii of curvatures
of geometry. The slight taper of launcher prevents spurious
may not alter for the further phase corrections and the beam
oscillations, and the short launcher length is desirable to avoid
convergence.
interception of RF beam with the expanding spent electron
beam under the influence of decreasing magnetic field in
the launcher and mirror section. The surface synthesis is IV. S URFACE S YNTHESIS OF C ONVERTER
performed in Surf3d [15] for optimizing the deformations over For the purpose of surface synthesis of the converter one
the inner surface of the launcher and mirrors for efficient cou- may need to define a reference plane parallel to the window
pling from the input waveguide mode to an output Gaussian plane, where the minimum size of the beam width will
RF beam. This synthesis process uses the Sobolev–Denisov appear. In the present case, reference plane is typically chosen
synthesis algorithm [23], which is based on the reciprocity outside the vacuum envelope at y = 120 mm. The parameters
 This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.
SHAHANA K. et al.: SIMULATION OF TE6,2 -TO-GAUSSIAN INTERNAL MODE CONVERTER
Fig. 1. Inner radius profile with deformed surface of the mode launcher
obtained using Surf3d.
considered for the surface synthesis of the converter are the
required beam waist size in x- and y-directions at the reference
plane, propagation angle of the output RF beam and the
required center position of the RF beam at the reference
plane. The initial observation predicts the beam waist size
in x- and y-directions as 12 mm, the propagation angle of
the output RF beam normal to window or reference plane,
and the center position of the output RF beam as (0.7, 120,
298) (the dimensions are in millimeter.). Further, we allow
Surf3d to incorporate the deformation (surface synthesis) over
the mirror surface in iterative steps. Here, we need to examine
the maximum deviation of the surface deformation, which
may be computed using the Sobolev–Denisov algorithm [23].
The allowable value of this maximum deviation should be
much less than a wavelength, which is being controlled by
deformation scale parameter under the surface synthesis dialog
box of Surf3d [15].
V. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
The outcome of parametric analysis carried out using the
geometric optics theory [14] (Section II) is fed to Surf3d
for further optimization. This analysis revises the structural
parameter to result in the launcher length to cut-length ratio
4.15, taper angle 0.23° and the helical cut angle 70.6° for
achieving energy conversion of 92% and Gaussian fit of 81.8%
before the surface synthesis of the launcher (Table I). The
RF beam radiates at 64° with respect to the launcher axis.
The surface synthesis of the launcher is carried out using
Surf3d, which generates surface deformations at the inner
surface of the launcher waveguide (Fig. 1). One can plot
radiated field out of the launcher in planar or cylindrical plane
using Surf3d at any distance from the waveguide. Two of such
planer plots, YZ planar field intensity plot at x = 0 plane
[Fig. 2(a)] and XZ planar field intensity plot at y = 5 mm
[Fig. 2(b)] away from the launcher axis are shown (Fig. 2).
Both the energy conversion and Gaussian fit achieved with the
synthesized mode launcher are obtained as 97% (Table I), and
the maximum surface deviation in radial direction is obtained
as 0.143λ. Thus, the surface synthesis of the mode launcher
3
Fig. 2. (a) YZ planar at x = 0 and (b) XZ planar at y = 5 mm field intensity
plots obtained using Surf3d after surface synthesis of the mode launcher with
no mirror.
helps in improving the energy conversion by 2% and Gaussian
fit by 15.2%.
The modeling and simulation of mirrors are carried out
by following the guidelines detailed in Section III. An initial
exercise is carried out for alignment of four smooth surface
toroidal mirrors to get the required RF output beam at the
window center (0, 115, 298). (The dimensions are in mil-
limeter.) In this exercise, it is observed that the RF beam
radiated out of the launcher is 2 mm shifted to positive
x-direction. In order to compensate this shift, all the four
mirrors are given a 2 mm shift in x-direction. This fixes the
x-coordinate of the center of all the four mirrors as 2 mm.
The coordinate of the center of the first mirror is taken as
(2, 20, 60), and the radii of curvature in x- and z-directions
are 50 and 20 mm, respectively. Similarly, the coordinate of
the center of the second mirror is taken as (2, −30, 100), and
the radii of curvature in x- and z-directions are 80 and 50 mm,
respectively. The coordinate of the center of the third mirror
is taken as (2, 38, 167), and the radii of curvature in x- and
z-directions are 120 and 50 mm, respectively. The coordinate
of the center of the fourth mirror is taken as (2, −55, 298),
and the radii of curvature in x- and z-directions are 185 and
55 mm, respectively [Fig. 3(a)].
The four smooth toroidal mirrors are arranged such that
at window plane, the beam should spread over 40-mm diam-
eter for the case of 60-mm window diameter with required
Gaussian mode content (>90%). The foci are adjusted by
controlling the radii of curvatures in x- and z-directions. The
first three mirrors are given 5° of inclination away from the
 This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.
4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE
Fig. 3. (a) YZ planar at x = 0 and (b) XZ planar at window plane
field intensity plots obtained for the mode converter with synthesized mode
launcher and four nonsynthesized smooth toroidal mirrors. The straight line
boundaries in (a) define the probable size of converter envelope.
launcher axis. Ensuring the RF beam to be perpendicular to
window plane, the fourth mirror is inclined by 27.2° toward
the axis of mode launcher [Fig. 3(a)]. After the alignment
of smooth mirrors, the Gaussian fit at the window plane is
found to be 94.4% and beam widths in x- and z-directions are
8.88 and 13.67 mm, respectively (Table I) [Fig. 3(b)].
The mirrors are synthesized to improve the energy conserva-
tion and the Gaussian fit, and to minimize astigmatism of the
RF beam radiated out from the gyrotron window (Fig. 4). The
energy conservation and the Gaussian fit at the window plane
are obtained as 96% and 98.9%, respectively, after synthesis of
the mirrors [Fig. 4(b)]. Thus, one may note that synthesizing
a set of four toroidal mirrors with a Denisov-type launcher
predicts 1% better Gaussian fit at the window plane than that
reported [8] with a set of four nonsynthesized mirrors: one
quasi-parabolic, two spherical, and one flat [8] in simulation.
In this exercise of getting 98.9% of Gaussian fit and 96% of
energy conservation in the RF beam, definitely the relative
power levels for the satellite modes are not the same as their
ideal theoretical values (Section II). The deviation of Gaussian
fit and energy conservation from their ideal values may be
understood due to the presence of some unwanted modes
in the mode launcher. The beam divergence is also reduced
considerably [Fig. 4(a)] to make the beam widths of output RF
beam at the window plane [Fig. 4(b)] in x- and z-directions
Fig. 4. (a) YZ planar at x = 0 and (b) XZ planar at window plane field
intensity plots obtained for mode converter with synthesized mode launcher
and four synthesized (deformed surface) toroidal mirrors. The straight line
boundaries in (a) define the probable size of converter envelope.
as 10.46 and 13.81 mm, respectively (Table I). The maximum
surface deformation level for the four mirrors are obtained as
3.1 × 10−5λ (mirror #1), 2.5 × 10−5 λ (mirror #2), 4.1 × 10−5λ
(mirror #3), and 1.1 × 10−5 λ (mirror #4) after 18 iterations.
The Gaussian fit is found to be improved up to 99.1% outside
(y = 135 mm) the RF window and the quality of RF beam is
maintained in the further propagation. One may now observe
that the Gaussian fit of the RF beam obtained at window plane
is improved by 1.9% as compared to the RF beam radiated out
from the mode launcher, at the cost of 2% reduction in the
energy conservation. Moreover, the significant improvement,
46° in x-direction and 6.18° in z-direction, in divergence of
the RF beam are achieved (Table I).
In Table I, one may compare stage II against stage I for
examining the effect of the synthesis of the launcher, stage III
against stage I for addition of mirrors to the launcher, and
stage IV against stage III for synthesis of mirrors. The addition
of four nonsynthesized mirrors (stage III) to the synthesized
launcher (stage II) disturb the RF beam a little, therefore
both the energy conversation and Gaussian fit reduce. This
exercise is required for guiding the RF beam to come out
properly with minimum possible divergence through the RF
window. The addition of four synthesized mirrors (stage IV)
to the synthesized launcher (stage II) improves the Gaussian
fit by 1.9% at the rate of 1% reduction in energy conservation.
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SHAHANA K. et al.: SIMULATION OF TE6,2 -TO-GAUSSIAN INTERNAL MODE CONVERTER
TABLE I
E NERGY C ONSERVATION , G AUSSIAN F IT, B EAM W IDTH , AND
D IVERGENCE OF THE RF B EAM O BTAINED AT VARIOUS
S TAGES OF C ONVERTER D ESIGN
This reduction in energy conservation may be understood
against the phase correction and the improvement in the
divergence of the RF beam (Table I).
VI. C ONCLUSION
A TE6,2 -to-Gaussian mode converter has been designed,
simulated, and synthesized using Surf3d software for a
95-GHz transverse output gyrotron. The proposed mode con-
verter gives an improved energy conservation of 96% and
Gaussian fit of 98.9% after phase corrections and minimization
of astigmatism. The envelope length and envelope radius of the
proposed mode converter are 336 and 75 mm, respectively. The
mode converter contains a short-length dimpled mode launcher
with launcher-length-to-cut-length ratio of 4.15, launcher taper
angle 0.23°, and four dimpled toroidal mirrors, which has
resulted in an RF beam of the beam widths 10.46 and
13.81 mm in x- and z-directions, respectively, with the
divergence less than 1°.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like thankful to Director, Microwave
Tube Research and Development Centre, Bengaluru, India, for
his support and permission to publish this paper.
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Shahana K. received the B.Tech. degree in elec-
tronics and communication from Mahatma Gandhi
University, Kottayam, India, and the M.Tech. degree
in optoelectronics and communication systems from
the Cochin University of Science and Technology,
Cochin, India, in 2009 and 2012, respectively.
She is currently a Junior Research Fellow with the
Microwave Tube Research and Development Cen-
ter, DRDO, Bengaluru, India. Her current research
interests include the design of quasi-optical mode
converter for gyrotron.
 This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.

6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE

Vishal Kesari received the M.Sc. degree in physics
from Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India, and the
Ph.D. degree in electronics engineering) from the
Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, India, in 2001 and 2006, respectively.
He is a Scientist with the Microwave Tube
R&D Centre, DRDO, Bengaluru, India. His current
research interests include microwave and millimeter-
wave vacuum electronic devices. He has authored a
book and numerous research papers in peer-reviewed
journals and conference proceedings.
microwave tubes and power modules.
Rengaswamy Seshadri received the M.Sc. degree in
physics from Bharthidasan University, Trichy, India,
in 1985, the M.Tech. degree in microwave electron-
ics from Delhi University, Delhi, India, in 2001, and
the Ph.D. degree in electronics engineering degree
from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, India, in 2010.
Since 1989, he has been a Scientist with the
Microwave Tube Research and Development Cen-
ter, DRDO, Bengaluru, India. His current research
interests include the design and development of

Shantanu Karmakar received the B.Tech. degree

in radiophysics and electronics from the Institute of
Radiophysics and Electronics, Kolkata, India, and
the M.Tech. in electronics engineering from the
Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Uni-
versity, Varanasi, India, in 1992 and 2004, respec-
tively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with
VIT University, Vellore, India.
He has been a Scientist with the Microwave
Tube Research and Development Centre, DRDO,
Bengaluru, India, since 1994. His current research
interest includes helix-traveling-wave tubes and gyrotron devices.