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Mahdi
The Mahdi (Arabic: ‫ﻣﮭﺪي‬, ISO 233: mahdī, literally "guided one") is an eschatological redeemer of Islam who
will appear and will rule for five, seven, nine, or nineteen years (according to differing interpretations)[1][2] before
the Day of Judgement (yawm al-qiyamah, literally, the Day of Resurrection)[3] and will violently rid the world
of evil.[4]

There is no reference to the Mahdi in the Quran,[5] only in the ahadith (the reports and traditions of
Muhammad's teachings collected after his death). In most traditions, Mahdi will arrive with Jesus (Isa) to defeat
Masih ad-Dajjal (literally, the "false Messiah" or Antichrist).[6] Although the concept of a Mahdi is not an
essential doctrine in Sunni Islam,[7] he is popular among both Sunni and Shia Muslims. Both agree that he will
rule over the Muslims and establish justice; however, they differ extensively on his attributes and status.

Throughout history, various individuals have claimed to be the Mahdi. These have included Muhammad
Jaunpuri, founder of the Mahdavia sect; the Báb (Siyyid Ali Muhammad), founder of Bábism; Muhammad
Ahmad, who established the Mahdist state in Sudan in the late 19th century, Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi; and
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya sect. The name of Muhammad Al-Mahdi with
Islamic calligraphy as it appears in Al-
Masjid an-Nabawi.

Contents
Historical development
Sunni Islam
References interpreted in hadith
Modern views
Twelver Shia Islam
References interpreted in hadith
Shia doctrine regarding to longevity of the Mahdi
Imam Mahdi in the Quran
Sunni and Sufi authors sharing Twelvers' view on Mahdi
Isma'ilis
Other sects
Ahmadiyya

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Mahdavia
Other religions
Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths
Persons claiming to be the Mahdi
See also
References
Bibliography
Historical sources
Modern sources
Links

Historical development
The term mahdi does not occur in the Quran, but it is derived from the Arabic root h-d-y, commonly used to mean "divine guidance". The term al-Mahdi was
employed from the beginning of Islam, but only as an honorific epithet and without any messianic significance.[5] As an honorific it has been used in some
instances to describe Muhammad (by Hassan ibn Thabit), as well as Abraham, al-Hussain, and various Umayyad rulers (hudāt mahdiyyūn).[5] During the second
civil war (680-692), after the death of Muʾawiya, the term acquired a new meaning of a ruler who would restore Islam to its perfect form and restore justice after
oppression.[5] In Kufa during the rebellion in 680s, Al-Mukhtar proclaimed Muhammad al-Hanafiyyah as the Mahdi in this heightened sense. Among the
Umayyads, Sulayman encouraged the belief that he was the Mahdi, and other Umayyad rulers, like Umar II, have been addressed as such in the panegyrics of Jarir
and al-Farazdaq.[5]

Early discussions about the identity of al-Mahdi by religious scholars can be traced back to the time after the Second Fitna. These discussions developed in
different directions and were influenced by traditions (hadiths) attributed to Muhammad. In Umayyad times, scholars and traditionists not only differed on which
caliph or rebel leader should be designated as Mahdi, but also on whether the Mahdi is a messianic figure and if signs and predictions of his time have been
satisfied.[5] By the time of the Abbasid Revolution in the year 750, Mahdi was already a known concept. Evidence shows that the first Abbasid caliph As-Saffah
assumed the title of "the Mahdi" for himself.[5]

In Shia Islam, it seems likely that the attribution of messianic qualities to the Mahdi originated from two of the groups supporting al-Hanafiyyah: southern Arabian
settlers and local recent converts in Iraq. They became known as Kaysanites, and introduced what later became two key aspects of the Shia's concept of the Mahdi.
The first was the notion of return of the dead, particularly of the Imams. The second was that after al-Hanafiyyah's death they believed he was, in fact, in hiding in
the Razwa mountains near Medina. This later developed into the doctrine known as the Occultation.[8] The Mahdi appeared in early Shi’ite narratives, spread
widely among Shi’ite groups and became dissociated from its historical figure, Muhammad al-Hanafiyyah. During the 10th century, based on these earlier beliefs,
the doctrine of Mahdism was extensively expanded by Al-Kulayni, Ibrahim al-Qummi and Ibn Babawayh.[9] In particular, in the early 10th century, the doctrine of

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the Occultation, which declares that the Twelfth Imam did not die but was concealed by God from the eyes of men, was expounded. The Mahdi became
synonymous with the "Hidden Imam" who was thought to be in occultation awaiting the time that God has ordered for his return. This return is envisaged as
occurring shortly before the final Day of judgment.[4] In fact, the concept of the "hidden Imam" was attributed to several Imams in turn.[10]

Some historians suggest that the term itself was probably introduced into Islam by southern Arabian tribes who had settled in Syria in the mid-7th century. They
believed that the Mahdi would lead them back to their homeland and reestablish the Himyarite kingdom. They also believed that he would eventually conquer
Constantinople.[8] It has also been suggested that the concept of the Mahdi may have been derived from messianic Judeo-Christian beliefs.[9][11] Accordingly,
traditions were introduced to support certain political interests, especially Anti-Abbassid sentiments.[11][12] These traditions about the Mahdi appeared only at later
times in hadith collections such as Jami' at-Tirmidhi and Sunan Abi Dawud, but are absent from the early works of Bukhari and Muslim.[3]

Sunni Islam
Since Sunnism has no established doctrine of Mahdi, compositions of Mahdi varies among Sunni scholars.[13] While some scholars like Ibn Khaldun even disputed
the authenticity of references concerning the Mahdi in hadithliterature, others like Ibn Kathir elaborated a whole apocalyptic scenario which included prophecies
about Mahdi, Jesus and Dajjal during the endtime.[14] Some Sunni beliefs deny the Mahdi as a separate figure, accordingly Jesus will fulfill this role and judge over
mankind, thus Mahdi is considered as a title for Jesus, then he returns.[15] However the more common opinion among Sunni Muslims is, that the Mahdi is an
expected ruler send by God before the endtime to reestablish righteousness,[8] coincides with the Second Coming of Jesus Christ (Isa),[6] but, unlike most Shia
traditions, Sunni Islam often do not believe the Mahdi has already been born,[16] but there is a group of Sunni famous scholars who mentioned that Mahdi has
already been born, such as Al-Dhahabi, Ibn-Hajar, Abu al-Falah Hanbali, al-Qunduzi and so on; meanwhile, Sheikh Najm al-Din al-Askari in his book[17] named 40
of Sunni scholars who mentioned that Mahdi has already been born.[18][19][20][17][21] Sunnis in general reject the Twelver Shi'ite principle of the Mahdi's occultation.
Sunnis do, however, rely on traditionally canonical collections of narrations for derivations of the Mahdi's attributes and lineage. According to Sunan Abi Dawud,
one of the six canonical books of Hadith in Sunni Islam, narrated by Umm Salamah, "The Prophet said: The Mahdi will be of my family, of the descendants of
Fatimah." [22]

In heavy contrast with Shia Islam, Sunnis have a much more human view of the Mahdi, who they believe will be nothing less than the most rightly guided Muslim
of his time. He will be rectified in a single night (which is taken to mean that the provisions for his leadership and rule will be made in a single night). According to
Sunan Ibn Majah, one of the six canonical collections of Hadith, narrated by 'Ali, "Mahdi is one of us, the people of the Household. Allah will rectify him in a single
night." [23] Whereas much of the Shi'ite belief ascribes divine faculties—in some circles of Shi'ite Islam it is even believed that the Mahdi can mentally control the
wind and vegetation by God's permission—and transcendent status to the Mahdi, Sunnis believe he will be altogether human but will have sagacity, especially as it
pertains to leading other people and ruling a nation. Sunnis believe he will rise and be recognized by his continued philanthropy, charity, piety, facial features,
name, and sense of justice, not through direct divine intervention. It is not unreasonable to suspect, based on these narrations, that the Mahdi may not be known to
the people immediately, even after being born and living for quite some time without the title of Mahdi (hence, being rectified by God). According to Sunan Abi
Dawud, "The Prophet said: The Mahdi will be of my stock, and will have a broad forehead [and] a prominent nose. He will fill the earth with equity and justice as it
was filled with oppression and tyranny, and he will rule for seven years." [24]

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References interpreted in hadith


The Mahdi is frequently mentioned in Sunni hadith as establishing the caliphate. Among Sunnis, some believe the Mahdi will be an ordinary man. The following
Sunni hadith make references to the Mahdi:

Muhammad is quoted as saying about the Mahdi:

His name will be my name, and his father's name my father's name[8]

Even if the entire duration of the world's existence has already been exhausted and only one day is left before Doomsday, Allah will expand that day
to such length of time as to accommodate the kingdom of a person from my Ahlul-Bayt who will be called by my name. He will fill out the earth with
peace and justice as it will have been full of injustice and tyranny (by then).[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]

Umm Salama, a wife of Muhammad, is quoted as saying that;

His [the Mahdi's] aim is to establish a moral system from which all superstitious faiths have been eliminated. In the same way that students enter
Islam, so unbelievers will come to believe.[34]

When the Mahdi appears, Allah will cause such power of vision and hearing to be manifested in believers that the Mahdi will call to the whole world
from where he is, with no postman involved, and they will hear and even see him.[35]

Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri is quoted as saying:

The Messenger of Allah said: "He is one of us".[36]

The Messenger of Allah said: "The Mahdi is of my lineage, with a high forehead and a long, thin, curved nose. He will fill the earth with fairness and
justice as it was filled with oppression and injustice, and he will rule for seven years.[37]

The Messenger of Allah said: "At the end of the time of my ummah, the Mahdi will appear. Allah will grant him rain, the earth will bring forth its
fruits, he will give a lot of money, cattle will increase and the ummah will become great. He will rule for seven or eight years.[38]

At-Tirmidhi reported that Muhammad said:

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The Mahdi is from my Ummah; he will be born and live to rule five or seven or nine years. (If) one goes to him and says, "Give me (a charity)", he will
fill one's garment with what one needs.

At-Tirmidhi reported that Muhammad said:

The face of the Mahdi shall shine upon the surface of the Moon.

At-Tarabani reported that:

His forehead will be broad and his nose will be high, his face will shine like a star and he will have a black spot on his left cheek.[39]

Amr bin Shuaib reported from his grandfather that the Messenger of Allah said:

In Dhu al-Qi'dah (Islamic month), there will be fight among the tribes, Muslim pilgrims will be looted and there will be a battle in Mina in which
many people will be slain and blood will flow until it runs over the Jamaratul Aqba (one of the three stone pillars at Mina). The man they seek will
flee and will be found between the Rukn (a corner of the Kaaba containing the Black Stone) and the Maqam of Prophet Abraham (near Ka'ba).
He will be forced to accept people's Bay'ah (being chosen as a Leader/Caliph). The number of those offering Bay'ah will be the same as the
number of the people of Badr (Muslim fighters who participated in the Battle of Badr at time of Prophet Mohammad). Then, the dweller of
Heaven and the dweller of the Earth will be pleased with him.[40]

Modern views
A typical modernist in his views on the Mahdi, Abul Ala Maududi (1903–1979), the Pakistani Islamic revivalist, stated that the Mahdi will be a modern Islamic
reformer/statesman, who will unite the Ummah and revolutionise the world according to the ideology of Islam, but will never claim to be the Mahdi, instead
receiving posthumous recognition as such.[41]

Some Islamic scholars reject Mahdi doctrine, including Allama Tamanna Imadi (1888–1972),[42] Allama Habibur Rahman Kandhalvi,[43] and Javed Ahmad
Ghamidi (1951- ).[44][45]

Javed Ahmad Ghamidi writes in his Mizan:

Besides these, the coming of the Mahdi and that of Jesus from the heavens are also regarded as signs of the Day of Judgment. I have not mentioned
them. The reason is that the narratives of the coming of the Mahdi do not conform to the standards of hadith criticism set forth by the muhaddithun.
Some of them are weak and some fabricated; no doubt, some narratives, which are acceptable with regard to their chain of narration, inform us of the

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coming of a generous caliph; (Muslim, No: 7318) however, if they are deeply deliberated upon, it becomes evident that the caliph they refer to is
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz who was the last caliph from a Sunni standpoint. This prediction of the Prophet has thus materialized in his personality, word
for word. One need not wait for any other Mahdi now.

Ahmed Hulusi interpreted the Mahdi as a part of the inner self. Therefore, the Mahdi awakes in a person to defeat the inner Dajjal. The Mahdi stands for attaining
selflessness and realizing a person's own existence as a part of God.[46]

Twelver Shia Islam


For most Shia Muslims, the Mahdi was born but disappeared and will remain hidden from humanity until he reappears to bring justice to the world, a doctrine
known as the Occultation. For Twelver Shia, this "hidden Imam" is Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Twelfth Imam. According to Shia Quran commentators, implicit
references to the Mahdi can be found in the Quran.[47]

Twelver Shi'ites (as the main branch of Shia, which consists of 85% of all Shia Muslims[48][49][50][51]) claim that their twelfth Imam, Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-
Askari, who went into occultation around 256/873-874, is the promised Mahdi, who will appear before the day of Judgement, to restore justice and equity on
earth.[52] In Shia Islam, the Mahdi is associated with the belief in the Occultation, that the Mahdi is a "hidden Imam" who has already been born and who will one
day return alongside Jesus to fill the world with justice.[16] The promised Mahdi, who is usually mentioned in Shia Islam by his title of Imam-Al-Asr (the Imam of
the "Period") and Sahib al-Zaman (the Lord of the Age), is the son of the eleventh Imam. His name is the same as that of the Prophet of Islam. According to Shia
Islam, Mahdi was born in Samarra in 868 and until 872 when his father was martyred, lived under his father's care and tutelage. He was hidden from public view
and only a few of the elite among the Shi’ah were able to meet him.[53]

By Shi'ism, belief in the messianic Imam is not a part of their creed but it is the foundation of their creed.[52] Shias believe that after the martyrdom of his father he
became Imam and by Divine Command went into occultation (ghaybat). Thereafter he appeared only to his deputies (na’ib) and even then only in exceptional
circumstances. [53]

In Shias' perspective, Mahdi chose as a special deputy for a time Uthman ibn Sa’id ’Umari, one of the companions of his father and grandfather who was his
confidant and trusted friend. Through his deputy Mahdi would answer the demands and questions of the Shias. After Uthman ibn Sa’id, his son Muhammad ibn
Uthman Umari was appointed the deputy of him. After the death of Muhammad ibn Uthman, Abu’l Qasim Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti was the special deputy, and
after his death Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari was chosen for this task.[53]

A few days before the death of Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari in 939 an order was issued by Mahdi stating that in six days Ali ibn Muhammad Simmari would die.
Henceforth the special deputation of the Imam would come to an end and the major occultation (ghaybat-i kubra) would begin and would continue until the day
God grants permission to the Imam to manifest himself.[53]

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In Shia view, the occultation of Mahdi is, therefore, divided into two parts: the first, the minor occultation (ghaybat-i sughra) which began in 872 and ended in 939,
lasting about seventy years; the second, the major occultation which commenced in 939 and will continue as long as God wills it. In a hadith upon whose
authenticity Shia and Sunni agree, Muhammad has said, "If there were to remain in the life of the world but one day, God would prolong that day until He sends in
it a man from my community and my household. His name will be the same as my name. He will fill the earth with equity and justice as it was filled with
oppression and tyranny." [53][54]

Shias believe that the arrival of the Mahdi will be signalled by the following portents:[4]

The vast majority of people who profess to be Muslim will be so only in name despite their practice of Islamic rites, and it will be they who make war with the
Mahdi.
Before his coming will come the red death and the white death, killing two thirds of the world's population. The red death signifies violence and the white death
is plague. One third of the world's population will die from the red death and the other third from the white death.
Several figures will appear: the Al-Harth, Al-Mansur, Shuaib bin Saleh and the Sufyani.
There will be a great conflict in the land of Syria, until it is destroyed.
Death and fear will afflict the people of Baghdad and Iraq. A fire will appear in the sky and a redness will cover them.
Shia traditions also state that the Mahdi be "a young man of medium stature with a handsome face" and black hair and beard. "He will not come in an odd year [...]
will appear in Mecca between the corner of the Kaaba and the station of Abraham and people will witness him there.[4]

References interpreted in hadith


Muhammad is reported in hadith to have said:

The Mahdi is the protector of the knowledge, the heir to the knowledge of all the prophets, and is aware of all things.[55][56]

The dominion (authority) of the Mahdi is one of the proofs that God has created all things; these are so numerous that his [the Mahdi's] proofs will
overcome (will be influential, will be dominant) everyone and nobody will have any counter-proposition against him.[57]

People will flee from him [the Mahdi] as sheep flee from the shepherd. Later, people will begin to look for a purifier. But since they can find none to
help them but him, they will begin to run to him.[58]

When matters are entrusted to competent [the Mahdi], Almighty God will raise the lowest part of the world for him, and lower the highest places. So
much that he will see the whole world as if in the palm of his hand. Which of you cannot see even a single hair in the palm of his hand?[59]

In the time of the Mahdi, a Muslim in the East will be able to see his Muslim brother in the West, and he in the West will see him in the East.[60]
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Muhammad al-Baqir, the Fourth (Isma'ili) or Fifth (Twelver) Imam said of the Mahdi:

The Master of the Command was named as the Mahdi because he will dig out the Torah and other heavenly books from the cave in Antioch. He will
judge among the people of the Torah according to the Torah; among the people of the Gospel according to the Gospel; among the people of the
Psalms in accordance with the Psalms; among the people of the Qur'an in accordance with the Qur'an.

Ja'far al-Sadiq, the Sixth Imam, made the following prophecies:

Abu Bashir says: When I asked Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, "O son of the Messenger of God! Who is the Mahdi (qa'im) of your clan (ahl al-bayt)?", he
replied: "The Mahdi will conquer the world; at that time the world will be illuminated by the light of God, and everywhere in which those other than
God are worshipped will become places where God is worshiped; and even if the polytheists do not wish it, the only faith on that day will be the
religion of God.[61]

Sadir al-Sayrafi says: I heard from Imam Abu Abdullah Ja'far al-Sadiq that: Our modest Imam, to whom this occultation belongs [the Mahdi], who is
deprived of and denied his rights, will move among them and wander through their markets and walk where they walk, but they will not recognize
him ().[62]

Abu Bashir says: I heard Imam Muhammad al-Baqr say: "He said: When the Mahdi appears he will follow in the path of the Messenger of God. Only
he [the Mahdi] can explain the works of the Messenger of God.[63]

The face of the Mahdi shall shine upon the surface of the Moon.[64]

According to Twelevers, the main goal of the Mahdi will be to establish an Islamic state and to apply Islamic laws that were revealed to Muhammad.[65] The Mahdi
is believed to be the Twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi.[66] they believe that the Twelfth Imam will return from the Occultation as the Mahdi with "a company of
his chosen ones," and his enemies will be led by Antichrist and the Sufyani. The two armies will fight "one final apocalyptic battle" where the Mahdi and his forces
will prevail over evil. After the Mahdi has ruled Earth for a number of years, Isa will return.[4]

Shia doctrine regarding to longevity of the Mahdi

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Shia strongly believe that the prolonged lifespan of Mahdi is thoroughly justified according to rational, Quranic,
traditional, research-based and historical accounts. In this regard, some reasons will be expressed: 1-The Quran
includes verses that can show the Shia claim regarding the possibility of the prolonged lifespan of the Mahdi such as
the fourteenth verse of chapter Al-Ankabut (29). In this verse, Prophet Noah invited his people to God for 950 years.
Some Hadiths say that he lived for 2500 years.[67] Twenty-fifth verse of chapter Al-Kahf is the other one. This verse
states that the People of the Cave lived for 309 years asleep in the cave. 2-Narrations from Imams allege the feasibility
of a long-lasting life span in humans. For instance, Shia sources have been emphasized the longevity of Khizr; besides,
the meeting of Ali and Khizr is stated in Shia sources.[68]

Imam Mahdi in the Quran The name of Imam as it appears in


Masjid Nabawi
According to some interpretations of the Quran, throughout the history of human life, the earth has never been without
divine leaders and Allah has selected an appropriate man for every nation. There are two types of Quranic verses which
one can find out the existence of Imam Mahdi and advent of him. 1-Some verses show the necessity of the existence of Imam such as “…You are only a warner, and
there is a guide for every people (13:7). Imam Sadiq has said in this regard: there is a leader from our family at any time and guides people to the straight path.[69]
2-Some verses give good news that the government of believers will be created; such as this verse: “Certainly We wrote in the Psalms, after the Torah:" Indeed, My
righteous servants shall inherit the earth." [70]

Sunni and Sufi authors sharing Twelvers' view on Mahdi


In 648/1250-1 the Syrian Shafi'i author Muḥammad b. Yusuf al-Gandji al-Kurashi wrote K. al-Bayan fi akhbar sahib al-zaman in proving the Mahdiship of the
Twelfth Imam using Sunni traditions. In 650/1252 Kamalal-Din Muḥammad b. Talha al-ʿAdawi al-Nisibini, a Shafi'i scholar composed his Maṭalib al-suʾul fi
manaḳib al al-rasul answering Sunni objections to the belief that the Twelfth Imām was the Mahdi. The Sibt ibn al-Jawzi wrote Tadhkirat khawass al-umma bi-
dhikr khasaʾis al-aʾimma collecting hadiths from Sunni sources about the virtues of ʿAli and his descendants, and at the end affirmed that the Twelfth Imam was
the Expected Qaʾim and Mahdi. Among Sufi circles Abu Bakr al-Bayhaḳī (d. 458/1066) had noted that some Sufi gnostics (djamaʿa min ahl al-kashf) agreed with
the Imami doctrine about the identity of the Mahdi and his ghayba (occultation). The Persian Sufi Sadr al-Din Ibrahim al-Hammuyi (late 7th/13th century)
supported Imami doctrine on the Mahdi in his Faraʾid al-simtayn. The Egyptian Sufi al-Shaʿrani, while generally showing no sympathy for Shiʿism affirmed in his
al-Yawaḳit wa ’l-dj̲awahir (written in 958/1551) that the Mahdi was a son of Imam al-Hasan al-ʿAskari born in the year 255/869 and would remain alive until his
meeting with Jesus.[71]

Isma'ilis
For the Sevener Ismāʿīlī, the Imāmate ended with Isma'il ibn Ja'far, whose son Muhammad ibn Ismail was the expected Mahdi that Ja'far al-Sadiq had preached
about. However, at this point the Ismāʿīlī Imāms according to the Nizari and Mustaali found areas where they would be able to be safe from the recently founded
Abbasid Caliphate, which had defeated and seized control from the Umayyads in 750 AD.[72]

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Other sects

Ahmadiyya
In Ahmadiyya belief the terms "Messiah" and "Mahdi" are synonymous terms for one and the same person. Like the
term Messiah which, among other meanings, in essence means being anointed by God or appointed by God the term
"Mahdi" means guided by God, thus both imply a direct ordination or commissioning and a spiritual nurturing by God
of a divinely chosen individual. According to Ahmadiyya thought the prophesied eschatological figures of Christianity
and Islam, the Messiah and Mahdi, were in fact to be fulfilled in one person who was to represent all previous
prophets.[73] The prophecies concerning the Mahdi or the Second Coming of Jesus are seen by Ahmadis as metaphorical
and subject to interpretation. It is argued that one was to be born and rise within the dispensation of Muhammad, who
by virtue of his similarity and affinity with Jesus, and the similarity in nature, temperament and disposition of the
people of Jesus' time and the people of the time of the promised one (the Mahdi) is called by the same name.[74]

These prophecies according to Ahmadi Muslims have been fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–
1908), the founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement, who claimed to be divinely appointed as the second coming of Jesus
and the Mahdi in 1891 around the same point in time after Muhammad as Jesus had appeared after Moses (thirteen
centuries). Contrary to mainstream Islam, the Ahmadis do not believe that Jesus is alive in heaven, but claim that he
survived the crucifixion and migrated towards the east where he died a natural death and that Ghulam Ahmad was only
the promised spiritual second coming and likeness of Jesus, the promised Messiah and Mahdi.[75][76] Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of
the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam,
accepted as the Promised Messiah
Mahdavia and Mahdi in Ahmadiyya

The Mahdavia sect, founded by Muhammad Jaunpuri commonly known as Nur Pak claimed to be the Mahdi in Mecca,
in front of Kaaba (between rukn and maqam) in the Hijri year 901(10th Hijri), and is revered as such by Mahdavia. He was born in Jaunpur, traveled throughout
India, Arabia and Khorasan, where he died at the town of Farah, Afghanistan at the age of 63. The Mahdavi regard Jaunpuri as the Imam Mahdi, the Caliph of
Allah and the second most important figure after the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Other religions

Bábí and Bahá'í Faiths

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Alí Muḥammad Shírází (20 October 1819 – 9 July 1850), claimed to be the Mahdi on 24 May 1844, taking the name Báb (Arabic: ‫ ﺑﺎب‬/ English: Gate) and thereby
founding the religion of Bábism. He was later executed by firing squad in the town of Tabriz. His remains are buried in a tomb at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa,
Israel.

The Báb is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh (Arabic: ‫ ﺑﮭﺎء ﷲ‬/ English: Glory of God), and both are considered as Manifestation of God. The declaration by
the Báb to be the Mahdi is considered by Baha'is to be the beginning of the Bahá'í calendar.[77]

Persons claiming to be the Mahdi


The following individuals (or their adherents on their behalf) have claimed to be the Mahdi:

The first historical reference to a movement using the name of Mahdi is al-Mukhtar's rebellion against the Umayyad
caliphate in 686 CE, almost 50 years after Muhammad's death. Al-Mukhtar claimed that Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah,
a son of the fourth caliph, Ali, was the Mahdi and would save the Muslim people from the rule of the Umayyads. Ibn al-
Hanifiyyah himself was not actively involved in the rebellion, and when the Umayyads successfully quashed it, they left
him undisturbed.
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (985 – 13 February 1021), founder of the Druze sect.[78]
Ibn Tumart (1080-1130) founder and religious leader of the Almohad Caliphate in Morocco and Al-andalus
Muhammad Jaunpuri (1443–1505), founder of the Mahdavi sect. (See above.)
Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli (1559–1613), from the south of Morocco, was a Qādī and religious scholar who proclaimed
himself mahdi and led a revolution (1610–13) against the reigning Saadi dynasty.
The Báb, (Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad Shírází) claimed to be the Mahdi in 1844 A.D (in the year 1260 A.H), thereby
founding the religion of Bábism. He was later executed by firing squad in the town of Tabriz. His remains are currently
kept in a tomb at the Bahá'í World Centre in Haifa, Israel. The Báb is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, and
Muhammad Ahmad, a Sudanese
both are considered prophets of the Bahá'í Faith. The declaration by the Báb to be the Mahdi is considered by Baha'is
[79] Sufi sheikh, created a state, the
to be the beginning of the Bahá'í calendar.
Mahdiyah, on the basis of his
Muhammad Ahmad (1845–1885), a Sudanese Sufi sheikh of the Samaniyya order, declared himself Mahdi in June
1881 and went on to lead a successful military campaign against the Turko-Egyptian government of Sudan. Although claim to be the Mahdi.
he died shortly after capturing the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, in 1885, the Mahdist state continued under his
successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, until 1898, when it fell to the British army following the Battle of
Omdurman.[80][81]
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908) claimed to be both the Mahdi and the second coming of Jesus in the late nineteenth century in British India and founded
the Ahmadiyya religious movement in 1889. (See above.)
Muhammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani was proclaimed the Mahdi by his brother-in-law, Juhayman al-Otaibi, who led over 200 militants to seize the Grand
Mosque in Mecca in November 1979. The uprising was defeated after a two-week siege in which at least 300 people were killed.
Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq
Musa al-Kadhim (according to the Waqifite Shia)
Muhammad ibn Qasim (al-Alawi)
Yahya ibn Umar
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi
Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi (according to Messiah Foundation International)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi 11/15
12/27/2017 Mahdi - Wikipedia

Wallace Fard Muhammad, founder of the Nation of Islam

See also
Al-Qa'im (the Shi'a expectations) Masih ad-Dajjal
Islamic eschatology People claiming to be the Mahdi
Moshiach Parousia
List of Islamic terms in Arabic Sufyani
Mahdaviat

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ookbank.org/Files/21d1af68-b0c1-4e28-8b42-1f97feac88b0.pdf) (PDF) be shown in the framework of Ghulām Aḥmad's prophetology. Muḥammad
(First ed.). State University of New York Press. pp. 210–211 (185–186 in and Moses were similar to each other because they initiated the two
the ebook). ISBN 0-87395-272-3. prophetic chains; Jesus and Ghulām Aḥmad complete the divine scheme of
things by terminating them. They must therefore also be similar. They
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resemble each other both in the circumstances of their appearance and in
55. Bihar al-Anwar: 95: 378; 102: 67, 117 the nature of their prophetic mission. Both appeared when their respective
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59. Bihar al-Anwar: 5: 328
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Bibliography

Historical sources
"Muqaddimah Ibn al-Salah", Sahih al-Bukhari, Dar al-Ma’aarif, pp. 160–169
Ja'far al-Sadiq, Al-Ghaybah (The occultation): narrations from the prophecies of al-Mahdi by Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, Mihrab Publishers
Bihar al-Anwar

Modern sources
Baqr al-Majlisi, Muhammad, ed. (2003), Kitab al-Ghaybat, Qom: Ansariyan Publications
Doi, A. R. I., "The Yoruba Mahdī", Journal of Religion in Africa, 4 (2): 119–136, doi:10.1163/157006671x00070 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006671x00070),
JSTOR 1594738 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1594738)
Martin, Richard C., ed. (2004), "Mahdi", Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world (https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIslamAndTheMuslimWorld_41
1), Thompson Gale
Momen, Moojan (1985), An introduction to Shi'i Islam, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03531-4
Shauhat Ali, Millenarian and Messianic Tendencies in Islamic Thought (Lahore: Publishers United, 1993)
Timothy Furnish, Holiest Wars: Islamic Mahdis, Jihad and Osama Bin Laden (Westport: Praeger, 2005) ISBN 0-275-98383-8
Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina, Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981) ISBN 0-
87395-458-0
Syaikh Hisyam Kabbani, The Approach of Armageddon (Islamic Supreme Council of America, 2002) ISBN 1-930409-20-6
"mahdī", Encyclopædia Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/358096/mahdi), 2008, retrieved 2010-07-04
The Golden Era of Reappearance, Association of Imam Mahdi

Links
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