Roof Design and Truss Analysis for G+4 Apartment Building

PROJECT BY ABDIRASHID MOHAMED DAHIR EMAIL:DUCALE114@GMAIL.
COM
Chapter 1: Design of Roof and Truss (B+G+4

Apartment)
Writer’s Note:
This is a project by Abdirashid Mohamed Dahir who holds BSc in Civil Engineering from Debre
Berhan University, Ethiopia. All reference materials can be found at the end of the lecture
tailored for civil engineering students.
Kindly, don’t hesitate to drop your comments to the email: ducale114@gmail.com
1. Wind Analysis
1.1 Introduction
We consider in our structural project, the design of G+4 apartment building with a
basement storey, and located in Debre Berhan City, North Shewa, in the Amhara
regional State of Ethiopia.
Wind forces are variable loads which act directly on the internal and external
surface of structures. The intensity of wind load on a structure is related to the
square of the wind velocity and the dimensions of the members that are resisting
the wind (frontal area). Wind velocity is dependent on geographical location, the
height of the structure, the topography of the area and the roughness of the
surrounding terrain.
Wind is a moving air which in turn possesses energy and this kinetic energy should
be resisted by using appropriate deign for different kinds of structural elements
like roofs , and walls .The action of wind can be a type of suction or pressure to our
structures both externally or internally .However these effects are more magnified
for structure with more openings and large surface areas .And we focus on sensitive
part of the building that is roofs (both hipped and flat roofs) for analysis and design
of its parts.
1.1.1 Method of Analysis

Response of structure to variable action of wind could either be background
component that involves static deflection or resonant component which is relatively
small and involving dynamic vibration. The latter is widely considered for tall and
PROJECT BY ABDIRASHID MOHAMED DAHIR EMAIL:DUCALE114@GMAIL.COM
flexible structures. Here, our analysis is based on Background resonant or Quasi-

static gust load.
1.1.2 Why static?

It is critical for engineers to investigate dynamic coefficient for gust wind response
as stipulated EBCS-1, 1995 section 3.9.3; a building which satisfies the criterion:
(For cd <1.2 and building height less than 200m), static analysis can be adopted.
1.2 Analysis
1.2.1 Code Provisions

EBCS1, Art 3.5.2
The wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure shall be:
We=qref*Ce(Ze)*Cpe
And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes,
Wi=qref*Ce(Zi)*Cpi
Where: qref=reference mean wind velocity
Ce(Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure
Ce(Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure
Ze,Zi= reference height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1

qref  Vref 2
Where: ρ= air density in Kg/m3

Vref=refernce wind velocity
For Ethiopia Vref= 22m/s
Cdir=Ctemp=Calt=1 [All are unity when it comes to Direction, Seasonal

Variation in Temporary structures and Altitude]
Vref=Cdir*Ctemp*Calt*Vref=22m/s
1.2.2 Flat Roof

According to EBCS-1, Art 3.5.2:-
The wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure shall be:
We=qref*Ce(Ze)*Cpe
And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes:-
Wi=qref*Ce(Zi)*Cpi
Where: qref=reference mean wind velocity
Ce(Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure
Ce(Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure
Ze,Zi= reference height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1

qref  Vref 2
Where: ρ= air density in Kg/m3
Vref=reference wind velocity
For Ethiopia Vref= 22m/s
Cdir=Ctemp=Calt=1
Vref=Cdir*Ctemp*Calt*Vref=22m/s
Assuming Debre Berhan altitude the highest in Ethiopia at 2000m Altitude above
MSL ρ=0.94 kg/m3.
0.94
qref  * 22 2  227.48 N / m2  0.22748KPa
2
Exposure Coefficient at Reference Height
For Terrain Category four in EBCS [Table 3.2 Terrain Categories and Related
Parameters]
We have assumed that the G+4 building locates in urban areas covered with buildings
and their average height exceeds 15m in Debre Berhan town.
Kt[Terrain Factor]=0.24, Zo=1m , Zmin=16m
Roughness coefficient
Cr(z)=KT x ln(Z/ZO)………Zmin≤Z≤200m
KT=0.24…………………….Category IV
ZO=1<Zmin=16m
Z=17.8m>Zmin=16m
Cr(17.8)=0.24xln(17.8/1)=0.69
Topograghic coefficient
In our case it is assumed that the topography is unaffected
Ct=1 for Φ<0.05
Exposure coefficient
According to section 3.8.5(2), the exposure coefficient is given by,

 7 * KT 
Ce(17.8) = C r ( Z ) * Ct ( Z ) * 1 
2

 C r ( Z ) * Ct ( Z ) 
Where KT –is the terrain factor
Cr(z) – is the roughness coefficient
Ct(z) – is the topography coefficient and taken to be unity
 7 * 0.24 
Ce(17.8) = 0.69 2 (17.8) *1(17.8) * 1   1.63
 0.69 *1 
Based on EBCS flat roof configuration for wind loads, e=b or 2h, whichever is smaller.
Meaning, e=7.72 and e=2(17.8)=35.6m, our e=7.72m
Zone F G H I
Area 𝑚2 1.49 2.98 23.84 10.73
We assume that we have a flat roof with sharp eaves.
Cpe for Zone F
Cpe= Cpe,1+ (Cpe,10 - Cpe,1) log A …………. Since 1<A<10m2
Cpe= -2.5+ (-1.8 – (-2.5)) log 1.49
Cpe=-2.37
Cpe for Zone G
Cpe= -2+ (-1.2 – (-2)) log 2.98
Cpe=-1.62
For other zones Cpe= Cpe10…………………… since A>10m2
For closed building with internal partitions and opening windows with extreme values
take C pi=0.8 or -0.5……………………EBCS-1, 1995
Therefore the external and internal wind pressure on the flat roof will be calculated
as follows
We = qref*Ce (Ze)*Cpe
= 0.22748*1.63* Cpe
= 0.37Cpe
Zone F G H
Cpe -2.37 -1.62 -0.7
We -0.877 -0.5994 -0.26

Wi = qref*Ce(Zi)*Cpi
Where: Cpi = 0.8 or -0.5 for closed buildings with partition walls
and openings)
= 0.22748*1.63*0.8
= 0.3KN/m2
= 0.22748*1.63*(-0.5)
= -0.18KN/m2
Summary of wind loads on flat roof
Wind pressure
Maximum –ve Maximum +ve pressure Resultant pressure (we-wi)

pressure
external internal external internal external Internal
-0.877 -0.18 0 +0.3 0.877 + 0.3 0+18
=-1.18 = +0.18
From this the resultant wind pressures on the roof are
Upward = -1.18KN/m2
Downward = +0.18 KN/m2
1.2.3 Hipped roof @ 17.34m

Our roof is considered as hipped roof. The external pressure coefficient depends
on the size of the loaded area, A, and as per the code it is given as:
Cpe = Cpe, 1 A  1m2

Cpe =Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 – Cpe, 1) log A 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe = Cpe,10 A  10m2
Our roof is modeled and designed as hipped roof(according to appendix

A.2.6)of EBCS -1 ,1995.
Case-1 Wind direction  = 0
Reference height: ze=h=17.34m
DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cpe (z))

External pressure coefficient for hipped roofs.
For wind direction θ = 00 For wind direction θ = 900
2.28
90
Wind
. H=17.34 11.4 h=17.34
o
15 15.06
.
θ = 00
θ = 900
12.39 40.45
o= tan-1(2.28*2/12.39)=200 90= tan-1(2.28x2/11.4)=220
Reference height: ze=h=17.34m Reference height: ze=h=17.34m
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller
b=cross wind dimension

For wind direction θ = 00
Crosswind dimension, b (40.45) our e (40.45, 2x17.43=34.68)

whichever is smaller.
6.2
𝛼= = 1.08, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 1(1.08) = 47.4ᵒ
5.7
FOR WIND DIRECTION θ=00
Β=90-47.4=42.6ᵒ
X=3.47tan42.6ᵒ=3.2m
F= (8.67*3.47)-(0.5x3.47x3.2) =24.5 m2 ……………..A>10 m2
G=23.11*3.47=80.2 m2………………………………A>10 m2
H=0.5(29.06+28.91)*2.725=79 m2
I=0.5(17.52+28.91)*2.725=63.26 m2
J=3.47*2.725=9.45*2=18.9 m2
K=0.5(29.06+40.06)*3.47=119.92 m2
L=8.4*3.47=29.15 m2x2=58.3 m2
M=0.5(8.92*5.7) =25.42*2=50.84m2
Roof ɑ0 = 20o
Since α0=20 applying linear interpolation between +15 +30 the following result is
obtained.
Table 1-1 Cpe values for  = 0
Zone F G H I J K L M
Cpe,10 -0.43 -0.7 -0.26 -0.47 -0.9 -0.97 -1.4 -0.67
+0.3 +0.36 +0.26 -- -- -- -- --
Cpe,1 -1.83 +0.5 -0.26 -0.47 -1.4 -1.5 -2.0 +0.4
+0.3 +0.36 +0.26 -- -- -0.5 -- --
= 0.22748*1.63* Cpe
= 0.37Cpe
Zone F G H I J K L M
Area(m2) 24.5 80.2 79 63.26 18.9 119.9 58.3 50.84

2
Cpe -0.43 -0.7 -0.26 -0.47 -0.9 -0.97 -1.4 -0.67
+0.3 +0.36 +0.26 -- -- -- -- --
We=0.37C -0.16 -2.6 -0.1 -0.17 - - -0.52 -0.248

pe 0.33 0.359
3
+0.11 +0.13 +0.1 -- -- -- -- --
and openings)
= 0.22748*1.63*0.8
= 0.3KN/m2
= 0.22748*1.63*(-0.5)
= -0.18KN/m2
Summary of wind loads on hipped roof
Wind pressure

pressure
-0.52 -0.18 +0.13 +0.3 -0.52- 0.3 +0.13+0.18
=-0.82 = +0.31
Upward = -0.82KN/m2

Case II: For wind direction θ = 900
E=b or 2h whichever is smaller. E(12.39, 34.68)
Therefore, our e=12.39
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller:
e=b=12.39m,d=40.45m, e/4=3.1m,e/10=1.24m,e/2=6.2m
6.2
𝛼= = 1.08, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 1(1.08) = 47.4ᵒ
5.7
X=1.24tan47.4ᵒ=1.35m
F = (3.1*1.24)-(0.5x1.24x1.35) =3 m2
G = 6.2*1.24=7.69 m2
H = (0.5x5.7x12.39)-(2x3+7.69)=21.62 m2
I = 0.5*9.91*4.46=22 m2
J = (0.5*12.39*6.2)-22=16.41 m2
L = 1.24*6.2=7.7 m2
M=0.5*4.96*4.96=12.3 m2*2=24.6 m2
N=(28.06x6.2)+(0.5x6.2x6.2)=193.2 m2
Table 1-2 Roof ɑ0 = 22o
Zone F G H I J L M N
Cpe,10 -0.246 -0.66 -0.25 -0.45 -0.86 -1.4 -0.7 -0.25
+0.34 +0.43 +0.29 -- -- -- -- --
Cpe,1 -1.76 +0.1 -0.25 -0.45 -1.36 -2.0 +0.08 -0.25
+0.34 +0.43 +0.29 -- -- -- -- --
= 0.22748*1.63* Cpe
= 0.37Cpe
Table 1-3 External Pressure Coefficients
Zone F G H I J L M N
Area(m2) 3 7.69 21.62 22 16.41 7.7 24.6 193.2
Cpe -2.7 -0.57 -0.25 -0.45 - -1.4 -0.7 -0.25

0.86
+0.34 +0.43 +0.29 -- -- -- -- --
We=0.37C -0.1 -0.21 -0.1 -0.167 - -0.52 -0.26 -0.1

pe 0.32
+0.126 +0.16 +0.1073 -- -- -- --
and openings)
= 0.22748*1.63*0.8
= 0.3KN/m2
= 0.22748*1.63*(-0.5)
= -0.18KN/m2
Summary of wind loads on hipped roof
Wind pressure

pressure
-0.52 -0.18 +0.16 +0.3 -0.52- 0.3 +0.16+0.18
=-0.82 = +0.34
Upward = -0.82KN/m2

2. Roof covering [EGA sheet design]
The roof system of this project is a truss roof system. The type of sheet used is
EGA sheet and the trusses and purlins are steel. The roof is classified as hipped
roof as per EBCS-2 1995 A.2.6 (page 78).The effect of wind load in both directions
(θ=0˚ & θ=90˚) is taken into account and the severest case was considered in the
design process.
Design in this section includes:
 Design of EGA sheet

 Design of purlin
 Design of trusses
2.1 EGA SHEET CAPACITY
Height of truss=1.0m
Spacing of truss=1.2m
Spacing of purlin=1.25m in both wings
Inclination of truss= 20 degree on both wings
Type of EGA selected= EGA-500, t=0.4mm=0.0004m
Load per unit area (GK) = Unit weight of EGA sheet *t =77*0.0004 = 0.0308
kN/m2
Maximum wind load (critical wind load) is
WL=-0.82 KN/m2………………………from computation
Live load from ……………………………..EBCS-1, 1995
 Distributed live load qk=0.25 KN/m2

 Concentrated live load Qk=1KN
 Purlin spacing=1.25m
Take EGA-500 from Kaliti Metal on its official website
Thickness t=0.4mm, section modulus Sx=3756
Loading
Dead load
Weight of EGA=3.14kg/m
Coating=0.7kg/m
Total load=3.84kg/m
Effective width of EGA=712mm=0.712

3.84𝑥9.81
Load on EGA per meter square=1000𝑥0.712 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Live load
As per EBCS-1, 1995, sec 2.6.3.4.2
Distributed load (qk)=0.25KN/m2
Concentrated load (Qk) =1KN
Main truss
Equivalent distributed load for the concentrated load along effective width,
P=1.0/0.712=1.404KN/m
Mmax=pL/4=1.404*1.25/4=0.439KN/m
For the distributed load
𝑤𝑙2 0.25𝑥1.252
Mmax=wL2/8= = =0.049KNm/m
8 8
By comparing the two results, the concentrated load governs & therefore it was
adopted for design.
Components of live load & dead load
Perpendicular to the EGA sheet for α=20º

DL (Gk) =Gk cos α= 0.053*cos 20=0.05KN/m2
LL (Qk) =Qk cosα=1.404cos20=1.32KN/m
Parallel to the EGA sheet for α=20º

DL (Gk) =Gk sin α= 0.053*sin20=0.018KN/m2
LL (Qk) =Qk sin α=1.404sin20=0.48KN/m
Perpendicular to the EGA sheet for α=22º

DL (Gk) =Gk cos α= 0.053*cos 22=0.049KN/m2
LL (Qk) =Qk cosα=1.404cos22=1.3KN/m
Parallel to the EGA sheet for α=22º

DL (Gk) =Gk sin α= 0.053*sin22=0.02KN/m2
LL (Qk) =Qk sin α=1.404sin22=0.52KN/m
Load combination
As per EBCS-1 1995 section 1.9.4.3 table 1.2 safety factors for favorable and
unfavorable conditions are:
‫ץ‬G=0.90 for favorable condition for permanent load.
‫ץ‬G=1.30 for unfavorable “ “ “ “.
‫ץ‬q=1.60 for live and wind loads.
Case-1 unfavorable permanent and live load
Pd=1.3Gk+1.6Qk=1.30(0.05)+1.60(1.32)=0.065KN/m2+2.112KN/m, multiplying both by

effective width of EGA sheet =0.712m,
Pd=0.065*0.712KN/m2+2.112*0.712KN/m
Pd=0.0463KN/m+1.5KN
Mmax=WL2/8+PL/4=0.0463 (1.25^2)/8 + 1.5(1.25)/4=0.48KNm
Case-2 favorable load condition
Pd=0.90Gk+1.60Qk=0.90(0.05)+1.60(-0.82), Qk=wind load=-0.82 KN/m2.
Multiplying both by effective width of EGA sheet=0.712m,
Pd=0.90*0.05*0.712 + 1.60*-0.82*0.712
Pd=-0.9KN/m Mmax=WL^2/8=0.9*1.25^2/8=0.17KNm
Note that W=Pd.

Capacity of EGA-500
Section property of the EGA-500 is taken from Kaliti table:
 Section modulus, Sx=3756mm3

 Moment of inertia, Ixx=79972mm4/m
 Allowable stress, бall=160Mpa
 Modulus of Elasticity=210,000Mpa
Checking for capacity of EGA
Actual stress= Mmax/Sx= (0.48KNm/3756*10^-9m3)/1000=127.8Mpa
Actual stress=127.8Mpa < allowable stress=160Mpa, OK!
Checking for deflection of EGA
Allowable deflection, Δall=span/200= 1250/200=6.25mm
Actual deflection, Δact. =5WL^4/384EI + PL^3/48EI
Δact.=5*.0463*1250^4)/(384*210000*79972)+1.5*1250^3/ (48*210000*79972)
=0.0876 + 3.63=3.71mm.
Δact. =3.71mm < Δall=6.25mm, OK!
3.DESIGN OF PURLIN
Load on purlin
Weight of EGA=0.053KN/m2. For 1.25m spacing of purlin,

The Weight of EGA on purlin per meter= 0.053*1.25= 0.066KN/m,
Live load from EGA onto purlin=1.404KN/m
Selection of dimension for purlin
As per Kaliti metal table, section index RT-64 with the following properties for
rectangular hollow section was selected for trial design.
Nominal size=60mmх40mm
Wall thickness=3mm
Weight of rectangular hollow section per meter=4.24kg/m
Weight of purlin per linear

4.24𝑘𝑔
𝑥10𝑚/𝑠2
meter= 𝑚
4.24Kg/m*10m/s^2/1000=0.0424KN/m
1000
Nominal steel grade, fe-430 [EBCS-3]
Tensile strength of the section (fu) =430Mpa, Yield point (fy) =275Mpa
Moment of inertia, Ix=253800mm4. Section modulus, Sx=8460mm3
Moment of inertia, Iy=134,400mm4, Section modulus, Sy=6720mm3

Size=60mmх40mm
Thickness, t=3mm
H=60mm, B=40mm, h=54mm, b=34mm
Cross section of purlin
Total load on purlin
DL=imposed load + self weight of purlin=0.066 + 0.0424=0.108KN/m
Live load from EGA, LL =1.404KN/m
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=1.3*0.108 + 1.6*1.404= 2.387KN/m

DESIGN OF PURLIN ON MAIN TRUSS
Decomposing the design load (Pd) into perpendicular and parallel direction to the
purlin for inclination angle α=20º
Pdx= 2.387sin 20 =0.82KN/m [parallel]
Pdy= 2.387cos20 =2.24KN/m [perpendicular]
Maximum moments
𝑤𝑥𝑙2 0.82𝑥1.22
Mmax,x= = =0.148KNm, Wx=Pdx
8 8
𝑤𝑦𝑙2 2.24𝑥1.22
Mmax,y= = =0.41KN/m, Wy=Pdy
8 8
Maximum shear
Vx=WxL/2=0.82*1.2/2=0.5KN, Wx=Pdx
Vy=WyL/2=2.24*1.2/2=1.35KN, Wy=Pdy
CHECKING PURLIN CAPACITY
Moment resistance
As per EBCS-3 1995 section 4.6.1.1 plastic moment resistance of a section is:
1.5𝑥 𝑍𝑝𝑙𝑥𝑓𝑦
Mpl,RD= where, Zpl=1.5Zel, fy=minimum yield point,‫=ץ‬safety factor=1.1.
𝛾
1.5𝑥 6720𝑥275
Mpl,RD,y= =2.52KNm>Mmax,y=0.41KNM, OK!
106 𝑥1.1
1.5𝑥 8460𝑥275
Mpl,RD,x= =3.17KNm>Mmax,x=0.148KNm, OK!
106 𝑥1.1
Shear resistance
The plastic shear resistance of a section as per EBCS-3 1995, section 4.6.1.2 is, Vpl,
RD=Av*(fy/√3)/‫ץ‬, where Av=shear area=A*h/ (b+h), in which no reduction of
resistance moment will be provided if design shear force Vsd < 50% of the design
shear resistance.
RT-64 with a wall thickness of 3.0mm has area=5.41cm2; 60x40mm dimensions and a
wall thickness of 3mm
Av, y= A*h (b+h) =541*54/ (54+34) =331.98mm2
Av, x=A*b/ (b+h) =541*34/ (34+54) =209.02mm2
Vpl, RD, y=331.98(275/√3)/1.1=47.92KN > Vy=1.35KN, OK!
Vpl, RD, x=209.02(275√3)/ 1.1=30.17KN>Vx=0.5KN, OK!
Deflection requirement
Allowable deflection as per EBCS-3 1995 is, Δall=span of purlin/200
Δall=1200/200=6mm,
Actual deflection, Δact. x=5WxL^4/384EI , W=Pd.
5𝑥 0.82𝑥12004
Δact. x =384𝑥210000𝑥134400=0.78mm<6mm, OK!
Actual deflection, Δact. y=5WyL^4/384EI , W=Pd.
5𝑥 2.24𝑥12004
Δact. Y=384𝑥210000𝑥253800=1.13mm <6mm, OK!
4. TRUSS DESIGN
MAIN TRUSS
Selection of trial section
A square tube of section index ST-50 from structural steel table of Kaliti metal has
been selected for trial design.
Section property
Nominal size 50mmх50mm, Area=541mm2
Ix=Iy=194700mm4, Sx=7790mm3
Wall thickness=3mm
Weight of square hollow section per meter=4.25kg/m
Weight per linear meter=4.25*10/1000=0.0425KN/m
Nominal size 50mmх50mm, Area=541mm2

Ix=Iy=194700mm4, Sx=7790mm3
Wall thickness=3mm
Main truss
Total length=(0.65+1.85+2.54)
+0.3*2+1.86*2+0.86*2+1.48*2+1.98*2+2.32*2+1.42*2+2.81*2+6.01*2+1.2*7=51.52m
Weight of truss=51.52*0.0425=2.19KN
Number of load carrying joints=18
Load per joint=2.19/18=0.12KN
Load transferred from purlin
1. DL=0.108KN/m*1.2=0.13KN+2.19=2.32KN---total truss DL inclusive=2.32KN
 On inner joint=0.13KN
 On outer joint=0.065KN
2. LL=1.404*1.2=1.7KN
 On inner joint=1.7KN
 On outer joint=0.85KN
3. Wind load WL=-0.82*1.2*1.25=-1.23KN
 On inner joint=-1.23KN
 On outer joint=-0.615KN
Ceiling load
Ceiling material are, chipboard density=8KN/m3, Zigba wood density=6KN/m3.Load

of chip wood per 1.2m*1.2m area=1.2*1.2*.008*8=0.0921KN
Load of zigba grid per 1.2m*1.2m=6*1.2*0.04*0.05*6=0.0864KN
Total ceiling load=0.0921+0.0864=0.1785/ (1.2m*1.2m)=0.124KN/m2
Load per lower joints=0.124*1.2*0.65=0.097KN, 0.124*1.2*1.85=0.27KN,

0.124*1.2*1.2=0.178KN
Note: with the same procedures shown above for the main truss, the inner and outer
joint loads and the member forces for trusses 1 was computed and prepared in table
format as shown below.
Load on Upper inner=load per node (0.12) + inner load (DL=0.13, LL=1.7, WL=-1.23)
Load on Upper outer=load per node + outer load (DL=0.065, LL=0.85, WL=-0.615) +
ceiling load
Load on lower inner=load per node + inner load due to ceiling
1-4 Load on inner and outer joints on main truss
load case Joint joint type load(KN)
B,C,D,E,F,G,H, I upper inner 0.25
DEAD A,J upper outer 0.455
K,T lower inner 0.39
K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S lower inner 0.39
LIVE B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I upper inner 1.82
A,J upper outer 1.24
WIND B,C,D,E,F,G,H, I upper inner -1.11
A,J upper outer -0.225

 Lastly, the Loads are transferred to the Truss at Purlin Position
DL=2.32kN ………….Vertical
LL=1.7 kN …………………Vertical
WL=1.23 kN …………...Perpendicular to the rafter
1-5 Design Loads on Truss at Purlin Position
Design Loads
Load Type
Horizontal Vertical
DL(KN) 0 2.32
LL(KN) 0 1.7
WL(KN) 0.42 1.15
 Load Combinations
Combination: Pd=1.3*DL+1.6*LL+1.6*WL
Horizontal=1.6(0.42)=0.672KN, Pd=0.672kN
Vertical=1.3(2.32)+1.6(1.7)+1.6(1.15)= Pd=7.58 kN
Number of load carrying joints=10 (upper chord joints)
Load per joint (vertical)=7.58/10=0.758KN

Fo the above load, we have taken a square tube of section index ST-50 section,
consequently, the truss analysis was carried using sap software, and the following
result was obtained.
Truss model
Reactions
Axial Force diagram
Steel Design Section (Euro code 3-1993)
Section is economical, since there’s no red sign in the truss elements

The result shows Vsd/Vrd ratio, so if the ratio is less than 1, it will be an indication
of safe section. So the section is obviously safe!
References
 Asrat Worku, “CALLING FOR A REVISION OF THE CURRENT
ETHIOPIAN SEISMIC CODE –EBCS 8:1995”, Addis Ababa, 2011.
 Computers and Structures, “SAP 2000 (version 16)”, Berkley, California.
 Debre Berhan University, “Lecture Notes”, [Unpublished].
 European Committee for Standardization, Eurocode 8, “Design of Structures
for Earthquake Resistance (EN 1998-1: 2004)”, Brussels, 2004.
 Ministry of Works and Urban Development, “Basis of Design of actions on
structures”, Ethiopian Building Code Standard (EBCS 8), Addis Ababa, 1995.

Roof Design and Truss Analysis for G+4 Apartment Building

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Roof Design and Truss Analysis for G+4 Apartment Building

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PROJECT BY ABDIRASHID MOHAMED DAHIR EMAIL:DUCALE114@GMAIL.

Chapter 1: Design of Roof and Truss (B+G+4

Kindly, don’t hesitate to drop your comments to the email: ducale114@gmail.com

1.1.1 Method of Analysis

flexible structures. Here, our analysis is based on Background resonant or Quasi-

1.1.2 Why static?

1.2.1 Code Provisions

And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes,

Where: qref=reference mean wind velocity

Ce(Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure

Ce(Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure

Ze,Zi= reference height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1

Where: ρ= air density in Kg/m3

Vref=refernce wind velocity

For Ethiopia Vref= 22m/s

Cdir=Ctemp=Calt=1 [All are unity when it comes to Direction, Seasonal

1.2.2 Flat Roof

And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes:-

Where: qref=reference mean wind velocity

Ce(Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure

Ce(Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure

Ze,Zi= reference height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1

Where: ρ= air density in Kg/m3

Vref=reference wind velocity

For Ethiopia Vref= 22m/s

Exposure Coefficient at Reference Height

Kt[Terrain Factor]=0.24, Zo=1m , Zmin=16m

In our case it is assumed that the topography is unaffected

Ct=1 for Φ<0.05

According to section 3.8.5(2), the exposure coefficient is given by,

Where KT –is the terrain factor

Cr(z) – is the roughness coefficient

Ct(z) – is the topography coefficient and taken to be unity

Meaning, e=7.72 and e=2(17.8)=35.6m, our e=7.72m

Area 𝑚2 1.49 2.98 23.84 10.73

We assume that we have a flat roof with sharp eaves.

Cpe for Zone F

Cpe= Cpe,1+ (Cpe,10 - Cpe,1) log A …………. Since 1<A<10m2

Cpe= -2.5+ (-1.8 – (-2.5)) log 1.49

Cpe for Zone G

Cpe= Cpe,1+ (Cpe,10 - Cpe,1) log A …………. Since 1<A<10m2

Cpe= -2+ (-1.2 – (-2)) log 2.98

For other zones Cpe= Cpe10…………………… since A>10m2

Cpe -2.37 -1.62 -0.7

We -0.877 -0.5994 -0.26

Summary of wind loads on flat roof

Maximum –ve Maximum +ve pressure Resultant pressure (we-wi)

external internal external internal external Internal

-0.877 -0.18 0 +0.3 0.877 + 0.3 0+18

From this the resultant wind pressures on the roof are

Downward = +0.18 KN/m2

1.2.3 Hipped roof @ 17.34m

Cpe = Cpe, 1 A  1m2

Cpe =Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10 – Cpe, 1) log A 1m2 < A < 10m2

Cpe = Cpe,10 A  10m2

Our roof is modeled and designed as hipped roof(according to appendix

Case-1 Wind direction  = 0

Reference height: ze=h=17.34m

DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cpe (z))

o= tan-1(2.28*2/12.39)=200 90= tan-1(2.28x2/11.4)=220

Reference height: ze=h=17.34m Reference height: ze=h=17.34m

e=b or 2h whichever is smaller

b=cross wind dimension