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6, JUNE 2008
Abstract—A novel compact electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) patch is more complicated than other EBGs although it is more
structure in a spiral shape is presented and investigated. This compact in size. The spiral structure significantly enlarges the
structure significantly enlarges the capacitance between neigh- capacitance between the neighboring elements. To describe the
boring elements. The simulations and experimental results have
proved that the size of the spiral structure is only 30.9% of the
performance of this new structure, we compare it to Sieven-
conventional EBG structure. Two applications have been shown, piper’s single-layered EBG structure. There are other overlap-
including patch antenna with the spiral EBG structure and a ping patch geometries that have achieved more capacitance per
double-element microstrip antenna array with low mutual cou- square unit than the spiral structure, but these overlapping con-
pling. The measured results show that a gain improvement over structs require another printed circuit board layer, resulting in
3 dB and a significant reduction of cross polarization in H-plane greater fabrication cost and complexity. As an example a patch
are obtained. A 6 dB reduction of mutual coupling is achieved in a
double-element EBG microstrip antenna array. antenna with the spiral EBG is described and results presented.
The measured results reveal that the spiral EBG structure can
Index Terms—Cross-polarization, electromagnetic band-gap significantly improve the patch antenna’s performance. The an-
(EBG), patch antenna, radiation pattern, surface wave.
tenna gain is increased, the cross polarization of H-plane pattern
is reduced significantly and the pattern becomes smooth. The
I. INTRODUCTION mutual coupling between antenna elements is reduced also.
Fig. 1. Conventional EBG structure (a) top view and (b) side view.
Fig. 2. Novel spiral-like EBG structure (a) top view and (b) structure of capac-
Fig. 3. Dispersion diagram of EBG structure (a) spiral (b) conventional.
itance.
Fig. 6. Photograph of (a) conventional shorted patch antenna and (b) proposed
spiral EBG shorted patch antenna.
Fig. 9. Photograph of two patch antenna structures: with and without spiral
EBG.
Fig. 10. Comparison of mutual coupling using different patch antenna struc-
tures: with and without spiral- like EBG.
results are shown in Fig. 10. Without the EBG structure a strong
mutual coupling of dB occurs between the antennas.
When the EBG is employed, a 6 dB mutual coupling reduction
is achieved at 3.25 GHz. This comparison demonstrates the
capability of the spiral-like EBG structure to reduce mutual
coupling.
Fig. 7. Measured radiation pattern (a) E-plane and (b) H-plane.
The improvements shown in Figs. 7(a), 7(b), 8, and 10, are
very significant in lowering the mutual coupling between an-
shown in Fig. 9. The dimensions of the antenna element and tenna elements and improving the directivity of the antenna
EBG cell are the same as those in Fig. 6(b). The distance be- array.
tween the centers of the two antennas is 44.8 mm less than half
the operating wavelength. If the conventional EBG structure IV. CONCLUSION
is employed, only one element can be inserted between the In this paper, a novel compact EBG structure in a spiral shape
two coupled antennas because of its large size. The measured is investigated. The simulations and experimental results have
1660 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 56, NO. 6, JUNE 2008
shown that the structure leads to compact antennas. The period [10] F. Yang and Y. Rahmat-Samii, “Microstrip antennas integrated with
size of the spiral structure is only 0.06 at the desired band-gap electromagnetic band-gap structures: A low mutual coupling design for
array applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 51, no. 10, pp.
frequency. Two examples were presented and showed the ad- 2936–2946, Oct. 2003.
vantages of the new structure. These were a patch antenna with [11] M. Rahman and M. A. Stuchly, “Circularly polarized patch antenna
the spiral EBG structure and a double-element microstrip an- with periodic structure,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 149, no. 3, 2002,
pt. H.
tenna array. Compared to a conventional patch antenna of the [12] R. B. Waterhouse, S. D. Targonski, and D. M. Kokotoff, “Design and
same size, the measured results show that the spiral EBG struc- performance of small printed antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antenna Propag.,
ture can significantly improve the patch antenna’s radiation pat- vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1629–1633, 1998.
[13] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA:
tern and lower mutual coupling. The antenna gain is increased, Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.
the cross polarization of H-plane is reduced significantly and
the pattern becomes smooth. A 6 dB reduction of mutual cou- Qiu-Rong Zheng was born in Fujian, China, on
November 10, 1973. He received the M.S. and
pling was achieved in a double-element EBG microstrip antenna Ph.D. degrees from National University of Defense
array. The improvements demonstrated with the new spiral EBG Technology, Changsha, China, in 2003 and 2007,
structure should provide a strong foundation for designing fu- respectively.
He is now working at the Air Force Engineering
ture EBG phased antenna arrays. University, Xi’an, China. His research interests in-
clude electromagnetic band-gap materials, computa-
tional electromagnetics, micro-strip antenna, and slot
antenna array.
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[6] M. F. Abedin and M. Ali, “Effects of a smaller Unit cell planar EBG Nai-Chang Yuan was born in Anhui, China in 1965.
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tennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 274–276, 2005. microwave theory and techniques from the Univer-
[7] O. IsiK, Y. Ge, and K. Esselle, “Novel spiral EBG structure,” in Proc. sity of Electronic Science and Technology of China
12th In. Symp. Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (UESTC), Chengdu, in 1991 and 1994, respectively.
(ANTEM), Montreal, Canada, Jul. 16–19, 2006, pp. 561–564. Previously, he was with the Department of Elec-
[8] F. Q. Shan and B. X. Gao, “Novel compact photonic bandgap struc- tronic Technology. He is currently a Professor and
tures using rectangular increasing distance spiral slots,” Microw. Op- the Head of the Department of Electronic Science
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[9] S. Rogers, W. McKinzie, and G. Mendolia, “AMCs comprised of Technology, Changsha, China. His research interests
interdigital capacitor FSS layers enable lower cost applications,” in are in microwave circuits and antennas, ultrawide
Proc. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp., Jul. 2003, band technology, electromagnetic scattering and electromagnetic bandgap
pp. 22–27. materials