International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation Vol-1, Issue-4 (2017), 148-159

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International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovation

(IJREI)
journal home page: http://www.ijrei.com
ISSN (Online): 2456-6934

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Thermodynamic analysis of kaptiza cryogetic system

Mishra. R. S, Devendra Kumar
Department of Mechanical, Production Industrial and Automobiles Engineering, Delhi Technological University Delhi-110042
Corresponding author: rsmishra@dce.ac.in
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Abstract
The present studies concern on energy and exergy analyses of various cryogenics system up to their sub component level. A
parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of variation of various system input parameters such as pressure ratio,
expander mass flow ratio, compressor output temperature on different performance parameters like COP , work input ,liquefaction
rate ,specific heat and exergy. The numerical computations have been carried out for Kaptiza Cryogetic system are study with six
different gases for liquefaction like oxygen, argon, methane, fluorine, air and nitrogen respectively. Effect of different input gas also
studies carefully and behavior of different gases in different system is concluded (i.e. Argon has the highest value of second law
efficiency (i.e. exergetic efficiency) and fluorine has the maximum value of first law efficiency (COP) among the other gases.
Methane has the highest value of liquefaction value of mass flow rate and methane has the highest net work done, and it is
continuously increasing with cycle pressure ratio .The variations in specific heat of hot fluid in second heat exchanger (HX2) is
increasing and methane having the decreasing trend of NTU, while all other gases shows the increasing trend of NTU between the
prescribed range of cycle pressure ratio however, methane has the highest NTU in second heat exchanger ( HX2) among the other
gases. © 2017 ijrei.com. All rights reserved
Keywords Thermodynamic Analysis, Kaptiza system, Energy-Exergy Analysis
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1. Introduction
The term “cryogenic” is derived from the Greek word Kryos
which means cold or frost. It is frequently applied to very low
temperature refrigeration applications such as in the
liquefaction of gases and in the study of physical phenomenon
at temperature approaching absolute zero. The first low
temperature refrigeration system was primarily developed for
the solidification of carbon dioxide and the liquefaction and
subsequent fractional distillation of gases such as air, oxygen,
nitrogen, hydrogen and helium.
Cryogenic process to liquefy air which is further extent to
extract various particular gas like oxygen, nitrogen, feron etc.
Always various analyses is done to identify the loop hole of
process and to rectify it to their upper level. electro caloric
cooling is a transiting to new cooling principle’s is critical and
one of the most promising alternatives may be [3].Various
particular part are taken under study to increase overall
performance of cryogenic system e.g A good exergetic design
of a heat exchanger would allow for an increase in the global
efficiency of the process, by defining a thermodynamic cycle
in which the exergetic losses would be limited [4] apart from
this other parts like expander, mass ratio and input variables
are considered to improve cryosystems.
1.1 Modified Claude system (Kapitza System)
Kapitza (1939) modified the basic Claude system by
eliminating the third heat exchanger or low temperature heat
exchanger. Several notable practical modifications were also
introduced in this system a rotary expansion engine was
instead of reciprocating expander.
The first or high temperature heat exchanger in the Kapitza
system was actually a set of valve regenerators, which
combined the cooling process with the purification process.
The incoming warm gas was cooled in one unit and impurities
were deposited there, while the outgoing stream warmed up in
the other unit and flushed out the frozen impurities deposited
in it. Compressor reduce the volume of fed gas and increase
the pressure. In cryogenic mostly compressor with high
compression ratio are used. An isothermal compression

Corresponding author: R.S. Mishra

Email Id: rsmishradtu@gmail.com 148
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process is used to compress the gas. A fraction of part of 1.4 Mathematical analysis of Kaptiza Claude system
compress gas fed into expander. In Kaptiza a rotary expansion
engine was used have high efficiency than reciprocating Assumptions
engine and the loss also less in rotary expender. Remaining
fraction part of compress gas is passed through two heat 𝑅$ = 𝐺𝑎𝑠, 𝑚2 = 1 = 𝑚 = 𝑚2 ,𝑟 = 0.5, 𝑇0 = 298,𝑇1 = 300
exchangers which transfer heat from hot fluid stream to cold 𝑚𝑓 𝑚𝑒
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 , 𝑃1 = 1, 𝑃2 = 60, = 𝑦, =𝑟
fluid stream. In heat exchanger hot fluid temperature 𝑚 𝑚
decreases and there is increase in temperature of cold fluid. By
losing heat hot fluid is prepared for throttling process and 1.4.1 Analysis of Compressor
similarly by gaining heat cold fluid heated up for compression
process. A throttling valve is used to reduce the pressure of the 𝑚 ∗ ((ℎ2 − ℎ1 )) −
compressed air so that liquefied gas can be produced and 𝑊𝑐 = ( 2 )
stored. The process is assumed to be isenthalpic expansion. In 𝑇2 ∗ (𝑠2 − 𝑠1 )
separator liquefied gas separated from its gaseous part and this 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚2 ∗ (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
gaseous part is again recirculated in the system through mixer. 𝑚2 ∗ 𝑇1 ∗ (𝑠1 − 𝑠2 ) −
Mixer is a device helps to maintain a constant flow rate of air 𝐸𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠 ( 𝑇 )
into the compressor. The extra amount of air is added into (𝑄𝑐 ∗ ( 0 ))
𝑇1
incoming stream from separator. The process is assumed to be 𝐸𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
isobaric. 𝐸𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝% = ( ) ∗ 100
𝐸𝑑𝐾𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎
(ℎ1 −ℎ𝑓 )
1.2 Modifications 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑊𝑐 +𝑊𝑒

1. A rotary expansion engine of high isentropic efficiency is 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (𝑊𝑐 + 𝑊𝑒 )

used instead of reciprocating engine as in Claude cycle. 𝑚𝑓 ∗((ℎ𝑓 −ℎ1 )−𝑇0 ∗(𝑠𝑓 −𝑠1 ))
2. First heat exchanger replaced by a set of valve 𝐸𝑡𝑎2𝑛𝑑% = (( ) ∗ 100)
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
regenerators which combined the cooling process with
purification process. "Expander"
3. Kapitza cycle can be operate at relatively low pressure is 𝑊𝑒 = 𝑚𝑒 ∗ ((ℎ3 − ℎ𝑒 ) − 𝑇0 ∗ (𝑠3 − 𝑠𝑒 ))
lower than critical pressure of gas.
"Heat Exchanger HX1"
1.3 Assumptions
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒𝐻𝑋1$ =′ 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ′
1. The system is at steady state condition. All processes are
steady flow processes. 𝑚ℎ = 𝑚
2. Neglecting the effects of kinetic and potential energy in 𝑚_𝑐 = 𝑚 − 𝑚_𝑓
analysis of all the components of system. 𝐶ℎ𝐻𝑋1 = 𝑚ℎ ∗ 𝑐𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡
𝐻𝑋1
3. There is no heat in-leak to the system.
𝐶𝑐𝐻𝑋1 = 𝑚𝑐 ∗ 𝑐𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝐻𝑋1
𝑞𝐻𝑋1 = 𝐶ℎ𝐻𝑋1 ∗ (𝑇2 − 𝑇3 )
𝑞𝐻𝑋1 = 𝐶𝑐𝐻𝑋1 ∗ (𝑇11 − 𝑇10 )
𝑞_max _𝐻𝑋1 = 𝐶_min _𝐻𝑋1 ∗ (𝑇_2 − 𝑇_10)
𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛_𝐻𝑋1 = 𝑞_𝐻𝑋1/𝑞_max _𝐻𝑋1
𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝐻𝑋1 = 0.85
𝑁𝑡𝑢_𝐻𝑋1 = 𝐺_𝐻𝑋1/𝐶_𝑚𝑖𝑛_𝐻𝑋1
(ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) −
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑋1 = 𝑚 ∗ ( )
(𝑇0 ∗ (𝑠2 − 𝑠3 ))
(ℎ10 − ℎ11 ) −
𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐻𝑋1 = (𝑚 − 𝑚𝑓 ) ∗ ( )
(𝑇0 ∗ (𝑠10 − 𝑠11 ))
𝐸𝑑𝐻𝑋1 = ((𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑋1 ) − (𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐻𝑋1 ))

"Heat Exchanger HX2"

𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒𝐻𝑋2$ =′ 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ′
Figure 1: Schematic and T-S diagram of Kaptiza system 𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛𝐻𝑋2 = 0.85

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𝑚ℎ𝐻𝑋2 = 𝑚 − 𝑚𝑒 Table 1: Variable Table (Kaptiza System)

𝑚𝑐𝐻𝑋2 = 𝑚 − 𝑚𝑓 Variable Gas Variable Variable
(a) (b) (c )
𝐶ℎ𝐻𝑋2 = 𝑚ℎ𝐻𝑋2 ∗ 𝑐𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐻𝑋2
ℎ0 𝑅$ 𝑇0 𝑃1
𝐶𝑐𝐻𝑋2 = 𝑚𝑐𝐻𝑋2 ∗ 𝑐𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐻𝑋2 ℎ1 𝑅$ 𝑇1 𝑃1
𝑞𝐻𝑋2 = 𝐶ℎ𝐻𝑋2 ∗ (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 ) ℎ2 𝑅$ 𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑞𝐻𝑋2 = 𝐶𝑐𝐻𝑋2 ∗ (𝑇10 − 𝑇11 ) 𝑠0 𝑅$ 𝑇0 𝑃1
𝑞_max _𝐻𝑋2 = 𝐶_min _𝐻𝑋2 ∗ (𝑇_3 − 𝑇_9) 𝑠1 𝑅$ 𝑇1 𝑃1
𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛_𝐻𝑋2 = 𝑞_𝐻𝑋2/𝑞 max_𝐻𝑋2 𝑠2 𝑅$ ℎ2 𝑃2
𝑁𝑡𝑢_𝐻𝑋2 = (𝐺_𝐻𝑋2)/𝐶 min_𝐻𝑋2 𝑇𝑒 𝑅$ ℎ𝑒 𝑃1
𝑇𝑔 = 𝑇9 ℎ𝑒 𝑅$ 𝑠3 𝑃1
𝑠𝑒 𝑅$ ℎ𝑒 𝑃1
(ℎ3 − ℎ4 ) −
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑋2 = (𝑚 − 𝑚𝑒 ) ∗ ( ) 𝑠𝑓 𝑅$ 𝑥𝑓 𝑃1
(𝑇0 ∗ (𝑠3 − 𝑠4 ))
𝑇𝑓 𝑅$ 𝑥0 𝑃1
(ℎ9 − ℎ10 ) −
𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐻𝑋2 = (𝑚 − 𝑚𝑓 ) ∗ ( ) ℎ𝑓 𝑅$ 𝑥𝑓 𝑃1
(𝑇0 ∗ (𝑠9 − 𝑠10 )) 𝑇𝑔 𝑅$ 𝑥1 𝑃1
𝐸𝑑𝐻𝑋2 = ((𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑋2 ) − (𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐻𝑋2 )) 𝑠𝑔 𝑅$ 𝑥1 𝑇𝑔
𝑠3 𝑅$ 𝑇3 𝑃2
1.4.2 Analysis of Valve ℎ3 𝑅$ 𝑇3 𝑃2
𝑠4 𝑅$ 𝑇4 𝑃2
ℎ4 = ℎ5 ℎ4 𝑅$ 𝑇4 𝑃2
𝑠9 𝑅$ 𝑇9 + 1 𝑃1
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑉𝑎𝑙 = (ℎ4 − ℎ0 ) − 𝑇0 ∗ (𝑠4 − 𝑠0 )
ℎ9 𝑅$ 𝑇9 + 1 𝑃1
𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑣𝑎𝑙 = (ℎ5 − ℎ0 ) − 𝑇0 ∗ (𝑠5 − 𝑠0 ) 𝑠10 𝑅$ 𝑇10 𝑃1
𝐸𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑙 = (𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑉𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑣𝑎𝑙 ) ℎ10 𝑅$ 𝑇10 𝑃1
𝑠11 𝑅$ 𝑇11 𝑃1
1.4.3 Analysis of separator ℎ11 𝑅$ 𝑇11 𝑃1
𝑐𝑝(ℎ𝑓)𝐻𝑋1 𝑅$ 𝑇2 𝑃2
(𝑚 − 𝑚𝑒 ) ∗ ℎ5 = ((𝑚𝑓 ∗ ℎ𝑓 ) + (𝑚𝑔 ∗ ℎ𝑔 )) 𝑐𝑝(𝑐𝑓)𝐻𝑋1 𝑅$ 𝑇7 𝑃1
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 - 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑡_𝐻𝑋1 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑_𝐻𝑋1
𝑚𝑔 = (𝑚 − 𝑚𝑒 − 𝑚𝑓 )
𝑐𝑝(ℎ𝑓)𝐻𝑋2 𝑅$ 𝑇2 𝑃2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑐𝑝(𝑐𝑓)𝐻𝑋2 𝑅$ 𝑇9 − 1 𝑃1
ℎ6 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 - 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑡_𝐻𝑋2 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑_𝐻𝑋2
ℎ𝑔 = ℎ7 ℎ7 𝑅$ 𝑇7 𝑃1
𝑚𝑔 ∗ 𝑠𝑔 − 𝑠7 𝑅$ 𝑇7 𝑃1
( )+ 𝑋5 𝑅$ ℎ5 𝑃1
(𝑚𝑔 + 𝑚𝑓 ) ∗ 𝑠5
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑝 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑇0 ∗ ( ) 𝑠6 𝑅$ ℎ6 𝑃1
𝑚𝑔 ∗ℎ𝑔 −𝑚𝑓 ∗ℎ𝑓
( ) 𝑠5 𝑅$ ℎ5 𝑃1
𝑇0
( )
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑝 In this system, Fig.2 shows the variations in COP and second
𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑝% = ( ) ∗ 100
𝐸𝑑𝐾𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎 law efficiency with respect to cycle pressure ratio of 40 to 220.
𝐸𝑑𝐾𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎 = 𝐸𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 + 𝐸𝑑𝐻𝑋1 + 𝐸𝑑𝐻𝑋2 It has been observed that argon has the highest value of second
+𝐸𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑙 + 𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑝 law efficiency, i.e. 41.32% and fluorine has the maximum
value of COP, i.e. 0.9595 among the other gases. Fig.3
𝐸𝑑𝐻𝑋1
𝐸𝑑𝐻𝑋1% = ( ) ∗ 100 illustrates the variations in liquefaction mass flow rate with
𝐸𝑑𝐾𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎
respect to cycle pressure ratio and it has been observed that
𝐸𝑑𝐻𝑋2
𝐸𝑑𝐻𝑋2% = ( ) ∗ 100 methane has the highest value of liquefaction value of mass
𝐸𝑑𝐾𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎
flow rate, which is around 0.3167 at cycle pressure ratio of 40.
𝐸𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑙% = ( ) ∗ 100 Fig.4 demonstrates the variations in net work done with
𝐸𝑑𝐾𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎
respect to cycle pressure ratio. It was observed that methane
has the highest net work done, i.e. 1120kJ and it is
In Non-ideal gas any variable can be defined by two other continuously increasing up to cycle pressure ratio of 220. Fig.
dependent variable on them, 5 indicates the variations in specific heat of hot fluid in HX2,
𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑓𝑥(𝑏, 𝑐) i.e. increasing from 2.493kJ/kg-K to 3.561kJ/kg-K. Fig.7

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demonstrates the variations in NTU in HX1 with respect to 1200

cycle pressure ratio of 40 to 220. It has been observed that
methane having the decreasing trend of NTU, while all other O2 F2 N2
gases shows the increasing trend of NTU between the 1100
Ar Air
prescribed ranges of cycle pressure ratio. Fig.8 shows the
methane has the highest NTU in HX2 among the other gases, 1000 CH4
i.e. 3.471 at cycle pressure ratio of 220.

51
900
2 O2 CH4 Air h2nd,%Ar h2nd,%O2 48
1.9 Ar F2 N2 h2nd,%F2 h2nd,%CH4 45 800

WNet (KJ)
1.8
1.7 h2nd,%N2 h2nd,%Air 42
1.6 39 700
1.5 36
1.4 33 600
1.3 30

h 2nd %
1.2
COP

27
1.1 500
1 24
0.9 21
0.8 18 400
0.7 15
0.6 12 300
0.5
0.4 9 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0.3 6
0.2 3
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
0.1 Figure 4: Variation in net work done with cycle pressure ratio
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
1.4
O2 Air
Figure 2: Variations in COP and second law efficiency with cycle F2
pressure ratio 1.3 Ar N2

0.35 O2 Ar CH4 F2 Air N2 1.2

1.1
cpHF(HX2)(Kj/Kg-K)

0.3

0.25 1
mf(Liq mass)(kg/s)

0.2
0.9

0.8
0.15
0.7
0.1
0.6
0.05

0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi ) Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
Figure 3: Variations in liquefaction mass flow rate with cycle Figure 5: Variation in specific heat of hot fluid in HX2 with cycle
pressure ratio pressure ratio

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Fig.9 illustrates the variations in temperature at the outlet of
the expander with the cycle pressure ratio and it has been seen
that methane has the highest temperature at the outlet of
expander, which is decreases from 186.1K to 115K. Fig. 10
shows the variations in percentage exergy destruction rate in
compressor with respect to the cycle pressure ratio of 40 to
220. It has been analyzed that air has the highest percentage
of exergy destruction rate among the other available gases, i.e.
50.21% at cycle pressure ratio of 220. Fig.11 illustrates the
variation in percentage exergy destruction rate in HX1 with
respect to cycle pressure ratio of 40 to 220. It has been
analyzed that nitrogen has the highest value of percentage
exergy destruction, i.e. 8.008% at 220. Furthermore, fig.12
indicates the variation in percentage exergy destruction in
HX2 with respect to cycle pressure ratio of 40 to 220. It has
been seen that air has the highest percentage value of exergy
destruction rate i.e., 20.9% at 40. Fig.13 demonstrates the
variations in percentage exergy destruction in valve with
respect to cycle high pressure of 40 to 220. It has been seen
that air has the comparatively highest percentage of exergy
destruction rate, i.e. 28.02% at cycle pressure ratio of 40.
Fig.14 illustrates the variations in percentage exergy
destruction in separator with respect to cycle pressure ratio of
40 to 220. It has been demonstrating that air has the highest
percentage of exergy destruction rate with the cycle pressure
ratio and it is continuously deceasing. Fig.15 shows the
variations in COP and second law efficiency with respect to
ratio of compressor flow through expander i.e. 0.1 to 0.8. It
has been seen that methane has the highest value of COP and
nitrogen has the highest second law efficiency among the
other gases. Fig.16 illustrates that methane has the highest
value of net work done and it is continuously increasing with
ratio of compressor flow through expander. On the other hand,
methane also has the highest value of liquefaction mass flow
rate and it is first increasing and then decreasing continuously
up to 0.8 as show in fig.17
3.6
3.5
CH4
3.4
3.3
3.2
cp(hf)HX2
3.1
3 increasing up to 460K. Fig.23 shows the variations in specific
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
40 60 80 100
120 140 160 180 200 220
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
Figure 6: Variations in specific heat of hot fluid in HX2 with cycle
pressure ratio
5.7
NTU(Oxygen) NTU(Argon)
5.4
NTU(Methane) NTU(Fluorine)
5.1
NTU(Air) NTU(Nitrogen)
4.8
4.5
NTU HX1
4.2
3.9
3.6
3.3
3
2.7
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
Figure 7: Variations in NTU in HX1 with cycle pressure ratio
Also, fig.18 shows the temperature variations at the outlet of
expander with the ratio of compressor flow through expander
of 0.1 to 0.8. it has been observed that again methane has the
highest value of temperature at the outlet of expander and it is
continuously decreasing up to 0.8. Fig.19 illustrates that
methane has the highest value of COP and second law
efficiency with respect to compressor temperature, i.e. 1.117
at 280K and 46.83% at 280K. Fig.20 indicates the variation in
mass liquefaction rate with respect to compressor temperature
and it has been analyzed that methane has the highest value of
mass liquefaction rate among the other gases i.e. 0.3376kg/s
at 280K. Fig.22 shows that methane has the highest net work
done among the other gases i.e. 1397 at 460K. Fig.21 indicates
the variations in temperature at the outlet of expander with the
compressor temperature of 280K to 460K and it has been seen
that fluorine has the highest value of temperature at the outlet
of expander among the other gases and it continuously
heat of hot fluid in HX1 with the compressor temperature. It
has been noticed that methane has the maximum value of
specific heat in hot fluid in HX1 and its value firstly decreases
and then continuously increasing up to 460K. While all other
gases show the decreasing trend of specific heat. Fig.25
illustrates the variations in NTU in HX1 with compressor
temperature. Methane shows the maximum NTU overall,
while argon has the minimum NTU. Fig.26 indicates the
variations NTU in HX2 with compressor temperature and it
has been seen that methane has the highest NTU and its value
continuously decreasing with compressor temperature up to
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460K. Fig.27 indicates the variations in exergy destruction in 52

compressor with respect to compressor temperature of 280K Edcomp%(Air)
to 460K. It has been seen that methane has the highest value Edcomp%(Nitrogen)
of exergy destruction and it is increasing continuously from 50
614.6kJ to 904.8kJ. Fig.28 shows the variations in exergy Edcomp(Methane)
destruction in HX1 with respect to compressor temperature 48 Edcomp%(Argon)
and it has seen that methane has the highest value of exergy Edcomp%(oxygen)
destruction, i.e. 820.2kJ at 460K among the other gases. Fig. Edcomp(Fluorine)
29 demonstrates the variations in exergy destruction in HX2 46

Edcomp,%
with respect to compressor temperature and it has been noticed
that methane again has the highest rate of exergy destruction, 44
and its trend first decreasing and then increasing suddenly
followed by other considered gases
42
3.6
3.5 NTU(Oxygen) NTU(Argon) 40
3.4 NTU (Methane)
NTU(Fluorine)
NTU(Air) NTU(Nitrogen)
3.3 38
3.2
3.1 36
3
NTU HX2

2.9 34
2.8 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
2.7 Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
2.6 Figure 10: Variations in percentage exergy destruction with cycle
2.5 pressure ratio
2.4
2.3 9.2 EdHX1%(Methane) EdHX1%(Nitrogen)
2.2 8.8 EdHX1%(Air) EdHX1%(Argon))
40 60 80 120 100
140 160 180 200 220
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi ) 8.4 EdHX1%(Oxygen) EdHX1%(Fluorine))
Figure 8: Variations in NTU in HX2 with cycle pressure ratio 8
Teoxygen TeArgon
7.6
180
TeMethane
TeFluorine TeAir TeNitrogen
7.2
Temperature at the outlet of EXP (T e)

170
EdHX1,%

6.8
160 6.4
150 6
140 5.6
130 5.2
120 4.8
110 4.4
100 4
90
80
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
Figure 11: Variations in percentage exergy destruction in HX1 with
Figure 9: Variations in temperature at the outlet of expander with
cycle pressure ratio
cycle pressure ratio

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25 50
24 EdHX2%(Nitrogen) EdHX2%(Fluorine) EdHX2%(Argon) Edsep,%(Methane) Edsep,%(Oxgen) Edsep,%(Air)
23 EdHX2%(Air) EdHX2%(Oxygen)
22 EdHX2%(methane) 45 Edsep,%(Argon Edsep,%(Fluorine) Edsep,%(Nitrogen)
21
20 40
19
18
17 35
16
15
EdHX2,%

14 30

Edsep,%
13
12 25
11
10
9 20
8
7 15
6
5
4 10
3
2
1 5
0
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 0
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi ) 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Figure 12: Variations in percentage exergy destruction in HX2 with
cycle pressure ratio Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi )
28.6 Figure 14: Variations in percentage exergy destruction in separator
with cycle pressure ratio
Edval,%(Air) Edval,%(Fluorine)
26.4 Edval,%(Argon)
Edval,%(Nitrogen) Edval,%(Oxygen) Edval,%(methane) 1.4
24.2 COPoxygen COP argon COP methane
COPNitrogen COP Air
COP Fluorine 90
22 1.3
h2nd,%oxygen h2nd,% Methane

19.8 h2nd,% Argon

75
h2nd,%Fluorine
17.6 1.2 h2nd,%Nitrogen
h2nd,% Air
Edval,%

15.4 60

h2nd,%
1.1
COP

13.2
45
11 1
8.8 30
6.6 0.9

4.4 15
0.8
2.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Ratio of Compressor Flow Through Expander (r)
Figure 15: Variations in COP and second law efficiency with the
Cycle Pressure Ratio (Po /Pi ) ratio of compressor flow through expander
Figure 13: Variations in percentage exergy destruction in valve
with cycle pressure ratio

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960
920 Wnet(Argon) O2
500
880 Wnet(Air)

Temperature at the outlet of EXP (T e)

Ar
840 Wnet(Methane) 450
800
Wnet (Net work done)(KJ/Kg)

Wnet(Oxygen) CH4
760 Wnet(Fluorine) 400
720 F2
Wnet(Nitrogen)
680 350
Air
640 300
600 N2
560 250
520
480 200
440
150
400
360 100
320

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Ratio of Compressor Flow Through Expander (r) Ratio of Compressor Flow Through Expander (r)
Figure 16: Variations in net work done with the ratio of compressor Figure 18: Variations in temperature at the outlet of expander with
flow through expander ratio of compressor flow through expander

0.4 1.15 COP oxygen h2nd,%oxygen

COP Fluorine
mf(Oxygen) mf(Argon) mf(Methane) COP argon h2nd,%Argon 50
1.1 COP Air
0.35 mf(Fluorine) mf(Nitrogen) mf(Air) COP methane COP Nitrogen h2nd,% Methane 45
1.05 h2nd,%Fluorine
0.3 h2nd,%Air 40
mf(Liquefaction rate)(kg/s)

1
h2nd,%Nitrogen 35
0.25 0.95
30

h 2nd,%
COP

0.9
0.2 25
0.85
20
0.15 0.8
15
0.75
0.1
10
0.7
0.05 5
0.65
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
Ratio of Compressor Flow Through Expander (r) T2(Compressor.Temp)(K)
Figure 17: Variations in liquefaction mass flow rate with the ratio Figure 19: Variations in COP and second law efficiency with
of compressor flow through expander compressor temperature

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0.38 mf(Oxygen) mf(Methane) mf(Air) 1400

0.36 Wnet(Oxygen) Wnet(Fluorine)
mf(Argon) mf(Nitrogen) 1300
0.34 mf(Fluorine) Wnet(Argon) Wnet(Air)
0.32 1200 Wnet(Methane)
0.3 Wnet(Nitrogen)

Wnet (Net.work)(KJ/Kg)
0.28 1100
mf(Liq mass)(kg/s)

0.26
0.24 1000
0.22
0.2 900
0.18 800
0.16
0.14 700
0.12
0.1 600
0.08
0.06 500
0.04 400
0.02
0 300
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
T2(Compressor.Temp)(K) T2(Compressor.Temp)(K)
Figure 20: Variations in liquefaction mass flow rate with Figure 22: Variations in net work done with compressor
compressor temperature temperature

390 3
TEXP (Oxygen) TEXP (Methane) TEXP (Air)
360
TEXP (Argon) TEXP (Fluorine) TEXP (Nitrogen) 2.7
Temperature at the outlet of EXP (T e)

330 cphot,fluid,HX1(Oxygen)
2.4
300 cphot,fluid,HX1(Argon)
cphf(HX1)(Kj/Kg-K)

270 2.1 cphot,fluid,HX1(Methane)

cphot,fluid,HX1(Fluorine)
240 1.8
cphot,fluid,HX1(Air)
210
1.5 cphot,fluid,HX1(Nitrogen)
180
150 1.2

120 0.9
90
0.6
60
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
T2(Compressor.Temp)(K) T2(Compressor.Temp)(K)
Figure 21: Variations in temperature at the outlet of the expander Figure 23: Variations in specific heat of hot fluid in HX1 with
with compressor temperature compressor temperature

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3 2.9
NTUHX2(Oxygen)
2.7 NTUHX2(Argon)
2.8
cphot,fluid,HX2(Oxygen) NTUHX2(Air)
2.4 NTUHX2(Methane)
cphot,fluid,HX2(Argon) 2.7
NTUHX2(Fluorine)
2.1
cphf(HX2)(Kj/Kg-K)

cphot,fluid,HX2(Methane) NTUHX2(Nitrogen)
2.6

NTUHX2
cphot,fluid,HX2(Fluorine)
1.8
cphot,fluid,HX2(Air) 2.5
1.5 cphot,fluid,HX2(Nitrogen)
2.4
1.2
2.3
0.9
2.2
0.6
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
T2(Compressor.Temp)(K) T2(Compressor.Temp)(K)
Figure 24: Variations in specific heat of hot fluid in HX2 with Figure 26: Variations in NTU in HX2 with compressor temperature
compressor temperature

5.6 900
Edcomp(Oxygen) Edcomp(Fluorine)
NTUHX1(Oxygen) 850
NTUHX1(Argon) Edcomp(Argon) Edcomp(Air)
5.2 800 Edcomp(Nitrogen)
NTUHX1(Air) Edcomp(Methane)

4.8 NTUHX1(Methane) 750

NTUHX1(Fluorine) 700
4.4 NTUHX1(Nitrogen)
Edcomp (KJ/Kg)

650
NTUHX1

600
4
550
3.6 500
450
3.2 400
350
2.8
300
250
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
T2(Compressor.Temp)(K) T2(Compressor.Temp)(K)
Figure 25: Variations in NTU in HX1 with compressor temperature Figure 27: Variations in exergy destruction rate in compressor with
compressor temperature

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550
800 EdHX1(Oxygen) EdHX1(Methane) EdHX1(Air) Edval(Oxygen) Edval(Methane
500
EdHX1(Argon) EdHX1(Fluorine) EdHX1(Nitrogen) Edval(Argon) Edval(Fluorine)
700 450
Edval(Air) Edval(Nitrogen)
600 400
350

Edval (KJ/Kg)
500
EdHX1 (KJ/Kg)

300
400 250

300 200
150
200
100
100 50

0 0
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
T2(Compressor.Temp)(K) T2(Compressor.Temp)(K)
Figure 28: Variations in exergy destruction rate in HX1 with Figure 30: Variations in exergy destruction in valve with
compressor temperature compressor temperature
650
EdHX2(Oxygen) EdHX2(Methane) EdHX2(Air) 1000
600 Edsep(Oxygen) Edsep(Methane)
550 EdHX2(Argon) EdHX2(Fluorine) EdHX2(Nitrogen) 900 Edsep(Argon) Edsep(Air)
500 800 Edsep(Fluorine) Edsep(Nitrogen)
450
700
400
Edsep (KJ/Kg)

600
EdHX2 (KJ/Kg)

350
300 500
250 400
200
300
150
100 200
50 100
0
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 0
T2(Compressor.Temp)(K) 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
Figure 29: Variations in exergy destruction in HX2 with T2(Compressor.Temp)(K)
compressor temperature Figure 31: Variations in exergy destruction in separator with
compressor temperature

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Fig. 30 shows the exergy destruction in valve with respect to

compressor temperature of 280K to 460K. It has been seen
that nitrogen has the highest rate of exergy destruction up to
certain limit of temperature and after that nitrogen is exceeded
by methane. Fig.31 shows the exergy destruction in separator
with respect to compressor temperature of 280K to 460K.
Finally, it has been noticed that fluorine has the highest value
of exergy destruction rate in separator and its graph first
decreasing up to 400K and then it starts increasing. The
maximum exergy destruction rate in case of fluorine is found
to be 267.3kJ at 280K followed by other considered gases.

4. Conclusions and Recommendations

Following conclusions have been drawn from present

investigation
(1) Argon has the highest value of second law efficiency (i.e.
exergetic efficiency = 41.32%) and fluorine has the
maximum value of first law efficiency (i.e. COP=0.9595)
among the other gases.
(2) Methane has the highest value of liquefaction value of
mass flow rate, which is around 0.3167 at cycle pressure
ratio of 40.
(3) Methane has the highest net work done, i.e. 1120kJ and it
is continuously increasing up to cycle pressure ratio of
220.
(4) Variations in specific heat of hot fluid in second heat
exchanger (HX2,) is increasing from 2.493kJ/kg-K to
3.561kJ/kg-K.
(5) Methane having the decreasing trend of NTU, while all
other gases shows the increasing trend of NTU between
the prescribed range of cycle pressure ratio however,
methane has the highest NTU in HX2 among the other
gases.
(6) Air has the highest percentage of exergy destruction rate
with the cycle pressure ratio and it is continuously
deceasing in separator.
(7) Fluorine has the highest value of exergy destruction rate
in separator and it first decreasing up to 400K and then it
starts increasing order.
(8) In compressor, the methane again has the highest rate of
exergy destruction, and its trend first decreasing and then
increasing suddenly followed by other considered gases.
(9) Air has the highest percentage value of exergy destruction
rate in second heat exchanger.
(10) Methane shows the maximum NTU overall, while argon
has the minimum NTU in first heat exchanger

References

[1] Yu. V. Sinyavskii, Electrocaloric refrigerators: A promising

alternative to current low-temperatureApparatus, Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering, 31(6), 1995, 295-306.
[2] R. Agrawal, D. W. Woodward, Efficient cryogenic nitrogen
generators: An exergy analysis, Gas Separation & Purification,
5(3), 1991, 139-150.

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