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An Online learning system in Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Based on the ASME Y14.5-2009 standard.
Videos Quizzes Quick Reads App Notes
Web Link to GD&T WEB Tutor: http://elearning.symphonytech.com
www.symphonytech.com
GD&T WEB Tutor Videos Quizzes Quick Reads App Notes
Congratulations on enrolling to GD&T WEB Tutor!
You will learn GD&T effectively with the following multiple media.
• Videos illustrating all concepts with Animations and Voice overs to

make your understanding of GD&T deep and clear .
• 10 online Quizzes covering the topics that enable you review what you
learn.
• Quick reads to provide you a Synopsis of each topic.
• Application Notes that tell you how each Tolerance is used in the real
Engineering world.
GD&T WEB Tutor is supported by our technical expert reachable on email

who will answer your questions and facilitate your learning during the
course. GD&T WEB Tutor will enable you to learn in-depth and ensure you
gain comprehensive knowledge of the complex topics of GD&T.
The GD&T System
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing is a globally understood and accepted way

of designing and tolerancing.
Our study of GD&T is based on the guidelines given by the Dimensioning &
Tolerancing ASME Y14.5 –2009 standard, published by American Society of
Mechanical Engineers.
Key features and benefits of practicing GD&T are as follows:
• GD&T provides a universal language. A drawing made with GD&T can be

interpreted in only one way and is not subject to different interpretations.
• GD&T focuses on functional assembly, and makes components fit.
• GD&T assures interchangeability across millions of parts produced at

independent locations.
• Principles like bonus tolerance ensure that the tolerances are not unduly
tightened, bringing down costs and making manufacturing easy.
Feature Control Frames
Tolerance Tolerance Datums

Symbol Size
&
Modifier
Video lesson on GD&T WEB Tutor
Geometric Tolerances are expressed inside Feature Control Frames. A Feature

Control Frame has three compartments.
First part of the frame is the Tolerance symbol. There are 14 GD&T tolerances that
are defined.
Second part of the frame gives the shape of the Tolerance Zone and the value of
the tolerance. There are also letters written next to the tolerance value. These are
called Modifiers. We shall understand the role of modifiers in the course of the
following chapters.
Third part of the frame denotes Datums. Datums are Points, Lines or Surfaces
from where measurements are taken. Datums are also written with Modifiers
when necessary.
Definitions of Terms
Basic Dimension:
Basic Dimensions are theoretically exact values of dimensions. Hence Basic
Dimensions are always written without tolerances. In engineering practices, Basic
Dimensions should never be measured in isolation. As you will learn in the GD&T
WEB Tutor program, Basic Dimensions play a major role in defining Position and
Profile Tolerances. Basic Dimensions are indicated by a box enclosing them. Shown
below is an example of Basic Dimensions.
Reference Dimension:
Reference Dimensions are often referred to as derived dimensions. They are
superfluous, redundant dimensions that can otherwise be calculated from other
dimensions on the drawing. They are never used for significant engineering
purposes. They are useful only as a quick reference. Reference Dimensions are
indicated enclosing them within brackets. Observe the Reference dimension of

100 in the following figure.
Types of Features
GD&T classifies features in two categories.
• Features of Size
• Surfaces ( also termed non-size features)
A Feature of size is a feature that has a size associated with it. Features of Size are
defined as one cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of two opposed elements
or surfaces. For example a cylindrical shaft is a Feature of Size and the size is
expressed as a diameter and also the length of the shaft.
Surfaces are non-size features. These are features that have no size associated
with them. There are no cylindrical or spherical surfaces or surfaces with opposed
elements. For example a Surface plate face is a surface.
Actual Local Size:

The Actual Local Size of a feature is the measured dimension at an individual
cross section of a feature of size. For example, a feature of size governed by a size
tolerance of ø14±0.5 can have a size between 13.5 and 14.5 at a cross section
where it is measured. The actual local size can be different at each cross section
for the same feature of size such as a shaft.
Design Two components based on the design
Actual Mating Envelope:

Actual mating envelope is an imaginary perfect feature envelope that contacts
high points of the actual sized feature.
For an external feature like a pin, it is a similar perfect feature counterpart of

smallest size that can be circumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts
the feature at high points. For a cylindrical pin the Actual Mating Envelope will be
the smallest cylinder of perfect form (shape) that will circumscribe the pin.
For an external tab feature the Actual Mating Envelope will be two parallel planes
of perfect form at a minimum separation that just contact the highest points on
the surface.
For an internal feature like a hole, it is s similar perfect feature counterpart of the
largest size that can be inscribed in the feature so that it just contacts the surface
at the highest points. For a cylindrical hole, it is the largest perfect form pin that
will inscribe the hole. For a slot, it will be two parallel surfaces at largest
separation that will just contact the surface high points of the slot.
GD&T WEB Tutor Videos explain this concept with animations.
Actual Mating Envelope: (continued)

Actual Mating Envelopes can be constrained by the Location and Orientation
tolerances applicable to the feature of size. Such an actual mating envelope is
called Related Actual Mating Envelope.
Maximum Material Condition and Least Material Condition:

Maximum Material Condition (MMC ) and Least Material Condition (LMC ) are
envelopes defined for Features of Size.
MMC is defined as that limit of size, for a feature of size which retains the
maximum amount of material on a feature.
LMC is defined as that limit of size, for a feature of size which retains the least
amount of material on a feature.
Thus
• For a Hole feature, the MMC becomes the smallest size of the hole.
• For a Hole feature, the LMC becomes the largest size of the hole.
• For a Shaft feature, the MMC becomes the largest size of the shaft.
• For a Shaft feature, the LMC becomes the smallest size of the shaft.
MMC and LMC limits are defined only with respect to the size tolerance.
The Video accompanying the lesson in GD&T WEB Tutor illustrates the definitions
of MMC and LMC with examples.
Virtual Conditions
Virtual Conditions are envelopes that are defined on features of size.

Features are often governed by multiple tolerances (Size tolerances as well as
Geometric Tolerances). Based on the application, it becomes necessary to
understand the measure of total variation is caused by a combined impact of all
the tolerances acting upon a feature. Such total variation is expressed as a worst-
case envelope. A Virtual Condition is such an envelope. It is the worst-case

envelope created by putting together extreme variations caused by all tolerances
acting on a feature.
The two types of Virtual Condition Envelopes are:
• MMC Virtual Condition Envelopes
• LMC Virtual Condition Envelopes
MMC Virtual Conditions are defined when you want to assure a functional
(clearance) assembly of components in an interchangeable manner. MMC Virtual
Condition calculations ensure that worst case boundaries of assembling features
clear each other.
LMC Virtual Conditions satisfy the goal of protecting wall thickness between
adjacent features. They are used to maintain adequate spacing between adjacent
feature boundaries.
Geometric Tolerances expressed RFS
Both types of Virtual Conditions discussed earlier have the application focus on
the boundaries of features.
MMC Virtual condition calculations are used to prevent feature boundaries from
fowling with each other in an assembly. LMC Virtual condition calculations assure
us that a guaranteed spacing will be maintained between feature boundaries.
There are cases where the application focus demands an axis-to-axis alignment or
an alignment of center planes. In such cases the MMC or LMC modifiers are
omitted from the feature control frame. Virtual Conditions are not defined.
The tolerance is applied Regardless of Feature Size (RFS ).
Bonus Tolerance
The concept of Bonus Tolerance defined by the science of GD&T helps you make
the tolerance scheme more flexible. Bonus Tolerance gives you a way to relax a
Geometric Tolerance by making a compensatory change to the Tolerance of Size
on the same feature.
Video lessons on GD&T WEB Tutor
This easy tradeoff of tolerances makes the Tolerancing scheme better aligned to
the manufacturing process you have at hand.
Bonus Tolerance principles enable you cut down manufacturing costs without
sacrificing Quality. Explore the lessons and videos in this Chapter to understand
the principles of Bonus Tolerance.
You will study with detailed animations and voice explanations in GD&T WEB
Tutor, how Bonus Tolerance is accrued when MMC and LMC Virtual Conditions are
defined.
Bonus Tolerance
Figures below illustrate how Bonus Tolerance accrues when MMC and LMC Virtual
Conditions are defined.
Bonus Tolerance (MMC VC) Bonus Tolerance (LMC VC)
Geometric Tolerances
The First compartment of the Feature Control Frame displays one of the
Geometric Tolerances shown in the table.
Tolerance Tolerance Datums

Symbol Size
&
Modifier
Rules in GD&T
The GD&T Standard defines two rules; Rule #1 and Rule #2
Both the rules define the default considerations that ought to be assumed when
explicit definitions of tolerances are not stated by the design.
Rule #1 states the assumptions to be made when the only tolerance stated on a
feature is the Tolerance of Size. When only the Tolerance of Size is stated, the
variation due to Form (shape) too must be contained within the envelopes of Size
Tolerance.
Rule #2 states the assumptions to be made when the Tolerance stated on a

feature is defined without a M or a L modifier. When a Geometric Tolerance is
stated without a M or a L modifier, it should be assumed as Regardless of Feature
Size (RFS).
In the earlier editions of the ASME standard a S modifier was defined for
indicating RFS. However, the 2009 edition of the standard made the S modifier
obsolete. Tolerances stated without a M or a L modifier now automatically default
to RFS.
Take a Quiz on GD&T WEB Tutor
Straightness
The Straightness Form Tolerance is applied on line elements.
Straightness tolerance can be applied in many ways based on the application.

Study the chapters in GD&T WEB Tutor that illustrate the application of each of
the following cases of Straightness Tolerance:
• Straightness applied on an axis of a cylindrical feature (MMC and RFS cases).

• Straightness applied on a unit length basis.
• Straightness applied to a median plane of a planar tabbed feature.
• Straightness applied in a view specific manner to surface elements on a plane.
When applied to derived elements of Features of Size, Straightness Tolerance can

potentially contribute to a Virtual Condition.
Straightness
Flatness
Flatness tolerance is usually applied on surfaces. It ensures that all the surface
elements are in a plane within the tolerance value. Flatness on surfaces can also
be applied on unit area. This controls the abrupt variation in surfaces over the
extended area.
There is a special case of Flatness tolerance that is applied on a planar feature of

size. This tolerance controls the flatness of the derived median plane of the
feature of size.
Flatness applied on surfaces assures you a good sealing and mounting. It prevents
leakages past the assembly faces. For example, flanges joining fluid carrying pipes
must assemble face-to-face. In absence of a Flatness control on the flange faces
the joint may leak despite the gasket. A flatness tolerance assigned to the
assembling face of each one of the flanges assures a leak resistant joint.
Flatness
Roundness
Roundness tolerance is assigned on individual sections of a cylindrical or a

spherical feature.
The purpose of roundness tolerance is to prevent lobe formation at the section it

is measured at.
Typical applications of Roundness are found in engine crankshafts or motor shaft

journals that engage with bush bearings where prevention of lobes is essential for
performance.
Roundness
Cylindricity
Cylindricity tolerance is assigned to nominally cylindrical features. This tolerance

maintains the cylindrical shape of the feature.
Like the Roundness tolerance this tolerance too prevents lobe formation on a
cylindrical feature.
Cylindricity is a composite tolerance that simultaneously controls the following

for a cylindrical feature.
• Straightness of the axis and longitudinal surface elements.

• Roundness at every section perpendicular to the axis.
• Taper in size.
Cylindricity
Parallelism
Parallelism tolerance when applied on surfaces refines the size tolerance between
the Datum and the feature under measurement. This means that the parallelism
tolerance value needs to be smaller than the size tolerance relating the Datum
with the feature.
Similarly, Parallelism tolerance can also be applied to Features of Size. In features

of size, Parallelism tolerance is usually not applied in isolation. The preferred
practice is to control the feature with a position tolerance. The position tolerance
controls the Orientation tolerance to its own extent. If a further refinement is
required, a parallelism tolerance of a smaller value is assigned to refine the tilt
within the position definition of the position envelope.
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity tolerance zone is oriented at a basic angle of 90 degrees with the

datum. When applied on a feature of size the tolerance can be applied with MMC
or LMC modifiers. When applied with modifiers it leads to a Virtual Condition.
Bonus Tolerance is available in such cases.
Perpendicularity tolerance is defined when the orientation of a feature is required

to be aligned perpendicular to the orientation of the datum. For example a dowel
locator pressed in a part needs to have its axis controlled perpendicular to the
face on which it is mounted. The face of a flywheel needs to be perpendicular to
the axis of rotation of the crankshaft for easy clutch engagement.
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Angularity is the generic Orientation tolerance. Parallelism is a special case of

Angularity where the included basic angle with the Datum is 0 degrees, and
Perpendicularity is a special case of Angularity where the included basic angle
with the Datum is 90 degrees.
Angularity tolerance, when applied on a feature of size can be applied with MMC
or LMC modifiers. When applied with modifiers it leads to a Virtual Condition and
will enable you to avail of Bonus Tolerance.
A point to note is that when applied to a surface, the unit of measurement of the
Basic angle is Degrees, whereas the tolerance of Angularity is defined in Linear
units. This will lead to a uniform tolerance zone, as against the wedge shaped
tolerance zone defined by the traditional methods on a surface.
Angularity
Position
A Position tolerance defined by the traditional +/- Tolerancing scheme creates a

non-uniform rectangular tolerance zone. Observe in GD&T WEB Tutor animations
how a uniform tolerance zone is defined by a feature control frame.
In addition to the tolerance defined in the feature control frame, the role played
by Datums and Basic Dimensions in defining the position tolerance scheme should
be noted.
Position tolerance can be expressed in the following three ways:

• Position tolerance is most commonly expressed with a MMC modifier.
• Position Tolerance is less commonly used with LMC modifier.
• Position tolerance is used RFS, without a modifier.
Position
Position tolerance expressed with a MMC modifier has a boundary focus. It

enables functional assembly between mating parts without the necessity of
selective assembly. All cases where a clearance assembly is required are defined
with Position tolerance with MMC modifier.
Position Tolerance expressed with LMC modifier has a boundary focus and is used
for wall thickness protection or spacing adjacent features apart. This is typically
used to protect walls between closely spaced adjacent holes. In some cases
position tolerance with LMC modifier is also known to be used for guaranteed
interference between features.
Position tolerance is used RFS when the requirement is axis or center plane
alignment.
Position
A Composite Frame Position Tolerance controls patterns of features.

The first segment of the Feature Control Frame is called the Pattern Locating
Tolerance Zone Framework (PLTZF). The PLTZF segment treats the collection of
features as a pattern, and controls the location of the entire pattern with respect
to external Datums.
The second segment is called Feature Relating Tolerance Zone Framework (FRTZF).
The FRTZF segment treats each feature as an individual entity, and controls the
positioning or tilting of each feature with respect to the rest of them in the
pattern.
Position
Concentricity
A Concentricity Tolerance is used to align a feature Axis with the Axis of its Datum
within the specified tolerance.
Concentricity tolerance being a cylindrical tolerance zone is always expressed with

a Diameter symbol. Concentricity tolerance is always expressed RFS.
Concentricity Tolerance is used where there is a need of guiding, and aligning of

axes such as in case of a guide bush on a drilling jig.
Concentricity
Symmetry
A Symmetry Tolerance is used to maintain Symmetrical disposition of features

around a Datum plane within the specified tolerance.
A Symmetry Tolerance is to planar features of size what the Concentricity

tolerance is to cylindrical features. Like Concentricity, the Symmetry tolerance too
is always expressed RFS.
The most common applications of the Symmetry tolerance are in defining the
position of keyways and splines.
Symmetry
Profile of a Line
Profile of a Line tolerance controls the shape of a non-regular profile in a 2

dimensional view.
This can either be a projection view or a section view. Profile Tolerances can be
applied either with or without Datums depending upon whether the location and
the orientation of the profile is important or not.
Profile of a Line tolerance is used where the profiles are visible in a 2 dimensional
projection view. Examples are in automotive interiors where the projected profiles
of Bumpers, Headlights and Radiator grill edge form a styled gap, or in trim edges
in a 2D view.
Profile of a Line
Profile of a Surface
Profile of a Surface tolerance controls the shape of a non-regular profile in a 3

dimensional view. This is used extensively to control Injection molded and drawn
sheet metal surface profiles.
Profiles of surfaces are used extensively in styled surfaces. Applications can be

found in controlling the shape of Automotive Interior and Exterior trim

components, Door panels, Instrument panels or sheet metal components like door
skin panels. Profile of a surface is used in White Goods to give a styled outlook to
the product.
Applications in the Aerospace industry maintain aerodynamic shapes for a
superior performance.
Turbo machinery impellers and shrouds are assigned profile components to
achieve a good performance of Pumps and Turbines.
Profile of a Surface
Circular Runout
Circular Runout is the total movement of a dial indicator when the workpiece is
rotated 360 degrees around the Datum Axis.
Circular Runout is used to effect balancing and control vibrations in rotating

machinery.
Examples are Circular Runout tolerance assigned to Motor rotors, Turbine hubs,
flywheels or spur gears.
The Radii of Gyration of a rotating feature could be different, at different sections.

However if the Circular Runout is maintained well at each section, the part rotates
in a well balanced manner.
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Total Runout is the movement of a dial indicator when the workpiece is rotated
360 degrees around the Datum Axis, and the dial is simultaneously moved along
the axis of the feature under measurement.
The Total Runout thus simultaneously controls the Axis Offset as well as the shape
of the feature.
Total Runout may be viewed as a composite of the Concentricity and the

Cylindricity of the feature.
An example of the application can be seen in a Printing Machine. The Roller of the
machine transfers the print to a paper.
The Roller needs to have a good shape so that it doesn’t print heavy on one side
and light on the other. An Axis shift will result in patchy print.
Both the aspects can be controlled together by the Total Runout Tolerance.
Total Runout
Datums
Datums are surfaces, lines or points from which dimensions are defined.
Detailed lessons in GD&T WEB Tutor illustrate the following through animation
videos, Quick Reads and Application Notes.
The four laws of Datums. viz.
Datum Adequacy: Datums specified should be adequate to uniquely define the

tolerance, but should not be superfluous. There should be not a single Datum
more or not a single Datum less than what is required.
Application Oriented nature of Datums: Datums should be based on applications.
Datum Precedence: Location of parts on Datums should be done in the same

order that is specified in the feature control frame.
Datum Labelling: Labeling of Datums should be done on Datum features that are
real entities, and not on Virtual entities like Axes and Centre planes.
Datums
Datums can be applied on Surfaces as well as on Features of Size.

Datums applied on Surfaces are applied as Tangent planes touching the high
points of the surface they locate. Datums applied on Features of size can be
applied with L or M modifiers or on RFS basis.
Datum targets are used to locate surfaces that may be rough and repeatable
location may not be possible. The 2009 edition of the ASME standard introduced
movable datum targets.
The figure below illustrate how Datums constrain a feature arresting 6 degrees of
freedom.
Datums
Drafting Symbol Reference
GD&T WEB Tutor Videos Quizzes Quick Reads App Notes

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An Online learning system in Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Based on the ASME Y14.5-2009 standard.

Videos Quizzes Quick Reads App Notes

Web Link to GD&T WEB Tutor: http://elearning.symphonytech.com

Congratulations on enrolling to GD&T WEB Tutor!

• Videos illustrating all concepts with Animations and Voice overs to

GD&T WEB Tutor is supported by our technical expert reachable on email

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing is a globally understood and accepted way

Key features and benefits of practicing GD&T are as follows:

• GD&T provides a universal language. A drawing made with GD&T can be

• GD&T focuses on functional assembly, and makes components fit.

• GD&T assures interchangeability across millions of parts produced at

Tolerance Tolerance Datums

Geometric Tolerances are expressed inside Feature Control Frames. A Feature

indicated enclosing them within brackets. Observe the Reference dimension of

Actual Local Size:

for the same feature of size such as a shaft.

Design Two components based on the design

Actual Mating Envelope:

For an external feature like a pin, it is a similar perfect feature counterpart of

GD&T WEB Tutor Videos explain this concept with animations.

Actual Mating Envelope: (continued)

Maximum Material Condition and Least Material Condition:

Virtual Conditions are envelopes that are defined on features of size.

case envelope. A Virtual Condition is such an envelope. It is the worst-case

us that a guaranteed spacing will be maintained between feature boundaries.

The tolerance is applied Regardless of Feature Size (RFS ).

Bonus Tolerance (MMC VC) Bonus Tolerance (LMC VC)

Tolerance Tolerance Datums

The GD&T Standard defines two rules; Rule #1 and Rule #2

Rule #2 states the assumptions to be made when the Tolerance stated on a

The Straightness Form Tolerance is applied on line elements.

Straightness tolerance can be applied in many ways based on the application.

• Straightness applied on an axis of a cylindrical feature (MMC and RFS cases).

When applied to derived elements of Features of Size, Straightness Tolerance can

There is a special case of Flatness tolerance that is applied on a planar feature of

Roundness tolerance is assigned on individual sections of a cylindrical or a

The purpose of roundness tolerance is to prevent lobe formation at the section it

Typical applications of Roundness are found in engine crankshafts or motor shaft

Cylindricity tolerance is assigned to nominally cylindrical features. This tolerance

Cylindricity is a composite tolerance that simultaneously controls the following

• Straightness of the axis and longitudinal surface elements.

Similarly, Parallelism tolerance can also be applied to Features of Size. In features

Perpendicularity tolerance zone is oriented at a basic angle of 90 degrees with the

Perpendicularity tolerance is defined when the orientation of a feature is required

Angularity is the generic Orientation tolerance. Parallelism is a special case of

A Position tolerance defined by the traditional +/- Tolerancing scheme creates a

Position tolerance can be expressed in the following three ways:

Position tolerance expressed with a MMC modifier has a boundary focus. It

A Composite Frame Position Tolerance controls patterns of features.

Concentricity tolerance being a cylindrical tolerance zone is always expressed with

Concentricity Tolerance is used where there is a need of guiding, and aligning of

A Symmetry Tolerance is used to maintain Symmetrical disposition of features

A Symmetry Tolerance is to planar features of size what the Concentricity

is always expressed RFS.

Profile of a Line tolerance controls the shape of a non-regular profile in a 2

the orientation of the profile is important or not.

Profile of a Surface tolerance controls the shape of a non-regular profile in a 3

Profiles of surfaces are used extensively in styled surfaces. Applications can be

found in controlling the shape of Automotive Interior and Exterior trim

Circular Runout is used to effect balancing and control vibrations in rotating

The Radii of Gyration of a rotating feature could be different, at different sections.

Total Runout may be viewed as a composite of the Concentricity and the