Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 15

Sunday, June 26, 2011

CHAPTER 7

P.P.7.1 The circuit in Fig. (a) is equivalent to the one shown in Fig. (b).

io 8

+ 
+ vo + +
12  6 vx 1/3 F vc R eq v 1/3 F

  
(a) (b)

R eq  8  12 || 6  12 
  R eq C  (12)(1 / 3)  4 s
vc  vc (0) e -t   60 e -t 4  60e–0.25t V

4
vx  v  20e–0.25t V
48 c

v x  vo  vc 
 vo  v x  vc  -40 e -0.25t V

vo
io   –5e–0.25t A.
8

P.P.7.2 When t < 0, the switch is closed as shown in Fig. (a).

6

+
+
24 V v c (0) 12  4

(a)
3
R eq  4 || 12  3  v c (0)  (24)  8 V
3 6
When t > 0, the switch is open as shown in Fig. (b).

6 t=0

+
24 V 1/6 F 3

(b)

  R eq C  (3)(1 / 6)  1 / 2 s

v( t )  v c (0) e - t   8 e-2t V

1 2 1 1
w c (0)  Cv c (0)    64  5.333J
2 2 6

P.P.7.3 This can be solved in two ways.

Method 1: Find R th at the inductor terminals by inserting a voltage source.

io 1

+ vx 
2
+
vo = 1 V 6
 i1 i2
+

2v x

Applying mesh analysis gives


Loop 1:  1  3i1  2i 2  2 v x  0 , where v x  1i1
5i1  2i 2  1 (1)

Loop 2: 8i 2  2i1  2 v x  0 = 8i 2 – 2i 1 – 2i 1
1
i 2  i1 (2)
2

From (1) and (2), 5i 1 – 1i 1 = 1 or


i o  i1 = (1/4) A
vo L 2 1
R th   4 Ω,    s
io R 4 2

i(t )  12e-2t A

Method 2: We can obtain i using mesh analysis.


1

i
+ vx 
2

i1 i2 6
2H
+

2v x

Applying KVL to the loops, we obtain


di
Loop 1: 2 1  3i1  2i 2  2 v x  0 where v x  1i1
dt
di
2 1  5i1  2i 2  0 (3)
dt

Loop 2: 8i 2  2i1  2 v x  0
1
i 2  i1 (4)
2

Substituting (4) into (3) yields


di
2 1  5i1  1i1  0
dt
di1
or  2 i1  0
dt
i1  Ae-2 t

i  - i1  Be-2 t
i (0)  12  B

i(t )  12e-2t A

Therefore,
i( t )  12e–2t A
and v x ( t )  -1i(t)  –12e–2t V for all t > 0.
P.P.7.4 For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).

i(t) 12  8
5
15A 12  8
24 
2H

(a)
(b)

i(0)  15[1 /{(1 / 24)  (1 / 12)  (1 / 8)}] / 12  (15 x 24 / 6) / 12  5 A

For t > 0, the current source and 24-ohm is cut off and the RL circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
L 2
R eq  (12  8) || 5  20 || 5  4  ,    0.5
R eq 4
–2t –2t
i(t) = i(0)e = 5e amps, for all t > 0.

P.P.7.5 For t < 0, the switch is closed. The inductor acts like a short so the
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).

3
i

io i 1H
io
24 A 4 2
4 2

(a) (b)
4
i (24)  16 A , i o  24  16  8 A , v o  2i  32 V
42

For t > 0, the current source is cut off so that the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).
The Thevenin equivalent resistance at the inductor terminals is
L 1
R th  (4  2) || 3  2  ,  
R th 2
3 (-i) - 1
io   i  5.333e -2t A and v o  -2i o  10.667 e -2t V
63 3

Thus,
 16 A t0  8A t0  32 V t0
i  io   vo   2t
16 e A t  0  5.333e A t  0 10.667e V t  0
- 2t - 2t

 0 t0

P.P.7.6 i( t )   10 0  t  2
- 10 2  t  4

i(t )  10 u(t )  u(t  2)  10 u(t  2)  u(t  4)


i( t )  10  u(t )  2 u(t  2)  u(t  4) A


t
Let I  -
i dt .
For t < 0, I  0.
For 0 < t < 2, I  0 10 dt  10t
t

For 2 < t < 4, I  010 dt  10 2 dt  20  10 t


2 t
t
2  40  10 t
For t > 4, I  20  10 t 4
2 0

Thus,
 0 t0
 10t 0t2
I
 40  10t 2  t  4
 0 t4

or I  10  r(t )  2r(t  2)  r(t  4) A


which is sketched below
 i dt

20

0 2 4 t

 2  2t 0  t  2

P.P.7.7 i( t )  - 6  2t 2  t  3
 0
 otherwise

i( t )  ( 2  2 t )  u ( t )  u ( t  2)  (-6  2t)  u(t - 2) - u(t - 3)


i( t )  2 u ( t )  2 t u ( t )  4( t  2) u ( t  2)  2( t  3) u ( t  3)
i( t )  [2 u( t )  2 r ( t )  4 r ( t  2)  2 r ( t  3)] A

Remember the singularity function, r(t), is a ramp function equal to t for all values of t >
0 and equal to zero for all values of t < 0.

P.P.7.8 h(t) = –4[u(t) – u(t–2)] + (3t–8)[u(t–2) –u(t–6)]


h(t) = –4u(t) + 4u(t–2) +3tu(t–2) – 8u(t–2) – 3tu(t–6) + 8u(t–6)
h(t) = –4u(t) + (4–8+6)u(t–2) +3(t–2)u(t–2) – 3(t–6)u(t–6)
+ (–18+8)u(t–6)
h(t) = –4u(t) + 2u(t–2) + 3(t–2)u(t–2) – 3(t–6)u(t–6) – 10u(t–6)
h(t) = –4u(t) +2u(t–2) + 3r(t–2) – 10u(t–6) – 3r(t–6).

 t  5t 2  10  ( t  3) dt  t 3  5t 2  10 t  -3

3
P.P.7.9 (a) -
 -27  45  10  28


10
(b) 0
( t  ) cos(3t ) dt  cos(3)   1

P.P.7.10 For t < 0, the capacitor acts like an open circuit.


v(0 )  v(0 )  v(0)  15

For t > 0, [(v(∞)–15)/2] + [(v(∞)–(–7.5))/6] = 0 or (4/6)v(∞) = 7.5–1.25 = 6.25 or

v(∞) = 9.375 V

3 3 1 1
R th  2 || 6  ,   R th C   
2 2 3 2

v(t )  v()   v(0)  v() e - t  = 9.375 + (15–9.375)e–2t

v(t) = (9.375 + 5.625e–2t) V for all t > 0

At t = 0.5, v(0.5) = 6.25 + 3.75e–1 = 6.25 + 1.3795 = 7.63 V

P.P.7.11 For t < 0, only the left portion of the circuit is operational at steady state.
v(0 )  v(0  )  v(0)  20 ,

i(0)  0

For t > 0, 20u (-t)  0 so that the voltage source is replaced by a short circuit.
Transforming the current source leads to the circuit below.

10  i 10 

+
0.2 F + 30 V
v

5
v()  (30)  10
15
10 10 2
R th  5 || 10  ,   R th C   0.2 
3 3 3

v(t )  v()   v(0)  v() e - t 


v(t )  10  (20  10) e -3t 2
v(t )  10  1  e -1.5t 

- v( t )
i( t )   -2  1  e -1.5 t 
5
 0 t0
i( t )  
 - 2  1  e -1.5t  A t0
 20 V t0
v( t )  
10  1  e - 1.5t  V t0

P.P.7.12 Applying source transformation, the circuit is equivalent to the one below.

i 1.5 H 10 

t=0 +
5 60 V

At t < 0, the switch is closed so that the 5 ohm resistor is short circuited.
60
i(0  )  i(0)  6A
10

For t > 0, the switch is open.


L 1 .5
R th  10  5  15 ,    0 .1
R th 15

60
i()   4A
10  5

i(t )  i()   i(0)  i() e - t 


i(t )  4  (6  4) e-10t
i(t) = (4 + 2e–10t) A for all t > 0

P.P.7.13 For 0 < t < 2, the given circuit is equivalent to that shown below.
10  20 

i(t)

6A 15  5H

Since switch S1 is open at t  0  , i(0  )  0 . Also, since i cannot jump, i(0)  i(0  )  0 .
90
i()  2A
15  10  20
L 5 1
R th  45  ,    
R th 45 9
i(t )  i()   i(0)  i() e - t 
i(t )  2  (0  2) e -9t
i(t )  2 (1  e -9t ) A

When switch S 2 is closed, the 20 ohm resistor is short-circuited.


i(2  )  i(2  )  2 (1  e -18 )  2

This will be the initial current


90
i()   3.6 A
15  10
5 1
R th  25  ,   
25 5
i(t )  i()   i(2  )  i() e -(t 2) 
i(t )  3.6  (2  3.6) e -5(t 2)
i(t )  3.6  1.6 e -5(t  2)
 0 t0

Thus, i( t )   2 (1  e -9 t ) A 0t2
 3.6  1.6 e -5( t  2 ) A t2

At t  1 , i(1)  2 (1  e -9 )  1.9997 A
At t  3 , i(3)  3.6  1.6 e -5  3.589 A

P.P.7.14 The op amp circuit is shown below.


C

+ v 

Rf
1

+ +
2
R1 vo

Since nodes 1 and 2 must be at the same potential, there is no potential difference across
R 1 . Hence, no current flows through R 1 . Applying KCL at node 1,
v dv dv v
C 0    0
Rf dt dt CR f
which is similar to Eq. (7.4).

Hence,
v( t )  v o e - t  ,   R f C
v(0)  v o  4 ,   (50  103 )(10  10-6 )  0.5
v(t )  4 e -2t V, t  0

Alternatively, since no current flows through R 1 , the feedback loop forms a first order
RC circuit with v(0)  4 and   R f C  0.5 . Hence,
v(t )  4 e -2t V, t  0

To get to v o from v, we notice that v is the potential difference between node 1 and the
output terminal, i.e.
0  vo  v   v o  - v or v o ( t )  - 4 e -2t V, t  0
P.P.7.15 Let v1 be the potential at the inverting terminal.
v(t )  v()   v(0)  v() e - t 
where   RC  100  10 3  10 -6  0.1 , v(0)  0

v1  0 for all t
v1  v o  v (1)

For t > 0, the switch is closed and the op amp circuit is an inverting amplifier with
- 100
v o ()  (4 mV)  -40 mV
10

From (1),
v()  0  v o ()  40 mV

Thus, v( t )  40(1 – e–10t)u(t) mV

v o  v1  v  -v
v o  40(e–10t – 1)u(t) mV

P.P.7.16 This is a noninverting amplifier so that the output of the op amp is


 R 
v a  1  f  v i
 R1 

 R   40 
v th  v a  1  f  v i  1   4.5 u ( t )  13.5 u ( t )
 R1   20 

To get R th , consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a), where R o is the output resistance of
the op amp. For an ideal op amp, R o  0 so that
R th  R 3  10 k

R3 R th

R th +
Ro R2 V th C

(a) (b)

1
  R th C  10  10 3  2  10 -6 
50
The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b), which is a first order circuit.

Hence,
 
v o ( t )  13.5 1  e - t  u ( t )
v o (t )  13.5(1 – e–50t)u(t) V

P.P.7.17 The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). Construct and save the schematic.
Select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final Time to 5 s. Set the Print Step
slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is simulated by selecting Analysis/
Simulate. In the Probe menu, select Trace/Add and display V(R2:2) as shown in Fig. (b).

(a)

(b)
P.P.7.18 The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). While constructing the circuit, rotate
L1 counterclockwise through 270 so that current i(t) enters pin 1 of L1 and set IC = 10
for L1. After saving the schematic, select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final
Time to 1 s. Set the Print Step slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is
simulated by selecting Analysis/ Simulate. After simulating the circuit, select Trace/Add
in the Probe menu and display I(L1) as shown in Fig. (b).

(a)

(b)
P.P.7.19 v(0)  0 . When the switch is closed, we have the circuit shown below.

10 k a R

+
9V 80 F 4 k

We find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b.


10 (R  4)
R th  (R  4) || 10 
R  14

R4
v th  v()  (9)
R  14

v(t )  v()   v(0)  v() e - t  ,   R th C


v(t )  v()  1  e -t 

Since v(0)  0 ,
v( t ) 9
i( t )    1  e -t   mA
R4 R4

Assuming R is in k,
9
120  10 -6   1  e -t 0    10 -3
R  14
R  14
(0.12)  1  e -t 0 
9
0.12R  1.68 7.32  0.12R
or e -t 0   1  
9 9

 9 
t 0   ln  
 7.32  0.12R 
10 (R  4)  9 
t0   80  10 -6  ln  
R  14  7.32  0.12R 

When R = 0,
40  80  10 -6  9 
t0   ln    0.04723 s
14  7.32 
When R = 6 k,
100  9 
t0   80  10 - 6  ln    0.124 s
20  6 .6 

The time delay is between 47.23 ms and 124 ms.

P.P.7.20 (a) q = CV = (2x10–3)(80) = 160 mC.


1 1
(b) W  CV 2  (2  10 -3 )(6400)  6.4 J
2 2
q 0.16
(c) I   200 A
 t 0.8  10 -3
w 6 .4
(d) p   8 kW
t 0.8  10 -3
q 0.16
(e) t    32 s
 I 5  10 -3

L 500  10 -3
P.P.7.21    2.5 ms
R 200
110
i(0)  0 , i()   550 mA
200
i(t )  550 1  e - t   mA

350 mA  i( t 0 )  550  1  e - t 0   mA
35 20
 1  e -t 0   e -t 0  
55 55

55
e t0  
20

 55   55 
t 0   ln    2.5 ln   ms
 20   20 
t 0  2.529 ms

5L 5  20  10 -3
P.P.7.22 (a) t  5    20 ms
R 5
2
1 2 1 12 
(b)  -3 
W  LI  20  10    57.6 mJ
2 2 5
di  12 5 
(c) V  L  20  10 -3    24 kV
dt  2  10 -6 

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi