Developed by Dr. Rusinov, A and Dr.

Kovalyuk, A

Required Formulas

Number Line: Sign Numbers:

Remember that if you have problem like - 2 – 1 you start from – 2 and
move 1 distance to the left. (+)×(+) = (+) (-)×(-) = (+) (+)×(-) = (-) (-)×(+) = (-)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 2×3=6 (-2) × (-3) = 6 2 × (-3) = -6 (-2) × 3 = -6

Arithmetic: a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0, c ≠ 0, d ≠ 0
Slope Formula Linear Equation
Unlike Denominators: Like Denominators: Multiplication: Division: 𝐲𝟐 −𝐲𝟏
m= y = mx + b
𝐱𝟐 − 𝐱𝟏
𝐚 𝐜 𝐚𝐝 ±𝐜𝐛 𝐚 𝐜 𝐚+𝐜 𝐚 𝐜 𝐚×𝐜 𝐚 𝐜 𝐚×𝐝
± = ± = × = ÷ =
𝐛 𝐝 𝐛𝐝 𝐛 𝐛 𝐛 𝐛 𝐝 𝐛×𝐝 𝐛 𝐝 𝐛×𝐜
y - 𝒚𝟏 = m ×(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
∁
𝜋 = = 3.14159265358970.., e = 2.718281828459...
𝑑

Exponent Rules: Quadratic Formula:

𝐚𝐛 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂
𝐚𝐛 × 𝐚𝐜 = 𝐚𝐛+𝐜 = 𝐚𝐛−𝐜 (𝐚𝐛 )𝐜 = 𝐚𝐛×𝐜 𝐚𝟎 = 1 𝐚−𝟏 = 𝐚−𝐛 = - undefined ax2 + bx + c = 0
𝐚𝐜 𝐚 𝐚𝐛 𝟎

−𝐛±√𝐛 𝟐 −𝟒 𝐚 𝐜
x1,2 =
𝐚𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝐚
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐+𝟑
𝐚 ×𝐚 = 𝐚 = 𝐚𝟓 𝟑 = 𝐚 𝟐−𝟑
= 𝐚 −𝟏
(𝐚 ) = 𝐚𝟐 𝟑 𝟐×𝟑
=𝐚 𝟔
𝟐 =1𝟎
𝟐 −𝟏
= 𝟐−𝟑
= = (x - 𝐱𝟏 )×(x - 𝐱𝟐 ) = 0
𝐚 𝟐 𝟐𝟑 𝟖

Trigonometric Functions Trigonometric Functions

𝒃
A sin A = 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟐
𝒄

𝒂
a c cos A = c – hypotenuse
𝒄

𝒃
tan A = a &b - legs
𝒂

C b B 𝒂 𝒄 𝒄
cot A = , sec A = , cosec A =
𝒃 𝒃 𝒂

sin A cos A tan A cot A sec A cosec A

A
0 0 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞
30 1/2 √3/2 √3/3 √3 2√3/3 2
45 √2/2 √2/2 1 1 √2 √2 Special Right Triangles
90 – 45 - 45 90 – 60 - 30
60 √3/2 1/2 √3 √3/3 2 2√3/3
90 1 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 1

1
Developed by Dr. Rusinov, A and Dr. Kovalyuk, A

Opposite Numbers Absolute Value

Definition of Absolute Value
Definition of Opposite Numbers  Absolute Value of a number is its distance from zero on the number line.
 Two numbers that have the same magnitude but are opposite in The absolute value of a number n is denoted by |n|.
signs are called Opposite Numbers. More about Absolute Value
More about Opposite Numbers  Absolute value function is a piecewise function and is written as f (x) = |x|,
 When opposite numbers are added, it gives zero. where f(x) ≥ 0 for all values of x. This means that f (x) = - x for x < 0="" or
 To get the opposite of a number, change the sign. ="">f (x) = x for x ≥ 0.
 The absolute values of opposite numbers are the same.  Absolute Value Inequalities:
 The opposite numbers are equidistant from 0 on a number line. For all real numbers x and y, y > 0,
Examples of Opposite Numbers 1. if |x| < y, ="" then="" –="">y < x="">< y;="">
+ 25 and – 25 are the opposite numbers. 2. if |x| > y, then x > y or x < -="">
- 8 is the opposite number of + 8.  Absolute Value Equation:
Solved Example on Opposite Numbers It is an equation of the form |ax + b| = c.
Identify the opposite of 6 and represent it on a number line.
Examples of Absolute Value
 Absolute Value: The absolute value of – 5 is 5, because – 5 is 5 units away
from zero on the number line.
 The absolute value of 6 is 6, because 6 is 6 units away from zero on the
number line.
 Absolute Value Function: y = |x| + 3
 Absolute Value Inequalities: |m| > 5
 Absolute Value Equation: |x - 3| = 6

Reciprocal
Definition of Reciprocal Classification of triangles by sides Vertical and Horizontal
 If the product of two numbers Asymptotes
is 1, then the two numbers are
said to be reciprocals of each
other. Scalene
Equilateral Isosceles
 In other words, a reciprocal is
the multiplicative inverse of a
number.
1
 The reciprocal of ‘a’ is .
𝑎
Examples of Reciprocal
1
 Consider 9 × = 1.
9
1
9 is the reciprocal of Order Of Operations:
9
1 1. do everything inside
is the reciprocal of 9.
9 parentheses first
The following are few examples of
2. then do exponents
reciprocals.
1 3 sides equal 2 sides equal No sides equal 3. then do multiplies and divides
 3.2,
3.2 from left to right
1
 √6, 4. do the adds and subtracts
√6
from left to right

Classification of angles Classification of triangles by angles

Right Acute Obtuse

Equiangular

All 3 angles One angle

One angle exactly 90°l 3 angles equal
less than 90° more than 90°

References:

Opposite Numbers, Absolute Value, Reciprocal : http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/Absolute_Value.html

2
Developed by Dr. Rusinov, A and Dr. Kovalyuk, A

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS THE VERTEX FORMULA

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1 For f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a≠0), the vertex is
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑏𝑝 ) = 𝑝
4. 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐− 𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑏
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 (− , ) 𝑜𝑟 (− , 𝑓(− ))
𝑥 2𝑎 4𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦
𝑦
7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑥 𝑝 ) = 𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 implies x = y For f(x) = a(x-h)2 + k, the vertex is (h, k)
1
9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
𝑝

D = √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐

CHANGE – OF – BASE FORMULA If D > 0 – two solutions

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 If D = 0 – one solution

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏
If D < 0 – no real solutions

DOMAIN OF FUNCTIONS
SPECIAL CASE FORMULAS

Polynomial Form Rational Form

1. a × a = 𝑎2
1
= aanxxn++aan-1
yy = n
n-1
x x+…+a+…+a
x+
3 2
3x + a2x + a1x + a0
ax + ax + a
n-1 3 2 y=
n n-1 3 2 1 0
𝑎𝑥−𝑏

2. a(a + b) = 𝑎2 + ab ax – b ≠ 0
ax ≠ b
n = 1, => y = a1x + a0 – linear 𝑏
n = 1, => y = a1x + a0 – linear x≠
𝑎
3. (a + b) (a – b) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 n = 2 => y = a2x2 + a1x + a0 – quadratic
n = 2 => y = a2x2 + a1x + a0 – quadratic 𝒃
D: {x| x ≠ }
n = 3 => y = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 – cubic 𝒂
n = 3 => y = a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 – cubic
4. (𝑎 ± 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 ± 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
D: {x| x ϵ R}
D: {x| x ϵ R}
5. (𝑎 ± 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 ± 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 ± 𝑏 3

6. 𝑎3 ± 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 ± 𝑏)(𝑎2 ab + 𝑏 2 )
Factoring Trinomials Radical Form Mixed Rational & Radical

a𝑥 2 + bx + c = (x + 𝑎1 )(x + 𝑏1 ) y = √𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏,
𝟏
y=
√𝒂𝒙−𝒃
if a = 1 if a ≠1 ax - b ≥ 0
𝑎1 + 𝑏1 = 𝑏 1. Form ac x≥
𝑏
𝑎
𝑎1 × 𝑏1 = 𝑐 2. ac =𝑎2 × 𝑏2 such ax – b > 0
that 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑏 𝒃
x>
𝑏
D: {x| x ≥ } 𝑎
3. Rewrite original 𝒂

expression and use 𝒃

D: {x| x > }
group method to solve 𝒂

it.

3
Developed by Dr. Rusinov, A and Dr. Kovalyuk, A

Functional Analysis
𝟏 y=x+1 y=x-1
y=x y = 2x y = 𝟐x

y = 2x y=x+1
y=x

y=x

y=x-1
𝟏
y= 𝟐 𝒙

𝟏
y = x2 y = 2x2 y = 𝟐 x2 y = (x + 1)2 y = (x - 1)2

y = 2x2
y = (x + 1)2 y = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
y = x2
1
y = 𝑥2
2