11/2/2017 EMBANKMENT MATERIALS

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EMBANKMENT MATERIALS

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a. Earth-fill materials.

(1) While most soils can be used for earth-fill construction as long as they are insoluble and substantially
inorganic, typical rock flours and clays with liquid limits above 80 should generally be avoided. The term “soil”
as used herein includes such materials as soft sandstone or other rocks that break down into soil during
handling and compaction.

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11/2/2017 EMBANKMENT MATERIALS

(2) If a fine-grained soil can be brought readily within the range of water contents suitable for compaction and
for operation of construction equipment, it can be used for embankment construction. Some slow-drying
impervious soils may be unusable as embankment fill because of excessive moisture, and the reduction of
moisture content would be impracticable in some climatic areas because of anticipated rainfall during
construction. In other cases, soils may require additional water to approach optimum water content for
compaction. Even ponding or sprinkling in borrow areas may be necessary. The use of fine-grained soils having
high water contents may cause high porewater pressures to develop in the embankment under its own weight.
Moisture penetration into dry hard borrow material can be aided by ripping or plowing prior to sprinkling or
ponding operations.

(3) As it is generally difficult to reduce substantially the water content of impervious soils, borrow areas
containing impervious soils more than about 2 to 5 percent wet of optimum water content (depending upon
their plasticity characteristics) may be difficult to use in an embankment. However, this depends upon local
climatic conditions and the size and layout of the work, and must be assessed for each project on an individual
basis. The cost of using drier material requiring a longer haul should be compared with the cost of using
wetter materials and flatter slopes. Other factors being equal, and if a choice is possible, soils having a wide
range of grain sizes (well-graded) are preferable to soils having relatively uniform particle sizes, since the
former usually are stronger, less susceptible to piping, erosion, and liquefaction, and less compressible.
Cobbles and boulders in soils may add to the cost of construction since stone with maximum dimensions
greater than the thickness of the compacted layer must be removed to permit proper compaction.
Embankment soils that undergo considerable shrinkage upon drying should be protected by adequate
thicknesses of non-shrinking fine-grained soils to reduce evaporation. Clay soils should not be used as backfill
in contact with concrete or masonry structures, except in the impervious zone of an embankment.

(4) Most earth materials suitable for the impervious zone of an earth dam are also suitable for the impervious
zone of a rock-fill dam. When water loss must be kept to a minimum (i.e., when the reservoir is used for long-
term storage), and fine-grained material is in short supply, resulting in a thin zone, the material used in the
core should have a low permeability. Where seepage loss is less important, as in some flood control dams not
used for storage, less impervious material may be used in the impervious zone

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