Contents

The Impact of Smallholder Farmers’ Agricultural Commercialization on Rural Households’ Food

Security in Major Coffee Growing Areas of South West Ethiopia: The Case of Jimma Zone ..................... 1
The Welfare Cost of Food Price Increase in Ethiopia: Semi-parametric Estimation Approach ................... 2
Report on Research in to Food Insecurity and Conflict ................................................................................ 3
Perishable Goods Marketing in Ethiopia with reference to Fruits and Vegetables ...................................... 4
Climate Uncertainty and Dynamic Adjustment in Agriculture: The Case in Cameroon .............................. 5
Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Rural People to Climate Change in Case Libo kemkem
District, South Gonder Zones, Ethiopia ........................................................................................................ 6
Adapting to drought in the horn of Africa by marketing: how market orientation can help pastoralists to
adapt to changing climatic conditions ........................................................................................................... 7
Conceptual and Empirical Revisit of Productivity, Technology, and Capital Formation in Ethiopia’s
Agriculture .................................................................................................................................................... 8
A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of storage types used by smallholder maize farmers in
Uganda: An exploratory study. ..................................................................................................................... 9
Transitional challenges of micro and small-scale enterprises: the case of eastern Oromia of Ethiopia ..... 10
The Role of Early Stage Scaffolding in Venture Growth ........................................................................... 11
Value Chain Analysis of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): A Survey Study on Selected
Sector of MSMEs in Tigray ........................................................................................................................ 12
The impact of Corporate Governance Attributes on Information Disclosure: Evidence from Ethiopian
Banking Sector ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Corporate Financial Performance Tradeoff ...................... 14
The Role of Evaluation for Local Good Governance: The Ethiopian Context ........................................... 15
Differential Effects of Internal and External Distances on Trade Flows: The Case of Pakistan ................ 16
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-17, Technological Transfer and the Paradox of Restriction for
Africa .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Inter-Firm Relations, Governance and Upgrading Efforts in the Wood-Work Micro and Small Enterprises
(MSE) Value Chain..................................................................................................................................... 18
Industrialization and Industrial Principle: A Review on Sustainable Chemistry ........................................ 19
Exploring factors influencing women satisfaction with Non-Governmental Organizations’ services:
Evidence from Tanzania ............................................................................................................................. 20
The effect of marketing mix on sales volume in SMEs in Rwanda: Case study of Kimironko Commercial
Centre .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Exploring Entrepreneurial Orientation and Growth Potential of Microenterprises in Northwest Nigeria.. 22
Antecedents and enablers of supply chain value creation: a perspective of SMEs in local procurement ... 23

I
Determinants of Performance among Micro and Small Enterprises: A study from Gindeberet District of
Oromia region, Ethiopia.............................................................................................................................. 24
Sustainability of water project management in rural areas of Rwanda: ...................................................... 25
A case study of Bugesera district ................................................................................................................ 25
Is there Causal Association between Exchange Rate and Inflation in Africa? A Panel Granger Causality
Analysis ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
FDI-Growth Nexus in Africa ...................................................................................................................... 27
FDI, Financial Development and Growth in Host Countries: The Case of North African Countries ........ 28
Entrepreneurial Change Agent: Organizational Change Management in Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria. ..................................................................................................................... 29
Factors affecting the Entrepreneurial Intension of Tvet Trainees in Reference to Wro. Siheen Polytechnic
College ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
The role of the government in IFRS adoption and implementation: The case of Rwanda ......................... 31
Mitigating Natural Disaster Effects on Economic Development: The Role of Microfinance Institutions . 32
Women’s Access to Microfinance Services in Southern Ethiopia: Assessing the promises, Impacts,
Challenges and Gaps ................................................................................................................................... 33
Economic Rationale and Constraints of A National Carrier Of Low Income Economy ............................ 34
Service sector and its contribution to economic growth in Rwanda ........................................................... 35
Service Quality Delivery and Customers’ Satisfaction in Nigeria Banking Industry ................................. 36
The Economic Cost of Informal Caregiving for The Inpatient: The Case of Jimma University Referral
Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia ........................................................................................................................... 37
Effect of Health Shocks on Household Income in Rwanda: Does Health Insurance Mitigate the Sickness
Effect? ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
A study on students’ attitudes and preferences towards a Green ecosystem .............................................. 39
Human Capital Process in Emerging Economies: The Case of Ethiopia Airlines ...................................... 40
Returns to Education in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................ 41
Political Institutions, Human Capital and Innovation: Evidence from Sub Saharan Africa ....................... 42
Assessing the socioeconomic impacts of the Girinka program in Rwanda ................................................ 43
Vulnerability to Poverty in Ethiopia ........................................................................................................... 44
Impact of Road on Rural Poverty: Evidence from Ethiopia ....................................................................... 45
Does entrepreneurial market orientation in agricultural production influence Sector in Kenya ................. 46
Competition and Innovation effects on Firm Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa ..................................... 47
Conceptual and Empirical Revisit of Productivity, Technology, and Capital Formation in Ethiopia’s
Agriculture .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Do Remittances Really Promote Economic Growth? Empirical Evidence from SSA ............................... 49

II
Does Official Development Assistance Affect Donor’s Export? Case of Korea ........................................ 50
A Co-Creation Perspective Towards Bank Service Quality Measurement Model: scale development and
validation .................................................................................................................................................... 51
Does Deposit Insurance Promote Financial Inclusion? Evidence from CEMAC countries ....................... 52
Interest Rate Spread in the Financial System in Rwanda: Drivers and Implications .................................. 53
Tax Compliance Attitude of the Rural Farmers: An Analysis based on Survey Data of Ethiopia ............. 54
Analysing the Distributional Effect of Indirect Taxes in Rwanda: A Dagum’s Decomposition Approach
.................................................................................................................................................................... 55
The Effect of Interest Rate Volatility on Interest Income on Commercial Banks in Rwanda .................... 56
Corruption and Firm-level Productivity: Greasing or Sanding Effect? ...................................................... 57
Analysis of the effects of aging and experience on firms’ performance: The case of Ethiopia .................. 58
Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Innovations in the Ethiopian Commercial Banking Sector:
the mediating role of knowledge management ........................................................................................... 59
Uncovering the unseen passion: A fire to foster ambition towards innovation .......................................... 60
Personality Traits, Cognitive Biases and Opportunity Exploitation: A Theoretical Framework ................ 61
The Positive Side of Resistance to Change: A Fight Against Organizational Injustice.............................. 62
Managerial competencies and business performance: innovation as a mediator in Rwandan SMEs ......... 63
Adoption and Implementation of New Public Management Accounting Reforms in the countries ........... 64
Employees Turnover and Turnover Intention in Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Adigrat
University.................................................................................................................................................... 65
Employment Dynamics in Africa ............................................................................................................... 66
The Effect of Employee Motivation and Maintenance Systems on Organizational Effectiveness of Oromia
Radio and Tv Organization ......................................................................................................................... 67
Energizing Africa Sustainably: Evidence from Ghana’s Electricity Infrastructure .................................... 68
Effect of Electric Power Outage on Performance of Ethiopian Enterprises ............................................... 69
Power Outages and Firm Performance: Evidence from Industrial Sector of Ethiopia ............................... 70
Determinants of Food Security in Southeastern of Oromiya ...................................................................... 71
Analysis of Factors Affecting Persistent and Transient Inefficiency of Ethiopia’s Smallholder Cereal
Farming ....................................................................................................................................................... 72
The impact of land rental on marketed surplus Evidence from rural Tigrai, Ethiopia................................ 73
Land use consolidation and consumption growth: panel data evidence from Rwanda .............................. 74
Analysis of Preference for Technology Adoption Among Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Chick Pea
And Common Bean Producing Farmers In Southern Ethiopia ................................................................... 75
Institutions and Economic Performance ..................................................................................................... 76
Information Imperfection and the Structural Curse of Manufacturing in Under Developed Economy ...... 77

III
Economic Performance and Institutions: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and Developing East Asia
and the Pacific Region ................................................................................................................................ 78
Trust, Liquidity Constraints and the Adoption of Index Insurance: A Randomized Controlled Trial in
Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................................... 79
Descriptive Analysis of De Novo Commercial Banks in Tanzania: Evidence from the First Four Years of
Operations ................................................................................................................................................... 80
Adoption of agent banking as a financial system: A case study of the financial stakeholders of Bank of
Kigali and Equity Bank Rwanda ................................................................................................................. 81
ICT And It Enabled E-Governance Initiatives - Global Practices and Insights from Ethiopia ................... 82
Implementing social media as a strategic marketing platform: an empirical assessment ........................... 83
Current Trends of Social Responsibility of Business around the World with Focus on Africa and Ethiopia
.................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Level and Trend of Unemployment in Cameroon between 2005 and 2010: Does Urbanisation Really
Matter? ........................................................................................................................................................ 85
Conceptualizing the relationship between core values, motivation and legitimacy: A qualitative study of
Uganda’s informal economy. ...................................................................................................................... 86
Microalgae for Biofuel and other Biomaterials under Biorefinery Approach ............................................ 87
Food security as a way to sustainable development: A review of Agri-food production and supply chain
governance dynamics in East Africa........................................................................................................... 88

IV
 The Impact of Smallholder Farmers’ Agricultural Commercialization on Rural
Households’ Food Security in Major Coffee Growing Areas of South West Ethiopia: The
Case of Jimma Zone
Ismael Mohammed Nasir, Jimma University, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to analyze the impact of smallholder farmers’ agricultural commercializationon
rural food security in major coffee growing areas of south west Ethiopia: the case of Jimmazone.
For this study both primary and secondary data were used to generate the requiredinformation.
Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 150 smallholder farmers.
Analytical tool used includes descriptive statistics, Crop Output Market Participation
Index(COMPI) and logit model. The results showed that about 68% of the small holder farmers
werefood secure households. Smallholder farmer commercialization has positive effect on
foodsecurity level of smallholder farmers. The estimation results of the logit model showed that
family size, age of household, cultivated land, Crop output market participation, access tocredit
were significantly affect rural household food security. The study suggests for policies thatwill
improve smallholder farmer family planning service, accesses to credits, Capacity building,better
land conservation practices, market information and road in designing food security policyin the
study areas.
Key words: Commercialization; Rural food security; and smallholder farmers

1
 The Welfare Cost of Food Price Increase in Ethiopia: Semi-parametric Estimation
Approach
Abel Embaye, University of Arkansas, USA

Abstract
We estimate the demand for food in Ethiopia using recently developed shape restricted
nonparametric estimation that satisfy the Slut-sky constraint. Using the 2015 Ethiopia
Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) data, wend a price elasticity of demand for food of about .80 and
in-come elasticity of .07 which is consistent with previous studies. We alsopresent a preliminary
estimate of exact deadweight loss from increaseof food prices of 50 percent at the median price
and income. We foundthis estimate to be about 9% of the increase in revenue derived to theseller
side of the market.
Keywords: demand function, Shape Restriction, Nonparametric, DeadweightLoss

2
 Report on Research in to Food Insecurity and Conflict
Syed MansoobMurshed, Coventry University, UK

Abstract:
Since time immemorial food shortages and food price increases have sparked socialunrest. The
degree of any resultant conflict, depend on a host of factors including the degreeof inter-personal
and inter-group inequality, the income level of the country, its relative urbanand youth
population share, its polity, quality of governance, the degree of social protection orgovernment
expenditure and state capacity. Our identification strategy is dictated by ourhypothesis that the
transmission mechanisms between food prices and conflict, are mediatedby these variables. Our
results suggest that food prices, and especially food price volatility, thetwo main explanatory
variables for our research, do contribute statistically significantly toconflict risk in the variety of
forms with which we have chosen to measure conflict: armedconflict or civil war measured by
the number of battle deaths, conflict events measured bypolitical events in Africa (ACLED), the
urban social disorder dataset and our own project datacollection efforts on events related to food
price related riots or protests. In the case of foodprice related protest events, the variable that best
explains it is the level of food prices ratherthan its volatility. The level of development of the
country and the capacity of the state alsomatter, as greater affluence and government spending
cushion food price shocks. Our resultsindicate that greater democracy can engender more
conflict, especially when it comes toprotests, riots or other disturbances, but after a certain
threshold of higher democraticdevelopment greater democracy is conflict abating. The broader
V-DEM participatory indexcan also encourage more protest, but it does not enhance civil war
related fatalities. Ourgovernance variables are more significant when it comes to conflict events
and protests shortof civil war. The importance of governance in this regard is highlighted by the
fact that whenwe interact food price volatility or level with governance, the food price volatility
or food pricelevel coefficient sometimes becomes statistically insignificant. This emphasizes the
salience ofthe mediating role of institutions and state capacity when it comes to conflict induced
by foodprice volatility. An innovation of our study is the inclusion of inequality. We deploy
twometrics of inter-personal or inter-household vertical inequality: the GINI coefficient of
incomeinequality and the V-DEM egalitarian index which is a broader measure of how
egalitarian asociety is. They always emerge with the correct expected signs suggesting that more
inequalitybreeds more conflict. We also utilize measures of inter-group or horizontal inequality
in itspolitical dimensions. These result in expected signs; more horizontal inequality results
ingreater conflict and is quite often statistically significant. The exception lies with total
powerlessness; complete exclusion does not lead to greater armed revolt.

3
 Perishable Goods Marketing in Ethiopia with reference to Fruits and Vegetables
SaravananDevadoss, WorknehKassa, Mohammed Seid, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract

Fruits and vegetable crops assume a unique role in Ethiopia’s economic development. It
isimproving the income of the rural households. Strategies to increase accessibility
andavailability of fruits and vegetable will promote these perishable goods like fruits
andvegetables. An ideal agricultural marketing system should ensure remunerative prices to
theproducers, uninterrupted supply of goods at cheaper prices to the consumers and
theaccumulation of surplus for further development. In Ethiopia, the demand of fresh fruits
andvegetables has been increasing year-by year. Sellers are suffering from various problems
such asfluctuations in price, perishable nature of products, competition, uncertainty conditions of
themarket etc. The present study investigates these problems.. This study has identified
variousdimensions. Questionnaire was developed. 400 respondents identified for this study.
Storagefacility, infrastructure development, insurance will help the retailers promote their
business.
Attractive offers of the organized retail and availability of multiproduct underone roof
atattractive price motivates the consumers to buy from organized retail. Ethiopian
consumersprefer to buy from unorganized retail outlet in their locality.

4
Climate Uncertainty and Dynamic Adjustment in Agriculture: The Case in Cameroon
Martial Bindoumou, Catholic University of Central Africa
Jean Roger EssombéEdimoUniversityof Yaoundé II

Abstract
This study aims to understand and quantify the link between climate and agriculture inCameroon
and to analyze how expectations of farmers on climate change affect investment and production
decisions. The data used come from Food and Agricultural Organization,Cameroon Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development and the third Camerooniansurvey on household. To achieve
the first objective, the Ricardian model is estimated by theOrdinary Least Square method. While
the second objective is achieved by estimating a dynamicstochastic model by the nonlinear three-
stage least square method. Regarding the marginaleffect, we found that an increasing for 1mm of
precipitations leads to an increasing for FCFA2200.20 of farm income per hectare. While an
increasing for 1°C of temperature leads to adecreasing for FCFA 2322 of farm income per
hectare. As for the elasticity of farm incomes, theresults suggest that an increasing of 1% in
temperature leads to lower farm revenues by 32.4 %while an increasing of 1% in precipitation
leads to higher farm revenues by 12.9 %. Finally,under uncertainty and market price change,
farmers take about two and a half years to fullyadjust the desired level of their crops, about 24
years for capital, one and half year for labourand about nine months for fertilizer to their optimal
level. These dynamic adjustments are due toadaptation measures implemented by farmers. As
farm incomes are too sensitive to climatechanges, farmers must strengthen adaptation.
Keywords: Adjustment Costs, Agriculture, Cameroon, Climate uncertainty, Ricardianmodel.

5
 Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Rural People to Climate Change in
CaseLibokemkem District, South Gonder Zones, Ethiopia
MeleseWorku1 and SamulSahela2
1MeleseWorku, Deber Tabor University Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences.
2SamulSahela,University of Gondar Faculty of Natural and Computational Science

ABSTRACT

6
Adapting to drought in the horn of Africa by marketing: how market orientation can help
pastoralists to adapt to changing climatic conditions
WorknehKassaTessema, Addis Ababa University,
Paul T.M. Ingenbleek, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, and
Hans C.M., van Trijp, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Abstract
Severe drought is becoming more frequent due to the changes in climatic conditions inparts of
Africa. Droughts severely affect the livelihoods and sustainable development ofagricultural
producers, in particular, pastoralists. In order to sustain their livelihood and economic
contribution (e.g., protein supply), pastoralists are required to enhancetheir adaptation to the
changes in climatic conditions. One way of adaptation bypastoralists is to sell a part of their herd
in advance of the droughts, and buy orreproduce after the droughts when pasture and water are
more available. Marketingcan facilitate such a process of destocking and restocking. This study
uses a semiexperimentto understand how market orientation influences the impact of
climaticconditions on pastoralists’ intended herd size change. The results show that a
highermarket orientation has a significant role for pastoralists in changing their herd size toadapt
to the changes in climatic conditions. The results imply that policy measures thatfocus on
enhancing the motivation of pastoralists for enhanced market orientation cancontribute to their
adaptation to the change in climatic conditions.
Keywords: Marketing, semi-experiment, adaptation, climatic conditions,
pastoralists,Forecasting

7
 Conceptual and Empirical Revisit of Productivity, Technology, and Capital Formation in
Ethiopia’s Agriculture
AtlawAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
This study develops an analytical framework to examine the sources of the current state
ofagricultural productivity in Ethiopia. The framework puts land augmenting and labor-
augmenting technologies embodied in the formation of capital with their effect on productivity.
Using the framework, the study analyses the existing data on capital formation to depict
thecurrent sources and the future prospect of productivity in relation with the applied
technologyembodied in capital. The data indicate that smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia uses
little capitalaugmented with technology. The little capital used by smallholder agriculture
embodies largelyland-augmenting technology and even smaller labor augmenting technology
without themechanical advantage. Thus, smallholder agriculture will remain low productivity as
long as ituses both land and labor augmenting technologies.

8
 A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of storage types used by smallholder maize
farmers in Uganda: An exploratory study.
Anthony Tibaingana, Makerere University, Uganda,

Abstract
Storage is a crucial activity in the food supply chain. It helps to even out fluctuations in supply
and demand to ensure food availability during the lean period. Despite the immense contribution
of storage there exist knowledge gap on the description of the storage types used by smallholder
maize farmers, how they are acquired, used and how much it costs. Moreover storage affects the
social economic wellbeing of smallholder farmers. Using a sample of 108 smallholder maize
farmers in eastern Uganda, this study explored the missing link. Interviews were conducted with
smallholder maize farmers in three districts of eastern Uganda during the storage season of
2014/2015. The main aim was to describe the different storage type’s characteristics, find out
how they were acquired and why they are used, how often and how long the storage stayed. The
findings show different characteristics of storage. Sacks were the most used storage types,
storage types were acquired mainly through purchase 74%. Those constructed by smallholder
farmers themselves accounted for 25%. Affordability and accessibility determined the storage
type used. Some storage types were no used across all districts for example granary was used in
two out of the three sampled districts.
Keywords; Maize, smallholder farmers, storage, storage characteristics, Uganda

9
Transitional challenges of micro and small-scale enterprises: the case of eastern Oromiaof
Ethiopia
AbdurhamanAlliyi Ibrahim and MegersaDebelaDaksa, Haramaya University, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
This study analysis the transitional challenges of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in
EasternOromia region of Ethiopia. Descriptive and econometrics research design used to identify
thefactors that hinder the transition of MSEs. The descriptive finding indicates that the
maximumand minimum time (year) that enterprises will wait to move to the medium level are 11
and 1year. The Cox Proportion Hazard Model regression result showed that age, initial number
ofmember, current number of member, initial capital, credit access, location, formation base,
andintensity of production of the enterprise significantly explain survival (state of staying in
microand small scale) of the MSE in the study area. Based on the findings MSEs and concerned
agentsshould maintaining balance of the initial and current number of the member that goes with
MSEsobjectives, capital, ability; raising initial capital; and maximizing the return from credit
byclearly developing strong business plan that is based on the investigation.
Keyword: transition; MSEs, Eastern Oromia; challenges

10
 The Role of Early Stage Scaffolding in Venture Growth
DemekeChimdessa, Wollega University

Abstract
This study investigates the role of founding condition, specifically government support
intervention start up, on growth aspiration of entrepreneurs. In order to investigate the
connection between founding conditions and entrepreneurs growth aspiration, theoretical
induction method is used. The study is done within the framework of imprinting theory,
which explains how early conditions during establishment would have impact on the
remaining life period of firms and entrepreneurs. Moreover, learning theories and the
theory of planned behavior are used to explain some of the concepts in the discussions.
The unit of analysis for this study is individual entrepreneurs. It is the individual
entrepreneur-manager who plan growth of firms. Their aspiration to grow influences the
growth endeavor of firms. Therefore, the study is about how entrepreneurs are influenced
by the support they get during the time they establish their firms. It is found that
government support during startup has negative effect on the growth aspiration of
entrepreneurs.

11
Value Chain Analysis of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): A Survey Study
on Selected Sector of MSMEs in Tigray
RahwaGebre, Mekele University, Ethiopia,

Abstract
In Ethiopia Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are among the top or priority
agenda of the Government. This is because MSMEs are believed to be a vehicle to transform
Ethiopia from Agri-dependent to semi-industrial country so as become one of the middle income
countries. Unlike the large scale industries, MSMEs have a multi-facet economic advantage as
far as job creation and capital is concerned. The objective of this study is To get insight of Value
Chain Analysis for MSMEs by exploring integration of existing value chain activities in value
chain system of the selected sector of MSMEs .In this study both primary and secondary data
were used as source of information. Sample size of 80 960-17-3 proportionally from Micro,
Small and Medium enterprises respectively) were selected using stratified random sampling
technique from the sampling framing given by Trade and Industry Development organization
including list of 104,408 MSMEs all over the zones of Tigray region. These MSMEs are
involved in seven different sectors: service, textile, construction, municipal, metal and wood
work, urban agriculture, and merchandising. The units of observation are list of 80 textile sector
of MSMEs which is the focus of this study as textile contributes great in the region to provide
one of the basic necessities (clothing). The primary data were collected via face to face
structured questionnaires with 92.5% response rate. The data collected from the questionnaires
were edited and coded to make them ready for analysis using Excel and STATA. The collected
data were analyzed using descriptive data analysis, spearman rho’s correlation and OLS Model
based on the nature and type of the objective and the collected data. Most of the firms of textile
sector of MSMEs are micro and small. The existing value chain activities include both the
primary activities and support activities. Furthermore, both the primary activities and support
activities have sub activities within each of them. The relationship among value chain activities
includes relationship of primary value chain activities among themselves and with the support
activities. The calculations per unit indicate that all except the input providers incur loss. Thus,
the total profit margin is earned when sales volume is increased. As a result of this, the
wholesaler is benefited. Inbound logistics (a primary value chain activity); firm infrastructure (a
support value chain activity); and socio economic factors: business capital, No. of employees
hired, annual income, owner’s level of education do significantly contribute to change of the
profit margin of the sector under consideration. The value chain system of textile sector of
MSMEs has the following components with each having subcomponents.It will be nice if the
MSMEs do pay attention not only to the primary value chain activities but also to the support
value chain activities as all the activities have contribution to the integration of the existing value
chain. The firms would rather focus on how to increase their sales volume in order to increase
their profit margin as sales price per unit calculation indicates loss while the total profit margin
shows profit.
Key words: Value chain activities, Value chain system, Micro organizations, Small enterprises,
Medium enterprises, Profit margin

12
The impact of Corporate Governance Attributes on Information Disclosure: Evidence from
Ethiopian Banking Sector
K.SambasivaRaoand TeshomeDulaJirra, Andhra University, India

Abstract
This study examines the effect of corporate governance attributes and bank characteristics on
corporate governance and risk related information disclosure. The data used in this study was
secondary data; Annual reports of 14 commercial banks for the period 2010 to 2015 were
collected from national bank of Ethiopia. To measure the risk disclosure, 37 attributes of risk
related information were selected and the level of risk disclosure was measured by dividing the
total score to the maximum obtainable score 37. Content analysis was used to measure risk
disclosure score and to test the effect of explanatory variables on the response variable, data was
analyzed using random effect model. The result of the study showed that risk disclosure is
positively affected by risk committee size, gender diversity in board room, and frequency of risk
committee meeting. Moreover, the result of the study also showed that ownership type has a
significant negative relationship with risk disclosure.
Key words: Corporate Governance, Risk, Disclosure, Banking, Ethiopia

13
Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Corporate Financial Performance Tradeoff
DikitoAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia,

Abstract
Abundant studies were undertaken throughout the world, mainly in the context of
developedcountries, to investigate the correlation between corporate social responsibility (CSR)
andcorporate financial performance (CFP) though the studies came up with conflicting results.
Somestudies show a positive relationship between corporate social responsibility practice and
firmfinancial performance (see, for example, Waddock& Graves, 1997; Cheruiyot, 2010), on
theother hand, some of the studies show a negative relationship (Cordeiro&Sarkis, 1997;
Wagneret al, 2002) and still others showing that there is no relationship between the two
variables(McWilliams & Siegel, 2000; Aragon & Lopez, 2007). This study used a mixed
research designapproach and applied multiple econometric models to assess the relationship
between CSR andBanks’ financial performance in Ethiopia since one size does not fit all. The
finding shows that,there is no relationship between the financial contribution for CSR activities
and CFP at 10%significance level, which similar to the findings of McWilliams & Siegel, 2000;
Aragon &Lopez, 2007. To conclude, a lot of improvements are expected from firms in the
country todischarge their CSR properly since the majority of the business firms in Ethiopia were
in thelower layer of Carroll’s 1991, CSR pyramid, which is profit maximization by ignoring the
otherthree pillars as shown in the finding.
Key Words: CSR, CFP, Content analysis, CSR pyramid

14
 The Role of Evaluation for Local Good Governance: The Ethiopian Context
Jemal Ahmed, Ministry of Public Service and Human Resource Development, Ethiopia

Abstract
This paper focuses on the role of evaluation for good governance practices in Ethiopia. The
concept of good governance has been introduced into the country about two decades ago and
there have been various activities made. Since there are many challenges around it, recently
much attention has been given to good governance by the Ethiopian government. The role of
evaluation in good governance is indispensable and based on contexts there are various models
and frameworks both theoretically and empirically. The research qualitative was qualitative type
and document review was used as data collection tool in which a literature search was made to
relate the theoretical aspect of good governance with its current practices in the country mainly
focusing on its evaluation. Qualitative content analysis was data analysis method. From the
analysis, it was found out that the ongoing good governance implementation efforts are abundant
but weak evaluation mechanisms.
The result of this study can be used for further inquiry in the area. Further, it can be used as an
input for policy making and practicing good governance in Ethiopia.
Key words: Evaluation framework, good governance, indicators, practices, principles, public
service organizations.

15
 Differential Effects of Internal and External Distances on Trade Flows: The Case of
Pakistan
Salamat, University of Nottingham, UK,

Abstract
This paper examines the differential effects of domestic and international transportation
distances on firm-level exports of Pakistan. It uses novel datasets that identify the locations of
firms in the hinterland, ports of entry/exit and modes of shipment (air, land or sea) over time and
contain transaction-level details for exports, imports and domestic trade. The study exploits the
information on domestic sales and purchases along with the historical pattern of entry of these
firms into exporting to circumvent the potential endogeneity of manufacturing location choice.
The paper finds that access to trade-processing facilities is a key limiting factor in trade flows.
On average, the marginal effect of domestic distance to port of exit is almost three-folds than that
of international distance to ports of entry in export markets. Both segments of distance have
heterogeneous effects along trade margins: domestic distance impedes exports primarily through
extensive margins (EM) of firms and product, whereas international distance restricts these
mainly through quantity margins, in addition to constricting the EM. The results are robust to
alternative measures of distances as well as to the deconstruction of these effects across sectors
and over time.
Keywords: Trade costs, inland distance, structural gravity, trade margins, Pakistan

16
 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-17, Technological Transfer and the Paradox of
Restriction for Africa
Albert T. AKUME, GurvyKavei, and Wanjuu, Lazarus. Z,Kaduna Polytechnic, Nigeria

Abstract
Africa has been plagued by mirage of development challenges. The cumulative effect of those
challenges is evident in poor human development index. Past efforts to change this unhealthy
condition have produce unimpressive outcomes hence the search for better development strategy
had continued. In the last decade, the developed nations in collaboration with the developing
world produced the SDGs as a panacea to Africa’s development problem if implemented
appropriately. Included in the SDGs package is Goal 17 with target 6, 7 & 8 promising
technological transfer to Africa. It is undeniable that Africa is deficient in this area but
desperately need technology to stimulate local production with added value, economic growth
and development to pull her out of her current development quagmire. The concern however is
that the negotiated access to technology will be within the frame-work of WTO enforced
International Patent Rights (IPRs) regime. The question this paper seeks to answer is, will the
IPRs permit technology transfer to African considering that the negotiation of access will be
within the enforced WTO-IPRs regime? The objective of this paper is to examine if the current
enforced WTO-IPRs regime will guarantee technological transfer to Africa as envisaged by SDG
17. This paper utilizes the documentary and analytical research methods to carry out this critical
exposition.
Keywords: Growth, IPR, Poverty, Patent, SDG 17, and Technology Transfer.

17
 Inter-Firm Relations, Governance and Upgrading Efforts in the Wood-Work Micro and
Small Enterprises (MSE) Value Chain
Elias Berhanu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia,

Abstract

This study is based on a field survey involving wood-work MSE operators in Addis Ababa. The
wood-work sub-sector in Ethiopia has a domestic value chain since main inputs are from local
sources, designs are by local producers, and products are for domestic markets. Domestic actors
govern the allocation of resources and the distribution of benefits. Public enterprises control
plantations hence primary inputs. Wholesalers in turn control inputs, which finally reach MSEs
through retailers. Design, production and marketing decisions are made by MSE operators.
Middlemen are minor as most of the products reach consumers directly. The value-chain’s
downstream is thus formed by a short distribution-channel. Horizontal, non-market, linkages
characterize inter-firm relations; whereas, arm’s length market linkages dominate the supplier-
MSE-buyer relations. In the absence of “lead firms”, wood-work MSE value chains fail to
qualify for the mainstream “buyer-driven” model. Without buyer-dominated quasi-hierarchical
relationship, MSEs exercise “incremental upgrading” through learning-by-doing. Measures taken
to upgrade the production process are considerably inclined to the physical (hardware) aspects of
the firm. The MSE value-chain is restrained by a range of problems. The current state of product
design marks underdeveloped links in the chain. Inter-firm relations and upgrading efforts are
very weak; hence hinder entry into competitive markets. Despite the drawbacks, MSEs still serve
as a means for mobilizing fragmented resources of individuals and creating employment. MSEs
contribute to the economy through the value chain, right from input-sourcing to production and
marketing ˗ linking diverse economic activities across primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.
Key terms: MSE; Value-Chain; Upgrading; Chain-Governance; Inter-Firm Relations

18
 Industrialization and Industrial Principle: A Review on Sustainable Chemistry
AsnakeGudisa, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Ethiopia,

Abstract

The 2001 Chemistry Nobel Laureate,RyōjiNoyori, said Chemists must pursue ‘‘Practical
Elegance’’: that is chemical synthesis must be intellectually logical and technically truly
efficient. Atom economy alone cannot evaluate the efficiency of organic synthesis or industrial
processes.Consequently, the present review details the complete quantification of major Green
Metrics parameter such as Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME), Atom Economy (AE) , Material
Recovery Parameter (MRP), Stoichiometric factor (SF) and yield(Y) for well recognized organic
synthesis such as Suzuki cross coupling catalyzed by Palladium(0),Wittig olefination reaction,
Grignard reaction, and Aldol condensation .It also assesses the Environmental factors (E-factors)
indicating the waste footprint per product formed.Finally, the Radial Pentagon comprising AE,
RME, MRP, SF and Y was depicted and all together measures the efficiency of synthetic
methods or processes. This sustainability-based approach allows chemists to clearly assess
whether or not chemistry and chemical processes are greener or sustainable.
Key words: Practical elegance, Sustainability, Green Metrics, E-factors, Radial Pentagon

19
Exploring factors influencing women satisfaction with Non-Governmental Organizations’
services: Evidence from Tanzania
MasesaMakombaBandoma and DevJani, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Tanzania

Abstract
With the plethora of both local and international Non-Governmental Organizations inTanzania,
the question whether those who are supposed to be served by the organizations aresatisfied or not
together with the factors leading into their satisfaction is crucial. As a meansof appraising
satisfaction of Non-Governmental Organization customers, this study aimed atexploring the
factors influencing women satisfaction with Non-Governmental Organizations’(NGOs’)
services. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnairedirected to women NGO
customers. Convenience sampling was used that yielded 160 usablequestionnaires. After the
performance of descriptive, reliability, and factor analyses,multiple regression analysis was used
in appraising the influence of NGO factors andwomen’s role in service production factors on the
customer satisfaction. The resultsindicated substantial number of women (65.6%) obtains
economic empowerment servicesfrom the NGOs while 40% access guidance and counseling
services from the NGOs. Otherservices obtained from the NGOs include legal advice (31.2%),
training on various issues(26.9%), and seminar (24.4%). NGO factors are noted to have
relatively higher effects thanwomen roles on satisfaction with NGOs’ services. In order to attain
better performances,NGOs are advised to frequently carryout marketing researches so that they
can fullyunderstand the changing needs in the NGO sector. Moreover, the NGOs can elevate
thesatisfaction of their beneficiaries through improving their services as well as creating
anenvironment for more participation for their beneficiaries in the service production.
Furthermore, in making sure the NGOs provide quality services to their customers,
theGovernment and supra-bodies that coordinate and oversee the operations of NGOs
shouldundertake regular evaluation research in order to guide the NGOs in catering for
theircustomers.
Key Words: Non-Governmental, women, satisfaction, Tanzania, services.

20
The effect of marketing mix on sales volume in SMEs in Rwanda: Case study of Kimironko
Commercial Centre
Jean Claude Ndibwirende and Philippe Ndikubwimana, University of Rwanda, Rwanda

Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the “effect of the marketing mix on sales volume in SMEs in
Rwanda with the case study of Kimironko Commercial Centre (KCC)”. The objectives were to
examine the impact of: a product, price, place and promotion on the sales volume. Researchers
wanted to determine whether the marketing mix enhances the customers’ need and to find out the
extent to which it affect the sales volume in SMEs at KCC. The researchers used triangulation
methodology, which combines qualitative and quantitative methods and adopted co-relational
and cross-sectional surveys which are designed to illustrate the impact of the 4Ps of marketing
mix on sales volume in SMEs at KCC. A sample of 70 respondents was drawn from the
individual traders and companies operating within the KCC. This sample was composed of 60
sole traders and 10 others forms of business ownership. The respondents were selected from a
cluster with a multiple sampling processes, for example, traders were selected using simple
random techniques basing on the products they sell; and the location where they are (right side
and backside of Kimironko market; and inside of Kimironko market). Other respondents were
selected using snow ball sampling where the respondents from the existing sample helped the
researchers to meet other respondents. Kinyarwanda language was used in conducting this
research. The findings of this study showed that there is a low level of marketing practices in
SMEs of KCC, and therefore, many small businesses fail and close few days after their start up.
In addition, some companies do not use marketing strategies that links companies to the
customers they serve. This is characterized by less marketing research, communication with and
feedback from those customers. Without consistent and direct interaction with the people you
plan to sell your products and services to, it is difficult for a company to succeed in business. The
marketing mix is used to identify, keep and satisfy the customer. While analyzing the data,
researchers also found that many traders in KCC do not resort to marketing strategies - they just
sit and wait for the customers to come along; however, few who use one or more of the
components of the marketing mix perform better (their sales volume increase faster) than those
who do not.
Key words: SMEs, Marketing mix, sales volume

21
 Exploring Entrepreneurial Orientation and Growth Potential of Microenterprises in
Northwest Nigeria
Abubakar S. Garba, Ibrahim Kabir, and Mahmoud A. Mahmoud, Yusuf MaitamaSule
University, Kano, Nigeria

Abstract
The informal sector is playing a prominent role in employing large number of people
andgenerates income for subsistence to majority of the people in both urban and rural areas.
Thesector becomes an indispensable instrument of promoting economic fortune of those
survivingoutside the formal sector. The aim of this study is to explore the entrepreneurial
orientation andgrowth potential of informal sector microenterprises. The study is designed to
cover Northwestpart of Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered directly to the selected
samples of owners ofmicroenterprises in both urban and rural areas of Kano, Jigawa and Katsina
State. To test theresearch hypotheses, multiple regression and multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA)were used. Multiple regressionswas used in explaining how well different
dimensions ofentrepreneurial orientation were able to predict microenterprises growth potential.
MANOVAcompares the groups and indicate whether the mean differences between the groups
on thecombination of dependent variables are likely to have occurred by chance. There are
manystudies that examined entrepreneurial orientation in relations to past firm’s performance,
butlittle attention has been paid on the future growth potential of these firms. There is no effort
toascertain whether the potential of microenterprises to grow hinge on the
entrepreneurialorientations of the owners or not. This study contributes by exploring the growth
potential ofthe existing microenterprises and explains its relationship to owners' entrepreneurial
orientationin both urban and rural informal sector.

22
 Antecedents and enablers of supply chain value creation: a perspective of SMEs in local
procurement
Yusuf Kiwala and IgnazioCabras, Makerere University

Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to investigate how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) involved
in local procurement create value for the local supply chain. The study investigated supply chain
value by testing two initiators of value creation: entrepreneurial competencies and supply chain
trust as well as the moderation effects of trust on the creation of supply chain value. Feedback
from a cross-sectional survey of 294 respondents in the construction, furniture and fitting, food
processing and agricultural sectors was utilized to test hypothesized relationships. The study
employed factor analysis and structural equation modelling to conduct analysis. The unit of
analysis was an SME and level of analysis was the SME owner-manager. The results show that
building value-driven supply chains in Uganda’s local procurement context requires SME
owner-managers to develop competencies and build an optimal level of trust. Supply chain trust
is highly regarded in facilitating the exchange of resources within local communities but the
entrepreneur’s perspective – which differs in terms of how they view customers and suppliers –
alters how managers assess trusted customers and suppliers, and what different tactics they may
employ in building trust in customer, as opposed to supplier, relationships. The research findings
demonstrate how managers, who trust customers on the basis of transparency and reliability, by
contrast trust suppliers on the basis of operational flexibility, fairness and market credibility. The
study contributes to existing knowledge by separating out and defining the key competencies
most important in the management of local SME supply chain. Finally, by demonstrating that
cost is not a key value driver, the research provides compelling evidence for why managers
should instead focus on developing competencies and building trust in order to optimally benefit
from local supply chains.
Keywords: SMEs, entrepreneurial competencies, supply chain value creation, local
procurement, supply chain trust

23
 Determinants of Performance among Micro and Small Enterprises: A study from
Gindeberet District of Oromia region, Ethiopia
O. G. Sajitha, LemuGedefa, Ravi KanthMakarla, Ambo University, Ethiopia
Abstract
MSEs have a huge contribution to the growth and development of developing countries by
reducing unemployment with low capital investments. The Growth and Transformation Plan
(2010 -2015) has given priority to MSE’s development, and has put MSEs as one of the seven
growth pillars of the country. It was observed that MSEs located in rural districts of Oromia
region are not transforming to the higher levels within the stipulated period as per MSE plan.
Hence, the present study was aimed to analyse the major determinants of MSEs performance in
the Gindeberet District of Oromia region, Ethiopia. For the purpose of the study 133 enterprises
from different sectors were selected from three kebeles of Gindeberet district using multistage
random sampling technique. The effect of internal factors such as entrepreneur characteristics,
enterprise characteristics, the firm innovations within the enterprises as well as external factors
viz. social network, business network and business environment on the performance of
enterprises were studied using bivariate and ordered Probit regression model. Overall, two third
of the enterprises were observed in middle performance category in terms of performance index
constructed economic and social indicators. Compared to other sectors, MSEs in manufacturing
and constructionwere performing at higher levels. Though, education is one of driving forces for
the better performance, the study revealed that highly performing entrepreneurs were having
only average education of 8.6 years against around 11 years for the low performers. It was due to
the reality that less educated wants to be in the business for long run and highly educated wants
to shift to formal employment. The study concluded that motivation and risk taking, years of
enterprise operation, vocational training, market innovation, and social network were
significantly determining the variations in the performance of MSEs. But entrepreneur’s age,
sex, previous experience, creativity, enterprise’s location, product and process innovation,
business environment, and business network were insignificant in explaining the variation in
performance while considering the multiple effects. It was suggested that at policy level there is
a need for linking the process of Registration and Licensing of MSEs with the Administrative
Training Programme as a measure to increase the performance. Initiatives are needed to
recognize the best business practices, experience sharing and exposure deliberations at district,
regional and national levels.
Key Words: Micro & Small Enterprise, Business, Performance and Determinants

24
 Sustainability of water project management in rural areas of Rwanda:

A case study of Bugesera district

Marcela RamírezPasillas a and Emilienne UWASE b

a
Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden, e-mail:
marcela.ramirez.pasillas@ju.se
b
School of Business, College of Business and Economics, University of Rwanda, e-
mail:uemilienne@gmail.com

Abstract

This paper explores the aspects of social, environmental and economic sustainability
incorporated in the water project management in Rwanda. We relied on the case study with
interviews and field visits to three water project sites within the Bugesera district. The results of
the case study showed that water project management includes aspects of social, environmental
and economic sustainability, however, its inclusion is restricted to the awareness and knowledge
on sustainability available locally. As a result, different important aspects of sustainability were
considered while others have been left behind.

25
 Is there Causal Association between Exchange Rate and Inflation in Africa? A Panel
Granger Causality Analysis
MamoGirma, Addis Ababa Science & Technology University, Ethiopia

Abstract
While previous studies have widely demonstrated about the positive relationship between
exchange rate and inflation, there is a paucity of scientific evidence whether there exists
causation between them and in what direction mostly in developing countries such as Africa. The
objective of this study is to empirically examine how changes in exchange rate and inflation
interacts over time and empirically examines whether there exists causality between them and in
what direction, using a panel data across 26 African countries over the time period 2001-2013.
The paper adopts the recent advanced econometric panel VAR model within GMM estimation
framework to investigate the causal relationship between the two variables. It also utilizes
appropriate panel data unit root and co-integration tests in order to avoid spurious regression
results. Exploratory analysis reveals that both variables exhibit similar trends over the long run
with a strong positive relationship among sampled countries in Africa. The study shows that
exchange rate depreciations have been associated with inflationary pressures across countries in
the sample. Panel integration test confirms long-run relationship between them and hence
examining causality is relevant. A panel granger causality test also confirms substantial positive
relationship with bidirectional causation between the variables of interest. The study draws
important policy implication that any monetary policy framework in Africa needs to take into
account this feedback effects and address both variables simultaneously.
Key words: Exchange rate depreciation, Inflation, Africa, panel unit root test, cointegration
test, panel granger causality analysis, PVAR, feedback effects, monetary policy

26
 FDI-Growth Nexus in Africa
Addis Yimer, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
This paper investigates the FDI-growth nexus in Africa for the period 1990-2016 using a
dynamically common correlated effect approach for an error-correction model. This study
departs from earlier studies, which pool all different countries in one sample regardless of any
structural or behavioral differences, by using an analytical classification of African countries as
fragile, factor driven and investment driven economies. Also, this study takes in to account the
role of institutional and political factors, which oftentimes are overlooked in previous studies. In
general, the results suggest that there is a variation in the sizes of the coefficients of the
traditional determinants of growth and the FDI-growth relationship across the country groupings.
On average, the main drivers of economic growth in Africa seems to be labor force, domestic
physical capital, trade openness, and better political and institutional conditions. However, mixed
results for the effects of FDI on growth are found. Although the long run growth effect of FDI is
significant positive in investment and factor driven economies, its effect is stronger in the
investment driven category. Moreover, the marginal contribution of FDI to growth is found to be
improving in the models that controls for institutional and political factors. The short run growth
effect of FDI in factor driven economies is insignificant, however. On the other hand, the effect
of FDI on growth is found to be insignificant in the fragile category. The indirect effect of FDI
on growth through spillover effects by augmenting human capital is absent in all the country
groups, except for the weakly significant long run coefficient found in investment driven
economies. The analysis underscores the need for emphasizing different policies in different
countries or country groups.
Keywords: FDI; Economic growth; Country classification; Institutions; Political stability;
Africa

27
 FDI, Financial Development and Growth in Host Countries: The Case of North African
Countries
SufianEltayeb Mohamed, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman

Abstract

This paper presents an empirical examination of effects of foreign direct investment on economic
growth in a sample of 5 FDI-receiving NACs. In order to empirically analyze the impact of FDI
we estimate growth equations using a set of 5 FDI-receiving NACs for the period 1980-2016. A
standard growth models are estimated using both fixed-effects and random effects models. The
empirical results show the support of the fixed –effects method as the random effects model is
rejected in statistical tests. The results show that FDI alone doesn’t exert any positive exogenous
effect on growth but once interacted with the financial and institutional variables the results
reversed positively on the whole sample. This study concludes that for countries in NACs region,
reaping the benefit s that accrue from FDI, if any, may be more difficult than attracting FDI.

Keywords: FDI, Economic Growth, Fixed effects, NACs Countries

28
Entrepreneurial Change Agent: Organizational Change Management in Mai IdrisAlooma
PolytechnicGeidam, Yobe State, Nigeria.
Hassan DaudaYahaya, Mai IdrisAlooma polytechnic Geidam, Nigeria
Abstract

This study focused on how an entrepreneurial change agent manages to introduce E-learning
platform in Mai IdrisAlooma polytechnic Geidam to use as a complementary system to the
existing teaching and learning process in the institution. The study used some Models of
transformational Change management to demonstrate how the change was managed, reduce
restraining forces in the transition and to identify the key stakeholders in the institution that can
drive the change mantra. The methodology used in this research is the combination of primary
research method in form of an in-depth interview with five (5) lecturers and ten (10) Students
from various departments in the institution. However, secondary research method of data
collection using some model of Transformational change management is also employed, like
Lewins three step model, force field analysis, stakeholder mapping and SWOT analysis of the E-
learning frame. The research reveals high level of resistance from both students and lecturers
which is mainly due to lack of digital literacy. The research recommends training as an effective
tool that will build the change transition in the organization.

Key words:Entrepreneurial, Change management, E-learning, Effective, Teaching, Training

and Development.

29
 Factors affecting the Entrepreneurial Intension of Tvet Trainees in Reference to
Wro.Siheen Polytechnic College
MulugetaChaneWube, WolloUniversity, Ethiopia

Abstract
This study is designed to assess the entrepreneurial intension of TVET trainees and theattributing
factors that affect the entrepreneurial intension of TVET trainees in Wro.SiheenPolytechnic
College. The fact that majority of TVET graduates are not self employed against
TVET's basic mission forced the researcher to study the factors affecting the
entrepreneurialintension of TVET trainees. For this, a sample of 164 trainees in 6 sectors ,6
sectorcoordinators and 3 deans were taken for the study using proportional stratified
andcomprehensive sampling Techniques. In the process of answering the basic questions,
aquestionnaire that include demographic profiles, factors that affect the entrepreneurialintension
of TVET trainees and entrepreneurial intension indicators was designed in a Likertscales.
Moreover, interviews and focus group discussions were held with sector coordinatorsand college
deans. After the data has been collected, it was analyzed using simple statisticaltechniques
(tables and percentages), descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviations),inferential
statistics (correlation and regression) and descriptive narrations. The results of thestudy indicate
the entrepreneurial intension of TVET trainees is poor. It is also found thattraining facilities,
leaders commitment and concern, leaders relationship with stakeholdersare major administrative
factors that hinder entrepreneurial intension of TVET trainees.
Education/trainees related factors are more or less related with curriculum quality,
trainerscompetence and training delivery techniques. The trainees attitude such as low concern
andinterest to entrepreneurship, underestimating entrepreneurship training as compared to
othermajor courses and limited role in the training are major determinants for
theirentrepreneurial intension. The study also found that there is a significant correlation
betweenadministrative support, training/education support, trainees attitude and
entrepreneurialintension of TVET trainees. Based on the major findings, it is recommended that
TVET leadersand educators should revise their training methodology, curriculum and
entrepreneurshiptrainers so as to achieve the desired results. Moreover Ethiopian government
should establisha system through which entrepreneurship training is started at an early age
i.eEntrepreneurship education should be part of the Ethiopian education curriculum
fromelementary to higher education in a continuous and adaptive manner taking students level
ofeducation in to account since entrepreneurial intension cannot be built overnight.
Key words: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurial intension, TVET,Intension
Determinants

30
 The role of the government in IFRS adoption and implementation: The case of Rwanda
Jean Bosco SHEMA, Jönköping University, Sweden

Abstract
This paper aims at understanding the role that should be played by governments in the adoption
and implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards. Though many researchers
have been conducted in this realm, very few have attempted to grasp the role of an important
stakeholder, the government. We use a qualitative approach to gain more in-depth understanding
about this topic and we use primary and secondary data to reach our goals. We conduct elite
interviews to capture how the adoption process unfolded and we complement them by a varied
archival data. Our findings suggest that the role of the government should be predominant in
specific context where incentives for the adoption of IFRS are not significant, where the
accounting profession is not developed. The role of planning for IFRS adoption by the
government is found to be a key success factor and most importantly when IFRS are integrated
in the country’s strategic planning.
Key words: IFRS adoption and implementation, Government, Planning for IFRS adoption

31
 Mitigating Natural Disaster Effects on Economic Development: The Role of Microfinance
Institutions
John Sseruyange1,2 and Jeroen Klomp2
1School of Economics, Makerere University.Plot 51, Pool Road.P.O BOX 7062, Kampala
Uganda. E-mail:johnsseruyange@gmail.com
2Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW
Wageningen, Netherlands.

Abstract
In this study we explore whether microfinance institutions (MFIs) are able to mitigate the
adverse macroeconomic consequences of disasters on: (1) economic growth and (2) economic
sector specific growth. For this purpose we use a panel model including over 80 countries for the
period between 1995 and 2010. Our main findings suggest first that natural disasters only have
an adverse effect on the performance of the agricultural sector. However, access to lending
facilities from MFIs mitigates about 35% of this negative effect. The extent to which MFIs are
able to mitigate these effects depends to a large degree on their nature i.e. their organizational
structure, profitability, legal status, age and the number of the clients they serve.

32
 Women’s Access to Microfinance Services in Southern Ethiopia: Assessing the promises,
Impacts, Challenges and Gaps
MitikuKebede and NigatuRegassa, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
This study has primarily focused on examining the participation of women in micro finance
institutions and major determinants of membership in microfinance institutions (MFIs) based on
data collected from 11,162 households selected from 43 districts. The data were also collected
through Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews with village elders and
microfinance staffs. The result indicated that women’s participation in MFIs is fairly low (only
17%). Among the clients, 75% of them use the borrowed money for income generating activities.
The logistic regression analysis indicated that some household and individual variables such as
educational status, size of land holding, age, religion, job status, family size, type of crop and the
use of informal credit sources are the main determinants of women's participation in MFIs,
which was used as a proxy to the financial inclusion. The main challenges to their financial
inclusion and sustenance includes high loan requirements, poor mobilization by the service
providers and media, high withdrawal and dropouts, gender gap in the disbursement of loan and
absence entrepreneurial trainings on skill development and financial outlay.
The researchers recommended awareness creation in the community to avoid women’s social
seclusion, opening sub branches in different villages, empowering the existing MFIs, facilitating
the service by removing institutional and regulatory red tapes, designing mechanisms to ensure
women's control over loans and rewarding successful model women entrepreneurs as some of the
measures that could enhance women’s financial inclusion.
Key Words: Decision Making, Financial Inclusion, Microfinance, Voluntary saving

33
 Economic Rationale and Constraints of A National Carrier Of Low Income Economy
AtlawAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
The study searches the economic forces justifying the formation or the economic rationale forthe
existence of maritime National Carrier as natural monopoly in low income and land
lockedeconomies with a framework of social welfare under the prevalence of scale economies.
Itestablishes the existence of scale economies in shipping industry with theoretical
approachessupported by historical evidences. The study attempts to highlight the specific
demand side andsupply side constraints of ESLSE as an instances of the difficulties national
carriers run into. Itexplores the possible inefficiency arising with national carriers and assesses
the threats to thesustainability of national carrier in low income and land locked economies. The
study concludesthat a natural monopoly maritime national carrier, regulated with an objective of
maintenance ofsocial benefit, is necessary for long term economic security.

34
 Service sector and its contribution to economic growth in Rwanda
Sylvan NTIVUGURUZWA1 and Charles RURANGA2

1 Student in Department of Applied Statistics, School of Economics, College of Business and

Economics (CBE), University of Rwanda (UR)

2 Lecturer in Department of Applied Statistics, School of Economics, CBE, UR & African

Centre of Excellence in Data Science (ACE-DS);

Abstract
The service sector in Rwanda over the years has seen a tremendous growth, displacing boththe
agricultural and industrial sectors and Rwanda has recently achieved spectaculareconomic
growth where GDP grows rapidly. Thus, this study examines what drives thisgrowth in the
service sector of Rwanda and also determine which of the sub-sectors is morepotent and the
contribution of service sector to economic growth in Rwanda by usingannually time series data
for the period from 1999 to 2016. Econometric techniques wereemployed to determine the
potency of the service sub-sectors (trade and transport,information and communication, financial
institutions, health and education) and also todetermine the contributions and impact of selected
macroeconomic variables namelycapital, real gross domestic product, service export and service
import on service outputand the contribution of this service output to GDP as a measure of
economic growth inRwanda. Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test showed that the time series
data arestationary at the first differences and three models were specified and the study
findingsdemonstrate that trade and transport, health and education are the sub-sector that
drivesservice output in Rwanda. Also capital formation and real gross domestic product
weredetermined as the key macroeconomic variables that drive the service sector growth
inRwanda. Then, the regression analysis indicated that service sector had positiverelationship
with GDP and it generated the highest contribution to economic growth inRwanda. The study
recommends that more investment be made in the potent subsectors.
Keywords: economic growth; service sector; service subsectors; macroeconomic variables

35
 Service Quality Delivery and Customers’ Satisfaction in Nigeria Banking Industry
Hammanjoda, Kabiru
Department of Business Management, Adamawa State Polytechnic Yola Nigeria
Email: kabiruhamman@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The paper assesses the service quality delivery and Customer’s satisfaction in some selected
Banks in Nigeria. Primary data is used where (600) respondents were selected throughconvenient
Sampling. The study uses gap analysis where the difference between the Banks customers’
expectations and perception of service quality dimensions are analyzed to obtain the mean score.
The result revealed that the mean score of the net perception is negative indicating that the
customer’s expectation is higher than the perceived service quality at the Banks. Similarly, the
individual dimension average scores are all negative meaning that there is service failure in all
the facet of service quality dimensions of Tangible, Assurance, Empathy, Reliability and
Responsiveness in Nigeria banks. Thus, it is an indication that the service deliveries in Nigerian
Banks do not meet customer satisfactions.Banks is required by this revelation to consider
repackaging and redesigning of its service operations to match up with customer expectations.

Keywords: Service quality, Customers satisfaction, Banks, Nigerian

36
 The Economic Cost of Informal Caregiving for The Inpatient: The Case of Jimma
University Referral Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia
HabtamuLegese, Raya University, Ethiopia

Abstract

This study analyzes the economics of informally supplied health care with special emphasis on
the labor market-related opportunity cost of informal caregiving for the inpatient at Jimma
university referral hospital. The study mainly used a primary data which was collected from 238
sample respondents. Empirical analysis has been performed by using the ordinary list square
(OLS) and Tobit method of regression. Different factors have relations with the value of
informal caregiving for the inpatients. According to the OLS and Tobit model regression result,
the variable paid job experience, educational level, and employment status (except for
temporarily employed respondents) are statistically significant and positively related with the
loge of the value of informal care via the wage difference. Surprisingly, the number of external
caregivers is also positively related to the loge value of informal caregiving. On the other hand,
the age of informal care recipient and the interaction term (female from urban area) are also
statistically significant and negatively related to the loge of the value of informal care. Based on
the findings this study recommends the intervention of the government through the policy of
awareness creation, financial support, work accommodation and improvement of the
accessibility and facility of the hospital.
Keywords: Ethiopia, Informal care, Informal caregiver, principal, opportunity cost, Jimma.

37
Effect of Health Shocks on Household Income in Rwanda: Does Health Insurance Mitigate
the Sickness Effect?
RuharaMulindabigwi Charles, University of Rwanda, Rwanda

Abstract
Previous literature established that health shocks affect household welfare function. Despite this,
there has not been any recent research to measure how much is the effect for the Rwandan
households. This paper is the first attempt to estimate the effect of health on household income in
the country. The study uses a pooled data from two household surveys collected by the National
Institute of Statistics Rwanda. To correct for endogeneity and heterogeneity, I estimate a
structural income model. Using a variety of health measures, the findings indicate that health
shocks exert negative impact on household efforts to generate income. The sickness impact is
severe if adult females are sick and it is larger in the urban areas as compared to rural settings. In
addition, the economic burden of sickness is more heavier for non-insured as compared to
insured households. The paper finds evidence supporting that health insurance largely mitigates
the illness shocks. In line with the findings, some policy recommendations are proposed. First,
given the mitigating effect of health insurance, and beyond healthcare provision, there is a need
for more government investments in health insurance through subsidies and awareness
campaigns to increase insurance enrollment to make healthcare more affordable. Second, since
women sicknesses are more damaging, the government should target to educate women beyond
the secondary level to reduce women limitations. The study findings show that health shock
effects differ by regions and are larger in urban locations. There is thus a need to formulate
targeted-development and health interventions for specific areas and regions of the country.

38
 A study on students’ attitudes and preferences towards a Green ecosystem
SaravananLaxmanan, Mohammed Seid, and AmeerAsra Ahmed, Addis Ababa University,
Ethiopia

Abstract:
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of Biophilic designs strategies
have an impact on the students’ performance. In this study only 2 variables have been chosen to
measure the students’ performance namely the attendance and marks percentage of students in
the last semester.
The objectives were set out accordingly to meet the research aim. The objectives of the study are
as follows:
1. To gain an understanding towards Biomimicry and Biophilia.

2. To design a Biophilic attitude measurement scale.

3. To identify the dimensions of Biophilic attitude.

4. To identify the relationship between the Biophilic attitude of students and their performance in
selected colleges across Bengaluru city.
Both Primary and Secondary data was collected to satisfy the above mentioned objectives of the
study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the responses from students across 10
colleges of Bengaluru city. An equal number of colleges having Biophilic design were chosen
for the study. The findings of the dissertation outlined the relationship between the student
performance biophilic design elements in the colleges of Bengaluru city.
Keywords: Biomimicry, Biophilia, Biophilic designs, performance.

39
 Human Capital Process in Emerging Economies: The Case of Ethiopia Airlines
Yikaalo WELU, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
Organizations are changing from physical asset based competition to “people” based
competition. “People” in an organization refers knowledge, skill and ability embedded
individuals which is human capital. Scholars in strategy and strategic human resource
management studying human capital as a source of competitive advantage. These studies are
focused in resource based view theory and human capital theory. Studies in this area study
human capital as a static asset, as a “black box,” “aggregate,” and conceptualize human capital at
different unit of analysis. There is little insight in studying how and why human capital emerge
in an organization and analyzing the process as social interaction and interdependence. Thus, this
paper is aimed in analyzing how and why human capital process emerge in an organization
through social interactions. To achieve this objective qualitative research approach is employed.
Primary and secondary data are used for the analysis purpose. Primary data is collected through
interview, observation, listening previous employs interviews from radio, participating in official
meetings and listening to higher officials interview in TV programs know found in YouTube.
The interview is conducted with 21 interviewees of five corporates of the airline. To make the
interview representative I consider the interview from each managerial hierarchy and
departments to be included. Secondary data like document analysis, magazines, reports and
documents from the website are also used. Thus, five stages in the process of human capital
which determined by the context are analyzed. Emotive factors like trust\distrust, fear and stress
and favoritism factors like nepotism based on ethnic background, family relationship and
network are also discussed as theoretical insight of social exchanges.
Key words: Human capital process, interaction and interdependence, Ethiopian Airline, trust

40
 Returns to Education in Ethiopia
Yonatan Desalegn, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract

Previous studies of the returns to education in Ethiopia have been fraught with endogeneity.
Moreover, the non-linearity of returns to education has not been established at a national scale.
This study attempts to measure the marginal private returns to education in Ethiopia using the
latest National Labour Force Survey collected in 2013. The study aims to measure the average
marginal returns to education. It examines the presence non-linearity in the returns to education,
particularly if sheepskin effects are evident at different levels of education. The study also
explores determinants of education other than schooling and experience. To address these
objectives the study implements a Heckman selection model on adaptations of a Mincerian type
earnings function. The study finds that the average marginal returns to a year of schooling is
14.43 percent. The average marginal returns to a year of experience is 0.5 percent. The study
finds that schooling has increasing marginal returns whereas experience has decreasing marginal
returns. Non-linearity in the returns to education is found to be a character of the returns to
education profile in Ethiopia. And a sheepskin effect of the returns to education is established at
different levels of education in Ethiopia. The highest rate of return to education is found for basic
education (completing grade 4). However, the biggest dip in the rate of return occurs for general
primary education (completing grade 8). These findings suggest that investing in education is
still a profitable venture for private citizens as it exhibits increasing marginal returns. The study
concludes by commending government’s focus on basic primary education and attempts to create
increased access to higher education.

Key words: returns to education, non-linearity, Mincerian earnings function

41
 Political Institutions, Human Capital and Innovation: Evidence from Sub Saharan Africa
BekanaDejeneMamo, University of Milan, Italy

Abstract
The literature on the determining factors of cross-country variation in innovative capacity
pinpoints institutional factors, typically embedded in political and economic systems, and human
capital development, as key causal factors. Using a sample of 35 sub-Saharan African economies
for 1995-2015, this paper examines the extent to which political institutions identified by
democracy and autocracy theories of regime types explain existing differences in innovation
across sub-Saharan Africa. While most of the very few existing research focused only on direct
effect of institutions, this article reflects on the impact of the interaction of regime types with
human capital on innovation in developing countries. The results strongly support the theories
that assert human capital development and democracy as important determinants of cross-
country difference in innovation. Evidence renders very strong support for the direct effect of
democratic development on innovation as well as for its indirect effect via its impact on human
capital development. However, the results do not support theories that argue in favor of the
interaction between democracy and human capital, shading light on the need for better fine-
tuning of ubiquitous theories and related empirical measures.
Keywords: Institutions, Democracy, Autocracy, Human Capital, Innovation, Africa

42
 Assessing the socioeconomic impacts of the Girinka program in Rwanda
Aristide Maniriho1, Mikaela Backman2, Lina Bjerke2 and Pia Nilsson2
1School of Economics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
2 Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Abstract
This paper studies the role played by the Girinka program and the one cow per family policy in
Rwanda. Data on 1 920 households, observed in two-time periods, are used to estimate a first-
differenced model with matched control groups to account for selection bias and program
placement effects. Preliminary results indicate a clear selection in program participation.
Specifically, households that received a cow in 2010 and 2014 have a lower level of wealth, tend
to be located in rural areas and have more livestock, though each livestock tend to be worth less
than their non-support receiving counterparts. This selection bias is confirmed by descriptive
statistics and a logit estimation where household and locational characteristics are related to the
probability to take part of the Girinka program. Should this selection not be accounted for, the
estimated impacts of the program will be biased. We handle this problem by estimating a CEM
fixed-effects model.
Keywords: Girinka program; consumption growth; education; Rwanda

43
 Vulnerability to Poverty in Ethiopia
Getu Tigre, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
In most literatures income or consumption expenditures have been regarded as a proxy for
thematerial well-being of households. However, economists have long recognized that
ahousehold’s well-being depends not just on its average income or consumption expenditures,
butalso on the risks it faces and its ability to deal with these risks. Hence vulnerability is a
moresatisfactory measure of welfare. This paper examines the extent of household vulnerability
topoverty in Ethiopia. The study estimates the extent of vulnerability as expected poverty
usingcross-sectional household surveys. The one-dimensional vulnerability measure
usingconsumption expenditure shows that 38 percent populations are vulnerable to poverty.
Ruralhousehold vulnerability is relatively high as compared to the vulnerability incidence in
urbanareas. A multidimensional vulnerability estimate (89 percent) is markedly different from
onedimensionalvulnerability (38 percent). The distribution of vulnerability across
differentsegments of the population can differ from the distribution of poverty. We argue that
thishighlights the need for a distinction between poverty prevention and poverty
alleviationprograms. For rich households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty stem mainly
fromvolatility of deprivation score but for poor households vulnerability is mainly from
highdeprivation score. Household head occupation affects vulnerability to one-dimensional
povertyin urban areas of the country than the rural areas as most professionals are in urban areas
becauseof better life and job opportunities in urban than in the rural areas. Households who are
poor atany given point in time may differ from those who are vulnerable to poverty;
therefore,interventions and programs that are targeted to reduce the level of vulnerability in the
populationtherefore need to be targeted differently from those aimed at poverty alleviation
Keywords: vulnerability; poverty; consumption expenditure

44
 Impact of Road on Rural Poverty: Evidence from Ethiopia
Marshal Nigussie, Addis Ababa University

ABSTRACT

The investments made in Ethiopian rural roads are built on the belief that they will ineluctably
lead to poverty reduction and income generation. However the lack of robust evaluations and a
comprehensive theoretical framework could raise questions about current strategies in rural road
construction. Using a two round longitudinal experimental design with control and treatment
groups double difference impact evaluation method and random effect longitudinal regression
model were used to assess the impact of the massive public investment program of road
infrastructure on poverty. The findings demonstrates that the construction of rural road have
significant and desirable outcome in improving agricultural production, income, and to some
extent in reducing poverty. However, investing uniformly in rural roads is likely to have a much
lower impact on poverty than expected.

45
 Does entrepreneurial market orientation in agricultural production influence Sector in
Kenya
Grace Kariuki-Njogu , Agnes Njeru2, and Tobias Olweny3
1

1Murang’a University of Technology

2 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture &Technology

Abstract
Agricultural productivity in Africa has remained consistently low over the years. Literature
suggests that limited finances are amongst the key factors responsible for the poor sector
performance. Only about 1% of commercial bank lending goes to the agriculture in Africa,
despite the fact that commercial banks have loan products targeting agricultural clients. This
paper provides insight on entrepreneurial market orientation as an ex- ante factor that influence
credit demand. The specific objective was to examine the extent to which a farmer’s
entrepreneurial market orientation influenced the likelihood of participating, and the credit
amount requested for from a commercial bank. Double hurdle model was employed where
normal probit model was used to assess influence of market orientation on the likelihood of
participating in bank credit, and truncated Tobit model was used to evaluate it’s relationship with
requested credit amount .The study used primary data from 243 households engaged in dairy
farming in Murang’a County, Kenya. Results pointed to increased credit demand by households
that demonstrated an entrepreneurial market orientation. The findings can inform possible
intervention strategies for stabilizing farm incomes, which is a precondition for commercial
credit. This includes marketing incentives, value chains, and market information services for
enhancement of agricultural commercialization. The study is original in the approach to the
problem of low commercial banks’ loan volume in agriculture from the context of promoting an
entrepreneurial market orientation among smallholder farmers.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial, Market Orientation, Agriculture, Credit access, Double Hurdle

46
 Competition and Innovation effects on Firm Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Johnson BoscoRukundo

Department of economics, statistics and Finance, Jönköping University;

Department of economics, College of Business and Economics, University of Rwanda

Abstract

This paper investigates the relation between competition and innovation and how they jointly
impact firm productivity in developing countries, using firm level survey data for 1033 firms in
Sub-Saharan Africa from enterprise survey unit, World Bank. The paper estimates the
simultaneous equation model system composed of equations for research expenditure,
innovation, competition and productivity by three-stage least-squares estimation. The findings do
not confirm the inverted-U shape pattern suggested in several theoretical models. The results
indicate that both competition and innovation have a simultaneous positive relationship to
productivity. The paper adds to the existing limited research on competition and innovation
studies in developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. As a policy option, developing countries
need to emphasize on designing policies that encourage competition and reduce monopoly power
of manufacturing firms to improve their firms’ productivity levels.

Keywords: Firms, Competition, Innovation, Productivity, Developing Countries,

47
 Conceptual and Empirical Revisit of Productivity, Technology, and Capital Formation in
Ethiopia’s Agriculture
AtlawAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
This study develops an analytical framework to examine the sources of the current state
ofagricultural productivity in Ethiopia. The framework puts land augmenting and labor-
augmenting technologies embodied in the formation of capital with their effect on productivity.
Using the framework, the study analyses the existing data on capital formation to depict
thecurrent sources and the future prospect of productivity in relation with the applied
technologyembodied in capital. The data indicate that smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia uses
little capitalaugmented with technology. The little capital used by smallholder agriculture
embodies largelyland-augmenting technology and even smaller labor augmenting technology
without themechanical advantage. Thus, smallholder agriculture will remain low productivity as
long as ituses both land and labor augmenting technologies.

48
 Do Remittances Really Promote Economic Growth? Empirical Evidence from SSA
Yemane Michael, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
The debate whether remittances promote economic growth or not is not yet settled. To this
end,this study probes the impact of remittances on economic growth for 43 sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA)countries for which data is available for the period spanning from 2001 up to 2015. The
study usesthe system GMM type of a dynamic linear panel data model due to its superiority in
addressingendogeneity, individual heterogeneity and other issues related to the estimation of a
dynamic paneldata models.
The findings show that remittances have an insignificant and negative contemporaneous
impacton economic growth in the sampled SSA countries over the study period under most
estimationtechniques except few where it has a positive but insignificant impact on economic
growth. Thestudy implies that a big chunk of the remittances that inflow into SSA is directed to
some sort ofeconomically unproductive uses. Moreover, the fact that the proportion of
remittances that inflowto SSA is low could be another reason to explain the negligible impact of
remittances on economicgrowth.
Key words: remittances, economic growth, SSA

49
 Does Official Development Assistance Affect Donor’s Export? Case of Korea

Bobae NOH and Almas HESHMATI

Department of Economics, Sogang University,

Abstract

This paper aims to estimate the impact of bilateral Official Development Assistance (ODA)
provided by Korea on its bilateral export to recipient countries. The empirical analysis is based
on data from 1996 to 2014 with 121 recipient countries. Although the two models of
determinants of ODA and its export effectiveness are highly interrelated, this kind of
simultaneous model specification with two-ways causal relationship has not been conducted in
the past. Employing a three-stage least squares estimation method leads to accounting for
twoways causal relationships between ODA and export while the endogeneity and sample
selection bias are accounted for. Through using the gravity model in analysis of Korea’s
aggregated export data, the positive effect of bilateral ODA is confirmed when fixed unobserved
effects are controlled. The model is further generalized by disaggregation of ODA into its
underlying types. The results show that, humanitarian aid and loan-type aid turn out to be
effective types of ODA to influence export positively. In terms of Korea’s ODA allocation, the
finding suggests that there is a two-stage decision making process in aid provision. In the first
stage, a humanitarian purpose of aid dominates responding to lower income and disaster
experienced countries’ needs, even when lower bilateral trade prevails. The second stage is to
make a decision regarding the size of ODA to selected recipient countries, and this presents a
mixed purposes of giving ODA aiming at higher importer countries.

Key words: Gravity model; bilateral Official Development Assistance; bilateral export; Three
stage least squares; Korea;

JEL Classification Codes: F14; F21; F35;

50
 A Co-Creation Perspective Towards Bank Service Quality Measurement Model: scale
development and validation
YitbarekTakele Bayiley1, Tigineh Mersha2, and Yosef Fantu3

1Addis Ababa University, Department of Management;

2 University of Baltimore, Department of Management and International Business
3 Addis Ababa University, School of Commerce

Abstract

The paper used co-creation as theoretical lens to develop and validate service quality instrument
which may be considered as significant improvement from existing models that only capture
provider’s perspective though the customer, even more so than the service provider, is
inseparable from service creation. The perceptions of customers of Ethiopian banks established
the study setting with thirty-three item three dimensional scale constituting customer role, banks
role and service environment. Results maintain strong psychometric properties when we
employed exploratory design to identify factors and confirmatory factor analysis using structural
equation modeling to validate scale results. Interesting enough, customers’ role exhibited the
strongest relationship with overall service quality and satisfaction though not so in explaining
service quality implicating participation as a good vehicle towards ensuring satisfaction.
Contrary to above, we found customers discredit of themselves as important players in whittling
service quality which we believe is a unique theoretical viewpoint. Cognizant of this, we
proposed a framework that can help customers to self-assess expectations and perceptions of
their own role in service co-creation.

Keywords: service quality, co-creation, bank, scale, Ethiopia

51
 Does Deposit Insurance Promote Financial Inclusion? Evidence from CEMAC countries
Antoine F. Dedewanou and Eric N. Ekpinda, Université Laval, Canada

Abstract
We investigate whether and how deposit insurance program affects savings decisions in
theEconomic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). Specifically, using the
WorldBank’s 2014 and 2011 Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) databases, we
applyDong and Lewbel(2015) special regressor approach. We find that the deposit
insuranceprogram increases significantly, everything else equal, the probability that people
savetheir money at a financial institution by 11 percentage points in Gabon, by 22.2
percentagepoints in DR Congo and by 15.1 percentage points in Chad. These effects are
matchedwith positive effects of age and education level. But in Cameroon, the effect of
depositinsurance is not significant. The policies aimed at fostering financial inclusion will
bemore effective if there is a deposit insurance scheme in place, along with awareness
amongyoung people, and education programs.
Keywords: Deposit insurance, savings, special regressor, ECCAS countries.

52
 Interest Rate Spread in the Financial System in Rwanda: Drivers and Implications
Joseph Ndagijimana1 and Almas Heshmati2
1College of Business and Economics Department of Economics, University of Rwanda
2Jönköping International Business School (JIBS), Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

ABSTRACT
Financial sector in Rwanda has been liberalized since 1995. Despite the liberalization, high
interest ratespread is still a source of concern to investors in Rwanda. The objective of this paper
was to analyze thedrivers of interest rate spread in Rwanda for the period of 2006 to 2016. Data
analysis was carried outusing panel model estimation and findings revealed that non-performing
loans, operating costs of banks,bank size for bank-specific variables, bank concentration for
sector-specific variables and inflation asmacroeconomic variable, are major drivers of interest
rate spread in Rwanda.
For empirical analysis, data were estimated using panel data estimation and we estimated
bothfixed effects and random effects models. The appropriateness of them was tested with
Hausman test.This test was employed to test the assumption that the random effects are
uncorrelated with theexplanatory variables against the alternative that the fixed effects are
random.
With a p value which is more than 5%, this indicated that random effects model is the one to use.
Weused then normal procedures and we obtained significant results as they are shown in table 3.
Inflation was found to have a positive and significant relationship with interest rate spread.
However, itseffect is low which might be related to the fact that inflation in Rwanda has for a
long time beenmaintained at moderate levels, hence having less impact economic agents’
expectations. Results showsalso that operating costs have positive influence on banks’ interest
rate spread, evidencing that higheroperating costs lead to high spread.
Banking size, despite using different measures, was not significant. Bank concentration also was
notsignificant. As a measure of competition, the results Implies that despite the good progress of
marketconcentration in Rwanda banking sector, the level of competition in banking sector is still
far to improvefinancial sector intermediation. The study mainly revealed that all the independent
variables analyzedcan influence jointly the interest rate spread and when commercial banks
resort to increase lendinginterest rate, this reduces the loan portfolio and the implication is the
impediment to investment and theirefficiency.
Keywords :Interest Rate Spreads, Financial Reforms, Financial Market Variables, Banking
System

53
 Tax Compliance Attitude of the Rural Farmers: An Analysis based on Survey Data of
Ethiopia
HassenAzime and Gollagari Ramakrishna, Civil Service University, Ethiopia

Abstract
Applying logit regression models, we present the factors that determine the tax compliance
attitude of the individual smallholder farmers of Ethiopia. The evidence presented in this article,
based on the 2014 5th Afrobarometer Survey. Compared to earlier studies, we find some
similarities and some differences in factors that are correlated with tax compliance attitude of the
smallholder farmers of Ethiopia. We argue that tax compliance is a function of the individual
smallholder farmers and related variables. We confirm that people who are happier with open
administration arrangement will probably have tax compliant attitude. Also, those farmers who
perceive that their ethnic group may think that treated unfairly are less likely to have a tax
compliant attitude. The tax knowledge of the smallholder farmers is also significantly correlated
with tax compliant attitude in Ethiopia. As a further determinant of tax compliance, the
taxpayer's satisfaction with the local government officials concerning tax paying is identified.
These findings are robust to different econometric specifications.
Keywords: Tax Compliance, smallholder farmers, Ethiopia

54
 Analysing the Distributional Effect of Indirect Taxes in Rwanda: A Dagum’s
Decomposition Approach
Etienne NDEMEZO, University of Rwanda, Rwanda

Abstract
The main objective of this article is to assess the relative importance of three components ofthe
redistributive effects of indirect taxes in Rwanda before and after the 2002 VAT rate reform.
Thus, it attempts to answer following two questions: (i) during 2000-2001 and 2005-2006,
haveindirect taxes influenced expenditure inequality among Rwandan households? (ii) During
bothperiods, did high tax rates on alcohol and tobacco change the distribution of expenditure
amongRwandan households? The methodological approach used is based on the Gini
indexdecomposition as suggested by Dagum (1997). This study resulted in two main outcomes:
(i)overall, indirect taxes had slightly redistributive effects for both two periods studied with a
slightadvance in the second period (2005-2006), which correspond to the post reform period. In
thesecond period, the redistributive effects of indirect taxes were estimated at 0.131% of the
posttaxGini index, whereas in the first period they were 0.087% of the post-tax Gini index. (ii)
Whenconsidering the effects of high tax rates on alcohol and tobacco, they increased the
redistributiveeffects of indirect taxes by 1.776% in the first period and by 1.854% in the second
period.
During the second period, the redistributive effects of high tax rates on alcohol and
tobaccooriginated mainly from the decline in intra-group inequality and in overlapping
inequality; i.e.heavy taxes on alcohol and tobacco influenced consumers’ preferences. Thus, in
Rwandaindirect taxes can be used for monitoring the consumption of alcohol and tobacco.
Keywords: Inequality - Redistributive effects – Indirect taxes – Households’ expenditure

55
The Effect of Interest Rate Volatility on Interest Income on Commercial Banks in Rwanda
Faustin GASHEJA
University of Rwanda, Rwanda

ABSTRACT

The analysis of volatility in bank interest rates and interest income is of great significance both in
terms of monetary policy and financial stability. There are many factors that affect the interest
income of commercial banks in Rwanda, but the study keenly was interested in understanding
the effect of interest rate volatility on interest income of commercial banks in Rwanda. The study
explored internal and external factors triggering interest rate volatility and how they affect
interest income of selected commercial banks. The study was guided by the following specific
objectives: to analyze comparatively the role of internal factors on interest income of I&M and
BK, to analyze comparatively the role of external factors on interest income of I&M and BK and
to determine comparatively the relationship between interest rate volatility and interest income of
I&M bank and BK.The study adopted both descriptive and comparative research design and the
sample size is 229. Researcher was use purposive technique on selecting the respondents and
researcher has used qualitative and quantitative data which were analyzed with respect to the
study objectives.The tools of analysis was adopted in this study was Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 for descriptive data and the results was obtained was
presented in form of tables and figures. Data was analyzed using mean, standard deviation,
correlation analysis, and analytical model.Spearman's correlation coefficient, (r=0.724) shows
that there is Positive high correlation between Interest rate volatility andInterest income of banks
and there is a volatility of interest rate on interest income of selected commercial banks in
Rwanda. The regression analysis shows that the variations in aspects of external factors and
internal factors contribute 90.5% to interest income of selected commercial banks at 90.5%. An
ANOVA result further shows that internal factors and external factors explain the variations of
commercial banks interest income. The hypothesis verification proved that there is significant
relationship between interest rate volatility and interest income. Therefore, the government
regulators should tighten its regulations on these factors to ensure that the interest rate in the
economy is well contained and commercial banks ought to keenly look into the issues affecting
these factors to ensure the interest rate levels and its volatility is contained in the economy.

56
 Corruption and Firm-level Productivity: Greasing or Sanding Effect?
Edward Bbaale1, Michael Landesmann, Mike Ibrahim Okumu3
1 Makerere University, 2 Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies,
3 MakerereUniversity
Abstract
Corruption was ranked among the top five biggest obstacles affecting the operation of enterprises
in Africa and was rated as a severe obstacle by close to 40% of firms in our sample.
Consequently, this paper attempted to investigate the relationship between corruption and firm
level productivity. Using three different measures of corruption, we find evidence that corruption
‘sands the wheels of commerce’ and hence dampens firm-level productivity even when the
endogeneity of corruption is controlled for. Finally, we find no evidence to support the trade-off
between bribe payments and the red tape suggesting that government officials deliberately use
bureaucracy as a mechanism of trapping the most productive firms that can afford to pay higher
bribes. Hence this study lends no support to the ‘greasing’ hypothesis.
Key words: Bribe tax, Time tax, Firm-level productivity

57
Analysis of the effects of aging and experience on firms’ performance: The case of Ethiopia
GutaLegese, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract

This research is undertaken with the aim of identifying the effect of firm’s age on its
performance as measured by labor productivity and total value of sales using survey based panel
data of large and medium scale manufacturing firms from Ethiopia. The analysisis based on
6,370 firms and 10,231 firm-years from 2010- 2015 distributed all over the nation with Addis
Ababa, Oromia, SNNP, Amhara, and Tigray regions hosting over 90 percent of these firms.
Results from the fixed effects (unbalanced) panel data estimation technique fail to show a
statistically significant relationship between firm’s age and its performance irrespective of the
choice of the dependent variable and different forms of model specifications. The coefficient of
the average marginal effect of age is negative, but insignificant, for both measures of firm
performance. The study also shows that, the effect of firm size on firm performance depends on
the choice of the dependent variable. Firm size is predominantly associated with lower labor
productivity but higher sales value. Concerning the role of other control variables, the study
shows that, capital intensity and wage expenditure have positive and significant effect on firm
performance and the result is invariant to the method of estimation. The effect of change in
gender composition of owners on firm performance is found to benegative and significant for the
OLS regression but insignificant for the fixed effect model. Finally, the role of region of
operation on firm performance was significant and positive only for the labor productivity
regression. The lack of empirical support for the effect of firm’s age on its performance shows
that the “learning by doing” effectis weak and working on this could be one of the many possible
options to reduce the high rate of firm entry and exit observed in the survey.

Key words:Firm age, firm performance and fixed effect

58
 Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Innovations in the Ethiopian Commercial
Banking Sector: the mediating role of knowledge management
MulugetaEmbialeMekete, Wachemo University, Department of Management Ethiopia
YitbarekTakeleBayiley, Addis Ababa University, Department of Management, Ethiopia
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating the direct and indirect effects of intellectual capital on product,
process, and organizational innovations using knowledge management as a mediator. The
research followed a deductive approach, quantitative method, survey as a strategy and cross
sectional data using questionnaire as the research instrument. Moreover, we employed
exploratory design to identify important factors and explanatory design through confirmatory
factor analysis and using structural equation modeling to validate test results. The study indicated
knowledge management mediating intellectual capital and innovations with mixedtypes of full,
partial and competitive mediations while listed according to their dominance. The study
theoretically contributed by introducing knowledge management as mediating variable
betweenintellectual capital and innovations in the service sector of developing country context.
Finally, the study captured negative effect of human capital on product innovation which may
shapethe human resource policy making of Ethiopian banks.

Keywords:intellectual capital, innovations, knowledge management, mediating variable, bank

59
 Uncovering the unseen passion: A fire to foster ambition towards innovation
AbdellaKosa and Idris Mohammad, DebreBerhan University, Ethiopia
Abstract
Innovativeness can contribute to the growth of enterprises by discovering and exploring new
ideas and experimentation, but it cannot be successful unless the ambition is changed to the
action through the individual’s passion and their resources. Therefore, this study aimed to
uncover the role of entrepreneurial passion and resources on innovativeness under different
entrepreneurial commitment level and unpredictable environmental. A sample of 112
owners/managers were selected using two level multi-stage sampling. The data were analyzed
using descriptive and hierarchical regression analysis. The finding of the study indicates that the
owners/managers who are passionate and have adequate human and financial capital are
involved more on innovativeness. The commitment among passionate and resourceful
owners/managers raises a fire on the individuals to be more innovative, but the strong
entrepreneurial passion and resources faced challenges in the unpredictable environment to
change the ambition to actions. Therefore, the policy makers should develop sustainable
strategies that help in discovering and exploiting business opportunities and resources to
encourage passionate firms towards innovativeness. Finally, the future research should include
the financial measures or financial resources and other variables such as entrepreneurial intention
and entrepreneurial background in a cross country study.
Key words: Passion, Innovativeness, Resources, Commitment, Unpredictability

60
 Personality Traits, Cognitive Biases and Opportunity Exploitation: A Theoretical
Framework
YaredAsrat, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Abstract
Entrepreneurship is one important instrument to reduce poverty in developing countries by
creating wealth and reducing unemployment. But who are entrepreneurs, and why and how some
people and not others are able to identify and exploit opportunities have remained intriguing
questions that require investigation.Also, why many entrepreneurial ventures fail at infant stage
is worth investigating. In line with the above points, this paper tries to see the interplay of
personality traits, cognitive biases and opportunity exploitation. I argue that cognitive biases
mediate the relationship between personality traits and opportunity exploitation. Personality
traits and cognitive biases are discussed and then different propositions are made that show the
relationships with opportunity exploitation. Then, the implication of the culture of East African
Region to the relationship is noted. Finally, implications of this paper for theory and practice
arehighlighted.

61
 The Positive Side of Resistance to Change: A Fight Against Organizational Injustice
AsresAbitieKebede, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Abstract

Prior academic research mainly focuses on negative aspects of resistance to change and very
little on its possible positive sides. It keeps silent on how resistance could act as a means against
perceived and actual injustice purported by change managers during strategic change. Drawing
on organizational justice theory and the case of Ethio telecom, I claim that resistance to strategic
change can be a powerful tool to fight against organizational injustice along procedural,
interactional and distributive dimensions. The methodological approach used was qualitative,
synthesizing implications from previous research on resistance to change and organizational
justice combined with 28 in-depth semi-structured interviews. I juxtapose three views on
resistance: being ‘negative’, ‘positive’ and a mix of both ‘demonizing and celebrating’
perspectives to explore the positive side of resistance to change. As the empirical context of
Ethiopia witnesses, resistance to strategic change is caused by invisibility of change leadership,
nocturnal communication, procedural ambiguity and subjective employee redeployment by
means of management contracting to French telecom. This resistance led to the creation of a
facilitation company, “Hidassie Telecom”, and continuous rectification of the corporate
transformation phases. Overall, I suggest that resistance to change is not the enemy of change,
but rather it is a close pacemaker and indispensable tool to gauge organizational injustice
orchestrated by change leaders who promote hidden agendas. So, it is a quest for justice in
change not an ordinary evil.

Keywords: Strategic change, Resistance to change, Organizational justice, Ethio telecom

62
Managerial competencies and business performance: innovation as a mediator in Rwandan
SMEs
Eugenie Byukusenge , John Munene2, and Laura Orobia2
1

1 University of Rwanda, Rwanda and Makerere University, Uganda

2 MakerereUniversity, Uganda

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of innovation in the
relationship between managerial competencies and business performance of SMEs in Rwanda.

Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional survey and quantitative methodological

approach were used to collect the data. Bootstrap method was employed to test mediation effects.

Findings – The findings revealed that innovation is a significant mediator in the association
between managerial competencies and business performance. This study therefore, adds new
knowledge by stating that innovation toward business performance is a partial mediator in the
relationship between managerial competencies and business performance of SMEs in Rwanda.

Research limitations/implications – Only a single research methodological approach was used.

Qualitative studies through interviews could be undertaken to triangulate. Furthermore, the
findings from the present study are cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies ought to be undertaken
to examine the mediation effects studied to investigate any possibility of variations in the results.

Practical implications – The results may help owners-managers of SMEs to develop policies
and strategies that could enable them to take advantage of new opportunities in relation to
updated technology and cope with changes that may take place in the business environment to
boost their business performance level.

Originality/value – To the authors‟ knowledge, no research has ever been carried out on the
mediating role of innovation in the relationship between managerial competencies and business
performance of SMEs in Rwanda.

Keywords –Managerial competencies, Innovation, Business performance, SMEs, Rwanda

63
 Adoption and Implementation of New Public Management Accounting Reforms in the
countries
LatifaMbelwa, University of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Abstract
The paper reviews motives, nature and theoretical philosophy along the adoption and
implementation stages of New Public Management (NPM) - accounting reforms in the Public
sector of developing countries. The paper finds the main motive along the stage of adoption and
implementation of NPM accounting reforms is characterized with an aspect of gain legitimacy of
accessing the financial support from donors of different levels who create coercive and
normative pressure of increasing efficiency in public sector operations. Among others the nature
of NPM reforms which undertaken by public sector of developing countries is mostly focused to
the accounting and at most accrual accounting systems. The theoretical philosophy pertains the
adoption and implementation of NPM reforms in the sector is focused on New institutional
theory which argues that adoption and implementation is contributing more by external
environment pressures with coercive, normative and mimetic mechanisms; in which public
sector of developing country organizations tend to respond them in order to gain financial
resources. This resulted in too little internal efficiency due to manipulation and loose coupling
practices by the public sector actors in daily operations. Therefore, in order to effectuate
implementation and success of the practices of NPM accounting reforms in the developing
country public sectors, the adoption motive should be developed from internal structure and
demand for efficiency with political will and coexisting of pressure from both internal and
external institutionalized environments.
Keywords: Accounting, NPM, Reform, Public Sector, Developing Countries, New institutional
theory

64
 Employees Turnover and Turnover Intention in Higher Education Institutions: The Case
of Adigrat University
BerhaneKidaneGebru, Adigrat University, Ethiopia

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing employee turnover and
turnover intention. The research variables used in this study were job characteristic, job
satisfaction, organizational commitment, and employee turnover intention and employee
turnover. The primary data was collected by using questionnaire, interview, focus group
discussion from respondents and the secondary data from documents of the university. The
research employed quantitative and qualitative research design methods. Descriptive statistics
such as frequency and percentage for the demographic characteristics and for the factors
affecting employee turnover and employee turnover intention mean, standard deviation, rank,
correlation, ratio and narration were employed for data analysis. The findings indicated that job
characteristic has direct effect on job satisfaction and organizational commitment and the three
dependent variables had direct and indirect effect on employee turnover intention and the three
dependent variables and employee turnover intention had a direct and indirect effect on the
employee turnover of the university. Therefore, this study recommended the university
management to pay more attention on the job characteristics’, employee’s job satisfaction,
organizational commitment and turnover intention in order to improve them and reduce
employee turnover and turnover intention, in order to retain its employee and to ensure the low
cost recruitment of employees as much as possible to be the best competent.
Key words: Employee turnover, employee turnover intention, job characteristic, job satisfaction
Organizational commitment

65
 Employment Dynamics in Africa
ZekariasMinota Seiko, Ethiopian Civil Service University and Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract

This study has investigated the employment dynamics in Africa. Labor employment and growth
nexus has been discussed much yet inconclusive subjects. Despite the growth trajectory over
recent past decades, Africa is facing multiple labor market challenges. On one hand, the growth
could not create adequate jobs for the growing labor; on other, the available employment is not
productive. The employment growth and surplus labor syndrome arguments might aggravate the
workers’ vulnerability. So, the level, rate, and convergence effects of employment are analyzed
using balanced panel data (2000-2020) on dynamic employment augmented growth modes by
applying GMM estimators. The result showed a significant contribution of employment to GDP
growth, marginal benefit have received by the employed, acceptable employment level, rate of
employment convergence at 2%, Agriculture and service sectors being the largest (82%)
employer and the unproductive employment deprived the productivity spillovers. The basic
reasons are job informality, knowledge and skill gap, low payment and the associated risks.
Thus, focused policies may transform labor market outcomes; providing inclusive and productive
employment via adapting competitive payment scheme, technological and development
initiatives that could optimize both social benefit and growth sustainability in Africa.
Key Works: Employment dynamics, Productivity, Africa, Generalized Methods of Moments
(GMM)

66
 The Effect of Employee Motivation and Maintenance Systems on Organizational
Effectiveness of Oromia Radio and Tv Organization
AwolHussienAman, HabtamuDadi, Arsi University, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of employee motivation and maintenance
systems on the organizational effectiveness of Oromia Radio and Television Organization. The
study used descriptive and explanatory research design which incorporated both quantitative and
qualitative research approaches. A stratified Simple random sampling method was used and
collected by using both closed and open ended self administered questionnaires. The results are
analyzed and interpreted using SPSS software version 20. The research indicated that Employee
Motivation and Maintenance systems have an Effect on Organizational Effectiveness. All
organizational effectiveness practices undertaken in organization were not able to motivate its
employees to attain their organizational effectiveness. The results of Pearson correlation showed
a significant positive relationship between employee motivation, employee maintenance and
organizational effectiveness at (p-value <0.01) and linear regression analysis also indicated that
an organizational effectiveness can be predicted from the combination of both employee
motivation and maintenance systems. The study also indicated a significant difference in the
level of employee motivation and maintenance systems between managers and non managers,
and core departments and supporting departments of ORTVO. There were no good rewards and
maintenance systems practices have been seen in the organization to motivate and maintain its
employees which have an effect on organizational effectiveness. Therefore, the result
recommends the organization to highly motivate and maintain employees since the more the
employees are motivated to tasks accomplishment, the higher will be the organizational
effectiveness and success. Finally, Since it is difficult to undertake research on all areas of HR at
one time, the study, proposes further studies to be carried out on other areas of HR that were not
covered in the study and in other branches of the organization.
Keywords: Motivation, Employee Motivation, Employee Maintenance Systems, Extrinsic
motivation, intrinsic motivation, Effectiveness, Organizational Effectiveness

67
 Energizing Africa Sustainably: Evidence from Ghana’s Electricity Infrastructure
Jonathan D. Quartey, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana

Abstract
Africa’s energy infrastructure shortfall presents an opportunity for sustainable infrastructural
investment. However, while investors would want to act quickly on African’s energy deficit,
they also need to secure their investments. This paper assessed Ghana’s electricity infrastructure
for sustainability, using a systems holistic model approach. The results indicate that Ghana’s
electricity infrastructure failed to meet the requirements for environmental, economic and social
sustainability. Electricity infrastructure which is not sustainable will worsen the plight of Africa.
This is because, it uses up scarce resources which have alternative uses and yet does not deliver
what is socially, environmentally and economically optimum. African countries will need to re-
examine their electricity infrastructure investments, based on sustainability indicators in order
not to further aggravate poverty and deprivation on the continent.

68
 Effect of Electric Power Outage on Performance of Ethiopian Enterprises
AregaShumetie and DiribaMazenga, Haramaya University, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
Electric power supply in Ethiopia is known with lower supply, frequent power inconsistency and
outage. This circumstance result in significant imbalance between electric power demand and
supply for enterprises and the problem would further affect their performance and annual sales.
To this end, this study examined the effect of power outage on performance of enterprise in
Ethiopia considering the enterprise survey data collected by the World Bank in 2015, which
consists of 848 firms as a sample. Generalized Linear Model (GLM) regression was employed to
identify factors that affect gross revenue of enterprises at different stages. The regression result
revealed that size of city where enterprises locate, size of enterprises, access to capital from both
state and private owned banks, number of permanent full-time and high school graduate
employees, and competition against others affect gross income of enterprises positively as well
as significantly. Given this, access to working capital from non-bank sources and power outage
affect gross income of enterprise negatively and significantly. The frequent power outage
expressed as a dummy variable has significant and negative effect on performance (profitability)
of them that is a finding in support of the predefined hypothesis. In addition, it was realized that
power outages severely affect enterprises located in Amhara and Tigray regional state
significantly as well as negatively. The study therefore recommends that promoting consistent
and the demanded quantity of electric power could enhance performance of enterprise.
Additionally, enterprises should look for alternative sources of power such as solar energy,
biogas, and generators to reduce the significant cost of power outage in their production process
and profitability.
Keywords: Enterprises, Performance, Power outage , Income, Ethiopia

69
 Power Outages and Firm Performance: Evidence from Industrial Sector of Ethiopia
Lamessa Tariku, University of Milan, Italy

Abstract
Electricity supply in Ethiopia like other Sub-Saharan African countries is characterized by
frequent and prolonged interruptions. This poor state of electricity supply is the main constraints
to doing business in the country. The study has examined the characteristics of power outages
and how firms in Ethiopia responds to this power interruptions employing the World Bank
Enterprise Survey data of 2011 and 2015.There is an observed variation in power outages among
firms based on their location, sector and over time when frequency of power interruptions is used
as an indicator for power outages. However, there is no considerable variation among firms on
the questions of whether a firm has experienced power outages or not suggesting power outages
affects every firm in the country but differs in degree to which they are affected. The result
obtained suggests that, in response to power outages, firms in Ethiopia self-generate electricity.
While there is no evidence suggesting outsourcing and improved energy hypothesis, power
outages were found to affect the firms’ productivity negatively. The overall total cost due to
outage has increased by about 15% of firm’s aggregate cost from 2011 to 2015. This effect
varies positively with output level suggesting that outages is costly especially for large firms.

70
 Determinants of Food Security in Southeastern of Oromiya
TsegayeMulugeta, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
The study investigates the relative importance of supply-side and demand-side factors
ofhousehold food security through a logistic regression analysis applied to data collectedthrough
a survey from 240 sample households in Arsi Zone, Lode Hetosa District.
Consumption expenditure per adult equivalent (AEU) rather than per capita income wasused to
measure of household food security levels. Out of the 240 sample rural households53.75 and
46.25 percent were found to be food secure and food insecure households,respectively. The
empirical result revealed that out of the five supply-side factorshypothesized to have impact on
household food security status four of them, educationlevel, land holding, technology adoption,
and access to credit service, were found to have asignificant relationship with household food
security while from the eight demand-sidefactors five of them, farm experience, participation in
off-farm activities, annual farmincome, market distance and livestock holding were associated to
food security levels.
Based on the magnitude of their partial effects on the probability of food security,
supplysidefactors are more powerful than the demand-side factors in determining household
foodsecurity, implying that interventions focused on these factors need to get priority attentionby
policy makers, researchers and extension programs.
Keywords: food security, household, binary logit ,Arsi Zone ,Ethiopia.

71
 Analysis of Factors Affecting Persistent and Transient Inefficiency of Ethiopia’s
Smallholder Cereal Farming
Oumer BERISSO, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
This paper explains persistent and transient inefficiency effects among smallholder cerealfarmers
in Ethiopia using household-level panel dataset during1999-2015.The study employed afour-
component stochastic frontier model with determinants of inefficiency. It uses a mixedefficiency
analysis approach in two steps. First it estimates persistent and transient inefficiencyscores and
simultaneously explains their differentials. Second, in a two-stage approach, itexplains the
overall inefficiency effects. Inefficiency effect models reveal that most of
farmerspecificcharacteristics, adaptation strategies, agro-ecological and climatic factors
influencedfarming efficiencies with different magnitudes. Transient efficiency was enhanced by
gender,household size and number of plots, while it was negatively influenced by age,
secondaryschooling and temperature variations. Persistent inefficiency was negatively influenced
byaltitude and ecological factors. Overall efficiency was enhanced by farm size, gender,
householdsize, remittance; improved adaptation strategies; weather and ecological factors. It
wasnegatively influenced by credit use, age, territory schooling, off/non-farm activities and
extremeweather variations. Further the study showed omission of weather factors from
specificationaffects not only reduced the model’s precision, but resulted in biased inefficiency
scores andestimates of determinants. These findings are important and can be used to initiate
policy optionswhen planning climate change adaptation strategies and agricultural policies.
Policies that willadvance inputs supply and sustain improved adaptation strategies and suitably
designed to suitthe needs of farmers and agro-ecological zones peculiarities are perused to
enhance short-termand long-term productive efficiencies of cereal farming in Ethiopia.
Keywords:Stochastic frontier, agro-ecology, cereal farming, persistent and
transientinefficiency, panel data, Ethiopia.

72
 The impact of land rental on marketed surplus Evidence from rural Tigrai, Ethiopia
MenasboGebru, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅS, Norway

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether participation in the land rental market from
the demand side affects the marketed surplus of smallholder farmers. The paper employs data
after the emerging of land rental market since the mid of the 1990s to access the long-term
impact of land rental market on marketed surplus through the land size adjustment by potential
tenant households. We use three rounds of household panel data collected from smallholder
farmers in 2006, 2010 and 2015 from rural Tigrai, northern Ethiopia. Correlated Random Effect
model with control function approach was used to access the impact of area rented in on the
marketed surplus of tenant households. The results show that area rented in has a positive and
significant effect on marketed surplus. Moreover, non-land endowment such as ownership of a
mobile affects positively and significantly to the marketed surplus, while, male adult endowment
affects less likely. The result also reveals a strong positive and significant correlation between
access to irrigation and marketed surplus, suggests that irrigation is a substantial instrument for
commercialization. Thus, promoting land rental market along with other intervention like proven
and appropriate farm technologies is likely to have a more robust impact on marketed surplus of
smallholder farmers.

Keywords:Land rental market, marketed surplus, correlated random effect, control function,
Tigrai, Ethiopia

73
 Land use consolidation and consumption growth: panel data evidence from Rwanda
Pia Nilsson, JIBS, Sweden

Abstract
This paper studies the role played by land consolidation for consumption growth in Rwanda.
Data on 1 920 farm households, observed in two-time periods, are used to estimate a first-
differenced model with matched control groups to account for selection bias and placement
effects. Results indicate that an increase in the amount of land in consolidation result in higher
consumption growth, results are robust to changes in model specification and estimation method.
Results also point to the importance of market linkages and external economies present in urban
areas, indicating that locational factors play a key in the consumption growth process.
Keywords: land consolidation; consumption; Rwanda; CEM

74
Analysis of Preference for Technology Adoption Among Smallholder Farmers: The Case of
Chick Pea And Common Bean Producing Farmers In Southern Ethiopia
DagmawitGetachew, Haramaya University
WorknehKassaTessema, Addis Ababa University
EndalkachewWolde-Meskel, International Livestock Research Institute
TamiruAmanu, International Livestock Research Institute
Edward Baars, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

ABSTRACT
To enhance adoption of legume technology, understanding farmers’ preference for
legumetechnology attributes is vital. This study was conducted by applying conjoint analysis to
aidresearch projects, the government agricultural bureaus, farmer unions and
nongovernmentorganizations who are engaged in legume technology distribution to
developappropriate packages that farmers are willing to adopt. The study is based on a
surveyconducted in Sidama and Wolayita Zones of the southern Ethiopia. The study
comprisedtwo important legume crops: common bean and chickpea with four attributes:
seed,fertilizer, payment and fungicide which from qualitative research were selected by
thefarmers as key attributes in their decision making for the cultivation of these legumes.
Thestudy has identified relative importance of each attribute, utility estimates of attribute
levelsand profile (combinations of attribute levels) rankings. The result has revealed that
farmersindeed prefer a specific bundle of attributes for legume technology. Thus, with
thisknowledge, researchers can focus on the most important features of the technology
packageand design it to be most likely to gain acceptance of the target buyers (farmers).
Furtherthe utility attributes derived from the analysis are used to simulate preferences for
thelegume technology adoption.
Keywords: Technology adoption, Legume technology, preferences, conjoint analysis

75
 Institutions and Economic Performance
BerhanuDenu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Introduction

Sustainable growth, poverty reduction and maintaining peace are most important concerns of
governments, donors and NGOs throughout the world. The general public and think tank groups
are also no less concerned about the issues than governments and international organizations. It
seems that the current difficult and turbulent global situation has forced major countries to
reconsider most of their roles on global scale. There are instances of looking back to restore “the
good old days” rather than moving forward by tackling the challenges of the time. Withdrawal of
major countries from international conventions, the attempts at revising free trade, the rise on
racism and ultra nationalist political views, the continuous terror attacks on civilians are all
undermining the efforts to accelerate growth and improve people’s lot. To this dilemma,
different views are forwarded as a solution. For this writer, the malfunctioning institutional
arrangements in individual countries and the global sum total of the negative impacts are the
main causes for the current global turbulence. Thus this paper tries to look into the impact of
good institutions on growth as measured by investment flow. Institutions have been defined as
rules of the game, or constraint on people’s actions. The rules of the game matter most since they
determine how best or worst players are to play the games. For the purpose of this study, the
legal system and property rights index and the check and balances index (PolconV index) are
used as potential candidates to represent institutional variable in the estimation of the model of
investment determinant

76
Information Imperfection and the Structural Curse of Manufacturing in Under Developed
Economy
AtlawAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Abstract
The study analyzes and synthesizes the extent to which information imperfections,
whereperception and discovery diverge, dissuades prospective entrants, and threatening survival
ofalready entered agents in the manufacturing activities thereby retarding
manufacturingdevelopment in low income and low manufacturing base economies. The study
modelsmanufacturing structure along value chains and identifies the proportion of value chains
destinedto gain net benefits or avoid losses. Value chains with coincidence of perception and
discoveryof benefits and costs constitute the set within which establishments with useful entry
decision aremade and survival after entry are found or chains who rightly made decisions to
decline fromentry and succeeded in avoiding losses are found. The chains with coincidence of
perception anddiscovery of benefits and costs are extremely few possibilities that show the
structural curse andthat manufacturing is a sector with special need for credible policy support.

77
 Economic Performance and Institutions: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and
Developing East Asia and the Pacific Region
HilufHagos

ABSTRACT
In 2012, study project entitled ―Tracking Development in South-East Asia and Sub- Saharan
Africa: The Primacy of Policy‖ conclude: Though several scholars attribute Africa‘s failure to
corruption and week institutions, it rather lie in the fact that Africans never tried to implement
policies that were implemented in Southeast Asian, and this paper desired to contribute to this
debate. In doing so, four pair-wise country cases using exploratory method of data analysis and a
sample of 27 countries using Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) estimation strategy were
employed. In the econometric approach, augmented-Solow model was initially estimated as a
benchmark followed by a model which includes proxy measures of institutional quality; legal,
political, and economic institutions. Overall, while the econometric result suggests that there is a
statistically significant positive association between quality of institutions and economic
performance; findings from the four pair-wise cases are mixed and inconclusive. More
importantly, similar to conclusions made by Olson (1965 and 1982), Kaufmann and Kraay
(2002a); Leite and Weidmann (1999), and Ishamet al. (2003)), economic progress seem to have a
negative retrospective effect on quality of institutions. All in all, therefore, since the distinction
between policies and institutions is not too clear, through underlining the importance of
conscious reading of economic progress and ensuring that insidious elites are not shaping public
policy, this study suggests that countries would better focus on designing effective policies,
especially during catch-up stage.
Keywords: augmented-Solow model; Institutions; Economic performance; Developing East and
the Pacific region; sub-Saharan Africa; Catching-up; Public policy ; Virtuous circles;
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) ; LSDV estimation strategy.

78
 Trust, Liquidity Constraints and the Adoption of Index Insurance: A Randomized
Controlled Trial in Ethiopia
Temesgen Keno Belissa , Erwin Bulte1, Francesco Cecchi1,2, Shubhashis Gangopadhyay2,3,5 and
1,4

Robert Lensink1,2
1
Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
2
Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
3
India Development Foundation (IDF), Gurgaon, India
4
HaramayaUniversity, Ethiopia.
5
University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Abstract

We report the results of an experiment in Ethiopia on weather insurance. We examine whether

uptake of index-based insurance will be enhanced if we allow farmers to pay after harvest (and
hence address a potential liquidity constraint). We also test to what extent uptake can be
enhanced by selling insurance via informal insurance groups, which may reduce trust problems.
The new IOU insurance product increases uptake when compared to the standard insurance.
Promoting it via Iddirs reveals even higher uptake, although selling the standard insurance via
Iddirs does not yield a significant increase in uptake, suggesting some interaction between trust
and liquidity constraints. We discuss the implications of delayed premium payment in light of
low – but non-zero – default rates.

79
 Descriptive Analysis of De Novo Commercial Banks in Tanzania: Evidence from the First
Four Years of Operations
Tobias A. Swai, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine portfolio behavior of newly established banks in
Tanzania based on the ownership structure. A total of Eight (8) banks were observed with 216
data buckets for the period of 16 consecutive quarters of operations, since their inception.
Published financial statements for the 16 quarters for the banks investigated were drawn,
summarized and analyzed. A descriptive analysis approach was used in this study. The study
reveals that de novo banks do maintain just the required regulatory capital in their start up and
they don’t engage into lending activities in the beginning. Intensive lending starts after to quarter
6 on average. Local banks however engage into lending as early as quarter 2. Foreign banks
suffer more losses in non-performing loans than the local banks during their 16 quarters of the
operations. In terms of capital investment, local banks operate with lower capital base than
foreign banks. Foreign banks seem to attract fewer deposits as compared to the local banks
though they seem to remunerate more on the interest on deposits.
Key Words:De novo Banks; Commercial Banks, Bank Capital, Deposits.

80
Adoption of agent banking as a financial system: A case study of the financial stakeholders
of Bank of Kigali and Equity Bank Rwanda
AsterieNyirahabineza a, Hans Lundberg b and Marcela Ramirez Pasillas c
a
University of Rwanda
b
Linnaeus University, Växjö/Kalmar, Sweden.
c
Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
ABSTRACT

Agent banking is an increasing relevant phenomenon increasing commercial banks outreach

without incurring additional costs of setting up physical branches. This paper presents an
exploratory case study about the adoption of agent banking to involved financial stakeholders in
Rwanda. The study was conducted in the Bank of Kigali and with 26 interviews to agents and
commercial banks, central bank, Access to Finance Rwanda and customers. The study identified
the process of adoption of agent banking as a financial system starting with the Central Bank
issuing agent banking guidelines, follow by Commercial banks obtaining written approval and
relying on information technology to carry out the service offering. The study concluded that
with agent banking, commercial banks support the financial inclusion in Rwanda.
Key Words: Agent, Agent Banking, Stakeholders, financial services, financial system.

81
 ICT And It Enabled E-Governance Initiatives - Global Practices and Insights from
Ethiopia
PremkumarBalaraman, Adigrat University, Ethiopia

Abstract

The paper mainly aims to assess the Global Practices of ICT and IT enabled Public Governance
Systems and identifies some of the World Class E-Governance initiatives. Also it attempts to
describe the status quo of ICT and IT enabled E Governance initiatives in Ethiopia and assesses
its citizen awareness level.
Some of the novel and innovative ICT based Benchmark E-Governance
Services towards sustainable development in Global practice includes, E-Employment Services,
GIS based Emergency Assistance, Integrated Social Assistance System, Open government data,
etc. From the Case insights of Digital India E-Governance initiative, valuable lessons are
revealed that can be applied for African counties like Ethiopia.
Especially the E-Governance Services like unique citizen ID system (AADHAR), m KISAN
(SMS based farmer assistance), Passport Seva Project, SWAYAM (Enables access to courses
taught from Class 9 till Post graduation by anyone), E-Hospital, etc., are really novel. The Case
insights from European context reveals latest trends in public sector reforms and the need for
contemporary legislations to enable ICT based E-Governance.
The face-face in depth interviews with stakeholders of E-Governance, revealed major insights on
E-Governance and public sector reform implementation issues like high levels of Corruption,
non-transparency in governance, lack of skilled manpower in ICT domain, low levels of literacy
in rural / remote locations, cultural and language barriers, etc.
From the questionnaire based study to assess the awareness level of ICT based E-governance
initiatives in Ethiopia it is inferred that, In the locality based choice of most preferred ICT
Service, Health Initiatives for Epidemic Control and Assistance (6.31 %) is the most preferred
for Urban citizens, for Semi Urban it is Utility Services (11.65 %), in Rural it is Common
Service Centers (5.83%) and in Remote Location Government Greetings facilities (5.83%) seems
to have the most reachability. And there exists significant relationship between locality and the
choice of preferred ICT Service (χ = 104.004, Sig = 0.000, d.f = 15). The Linear Regression
model indicates that the
model best explains the impact of ICT initiatives (Independent variable) on the Public sector
reforms (dependent variable) by nearly 50%. (R=.701, R Square = 0.492, F=65.387, Sig = .000).
From the various Global practices on E-governance initiatives, it is very evident that usage of
citizen centric frameworks and contemporary technologies (Cloud Computing, Big Data
Analytics, Internet of Things) for better Service, handling of large data, speed of access, security,
etc. are the ways to overcome implementations hurdles.

Keywords: E-Governance Services, Public Sector Reforms, Contemporary Technologies

82
 Implementing social media as a strategic marketing platform: an empirical assessment
WondwesenTafesse, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Norway

Abstract
Social media, when implemented strategically as a customer-facing platform, facilitate a
dynamic new space to reach customers, interact with them and leverage their voices for greater
marketing result. Despite its potential, however, firms struggle to implement social media
effectively in ways that support their strategic marketing objectives. The purpose of this study is
to gain a broader understanding of social media implementation (SMI) as a strategic marketing
platform. The study draws on the marketing and the SI literature and defines SMI broadly, as
consisting of four dimensions: social media strategy, active presence, consumer engagement
initiatives and social media analytics. Based on survey data gathered from 110 firms, and the
application of a partial-least-square-based structural equation modeling, the study develops a
reliable and valid measure for SMI and investigates its impact on social media and marketing
performance at the firm level. The results, after correcting for endogeneity, indicate that social
media strategy and customer engagement initiatives have a strong and positive relationship with
social media performance, while active presence and social media analytics lack significant
relationship with social media performance. The findings further indicate that social media
performance has a strong and positive relationship with marketing performance. The findings
underscore the importance of having a well-thought out social media strategy and customer
engagement initiatives for an effective social media program. The paper contributes to the
literature by developing a parsimonious and valid measure of SMI and documenting its impact
on firm performance.
Key Words: Social media marketing, Social media strategy, Digital marketing

83
 Current Trends of Social Responsibility of Business around the World with Focus on
Africa and Ethiopia
Michael Harshavardhan and Mohammed Seid, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT
Corporate Social Responsibility, hereinafter referred to as CSR, or Social Responsibility
ofBusiness – whichever way it is called, the concept remains rife. But the diversity in itsimport
across the world, and the manner in which it is treated by different continents,nations and
businesses renders it to be revisited. Hence this research intends to observe thepresent trends
about CSR around the world, and among the African nations, withemphasis on Ethiopia. The
paper also intends to redefine the existing CSR performanceparadigms. The important findings
of this research include: the unabated spree ofindulgence of companies, big or small, in violation
of the statutes and facing heavypenalties; some Asian countries and almost all African countries
are in their infancy asregards taking up CSR activities; governments have done their best and it is
for thebusiness sector to take-over in regard to addressing social responsibility issues
sincegovernments can spend only out of the taxes they earn; most of businesses includingAfrican
businesses place economic objectives first at the neglect of ethical and legalresponsibilities and
the paper established that it is no longer plausible on the part ofbusinesses to believe that
indulgence in Social Responsibility renders them to incur losses;the legal framework or its
mechanism in Ethiopian context is not only insufficient, but alsoineffective in monitoring CSR
activities including pollution abatement.
Key Words: Corporate Social Responsibility; CSR; Social Responsibility of Business;CSR
paradigms; Low And Middle Income Nations; Social Performance; Stakeholders; TripleBottom-
Line; Corporate Governance

84
 Level and Trend of Unemployment in Cameroon between 2005 and 2010: Does
Urbanisation Really Matter?
Yannick Brice KOUOGUENG YEYOUOMO, Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional
Development, Cameroon

Abstract

According to the National Institute of Statistics of Cameroon, unemployment rate has decreased
from 4.4percent of the active population in 2005 to 3.8 in 2010. On the same period, the
unemployment rate in urban area has diminished from 10.7 to 8.1 percent, leading to a
strengthening of the idea thaturbanisation contributed to a fall of unemployment in that
country. The purpose of this study is to test this assumption through an empirical analysis of
micro-data coming from two waves of Survey on Employment and Informal Sector realized
respectively in 2005 for the first, and 2010 for the second by the National Institute of Statistics of
Cameroon. A decomposition technique aiming to find if that decrease is due to a redistribution of
the active population between the urban and the rural areas, or if it is simply the result of some
macroeconomics factors is used at the descriptive level.Then, logistic regression models are ran
toknow how the difference of chance to escape the unemployment for urban residents in
comparison to rural people have moved between 2005 and 2010.

Descriptive results have shown that 87.89 percent of the decrease of unemployment observedis
due to a redistribution of the active population into the both urban and rural areas while 12.11
percent is attributable to the evolution of some macroeconomics factors. But regression results
contradict the research hypothesis given difficulties faced by people living in the urban zones to
escape unemployment compared to people of rural areas have risen between 2005 and 2010. In
others words, urbanisation seems to have worsened unemployment in Cameroon over the period
considered.

Key words: Unemployment, Urbanisation, Decomposition analysis, Regression analysis

JEL Classification: C21; D00; J21; J61; R12.

85
 Conceptualizing the relationship between core values, motivation and legitimacy: A
qualitative study of Uganda’s informal economy.
Ismail Kintu, Makerere University, Uganda
Robert Venter, University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the commonly practiced core values in Uganda’s
informal economy and whether such core values could motivate and reinforce employees’
behaviourwhile at the same time legitimizing Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) in
Uganda’s informal economy.
Twenty-five entrepreneurs from the informal economy of Uganda’s central region were
interviewed. It was established that the commonly practiced core values in Uganda’s informal
economy are; cleanliness, trust, fairness, responsibility and respect. Furthermore, core values
motivate and reinforce employees’ behaviour. In addition, core values facilitate SMEs’
legitimacy in Uganda’s informal economy.
Based on the study’s results, it can be argued that SMEs should emphasize adherence to core
values by crafting and pinning them for staff and clients’ appreciation. Core values also ensure
that firms are well appreciated in the environment from which they operate.
Key Words; Core values, motivation, legitimacy and informal economy

86
 Microalgae for Biofuel and other Biomaterials under Biorefinery Approach
Asnake Gudisa1, Kkam N. Gangadhar2, Hugo Pereira3,Luísa Barreira4
1
KotebeMetropolitan University, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia
2,3,4
Centre of Marine Sciences, Universality of Algarve, Portugal

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present work was to obtain a neutral lipids fraction of microalgae free of polar
lipids (i.e., phospholipids and glycolipids) to produce biodiesel and, at the same time, get
phospholipids and glycolipids rich fractions as value added products under a biorefinery
approach. To achieve this objective, ethanolic extracts of the wet biomass (70.0%, w/w)of two
microalgal strains (Nannochloropsisoculata and Phaeodactylumtricornutum) were prepared and
partitioned into three fractions, namely hexane, colloidal and water fractions, using a binary
solvent mixture (hexane + water), employing a new process called as Liquid Tri-phase System
(LTPS). HPLC-ELSD was used to analyse the lipid classes and GC-MS to assess the fatty acid
profiles. N. oculata had an ethanolic extract yield of 38.2% (w/w, dry weight) and P. tricornutum
of30.3%. Lipid class distribution (% w/w, total lipids) of N. oculata was 45.1, 22.1 and 32.8 for
neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively; and for P. tricornutum it was 23.2,
49.1 and 27.7, respectively. When theLTPS process was applied, lipid distribution was: hexane
(27.4%), colloidal (53.4%) and water (19.2%) for N. oculata; and 30.6, 55.4, and 14.0% for P.
tricornutum.The colloidal phases in both strains contain more than 23.0% glycolipids and 68.0%
phospholipids. HPLC-ELSD confirmed that the neutral lipids fraction was obtained free of
glycolipids and phospholipids. The fatty acids composition from GC-MS showed that the neutral
lipids fraction or hexane phase of the LTPS is suitable for biodiesel production as it contains
more than 83.0% of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, which are less prone to oxidation
compared to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Additionally, a colloidal phase fraction rich in
glycolipids, that can be converted into biosurfactants, and phospholipids that can be processed as
liposome, aquaculture feed or infant formula additives as it is enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA) or other long chain poly unsaturated fatty acids, was obtained.

Key words: Microalgae; liquid tri-phase system; lipid classes; biodiesel; bio-refinery

87
 Food security as a way to sustainable development: A review of Agri-food production and
supply chain governance dynamics in East Africa.
NIMUSIMA Pereez, University of Rwanda, College of Business and Economics andMbarara
University of Science and Technology
Abstract

In the current era of austerity, with high costs of living, stagnating incomes,unemployment and rising
levels of inequality the question of how well all people are able to eat is increasingly urgent (Morgan et al
2008). Issues such as whether households get enough food, how it is distributed within the household
andwhether that food fulfils the nutritional needs of all members of the householdshow that food security
is clearly linked to health (FAO 2003). The economicsupplies function always and will continue to attract
great concern of business and development researchers. Efficient and effective supply chain management
(SCM) is now critical to achieving not only competitive advantage but also food security and socio-
economic development. Empirical research confirm that agriculture based supply networks improve the
social wellbeing and reduce poverty in many developing countries (Stamm et al 2006). With the global
population expected to exceed 9 billion people by 2050, and given the demand for more protein-rich diets
by populations with increasing incomes, farmers around the world will be hard pressed to meet demand.
The rural world faces a profoundchallenge. It is already home to about three-quarters of the world’s
poorest peopleand faces the challenging conditions of increasing limited resources such as water, land,
and its younger people due to rural-urban migration. Yet we expect rural lands to intensify production and
feed a third of people in coming decades!
Research findings in Africa portray 70% of industries as agro-processing ones which unfortunately
produce below capacity because of low agricultural production. As a researcher am impressed with the
sophisticated thinking going on around governance and sustainable development, the objective of which
is to achieve simultaneously the population’s economic well-being, environmental
protection and social equity.
Empirical evidence shows regional variations within agri-food geography, this is not only to consider
globalising tendencies but also regions that are ‘hot spots’ in the globalised food production system.
Karamoja, in the Northern Uganda is poorest sub-region. It faces multiple chronic, interconnected
challenges that include extreme poverty, chronic food insecurity, poor access to basic social services such
as education and health, low literacy, poor sanitation and hygiene, environmental degradation, erratic
rainfall and recurrent droughts (Uganda-Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis
(CFSVA), report April 2013 by Uganda Bureau of Statistics in Collaboration with the World food
Programme). Kayonza District in Rwanda in the sectors of Murundi, Rwinkwavu and Gahara in Kirehe
district experience similar situations of drought and hunger like Karamoja in Uganda.
The researcher will examine approaches/theories such as political economy, actor-network theory and
conventions theory that have made significant in-roads into agri-food studies and have revealed differing
aspects of the modern food system. These theories have been drawn from economic, psychological and
sociological background to study food security.
This study will venture into the question of why food plenty in some areas and food scarcity in others?
Couldn’t it be a question of food supply inefficienciesbecause some areas in Uganda including Mbarara,
Kasese, etc and Nyagatare and Burera in Rwanda are experiencing a more positive food security
experience? This raises a question on agri-food supply chain governance structures, processes and
coordination.

Key words:Food security, Agribusiness, agri-supply chain, Rwanda, Uganda

88
Conf
erencePr
ogr
am
 Entrepreneurship Day
Day 1: December 06, 2017

Date Time Event Performed by

December 06: Session One 09:00-14:30 Exhibition Corporations, Media, Ministries, Publishers, Research
Entrepreneurship Day Institutes, Universities and NGOs
14:30 -14:40 Welcome Speech Dr. YitbarekTakele, Dean College of Business and
Economics
14:40 -14:45 Introductory Remark Dr. JeiluOumer,A/President AAU
Session Two 14:45-15:00 Keynote Speech Dr. Paschal, University of Wolverhampton
Roundtable Discussion on 15:00 -15:10 Introduction to evidence-based policy making Prof. Pontus Braunerhjelm, advisor on Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship and to Swedish Government
Development in Ethiopia 15:10 -15:20 How to bridge the gap between researchers Prof. Johan Eklund
and policy makers?
15:20 -15:30 AAU policy on research and research Dr. Tasaw W/hana, Vice President for Research and
communication Technology Transfer AAU
15:30 -15:40 Policy making within Ethiopian Government Ethiopian Government representative
15:40 -16:40 Improved use of evidence-based policy Panel of AAU, Ethiopian government and
making in Ethiopia, how can we make it? Entrepreneurship Forum
16:40 -17:00 Conclusion and way forward AAU representative
Session Three 17:00-18:00 Campus Tour and Meeting with Media Participants
Group Photo MC 18:00-19:00 Registration Coordination Committee
18:00-21:00 Reception Coordination Committee
 Conference Opening
Day 2: December 07, 2017
Date Time Activity Performed By
8:00-8:40AM Registration and Networking Coordination Committee
8:40-8:45AM Arrival of Guests Coordination Committee
December 07 8:45-9:50AM Program Announcement Dr. GemechuWaktolla, Master of Ceremony
Session One 8:50-9:00AM Welcoming Speech Dr. YitbarekTakele, Dean, College of Business and Economics, AAU
9:00-9:10AM Introductory Remark Dr. JeiluOumerA/President, Addis Ababa University
Conference Opening
9:10-9:20AM Keynote Speech Professor Jacques Silber, Emeritus Professor of Economics at Bar-Ilan
University
9:20-9:30AM Guest of Honor Opening Remark H.E. Dr. YinagerDessie, Commissioner, National Planning
Commission
 Presentation Sessions
Day 2: December 07, 2017

Session Chair Presentation Room No

9:50-10:30
Main Hall
Women Empowerment and Children’s Health
Session 1 TBA Professor Jacques Silber, Emeritus Professor of Economics at Bar-Ilan University
10:30-11:00
Main Hall
Discussion
11:00-11:30AM
Coffee Break
11:30-11:50
The Impact of Smallholder Farmers’ Agricultural Commercialization on Rural 711
Households’ Food Security in Major Coffee Growing Areas of South West Ethiopia:
The Case of Jimma Zone
Session 2A Syed Mansoob Ismael Mohammed Nasir, Jimma University, Ethiopia
Food 11:50-12:10
Security/Insecurity The Welfare Cost of Food Price Increase in Ethiopia: Semi-parametric 711
Estimation Approach
Abel Embaye, University of Arkansas, USA
12:10-12:30
Report on Research in to Food Insecurity and Conflict 711
Syed MansoobMurshed, Coventry University, UK
12:30-13:00 711
Discussion
11:30-11:50 712
Session 2B Perishable Goods Marketing in Ethiopia with reference to Fruits and Vegetables
Agriculture WorknehKassa SaravananDevadoss, WorknehKassa, Mohammed Seid, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
11:50-12:10 712
A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of storage types used by smallholder
 maize farmers in Uganda: An exploratory study
Anthony Tibaingana, Makerere University, Uganda
12:10-12:30
Adapting to drought in the horn of Africa by marketing: how market orientation 712
can help pastoralists to adapt to changing climatic conditions
WorknehKassa, Addis Ababa University, Paul T.M. Ingenbleek, Wageningen University,
The Netherlands, and Hans C.M., van Trijp, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
12:30-13:00
712
Discussion
11:30-11:50
Transitional challenges of micro and small-scale enterprises: the case of eastern 605
Oromia of Ethiopia
AbdurhamanAlliyi and MegersaDebela, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Session 2C Ethel Brundin 11:50-12:10 605
Business The Role of Early Stage Scaffolding in Venture Growth
DemekeChimdessa, Wollega University
12:10-12:30
Value Chain Analysis of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: A Survey Study 605
on Selected Sector of MSMEs in Tigray
RahwaGebre, MekeleUniversity, Ethiopia
12:30-13:00 605
Discussion
Session 2D GirmaEstiphanos 11:30-11:50 606
Corporate Governance The impact of Corporate Governance Attributes on Information Disclosure: Evidence
from Ethiopian Banking Sector
K.SambasivaRao&TeshomeDulaJirra, Andhra University, India
11:50-12:10 606
Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Corporate Financial Performance
Tradeoff
DikitoAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
12:10-12:30 606
The Role of Evaluation for Local Good Governance: The Ethiopian Context
Jemal Ahmed, Ministry of Public Service and Human Resource Development
 12:30-13:00 606
Discussion
11:30-11:50AM 704
Differential Effects of Internal and External Distances on Trade Flows: The Case of
Pakistan Salamat, University of Nottingham, UK
11:50-12:10 704
Harnessing Indigenous Innovation for Economic Development in Nigeria
Session 2E Albert T. AKUME Ukwuoma, Okechukwu, Adelowo, Caleb, Adebowale, Boladale and Akinwale, Opeyemi,
Development ObafemiAwolowo University, Nigeria
12:10-12:30 704
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-17, Technological Transfer and the Paradox of
Restriction for Africa
Albert T. AKUME, Dr. GurvyKavei and Dr. Wanjuu, Lazarus. Z,Kaduna Polytechnic,
Nigeria
12:30-13:00 704
Discussion
Session 2F Lucia Naldi 11:30-11:50 204
MSE The effect of marketing mix on sales volume in SMEs in Rwanda: Case study of
Kimironko Commercial Centre
Jean Claude Ndibwirende and Philippe Ndikubwimana, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
11:50-12:10 204
Determinants of Performance among Micro and Small Enterprises: A study from
Gindeberet District of Oromia region, Ethiopia
O. G. Sajitha, LemuGedefa, and Ravi KanthMakarla, Ambo University, Ethiopia
12:10-12:30 204
Antecedents and enablers of supply chain value creation: a perspective of SMEs in local
procurement
Yusuf Kiwala and IgnazioCabras, Makerere University
12:30-13:00 204
Discussion
13:00-14:30
Lunch
Session 3A AlemuMekonnen 14:30-14:50 711
Sustainability of water project management in rural areas of Rwanda: A case study of
Climate Change and Bugesera district
Resources Marcela RamírezPasillas and Emilienne UWASE, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
14:50-15:10 711
Climate Uncertainty and Dynamic Adjustment in Agriculture: The Case in Cameroon
Martial Bindoumou, Catholic University of Central Africa, Cameroon
15:10-15:30 711
Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Rural People to Climate Change in Case
Libokemkem District, South Gonder Zones, Ethiopia
MeleseWorku and SamulSahela, Deber Tabor University and University of Gondar,
Ethiopia
15:30-16:00 711
Discussion
14:30-14:50 712
Is there Causal Association between Exchange Rate and Inflation in Africa? A Panel
Granger Causality Analysis
MamoGirma, Addis Ababa Science & Technology University, Ethiopia,
Session 3B 14:50-15:10 712
FDI and Exchange Rate SufianEltayeb FDI-Growth Nexus in Africa
Addis Yimer, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
15:10-15:30 712
FDI, Financial Development and Growth in Host Countries: The Case of North African
Countries
SufianEltayeb Mohamed, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
15:30-16:00 712
Discussion
14:30-14:50 606
Entrepreneurial Change Agent: Organizational Change Management in Mai
IdrisAlooma Polytechnic Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria
Session 3C Marcela Ramirez Hassan DaudaYahaya, Nigeria
Entrepreneurship 14:50-15:10 606
Factors affecting the Entrepreneurial Intension of Tvet Trainees in Reference to Wro.
Siheen Polytechnic College
MulugetaChaneWube, WolloUniversity, Ethiopia
15:10-15:30 606
 The Emergence of Entrepreneurship in Monasteries in Ethiopia with Institutional theory
perspective
FyeryAdhena, Addis Ababa University
15:30-16:00 606
Discussion
14:30-14:50 606
Human Capital Process in Emerging Economies: The Case of Ethiopia Airlines
Yikaalo WELU, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
14:50-15:10 606
Session 3D Returns to Education in Ethiopia
Human Capital GirmaEstiphanos Yonatan Desalegn, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
15:10-15:30 606
Analysis of Preference for Technology Adoption Among Smallholder Farmers: The Case
of Chick Pea And Common Bean Producing Farmers In Southern Ethiopia
DagmawitGetachew, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; WorknehKassaTessema, Addis
Ababa University; EndalkachewWolde-Meskel, International Livestock Research Institute;
TamiruAmanu, International Livestock Research Institute; Edward Baars,
15:30-16:00 606
Discussion
14:30-14:50 704
Assessing the socioeconomic impacts of the Girinka program in Rwanda
Aristide Maniriho, MikaelaBackmanand Pia Nilsson, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
14:50-15:10 704
Session 3E Hailu Elias Vulnerability to Poverty in Ethiopia
Poverty Getu Tigre, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
15:10-15:30 704
Impact of Road on Rural Poverty: Evidence from Ethiopia
Marshal Nigussie, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
15:30-16:00 704
Discussion
14:30-14:50 204
Industrialization and Industrial Principle: A Review on Sustainable Chemistry
Session 3F TegegnTeka AsnakeGudisa, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Ethiopia
14:50-15:10 204
Development 2 Exploring factors influencing women satisfaction with Non-Governmental
Organizations’ services: Evidence from Tanzania
MasesaMakomb and DevJani, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Tanzania
15:10-15:30 204
Inter-Firm Relations, Governance and Upgrading Efforts in the Wood-Work Micro and
Small Enterprises (MSE) Value Chain
Elias Berhanu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
15:30-16:00 204
Discussion
6:00-16:30
Coffee Break
16:30-16:50 711
The role of the government in IFRS adoption and implementation: The case of Rwanda
Jean Bosco SHEMA, Jönköping University, Sweden
16:50-17:10 711
Session 4A Mitigating Natural Disaster Effects on Economic Development: The Role of
Finance Atnafu G/Meskel Microfinance Institutions
John Sseruyange and JeroenKlomp, Makerere University, Uganda,“
17:10-17:30 711
Women’s Access to Microfinance Services in Southern Ethiopia: Assessing the
promises, Impacts, Challenges and Gaps
MitikuKebede and NigatuRegassa, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
17:30-18:00 711
Discussion
16:30-16:50 712
Service sector and its contribution to economic growth in Rwanda
Sylvan NTIVUGURUZWA & Charles RURANGA, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
Session 4B AtlawAlemu 16:50-17:10 712
Services Service Quality Delivery and Customers’ Satisfaction in Nigeria Banking Industry
Hammanjoda, Kabiru, Adamawa State Polytechnic Yola, Nigeria
17:10-17:30 712
Economic Rationale and Constraints of A National Carrier Of Low Income Economy
AtlawAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
17:30-18:00 712
 Discussion
16:30-16:50 605
The Economic Cost of Informal Care-giving for the Inpatient: The Case of Jimma
University Referral Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia
HabtamuLegese, Raya University, Ethiopia
Session 4C SaravananLaxmanan 16:50-17:10 605
Health Effect of Health Shocks on Household Income in Rwanda: Does Health Insurance
Mitigate the Sickness Effect?
RuharaMulindabigwi Charles, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
17:10-17:30 605
A study on students’ attitudes and preferences towards a Green ecosystem
SaravananLaxmanan, Mohammed Seid and AmeerAsra Ahmed, AAU, Ethiopia,
17:30-18:00 605
Discussion
16:30-16:50 606
Trust, Liquidity Constraints and the Adoption of Index Insurance: A Randomized
Controlled Trial in Ethiopia
Temesgen Keno Belissa, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Session 4D 16:50-17:10 606
Finance Tobias A. Swai Adoption of agent banking as a financial system: A case study of the financial
stakeholders of Bank of Kigali and Equity Bank Rwanda
AsterieNyirahabineza, Hans Lundberg, and Marcela Ramirez Pasillas, Rwanda
17:10-17:30 606
Descriptive Analysis of De Novo Commercial Banks in Tanzania: Evidence from the
First Four Years of Operations
Tobias A. Swai, University of Dar EsSalaaman, Tanzania
17:30-18:00 606
Discussion
16:30-16:50 704
ICT And It Enabled E-Governance Initiatives - Global Practices and Insights from
Session 4E Michael Ethiopia
Technology and the Harshavardhan PremkumarBalaraman, Adigrat University, Ethiopia
Economy 16:50-17:10 704
Implementing social media as a strategic marketing platform: an empirical
 assessmentWondwesenTafesse, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
17:10-17:30 704
Current Trends of Social Responsibility of Business around the World with Focus on
Africa and Ethiopia
Michael Harshavardhan and Mohammed Seid,, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
17:30-18:00 704
Discussion
16:30-16:50 204
Level and Trend of Unemployment in Cameroon between 2005 and 2010: Does
Urbanisation Really Matter?
Yannick Brice, Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development, Cameroon
Session 4F 16:50-17:10 204
Development Hailu Elias Conceptualising the relationship between core values, motivation and legitimacy: A
qualitative study of Uganda’s informal economy
Ismail Kintu, Makerere University, Uganda
17:10-17:30 204
Microalgae for Biofuel and other Biomaterials under Biorefinery Approach
AsnakeGudisa, Kkam N. Gangadhar, Hugo Pereira, LuísaBarreira, Portugal
17:30-18:00 204
Discussion
18:30-18:35 TBA
Welcome by the Chair of the Local organizing committee
18:35-18:40 TBA
Message from the Chair of Organizing Committee from JIBS side
Gala Dinner 07 December 2017 18:40 - 19:30 TBA
Performance by the cultural troupe
19:30 -19:50 TBA
Closing remarks by the Dean College of Business and Economics
19:50 -21:30 TBA
Dinner and Networking
 Presentation Sessions
Day Three: December 08, 2017

Session Chair Presentation Room No

8:30-9:00
Measurement and Analysis of Poverty Main Hall
Session 1 TBA Almas Heshmati, Jönköping University, Sweden
9:00-9:15
Main Hall
Discussion
09:15-09:30
Coffee Break
09:15-09:30
Group Photo
9:30-9:50
Exploring Entrepreneurial Orientation and Growth Potential of Microenterprises in 711
Northwest Nigeria
Abubakar S. Garba, Ibrahim Kabir& Mahmoud A. Mahmoud, Yusuf MaitamaSule, Nigeria
9:50-10:10
Session 6A Does entrepreneurial market orientation in agricultural production influence Sector in 711
Entrepreneurship 2 Marcela Ramirez Kenya
Grace Kariuki- Njogu, Murang’a University of Technology, Kenya
10:10-10:30
Competition and Innovation effects on Firm Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa 711
Johnson BoscoRukundo, Jönköping University, Sweden
10:30-10:00 711
Discussion
9:30-9:50 712
Session 6B The impact of land rental on marketed surplus Evidence from rural Tigrai, Ethiopia
MenasboGebru, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ÅS, Norway
Agriculture and Pia Nilsson 9:50-10:10 712
Resources Conceptual and Empirical Revisit of Productivity, Technology, and Capital Formation in
Ethiopia’s Agriculture
AtlawAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
10:10-10:30
Land use consolidation and consumption growth: panel data evidence from Rwanda 712
Pia Nilsson, JIBS, Sweden
10:30-10:00
712
Discussion
9:30-9:50 605
Do Remittances Really Promote Economic Growth? Empirical Evidence from SSA
Session 6C Yemane Michael, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Development 2 Scott Hacker 9:50-10:10 605
Does Official Development Assistance Affect Donor’s Export? Case of Korea
Bobae NOH and Almas HESHMATI, Sogang University, Korea
10:10-10:30
Political Institutions, Human Capital and Innovation: Evidence from Sub Saharan Africa 605
BekanaDejeneMamo, University of Milan, Italy
10:30-10:00 605
Discussion
9:30-9:50 606
Does Deposit Insurance Promote Financial Inclusion? Evidence from CEMAC countries
Antoine F. Dedewanou and Eric N. Ekpinda, Université Laval, Canada
Session 6D YitbarekTakele 9:50-10:10 606
Finance 2 Interest Rate Spread in the Financial System in Rwanda: Drivers and Implication
Joseph Ndagijimana and Almas Heshmati, JIBS, Sweden
10:10-10:30 606
A Co-Creation Perspective Towards Bank Service Quality Measurement Model: scale
development and validation
YitbarekTakeleBayiley, TiginehMersha, and YosefFantuAddis Ababa University, Ethiopia
10:30-10:00 606
Discussion
Session 6E 9:30-9:50 704
Tax Compliance Attitude of the Rural Farmers: An Analysis based on Survey Data of
Tax and their Effects Faustin Ethiopia
GASHEJA Hassen AZIME, Civil Service University, Ethiopia
9:50-10:10 704
Analysing the Distributional Effect of Indirect Taxes in Rwanda: A Dagum’s
Decomposition Approach
Etienne NDEMEZO, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
10:10-10:30 704
The Effect of Interest Rate Volatility on Interest Income on Commercial Banks in Rwanda
Faustin GASHEJA, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
10:30-10:00 704
Discussion
9:30-9:50 605
Information Imperfection and the Structural Curse of Manufacturing in Under Developed
Economy
Session 6F AtlawAlemu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Institutions and BerhanuDenu 9:50-10:10 605
Development Economic Performance and Institutions: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and
Developing East Asia and the Pacific Region
HilufHagos, Leuphana University, Germany
10:10-10:30 605
Institutions and Economic Performance
BerhanuDenu, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
10:30-10:00 605
Discussion
11:00-11:30
Coffee Break
11:30-11:50 711
Economic Analsysis Of Ratoon Management in Sugarcane and Its Assessment On
Productivity In Vellore District Of Tamil Nadu
Session 7A V David ChellaBaskar and Raman M S, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore
Firm Performance Lucia Naldi 11:50-12:10 711
Corruption and Firm-level Productivity: Greasing or Sanding Effect
Edward Bbaale, Michael Landesmann, Mike Ibrahim Okumu, Makerere University, Uganda
12:10-12:30 711
 Analysis of the effects of aging and experience on firms’ performance: The case of Ethiopia
GutaLegese, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
12:30-13:00 711
Discussion
11:30-11:50 712
Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Innovations in the Ethiopian Commercial
Banking Sector: the mediating role of knowledge management
YitbarekTakeleBayiley, Addis Ababa University, and MulugetaEmbialeMekete, Wachemo
UniversityEthiopia
Session 7B Leona
11:50-12:10 712
Innovation Achtenhagen Uncovering the unseen passion: A fire to foster ambition towards innovation
AbdellaKosa and Idris Mohammad, DebreBerhan University, Ethiopia
12:10-12:30 712
Personality Traits, Cognitive Biases and Opportunity Exploitation: A Theoretical
Framework
YaredAsrat, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
12:30-13:00 712
Discussion
11:30-11:50 605
The Positive Side of Resistance to Change: A Fight Against Organizational Injustice
AsresAbitie, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Session 7C 11:50-12:10 605
Management Ethel Brundin Managerial competencies and business performance: innovation as a mediator in Rwandan
Eugenie Byukusenge, University of Rwanda, Rwand
12:10-12:30 605
Adoption and Implementation of New Public Management Accounting Reforms in the
countries
LatifaMbelwa, University of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
12:30-13:00 605
Discussion
11:30-11:50 606
Session 7D Employees Turnover and Turnover Intention in Higher Education Institutions: The Case
Labour Markets and MohammodSeid of Adigrat University
HRM BerhaneKidaneGebru, Adigrat University, Ethiopia
11:50-12:10 606
 Employment Dynamics in Africa
ZekariasMinota Seiko, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
12:10-12:30 606
The Effect of Employee Motivation and Maintenance Systems on Organizational
Effectiveness of Oromia Radio and Tv Organization
AwolHussienAman, HabtamuDadi, Arsi University, Ethiopia
12:30-13:00 606
Discussion
11:30-11:50 704
Effect of Electric Power Outage on Performance of Ethiopian Enterprises
AregaShumetie and DiribaMazenga, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Session 7E Jonathan D. 11:50-12:10 704
Power Outages and Firm Performance: Evidence from Industrial Sector of Ethiopia?
Energy and Firm Quartey
Lamessa Tariku, University of Milan, Italy
Performance 12:10-12:30 704
Energizing Africa Sustainably: Evidence from Ghana’s Electricity Infrastructure
Jonathan D. Quartey, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
12:30-13:00 704
Discussion
11:30-11:50 711
Determinants of Food Security in Southeastern of Oromiya
TsegayeMulugeta, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Session 7F Atnafu G/Meskel 11:50-12:10 711
Development 3 Analysis of Factors Affecting Persistent and Transient Inefficiency of Ethiopia’s
Smallholder Cereal Farming
Oumer BERISSO, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
12:10-12:30 711
Food security as a way to sustainable development: A review of Agri-food production and
supply chain governance dynamics in East Africa
NIMUSIMA Pereez, Mbarara University of Science and Technology
12:30-13:00 711
Discussion
13:00-14:30
Lunch
Session 8 Almas Heshmati Migration and entrepreneurship: Implications for the African continent and beyond Main Hall
 Benson
HONIG, McMaster University, Canada
16:00-16:05 Main Hall
Welcome
16:05-16:10 Main Hall
Closing Almas Heshmati SIDAs financial support
Lars Hartvigson
16:10-16:25 Main Hall
Conference Proceedings Summary and Publications
Almas Heshmati
16:30-16:35 Main Hall
Closing Address
16:35-16:40 Main Hall
Vote of Thanks