Reviewer in Math 9

I. Quadrilaterals-four sided polygon

A. Quadrilaterals
i. Parallelogram
a. opposite sides are congruent
b. opposite angles are congruent
c. two consecutive angles are supplementary
d. diagonals bisect each other
e. a diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles
ii. Square
a. Opposite and all sides are congruent
b. all angles measures 90⁰, thus all angles are congruent
c. two consecutive angles are supplementary
d. a diagonal divides the square into two congruent triangles
e. diagonals are perpendicular
f. diagonals also bisect each other
g. diagonals bisect opposite angles
iii. Rectangle
a. opposite sides are congruent
b. all angles measures 90⁰, thus all angles are congruent
c. two consecutive angles are supplementary
d. diagonals bisect each other
e. a diagonal divides the rectangle into two congruent triangles
iv. Rhombus
a. opposite and all sides are congruent
b. opposite angles are congruent
c. two consecutive angles are supplementary
d. a diagonal divides the rhombus into two congruent triangles
e. diagonals are perpendicular
f. diagonals also bisect each other
g. diagonals bisect opposite angles
v. Trapezoid
a. a pair of parallel sides
b. angles at a transversal side are supplementary
vi. Kite
a. diagonals are perpendicular
b. a diagonal bisect the other
B. Quadrilaterals that are parallelograms
i. A rectangle is always a parallelogram since all the properties of a
parallelogram is acquired by the rectangle, and a parallelogram is
 sometimes a rectangle. ( a parallelogram with right angles is either a
rectangle or a square )
ii. A rhombus is always a parallelogram, and a parallelogram is sometimes a
rhombus. ( parallelogram with 4 equal sides is either a rhombus or a
square)
iii. A square is always a rhombus, because all properties of a rhombus is in a
square, and a rhombus is sometimes a square. ( a rhombus with right
angles is a square)
iv. A square is always a rectangle, and a rectangle is sometimes a square. ( a
rectangle with 4 congruent sides is a square)
v. A rectangle can never be a rhombus and a rhombus can never be a
rectangle.
vi. While a trapezoid and a kite can never be a parallelogram, thus can never
be a rectangle, a rhombus, and a square
C. Theorems
i. Midsegment or the midpoint Theorem - The line segment connecting the
midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is
congruent to one half of the third side
a. Midpoint Theorem in a Triangle
 Consider the triangle ABC with the midpoint of AB labelled
M.
 Now construct a line through M parallel to BC. Label the
point of intersection of this line with BC by P.
 Now construct a line through M parallel to AC. Label the
point of intersection of this line with AC by Q
 Claim: AMP is congruent to MBQ.

 AM=BM [midpoint]
 < AMP = <MBQ [Corresponding angles for parallel lines cut by an transversal]
 <BQM=<QCP=<APM [Corresponding angles for parallel lines cut by an transversal]
  <BMQ=<MAP [When 2 pairs of corresponding angles are congruent in a triangle, the
third pair is also congruent]
 AMP is congruent to MBQ [ASA Similarity Theorem]

Therefore: AP=MQ=PC and MP=BQ=QC.

Since midpoints are unique, and the lines connecting points
are unique, the proposition is proven
Examples:

In triangle CAE, B and D are the midpoints of CA and CE

respectively. If <C measures 90⁰ and if CA=6cm and
CE=8cm, what is the length of side BD?
1 1
 CD=DE[midpoint] so CD= 2 CE = 2 (8) = 4cm
1 1
 CB=BA[midpoint] so CB= CA = 2 (6) = 3cm
2
 𝐵𝐷2 = 𝐶𝐷2 + 𝐶𝐴2 = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25
[by Pythagorean theorem]
 𝐵𝐷 = √25 = 5cm

b. Midsegment Theorem in Trapezoids- states that the segment
formed from midpoints of the two transversal sides is half the sum
1
of its bases. [PQ= (AB+DC)]
2

 Proof
Given ABCD where P and Q are midpoints of AD and BC
1
respectively, Therefore PQ=2(AB+DC)

Drawing the diagonal AC we will have four triangles (ABC,

R ADC, APR and RQC) and R is the intersection of the diagonal
and midsegment.

 BQ=CQ[midpoint]
 <ABC=<RQC[Corresponding angles for parallel lines cut by an transversal]
 <BAC=<QRC[Corresponding angles for parallel lines cut by an transversal]
 ABC ~ RQC[AA Similarity theorem]
  Thus ADC ~ APR
𝑄𝐶 𝑄𝑅 𝑅𝐶 1 𝐴𝑃 𝑃𝑅 𝐴𝑅 1
 Thus, = = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = = [SSS similarity Theorem]
𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐶 2 𝑑𝐴𝐷 𝐷𝐶 𝐴𝐶 2
1 1
 Therefore, RQ= AB and PR= DC
2 2
1 1
 Since, PQ=RQ + PR, then PQ= AB+ DC
2 2
1
 Therefore, PQ= (AB+DC)
2
 the proposition is proven

Trapezoid ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid where L and

M are midpoints of AD and BC respectively. If LM = 18
and AB = 12, what is the length of base DC?
1
 LM = (AB+DC)
2
1
 18 = (12+DC)
2
 (18)2 = 12+DC
 36 = 12+DC
 36-12 = DC
 DC = 24

Trapezoid ABCD has bases that measures 13 and 11. If

L and M are midpoints of AD and BC respectively,
what is the length of LM?
1
 LM = (AB+DC)
2
1
 LM= (11+13)
2
1
 LM= (24)
2
 LM= 12

II. Similarity
A. Proportions-equal ratios
i. Ratios- quantitative relation between two amounts
ii. Properties
a. Cross-Multiplication Property
  If a/b = c/d, then ad =bc
b. Alternation Property
 If a/b = c/d and is a proportion, then
both d/ b = c/ a and a/ c = b/ d are proportions.
c. Inverse Property
 If a/ b = c/ d, then b/ a = d/ c.
d. Addition Property
 If a/ b = c/ d, then ( a + b)/ b = ( c + d)/ d
e. Subtraction Property
 If a/ b = c/ d, then ( a - b)/ b = ( c - d)/ d
f. Sum of numerator and denominator Property
 If a/ b =c/ d = e/ f, then a/ b= c/ d= e/ f = a+c+e/ b+d+f = k
where k is a constant at proportionality
Examples:
If b=2, c=3 and d=6 and a/b = c/d, what is the value of a?
𝑎 𝑐
 =
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 3
 =
2 6
2(3)
 a=
6
6
 a=
6
 a=1
If a : b = c : d = 2.5 : 1.5, what are the values of ad : bc and a + c : b + d?
𝑎 𝑐
 =
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
 =
𝑏 𝑑
 ad=bc
 ad:bc= ad/bc
 since ad=bc
 substituting bc to ad/bc, bc/bc=1
 so, ad/ bc =1
 therefore, ad:bc=1:1
 by sum of the numerator and denominator property
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑐 2.5
 = = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏+𝑑 1.5
 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑐 5(0.5) 5
 = = = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏+𝑑 3(0.5) 3

If a : 3 = b : 4 = c : 7, then, find the value of (a+b+c) : c.

 by sum of the numerator and denominator property
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
 = = = (3+4+7) =
3 4 7 14
𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
 Since =
7 14
 By alternation Property
14 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
 =
7 𝑐
2
=
1
 Therefore, (a+b+c) : c= 2:1
B. Triangle similarity
i. AA- If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another,
then the triangles must be similar.
ii. SSS- If the lengths of the corresponding sides of two triangles are
proportional, then the triangles must be similar.
iii. SAS- If an angle of one triangle is congruent to an angle of a second triangle
and the lengths of the sides including these angles are proportional, then
the triangles must be similar.
iv. Triangle Angle bisector Theorem(TABT)- an angle bisector divides the
opposite side of a triangle into two segments that are
proportional to the triangle's other two sides.

v. Triangle Proportionality Theorem(TPT)- If a line parallel to

one side of a triangle intersects the other two sides of the
triangle, then the line divides these two sides proportionally.

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
If DE is parallel to BC, then 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶

Examples:
 In this triangle sides a=12, b= 16 and d=4. What
is the length of the base of the triangle
(opposite side of the bisected angle)?
 By TABT
𝑎 𝑏
 =
𝑐 𝑑
12 16
 =
𝑐 4
12 4
 =
𝑐 1
 12 = 4c
12
𝑐=
4
𝑐=3
In triangle ABC points D and E is marked on sides AB and
AC respectively such that DE is parallel to BC. If <A =90⁰
and AD=4, DB=5 and AE=16/3, what is the length of
the hypotenuse BC?
 By TPT
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
 =
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶
16
4
 = 3
5 𝐸𝐶
16
(5)
 EC=
3
4
4(5)
 EC=
3
20
 EC=
3
16 20 2
 BC2=(4 + 5)2 +( + )
3 3
 BC2=92 + 122
 BC2=81 + 144
 BC2=225
 BC=√225
 BC=15
C. Right-triangle similarity
i. Right triangle similarity Theorem
 a. AL-If one of the acute angles of a right triangle is congruent to an
acute angle of another right triangle, then by Angle-Angle Similarity
the triangles are similar.
b. LL- If the lengths of the corresponding legs of two right triangles are
proportional, then by Side-Angle-Side Similarity the triangles are
similar.
c. HL- If the lengths of the hypotenuse and a leg of a right triangle are
proportional to the corresponding parts of another right triangle,
then the triangles are similar
ii. Pythagorean theorem-the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the
square of the hypotenuse

iii. 45-45-90
√2
a. Legs are of the measurement of the hypotenuse
2
b. The hypotenuse is √2 of the measurement of the legs
iv. 30-60-90
√2
a. The smaller leg is half the measurement of the hypotenuse or
2
of the measurement of the longer leg
b. The longer leg is √3 of the measurement of the shorter leg
c. The hypotenuse is twice the measurement of the shorter leg
Examples:
In right triangle ABC right angle at B the shorter leg measures 10 and the longer leg measures 24.
What is the length of the hypotenuse?
 By Pythagorean theorem
 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐴2 + 𝐶𝐴2
 𝐴𝐶 2 = 102 + 242
 𝐴𝐶 = √100 + 576
 𝐴𝐶 = √676
  AC=26

Given a 30-60-90 triangle with hypotenuse of 2√3 , what is the sum of the shorter and the longer
leg?
ℎ
𝑠=
2
2√3
 𝑠=
2
 𝑠 = √3
 𝑙 = 𝑠√3
 𝑙 = √3(√3)
 𝑙 = √3(3)
 𝑙=3
Given a 45-45-90 triangle with hypotenuse of 2, what is the length of its sides?

ℎ√2
𝑙=
2
2√2
 𝑙=
2
 𝑙 = √2
A. Exercises (Midsegment Theorem)
1. Given trapezoid ABCD where AB and DC are
its bases, E and F are the midpoints of sides
AD and BC respectively. If the trapezoid has a
height of 5cm and the midsegment EF =
12cm and base AB = 4cm, what will be the
area of trapezoid ABCD?
2. D and E are midpoints of CA and CB respectively as shown in the
figure. What will be the ratio of the area of triangle CED to the area
of Triangle?
3. If MN = 2x + 4, AD = 3x-22 and BC= 2x + 15, what is the value of x
and the sum of its bases?
4. In the picture at the right, segment DE is a
midsegment of triangle ABC. If DE is parallel to AC
and AC has a length of 30 feet, how long is DE?
 5. The trapezoid (figure at the right) has a height of 6, if AB
= 6 in and PQ = 12 what will be the ratio of the area of
the trapezoid to the area of triangle ABC?

B. Exercises (Proportion)
1. Joseph drives 125 miles in 2 1/2 hours. At the same rate, how far will he be able to
travel in 6 hours?
𝑟
2. Find if 6r - 2t : 5 =4r + t=8.
𝑡
3. To determine the number of deer in a forest, a forest ranger tags 280 and releases them
back into the forest. Later, 405 deer are caught, out of which 45 of them are tagged.
Estimate how many deer are in the forest.
4. A worker can complete the assembly of 15 tape players in 6 hours. At this rate, how many
can the worker complete in a 40-hour work week?
5. What is the ratio(s) of x:y if 2x2 + 7xy + 3y2 = 0
6. A company’s quality control department found and average of 5 defective models for
every 1000models that were checked. If the company produced 60,000 models in a year,
how many of them would be expected to be defective?
7. If t:y:u = 4:3:2 and t2 - y2 - u2 = 27, t y u are positive integers, what are their values?
8. The chance of a woman getting breast cancer in her lifetime is 1 out of 8. At this rate, how
many women in a classroom of 32 women would be expected to come down with breast
cancer in her lifetime?
9. If m:n=9:1, what is the value of 3m + n:3m -3n
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
10. If = = = = 𝑘 , what is the value of x?
3 2 6 𝑥
11. A rainstorm produced a rainfall of 2 inches per hour. How many hours would it take to
get a rainfall amount of one foot?
12. A piece of cable 8.5 cm long weighs 52 grams. What will a 10-cm length of the same cable
weigh?
13. An employee working at an electronics store earned $3582 for working 3 months during
the summer. What did the employee earn for the first two months?
14. Mary can read 22 pages in 30 minutes. How long would it take her to read a 100 page
book? Write your answer in hours and minutes and round to the nearest minute, if
needed.
 15. A worker can complete the assembly of 15 tape players in 6 hours. At this rate, how many
can the worker complete in a 40-hour work week?
C. Exercises (Triangle Similarity)
1. What is the value of z? How did you
determine it?(figure to the right)
2. What is the value of x and y? How did you
determine the value?(figure to the left)
3. In the figure to the right what is the value of x?
4. If the legs of a 45-45-90 smaller right triangle is a third
of the legs of the larger one which has an area of 72 square units,
what is the length of the sides of the smaller and the larger 45-45-90
right triangle?
5. The largest angle of a triangle, whose sides are 12, 18 and 20 inches, is bisected. Find the
lengths of the segments created when the angle bisector intersects the opposite side of
the triangle.
6. A flashlight hits a wall perpendicularly and it is 12 m away from the wall. If the circle of
light formed at the wall has the diameter of 510 cm and the diameter of the bezel of the
flashlight is 10 cm. what is the length of the side of the beam of light (slant height)?
7. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 1 inch longer than the longer leg. The shorter leg is 7
inches shorter than the longer leg. Find the length of the hypotenuse.
8. Is DE parallel to CB? Prove it. ( refer to the figure on
the right)
9. Carrie works dues south of her apartment. Her friend
Sarah works due east of the apartment. They leave for
work at the same time. By the time Carrie is 5 miles
from their apartment, the distance between them is 1 mile more than Sarah’s distance
from the apartment. How far from the apartment is Sarah?
10. -14. Use the diagram to answer questions 1-7. AB∥DE.

1. Find BD.
2. Find DC.
3. Find DE.
4. Find AC.
5. What is BD:DC? What is DC:BC?

15.A guy wire is attached to a telephone pole. The distance from the point where the wire
touches the ground to the base of the telephone pole is 4 feet less than the length of the
wire. How far up the telephone pole is the wire attached if the distance from the ground
to where the wire is attached to the pole is 2 feet less than the length of the wire?
A. Exercise 1
1. 60 cm2
2. ¼
3. x=15, sum = 68 units
4. 15 feet
5. 4:1
B. Exercise 2
1. 300 miles
2. 1:-2
3. 2520
4. 100
5. -1 : 2 , -3 : 1
6. 300
7. t = 12, y = 9, u = 6
8. 4
9. 7:6
10. 11
11. 6 hours
12. 61.20 g
13. $2338
14. 2 hours and 16 mins
15. 100
C. Exercise 3
1. z = 20/3 by SSS similarity theorem
2. x = 2.5, y = 6.5 by SSS similarity theorem
3. x = 9.5
4. smaller = 4units, 4units, 4√2units, larger= 12 units, 12 units, 12√2units
5. 12 units and 8 units
6. 13 m
7. 13 inches
8. Yes, the ratios are equal(3:1) which by using the TPT
9. 12 miles
10. -14.
i. BD=14.4 units
ii. DC=21.6 units
iii. DE=16.8 units
iv. AC=45 units
v. 2:3
vi. 3:5

15. 8 feet