APPENDIX C

KEY FORMULAS

2
1 (∑ 𝑥𝑖 )
1. 𝑠 2 = [∑ 𝑥𝑖2 − ]
𝑛−1 𝑛

2. 𝜇 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼/2 𝜎𝑥̅ , 𝜇 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝛼/2 𝑠𝑥̅ , 𝜇 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑡𝛼/2 𝑠𝑥̅ ,

𝑝 = 𝑝̂ ± 𝑧𝛼/2 𝑠𝑝̂ , 𝐵 = 𝑏 ± 𝑡𝛼/2 𝑠𝑏

𝑥−𝜇 𝑥̅ −𝜇 𝑝̂−𝑝 𝑏−𝐵

3. 𝑧 = , 𝑧= , z= , t=
𝜎 𝑠/√𝑛 𝑝𝑞 𝑠𝑏
√𝑛

2 2
(∑ 𝑥) 2 (∑ 𝑦)
4. 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥2 − , 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = ∑𝑦 −
𝑛 𝑛

(∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦 = ∑ 𝑥𝑦 −
𝑛

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦
5. 𝑟 =
√𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦
6. 𝑏 = , 𝑎 = 𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑥̅
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥

𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 −𝑏𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑒
7. 𝑠𝑒 = √ , 𝑠𝑏 =
𝑛−2 √𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥