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Research Article
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ABSTRACT
The hawthorn is a fruit with antioxidant properties that make this fruit useful for the treatment of many diseases.
In this study eight hawthorn species were assayed for their antioxidant capacities evaluating total phenolic com-
pounds and ferric reducing antioxidant power. In addition, these extraction methods (cold solvent, cold solvent
plus sonication for 5 min and cold solvent plus sonication for 10 min) were investigated. The results from this
study thus indicate that there is a significant difference between hawthorn species in terms of antioxidant activity,
total phenolic compounds and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The assadii2 and pontica species were known as
the best species in terms of antioxidant capacities. In addition, the results demonstrated that sonication for 5 min
could enhance the level of antioxidant compounds in hawthorn leaves extracts.
Keywords Antioxidants; Hawthorn; Phenolic Compounds; Ultrasonic.
INTRODUCTION thocyanidins, catechins, phenolic acids, essential oils and
terpenoids (Bahorum et al., 1994 and García-Mateos et al.,
Crataegus commonly called hawthorn, is a large genus of
2012) explain their use as natural therapy for the treatment
shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate
of neurodegenerative diseases, in some types of cancer, in
regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and
the affectation of the immunological system and cardiovascu-
North America. There are descriptions of 150-200 species of
lar disorders (Craig, 1999 and Chang et al., 2002 and Cui et
thisgenus in the world (García-Mateos et al., 2013). It is a
al., 2006). Hawthorn is well known in phytotherapy for the
small tree growing to 8 m tall, with a dense crown. The leaves
treatment of many cardiovascular diseases; it regulates blood
are 2–6 cm long and 2–5 cm broad, with 2–3 shallow, for-
pressure, increases the strength of heart muscle, and is used
ward-pointing lobes on each side of the leaf.
against arteriosclerosis and angina pectoris. There are a
The hermaphrodite flowers are produced in corymbs of 6– number of medicinally active phytochemicals such as terpe-
12, each flower with five white or pale pink petals and two or noids, polyphenols and flavonoids (Shao-Jiang et al., 2011
three styles, and are pollinated by midges. The fruit is a dark and Calişkan et al., 2012 and Edwards et al., 2012). That have
red or yellow pome 6–10 mm diameter, slightly broader than been isolated from hawthorn plants with most of the data
long, containing 2–3 nutlets. generated in studies of those species that are native to Eu-
rope and Asia. Besides, hawthorn has a soothing effect on
The pathophysiology of many diseases is associated with an the nervous system, and is also used as a mild diuretic (Kostić
increase of free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species et al., 2012). Apart from phytotherapy, hawthorn is used in
(ROS) in the cells (Singh et al., 2008). A higher production of the food industry for the production of jam and various bev-
ROS can cause oxidative damage in DNA (Spencer et al., erages including wine, juice, compote and herbal tea (WHO,
2012). Antioxidants play an important role in protecting cells 2002).
against ROS (Jayakumar, 2012).
The wide diversity that exists in the Iranian hawthorn species
Some fruits have protective properties and help prevent the demands the characterization of its fruits and the determina-
complications of chronic degenerative diseases, such as ath- tion of its antioxidant properties to be recommended as a
erosclerosis, chronic inflammation, diabetes mellitus, cata- food. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the
racts, coronary diseases and certain types of cancer content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant proper-
(Havsteen, 2002). These characteristics have been attributed ties in leaves of eight species of Iranian hawthorn.
to the antioxidant activity of many secondary metabolites in
fruits. Many types of fruits also have nutraceutical properties MATERIALS AND METHODS
(Andlauer, 2002) and a nutritional capacity to prevent chron-
Plant materials
ic degenerative diseases (Willis and Wians, 2003) .The high
contents of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, proan- In order to evaluate phenolic compounds and the antioxidant
properties of eight hawthorns species (C. pentagyna Sub sp.
* Corresponding Author pentagyna1, C. pseudoheterophylla Sub sp. turkestanica, C.
Reihaneh Ahmadzadeh Ghavidel assadii1, C. azarolus var. aronia, C. pentagyna Sub sp. pen-
reahmadzadeh@yahoo.com tagyna2, C. kurdistanica, C. azarolus var. pontica and C. assa-
dii2), leaves samples were collected from KhorasanRazavi
©JK Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation | International Journal of Review in Life Sciences 1709
Barzegar et al., Int. J. Rev. Life. Sci., 5(9), 2015, 1709-1715
Agricultural Research Center, Mashhad, Iran. The leaves was recorded at 595 nm (Benzie and Strain, 1996). The Fe II
samples were dried at 30̊ C and the dry leaves samples were content was calculated using following equation.
pulverized into powdered form using a grinder machine.
Equation 4.
Extraction
Y= 1782X-9.211
The powdered samples were mixed with 96% methanol (1:
Where Y: Fe II (µmol l-1), X: absorbance at 595 nm
20 w: w), extracted using magnetic blender at room tempera-
ture for 15 min. Then samples were subjected to ultrasonic STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
waves (Heilscher, Germany – UP400S, 24 KHz, 400W) for 5
and 10 min. Solid part was separated from blend by passing The experimental design was a completely randomized de-
through Whatman #1 filter paper by using Buchner funnel sign arranged in factorial with three replications. The first
with vacuum. Sediment was extracted again as above. Extrac- factor was eight species of hawthorn and the second factor
tion solvent was evaporated at room temperature under was sonication time. Statistical analysis was conducted using
laboratory hood. The dried samples were put in dark-glass MSTAT-C. Significant differences between means were de-
containers and stored at cold and dry place. Control samples termined by LSD test. Differences were considered to be
were not subjected to ultrasound waves. significant at P< 0.05.
©JK Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation | International Journal of Review in Life Sciences 1710
Barzegar et al., Int. J. Rev. Life. Sci., 5(9), 2015, 1709-1715
©JK Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation | International Journal of Review in Life Sciences 1711
Barzegar et al., Int. J. Rev. Life. Sci., 5(9), 2015, 1709-1715
Values within the each column and followed by the same letter are not different
at P < 0.05 by an ANOVA protected LSD Test.
Figure 1. The effect of different Hawthorn leaves species on IC50. Values within the each column and followed
by the same letter are not different at P < 0.05 by an ANOVA protected LSD Test.
Figure 3. The effect of different species on FOLIN. Values within the each column and followed by the same
letter are not different at P < 0.05 by an ANOVA protected LSD Test.
©JK Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation | International Journal of Review in Life Sciences 1712
Barzegar et al., Int. J. Rev. Life. Sci., 5(9), 2015, 1709-1715
Figure 4. Interaction between species and extraction methods on hawthorn leaves phenolic compounds.
Figure 5. The effect of different species on FRAP. Values within the each column and followed by the same let-
ter are not different at P < 0.05 by an ANOVA protected LSD test.
Figure 6. Interaction between hawthorn leaves species and extraction methods on FRAP.
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