By:

K oushik P aul
R oll N o.- 6O
M ech. E ngg.[3rd Y ear]
B engal C ollege Of E ngineering & T echnology
 It is one of the most important
device.
 Used to retard or stop the vehicle.
Kinetic energy translated to heat
energy.
 Kinetic energy increases with the
square of the velocity.
 K.E.=1/2mv²
 Wheel lockup during braking causes
skidding which in turn cause a loss of
traction and vehicle control

 This reduces the steering ability to

change direction. So the car slides
out of control.

 With ABS system, the driver can

brake hard, take the evasive action
and still be in control of the vehicle
in any road condition at any speed
and under any load.
 ABS was first developed for AirCraft in1929 by
French Automobile & Aircraft Pioneer Gabriel
Voisin.
 The German Companies BOSCH & Mercedes-Benz
pioneered the first electronic version for use on
Mercedes-Benz Cars in1936.
 In 1960 A fully mechanical system used in the
Ferguson P99 racing car, the Jensen FF and the
Ford Zodiac, but saw no further use; the system
proved expensive and, in automobile use,
somewhat unreliable.
 In 1975 Ford also introduced ABS on the Lincoln
Continental Mark III and the Ford LTD station
wagon, called “Sure Trak”.
 In 1978 Bosch And Mercedes-Benz Introduced
the first completely Electronic 4-Wheel Multi-
Channel ABS system in trucks and the
Mercedes-Benz S-Class.
 In 1988 BMW became the world's first
motorcycle manufacturer to introduce an
electronic/hydraulic ABS system, this on
their BMW K100.
 In 1992 Honda launched its first ABS system
 this on the ST1100 Pan European.
A-Wheel Speed Sensor
B-ABS control Module
C-pressure Release Valves
D-Brake caliper
 Anti lock braking system is made up of a central (ECU) Electronic
Control Unit and four wheel speed sensors connected to each wheel
of vehicle and two hydraulic valves located in the brake hydraulics.
The electronic control unit monitors record the rotating speed of
four wheels on a constant basis and when this system finds a vehicle
wheel rotating speed slower than the other three, where a situation
arises such as an impending wheel lock.
 There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the
ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions:
III.In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the  master
cylinder is passed right through to the brake.
IV.In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake
from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising
further should the driver push the the brake pedal harder.
III. In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from
the brake.
 The ABS system causes the valves to constantly reduce hydraulic
pressure to brakes of the significantly lowered speed wheel
thereby causing reduction of braking force on the affected wheel.
 By this process, the lower speed wheel starts turning faster than
other three wheels and when the electronic control unit finds that
the wheel is turning faster than the other three, automatically brake
hydraulic pressure to the affected wheel is increased by the ABS
system so that braking force is reapplied and the wheel slows down.
This complete process performed by the ABS system is
repeated continuously throughout the drive on mostly uneven roads
and can be easily detected by the driver of the car with the help of
brake pedal pulsation.
 Now let's put the parts together to see how anti-lock brakes work as a whole. This
diagram provides both a closeup view & an example of where the brakes are located.
 There are mainly three types of ABS used in the car.
Four-channel, four-sensor ABS:
This is the best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a
separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors
each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force.
Three-channel, three-sensor ABS:
This scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a
speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and
one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is
located in the rear axle.
 One-channel, one-sensor ABS:
This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with rear-wheel ABS. It has
one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in
the rear axle.
Now lets see how ABS works in a car with an animation.
 Maruti Suzuki Swift
 Maruti Suzuki Ritz
 Skoda Superb
 Honda Accord
 Honda City
 Hyundai Verna
 Hyundai i20
etc.