Waste Manage Res 2007: 25: 288–295
Printed in UK – all right reserved
Report: Integrated industrial waste management
systems in China
Various models of urban sustainable development have been
introduced in recent years and some of these such as inte-
grated waste management have been proved to be of particular
value. Integrated industrial waste management systems include
all the administrative, financial, legal, planning and engineer-
ing functions involved in solutions to the problems of indus-
trial waste. Even though the pace of the improvement made to
China’s industrial waste management capacity is impressive,
China has been unable to keep up with the increasing demand
for waste management. This paper will evaluate the applica-
tion of integrated industrial waste management systems in
promoting urban sustainable development in the context of
three case study cities in China (positive case, average case
and negative case) by identifying and accessing the factors
that affect the success or failure of integrated industrial waste
management systems.
Introduction
In recent years a general consensus has emerged which sug-
gests that the most effective waste management decisions
can be achieved through adopting an integrated approach
(US EPA 1995, Palmares 2000, Scheinberg 2001). It has also
been argued that sustainable waste management practices
can only be improved by adopting an integrated approach
(Audit Commission 1997 p. 11, Klundert & Anshutz 2001).
Due to the concentration of activities and pollution in urban
areas, it is evident that an important level of integrated
waste management is required on the city scale. For this rea-
son, the implementation of integrated waste management
within cities has been widely explored through case studies
(Coffey 1996, Palmeres 2000, Su and Wang 2003). Conse-
quently, a number of conceptual models [such as Integrated
Waste Management (IWM), Integrated Sustainable Waste
288 Waste Management & Research
Downloaded from wmr.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia on January 9, 2016
Copyright © ISWA 2007
Waste Management & Research
ISSN 0734–242X
Wenxin Zhang
Department of Civic Design, University of Liverpool, 74 Bedford
Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZQ, UK
Peter Roberts
Professor of Sustainable and Spatial Development, Sustainability
Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment. University
of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Keywords: Integrated approach, industrial waste management
system, case study, key issues, China, wmr 1152–1
Corresponding author: Wenxin Zhang, Department of Civic
Design, University of Liverpool, 74 Bedford Street South,
Liverpool, L69 7ZQ, UK.
Tel: +44 151 794 3453; fax: +44 151 794 3125;
email: w.zhang1@liv.ac.uk
DOI: 10.1177/0734242X07079185
Received 31 January 2007; accepted in revised form 17 March 2007
Figures 2–3 appear in colour online: http://wmr.sagepub.com
Management (ISWM)] have been proposed with the aim of
assessing existing waste management systems and planning
more effective future waste management approaches (Tchob-
anoglous et al. 1993, Klundert & Anshutz 2001, Canada
Department of Environment 2002).
However, many current applications of integrated waste
management system models are concerned with municipal
waste, which is defined to include refuse from households and
non-hazardous solid waste from industrial, commercial and
other non-residential activities. The complex content of the
waste that is processed necessarily leads to difficulties for the
development of integrated sustainable waste management.
Therefore, the present research focused on industrial waste
management instead of all municipal waste. In considering
industrial waste management in a specific spatial area, it is
 Integrated industrial waste management systems in China

Table 1: Study of industrial waste management issues

Issues Financial Local waste Economic Education and

Employment Partnerships
Authors support strategy instruments training

Coffey (1996) 1 1 1
Iyer (2000) 1 1 1
Klundert & Ansuhutz (2001) 1 1 1 1
Scheinberg (2001) 1 1 1
He & Shao (2004) 1 1 1 1 1
World Bank (2003) 1 1 1
Financial support refers to budget and cost accounting within the industrial waste management system and in relation to the local economy.
Local waste strategy focuses on the institutional structure which informs and implements waste management at local level.
Economic instruments in terms of the waste management literature are generally understood to include policies, tools and actions which have the
intention and purpose of influence of the behaviour of economic agents by adjusting financial incentives in order to improve the cost-effectiveness
of waste management efforts (Marulanda & Jarque, 2003).
Employment on industrial waste management task includes not only the officials who work in authorities, but also professional waste manage-
ment staff who work in industrial enterprises, waste industry companies and waste service sectors.
Partnerships represent the relationships between individuals or organizations in which the parties have developed close cooperation and share
specified rights and responsibilities.
Education and training provision which is designed to meet the need of different audiences.

appropriate to consider how the function of an integrated
industrial waste management system depends on its ability to
adopt particular characteristics of the political, social, eco-
nomic and environmental context of an individual city.
By investigating integrated waste management systems,
the importance of identifying key participants and key issues
can be seen to be crucial to facilitating the objective of devel-
oping a fully integrated system (Tchobanoglous et al. 1993,
Schubeler 1996, Scheinberg 2001). According to these authors,
a multi-disciplinary framework which involves the main dimen-
sions is perhaps the best way to address the integrated approach.
Thus, for the analytical framework required the integrated
industrial waste management system can be explained from
the two main dimensions.
• Key actors involved in industrial waste management.
A key actor is a person or organization that has responsi-
bility or interest in industrial waste management. Industrial
waste management laws and regulations that apply to the
whole country are made by national government. Local
authorities are responsible for the management and super-
vision of all waste management activities (Hogland &
Stenis 2000). Meanwhile, many people and organizations
outside the official authorities are also involved in indus-
trial waste management (US EPA 1995, He & Shao 2004,
World Bank 2005), including the following organizations.
1. Industrial companies who are the producers of indus-
trial waste.
2. The waste industry, which processes waste generated by
industrial companies.
3. Public administrators who can promote an industrial
waste management system by supervising the industrial
waste management outcome.
4. Research institutions that work on waste technology
innovation and the improvement of waste manage-
ment tools.
• Key issues in the local context that should be taken into
account when assessing an industrial waste management
system.
The key issues of industrial waste management system
have been researched by various people over the last 10
years and offer global experience. There are several issues
that were most commonly quoted and these are presented
in Table 1.
Economic and industrial waste management
features in China
China recently became the largest producer of solid waste in
the world. In 2004 the urban areas of China generated about
190 000 tonnes of waste and by 2030 this amount is projected
to be at least 480 000 tonnes (World Bank 2005, p. 1). Signif-
icant improvements have been made over the last 10 years.
Even though the pace of China’s industrial waste manage-
ment improvement is significant, the country has been una-
ble to keep up with the increasing demand for waste service
coverage, environmental requirements for safe management
systems, and the generation of greater cost-effectiveness in
service delivery (He & Shao 2004, World Bank 2005).There-
fore, more effective management models need to be
explored and applied to achieve sustainable industrial waste
management.
In addition to the difference in economic performance,
there is an obvious gap in relation to industrial waste man-
agement performance between the eastern, western and cen-
tral parts of China (Statistical Environment Press 2004). To

Waste Management & Research 289

Downloaded from wmr.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia on January 9, 2016
W. Zhang, P. Roberts

Fig. 1: Three economic regions of China.

find ways to achieve better integrated industrial waste man-
agement, key features of the integrated industrial waste man-
agement systems of different cities need to be explored and
compared. Therefore a case study approach was chosen as
the method to apply an analytical framework of the indus-
trial waste management system to Chinese cities.
Case studies approach
In order to evaluate the differences in the way industrial waste
management options have been adopted in various Chinese
cities, case studies were carried out in cities that are at differ-
ent levels of industrial waste management, which can be
characterized as top, bottom and average levels. The cities in
western China seem to be far behind the cities in eastern
China in terms of industrial waste collection, transport, treat-
ment and waste production reduction, whereas many cities in
the central part of China perform at an average level. Figure 2
provides some quantitative analysis result to indicate the dif-
ference. Beijing and a few typical cities in each area (Qingdao
is in eastern China, Zhengzhou and Yueyang are in Central
China, Lanzhou is in Western China) were chosen to com-

Fig. 2: Industrial waste management status in different cities across China. (Source: Environmental Protection Year Book of China, 2003).

290 Waste Management & Research

Downloaded from wmr.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia on January 9, 2016

pare the destination of industrial waste. Over 80% of indus-
trial waste in Qingdao was reused and recycled, whereas over
80% of industrial waste was stored and discharged in
Lanzhou. A city that has a comparatively high waste reuse
and recycling rate and a low amount of waste stored and dis-
charged is regarded as having a higher level of industrial waste
management (Diaz & Warith 2006).
The selection of cities for the case study was based on the
levels of industrial waste management performance but fol-
lowed the principles of literal replication. Therefore, there
must be some similarities within the background of the case
study cities to enable the comparisons to be carried out and
furthermore, similar levels of information are required for the
cities selected. The criteria can be summarized as:
• case study cities should be typical industrial cities; and
• case study cities should have similar industrial sectors.
On the basis of these criteria, the cities selected were Qingdao,
Zhengzhou and Lanzhou as positive, average and negative
cities in terms of their development of integrated waste man-
agement.
The case studies sought to find practical explanations for
the variable progress of the contribution made by integrated
industrial waste management systems to urban sustainable
development. According to the analytical framework of the
integrated industrial waste management system discussed above,
there are three types of data that need to be collected.
• General information about the industrial waste manage-
ment activities in the case study cities. The general infor-
mation may include economic and industrial status, urban
sustainable development assessment data, industrial waste
generation data, destination use of waste, economic
expenditure on waste management, waste tax amount, etc.
• Information about how the six key issues work in each
case study city, identification of the importance and inter-
relationships between them.
• Attitude of key participants in the integrated industrial
waste management system and the key issues of the system.
Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to
the case studies in each city. Quantitative methods were
mainly used to collect and analyse secondary data from offi-
cial agencies, websites, data archives and the public. These
data provided a general indication of the objectivity, and
more importantly, helped to direct further qualitative
research and analysis.
Detailed structured questionnaires, semi-structured inter-
views, and content analysis were the main quantitative
methods used to obtain the data required.
Downloaded from wmr.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia on January 9, 2016
Integrated industrial waste management systems in China
• Interviews were used to collect information from appro-
priate representatives of key survey groups (key partici-
pants in the integrated industrial waste management sys-
tem).
• Detailed structured questionnaires were sent to samples
of industrial companies and the general public. The large
number of industrial companies and public was a major
reason for adopting a questionnaire survey as it was only
possible to interview a very limited number of representa-
tives from industrial companies and the public.
• When the data collection was completed, analysis of the
data and information was conducted to identify the differ-
ences between the integrated industrial waste manage-
ment systems of the cities and to explore the reasons for
those differences.
From April, 2005 to December, 2005, three cases studies were
conducted separately in Qingdao, Zhengzhou and Lanzhou
to explore the reasons for the different performance of inte-
grated industrial waste management systems in the three cit-
ies. The results of the analyses are described according to the
six aspects identified in Table 1, to reflect the key issues asso-
ciated with integrated industrial waste management systems
and their operation.
Waste management finance in the cities
Finance is widely considered to be important in determining
the feasibility and success of integrated industrial waste man-
agement. More than 90% of interviewees from local authori-
ties and 75% of respondents from industrial companies rec-
ognized financial support as one of the most important issues
for an integrated industrial waste management system.
Various visits to Qingdao, Zhengzhou and Lanzhou, plus
background data provided insights into the complex situa-
tion of financial support for waste management in the differ-
ent cities. Reviewing the financing aspects of waste manage-
ment in the case study cities was further complicated because
operating costs (collection and disposal facilities) and capital
costs (mainly for disposal facilities such as landfill and incin-
erators) were not always funded by the same government
level.
During recent years, China’s national and local govern-
ments have encouraged investment in solid waste manage-
ment from the local private sector and foreign companies.
Chinese authorities intend to promote commercial opera-
tions within the waste management sector in order to aug-
ment current government funding. Local government has
been responsible for making many efforts to improve the
local conditions for commercial investment in waste man-
agement. Increasingly national government funding for capi-
Waste Management & Research 291
W. Zhang, P. Roberts
Fig. 3: Sources of industrial waste management finance in Qingdao.
tal requirements is shifting to the cities, especially the larger
and more developed ones. As a developed city, Qingdao has
a large industrial and commercial base to support revenue
generation for waste management service, and it is more
capable of attracting private sector investment in waste man-
agement facilities.
The sources of investment in industrial waste management
are of many forms and vary from city to city. From 1994 to 2004,
the total amount of financial support on industrial waste man-
agement in Qingdao increased (Figure 3). During year 2004,
the amount of total industrial waste management investment
in Qingdao is about four times more than the amount in
Lanzhou and three times the amount in Zhengzhou.
From the information collected, it is reasonable to say
that far more attention needs to be given to financing meth-
ods for solid waste management, particularly in the smaller
and lagging cities such as Lanzhou, as this is now one of the
fastest growing budget items for local governments. The
growing industrial waste management budgets are further com-
plicated by rapidly growing costs for the management of spe-
cial wastes, such as hazardous waste, medical waste, and
wastewater treatment sludge. It is likely that local governments
will increasingly call upon provincial and national govern-
ment to provide financial assistance in order to deal with
these problematic wastes.
Local waste management strategy
The main objective of a good local waste management strat-
egy is to develop an industrial waste management system
which maximizes the benefits of each component. This can
be achieved by minimizing costs and maximizing environ-
mental protection in order to promote public acceptance.
Such approaches must be flexible in order to respond to
changing circumstances. A few large cities in China, such as
Qingdao, have employed a specific organization to design a
local waste management plan as well as a separate local waste
management strategy.
292 Waste Management & Research
Downloaded from wmr.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia on January 9, 2016
With regard to the experience of good industrial waste
management systems, current local waste management strat-
egies in some Chinese cities are trying to propose ways to
encourage a local ‘waste management ethic’. Such intentions
include attempts to motivate industrial companies to apply
cleaner production, and support waste reduction efforts. The
strategy should also have sufficient redundancy in case one
component part of the waste management system is out of oper-
ation, such as, an incinerator is closed for maintenance or spe-
cific recycling facilities are emergently unavailable. The strategy
should also be able to accommodate sudden waste fluctuations
that may arise following events such as storms or healthcare
issues (Qingdao Waste Management Strategy 2004).
As a contrast, during the 1980s and 1990s, the majority of
municipal officers in Lanzhou did not consider integrated
industrial waste management to be a priority. As pointed out
by Mrs. Shuxia Li (Vice director, Lanzhou EPB): ‘Local EPB
staff are the key actors for promoting integrated industrial
waste management, however at the same time, there is a
widespread phenomena of lack of resource and unable to pro-
vide adequate management on industrial waste’. In the case
of Lanzhou, planning for industrial waste management improve-
ment was largely ignored by local authorities.
Economic instruments
More than 90 possible economic instruments have been
identified as suitable for use in the waste management sector
and each of them involves a number of activities (World
Bank 2003), choosing the correct instrument is not a simple
matter. Institutional capacities and the willingness of local
governments to introduce these instruments play very impor-
tant roles in designing appropriate economic actions and
these factors also influence the results of the application of
the economic instruments. The chief economic instruments
in terms of industrial waste management in the case study
cities can be divided into four types: (1) waste fees and taxes,
and waste tradeable permits; (2) a pollution fee-refund sys-
tem; (3) investment support and eco-labels; and (4) the
establishment of a recycled and reused product market.
Officials from the Lanzhou and Zhengzhou authorities
stated that ‘theoretically, economic instruments can improve
industrial waste management, but they normally impose high
administration standards and do not represent a ‘quick fix’ to
the problems associated with more traditional command-and-
control approaches’ (personal interview with Mr Lv, Director
of Pollution Control Division, Lanzhou EPB on 9 May 2005
and Mr Zheng, Vice-Director of Zhengzhou EPB on 5 Decem-
ber 2005). In addition, information building and information
sharing are identified as key factors that guarantee the suc-
cess or effectiveness of the use of economic instruments

(Huber et al. 1997). However, waste information systems in
most Chinese cities are still at a very early stage.
Faced with a number of challenges, a small number of cit-
ies in China have made rapid progress in the application of
economic instruments for waste management. Eco-labels are
widely used in eastern cities such as Qingdao. In addition,
establishing policy-motivated economic instruments is a
widely used tool to manage the recycled and reused product
market. These policy-motivated economic instruments nor-
mally aim to encourage the purchase of reused and recycled
products that do not have price advantages. For example,
Qingdao has established local policies that regulate the use
of fuel made from coal dust and the use of slag in construc-
tion activities. This kind of policy helped to improve the
need of recycled materials and has helped to set up markets
for recycled and reused products.
In general, there is no ideal way to address the issue of
implementing economic instruments for industrial waste
management, especially for China, which has such a vast ter-
ritory and widely varying types of city. Any solution must take
into account the social, economic and environmental frame-
work and characteristics of individual cities and regions.
Employment in industrial waste management
The lack of trained and experienced industrial waste manage-
ment labour is a problem that many Chinese cities are facing.
The main reason has been described (He & Shao 2004) as
‘the late development of waste management compared to
wastewater and air pollution treatment’. In the local environ-
mental protection bureau (EPB) of medium and small cities,
there are typically only one or two staffs who work on waste
management. About 90% of local authority officials who
responded to the survey agreed that new management staff
positions need to be provided within the authorities.
Since the end of 2002, about 10 cities have established
their own city waste management centre most of these are
eastern cities. Qingdao is one of these cities with 19 employ-
ees working in the waste management centre. However, the
director of Qingdao waste management centre, Mr. Wu, still
stated that ‘more management positions should be provided
so we can give more detailed instructions to industrial com-
panies, the public community and waste service sectors’.
The industrial waste management employment condi-
tions in Zhengzhou and Lanzhou are far more behind. Taking
Lanzhou as an example, in the public sector there are only
two employees from the local EPB and one employee at some
of the district EPBs working on daily industrial waste man-
agement. More waste monitoring supervision, waste treat-
ment and landfill engineers, waste education and training,
and research staff are urgently needed. The pollution control
Downloaded from wmr.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia on January 9, 2016
Integrated industrial waste management systems in China
divisions of the local EPBs are in charge of industrial waste
management in cities that do not have a separate waste man-
agement centre, such as Zhengzhou and Lanzhou. The num-
bers of employees in the divisions of pollution control vary
due to the capacities of each EPB.
As a result of lack of waste monitoring and supervision
staff, daily inspections of industrial companies can not be fully
conducted. According to regulatory requirements, all compa-
nies that produce waste are required to submit their waste
production and management data to the local EPB. However,
only about 40% of industrial companies in Lanzhou submit
their data on time every year; and the corresponding figures
for Zhengzhou and Qingdao were 56 and 88% of companies
in 2004.
With regard to the waste industry and the waste service
sector in the case study cities, there is a considerable demand
for more staff with professional training. The lack of suffi-
cient staff has resulted in a situation in which some current
waste treatment and waste consultant technologies are not
applied in the optimum way. Since the development of waste
management has a history of less than 20 years in China, the
limited number of waste management professionals can not
satisfy the increasing requirements for staff in the waste man-
agement industry.
Education and training
It is evident from the result of waste management education
and training surveys in the case study cities that previous
education and training focused on waste technology, waste
policies and regulation. Local EPBs are required to organize
at least four training sessions for industrial companies. Waste
management experts are invited to give lectures on the latest
methods of waste treatment and minimization technology.
However, evaluations of these training sessions are not very
satisfactory. Mr. Zhang, from Lanzhou Petro-chemical Co.
Ltd, explained that, ‘they always talk very generally. What I
am interested in is the useful technology exactly for my com-
pany. I think more specific instruction and training should be
provided in order to let industrial companies benefit from it’.
Other interviewees from industrial companies called for
waste management training to be provided not only by local
authorities, but also by waste consulting companies who are
likely to be more practical.
In addition to the waste management staff in industrial
companies, officials from local authorities are also in need of
education and training. Qingdao can be seen to offer a posi-
tive example in terms of this aspect of training. Regular lec-
tures and seminars are organized for local officials mainly by
the Qingdao waste management centre. Experts from both
the academic field and practice, and management staff from
Waste Management & Research 293
W. Zhang, P. Roberts
other cities and from overseas are invited to give lectures,
after which panel discussion are held. It is one of the main
ways for local authority staff to acquire newly developed
methods of approach and to share experience.
Partnerships of each stakeholder
All Chinese cities should pursue an integrated waste man-
agement strategy that involves all key stakeholders in strate-
gic planning and decision-making, and which examines in a
comprehensive manner the pros and cons of all practical
waste management techniques (World Bank 2005, p. 39).
Integrated waste management requires the adoption of the
hierarchy of waste management, and this implies heavy reli-
ance on the co-operation of all stakeholders.
With regard to the current industrial waste management
systems operating in the case study cities, national government
(mainly SEPA) and local environmental protection bureaus
are starting to take broader roles in promoting better indus-
trial waste management systems (personal interview with Mr
Wu, Director of Qingdao Waste Management Centre, 12
April 2005). Other stakeholders who are emerging in the
industrial waste management system include local and inter-
national non-governmental organizations, local economic
agencies, local residents and research organizations. The
cooperation of these stakeholders has been applied to various
areas from which a few types of cooperation are widely used in
different cities:
• industrial sector associations have been established by
EPB but are managed by industrial companies within the
sector;
• a few companies have set up recycling groups; their rela-
tionship is based on making use of waste from other com-
panies;
• cleaner production; and
• eco-industry parks.
Public–private partnerships are likely to continue developing
and remain an important option in the future. The experi-
ence of some eastern cities will play a positive role in
improving industrial waste management in western lower-
income areas. However, some researchers (Professor Hu from
Qingdao Oceanic and Professor Yuan from Lanzhou Univer-
References
Audit Commission (1997) Waste Matters: Good Practice in Waste Manage-
ment. Audit Commission for Local Authorities and the National
Health Service in England and Wales, London.
Canada Department of Environment (2002) Integrated Waste Management
(IWM) Model, Special News & Views Report www.plastics.ca.epic.
294 Waste Management & Research
Downloaded from wmr.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia on January 9, 2016
sity) found that public–private partnerships have received
over attention in recent years. Public–private partnership
should be an option for a city to perform better in the course
of industrial waste management reform, but it has been con-
sidered to be a necessary tool by some cities. This misunder-
standing has led to inappropriate planning and misapplica-
tion of public–private partnerships in some cities, mainly in
the inland areas.
Although it is possible to identify various kinds of cooper-
ation between government, management agencies, and the
public, the common aim is to promote the adoption of the
hierarchy of industrial waste management: reduce, reuse,
recycle, recover, landfill, disposal and incineration. Using
economic instruments (such as subsidy and land develop-
ment rights) and public honour recognition to encourage the
industrial involvement of eco-industrial parks are the main
reasons for the advanced level of eco-industrial park devel-
opment. However, technical and economic constraints plus
lack of encouraging economic instruments have prevented
the further development of eco-industrial waste management
in Zhengzhou and Lanzhou.
Conclusion
The fundamental purpose of the research reported in this
paper was to acquire understanding of ‘What constitutes an
effective industrial waste management system in the specific
context of China?’ As the largest country in terms of popula-
tion and one which has the fastest rate of increase in GDP,
China is experiencing rapid economic and industrial devel-
opment. Therefore, Chinese cities have had to develop their
own approaches to create industrial waste management sys-
tems which reflect the particular political, economic and
social situation. The exploration of different approaches
applied to the key aspects of industrial waste management in
the different case study cities can be used as a fundamental
basis for analysing and assessing integrated industrial waste
management systems in specific areas. This paper offers some
insights into the operation of these systems and these
insights suggest that it is essential to continue to monitor
and adjust both the content and operation of these systems.
Future research on the transferable lessons from positive to
the average and negative situations are suggested based on
the findings of the present study.
Coffey, M. (1996) Guidelines for Solid Waste Management for Developing
Countries, Kenya. UNCHS/Habitat, Nairobi.
Diaz, R. & Warith, M. (2006) Life-cycle assessment of municipal solid
wastes: development of the WASTED model. Waste Management, 26,
886–901.

Environmental Protection Yearbook Newsroom (2003) Environmental Pro-
tection Yearbook of China. China Environment Press, Beijing.
He, P. & Shao, L. (2004) Solid Waste Management. High Education Press,
Beijing.
Hogland, W. & Stenis.J. (2000) Assessment and system analysis of industrial
waste management. Waste Management, 20, 537–543.
Huber, R., Ruitenbeek, J. & Seroa da Motta, R. (1997) Market Based Instru-
ments for Environmental Policymaking in Latin America and the Carib-
bean: Lessons from Eleven Countries. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Iyer, A. (2000) Developing a Sustainable Health Care Waste Management System
– Issues, Strategies and Approach, UWEP Case Study Report. WASTE,
Gouda, the Netherlands.
Klundert, A. & Anshutz, J. (2004) The Concept of Integrated Waste Manage-
ment Approach, www.waste.nl.
Marulanda, N. & Jarque, C. (2003) Environment Network: Economic
Instruments for Solid Waste Management, Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank Regional Policy Dialogue Study Series, Washington.
Palmeres, M.S. (2000) Integrated Sustainable Waste Management in Tingloy,
Batangas, UWEP Case Study Report. UWEP, Gouda, the Netherlands.
Qingdao Environmental Protection Bureau (2004) Qingdao Industrial Waste
Management Strategy. Qingdao Environmental Protection Bureau,
Qingdao.
Downloaded from wmr.sagepub.com at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia on January 9, 2016
Integrated industrial waste management systems in China
Scheinberg, A. (2001) Micro- and Small Enterprises in Integrated Sustainable
Waste Management: Tools for Decision Makers. WASTE Gouda, the
Netherlands.
Schubeler, P. (1996) Conceptual Framework for Municipal Solid Waste Man-
agement in Low-Income Countries. SKAT, Switzerland.
SEPA (2003) Environmental Protection Year Book. SEPA, Beijing.
Statistical Environmental Press (1999–2004) Statistical Environment Annual
Report of China. Statistical Environmental Press, Beijing.
Su, W. & Wang, A. ( 2003) Feasibility study on ISWM in Sanxia. Environ-
mental Protection, 2002, 12, 33–40.
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. & Vigil, S. (1993) Integrated Solid Waste
Management – Engineering Principles and Management Issues, McGraw-
Hill, USA.
US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (1995) Decision-Maker’s
Guide to Solid Waste Management, 2nd edn. US EPA, Washington, DC.
World Bank (2005) Waste Management in China: Issues and Recommenda-
tions, East Asia Infrastructure Department, World Bank, Washington,
DC.
World Bank (2003) Economic Instruments for Solid Waste Management: Glo-
bal Review and Application. Sustainable Development Department,
World Bank, Washington, DC.
Waste Management & Research 295