THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. NO. 133347 : October 15, 2008

ABS-CBN BROADCASTING CORPORATION, EUGENIO LOPEZ, JR., AUGUSTO

ALMEDA-LOPEZ, and OSCAR M. LOPEZ, Petitioners, v. OFFICE OF THE
OMBUDSMAN, ROBERTO S. BENEDICTO,* EXEQUIEL B. GARCIA, MIGUEL V.
GONZALES, and SALVADOR (BUDDY) TAN,* Respondent.

DECISION

NACHURA, J.:
At bar is a Petition for Certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court challenging the
Joint Resolution1 dated May 2, 1997 of then Ombudsman Aniano Desierto in OMB-0-
94-1109, dismissing the complaint filed by petitioners against private respondents, and
the Order2 denying their motion for reconsideration.
This case stems from an all too familiar chapter in Philippine history, i.e., the declaration
of martial law by then President Ferdinand Marcos and the simultaneous sequestration
of not a few private corporations, including one of the petitioners herein, ABS-CBN
Broasting Corporation (ABS-CBN).
On April 18 and 26, 1994, petitioners Eugenio, Jr., Oscar and Augusto Almeda, all
surnamed Lopez, as officers and on behalf of ABS-CBN, executed separate complaint-
affidavits charging private respondents Roberto S. Benedicto, Exequiel B. Garcia,
Miguel V. Gonzalez, and Salvador (Buddy) Tan with the following crimes penalized
under the Revised Penal Code (RPC): (a) Article 298 - Execution of Deeds by Means of
Violence or Intimidation; (b) Article 315 paragraphs 1[b], 2[a], 3[a] - Estafa; (c) Article
308 - Theft; (d) Article 302 - Robbery; (e) Article 312 - Occupation of Real Property or
Usurpation of Real Rights in Property; and (f) Article 318 - Other Deceits.
Individual petitioners' complaint-affidavits3 uniformly narrated the following facts:
1. The day after the declaration of martial law, or on September 22, 1972, just before
midnight, military troops arrived at the ABS-CBN Broast Center in Bohol Avenue,
Quezon City, and informed the officers and personnel thereat of the seizure and closure
of the premises by virtue of Letter of Instruction (LOI) No. 1 issued by President Marcos
ordering the closure of all radio and television stations in the country.
2. LOI No. 1 authorized the Secretary of National Defense to "take over or control, or
cause the taking over and control of all x x x newspapers, magazines, radio and
television facilities and all other media of communications" throughout the country.
Consequently, a total of seven (7) television stations owned and operated by ABS-CBN
were closed down by the government.4
3. When it became apparent that petitioners would not be granted a permit to re-open,
ABS-CBN on October 31, 1972, terminated the services of all its employees, giving
each employee his/her retirement benefits. Corollary thereto, sometime in November
1972, Eugenio Lopez, Jr., then president of ABS-CBN, wrote then Secretary of National
Defense, Juan Ponce Enrile,5 of their desire to sell ABS-CBN to the government. In that
same month, however, Eugenio Lopez, Jr. was arrested by the military, and detained at
1
Fort Bonifacio for almost five (5) years until his escape therefrom on September 30,
1977.
4. Subsequently, after the proposal to sell ABS-CBN to the Marcos government did not
materialize, ABS-CBN started negotiations with then Governor of Leyte, Benjamin
"Kokoy" Romualdez, who expressed his desire and intention to acquire the former.
However, the negotiations with Kokoy Romualdez in 1973 likewise did not result in the
sale and re-opening of ABS-CBN.
5. On June 6, 1973, the television and radio stations of Kanlaon Broasting System
(KBS) on Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City were consumed by fire. KBS was the umbrella
corporation of the Benedicto Group of broasting companies, including Radio Philippines
Network (RPN),6 which operated TV Channel 9, the only television station allowed to
continue operating during the early years of the martial law regime. Respondent
Benedicto, then Philippine Ambassador to Japan, managed, controlled, and was one of
the principal stockholders of RPN.
6. On even date, both Benedicto and Alfredo Montelibano, who at that time was
Chairperson of the Board of Directors (BOD) of ABS-CBN, were in Bacolod. Benedicto
constituted Montelibano as his emissary to the Lopezes, relaying his plan to temporarily
use ABS-CBN's broast studios in Quezon City, from which to operate TV Channel 9, for
such period of time as may be necessary to rebuild KBS' burned studios.
7. On June 8, 1973, Montelibano met with other officers and executives of ABS-CBN,
including herein petitioners Oscar and Augusto Lopez, informing them of Benedicto's
request. Oscar and Augusto, and the rest of the ABS-CBN management team, strongly
opposed the request. Eventually, however, when Montelibano mentioned that
Malacañang and Romualdez had cleared said request, the possibility of a
government-ordered confiscation of ABS-CBN, and not least of all, the possible release
of Eugenio Lopez, Jr., petitioners Oscar and Augusto, as with the rest of ABS-CBN's
executives, acquiesced to Benedicto's request.
8. Thus, at noontime on the same day, representatives of KBS headed by Jose
Montalvo arrived at the Meralco Building to finalize the proposed arrangement with
ABS-CBN. The transaction between ABS-CBN and KBS is evidenced by a letter-
agreement dated June 8, 1973, which reads in relevant part:
This is to confirm the agreement arrived at between RPN and ABS-CBN to the following
effect:
1. Commencing on the date hereof, ABS-CBN hereby conveys to RPN by way of lease
its TV and radio equipment (excluding TV channels and radio frequencies) and its
premises at the ABS-CBN Broast Center, Bohol Avenue, Quezon City (collectively
called the "leased facilities") listed in the schedule attached hereto and marked as
Annex "A".
2. RPN shall pay ABS-CBN monthly rental as is reasonable compensation for the use of
the leased facilities. The amount of the rental shall be determined after a discussion
with Ambassador Roberto Benedicto.
3. The term of this lease shall commence on the date hereof and continue for such
reasonable time as may be normally necessary for the rehabilitation of RPN's facilities
unless an earlier period may be fixed by RPN and ABS-CBN after discussion with
Ambassador Benedicto.
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4. RPN hereby assumes full and complete responsibility for the leased facilities and
shall be answerable for any and all losses and damages to such facilities.
xxx
6. Upon termination of this lease, RPN shall return the possession of the leased
facilities to ABS-CBN and vacate the same without the need of notice or demand.
7. ABS-CBN, through its Chairman, Mr. Alfredo Montelibano, shall have the right to
select and designate the personnel (not to exceed 20 at any one time) to maintain and
operate all specialized TV and radio equipment.
xxx
10. ABS-CBN shall have the right to enter the Broast Center at any reasonable time
during the term of this lease for the purpose of determining compliance by RPN of the
terms hereof.
xxx
12. RPN shall not, without the prior written consent of ABS-CBN, sub-lease the leased
facilities or any part thereof nor shall any part be removed from the premises except the
equipment, which are intended for operation the Broast Center in due course of
operations.
9. Meanwhile, it appears that the parties were hard pressed to negotiate and fix the
monthly rental rate. Several attempts by Oscar to set up a meeting with Benedicto for
the fixing of the monthly rentals proved unsuccessful.
10. After more than four months of trying, a meeting between Oscar and Benedicto
finally materialized on October 31, 1973. At that meeting, the discussion not only
covered fixing of reasonable rentals for the lease of the ABS-CBN studios, but likewise
included the possibility of an outright sale.
11. Thereafter, the discussions and negotiations stopped as none of the petitioners
were able to meet anew with Benedicto who had supposedly referred the matter to
"people above" and the "man on top."
12. Frustrated, then Senator Lorenzo Tañada, as counsel for ABS-CBN, in May 1976,
wrote Benedicto demanding vacation of the ABS-CBN Broast Center and payment of
back rentals for the use of the ABS-CBN studios and facilities.
13. In response, Senator Estanislao Fernandez, on behalf of Benedicto, met with
Senator Tañada in June 1976. Another meeting took place between the parties'
respective counsels which included respondent Gonzales, another counsel for
Benedicto. Despite these meetings, no agreement was reached between Benedicto and
ABS-CBN. On the whole, from June 8, 1973, the time KBS occupied the ABS-CBN
studios in Quezon City, no rental was paid by the former to the latter.
14. In the years following until the Marcos government was toppled in 1986, the ABS-
CBN stations were transferred to the National Media Production Center (NMPC) headed
by Gregorio Cendaña of the Ministry of Information. Starting in January 1980, KBS, on
a staggered basis, transferred possession, control and management of ABS-CBN's
provincial television stations to NMPC. Some of the radio stations of ABS-CBN were
turned over to the government's Bureau of Broast, while some were retained by KBS
thru the Banahaw Broasting Corporation (BBC) and Radio Philippines Network (RPN).
15. Parenthetically, during a military inventory in 1979-1980, and a visit by ABS-CBN
executives at ABS-CBN's radio transmitting stations in Meycauayan, Bulacan, headed
by petitioner Augusto, on August 13, 1984, ABS-CBN properties and massive
3
equipment were found to be missing. In addition, the musical records and radio dramas
accumulated by ABS-CBN in a span of twenty-five (25) years and stored in its library
were now gone.
16. In June 1986, President Corazon Aquino, acting on the request of ABS-CBN
through Senator Tañada, returned to ABS-CBN these radio and TV stations on a
gradual and scheduled basis.
As required by the Ombudsman, the respondents, except for Garcia, filed their
respective counter-affidavits,7 with Benedicto adopting that of Gonzales', denying
petitioners' charges, and averring that:
1. The execution of the June 8, 1973 letter-agreement was a free and voluntary act of
ABS-CBN which agreed thereto fully expecting remuneration in the form of rentals, thus:
2. RPN shall pay ABS-CBN monthly rental as is reasonable compensation for the use of
the lease facilities. The amount of the rental shall be determined after a discussion with
Ambassador Roberto Benedicto.
2. In that regard, respondent Gonzales, counsel for KBS, RPN and Benedicto,
participated in the negotiations and was present at three (3) meetings for the fixing of
rentals. Also in attendance were former Senator Estanislao Fernandez, specially
engaged to represent RPN and Benedicto, and Senator Tañada and petitioner
Augusto for ABS-CBN.
3. Initially, the discussions centered on the possible formulas for the fixing of rentals.
Later on, however, before an agreement on the rental rate could be reached, the
discussions shifted to the possibility of an outright sale. The discussions on the sale
were expanded as various creditors of ABS-CBN had made and presented claims
before respondent Garcia, then Comptroller of KBS-RPN.
4. However, the discussions were discontinued when then Secretary of National
Defense Juan Ponce Enrile reminded KBS of the sequestered status of ABS-CBN
facilities such that arrangements undertaken for the use and lease thereof should be
taken up with the government.8
5. Meanwhile, in July 1974, Secretary Ponce Enrile authorized KBS, acting on behalf of
BBC, to make use of the ABS-CBN provincial stations which were not covered by the
June 8, 1973 letter-agreement. The authorization was granted in connection with the
increased undertakings assigned by the Department of National Defense (DND) to KBS,
specifically, for the government's mass-media developmental peace and order
nationwide campaign.
7. Thereafter, in October 1977, RPN vacated the ABS-CBN studios and turned over the
properties to George Viduya, the general manager of the government station GTV-4.
Viduya continued operations of GTV-4 at the ABS-CBN properties, after which, the
properties were all delivered in 1979 to the NMPC headed by Cendaña. The provincial
stations were delivered and turned over on a staggered basis, with the DZRI station in
Dagupan handed over in 1979. The successive transfer of all ABS-CBN studios and
stations, in Quezon City and the provinces, were covered by receipts which were
collated by the law firm of respondent Gonzales retained by KBS for that purpose.
8. The use of the ABS-CBN studios involved only three (3) juridical entities, RPN, ABS-
CBN and the government. The charges leveled by petitioners in their complaint-
affidavits merely point to civil liability as specified in the letter-agreement itself:
4
4. RPN hereby assumes full and complete responsibility for the leased facilities and
shall be answerable for any and all losses and damages to such facilities.
On the whole, the allegations of petitioners do not support the elements of the crimes
charged.
9. Lastly, respondents invoke the grant of absolute immunity to Benedicto as part of the
Compromise Agreement in Sandiganbayan Civil Case No. 34 which states:
The Government hereby extends absolute immunity, as authorized under the pertinent
provisions of Executive Orders Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, to Benedicto, the members of
his family, officers and employees of the corporations above mentioned, who are
included in past, present and future cases and investigations of the Philippine
Government, such that there shall be no criminal investigation or prosecution against
said persons for acts, omissions committed prior to February 25, 1986 that may be
alleged to have violated any penal law, including but not limited to Republic Act No.
3019, in relation to the acquisition of any asset treated, mentioned or included in this
Agreement.
Expectedly, the petitioners in their joint reply-affidavit refuted respondents' counter-
affidavits. Contrary to respondents' allegations, petitioners reiterated Benedicto's over-
all ploy, in conspiracy with the other respondents who were officers of KBS and/or RPN,
to use and occupy ABS-CBN properties without paying compensation therefor.
Petitioners maintain that respondents' grand scheme was to take-over ABS-CBN, albeit
ostensibly covered by the letter-lease agreement, giving the take over a semblance of
legality.
Thereafter, with the issues having been joined, the Ombudsman issued the herein
assailed Joint Resolution dismissing petitioners' complaints. To the Ombudsman, the
following circumstances did not give rise to probable cause necessary to indict
respondents for the various felonies charged:
1. The Letter-Agreement of June 8, 1973 belie any illegal take-over of the ABS-CBN
complex.
While the Lopezes are now complaining that the letter-agreement was virtually forced
unto them thru intimidation, hence, the vitiated consent of Mr. Montelibano, there is
nothing however which the complainants adduced to prove this allegation except their
threadbare allegations of threats. On the contrary, it appears that the Lopezes blessed
the letter-agreement hoping that their financial difficulties with respect to the affairs of
the ABS-CBN and their problem concerning the continued detention of Eugenio Lopez,
Jr. by the military, would at least be mitigated. x x x
It is thus clear that the ABS-CBN complex was freely leased by Montelibano upon
consultation with the Lopezes who entertained some ulterior motives of their own which
they expect would result from the agreement, either directly or indirectly. Of course, the
Lopezes may not have realized some of these expectations (i.e., the rentals, the release
of Eugenio, Jr. from detention) but this does not change the fact that the parties'
consent to the contract appears to have been freely given. Perforce, the complaint
under Article 298 of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines must fail.
2. Other TV and radio stations were taken over pursuant to LOI 1-A, hence no violations
of Art. 312, 302 and 308 of RPC.
To the alleged violation of Art. 312 of the Revised Penal Code, the respondents
contended that their use of ABS-CBN's facilities other than those included in the lease-
5
agreement, was in fact with the authority of the then Department of National Defense
(DND). There is no denying that all of the ABS-CBN properties including the provincial
ones are under sequestration pursuant to Presidential Letter of Instruction No. 1-A,
issued on September 28, 1972. It was under the strength of this Presidential Letter of
Instruction that KBS-RPN was authorized to enter, occupy and operate the facilities of
ABS-CBN. This was also confirmed by DND Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile in his letter to
RPN dated June 26, 1976. Unmistakably, KBS-RPN's possession of the ABS-CBN's
property other than those in the ABS-CBN complex is primarily anchored on the
authority pursuant to LOI 1-A. With this apparent authority, this investigation can not see
in any which way how the respondents could have illegally taken over the properties of
the [petitioners], particularly those in the province; there is therefore no convincing proof
to support a charge under Article 312 of the Revised Penal Code. It may come to mind
that "occupation of real property or usurpation of real rights in property" under Article
312 requires as one of its elements the presence of violence against or intimidation of
persons as a means in securing real property or rights belonging to another. Plainly, this
element is not shown. The complainants may have felt intimidated by the sequestration
order, but it is in the nature of such Order to be coercive. It was an act flowing from the
martial law powers of then President Marcos.
3. No unlawful taking as to justify charges for Robbery or Theft.
Robbery and Theft under Articles 302 and 308 of the Revised Penal Code were also
attributed by the [petitioners] against the respondents. From the records, it is clear that
KBS-RPN has juridical possession of the ABS-CBN properties subject of this complaint;
a right which can be validly set-up even against ABS-CBN itself. It can be recalled that
KBS-RPN was authorized to enter, occupy and operate ABS-CBN facilities by virtue of
the authority granted by the President, pursuant to LOI No. 1-A. Aside, the Broast
Center itself was covered by the lease-agreement. Under these situations, there is
obviously no basis to charge the respondents for robbery and theft; for these penal
offense require as an element the act of unlawful taking or asportation. Asportation is
simply poles apart from the juridical possession which KBS-RPN enjoyed over the
properties.
4. No deceit was employed to gain possession of the Broast Center and the provincial
TV and radio stations.
In the prosecution for estafa under [Articles 315, paragraphs 2(a), 3(a) and 318] of the
Revised Penal Code, it is indispensable that the element of deceit, consisting in the
false statement of fraudulent representation of the accused, be made prior to, or, at
least simultaneously with, the delivery of the thing by the complainants, it being
essential that such false statement or fraudulent representation constitutes the very
cause or the only motive which induces the complainants to part with the thing. If there
be no such prior or simultaneous false statement or fraudulent representation, any
subsequent act of the respondent, however fraudulent or suspicious it may appear, can
not serve as basis for the prosecution of these crimes.
[From petitioners' complaint-affidavits], it is very clear that the late Alfredo Montelibano
was the one who talked with Roberto Benedicto, preparatory to the signing of the lease-
agreement. As the complainants did not identify exactly which constitute the deceitful
act (or the intimidation) which could have induced the Lopezes into accepting the lease
agreement, in most probability, the occurrences which vitiated their consent happened
6
during this preliminary discussion. Noticeably however, it is not Alfredo Montelibano, the
one who supposedly talked with Benedicto, who is testifying on the alleged "veiled
threat" or deceits, if there are. Precisely, because he is already dead.
x x x [I]t is submitted that the Lopezes can not now testify on something which are not
derived from their own personal perception. The bottomline is that what they are now
trying to adduce, pertaining to the alleged deceits [or intimidation] attending the
negotiation of the lease agreement are purely hearsay. This is a matter which only
Alfredo Montelibano could testify competently.9
The Ombudsman saw no need to discuss the defenses of prescription and immunity
from suit raised by the respondents given his dismissal of the complaint-affidavits on the
merits. However, in a subsequent Order denying petitioners Motion for Reconsideration
of the Joint Resolution, the Ombudsman lifted the Office of the Chief Legal Counsel's
ratiocination for dismissing the complaint-affidavits, thus:
Incidentally, RPN has been identified as among the corporation in which respondent
Benedicto has substantial interests. In fact, it was one of the subject matters of the
Compromise Agreement reached by the government and respondent Benedicto in
Sandiganbayan Civil Case no. 34.
In that Compromise Agreement, for and in consideration of respondent Benedicto's
cession of equities, and assignment of his rights and interest in corporations therein
listed, among them RPN, the government extended "absolute immunity" to Benedicto,
including officers of his corporations as therein mentioned, "such that there shall be no
criminal investigation or prosecution against said persons for acts or omissions
committed prior to February 25, 1986 that may be alleged to have violated any penal
law, including but not limited to Republic Act No. 3019, in relation to the acquisition of
any asset treated or included in this Agreement."
In effect, the People of the Philippines as the offended party in criminal cases has
waived its right to proceed criminally against Benedicto, et. al., for whatever crime they
may have committed relative to, among others, the alleged plunder of ABS-CBN
properties. Again, whatever liability that remains thereabout on respondents' part is
perforce only civil in nature.10
Hence, this recourse by the petitioners alleging grave abuse of discretion in the
Ombudsman's Joint Resolution and Order.
Before anything else, we note that on April 5, 1999 and June 13, 2000, the respective
counsel for respondents Tan and Benedicto, in compliance with Section 16, 11 Rule 3 of
the Rules of Court, filed pleadings informing the Court of their clients' demise.
Benedicto's counsel filed a Notice of Death (With Prayer for Dismissal)12 moving that
Benedicto be dropped as respondent in the instant case for the reason "that the pending
criminal cases subject of this appeal are actions which do not survive the death of the
party accused."
Petitioners opposed the move to drop Benedicto as respondent, citing Torrijos v. Court
of Appeals13 which held that "civil liability of the accused survives his death; because
death is not a valid cause for the extinguishment of civil obligations."
Our ruling on this issue need not be arduous. The rules on whether the civil liability of
an accused, upon death, is extinguished together with his criminal liability, has long
been clarified and settled in the case of People v. Bayotas:14
7
1. Death of an accused pending appeal of his conviction extinguishes his criminal
liability as well as the civil liability based solely thereon. As opined by Justice Regalado,
in this regard, "the death of the accused prior to final judgment terminates his criminal
liability and only the civil liability directly arising from and based solely on the offense
committed, i.e., civil liability ex delicto in senso strictiore."
2. Corollarily, the claim for civil liability survives notwithstanding the death of accused, if
the same may also be predicated on a source of obligation other than delict. Article
1157 of the Civil Code enumerates these other sources of obligation from which the civil
liability may arise as a result of the same act or omission:
a) Law
b) Contracts
c) Quasi-contracts
d) x x x
e) Quasi-delicts
3. Where the civil liability survives, as explained in Number 2 above, an action for
recovery therefor may be pursued but only by way of filing a separate civil action and
subject to Section 1, Rule 111 of the 1985 Rules on Criminal Procedure 15 as amended.
The separate civil action may be enforced either against the executor/administrator or
the estate of the accused, depending on the source of obligation upon which the same
is based as explained above.
4. Finally, the private offended party need not fear a forfeiture of his right to file this
separate civil action by prescription, in cases where during the prosecution of the
criminal action and prior to its extinction, the private-offended party instituted together
therewith the civil action. In such case, the statute of limitations on the civil liability is
deemed interrupted during the pendency of the criminal case, conformably with
provisions of Article 1155 of the Civil Code, that should thereby avoid any apprehension
on a possible [de]privation of right by prescription.
Applying the foregoing rules, ABS-CBN's insistence that the case at bench survives
because the civil liability of the respondents subsists is stripped of merit.
To begin with, there is no criminal case as yet against the respondents. The
Ombudsman did not find probable cause to prosecute respondents for various felonies
in the RPC. As such, the rule that a civil action is deemed instituted along with the
criminal action unless the offended party: (a) waives the civil action, (b) reserves the
right to institute it separately, or (c) institutes the civil action prior to the criminal action, 16
is not applicable.
In any event, consistent with People v. Bayotas,17 the death of the accused necessarily
calls for the dismissal of the criminal case against him, regardless of the institution of
the civil case with it. The civil action which survives the death of the accused must hinge
on other sources of obligation provided in Article 1157 of the Civil Code. In such a case,
a surviving civil action against the accused founded on other sources of obligation must
be prosecuted in a separate civil action. In other words, civil liability based solely on the
criminal action is extinguished, and a different civil action cannot be continued and
prosecuted in the same criminal action.
Significantly, this Court in Benedicto v. Court of Appeals,18 taking cognizance of
respondent Benedicto's death on May 15, 2000, has ordered that the latter be dropped
as a party, and declared extinguished any criminal as well as civil liability ex delicto that
8
might be attributable to him in Criminal Cases Nos. 91-101879 to 91-101883, 91-
101884 to 101892, and 92-101959 to 92-101969 pending before the Regional Trial
Court of Manila.
Lastly, we note that petitioners appear to have already followed our ruling in People v.
Bayotas19 by filing a separate civil action to enforce a claim against the estate of
respondent Benedicto.20 The claim against the estate of Benedicto is based on contract-
the June 8, 1973 letter - agreement-in consonance with Section 5,21 Rule 86 of the
Rules of Court. Plainly, the dropping of respondents Benedicto and Tan as parties
herein is in order.
We now come to the core issue of whether the Ombudsman committed grave abuse of
discretion in dismissing petitioners' complaint against the respondents. We rule in the
negative and, accordingly, dismiss the petition.
We cannot overemphasize the fact that the Ombudsman is a constitutional officer duty
bound to "investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of
any public official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be
illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient."22 The raison d 'etre for its creation and
endowment of broad investigative authority is to insulate it from the long tentacles of
officialdom that are able to penetrate judges' and fiscals' offices, and others involved in
the prosecution of erring public officials, and through the execution of official pressure
and influence, quash, delay, or dismiss investigations into malfeasances and
misfeasances committed by public officers.23
In Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) v. Desierto,24 we dwelt on
the powers, functions and duties of the Ombudsman, to wit:
The prosecution of offenses committed by public officers is vested primarily in the Office
of the Ombudsman. It bears emphasis that the Office has been given a wide latitude of
investigatory and prosecutory powers under the Constitution and Republic Act No. 6770
(The Ombudsman Act of 1989). This discretion is all but free from legislative, executive
or judicial intervention to ensure that the Office is insulated from any outside pressure
and improper influence.
Indeed, the Ombudsman is empowered to determine whether there exist reasonable
grounds to believe that a crime has been committed and that the accused is probably
guilty thereof and, thereafter, to file the corresponding information with the appropriate
courts. The Ombudsman may thus conduct an investigation if the complaint filed is
found to be in the proper form and substance. Conversely, the Ombudsman may also
dismiss the complaint should it be found insufficient in form or substance.
Unless there are good and compelling reasons to do so, the Court will refrain from
interfering with the exercise of the Ombudsman's powers, and respect the initiative and
independence inherent in the latter who, beholden to no one, acts as the champion of
the people and the preserver of the integrity of public service.
The pragmatic basis for the general rule was explained in Ocampo v. Ombudsman:
The rule is based not only upon respect for the investigatory and prosecutory powers
granted by the Constitution to the Office of the Ombudsman but upon practicality as
well. Otherwise, the functions of the courts will be grievously hampered by innumerable
petitions assailing the dismissal of investigatory proceedings conducted by the Office of
the Ombudsman with regard to complaints filed before it, in much the same way that the
courts would be extremely swamped if they would be compelled to review the exercise
9
of discretion on the part of the fiscals or prosecuting attorneys each time they decide to
file an information in court or dismiss a complaint by private complainants. 25
From the foregoing, it is crystal clear that we do not interfere with the Ombudsman's
exercise of his investigatory and prosecutory powers vested by the Constitution. In
short, we do not review the Ombudsman's exercise of discretion in prosecuting or
dismissing a complaint except when the exercise thereof is tainted with grave abuse of
discretion.
By grave abuse of discretion is meant such capricious and whimsical exercise of
judgment tantamount to lack of jurisdiction. The abuse of discretion must be so patent
and gross as to amount to an evasion of a positive duty or a virtual refusal to perform a
duty enjoined by law, or to act at all in contemplation of law, as where the power is
exercised in an arbitrary and despotic manner by reason of passion or hostility.26 In this
regard, petitioners utterly failed to demonstrate the Ombudsman's abuse, much less
grave abuse, of discretion.
Apart from a blanket and general charge that remaining respondents herein, Gonzales
and Garcia, are officers of KBS/RPN and/or alter egos of Benedicto, petitioners'
complaint-affidavits are bereft of sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that
crimes have been committed and the respondents, namely, Gonzales and Garcia, are
probably guilty thereof and should be held for trial.27 Certainly, the Ombudsman did not
commit grave abuse of discretion in dismissing petitioners' complaint-affidavits.
From the entirety of the records, it is beyond cavil that petitioners seek to attach criminal
liability to an unequivocally civil undertaking gone awry. As pointed out by the
Ombudsman, although the petitioners may not have realized their expectations in
entering into the June 8, 1973 letter-agreement, such does not render their consent
thereto defective.
The execution and validity of this letter-agreement is connected with respondents'
culpability for the felonies charged as these include the element of whether they had
juridical possession of the ABS-CBN properties. Essentially, petitioners claim they did
not freely give their consent to the letter-agreement. However, on more than one
occasion, petitioners have invoked the letter-agreement's provisions, and made claims
thereunder.
First, petitioners met and discussed with respondents the fixing of the rental rate for the
ABS-CBN studios in Quezon City as provided in paragraph 2 of the letter-lease
agreement. Next, petitioners' counsel wrote a demand letter to respondents for the
payment of rentals for the latter's occupation and use of ABS-CBN properties pursuant
to the letter-agreement. Last and most importantly, petitioners have made a claim
against the estate of Benedicto based on the same June 8, 1973 letter-agreement.
This action of petitioners clearly evinces their ratification of the letter-agreement. As
previously discussed, the civil liability of respondents Benedicto and Tan hinging on the
charged criminal acts herein was extinguished upon their death. But other civil liabilities
founded on other sources of obligations under Article 1157 of the Civil Code may still be
prosecuted either against the estate of the deceased if based on contract,28 or against
the executors and administrators of the deceased's estate if based on quasi-delict.29
As petitioners have ratified the letter-agreement, even after the lifting of martial law and
the toppling of the Marcos government, and advanced the validity of the letter-
agreement in their claim against the estate of Benedicto, they cannot, in the same
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breath, aver that respondents' actuations in the execution of the letter-agreement were
criminal in nature, or that the letter-agreement was more ostensible than real and to
insist on the prosecution of respondents for felonies supposedly committed in
connection with this ubiquitous letter-agreement.30

In fine, the Ombudsman did not abuse his discretion in determining that the allegations
of petitioners against respondents are civil in nature, bereft of criminal character.
Perforce, he was correct in dismissing petitioners' complaint-affidavits.

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petition is hereby DISMISSED. Roberto S.

Benedicto and Salvador Tan are dropped as private respondents without prejudice to
the filing of separate civil actions against their respective estates. The assailed Joint
Resolution and Order of the Ombudsman in OMB-0-94-1109 are AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

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