ASSIGNMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER

TOPIC:
STORAGE DEVICES
SUBMITTED TO:
MAM SADIA
SUBMITTED BY:
FARIHA TARIQ (1831)
ASMAR RASHEED (1219)
MARYAM TARIQ (0130)
SECTION:
D2
 Sr. Contents Page
no No
I Introduction to storage devices 1
II Definition of storage 1
III Primary storage devices 1
IV Types of primary storage devices 1
i. RAM
ii. ROM
V Types of RAM 2
i. DRAM
ii. SRAM
VI Types of DRAM 3
 FPM DRAM 3
 EDO DRAM 3
 SDRAM 4
 DDR SDRAM 4
 RD RAM 4
 V RAM 4
VII 5
TYPES OF ROM:
5
1. EPROM 6
2. PROM 6
3. EEPROM 6
4. Flash ROM
VIII Secondary storage devices 7
IX 7
Types of Secondary storage:
1. Magnetic Tape
2. Magnetic Disk
3. Optical Disc
4. Memory storage
X 8
Types of Magnetic Tape:
9
I. ½- inch tape reel 9
II. ½- inch tape cartridge 10
III. ¼- inch streamer tape 10
IV. 4-mm digital audio tape (DAT) 10
XI 11
Advantages and limitations of magnetic tape:
XII 12
Types of Magnetic Disk:
12
 Floppy disk 13
 Hard disk
XIII Optical Disc 15
 i. CDs 16
ii. DVDs 16
iii. Flash memory cards 17
iv. SD Memory cards 18
v. Memory stick 20
INTRODUCTION TO STORAGE DEVICES
A storage device is any computing hardware that is used for storing, porting and
extracting data files and objects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and
permanently and can be internal or external to a computer, server or any similar
computing device. A storage device may also be known as storage medium.

Storage :
Definition:
PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES:
A primary storage device is any storage device or component that can store Non
Volatile Data in computers, servers and other computing devices. It is used to hold
data and applications temporarily or for a shorter period of time while the computer is
running. Primary storage is also known as main storage, main memory or internal
memory.
TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE:
1. Random Access Memory(RAM)
2. Read Only Memory(ROM)

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY:

  RAM is volatile memory, meaning it does not retain data, when the electric power
is turned off or fails, so if you turn off your computer all memory stored in ram is
lost.
 When your computer is turned on again the bios reads your operating system and
related files from the hard disk and loads them back into ram.
 Ram stores its data in a series of memory cells that can be accessed in any order
thus, why it is called random.
 Ram is made up of small chips that from a memory module.
 Whenever you open a program it gets loaded from the hard drive into the ram.
This is because reading data from the ram is much faster than reading data from
the hard drive.

TYPES OF RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY:

 DRAM
 SRAM

DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY:

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In DRAM the binary data is stored as change in capacitor where the presence and
absence of change determines the value of store bit.

But data in capacitor cannot be stored for a long time because a capacitor holds an
electric charge for a limited amt of time as the charge gradually drains away.

DRAM cells require a periodic refreshing of the store data.

The use of capacitor as the primary storage device generally enables the dram cell to be
realized on a much smaller area.

Access devices or switches are used for RD/WR operations.

Types of dynamic random access memory:

 FPM DRAM
 EDO DRAM
 SDRAM
 DDR SDRAM
 RD RAM
 V RAM

Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory:

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FPM DRAM was the original form of d ram. It waits through the entire process of
locating a bit of data by column and row and then reading the bit before it starts on the
next bit. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 176 Mbps.

EXTENDED DATA-OUT DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY:

 (www.powersourceonline.com)

EDO DRAM does not wait for all the processing of the first bit before continuing to the
next one. As soon as the address of the first bit is located, DO DRAM begins looking for
the next bit. It is about five percent faster than FPM. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache
is approximately 264MBps.

SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY:

SDRAM takes advantage of the burst mode concept to greatly improve performance. It
does this by staying on the row containing the requested bit and moving rapidly through
the columns, reading each bit as it goes. The idea is that most of the time the data needed
by the CPU will be in sequence. DRAM is about five percent faster than EDO RAM and
the most common form in desktops today. Maximum transfer rate to L2 caches
approximately 528 MBps.

DOUBLE DATA RATE SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RAM:

DDR SDRAM is just like sdram except that is has higher bandwidth, meaning greater
speed. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 1064MBps (for DDR
SDRAM 133 MHZ)

RAMBUS DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY:

RDRAM is a radical departure from the previous DRAM architecture .Designed by

rambus, RDRAM uses a rambus in line memory module (RIMM) which is similar in size
and pin configuration to a standard DIMM.RDRAM memory chips work in parallel to
achieve a data rate of 800MHZ,or 1600 MBps .Since they operate at such high speeds
they generate much more heat than other types of chips
VIDEO RAM:
V RAM also known as multiport dynamic random access memory (MPDRAM),is a type
of ram used specifically for video adapters or 3-D accelerators .VRAM is located on the
graphics card and comes in a variety of formats ,many of which are proprietary .The
amount of VRAM is a determining factor in the resolution and color depth of the display
.VRAM is also used to hold graphics –specific information such as 3-D geometry data
and texture maps.
STATIC RAM:
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STATIC RAM is a type of ram that holds its data without external refresh, for as long as
power is supplied to the circuit .This is contrasted to dynamic ram, which must be
refreshed many times per second in order to hold its data contents .SRAMs are used for
specific applications within the pc, where their strengths outweigh their weakness
compared to DRAM.
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM):

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 ROM holds programs and data permanently even when computer is turned off.
 Data can be read by the CPU in any order so rom is also direct access.
 The contents of rom are fixed at the time of manufacture.
 Stores a program called the bootstrap loader that helps start up the computer.
 Access time between 10 and 50 nanoseconds.
TYPES OF ROM:
5. EPROM
6. PROM
7. EEPROM
 8. Flash rom
ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY:

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AN EPROM is programmed in exactly the same manner as a PROM .HOWEVER,
eproms can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly .TO erase an eprom, you simply
expose the device to a strong source of ultraviolet light .BY doing this you essentially
reset the entire chip to its initial-un-programmed-state .Though more expensive than
PROM ,their ability to be reprogrammed makes eprom an essential part of the software
development and testing process.
PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY:

ONE step up from the masked ROM is the PROM, which is purchased in an
unprogrammed state. If you were to look at the contents of an unprogrammed PROM ,
the data is made up entirely of 1s.The process of writing your data to the prom involves a
special piece of equipment called a device programmer .The device programmer writes
data to the device one word at a time by applying an electrical charge to the input pins of
the chip .Once a PROM has been programmed in this way ,its contents can never be
changed .If the code or data stored in the PROM must be changed ,the current device
must be discarded. As a result, PROMS are also known as one-time programmable (otp)
devices.
ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY
(EEPROM):
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Re programmed electrically without using ultraviolet light.
Must be removed from the computer and placed in a special machine to do this.
Access time between 45 and 200 nanoseconds.
FLASH ROM:
 Similar to EEPROM.
 However, can be programmed while still in the computer.
 Easier to upgrade programs stored in flash Rom.
 Used to store programs in devices e.g. modems.
 Access time is around 45-90 nanoseconds.

Secondary storage devices:

 Secondary storage refers to storage devices and media that are not
constantly accessible by computer system.
 Examples include external hard drives, portable flash dev ices, CDs and
DVDs.
Types of Secondary storage:
5. Magnetic Tape
6. Magnetic Disk
7. Optical Disc
8. Memory storage

1) Magnetic Tape:
 (www.wikipedia.com)
 Magnetic tape is the most popular and oldest storage medium. It is used to
store data and instructions permanently.
 It was developed in Germany, based on magnetic wire recording.
 It is a plastic ribbon with magnetic material (such as ferric oxide) and
available in several standard widths (half inch is usually common width)
 Data stored on the tape in the form of magnetic field, i.e. magnetized and
non-magnetized spots representing 1’s and 0’s respectively.
 The ribbon is also stored in cartridges, cassettes or reels.

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 It is a sequential access medium.
 Magnetic tape is formatted before storing data on it.
 Data can be recorded and erased again and again.
 Old magnetic tapes used 6bit BCD code.
 New tapes used 9bit EBCDIC code.
 It is also used in audio, video and data storage primarily for backup,
  Storage capacity of magnetic tape is up to 100GB.
 Its original storage capacity may be anywhere 35% t0 70% of its total
storage capacity, depending on the storage organization used.
 Its data transfer rate is 7.7MB/second.
Types of Magnetic Tape:
V. ½- inch tape reel
VI. ½- inch tape cartridge
VII. ¼- inch streamer tape
VIII. 4-mm digital audio tape (DAT)

i. ½ inch tape reel:

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 Use half inch tape ribbon.
 Uses parallel representing method of storing data.
 Uses read/write head assembly that has one read /write head for each track.

ii. ½ inch tape cartridge:

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 Uses ½ inch wide tape ribbon sealed in a cartridge.
 Have 36 tracks, as opposed to 9 tracks for most half-inch tape reels.
 Stores data using parallel representation.
 Tape drives read/write on the top half of the tape in one direction and on the
bottom half in the other direction.
iii. 1/4-inch. Streamer tape:

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 Uses ¼-inch wide tape ribbon sealed in a cartridge.
 Uses serial representation of data recording.
 Can have from 4 to 30 tracks, depending on the tape drive.
 Depending on the tape drive, the read/write head reads/writes data
on one/tow/four tracks at a time.
iv. 4mm Digital Audio Tape (DAT):

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  Uses 4mm wide tape ribbon sealed in a cartridge.
 Has very high data recording density.
 Uses a tape drive that uses helical scan technique for data recording, in
which to read and to write heads are built into a small wheel.
 DAT drives use a data recording format called Digital Data Storage (DDS),
which provides three levels of error-correcting code.
 Typical capacity of DAT cartridges varies from 4 GB to 14 GB.
Advantages and limitations of magnetic tape:
Magnetic tape has both advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
 A single magnetic tape cartridge can store large amount of data up to 1
terabyte.
 Magnetic tape can be recorded over and reused repeatedly.
 Magnetic tape is inexpensive and budget friendly

Disadvantages:
 Special equipment must be purchased and set up for recording and storing
data.
 The data can only be read on the special equipment.
 If data is stored near a strong magnetic field or a large speaker, the tape can
be damaged.
 Magnetic tape has a lifespan of 15 years. Data quality gradually erodes over
time.
2) Magnetic Disk:
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 A magnetic is a thin circular metal or plastic disk coated on both sides with
magnetic recording material (ferrous oxide).
 The data is stored on both sides of the disk.
 Each side has its own read/write head.
 Data and instructions accessed directly or randomly.
Types of Magnetic Disk:
 Floppy disk
 Hard disk
Floppy Disk:

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 A floppy disk is a portable magnetic storage media, It is a plastic disk

coated on both sides with magnetic recording material (ferrous oxide).
 It is also called a diskette.
 IBM invented the floppy disk in1972.
 The size of first floppy disk was 8 inch and had flexible plastic cover.
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 Next generation of floppy was 5.25 inches disk.
 Today the standard floppy disk size is3.5 inch.
 The storage capacity of floppy disk is very low (maximum storage capacity
is 1.44 MB for 3.5 inch floppy disk and 1.2 MB for 5.25 inch).
 Most commonly used floppy disk is 3.5 inch disk which is also called micro
floppy diskette.
 The read/write window of micro floppy disk is always closed with a mettle
shutter.
 The shutter is automatically open when disk is inserted in disk drive.
 Typically floppy disk is used to transfer small files to and from personal
computer.
 The maximum age of floppy disk is 7 years.
Hard Disk:

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  A magnetic disk used to store computer data.
 The word hard is used to distinguish it from soft or floppy disk.
 Hard disk is faster and holds more data than floppy disk.
 A single hard disk usually consists of several platters.
 Each platter requires tow read/write heads.
 All the read/write heads are attached to a single access arm so that they
cannot move independently.
 The accessing speed of hard disk is very high as compared to other storage
devices.
 It is from 5 to 15 MBps.
 The platters of hard disk rotate from 5000 to 15,000 revolution per minute
(rpm).
Types of Hard Disk:
 Zip disk
 Disk Pack
 Winchester disk
Zip Disk:

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 A zip disk is a type of portable magnetic media.
 Its storage capacity is about from 100 MB to 1000 MB.
 It is used to keep to backup of important data.
  It is similar to floppy disk but its storage capacity is about 100 (or more)
times greater than floppy disk.
Disk pack:

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 Disk pack is a layered grouping of hard disk platters (circular, rigid disk
coated with a magnetic data storage surface.
 It is a core component of a hard disk drive.
 In modern hard disks disk pack is permanently sealed inside the drive.
 Introduced in 1960s.

Winchester Disk:

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  Another term for hard disk drive.
 The term Winchester comes from an early type of disk drive developed by
IBM that had 30 MB of fixed storage and 30 MB of removable storage.
 Its inventor called it Winchester in honor of its 30/30 rifle.
Optical backing storage media such as CDs and DVDs

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 CDs tend to be used for large files (but smaller than 1 GB) which are too big for a floppy
disc to hold such as music and general animation.
 DVDs are used to hold very large files (several GB) such as movie films. Both CDs and
DVDs are portable i.e. they can be transported from one computer to another. Both can
be used to store computer data.
 CD ROM/DVD ROM Applications which require the prevention of deletion of data,
accidental or otherwise. CDs used by software companies for distributing software
programs and data; by Music companies for distributing music albums and by book
publishers for distributing encyclopedias, reference books etc. DVDs used by film
distributors.
 CD R/DVD R Applications which require a single ‘burning’ of data, e.g. CDs - recording
of music downloads from the Internet, recording of music from MP3 format, recording of
data for archiving or backup purposes. DVDs – recording of film movies and television
programs.
 CD RW/DVD RW Applications which require the updating of information and ability to
record over old data. Not suitable for music recording but is very useful for keeping
generations of files. DVDs have between five and ten times the capacity of CDs.
 Solid state backing device

 These are the smallest form of memory available in the market today.
 Widely used as removable storage.
 They are more robust than other forms of storage.
 Though expensive than other forms they can be easily written to and updated.
Memory sticks/Pen drives

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USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, much smaller than a floppy
disk. Storage capacities typically range from 64 MB to 64 GB. USB flash drives offer
potential advantages over other portable storage devices, particularly the floppy disk.
They have a more compact shape, operate faster, hold much more data, have a more
durable design, and operate more reliably due to their lack of moving parts. Flash drives
are widely used to transport files and backup data from computer to computer.
Flash memory cards

(www.computermuseum.com)

A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic flash memory data
storage device used with digital cameras, handheld and Mobile computers, telephones,
music players, video game consoles, and other electronics.
Nowadays, most new PCs have built-in slots for a variety of memory cards; Memory
Stick, Compact Flash, SD, etc. Some digital gadgets support more than one memory card
to ensure compatibility.
Several types of magnetized media are used in computer systems, including magnetic
tape, floppy disks and hard disk drives. Magnetic storage is a form of non-volatile
storage. This means that the data is not lost when the storage device is not powered. This
is in contrast to volatile storage, which is typically used for the main memory of a
computer system. Volatile storage requires a constant power supply - when a computer
system is turned off, the data is lost.

SD Memory Card
SD Card

 First iteration of secure digital memory cards.

 Released in 1999.

 Provides up to 2GB of storage.

i. SDHC Memory Card

 Second iteration of secure digital memory cards - HC meaning high capacity

 Released in 2006

 Provides up to 64GB of storage

 Offers increased speeds

ii. SDXC Memory Card

SDXC Card

 Third iteration of secure digital memory cards - XC meaning extended capacity

 Released in 2009

 Provides up to 2TB of storage

 Offers increased speeds- up to 300MB/s

iii. Micro SD
MicroSD Card

 First iteration of the micro format

 Released in 2005
  Provides up to 2GB of storage

 80% smaller than regular SD memory cards

iv. Micro SDHC

MicroSDHC Card

 Second iteration of the micro format

 Released in 2007

 Provides up to 32GB of storage

 80% smaller than regular SD memory cards

 Offers increased speeds over microSD

Memory Stick

Sony launched the memory stick format in 1998 and has developed several
improvements/revisions of the format since then. In typical Sony fashion they developed
a proprietary format instead of utilizing industry standards like compact flash and secure
digital - their format never really caught on with other manufacturers. Although memory
stick is still around most Sony cameras also support Secure Digital, having won the
digital camera format war.

Memory Stick
Memory Stick
 First iteration of the memory stick format

 Released in 1998

 Provides up to 128MB of storage

Memory Stick Pro

 Second iteration of the memory stick format

 Released in 2003

 Provides up to 4GB of storage

Memory Stick Duo

Memory Stick Duo

 First iteration of the compact Duo style Memory Stick

 Released in 2003

 Provides up to 128MB of storage

 About 1/2 the size of a regular Memory Stick

Memory Stick Pro Duo
Memory Stick Duo

 Second iteration of the compact Duo style Memory Stick

 Released in 2006

 Provides up to 32GB of storage

 About 1/2 the size of a regular Memory Stick