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How to get high quality pipe fittings?

2017-12-18

 Industry News
 News

What is a pipe fitting?

A pipe fitting is used in Piping system to join multiple pipes of same size or different sizes,
to regulate the flow or to measure the flow. Such as couplings, unions, nipples, tees, and
elbows for connecting lengths of pipes.

Pipe fitting or pipefitting is the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing

systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work involves
selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together by various means, and the
location and repair of leaks.

Pipe fitting work is done in many different settings: HVAC, manufacturing, hydraulics,
refineries, nuclear-powered supercarriers and fast-attack submarines, computer chip
fabrication plants, power plant construction, and other steam systems. Pipe fitters
(sometimes called simply ―fitters‖) are represented in the USA and Canada by the United
Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of
the United States and Canada.
Pipefitters work with a variety of pipe and tubing materials including several types of steel,
copper, iron, aluminium, and plastic. Pipe fitting is not plumbing; the two are related but
separate trades. Pipe fitters who specialize in fire prevention are called Sprinklerfitters,
another related, but separate trade.

Materials, techniques, and usages vary from country to country as different nations have
different standards to install pipe.

Pipe fittings connect to pipes in one of two ways: by threads or by slip fit. Metal pipes are
threaded, while plastic pipe can be threaded or slip fit. As the names indicate, threaded
pipes screw together to connect, while slip fit pipes use sleeves that slip into one another.
They are organized by male and female connectors as follows:

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Male threaded: Threads are exterior, made to screw into the inside of a larger diameter
pipe end with internal threading.
Female threaded: Threads are interior, made to receive male threaded fittings.
Male slip fit: No threads, made to slip into a slightly larger female sleeve.
Female slip fit: No threads, made to receive a narrower male slip fit.
The ends of pipe fittings are slightly larger than the rest of the pipe to accommodate
connections without narrowing the inner diameter (ID) of the pipe. This keeps flow
consistent. They are identified by pipe material, inner and outer diameter of the pipe, and
the type of fitting — threaded or slip, male or female.
When purchasing pipe fittings, be sure to note that a fitting can have two different
connector types. One end of the fitting might be male threaded, the other female threaded.
In the case of plastic fittings, one end might be male slip while the other end is threaded.
Fittings might also have matching ends — a variance to accommodate any requirement.

Types of pipe fittings

There are different parameters to be considered before purchasing and that is the size of
the pipe fittings in diameter, thickness of the wall to be according to the pressure in the
pipes, materials, shape and many others.

Pipe elbows

Steel elbow is used to be installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change
of direction,usually these carbon steel elbows distinguished by connection ends.

Long Radius (LR) Elbow is also called LR elbow – means the radius is 1.5 times the pipe
diameter

 L/R 45°Elbow: Long radius 45 degree elbow changes the direction by 45 degrees.
 L/R 90°Elbow: Long radius 90 degree elbow changes the direction by 90 degrees.
 L/R 180°Elbow: Long Radius 180 degree return bend allows complete reversal of

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flow.

Short Radius (SR) Elbow is also called SR elbow, – means the radius is 1.0 times the pipe
diameter

 Short radiu 45°Elbow: Short radius 45°elbow changes the direction by 45

degrees.
 Short radius 90°Elbow: Short Radius 90°elbow is same as LR90 except for the
measurement between end of elbow to center line is 1 x NPS.
 Short radius 180°Elbow: Short Radius 180°return bend allows complete reversal
of flow

Pipe bend

Pipe bend can be made of variety materials,like carbon steel,alloy steel,stainless steel,low
temperature steel or high performance steel,etc.

It advantage is can matach long distance transition requirements,so it is commonly that

bends dimension according to customer design. usually,the bends consist of 3D,5D,7D
even 12D series.

Pipe Tees

We can provide seamless tube tees and welding tube tees, which can also be divided into
straight tees and reducing tees.Usually, the pipe tees have the same inlet and oulet sizes.

Reducing tee is a type of pipe fitting in which the branch port size is smaller than the ports
of the run.

COMMON TYPES OF PIPE TEE

A pipe tee is a type of fitting that has a T shape and is used to join two or more plumbing
pipes.

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 Equre tee (or straight tee), means the branch diameter of this tee is same with the
main pipe (Run pipe) diameter of this tee.
 Reducing tee is a type of pipe fitting in which the branch port size is smaller than
the ports of the run.
 Barred tee is used in pipelines that are pigged.
 Lateral tee has a 45 degree branch from a pipeline.
 Pipe cross is a fitting that used in the place where four pipes meet with the same
diameter include:
o Reducing cross used for connecting four pipes, the main pipes with the
same size, but the dimensions of the branch diameter is smaller than the
main pipes.
o Equal cross in the place where four pipes meet with the same diameter.
 Forged Tee Fittings are pipe fittings that be formed mainly by forging.

MATERIALS

Carbon steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WPB-WPC

Alloy steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WP 1-WP 12-WP 11-WP 22-WP 5-WP 91-WP 911
Stainless steel: ASTM/ASME A403 WP 304-304L-304H-304LN-304N

ASTM/ASME A403 WP 316-316L-316H-316LN-316N-316Ti

ASTM/ASME A403 WP 321-321H ASTM/ASME A403 WP 347-347H

Low temperature steel: ASTM/ASME A402 WPL 3-WPL 6
High performance steel: ASTM/ASME A860 WPHY 42-46-52-60-65-70

Size range: 1/2 to 72 inches

Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160

Equre tee (or straight tee), means the branch diameter of this tee is same with the main
pipe (Run pipe) diameter of this tee.

ASME B16.9 BUTT WELD EQUAL TEE DIMENSIONS

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Outside diameter Center-to-End

Nominal Pipe Size
at bevel Run (C) Outlet(M)

1/2″ 21.3 25 25

3/4″ 26.7 29 29

1″ 33.4 38 38

1 1/4″ 42.2 48 48

1 1/2″ 48.3 57 57

2″ 60.3 64 64

2 1/2″ 73.0 76 76

3″ 88.9 86 86

3 1/2″ 101.6 95 95

4″ 114.3 105 105

5″ 141.3 124 124

6″ 168.3 143 143

8″ 219.1 178 178

10″ 273.0 216 216

12″ 323.8 254 254

14″ 355.6 279 279

16″ 406.4 305 305

18″ 457.0 343 343

20″ 508.0 381 381

22″ 559.0 419 419

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24″ 610.0 432 432

The dimensions are in millimeters

Source : ASME B16.9 – 2007

Pipe cross

A pipe cross is a kind of pipe fitting. It is used in the place where four pipes meet together.
The pipe cross may have one inlet and three outlets, or there inlets and one outlet. The
diameter of the outlet and inlet can be the same and can also be different. That is to say,
straight cross and reducing cross are both availabe.

TYPES OF PIPE CROSS, CORSS FITTINGS

A cross fitting allows four direction transition in pipeline fields. Let us know more about
pipe crosss under the following heads:

Reducing cross

The reducing cross also is called unequal pipe cross , it is the pipe cross which the four
branch ends are not in the same diameters.

Equal cross

The equal cross is one kind of the pipe cross, just like a equal tee, the equal cross means
all the 4 ends of the cross are in same diameter.

Saddle previously

Saddle previously is the ventilation ducts ‗crotch tee‘, its shaped like pants, there Equal
and unequal diameter, the formal name is ―tube tapered pants tee.‖ There is no standard
size, to be based on three tube spacing center line of the front and graphic design draw
graphics, Lofting produced, lofting a certain degree of difficulty.Sheet metal is engaging,
steel welding.

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FEATURES OF PIPE CROSS:

 There are three female openings in a T shaped pipe cross.

 There are straight pipe crosss which have the same size openings.
 Reducing pipe crosss have one opening of different size and two openings of the
same size.
 There are sanitary pipe crosss which are used in waste lines. These kind of pipe
crosss have a curved branch which is designed for a clean out plug. They are
used to prevent obstruction of waste.
 A cross pipe cross has four equal sized female openings.
 A wing pipe cross has lugs to fasten the fitting to a wall or stud.
 A compression pipe cross uses compression fittings on two or more ends.
 A test pipe cross has a threaded opening. This opening is used in conjunction with
a threaded plug for a clean-out opening on a drain pipe.

PIPE CROSS & CROSSES SIZE

Pipe cross, LT, Lateral cross , RT, Reducing cross, cross

fittings accord to ANSI, ISO, JIS and DIN Standards, Measures 1/2 to 56 Inches.

 Size range: 1/2 to 20 inches

 Types: Straight cross, Reducing cross, Y-type
 Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160
 Standard: ANSI B16.9/B16.28, MSS SP-43/SP-75

The fitting not only played a role in conection the cossing pipeline but also can control the
volume by designed with different dimension of cross ends,sometimes we also adopt rib
to reinforce the mechanical property when face hard woeking conditions.

Pattern Weld Seamless

Nominal size 1/2‖-48‖ (DN15-DN1200) 1/2‖-20‖ (DN15-DN500)

Wall thickness 2~100mm 2~50mm

Bend radius SCH5S-SCH160 ,XXS SCH5-SCH160

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Type cross/reducing cross cross/reducing cross

MATERIALS

 Carbon scrossl: ASTM/ASME A234 WPB-WPC

 Alloy scrossl: ASTM/ASME A234 WP 1-WP 12-WP 11-WP 22-WP 5-WP 91-WP
911
 Stainless scrossl: ASTM/ASME A403 WP 304-304L-304H-304LN-304N
 ASTM/ASME A403 WP 316-316L-316H-316LN-316N-316Ti
 ASTM/ASME A403 WP 321-321H ASTM/ASME A403 WP 347-347H
 Low temperature scrossl: ASTM/ASME A402 WPL 3-WPL 6
 High performance scrossl: ASTM/ASME A860 WPHY 42-46-52-60-65-70

BUYING TIPS OF PIPE CROSS:

What should buyers consider for bulk purchase of pipe cross?

 Type of pipe cross—whether welded or seamless

 Standard
 Size and dimension
 Wall thickness

 Material of construction
 Durability and Economical
 High pressure and temperature resistance
 Corrosion resistance etc.

APPLICATIONS OF PIPE CROSS:

Pipe crosss are widely used in various commercial and industrial applications. Industrial
applications include:

 Chemical processing
 Petroleum
 Pulp/paper
 Refining
 Textile
 Waste treatment, Marine
 Utilities/power generation
 Industrial equipment
 Automotive

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 Gas compression and distribution industries

 Pipe crosss are also recommended for industrial plant fluid power systems.

End caps

End Cap, Carbon Steel cap, Stainless Steel Caps, ANSI, ISO, JIS and DIN Standards,
Measures 1/2 to 56 Inches.

Based on different materials, pipe caps include carbon steel cap, stainless steel cap, and
alloy steel cap etc.

Pipe Cap are used for connecting pipes of different diameters and find wide applications
in various chemicals, construction industries, paper, cement & ship builders.

SIZE RANGE:

Pipe caps are widely well-known for the utmost output and outstanding results that it
gives.

 Out diameter: 1/2″-60″ DN15-DN1500

 Wall Thickness: sch10-80s
 Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160v
 Max. wall thickness: 200mm

MATERIAL:

Pipe Cap manufactured using superior grade raw materials.

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 Carbon steel end caps

 Stainless steel end caps
 ASTM/ASME A234 WPB
 ANSI B16.9 / 16.28
 Pipe caps according to DIN 2617
 DIN 28011
o End caps 18″ API 5L X46 – DIN28011
o End caps 22″ API 5L X46 – DIN28011
o End caps 48″ API 5L X46 – DIN28011
o Torispherical head according to DIN 28011

SURFACE TREATMENT:

 Transparent oil, rust-proof black oil or hot galvanized.

 Special design available All the production process are made according to
ISO9001:2000 strictly.
 Based on different materials, pipe caps include carbon steel cap, stainless steel
cap, and alloy steel cap etc.
 Depending on their construction, pipe caps contain threaded cap, tapered cap and
anti-roll cap etc.

COMMON SHAPES:

Pipe caps can be in various shapes.

 Vessel heads: DISHED PLATES, HEADS, TORISPHERICAL HEADS, CAPS

 Large size end caps
 Socket Pipe cap

ADVANTAGES

 Reasonable price with excellent quality

 Abundant stock and prompt delivery
 Rich supply and export experience, sincere service
 Reliable forwarder, 2-hour away from port.

Bending, squeezing, pressing, forging, machining and more

Pipe reducer

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Pipe reducer are tube fittings that are widely used in a number of industries in order to
providing greatest connection flexibility in connecting fractional tubes in various
installations.

A reducer is the component in a pipeline that reduces the pipe size from a larger to a
smaller bore (inner diameter).

The length of the reduction is usually equal to the average of the larger and smaller pipe
diameters. There are two main types of reducer: concentric and eccentric reducers.

A reducer can be used either as nozzle or as diffuser depending on the mach number of
the flow.

CONCENTRIC REDUCER

Concentric reducer is a kind of fitting that be used for reducing piping size.

ECCENTRIC REDUCER

Butt weld Eccentric Reducers are used for connecting pipes of different diameters and
find wide applications in various chemicals, construction industries, paper, cement & ship
builders.

Stub end

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Stub Ends are fittings used in place of welded flanges where rotating back up flanges are
desired. They are also called Lap Joints and Vanstone Flared Laps. A rotating back up
flange seats itself against the back surface of the Stub End.

The Stub End is available with us in different specifications, which find applications in a
piping system to allow quick disconnection of the particular section involved.

Stub End is the fitting that be used in place of welded flanges where rotating back up
flanges are desired.
They are also called Lap Joints and Vanstone Flared Laps.

STAINLESS STUB END

Stainless Steel Stub End such as Stainless Steel Stub Ends ASTM A403, Stainless Steel
Stub End 304L, Stainless Steel Stub End 316L, Stainless Steel Stub End 317

CARBON STEEL STUB END

Our high quality stub ends (Butt weld fittings ) are tested and verified for durability,
accuracy and precision.

LAP JOINT STUB END

The Lap joint stub end is the fittings that are used in place of welded flanges when the
support of rotating back up flanges is required.

MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF STUB END:

 ASTM ASME A/SA 403

 MSS SP43 & SP75 ANSI B16. 9
 ANSI B16. 28 ASTM A815 ASTM B363 B366
 DIN2605 DIN2615 DIN2616 DIN2617
 GB12459GB13401
 JIS2313

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SPECIFICATIONS:

 Grades: ASME / ASTM SA / A234

 Material:
 Stainless Steel,316/316L Stainless Steel, 304/304L Stainless Steel and
Chrome-moly
 Carbon steel

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

 Thicknesses are based on ASME B16.48 specifications or the products can be

manufactured to customer specifications.
 Standard surface finish is 125-250 RMS serrated finish.
 Other finishes available upon request.
 c/w a standard shop primer on carbon steel products for rust inhibitor purposes.
 Size: Available in all sizes and thickness

USAGE:

Petroleum, Chemical, Power, Gas, Metallurgy, Ship-building, Construction, ect.

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Using stub ends allows sections of the line to be opened for cleaning, inspection, or quick
replacement etc, without the need to re-weld.

Specifications:

 Grades: ASME / ASTM SA / A234

 Material: Stainless Steel
 Size: Available in all sizes and thickness

Pipe Coupling

Pipe Coupling is used for fluid conduits in which each end portion of two tubes to be
connected is provided with a swaged-on adapter carrying the necessary means to
connect or disconnect the tubes without disturbing the swaged-on adapter.

Our range of coupling fittings are available in aluminium, steel and bronze.

Pipe couplings are highly demanded in the pipe fitting market. Pipe couplings are fittings

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that help to extend or terminate pipe runs. These fittings are also used to change pipe
size. Couplings extend a run by joining two lengths of pipe. They are known as reduced
coupling if they are used to connect pipes of different sizes. Couplings are also known as
repair couplings. These couplings are without stops or ridges and they can be fixed
anywhere along the pipe length for preventing leak of any kind.

Material: ASTM A105, F304, F316, F304L, F316L, A182, F11, F22, and F91
Pressure: 2000LBS, 3000LBS, 6000LBS, 9000LBS
Size: from 1/4 to 4 inches
Standard: ANSI B16.9/B16.28 and MSS SP-43/SP-75
Connection ends: butt welded, threaded
Thread types: NU, EU, STC, LTC and BTC
Surface treatment:Shot blasted, rust-proof black oil

Standards of Pipe Fittings

Some of the standards that apply to buttwelded fittings are listed below. Many
organizations such as ASME, ASTM, ISO, MSS, etc. have very well developed standards
and specifications for buttwelded fittings. It is always up to the designer to ensure that they
are following the applicable standard and company specification, if available, during the
design process.

TYPES OF PIPE FITTING STANDARDS:

Some widely used pipe fitting standards are as follows:

ASME:

American Society for Mechanical Engineers

This is one of the reputed organizations in the world developing codes and standards.

The schedule number for pipe fitting starts from ASME/ANSI B16. The various
classifications of ASME/ANSI B16 standards for different pipe fittings are as follows:

 ASME/ANSI B16.1 – 1998 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
 ASME/ANSI B16.3 – 1998 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
 ASME/ANSI B16.4 – 1998 – Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
 ASME/ANSI B16.5 – 1996 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

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 ASME/ANSI B16.11 – 2001 – Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and

Threaded
 ASME/ANSI B16.14 – 1991 – Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with
Pipe Threads
 ASME/ANSI B16.15 – 1985 (R1994) – Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
 ASME/ANSI B16.25 – 1997 – Buttwelding Ends
 ASME/ANSI B16.36 – 1996 – Orifice Flanges etc.

ASTM International:

American Society for Testing and Materials

This is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. It
was originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

 ASTM A105 / A105M – Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping
Applications
 ASTM A234 / A234M – Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel
and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
 ASTM A403 / A403M – Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel
Piping Fittings
 ASTM A420 / A420M – Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought
Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service

AWWA

American Water Works Association

AWWA About – Established in 1881, the American Water Works Association is the largest
nonprofit, scientific and educational association dedicated to managing and treating water,
the world‘s most important resource.

 AWWA C110 – Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings, 3 Inch Through 48 Inch (75
mm Through 1200 mm), for Water and Other Liquids
 AWWA C208 – Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings

ANSI:
The American National Standards Institute

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The American National Standards Institute

ANSI is a private, non-profit organization. Its main function is to administer and coordinate
the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It provides a forum
for development of American national standards. ANSI assigns ―schedule numbers‖.
These numbers classify wall thicknesses for different pressure uses.

MSS STANDARDS

Manufacturers Standardization Society

The Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve and Fittings Industry is a
non-profit technical association organized for development and improvement of industry,
national and international codes and standards for: Valves, Valve Actuators, Valve
Modification, Pipe Fittings, Pipe Hangers, Pipe Supports, Flanges and Associated Seals

 MSS SP-43 – Wrought Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Including Reference

to Other Corrosion Resistant Materials
 MSS SP-75 – Specifications for High Test Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
 MSS SP-73 – Brazing Joints for Copper and Copper Alloy Pressure Fittings
 MSS SP-83 – Class 3000 Steel Pipe Unions, Socket-Welding and Threaded
 MSS SP-97 – Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings — Socket
Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends
 MSS SP-106 – Cast Copper Alloy Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 125,150,
and 300
 MSS SP-119 – Factory-Made Wrought Belled End Socket Welding Fittings

Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”:

Piping codes imply the requirements of design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and
inspection of various pipe and piping system. It has a limited jurisdiction defined by the
code. On the other hand, piping standards imply application design and construction rules
and requirements for pipe fittings like adapters, flanges, sleeves, elbows, union, tees,
valves etc. Like a code, it also has a limited scope defined by the standard.

Factors affecting standards:

―Standards‖ on pipe fittings are based on certain factors like as follows:

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 Pressure-temperature ratings
 Size
 Design
 Coatings
 Materials
 Marking
 End connections
 Dimensions and tolerances
 Threading
 Pattern taper etc.

BSP:

British Standard Pipe

BSP is the U.K. standard for pipe fittings. This refers to a family of standard screw thread
types for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an
internal (female) thread. This has been adopted internationally. It is also known as British
Standard Pipe Taper threads (BSPT )or British Standard Pipe Parallel (Straight) threads
(BSPP ). While the BSPT achieves pressure tight joints by the threads alone, the BSPP
requires a sealing ring.

JIS:

Japanese Industrial Standards

This is the Japanese industrial standards or the standards used for industrial activities in
Japan for pipe, tube and fittings and published through Japanese Standards Associations.

NPT:

National Pipe Thread

National Pipe Thread is a U.S. standard straight (NPS) threads or for tapered (NPT)
threads. This is the most popular US standard for pipe fittings. NPT fittings are based on
the internal diameter (ID) of the pipe fitting.

BOLTS & NUTS

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 A193 = This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for
pressure vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high
pressure service, or other special purpose applications.
 A320 = Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting
Materials for Low-Temperature Service.
 A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.

AN:

Here, ―A‖ stands for Army and ―N‖ stands for Navy

The AN standard was originally designed for the U.S. Military. Whenever, a pipe fitting is
AN fittings, it means that the fittings are measured on the outside diameter of the fittings,
that is, in 1/16 inch increments. For example, an AN 4 fitting means a fitting with an
external diameter of approximately 4/16″ or ¼‖. It is to be noted that approximation is
important because AN external diameter is not a direct fit with an equivalent NPT thread.

Dash (-) size

Dash size is the standard used to refer to the inside diameter of a hose. This indicates the
size by a two digit number which represents the relative ID in sixteenths of an inch. This is
also used interchangeably with AN fittings. For example, a Dash ―8‖ fitting means an AN 8
fitting.

ISO:
International Organization for Standardization

ISO is the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the
International Organization for Standardization. ISO standards are numbered. They have
format as follows:

“ISO[/IEC] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title” where

 nnnnn: standard number

 yyyy: year published, and
 Title: describes the subject

A STANDARD HOSE GUIDE IS GIVEN BELOW:

Nominal ID Inch Standard Dash

Hose Size In
Dash Size Size

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1/4 3/16 -04

3/8 5/16 -06
1/2 13/32 -08
3/4 5/8 -12
1 7/8 -16
1½ – –
1¼ 1 1/8 -20
Flanges: Ratings in Classes and Pressure Numbers (PN)

Flange Class 150 300 600 900 1500 2500

Flange Pressure Number, PN 20 50 100 150 250 420

Production process of carbon steel pipe fittings

① Blanking
The pipe materials is used primarily for pipe, process, and bars, the shape of the blank to select the cutting
method based on the material properties and product. Blank shape, size and other requirements
according to different process requirements.

② Forming (welding)
For all pipe manufacturing process, the steel pipe cross-section is an indispensable process. Due to the
forming process of the different products is different, you need a longer length.

③ Heat treatment
The heat treatment process is an important part of the pipe manufacturing. Heat treatment step of heating,
insulation and cooling, eliminating the forming process of hardening, residual stress and deformation
defects of metal pipe after forming the metal structure, performance of a steel pipe network, restored to the
state or its performance in the deformation processing will be improved.

④ Surface treatment
Pipe surface treatment is usually by sandblasting, shot blasting, grinding, pickling method to remove the
product surface rust, scratches and other products to achieve a smooth surface to meet the follow-up
processing, and inspection requirements.

⑤ Cutting
Cutting pipe, soldering end, structural size, geometric tolerance machining processes. Also includes some
pipe cutting, the diameter of processing. The cutting machine is mainly via a dedicated machine or
universal; oversized pipe, when the existing machine capacity can not meet the processing requirements,
you can also use other methods to complete processing, such as large diameter elbow with gas cutting,
grinding method.

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⑥ Non-destructive testing
Non-destructive testing is an important process of the possible defects of the test materials and fittings
processing. The majority of pipe product standards for the requirements of the non-destructive testing
requirements, but requirements are not consistent. In addition to meeting the product standards and
ordering requirements, nondestructive testing, more stringent on quality control factory to develop
non-destructive testing requirements according to the materials, processes, and internal quality control
requirements in order to ensure the quality of manufactured products.

End Beveling of pipe fittings

In the behavior, we make beveling after shot blasting, bevel ends are fully machined by advanced

equipment Double Beveling Machine ensure the height, length, thickness, O.D. and I.D. are all

qualified.

WELDING BEVEL ACC.TO ASME / ANSI B16.9 AND ASME / ANSI B16.28

Our in-hourse R&D team developed bevel ends equipment are good using in
thickness 2mm to 20mm pipe fittings, guarantee high efficiency and high quality.

Send us your technical drawings: yaang.com will supply you with whatever flanges
you are looking for.

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Nominal wall Thickness : t End Preparation

t<5mm (for austenitic alloy
Cut square or slightly chamfer
steel
at manufacturer ‗ s option
t<4mm)
5<t<22mm
Plain Bevel as in sketch ( a ) above
(4<t<22mm)
t>22mm Compound Bevel as in sketch ( b ) above

Outside Diameter at Bevel Center to End

Nominal
D1 D2
pipe
C M
DN size
Series
Series A Series A Series B
B
20×15 26.9 25 21.3 18 29 29
25×20 33.7 32 26.9 25 38 38
25×15 33.7 32 21.3 18 38 38
32×25 42.4 38 33.7 32 48 48
32×20 42.4 38 26.9 25 48 48
32×15 42.4 38 21.3 18 48 48

40×32 48.3 45 42.4 38 57 57

40×25 48.3 45 33.7 32 57 57
40×20 48.3 45 26.7 25 57 57
40×15 48.3 45 21.3 18 57 57

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50×40 60.3 57 48.3 45 64 60

50×32 60.3 57 42.4 38 64 57
50×25 60.3 57 33.7 32 64 51
50×20 60.3 57 26.9 25 64 44

65×50 76.1(73) 76 60.3 57 76 70

65×40 76.1(73) 76 48.3 45 76 67
65×32 76.1(73) 76 42.4 38 76 64
65×25 76.1(73) 76 33.7 32 76 57

80×65 88.9 89 76.1(73) 76 86 83

80×50 88.9 89 60.3 57 86 76
80×40 88.9 89 48.3 45 86 73
80×32 88.9 89 42.4 38 86 70

90×80 101.6 – 88.9 – 95 92

90×65 101.6 – 76.1(73) – 95 89
90×50 101.6 – 60.3 – 95 83
90×40 101.6 – 48.3 – 95 79
100×90 114.3 – 101.6 – 105 102
100×80 114.3 108 88.9 89 105 98
100×65 114.3 108 76.1(73) 76 105 95
100×50 114.3 108 60.3 57 105 89
100×40 114.3 108 48.3 45 105 86
125×100 133 114.3 108 124 117
139.7
125×90 – 101.6 – 124 114
139.7
125×80 133 88.9 89 124 111
139.7
125×65 133 76.1(73) 76 124 108
139.7
125×50 133 60.3 57 124 105
150×125 168.3 159 139.7 133 143 137
150×100 168.3 159 114.3 108 143 130
150×90 168.3 – 101.6 – 143 127
150×80 168.3 159 88.9 89 143 124
150×65 168.3 159 76.1(73) 76 143 121

200×150 219.1 219 168.3 159 178 168

200×125 219.1 219 139.7 133 178 162
200×100 219.1 219 114.3 108 178 156
200×90 219.1 – 101.6 – 178 152

200×200 273.0 273 219.1 219 216 208

200×150 273.0 273 168.3 159 216 194
200×125 273.0 273 139.7 133 216 191
200×100 273.0 273 114.3 108 216 184

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300×250 323.9 325 273.0 273 254 241

300×200 323.9 325 219.1 219 254 229
300×150 323.9 325 168.3 159 254 219

300×125 323.9 325 139.7 133 254 216

350×300 355.6 377 323.9 325 279 270

350×250 355.6 377 273.0 273 279 257
350×200 355.6 377 219.1 219 279 248
350×150 355.6 377 168.3 159 279 238
400×350 406.4 426 355.6 377 305 305
400×300 406.4 426 323.9 325 305 295
400×250 406.4 426 273.0 273 305 283
400×200 406.4 426 219.1 219 305 273
400×150 406.4 426 168.3 159 305 264
450×400 457.2 478 406.4 426 343 330
450×350 457.2 478 355.6 377 343 330
450×300 457.2 478 323.9 325 343 321
450×250 457.2 478 273.0 273 343 308
450×200 457.2 478 219.1 219 343 298
500×450 508.0 529 457.2 478 381 368
500×100 508.0 529 406.4 426 381 356
500×350 508.0 529 355.6 377 381 356
500×300 508.0 529 323.9 325 381 346
500×250 508.0 529 273.0 273 381 333
500×200 508.0 529 219.1 219 381 324
550×500 559 – 508 – 419 406
550×450 559 – 457 – 419 394
550×400 559 – 406 – 419 381

600×550 610 – 559 – 432 432

600×550 610 630 508 530 432 432
600×450 610 630 457 480 432 419

650×600 660 – 610 – 495 483

650×550 660 – 559 – 495 470
650×500 660 – 508 – 495 457

700×650 711 – 660 – 521 521

700×600 711 720 610 630 521 508
700×550 711 – 559 – 521 495

750×700 762 – 711 – 559 546

750×650 762 – 660 – 559 546
750×600 762 – 610 – 559 533

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800×750 813 – 762 – 597 584

800×700 813 820 711 720 597 572
800×650 813 – 660 – 597 572

850×800 864 – 813 – 635 622

850×750 864 – 762 – 635 610
850×700 864 – 711 – 635 597

900×850 914 – 864 – 673 660

900×800 914 920 813 820 673 648
900×750 914 – 762 – 673 635

950×900 965 – 914 – 711 711

950×850 965 – 864 – 711 698
950×800 965 – 813 – 711 686

1000×950 1016 – 965 – 749 749

1000×900 1016 1020 914 920 749 737
1000×8500 1016 – 864 – 749 724

1000×1000 1067 – 1016 – 762 711

1050×950 1067 – 965 – 762 711
1050×900 1067 – 914 – 762 711

1100×1050 1118 – 1067 – 813 762

1100×1000 1118 1120 1016 1020 813 749
1100×950 1118 – 965 – 813 737

1150×1100 1168 – 1118 – 851 800

1150×1050 1168 – 1067 – 851 787
1150×1000 1168 – 1016 – 851 775

1200×1150 1220 – 1168 – 889 838

1200×1100 1220 1220 1118 1120 889 838
1200×1050 1220 – 1067 – 889 813
Outside Diameter at
Center to End
Nominal pipe size Bevel
D
C M
DN INCH Series A Series B

15 1/2 21.3 18 25

20 3/4 26.9 25 29

25 1 33.7 32 38

32 11/4 42.4 38 48

40 11/2 48.3 45 57

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50 2 60.3 57 64

65 21/2 76.1(73) 76 76

80 3 88.9 89 86

90 31/2 101.6 ― 95

100 4 114.3 108 105

125 5 139.7 133 124

150 6 168.3 159 143

200 8 219.1 219 178

250 10 273.0 273 216

300 12 323.9 325 254

350 14 355.6 377 279

400 16 406.4 426 305

450 18 457.2 478 343

500 20 508.0 529 381

550 22 559 ― 419

600 24 610 630 432

650 26 660 ― 495

700 28 711 720 521

750 30 762 ― 559

800 32 813 820 597

850 34 864 ― 635

900 36 914 920 673

950 38 965 ― 711

1000 40 1016 1020 749

1050 42 1067 ― 762 711

1100 44 1118 1120 813 762

1150 46 1168 ― 851 800

1200 48 1220 1220 889 838

END CONNECTIONS
There are four different type of connections that are used for fittings:

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1. Butt Weld Fittings – Probably the most common type of fitting. They are easily
manufactured and are easily installed. Butt weld fittings can be connected directly
to each other. This is called fitting make up.
2. Flanged Fittings – Flanged fittings are piping components where the flange is an
integral component of the fitting. These are most often used in water treatment
applications or lined piping where welding would be destructive to the liner.
3. Socket Weld Fittings – These fittings have a socket weld connection on each
end. They might be used for smaller diameter piping. These fittings utilize a single
fillet weld to join the piping with the fitting.
4. Threaded Fittings – Threaded fittings are generally four inches and smaller. The
reason for this size constraint is the pipe end needs to be threaded with a male
type connection and die sizes are unobtainable in the larger diameters.

How are pipe fittings measured?

Pipe fittings are measured by their diameter, wall thickness (known as ―schedule‖), and
shape or configuration. (Fittings are also defined by their material grade and whether they
are welded or seamless.)
Diameter refers to outside diameter of a pipe or fitting.
The North American standard is known as Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). The International
Standard is known as Diameter Nominal (DN). Pipes and fittings are actually made in
similar sizes around the world: they are just labeled differently.
From ½ in to 12 inch ―Nominal Pipe Size‖, outside diameters are slightly larger than
indicated size; inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.
From 14 in and larger ―Nominal Pipe Size‖, outside diameters are exactly as indicated size;
inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.
As with other North American standards (inch, foot, yard, mile, …), many pipe standards
(diameters up to 12 inch and wall thickness) are based on historical precedents (a
toolmaker‘s dies during US Civil War) rather than a ―scientific‖ method.

SCHEDULE NUMBERS

The schedule numbers are used by the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) to
denote wall thickness. The schedule numbers encompass all pipe dimensions beginning
at NPS 1/8‖ up NPS 36‖. Note that this configuration is only for fittings that match with a
particular ANSI schedule number.

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used
for high or low pressures and temperatures.

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 Schedule, often shortened as sch, is a North American standard that refers to wall
thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting. Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can
resist higher pressures.
 Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40,
40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS. (S following a number is
for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)
 Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly
to make and install.

What does “schedule” mean for pipe fittings?

Schedule, often shortened as SCH, is a North American standard that refers to wall
thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting.
What is schedule 40, SCH80?
Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.
Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80,
80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS.
(S following a number is for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)
Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to
make and install.

Why are fittings sometimes thicker and heavier than pipes to which they are
connected?
Fittings are sometimes thicker than their connecting pipes to meet performance
requirements or due to manufacturing reasons.
Due to fitting geometry, stress is very different when compared to a pipe. Using extra
material is often necessary to compensate for such additional stress, especially for tees
and tight curve elbows.
Fitting manufacturers may not always stock plates or pipes for all metal grades or sizes.
When responding to an order, manufacturers always use the right metal or alloy, but
sometimes made with next-higher available plate or pipe size while still respecting
specified inside diameters.

Applications and markets of pipe fittings

Fittings are used wherever liquids, gases, chemicals and other fluids are created,
processed, transported, or used.

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Range of industries is very wide, as shown below:

 Energy related.
Oil and gas industries, including upstream (exploration and production),
midstream (transportation by ships, pipeline, rail, trucks; storage and wholesale)
and downstream (refining into fuels or chemicals; marketing and distribution).
Power plants using fossil or nuclear fuels. Geothermal energy for harnessing heat
from the earth.
 Food and beverage production.
From basic ingredients to elaborate desserts. From milk, to juices and other
beverages. Cold chain to keep produce fresh, drinks and frozen foods at a set
temperature. Desalination plants to transform seawater into drinking water for arid
areas and various tropical islands.
 Pharmaceuticals and biotech production.
Medicines and vaccines that treat illnesses and help restore bodies and minds to
their top conditions.
 Semiconductor manufacturing:
Microchips that go into all electronics, including smartphones, tablets, computers,
television sets, telecom networks …
 Pulp and paper production.
Newsprint, glossy paper, cardboard boxes, books, writing paper
 Production of construction materials and plastics. From roofing materials, to
glassmaking for windows, to copper wiring for transporting electricity, and various
plastics throughout houses and office buildings.

Testing for pipe fittings

The most common non distructive tests (NDT) for pipe fittings:

 Positive material identification (PMI): identification of the chemical composition of

the metal used to manufacture the fitting. Uses PMI sensors, including X-ray
fluorescence or optical emission spectrometry. This test is frequently executed for
high value materials, from duplex steel onwards.
 Penetrating liquids: this is a low-cost test to detect cracks or abnormal porosity on
the surface of the fittings, and is executed by applying a special liquid to its
surface.
 Ferrite content: this test aims to measure the ferrite content for duplex, super
duplex and stainless steel materials to make sure the metal is able to achieve the

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yield strength, fracture toughness and corrosion resistance it is meant to reach.

Ferrite content is measured in weld seams by magnetic induction.
 Hydrostatic test / hydro testing (pressure testing): the fitting gets filled with a test
liquid (example water) and a pressure is applied to check if any pressure loss
occurs (which would indicate manufacturing defects)
 Magnetic particles: by means of a magnetic field, possible
surface discontinuities or weakness can be identified
 Macrography: 2 / 3 D pictures of items visible to naked eye.
 Micrography: pictures at the microscope to see the microgranular structure of the
metal and other details not visible at the naked eye
 Pneumatic pressure: the fitting gets filled with pressurized air; measurements are
taken to see if there is pressure loss due to any defects.
 Radiography: X-rays / gamma rays to detect imperfections leading to possible
quality defects

Out of the above tests, the pressure testing is one of the most commonly specified,
especially for mission critical fittings in the pipeline.

Source: China Pipe Fittings Manufacturer – Yaang Pipe Industry (www.steeljrv.com)

(Yaang Pipe Industry is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless
steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges,
Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. Yaang products are widely used in
Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining, Sewage
treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries.)

If you want to have more information about the article or you want to share your opinion
with us, contact us at sales@steeljrv.com

Please notice that you might be interested in the other technical articles we‘ve published:

• Dimensions of Pipe Fittings

• Specifications of Steel Pipe Fittings

• Development trend of high pressure pipe fittings

• How to test pipe fitting?

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• How to Calculate a Pipe Bend?

• Stainless steel pipe bend

References:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_fitting
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting#Common_piping_and_
plumbing_fittings
3. https://www.yaang.com

Related News
 Difference Between A Pipe Elbow And A Pipe Bend
 How to Calculate a Pipe Bend?
 The production process of stainless steel pipe bend

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