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Proc.

of the 3rd Global Fisheries & Aquaculture Research Conference

A TRIAL TO IMPROVE THE UTILIZATION OF WATER LETTUCE


(ULVA LACTUCA) AND WATER FERN (AZOLLA PINNATA) IN NILE
TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) DIETS.

Eman H. Labib1- Mabrouk, H. A.2 and Zaki, M. A.3


1
Animal Prod. research institute, Agri. Research Center,Dokki,Giza, Egypt.
2
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
3
Animal and Fish Prod. Department, Fac. of Agri., Alexandria Univ., Egypt.

ABSTRACT

T wo separate experiments (1 and 2, respectively) were conducted in order to investigate the


susceptibility of using dried Ulva (Ulva lactuca) meal (DUM) and dried azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal
(DAM) with or without Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
feeding. Nine experimental diets (30% crude protein) were processed; four containing 10% DUM for
the first experiment and another four diets containing 20% DAM for the second experiment, where
DUM and DAM were treated either with 0, 1, 2, or 3% NaOH, and one control diet without DUM or
DAM for both experiments. Each diet was applied to the experimental fish in the 1st and 2nd
experiments in triplicate groups of 10 fish (2.79 ± 0.014 g, Av.± SE) per aquaria (100 l) for 84 days.
Fish were fed the experimental diets three times daily (six day a week) at a daily feeding rate of 3% of
live body weight until the end of the trial.
The results show that growth performance of fish fed diets containing 10 %DUM and 20% DAM
with 3.0 % NaOH treated were significantly (P<0.05) different than those fed control diet. Increasing
NaOH treatment concentration percent for DUM or DAM increased fish feed intake (FI) (g/fish),
protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV %), energy utilization (EU %) and
improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). Chemical composition of fish fed either DUM or DAM
illustrated that differences were not significant (P<0.05) between fish fed treated or untreated in dry
matter and crude protein. Increasing NaOH concentration treatment from 1% up to 3% lead to decrease
in fat and ash contents in fish, while energy content was not significantly affected (P<0.05). There was
no significant different (P<0.05) in fat content between fish fed diets containing DUM, while it was
significant (P<0.05) between fish fed DAM diets and the higher fat content was recorded in fish fed
DAM involved diet treated with 1% NaOH . In general, and based on the obtained results it could be
concluded that Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus) can utilize of dried Ulva (Ulva lactuca) meal
(DUM) at a level of 10 % or dried azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal (DAM) at a level of 20 % with sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) treatment at a level 3.0 in the diet instead of plant protein without any adverse effect
on fish health.

Key words: DUM, DAM , Sodium hydroxide, Plant protein source.

Foreign Agricultural Relations (FAR), Egypt, 29th Nov. – 1st Dec., (2010) pp. 336- 354
A TRIAL TO IMPROVE THE UTILIZATION OF WATER LETTUCE (ULVA LACTUCA) …….

INTRODUCTION
The most important raw material used in the fish feeds is fishmeal for its high protein
content, good amino acid balance, lack of anti-nutrients and high palatability. However,
because of its high cost and limited resources, its substitution is a basic prerequisite for the
sustainability of aquaculture. Feedstuffs that can be used to replace fishmeal are very limited,
as they usually have deficiencies in essential amino acids and contain growth inhibitors.
Dietary completion and technological treatment of plant feedstuffs could increase their use in
fish feeds and may reduce reliance on fish products. (Mbonge, 2007).
Although a large amount of protein feedstuffs has been used in domestic animal feeds,
relatively few have been used in fish feeds, because fish require high levels of dietary protein
and low levels of fiber Shiau and Peng (1993).Numerous works have been reported on the
possible use of plant proteins in fish feeds (Abdul-Aziz, 1998 ; Soltan, 2002 and Soltan,
2005). The extent of plant protein utilization depends on availability, acceptability by fish,
ease of processing, and nutritive value. However, high levels of plant proteins in fish diets
have, in some cases, resulted in reduced growth and poor feed efficiency and this probably is
the result from improper balance of essential nutrients, such as amino acids and minerals,
presence of toxic substances or antinutritional factors, or decrease of palatability and pellet
water stability value (Lim and Dominy ,1989). On the other hand, green plants have long
been recognized as the cheapest and most abundant potential source of proteins because of
their ability to synthesize amino acids from a wide range of virtually unlimited and readily
available primary materials (Fasuyi and Aletor, 2005).
Seaweeds are increasing receiving consideration in fish feeding for their high
protein contents, essential amino acid content, vitamins and trace metals (Güroy et al., 2007).
Ulva species are particularly rich in rare cell-wall polysaccharides and have been proposed as
being an important source of dietary fiber, mainly soluble fiber ( Lahaye and Axelos 1993).
Ulva lactuca is also a good source of Vitamin A, B2, B12, and C and is rich in γ-tocopherol
and U. lactuca extracts have been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-viral
activities in various in vitro assays (Ortiz et al., 2006; Abd El-Baky et al., 2008). Ulva
lactuca was characterized as low-energy high-nitrogen seaweed (Copertino et al., 2008).
Because Azolla spp. has a higher crude protein content (ranging from 19 to 30%)
than most green forage crops and aquatic macrophytes and a rather favorable essential amino
acid (EAA) composition for animal nutrition (rich in lysine), it has also attracted the
attention of livestock, poultry and fish farmers (Cagauan and Pullin, 1991). On the other
hand, Azolla develops an endosymbiotic relationship with blue green algae, thus Anabaena
azollae (Lisa et al., 2002) which live in the dorsal lobe cavity of the leaves. This community
is composed of two types of prokaryotic organisms: one species of nitrogen-fixing
filamentous cyanobacteria-Anabaena azollae and a variety of bacteria that some identified as
Arthrobacter sp. and associate with others showing the presence of nitrogenase (Costa et al.,
1994).
The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the affect of NaOH treated
seaweed, Ulva lactuca and fresh water fern, Azolla pinnata as feed ingredients on the growth
performance, feed utilization, and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
fingerlings.

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Eman H. Labib et al

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fish and culture facility


Two separate experiments (1 and 2, respectively) were carried out to evaluate the
validity of using 10% DUM and 20% DAM without or with NaOH treatement in diets Nile
tilapia O.niloticus fingerlings.Fish were acclimated to the experimental system for 14 days
before starting the experiments .Thereafter Nile tilapia were placed randomly in twenty glass
aquaria (ten glass aquaria /each exp.) with dimensions of 100×40×30 cm and 100 l capacity
of water /aquarium, , triplicates per treatment were used in this study. Each aquarium
contained ten fingerlings of Nile tilapia with an average initial body weight of 2.79 ± 0.014 g
/fish.
Preparation treatments
Whole plants of Ulva lactuca and Azolla pinnata were harvested in sufficient
quantities from Anfoushy Sea Coast and Abis Faculty of Agriculture experimental farm,
respectively. It was sundries for three days until they became crispy while retaining their
greenish coloration. Then, both dried Ulva meal (DUM) and dried azolla meal (DAM) were
divided to four groups; untreated group and three groups treated with NaOH at (1, 2 and 3%)
then after DUM and DAM treated with NaOH were minced and oven dried at 60-80°C for 48
hrs.
Experimental diets
Nine experimental diets, 30% crude protein, were formulated, Control Diet without
(DUM or DAM) used in 1st and 2nd experiments. Diets No.1, 2, 3 and 4 contained 10%
DUM treated with different concentrations of NaOH (0, 1, 2 and 3% ), respectively (in
exp.1) and diets No.5,6,7 and 8 contained 20% DAM treated with different concentrations of
NaOH (0,1, 2 and 3 % ), respectively (in exp.2) as described in Table (1). Each ingredient
was ground and thoroughly mixed with the other dietary ingredients, vitamins and minerals
mixtures. A few drops of oil was added at the same time of mixing with warm water (45°C)
which was slowly added until the diets began to clump. Diets were processed by a California
pellet mill machine and dried for 48 hrs at 70°C in a drying oven. The experimental pellets
were soft enough for the fish to take and retain. The processed diet particle size was 0.6 mm
in diameter and 2 mm - length. Fish in each aquarium were fed three times daily (six days a
week) at a rate of 4% of body weight for 84 days.
Heavy metal
From the triple digested sample, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn),
chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) were determined in both Ulva lactuca and Azolla pinnata
(mg/ kg DM) using a par king Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (Model
5000, Pperkin E Lemer, USA).
Water quality:
Determined water quality parameters in the experimental glass aquaria in 1st and
2nd experiments were determined according to the methods of APHA ,(1992). The
concentrations of ammonia, total alkalinity, nitrate, nitrite were determined according to
Boyd, (1979).Ammonia and nitrite were measured at weekly intervals , while water
temperatures were recorded daily in each aquaria .Also, dissolved oxygen was measured
daily by oxygen meter and pH by pH meter.

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A TRIAL TO IMPROVE THE UTILIZATION OF WATER LETTUCE (ULVA LACTUCA) …….

Proximate Analysis of Diet and Fish


At the start of the experiment, 40 fish were taken and kept frozen for the chemical
analysis. At the end of the experiment, the basal diet and fish samples from each treatment
were chemically analyzed according to the standard methods of AOAC, (2000). The neutral
detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined according to Van
Soest et al., (1991). Gross energy (GE) and energy content were (Eco)calculated from (NRC,
1993) as 5.65, 9.45, and 4.1 kcal/g for protein, lipid, and carbohydrates, respectively.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses of growth performance, feed utilization and carcass composition
was made between treatments groups using MSTAT-C 4 package (Nissen,1987) and
Duncan's Multiple range test of the same program to determine standard differences (P<
0.05) between treatment means.

RESULTS
Water quality
All water quality parameters tested throughout the experimental period revealed that
all parameters were within the permissible levels for optimum Nile tilapia growth .The mean
values of water quality parameters in 1st and 2nd experiments for the complete rearing period
were ranged as following : water temperature ranged from 23 to 29.3 °C), dissolved oxygen
from 4.8 to 5.65 mg/ L), pH from 7.2 to 7.89 ), total ammonia (0.10 to 16 mg/ L), nitrite
(0.05 to 0.07 mg/ L), total alkalinity from (156 to 167 mg/ L) .All these values were within
the permissible limits in water aquarium for Nile tilapia maximum growth .These results are
in accordance with finding of Abdel-Hakim et al.,(2008) working with Mono sex Nile
tilapia. .

Experiment 1:-
Results of Table (2) illustrate the chemical analysis (%) of dried Ulva meals (DUM)
before and after treatment used in the 1st experiment. Increasing level of treatment DUM
with NaOH from 0, 1, 2, to 3%, increased dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash and
gross energy contents. However, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent
fiber (ADF), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and gross energy were decreased.
Heavy metals (mg/ kg DM) of DUM before or after treatment by NaOH is shown in
Table(3) Increasing level of DUM treatment with NaOH from 0, 1, 2, to 3% resulted in a
slight decrease in concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr and Ni (Mg/Kg DM)
compared with the untreated DUM.
Results in Table (4) show the chemical analysis of the five tested diets used in the 1st
experiment. Treatment of DUM with NaOH at the levels 0, 1, 2 and 3% increased crude
protein, ether extract, ash content and nitrogen free extract and gross energy while crude
fiber content decreased. On dry matter basis, EE% and Ash% of DUM with 3% NaOH were
higher than the control diet (without DUM). However crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen
free extract and gross energy were less than control diet without DUM.

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Average values of initial and final weights and growth performance parameters
(total weight gain, average daily gain (ADG g/fish/day) and specific growth rate (SGR%
/day) are presented in Table (5). Results revealed that averages of body weights (2.79g) were
different among the experimental groups at termination of the experimental period.
Treatments applied released significant differences in final weights among the groups where
control diet without DUM group showed heavier final weight followed in a decreasing order
by fish fed diets containing DUM with 3, 2, and 1 % NaOH, respectively. The same trend
was observed in ADG and SGR% values, where the highest SGR% value was obtained by
fish fed diet containing DUM treated with 3% NaOH and the lowest was observed in fish fed
diet containing DUM without treatment.
Average values of feed and nutrient utilization parameters including feed intake
(FI), feed conversation ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value
(PPV%) and energy utilization (EU%) are illustrated in Table ( 6 ) . Results revealed that the
highest FI (p<0.05) was observed in fish fed diet containing DUM treated with 3% NaOH
(66.70 g/fish), however this value was less than the control , while the lowest FI was
observed in fish fed diet containing DUM without treatment (51.98 g/fish). On the other
hand, the best FCR values were obtained by the fish fed diet without DUM (2.49). In
addition, it was observed that increasing NaOH percentage in treatment of DUM improve
feed intake significantly (p<0.05).On the other hand, diet without DUM recorded the highest
PER value followed in a decreasing order by the other treatment groups, while the diet
containing untreated DUM showed the lowest PER value. The same trend was observed in
PPV%, where the fish fed diet without DUM showed the highest PPV% value, while the fish
fed diet containing DUM without treatment recorded the lowest PPV% value.
Carcass composition analysis of Nile tilapia fingerlings fed diets included DUM
without or with treatment at different concentrations of NaOH is summarized in Table (7).
Dry matter (DM), crude protein, (CP) , ether extract (EE) and energy contents (ECO)were
almost similar for all groups, indicating that they were not significantly (p> 0.05) affected by
dietary treatments. On the other hand, ash content was significantly (p<0.05) affected where
it increased with increasing NaOH treatment level.
Heavy metals contents (mg/kg DM) of Nile tilapia muscles, at start and end of the
experiment, are summarized in Table (8). Results indicated that heavy metals concentrations
in Nile tilapia muscles at start were less than at end. The results showed that increasing
concentration of NaOH in treating DUM lead to a significant decrease (P<0.05) in Fe, while
decreasing Zn was not significant (P<0.05). On the other hand, treating DUM did not affect
concentration of Cu and Mn significantly (P<0.05).
Experiment 2:-
Table (9). illustrates that chemical analysis (on dry matter basis) of DAM before
treatment with NaOH contained: 25 % CP , 3.9 % EE , 14.1 % CF, 42.7 % neutral detergent
fiber (NDF) , 33.4 % acid detergent fiber (ADF) , 12 % ash, 45.1 % nitrogen-free extract and
gross energy (GE) 363.6 kcal 100g-1. Crude protein, ether extract, Ash, nitrogen-free extract
and gross energy of NaOH treated DAM were higher than untreated and increasing NaOH
concentration lead to increase DM, CP, EE, ash, NFE and GE, while CF, NDF and ADF
decreased.
Heavy metals concentrations (mg kg-1 on DM basis) in DAM before or after treating
with NaOH are shown in Table (10). Copper concentration (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn),
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zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) were 6.53, 45.12, 9.74, 23.25, 1.88, and 0.135
(mg/ kg DM) in DAM without treatment. It was observed that increasing NaOH treatment
concentration from 1 up to 3% decreased DAM heavy metals content.
Results in Table (11) showed chemical analysis (% on DM basis) of the five experimental
diets used in the 2nd experiment. It was observed that treatment DAM (20% of the whole
diet) with different concentrations of NaOH (1, 2, and 3%) decreased CP, EE, Ash, NFE and
GE contents, while crude fiber content increased .On the other hand, it was observed that
ether extract, CF, NFE and GE of DAM involved diet treated with 3% NaOH was lower than
control diet; while ash content was higher and crude protein was similar.
Growth performance data of Nile tilapia fingerlings fed DAM included diets treated
or untreated with NaOH are summarized in Table (12).Growth performance parameters were
observed to be significantly (P<0.05) higher with fish fed treated DAM included diets than
fish fed untreated DAM included diets. The highest significant (P<0.05) final weight (33.12
g/fish) was obtained with fish fed treated DAM included diet with 3% NaOH, followed by
fish fed 2% NaOH treated DAM included diet and then 1% NaOH treated DAM included
diet. The lowest final weight (23.81g/fish) was obtained with fish fed DAM untreated
included diet. ADG and SGR showed the same trends.
Feed and nutrients utilization of the experimental Nile tilapia fingerlings fed
experimental diets are summarized in Table (13). Feed intake was significantly higher
(P>0.05) in fish fed DAM (3% NaOH treated) included diet. On the other hand, no
significant difference (P<0.05) were observed between control diet and 2% NaOH treated
DAM included diet in feed intake. Differences in feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not
significant (P>0.05) between fish fed DAM included diet treated with 3% NaOH and fish fed
control diet (without DAM). In addition, it was observed that the exposure of DAM to
increasing concentration of NaOH, from 1% up to 3%, increased feed intake (FI), protein
efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV%), energy utilization (EU %) and
improved feed conversion ratio significantly (P<0.05).
Carcass composition analysis of whole body of Nile tilapia fingerlings fed NaOH
treated or untreated DAM included diets are summarized in Table (14). Dry matter, crude
protein, and ash contents of fish carcass were almost similar for all groups of fish, indicating
that they were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by dietary treatments. On the other hand,
ether extract and energy content were significantly affected (P<0.05). However, increasing
NaOH concentration in DAM treatment decreased ether extract and energy content.
Heavy metals concentrations (mg/kg DM) in Nile tilapia muscles at start and end of
the second experiment are summarized in Table (15). Results show that heavy metals (Cu,
Fe, Mn, and Zn) concentrations in fish muscles at start were less than at the end of the
experiment. Furthermore, Heavy metals concentrations in fish fed on control diet (without
DAM) were less than other diets contained DAM treated or untreated with NaOH. . Results
also revealed that treating DAM with NaOH significantly (P<0.05) reduced heavy metals
(Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) concentrations in fish muscles compared with DAM without NaOH..

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Eman H. Labib et al

DISCUSSION

Experiment 1:
The result on chemical composition and feeding effect to Ulva meal are presented
and discussed under the following subheading and presented in the Table (2) . The dry matter
of Ulva lactoca was 95.55 % , the crude protein was found 19.9 %., ether extract content was
6.20 % ,crude fibre level was 14.10 %., Nitrogen free extract (NFE) content was 44.70 %
and Ash content was 15.10 % . The results are similar with earlier observation of El-Ebiary,
(2002). On the other hand The results are disagreeing with Ventura and Castañón (1989).
Sebahattin (2009). In nature, herbivorous fish may benefit from ingestion of many species of
macro-algae (Montgomery et al., 1989). Macroalgae are used in aquaculture as feed
component and in remediation. Green seaweed (Ulva spp.) have been found to be suitable for
feeding fish and the use of algae in aquaculture has also been recently reviewed by Turan,
(2009). Several feeding trials have been carried out to evaluate algae as fish feed. Algae have
been used fresh as a whole diet and dried algal meal has been used as a partial or complete
replacement of fishmeal protein in pelleted diets.
The results of the earlier studies showed that the performances of fish fed diets
containing 10–20 percent algae or seaweed meal were similar to those fed fishmeal based
standard control diet, and only about 10–15 percent of dietary protein requirement can be
met by algae without compromising growth and food utilization. These studies illustrated
that there was a progressive decrease in fish performance when dietary incorporation of algal
meal rose above 15–20 percent (FAO, 2009).
According to Davies (1985), it have been shown that high levels of fiber content in the diets
of many finfish species impede and reduce growth and that high crude fiber content can
reduce the pelleting quality of the feed. For tilapia, Anderson et al., (1984), concluded that
dietary fiber levels above 5% reduce food utilization, digestibility and protein utilization. In
the present study, fiber content in the experimental DUM included diets ranged between 7.9-
9.72 .In concern of nutritional value, Mensi et al., (2005) reported that it is possible to
completely substitute maize meal for algae meal at the level of 27% in a diet with about 50%
of soybean meal, and obtain similar values for digested energy (DE) and digested proteins
(DP), when approaching this level, total mineral values become a limiting factor. Up to a
level of 27%, protein/energy (P/E) ratios decrease. Furthermore, Wassef , (2005) found that
feeding Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax fries, under aquaria conditions, Ulva meal
test diets at 5% level produced significantly (P<0.05) higher percent weight gain, daily
weight gain and survival rate compared to Control group and the increase was approximately
2.5-3 folds that of control group. On the other hand, the author concluded that using Ulva
meal test diets at 5% level improved feed intake, protein intake, feed conversion ratio, and
resulted in highest protein productive value, whereas PER was unaffected significantly
(P<0.05). Zaki et al., (1994) reported that inclusion of seaweeds treated with NaOH in fish
diets had improved growth of fish. On the contrary, other reports indicated poor growth with
the inclusion of seaweeds (Zaki and El-Ebiary, 1997) they attributed the poor growth
performance achieved to the higher seaweeds inclusion levels (more than 10%).
In the present study, growth performance parameters (final weight, weight gain,
ADG (g/fish/day) and SGR %/day) and feed and nutrient utilization parameters (FI, FCR,

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PER, PPV% and EU%) in control group were better than other groups fed DUM either
treated or not, and this may be attributed to high levels of fiber content presented in DUM.
Furthermore, growth performance and feed and nutrient utilization were improved with
increasing NaOH treatment levels for DUM included in experimental fish diets. In agreement
with the obtained results, Kalla et al., (2008) reported that the addition of Porphyra
spheroplasts to red sea bream diet improved SGR. In addition, Valente et al., (2006)
recorded improvements in SGR when dried Gracilaria busra-pastonis replaced The result are
almost similar with % of a fish protein hydrolysate diet for European sea bass. However,
reduced growth responses were recorded with increasing inclusion of algae in fish diets
(FAO, 2009).
Experiment 2:
The result on chemical composition and feeding effect to Azolla meal are presented
and discussed under the following subheading and presented in the Table (9).The dry matter
of Azolla was 94.70 %. The results are almost similar with earlier observation of Ali and
Leeson (1995).The crude protein level of Azolla was found 25.0 %. The result are almost
similar with, Singh, (1977) reported that the crude protein might vary from 25-37.36 %.
Ether extract content of Azolla was 3.90 %. On the other hand, Buckingham et al., (1978)
reported 5.1 %. Crude fibre level in Azolla meal was 14.10 %. The results are similar with
the earlier observation of Querubin et al., (1986) for Azolla pinnata. Nitrogen free extract
(NFE) content of Azolla sample was 45.10 % . The result is similar with the observation of
Ali and Leeson (1995); Ash content of Azolla was 12.00 %. The results are consistent with
Buckingham et al., (1978) who reported 15.50 percent of ash in Azolla pinnata
Fresh water algae and aquatic macrophytes were tested in tilapia diets. Published
evidences on Azolla nutritive value to fish show inconclusive results. Some reports showed
improved growth with the inclusion of Azolla (Santiago et al., 1988; Tharwat, 1999). In
agreement, in the present study it was observed that growth performance parameters
recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher values with fish fed treated DAM included diets
comparing with fish fed untreated DAM included diets. On the contrary, other reports
indicated poor growth with the inclusion or fresh added of Azolla ( Zaki and El-Ebiary, 1997;
Fiogbé et al., (2004) ; El-Sayed , (2008) ; and Abdel-Tawwab, (2008) who attributed the
poor growth performance achieved to the higher Azolla inclusion levels. The poor growth of
fish fed on diets containing higher levels of Azolla may be attributed to excesses or
deficiencies of amino acids, according to Fiogbé et al., (2004) which found to cause a
depression of food intake, protein synthesis and growth as concluded by Cole and Van
Lunen (1994).
Tangendjaja et al., (1990) reported that when Crude fiber content of dried Azolla meal does
not exceed or equal. In the present study, values of crude fiber did not exceed crude protein
content before or after treatment at any level, which indicate that experimental diets crude
proteins were well digested. On the other hand, Fiogbé et al., (2004) noted that mixing
Azolla with some agricultural by-products such as rice bran; fermentable by-products such as
yeasts; or the addition of purified enzymes; might improve ingestion and digestibility of
Azolla. In the present study, Azolla was dried and included as feed ingredient (20%) in the
experimental diets as shown in Table 1. which indicate that the experimental diets were
prepared as recommended .Carcass compositions of fish were reported to be markedly
affected by feeding with Azolla. Antoine et al., (1986) observed that when fish fed with fresh
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Eman H. Labib et al

Azolla, both O. niloticus and C. melanurum had higher moisture and lower lipid
concentrations. In carcass the present study’s moisture data are in contrast with Antoine et
al., (1986) observations, but in agreement with regard to lipid content. On the other hand, El-
Sayed , (1992) reported that carcass protein content was negatively correlated with Azolla
levels in the diets, while the other workers and the present study recorded no effect on
carcass protein content.
Based on the obtained results from the 2nd experiment, it could be concluded that
reports on the use of Azolla in aquaculture are extremely limited and its value as a fish feed
is still needs more studies. Regarding to the present study, it could be concluded that:1)dried
Azolla and Ulva meals could be used in Nile tilapia feeds as dietary ingredient at levels less
than 20% to avoid the higher crude fiber content in processed diet.2)dried Azolla and Ulva
meals need more than Sodium Hydroxide treatment in order to reduce fiber content which
hamper protein digestibility.3)dried Azolla could be used in feeding fish as compost
regarding to the endo-symbiotic relationship with blue green algae, Anabaena azolla which
composed of cyanobacteria-Anabaena azollae and Arthrobacter sp.

CONCLUSION
In general, and based on the obtained results from 1st and 2nd experiments it could
be concluded that Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) can utilize of dried Ulva (Ulva
lactuca) meal (DUM) at a level of 10 % or dried azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal (DAM) at a
level of 20 % with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment at a level 3.0 % in the diet instead of
plant protein (soybean meal) without any adverse effect on fish health.

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Table (1 )Experimental design and dietary ingredients (%) of the tested diets used in 1st
and 2nd experiments.

Control Diets used in 1st exp. Diets used in 2nd exp


Ingredient
Diet* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fish meal 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Soybean meal 30 17 17 17 17 12 12 12 12
Wheat bran 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Yellow corn 25 28 28 28 28 23 23 23 23
Dried ulva meal (DUM) 0 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 0
Dried azolla meal (DAM) 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20
Corn oil 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Vitamins mixture 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Minerals mixture 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
* Control Diet without (DUM or DAM) used in 1st and 2nd experiments.
1
DUM Without NaOH
5
DAM Without NaOH
2
DUM treated with 1% NaOH
6
DAM treated with 1% NaOH
3
DUM treated with 2% NaOH
7
DAM treated with 2% NaOH
4
DUM treated with 3% NaOH
8
DAM treated with 3% NaOH

Table (2) Chemical analysis (%) of dried Ulva meals (DUM) before and after treatment
in the 1st experiment.
% on DM basis*
Treatments
DM CP EE CF NDF ADF Ash NFE GE
Before treatment 95.20 19.9 6.20 14.10 43.50 35.70 15.10 44.70 355.19
After treatment :-
DUM with 1% NaOH 95.55 19.9 6.30 13.90 43.00 35.30 15.30 44.60 356.50
DUM with 2% NaOH 95.87 20.0 6.40 13.22 43.17 35.44 15.58 44.80 356.75
DUM with 3% NaOH 96.14 20.1 6.40 13.25 40.69 33.39 15.78 44.47 357.27
CP: Crude Protein EE: Ether Extract CF: Crude Fiber
NDF=Neutral detergent fiber ADF=Acid detergent fiber NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract
GE:Gross energy(Kcal/100g)

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Table (3) Heavy metals (mg kg-1DM) of dried Ulva meals (DUM) before and after
treated With NaOH in the 1st experiment.
Mg kg-1DM
Treatments
Cu Fe Mn Zn Cr Ni
DUM Without NaOH 3.72 23.55 5.01 11.63 0.08 0.12
DUM With 1% NaOH 2.60 20.64 4.18 9.35 0.07 0.10
DUM With 2% NaOH 2.16 18.76 2.37 8.28 0.06 0.07
DUM With 3% NaOH 1.58 16.68 1.55 5.98 0.02 0.01
DUM: dried Ulva meal

Table (4) Chemical analysis (%) of the experimental diets used in the 1st experiment.

% on DM basis
Treatments
CP EE CF Ash NFE GE
Control Without DUM 30.51 11.22 8.70 10.16 39.41 440.67

DUM Without NaOH 30.17 11.73 9.72 11.54 36.84 432.97

DUM With 1% NaOH 30.28 11.83 9.17 11.77 36.95 434.99


DUM With 2% NaOH 30.31 11.97 8.52 12.10 37.10 437.096
DUM With 3% NaOH 30.39 12.18 7.90 12.34 37.19 439.89
DUM=dried Ulva meal CP: Crude Protein EE: Ether
Extract
CF: Crude Fiber, NDF=Neutral detergent fiber GE: Gross
energy (Kcal/100g).

Table (5 )Growth performance of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) in the 1st experiment.
Live weight (g/fish)
Weight gain SGR
Treatments ADG
Initial Final (g/fish) (%/day)

Control Without DUM 2.80a ±0.00 30.19a ± 0.04 27.40a ± 0.04 0.33a ±0.01 2.84a ±0.01
DUM Without NaOH 2.79a ±0.00 19.28e ±0.31 16.48e ±0.31 0.19e ±0.01 2.30ed ±0.02
DUM + 1% NaOH 2.80a ±0.00 20.95d ±0.05 18.15d ±0.05 0.22d ±0.00 2.40d ±0.01
DUM + 2% NaOH 2.80a ±0.00 23.11c ±0.06 20.32c ±0.06 0.24c ±0.06 2.52c ±0.00
DUM + 3% NaOH 2.79a ±0.00 27.45b ±0.03 24.65b ±0.03 0.29b ±0.29 2.72b ±0.00
LSD(P<0.05* 0.02 0.47 0.47 0.02 0.02
*a ,b and c Means in each column not sharing the same superscript per each species are significantly different (P < 0.05).
DUM=dried Ulva meal ADG=Average daily gain (g/day/fish) SGR=Specific growth rate (%/day)

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Table (6)Feed and nutrients utilization of Nile tilapia (O.niloticus) in the 1st experiment.
Feed utilization Protein utilization
EU
Treatments 2 PPV
FI (g/fish) FCR PER %
%
Control Without DUM 68.00a ±0.14 2.49e ± 0.01 1.31a ± 0.01 18.12a ±0.17 11.97a ±0.08
DUM Without NaOH 51.98c ±0.04 3.15a ±0.06 1.05e ±0.02 14.47c ±0.17 8.30d ±0.16
DUM With 1% NaOH 55.10bc ±0.03 3.05b ±0.01 1.08d ±0.01 15.21c ±0.20 8.50cd ±0.09
DUM With 2% NaOH 57.31b ±0.03 2.83c ±0.01 1.17c ±0.00 16.41b ±0.23 8.92c ±0.09
DUM With 3% NaOH 66.70a ±0.05 2.71d ±0.01 1.22b ±0.00 17.08b ±0.43 9.77b ±0.29
LSD(P<0.05)* 4.52 0.08 0.02 0.85 0.54
*a ,b and c Means in each column not sharing the same superscript per each species are significantly different (P < 0.05).
DUM=dried ulva seaweeds meal FI = Feed intake FCR=feed conversion ratio
PER=protein efficiency ratio PPV=protein productive value EU =energy utilization

Table( 7)Carcass analysis (%) of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) in the 1st experiment.
Treatments Dry Matter (%) CP % EE% Ash% EC (kcal/100g)
At the start :- 22.4 54.01 22.73 23.25 519
At the end :-
Control Without DUM 25.02a ±0.02 54.93a ±0.93 25.17a ±0.17 19.90a ±1.10 548.0a ±6.85
DUM Without NaOH 24.62a ±0.69 55.60a ±0.86 25.87a ±0.93 18.53b ±0.52 558.4a ±13.58
DUM With 1% NaOH 24.85a ±0.58 55.84a ±0.89 25.77a ±0.71 18.39b ±0.19 558.8a ±11.42
DUM With 2% NaOH 24.92a ±0.79 55.90a ±0.56 25.53a ±0.74 18.57ab ±0.45 556.8a ±10.10
DUM With 3% NaOH 24.92a ±0.77 55.98a ±0.47 25.25a ±0.58 18.77ab ±0.71 554.6a ±7.99
LSD(P<0.05)* 1.156 0.1.394 1.227 1.369 18.69
*a ,b and c Means in each column not sharing the same superscript per each species are significantly different (P < 0.05).
DUM=dried Ulva meal CP=crude protein EE=Ether extract EC=Energy content (Kcal /100g).

Table (8 )Heavy metals (mg kg-1DM) of Nile tilapia muscles at the start and end of
the 1st experiment.
Mg kg-1DM*
Treatments
Cu Fe Mn Zn Cd Cr Ni Ph
Fish muscles
at the start :-
0.52 22.13 0.952 5.89 nd nd nd nd
at the end:-
Control Without DUM 0.62a ±0.04 22.75b ±0.16 0.960 a ±0.10 6.03b ±0.11 nd nd nd nd
a a a a
DUM Without NaOH 0.70 ±0.04 23.33 ±0.49 1.025 ±0.04 6.67 ±0.04 nd nd nd nd
a a a a
DUM With 1% NaOH 0.68 ±0.08 23.36 ±0.13 1.02 ±0.03 6.59 ±0.35 nd nd nd nd
DUM With 2% NaOH 0.62a ±0.03 23.12 ab ±0.16 0.99 a ±0.01 6.48a ±0.11 nd nd nd nd
DUM With 3% NaOH 0.65a ±0.02 23.10 ab ±0.03 0.97 a ±0.01 6.32ab ±0.13 nd nd nd nd
LSD(P<0.05) 0.09 0.52 0.09 0.39 nd nd nd nd
*a ,b and c Means in each column not sharing the same superscript per each species are significantly different (P < 0.05).
.

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Table (9)Chemical analysis (%) of dried Azolla meal (DAM) before and after treatment
in the 2nd experiment.
% on DM basis
Treatments
DM CP EE CF NDF ADF Ash NFE GE
Before treatment 94.7 25.0 3.9 14.0 42.7 33.4 12.00 45.1 363.6

After treatment :-
DAM 1% NaOH 94.9 25.1 3.9 13.7 41.6 32.5 12.4 44.9 364.0
DAM 2% NaOH 95.1 25.3 4.2 12.4 37.6 29.4 12.7 45.4 370.0
DAM 3% NaOH 95.5 25.5 4.4 11.6 36.5 28.4 12.9 45.6 371.4
DM: Dry matter CP: Crude Protein EE: Ether Extract
CF: Crude Fiber, NDF=Neutral detergent fiber ADF=Acid detergent fiber
NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract GE: Gross energy (Kcal/100g)

Table (10) Heavy metals (mg kg-1DM) of dried Azolla meal (DAM) before and after
treated with NaOH in the 2nd experiment.
Mg kg-1DM*
Treatments
Cu Fe Mn Zn Cr Ni
DAM Before treatment 6.53 45.12 9.74 23.25 1.88 0.135
DAM With 1% NaOH 5.48 40.89 6.11 19.75 1.73 0.085
DAM With 2% NaOH 4.11 37.50 4.66 16.11 1.64 0.057
DAM With 3% NaOH 3.15 33.12 3.71 13.95 1.32 0.031

Table (11) Chemical analysis (%) of the experimental diets used in the 2nd experiment.
% on DM basis
Treatments
CP EE CF Ash NFE GE
Control Without DAM 30.51 11.22 8.70 10.16 39.41 440.67
DAM Without NaOH 30.31 9.36 10.18 12.58 37.57 414.4

DAM With 1% NaOH 30.14 9.42 9.47 12.79 38.18 416.51


DAM With 2% NaOH 30.34 9.49 8.72 12.90 38.55 418.49
DAM With 3% NaOH 30.52 9.56 7.99 13.01 38.92 422.02
DAM =dried Azolla meal CP: Crude Protein EE: Ether Extract
CF Crude Fiber NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract GE: Gross energy (Kcal/100g)

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Table (12) Growth performance of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) in the 2nd experiment.
Live weight (g/fish)
Weight gain ADG SGR
Treatments
Initial Final (g/fish) (g/fish/day) (%/day)

Control Without DAM 2.79 a ±0.01 30.19b ± 0.04 27.40b ±0.04 0.33b ±0.01 2.84b ±0.01
a e e d
DAM Without NaOH 2.79 ±0.01 23. 81 ±0.23 21.01 ±0.67 0.25 ±0.01 2. 55e ±0.01
DAM With 1% NaOH 2.80 a ±0.02 26.72d ±0.09 23.92d ±0.09 0.28 c ±0.01 2.69d ±0.01
DAM With 2% NaOH 2.80 a ±0.01 29.15c ±0.29 26.36cb ±0.29 0.31b ±0.01 2.79c ±0.01
DAM With 3% NaOH 2.79 a ±0.01 33.12a ±0.09 30.33a ±0.07 0.36a ±0.00 2.95a ±0.01
LSD(P<0.05)* 0.01 0.55 0.55 0.02 0.02
*a ,b and c Means in each column not sharing the same superscript per each species are significantly different (P < 0.05).
DAM =dried Azolla meal ADG=Average daily gain (g/day/fish) SGR=Specific growth rate (%/day)

Table (13) Feed and nutrients utilization of Nile tilapia (O.niloticus) in the 2nd
experiment.
Feed utilization Protein utilization
EU
Treatments PPV
FI (g/fish) FCR PER %
%
Control Without
68.00b±0.14 2.49d± 0.01 1.31a± 0.01 18.12ab±0.17 11.97b±0.08
DAM
DAM Without NaOH 58.81d±0.02 2.80a±0.03 1.18d±0.01 16.35d±0.22 11.32c±0.20
c b c c
DAM With 1% NaOH 64.13 ±0.01 2.68 ±0.01 1.24 ±0.01 17.32 ±0.21 11.87b±0.13
b c b b
DAM With 2% NaOH 68.50 ±0.02 2.59 ±0.05 1.27 ±0.02 17.86 ±0.16 12.24ab±0.12
a d a a
DAM With 3% NaOH 75.84 ±0.02 2.50 ±0.01 1.31 ±0.00 18.62 ±0.01 12.76a±0.08
LSD(P<0.05)* 0.21 0.06 0.02 0.52 0.52
*a ,b and c Means in each column not sharing the same superscript per each species are significantly different (P <
0.05).
DAM =dried Azolla meal FI: Feed intake FCR: Feed conversion ratio
PER: Protein efficiency ratio PPV: Protein productive value EU: Energy utilization

Table (14) Carcass analysis (%) of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) in the 2nd experiment.
Dry Matter CP EE Ash EC
Treatments
% % % % (kcal/100g)
At the start :- 22.4 54.01 22.73 23.25 519
At the end :-
Control Without DAM 25.02a ± 0.02 54.93a ± 0.93 25.17ab ± 0.17 19.90a ± 1.10 548.63b ± 6.85
DAM Without NaOH 25.02a ± 0.02 55.12a ± 0.22 25.58 a ± 0.51 19.30a ± 0.17 552.90a ± 5.82
DAM With 1% NaOH 25.02a ± 0.19 55.37a ± 0.37 25.36ab ± 0.04 19.27a ± 0.37 552.2a ± 1.75
DAM With 2% NaOH 25.17a ± 0.40 55.58a ± 0.08 25.11bc ± 0.11 19.31a ± 0.01 551.1a ± 1.50
DAM With 3% NaOH 25.35a ± 0.24 55.71a ± 0.01 24.93b ± 0.17 19.36a ± 0.00 550.10ab ± 1.50
LSD(P<0.05)* 0.40 0.41 0.84 0.96 5.94
*a ,b and c Means in each column not sharing the same superscript per each species are significantly different (P < 0.05).
DAM =dried Azolla meal CP=crude protein EE=Ether extract EC=Energy content (Kcal /100g)

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Table (15) Heavy metals (mg kg-1DM) of Nile tilapia muscles at the start and the end of the
2nd experiment.
Mg kg-1 DM
Treatments
Cu Fe Mn Zn
Fish muscles at start :- 0.52 22.13 0.952 5.89

Fish muscles at the end:-


Control Without DAM 0.62d±0.04 22.75c±0.16 0.96c±0.10 6.03c±0.11
DAM Without NaOH 1.14a±0.11 28.71a±0.08 1.37a±0.20 7.78a±0.34
DAM With 1% NaOH 0.95ab±0.07 26.23b±1.44 1.20ab±0.06 7.23ab±0.33
DAM With 2% NaOH 0.87bc±0.14 25.25b±0.18 1.12bc±0.02 6.72b±0.25
DAM With 3% NaOH 0.68cd±0.06 23.41c±0.01 1.03bc±0.02 6.15c±0.21

LSD(P<0.05)* 0.19 1.38 0.22 0.55

*a ,b and c Means in each column not sharing the same superscript per each species are significantly different
(P < 0.05).
DAM =dried Azolla meal

353
‫‪Eman H. Labib et al‬‬

‫أﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر ﻟﺘﺤﺴ ﯿﻦ اﻷﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق اﻟﻌﺸ ﺐ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺮي )أوﻟﻔ ﺎ( وﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق ﺳ ﺮﺧﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ )اﻵزوﻻ( ﻓﻰ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ أﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﺒﻠﻄﻰ اﻟﻨﯿﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻟﺒﯿﺐ ‪ ،‬إﯾﻤﺎن ﺣﻠﻤﻰ‪ ، 1‬ﻣﺒﺮوك‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﯿﺪ ‪ ،‬و زﻛﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ‬
‫‪1‬ﻣﻌﮭﺪ ﺑﺤ ﻮث اﻷﻧﺘ ﺎج اﻟﺤﯿ ﻮاﻧﻰ –ﻣﺮﻛ ﺰ اﻟﺒﺤ ﻮث اﻟﺰراﻋﯿ ﺔ – وزارة اﻟﺰراﻋ ﺔ وأﺳﺘﺼ ﻼح اﻷراﺿ ﻰ –اﻟ ﺪﻗﻰ ‪-‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﯿﺰة – ﻣﺼﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﻣﻌﮭﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺒﺤﺎر واﻟﻤﺼﺎﯾﺪ – اﻷﻧﻔﻮﺷﻰ –اﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪرﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ – اﻟﺸﺎﻃﺒﻰ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷﺳﻜﻨﺪرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻟﻌﺸ ﺐ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺮي أوﻟﻔ ﺎ اﻟﺠ ﺎف وﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق ﺳ ﺮﺧﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ آزوﻻ اﻟﺠﺎف اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ أو ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﺑﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼ ﻮدﯾﻮم وذﻟ ﻚ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻐﺬﯾ ﺔ أﺻ ﺒﻌﯿﺎت أﺳ ﻤﺎك اﻟﺒﻠﻄ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﮭﯿﺰ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻋﻸﺋﻖ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ )‪ %30‬ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ ﺧﺎم( اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ) ﻋﻠﯿﻘ ﺔ ﻗﯿﺎﺳ ﯿﺔ( ﺑ ﺪون ‪ % 10‬ﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻔ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎف أو ﻣﺴﺤﻮق ﺳﺮﺧﺲ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺎف ‪.‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻖ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﮭﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻒ اﻟﺠﺎف ) اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ) ﻋﻠﯿﻘﺔ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %10‬ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻔﺎ اﻟﺠﺎف ﺑﺪون ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ( أﻣﺎ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻸﺋﻖ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﯿﺔ ﻋﻮﻟﺠﺖ‪10‬‬
‫‪ %‬ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻔﺎ اﻟﺠﺎف ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ‪ %3 ، %2 ، %1‬ﺑﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ( ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻖ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﮭﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺤﻮق ﺳﺮﺧﺲ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺎف ) اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ) ﻋﻠﯿﻘﺔ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %20‬ﺳﺮﺧﺲ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺎف ﺑﺪون ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ( أﻣﺎ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻸﺋﻖ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﯿﺔ ‪ %20‬ﺳﺮﺧﺲ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺎف ﺑﺪون‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ‪ %3 ، %2 ، %1‬ﺑﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ (‪ .‬وﺗﻢ رﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻵﺳﻤﺎك ﻓﻰ ‪ 27‬ﺣﻮض زﺟﺎﺟﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫‪ 100‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﻮض ﺑﻮاﻗﻊ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻜﺮرات ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 84‬ﯾﻮم ‪ .‬وﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻋﺸﺮة أﺻﺒﻌﯿﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﺒﻠﻄ ﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ وزن ‪ 0,014 ± 2,79‬ﺟﺮام‪/‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ ‪ .‬وﻏ ﺬﯾﺖ اﻷﺳ ﻤﺎك ﺛﻼﺛ ﺔ ﻣ ﺮات ﯾﻮﻣﯿ ﺎ ) ‪ 6‬أﯾ ﺎم ﻓ ﻰ اﻷﺳ ﺒﻮع (‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ‪ % 3‬ﻣﻦ وزن ﺟﺴﻢ اﻵﺳﻤﺎك ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف ‪.‬‬
‫وأﺷﺎرت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻰ أن ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﻤﻐﺬاة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻼف اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %10‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻔﺎ اﻟﺠﺎف ‪ %20 ،‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻵزوﻻ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴ ﯿﺪ اﻟﺼ ﺪﯾﻮم ﺑﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ ‪ %3‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠ ﻒ ﺑﺪرﺟ ﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﻤﻐ ﺬاة ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻘ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ أدى زﯾﺎدة ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻔﺎ اﻟﺠﺎف وﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻵزوﻻ اﻟﺠ ﺎف إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﻤﺄﻛﻮل )ﺟﺮام ‪ /‬ﺳﻤﻜﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺪل ﻛﻔ ﺎءة اﻟﺒ ﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒ ﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‪ ،‬اﻹﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫وﺣﺴﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وأﺷﺎرت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﯾﻀﺎً أن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿ ﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺳ ﻤﺎك اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻏ ﺬﯾﺖ ﺳ ﻮاء ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻷﻋ ﻼف اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻔ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠ ﺎف أو ﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق اﻵزوﻻ اﻟﺠ ﺎف اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ أو ﻏﯿ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ ﺑﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴ ﯿﺪ اﻟﺼ ﺪﯾﻮم‪ ،‬ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻜ ﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺤﺘ ﻮى ﺟﺴ ﻢ‬
‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﯿﻦ‪ .‬وإن زﯾﺎدة ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬اﻟﻰ ‪ %3‬أدى‬
‫إﻟﻰ إﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﺟﺴﻢ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪھﻦ واﻟﺮﻣﺎد ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻣﺤﺘ ﻮى ﺟﺴ ﻢ اﻷﺳ ﻤﺎك ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻟ ﻢ ﯾﺤﻘ ﻖ أى إﺧﺘﻼﻓ ﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ‪.‬ﻟﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك أى ﻓﺮوق ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﺟﺴﻢ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪھﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﻤﻐﺬاه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻔﺎ اﻟﺠﺎف ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎك ﻓﺮوق ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﻤﻐﺬاه ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﺋ ﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق‬
‫اﻵزوﻻ اﻟﺠﺎف وان اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻵزوﻻ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %1‬ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ ﺻﻮدﯾﻮم ﻗ ﺪ ﺳ ﺠﻠﺖ أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﺟﺴﻢ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪھﻦ ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﯾﻨﺼ ﺢ ﺑ ﺈﺣﻼل ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت ﻋﻠﯿﻘ ﺔ أﺳ ﻤﺎك اﻟﺒﻠﻄ ﻰ اﻟﻨﯿﻠ ﻰ ﺑﻨﺴ ﺒﺔ ‪ %10‬ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق اﻷوﻟﻔ ﺎ اﻟﺠ ﺎف أو‪ % 20‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺴ ﺤﻮق اﻵزوﻻ اﻟﺠ ﺎف اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ ﺑﻤﺴ ﺘﻮى ‪ % 3‬ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴ ﯿﺪ ﺻ ﻮدﯾﻮم ﺑ ﺪﻻ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻮل اﻟﺼﻮﯾﺎ وﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻤﺎك‪.‬‬

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