Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
of
Machine Foundations
USC
Thanks To:
Prof Richard D
Prof. D. Woods
Woods, Notre Dame Univ
Univ.
Prof. F.E. Richart, Jr.
USC
T i for
Topics f Today
T d
Fundamentals
Modeling
Properties
Performance
USC
F
Foundation
d ti Movement
M t
Z
Y
θ
φ
X
ψ
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Design Questions (1/4)
H D
How Does It Fail?
F il?
Static Settlement
Dynamic Motion Too Large (0.02 mm is large)
Settlements Caused By Dynamic Motion
Liquefaction
What Are Maximum Values of Failure?
(Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement)
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Design-Performance USC
Velocity
y Requirements
q
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
D i Q
Design Questions
ti (2/4)
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Design Questions (3/4)
How Do We Measure What Is Necessary?
Full Scale Tests
Prototype Tests
Small Scale Tests (Centrifuge)
L b t
Laboratory Tests
T t (Specific
(S ifi Parameters)
P t )
Numerical Simulation
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
USC
Design Questions (4/4)
What Factor of Safety Do We Use?
Does FOS Have Meaning
What Happens After There Is Failure
Loss of Life
Loss of Property
Loss of Production
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
r -2 r -2 r -0.5
+
Rayleigh wave
+ Vertical Horizontal
component component
Shear Relative
- + wave + - p
amplitude
r -1
+
+
r
Shear r -1 Wave Type
yp Percentage
g of
window
Total Energy
Rayleigh 67
Waves Shear 26
Compression 7
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Modeling Foundations
Lumped Parameter (m,c,k) Block System
Parameters Constant, Layer, Special
p
Impedance Functions
Function of Frequency (ω), Layers
Boundary Elements (BEM)
Infinite Boundary, Interactions, Layers
Fi it Element/Hybrid
Finite El t/H b id (FEM,
(FEM FEM-BEM)
FEM BEM)
Complex Geometry, Non-linear Soil
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Lumped Parameter
P Po sin( t )
r
m m
c k
Gνρ
m z c z kz P0 sin( t )
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
SDOF
Adynamic
Mag
Astatic
1
2 2
2
1 2 D
n n
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Lumped Parameter System
Z mz z cz z k z z P0 sin( t )
k
n
Cz Kz m
Kx
Iψ m X
ψ
Cx
Kψ D c ccr ccr 2 k m
Cψ/2 Cψ/2
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Lumped Parameter Values
Mode Vertical Horizontal Rocking Torsion
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Mass Ratio
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Design Example 1
VERTICAL COMPRESSOR
Unbalanced Forces
•Vertical Primanry = 7720 lb
•Vertical Secondary = 1886 lb
•Horzontal Primaryy = 104 lb
•Horizontal Secondary = 0 lb
Operating Speed = 450 rpm
Wt Machine + Motor = 10 900 lb Soil Properties
Shear Wave Velocity Vs = 680 ft/sec
DESIGN CRITERION:
Smooth Operation
p At Speed
p Shear Modulus, G = 11 000 psi
Velocity <0.10 in/sec Density, γ = 110 lb/ft3
Displacement < 0.002 in Poisson's Ratio, ν = 0.33
Jump
J tto Ch
Chartt
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Q0 (1 )Q0 0.667(7720 1885)
Azs 0.002"
kz 4Gr 4 11 000 r
r 72.8" 6.07'
Try a 15 x 8 x 3 foundation block, Area = 120 ft2 and r = 6.18 ft
Weight = 54,000
54 000 lb Total Weight = 54 000 + 10 900 = 64 900
(1 ) W g 0.67 64 900
mˆ 0.42
4r g 4 1106.18
3 3
0.425 1
D 0.66 M z 1.0 Jump to Figure
mˆ 2D
Az dynamic Az static 0.002"
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Design Example - Table Top
18
18'
W=550 000 lb
Q0=400 lb
Iψ=2.88 x 106 ft-lb-sec2
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Horizontal Translation Only
4cd 4 18 34 2 m
E i l t
Equivanlen r 13.96 ft
f mˆ 0.38
8 r 3
0.288 Q Q 2
D 1/ 2
0.465 Mag x 1.0 Ax static 0 0 3.0 105 in
ˆ
m kx 8 Gr
32.2
0.15
D 0.09 Mag 5.6 Static Moment M o 400 18 7200 ft lbs.
(1 mˆ ) mˆ
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
M o 7200 3(0.67) 0.50
Static Angular Deflection s 6 rad
k 2.9 10 8
10
0.50
Horizontal Motion Axs s h 6
( 18 12 ) 1.0 10 4
in
10
At Resonance 5.6(1.0 10 4 ) 5.6 10 4 in.
5
Damping = 9%
4
Mag
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
OmegaRatio
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Impedance Methods
Basedd on Elasto-Dynamic
B El t D i S
Solutions
l ti
Compute Frequency-Dependent Impedance
Values (Complex-Valued)
Solved By Boundary Integral Methods
Require Uniform, Single Layer or Special Soil
Property Distribution
Solved For Many Foundation Types
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Impedance Functions
P Poeit Po cos( t ) i sin( t )
Sz
Rz 2K
Sz K i C K STATIC k ( ) i C DSOIL
Az
Soil Damping
Radiation Damping
Jump Wave
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Impedance Functions
r
a0 r
G Vs
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Layer
y
Effects
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Impedance Functions
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Boundary Element
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
B-Spline Impulse Response Approach
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
M z K z peit z Zeit then
K M Z p
2
Finite/Hybrid
Model
G* G 1 2 2 2i 1 2
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Dynamic p-y Curves
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Soil Properties
Shear Modulus, G and Damping Ratio, D
Soil Type
Confining Stress
Void Ratio
Strain Level
Field: Cross-Hole, Down-Hole, Surface
Analysis of Seismic Waves SASW
Laboratory: Resonant Column, Torsional
Simple Shear,
Shear Bender Elements
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Oscilloscope
Crosshole Testing
ASTM D 4428
Pump
t
Shear Wave Velocity:
Vs = x/t
Downhole
Hammer
(Source) Velocity
Test Transducer
D h
Depth (Geophone
Receiver)
packer
x
Slope p
Slope
Note: Verticality of casing Inclinometer Inclinometer
must be established by
slope inclinometers to correct PVC-cased PVC-cased
distances x with depth. Borehole Borehole USC
Resonant Column Test
G D for Different γ
G,
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Torsional Shear Test
Schematic Stress-Strain
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Hollow Cylinder RC-TOSS
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
TOSS Test Results
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Steam Turbine-Generator
(Moreschi and Farzam, 2003)
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Machine Foundation Design Criteria
Deflection criteria: maintain turbine-generator
alignment during machine operating conditions
Dynamic criteria: ensure that no resonance
condition is encountered during machine
operating conditions Jump to Resonance
Strength
g criteria: reinforced concrete design
g
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
STG Pedestal Structure
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Vibration Properties
p Evaluation
Identification of the foundation natural
frequencies for the dominant modes
Frequency exclusion zones for the natural
frequencies of the foundation system and
i di id l structural
individual t t l members b (±20%)
Eigenvalue
g analysis:
y natural frequencies,
q ,
mode shapes, and mass participation
factors
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Finite Element Model
Structure and Base
Z
Y X
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Low Frequency
q y Modes
1st mode
6.5 Hz
95 % mm.p.f.
pf
2nd mode
7.2 Hz
76 % m.p.f
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
High
g Frequency
q y Modes
Q
Quantification
f off changes
g
on vibration properties due
to foundation modifications
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
ATST Telescope and FE Model
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Assumptions in FE analyses
Optics Lab mass/Instrument weight = 228 tons
Wind mean force = 75 N, RMS = 89 N
Ground base excitation PSD = 0.004 g2/hz
Concrete
C t Pier
Pi
High Strength Concrete (E=3.11010 N/m2,
=0.15)
0 15)
Soil Stiffness, k
Four different values using Arya & O’Neil’s
formula based on the site test data (Shear
modulus:30~75ksi,
d l 30 75k i Poisson’s
P i ’ ratio:0.35~0.45)
ti 0 35 0 45)
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Frequency vs Soil Stiffness
Stiffness units = SI, frequency mode (hz)
Stiffness min m in+33.3% m in+66.6% max
Kx 1 19E+10
1.19E+10 1.83E+10
1 83E+10 2.48E+10
2 48E+10 3 12E+10
3.12E+10
Ky 1.19E+10 1.83E+10 2.48E+10 3.12E+10
Kz 1.48E+10 2.45E+10 3.41E+10 4.38E+10
Krx 1.34E+12 2.21E+12 3.09E+12 3.96E+12
K
Kry 1 34E+12
1.34E+12 2 21E+12
2.21E+12 3 09E+12
3.09E+12 3 96E+12
3.96E+12
MODE Krz 1.74E+12 2.61E+12 3.49E+12 4.36E+12
1 6.3 7.0 7.4 7.5
2 6.4 7.1 7.5 7.7
3 9.4 9.7 9.9 10
4 9.4 10.3 11.1 11.8
5 10.4 11.9 12.6 13.3
6 11.2 13.0 13.6 13.7
• Soil property range: Shear modulus (30~75ksi), Poisson’s ratio (0.35~0.45)
• Pier Footing: Diameter (23.3m)
(23 3m)
• “min” for shear modulus of 30 ksi; “max” for 75 ksi
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Summary and Conclusions (Cho, 2005)
1. High fidelity FE models were created
2. Relative mirror motions from zenith to horizon pointing: about 400 m in
t l ti andd 60 rad
translation d iin rotation.
t ti
3. Natural frequency changes by 2 hz as height changes by 10m.
4. Wind buffeting effects caused by dynamic portion (fluctuation) of wind
5. Modal
d l responses sensitive
i i to stiffness
iff off bearings
b i andd drive
d i disks
di k
6. Soil characteristics were the dominant influences in modal
behavior of the telescopes.
7. Fundamental Frequency (for a lowest soil stiffness):
OSS=20.5hz; OSS+base=9.9hz; SS+base+Coude+soil=6.3hz
8. A seismic analysis
y was made with a sample p PSD
9. ATST structure assembly is adequately designed:
1. Capable of supporting the OSS
2. Dynamically
y y stiff enough
g to hold the optics
p stable
3. Not significantly vulnerable to wind loadings
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Free-Field Analytical Solutions
L0V 2 r
u z (r , ,0) i 3 RV (a0 ) H 0
ur 2 CR
uz
M 0V 2 r
ur (r , ,0) i RV (a0 ) H1
2 3
CR
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Trench
Isolation
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance USC
Celibi et al (in press)
USC
Th k
Thank-you
Questions?
USC
r -2 r -2 r -0.5
+
Rayleigh wave
+ Vertical Horizontal
component component
Shear Relative
- + wave + - p
amplitude
r -1
+
+
r
Shear r -1
window Wave Type Percentage of
Total Energy
Rayleigh 67
Shear
Sh 26
Compression 7
USC
Waves
Rayleigh,
R l i h R
Surface
Shear,S
Shear S
Secondary
Compression, P
Primary
USC
Machine Performance Chart
Performance Zones
A=No Faults, New
B=Minor Faults,
Good Condition
C = Faulty, Correct
In 10 Days To Save
0 002
0.002 $$
D = Failure Is Near,
Correct In 2 Days
E = Stop Now
450
USC