Presentation

Development of a
creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen Gorash M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Development of a creep-damage model Basic Assumptions
for non-isothermal long-term strength analysis Constitutive
Modeling
of high-temperature components
Failure Criteria
operating in a wide stress range
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
Vorstellung der Dissertationsarbeit

Zentrum für Ingenieurwissenschaften
Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
21.07.2008
slide # 1 of 57
c Lehrstuhl für Technische Mechanik, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, 21. Juli 2008

Contents
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Basic Assumptions
Phenomenological Approach to Creep Modeling Development of a
creep-damage
Creep Deformation Mechanisms model for
non-isothermal
3 Constitutive Modeling of Creep and Damage long-term strength
analysis of
Steady State Creep Modeling high-temperature
components
Stress Relaxation Problem operating in a wide
stress range
Primary Creep Modeling M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Tertiary Creep Modeling
Introduction
4 Long-Term Failure Criteria
Basic Assumptions
Usual Approach to Failure Criteria Constitutive
Stress-Dependent Failure Criterion Modeling
Non-Isothermal Multi-Axial Creep-Damage Model Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
5 Example of Structural Creep Analysis Conclusions
Structural Model Description

Analysis of FE-Simulation Results
6 Conclusions and Outlook
slide # 2 of 57

Contents
2 Basic Assumptions
creep-damage
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
stress range
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Creep in Structures

slide # 2 of 57

Contents
2 Basic Assumptions
creep-damage
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
stress range
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Creep in Structures

slide # 2 of 57

Contents
2 Basic Assumptions
creep-damage
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
stress range
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Creep in Structures

slide # 2 of 57

Contents
2 Basic Assumptions
creep-damage
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
stress range
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Creep in Structures

slide # 2 of 57

Contents
2 Basic Assumptions
creep-damage
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
stress range
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Creep in Structures

slide # 2 of 57

Introduction
Creep in Different Classes of Design
Development of a
T T creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
s long-term strength
s analysis of
s p high-temperature
components
w operating in a wide
s stress range
s s M.Sc. Yevgen
Buckling-limited Gorash
Displacement-limited
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Failure-limited Constitutive
Modeling
T
Failure Criteria
s Creep in Structures
p p
Conclusions
T
Relaxation-limited
slide # 3 of 57

Phenomenological Modeling
σ = const, T = const
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
Fracture non-isothermal
long-term strength
Creep Strain
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
σ2 > σ1 σ1 stress range
Tertiary
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Secondary Phenomenological
Primary Modeling
Creep Mechanisms
Time Constitutive
Modeling
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
slide # 4 of 57

Development of a
creep-damage
model for
long-term strength
Creep Strain
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
Tertiary
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
ε̇cr
min = gε (σ, T) Phenomenological
Primary Modeling
Creep Mechanisms
Time Constitutive
Modeling
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
slide # 4 of 57

Development of a
creep-damage
model for
long-term strength
Creep Strain
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
Tertiary
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
ε̇cr
min = gε (σ, H, T) Phenomenological
Ḣ = gH (σ, H, T) Modeling
Creep Mechanisms
Time Constitutive
Modeling
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
slide # 4 of 57

Development of a
creep-damage
ω = ω∗ model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
Creep Strain
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
ω̇ = gω (σ, H, ω, T)
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
ε̇cr
min = gε (σ, H, ω, T) Phenomenological
Ḣ = gH (σ, H, ω, T) Modeling
Creep Mechanisms
Time Constitutive
Modeling
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
slide # 4 of 57

Development of a
creep-damage
ω = ω∗ model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
Creep Strain
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
ω̇ = gω (σ, H, ω, T)
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
ε̇cr
min = gε (σ, H, ω, T) Phenomenological
Ḣ = gH (σ, H, ω, T) Modeling
Creep Mechanisms
Time Constitutive
Modeling
 cr Failure Criteria
 ε̇ = gε (σ, H, ω, T), εcr
t=0 = 0 Constitutive Equation Creep in Structures
Ḣ = gH (σ, H, ω, T), Ht=0 = 0 Evolution Equation (Hardening/Recovery) Conclusions
ω̇ = gω (σ, H, ω, T), ωt=0 = 0 Evolution Equation (Softening/Damage)

slide # 4 of 57

Schematic Deformation-Mechanisms Map
Deformation Mechanisms Response Functions
10−1 Theoretical Strength

Qc
ε̇4 ε̇ ∝ exp − σn
ε̇4 > ε̇3 > ε̇2 > ε̇1 RT
Plasticity ε̇3
ε̇2 Frost and Ashby (1982)
10−2 Yield Strength ε̇1 Development of a
Breakdown
Qc creep-damage
ε̇ ∝ exp − σ
Solidus Temperature
model for
RT non-isothermal
LT HT Nabarro (1948), Herring (1950), long-term strength
Power-law Creep analysis of
10−3
Dorn (1957), Harper (1958), high-temperature
σeq /G
Coble (1963), Lifshitz (1963) components

operating in a wide
Qc stress range
10−4 ε̇ ∝ exp − sinh(A σ)
RT M.Sc. Yevgen
Elasticity
Gorash
Diffusional Flow Dyson (1998, 2001)
Introduction
10−5 Qc
(Grain Boundary) (Lattice)
ε̇ ∝ exp − exp(C σ) Basic Assumptions
RT
Phenomenological
Sherby (1967) Modeling
Creep Mechanisms
10 −6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Constitutive
T/Tm Modeling
LT – Low temperature creep (Dislocation creep + diffusion) Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
HT – High temperature creep (Dislocation creep + lattice diffusion)
Conclusions
After: Frost and Ashby (1982), François et al. (1993), Nabarro and Villiers (1995),
Ashby and Jones (1996), Ashby et al. (2007), Rösler et al. (2007)
slide # 5 of 57

Stress Dependence of the Min. Creep Rate
Schematic illustration of the “power-law” dependence
Development of a
Power-law creep-damage
Diffusional flow or model for
creep or non-isothermal
“Harper-Dorn” creep
“viscous glide” long-term strength
n3 analysis of
Minimum Creep Rate (ε̇cr)
n1 < n2 < n3 high-temperature

components
n1 ∼ 1 operating in a wide
experimental
stress range
creep tests
Low-alloy steels:
M.Sc. Yevgen
2 ≤ n2 ≤ 8 Gorash
Power-law
n3 > 8 breakdown
experimental
Introduction
creep tests
High-alloy steels:
Basic Assumptions
8 ≤ n2 ≤ 12
operating
n2
technical
Phenomenological
region
n3 > 12 Modeling
Creep Mechanisms
polation
Constitutive
extra-
Modeling
n1 Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
Stress (σ)
After: Dimmler et al. (2002), Langdon (2002), Ashby et al. (2007)
slide # 6 of 57

Reported Steady State Creep Exp. Data
Stress and temperature dependence of the min. ε̇cr

−Q
ε̇cr = A σn exp ,
RT Development of a
creep-damage
where A and n are stress-independent creep constants, Q is a characteristic activation model for
energy and R = 8.314 is the universal gas constant. non-isothermal
A1 , n1 , Q1 – creep constants corresponding to diffusional flow long-term strength
analysis of
A2 , n2 , Q2 – creep constants corresponding to power-law creep high-temperature
A3 , n3 , Q3 – creep constants corresponding to power-law breakdown components
operating in a wide
stress range
Reported values of n and Q for low-alloy steels M.Sc. Yevgen

Gorash
System of steel Temp., Low-stress region High-stress region Ref. Introduction

◦
C n2 Q2 ,kJ/mole n3 Q3 ,kJ/mole
Basic Assumptions
1 14 Cr- 12 Mo 510–620 4 400 10 625 [1] Phenomenological
Modeling
2 14 Cr-1Mo 565 2.5 — 12 — [2] Creep Mechanisms
Cr-Mo-V 550–600 4.9 326 14.3 503 [3] Constitutive

Modeling
Fe-V-C 440–575 2.7 304 9.5 620 [4]
Failure Criteria
Cr-Ni-Mn 600–750 1.5–2 400-470 5.6 — [5]
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
Reference:
[1] Viswanathan (1977); [2] Cane (1979); [3] Foldyna et al. (1974); [4] Collins (1974);
[5] Asbury and Willoughby (1974).
slide # 7 of 57

Reported Steady State Creep Exp. Data
Stress and temperature dependence of the min. ε̇cr

−Q
ε̇cr = A σn exp ,
RT Development of a
creep-damage
where A and n are stress-independent creep constants, Q is a characteristic activation model for
energy and R = 8.314 is the universal gas constant. non-isothermal
A1 , n1 , Q1 – creep constants corresponding to diffusional flow long-term strength
analysis of
A2 , n2 , Q2 – creep constants corresponding to power-law creep high-temperature
A3 , n3 , Q3 – creep constants corresponding to power-law breakdown components
operating in a wide
stress range
Reported values of n and Q for high-alloy steels M.Sc. Yevgen

Gorash
System of steel Temp., Low-stress region High-stress region Ref. Introduction

◦
C n1 Q1 ,kJ/mole n2 Q2 ,kJ/mole
Basic Assumptions
9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb 600–650 1 200 12 600 [1] Phenomenological
Modeling
20Cr-25Ni-Nb 750 3–4.7 465–532 8–12 440–494 [2] Creep Mechanisms
18Cr-10Ni-C 500–750 1 160 6 285 [3] Constitutive

Modeling
18Cr-12Ni-Mo 650–750 1 150-200 7 400-430 [4]
Failure Criteria
γ’ austenitic 600 4.5 — 13 — [5]
Creep in Structures
Reference: Conclusions
[1] Sklenicka et al. (2005), Kloc et al. (1998), Kloc and Fiala (2005); [2] McLauchlin (1974);
[3] Beckitt et al. (1974); [4] Kloc et al. (2001); [5] Threadgill and Wilshire (1974).
slide # 7 of 57

Creep Deformation Mechanism Map
9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb (ASTM P91) Heat Resistant Steel
200
Power-law Development of a
creep-damage
Creep model for
non-isothermal
100 long-term strength
Application 10−9 s−1 analysis of
high-temperature
Stress (σ), MPa
Area Linear components

50 operating in a wide
stress range
(Viscous)
M.Sc. Yevgen
Creep Gorash
−10 −1
10 s Introduction
20
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
Modeling
10 Secondary Creep
10−11 s−1 Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
5
Failure Criteria
550 600 650 700
Creep in Structures
Temperature (T), ◦C Conclusions
After Kloc et al. (1998)
slide # 8 of 57

Exp. Minimum Creep Strain Rate vs. Stress
Application Range
Low Moderate High
Development of a
10 creep-damage
model for
1 Exp. data at 600◦C after [1,2,3] non-isothermal
Exp. data at 625◦C after [1,4] long-term strength
), 1/h
analysis of
Exp. data at 650◦C after [1,5]
-1
10 high-temperature
Transition from viscous creep components
Minimum Creep Rate (ε̇min
10-2 operating in a wide

cr
to power-law creep mechanism stress range

-3
10 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
12
10-4
Introduction
10-5 Basic Assumptions
1
-6
10 Constitutive
Modeling
-7 Secondary Creep
10 Stress Relaxation
1 Primary Creep
10-8
1 Tertiary Creep
-9 Failure Criteria
10
1 10 100 1000 Creep in Structures
Stress (σ), MPa
Conclusions
Reference: [1] Kloc & Sklenička (1997); [2] Kloc & Sklenička (2004);
[3] Sklenička et al. (2005); [4] Gaffard et al. (2005); [5] Kloc & Fiala (2005).
slide # 9 of 57

Minimum Creep Rate vs. Stress for 600◦ C
Application Range
Low Moderate High Development of a
creep-damage
10 model for
experimental data, after non-isothermal
long-term strength
1 Kloc et al. (2004) and Sklenička et al. (2005) analysis of
high-temperature
a1 = 2.5 · 10−9 MPa−1/h
), 1/h
ε̇ = a1σ, σ ≤ σ0 ,
10-1 components
operating in a wide
ε̇ = a2σ 12, σ > σ0, a2 = 2.5 · 10−31 MPa−12/h stress range
-2
10
cr
M.Sc. Yevgen
-3 Gorash
10
12 Introduction
10-4
Basic Assumptions
-5
10 Constitutive
σ0 1 Modeling
-6
10 Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
10-7 Tertiary Creep
-8
1 Failure Criteria
10
1 Creep in Structures
-9
10 Conclusions
1 10 100 1000
Stress (σ), MPa
slide # 10 of 57

Application Range
creep-damage
10 model for
long-term strength
high-temperature
a1 = 2.5 · 10−9 MPa−1/h
), 1/h
ε̇ = a1σ, σ ≤ σ0 ,
10-1 components
operating in a wide
-2
10
cr
M.Sc. Yevgen
-3
ε̇ = A sinh(Bσ), A = 4.5 · 10−8 1/h, B = 0.05 MPa−1 Gorash
10
12 Introduction
10-4
Basic Assumptions
-5
10 Constitutive
σ0 1 Modeling
-6
10 Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
10-7 Tertiary Creep
-8
1 Failure Criteria
10
-9
10 Conclusions
1 10 100 1000
Stress (σ), MPa
slide # 11 of 57

Application Range
creep-damage
10 model for
long-term strength
high-temperature
a1 = 2.5 · 10−9 MPa−1/h
), 1/h
ε̇ = a1σ, σ ≤ σ0 ,
10-1 components
operating in a wide
-2
10
cr
M.Sc. Yevgen
-3
ε̇ = A sinh(Bσ), A = 4.5 · 10−8 1/h, B = 0.05 MPa−1 Gorash
10 11!
σ
ε̇ = a1σ 1 + , σ0 = 100 MPa 12 Introduction
10-4 σ0
Basic Assumptions
-5
10 Constitutive
σ0 1 Modeling
-6
10 Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
10-7 Tertiary Creep
-8
1 Failure Criteria
10
-9
10 Conclusions
1 10 100 1000
Stress (σ), MPa
slide # 12 of 57

Isothermal Creep Constitutive Model
Double power-law for a fixed temperature value Development of a

" creep-damage
n2 −n1 # model for
σ
ε̇cr = A1 σ n1 1 + ⇐⇒ ε̇cr = A1 σ n1 + A2 σ n2 , non-isothermal
long-term strength
σ0 analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
stress range
1
A1 A1 n2 −n1
M.Sc. Yevgen
where A2 = ⇐⇒ σ0 = Gorash
(σ0 )n2 −n1 A2
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
◦
and creep constants of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb (ASTM P91) steel for 600 C: Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
A1 = 2.5 · 10−9 MPa−1 /h, A2 = 2.5 · 10−31 MPa−12 /h, Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
n1 = 1, n2 = 12 Tertiary Creep
and transition stress σ0 = 100 MPa Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
slide # 13 of 57

Non-isothermal creep constitutive model
Non-isothermal double power-law
" n2 −n1 #
cr σ
ε̇ = A1 (T) σ n1
1+ ⇐⇒ ε̇cr = A1 (T) σ n1 + A2 (T) σ n2 , Development of a
σ0 (T) creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
the temperature dependence is expressed by Arrhenius functions: analysis of
high-temperature
−Q1 −Q2
A1 (T) = A01 exp and A2 (T) = A02 exp , components
operating in a wide
RT RT stress range
1 M.Sc. Yevgen
A1 (T) A1 (T) n2 −n1 Gorash
where A2 (T) = ⇐⇒ σ 0 (T) = or
[σ0 (T)]n2 −n1 A2 (T) Introduction
−Qσ
temperature dependent transition stress: σ0 (T) = Aσ exp , Basic Assumptions
RT Constitutive
1 Modeling
A01 n2 −n1 Q1 − Q2
where Aσ = and Qσ = Secondary Creep
A02 n2 − n1 Stress Relaxation

Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
and creep constants of P91 steel for a wide temperature range:
Failure Criteria
A01 = 2300 MPa−1 /h, Q1 = 200000 J · mol−1 ,
Creep in Structures
Aσ = 0.658 MPa, Qσ = 36364 J · mol−1 , n1 = 1, n2 = 12 Conclusions
and universal gas constant R = 8.314472 J · K−1 · mol−1
slide # 14 of 57

Non-isothermal Creep Constitutive Model
Application Range
Low Moderate High
Development of a
10 creep-damage
model for
1 Exp. data at 600◦C after [1,2,3] non-isothermal
long-term strength
), 1/h
analysis of
-1
10 high-temperature
Transition from viscous creep components
operating in a wide
10-2
cr
to power-law creep mechanism stress range

Model at 600◦C
10-3 Model at 625◦C M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Model at 650◦C 12
10-4
Introduction
10-5 Basic Assumptions
1
-6 Constitutive
10 Modeling
Secondary Creep
10-7 Stress Relaxation
1 Primary Creep
10-8 Tertiary Creep
1
-9 Failure Criteria
10
1 10 100 1000 Creep in Structures
Stress (σ), MPa
Conclusions
Reference: [1] Kloc & Sklenička (1997); [2] Kloc & Sklenička (2004);
[3] Sklenička et al. (2005); [4] Gaffard et al. (2005); [5] Kloc & Fiala (2005).
slide # 15 of 57

Stress Relaxation Experiments for 500◦ C
12Cr-1Mo-1W-0.25V Steel Bolting Material
450
Development of a
400 Total strain: creep-damage
model for
0.25% non-isothermal
350 0.20% long-term strength
0.15% analysis of
Residual Stress (σ), MPa
high-temperature
0.10% components
300
operating in a wide
stress range
250 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
200
Introduction
150 Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
Modeling
100
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
50 Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
0 Failure Criteria
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Creep in Structures

Time (t), h
Conclusions
After: NRIM Creep Data Sheet No. 44 (1997)
slide # 16 of 57

Creep Strain vs. Time for 500◦ C
σini − σ(t)
εcr(t) = , Development of a
0.0016 E creep-damage
model for
where non-isothermal
0.0014 σini – initial stress in experiment; long-term strength
analysis of
σ(t) – stress relaxation experiments; high-temperature
After: NRIM Creep Data Sheet No. 44 (1997) components
0.0012 operating in a wide
E = 164.8 GPa – Young’s modulus at 500◦C stress range
Creep Strain (εcr )
After: Tanaka and Ohba (1984)

0.001 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Total strain:
0.0008 Introduction
0.25%
Basic Assumptions
0.20%
0.0006 0.15% Constitutive
0.10% Modeling
Secondary Creep
0.0004 Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
0.0002
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Conclusions
Time (t), h
slide # 17 of 57

3D Trajectory Plot of Exp. Data for 500◦ C
0.0016 Development of a
creep-damage
Total strain: 0.0014
model for
non-isothermal
0.25% long-term strength
0.20% 0.0012 analysis of
high-temperature
Creep Strain (εcr)

0.15% components
0.10% 0.0010 operating in a wide
stress range
0.0008 M.Sc. Yevgen

Gorash
0.0006
Introduction
0.0004 Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
0.0002 Modeling
Secondary Creep
4 Stress Relaxation
40 50
0 350 0 Pa Primary Creep
900 000 0 300 ,M Tertiary Creep
8 00 σ )
7 000 25 (
6 000 20 0 e s s Failure Criteria
5 0 150 0 tr
T im 400 000 100 l S Creep in Structures
e (t 3 0
200 00 50 ua
s id
Conclusions
), h 10 0 0 Re
slide # 18 of 57

3D Surface Plot of Exp. Data for 500◦ C
stress
0,0016 Development of a
relaxation creep-damage
experiments model for
0,0014 non-isothermal
long-term strength
kriging analysis of
correlation 0,0012 high-temperature
Creep Strain (εcr)

components
gridding operating in a wide
0,0010 stress range
extrapolated M.Sc. Yevgen
creep curves 0,0008 Gorash
0,0006 Introduction
0,0004 Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
0,0002 Modeling
Secondary Creep
45 Stress Relaxation
40 0
350 0 MPa
Primary Creep
0
900 000 0 30 , Tertiary Creep
8 00 25 0 σ)
7 000 200 0 s s( Failure Criteria
6 000 150 tr e
T im 5 4000 00 100 lS
Creep in Structures
e (t 30 0 ua
), h 200 00 50 id Conclusions
10 0 0 R es
slide # 19 of 57

3D Lofted Surface of Exp. Data for 500◦ C
stress Development of a
relaxation creep-damage
experiments 0,0016 model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
SolidWorks 0,0014 analysis of
lofted high-temperature
Creep Strain (εcr)

surface 0,0012 components
operating in a wide
stress range
extrapolated 0,0010
creep curves M.Sc. Yevgen
0,0008 Gorash
0,0006 Introduction
Basic Assumptions
0,0004
Constitutive
Modeling
0,0002
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
450 Primary Creep
4
0
900 8000 0 350 00 a Tertiary Creep
3 P
700 000 0 250 00 σ ) , M Failure Criteria
6 2 (
150 00 tr e s s
0
T i m 50 4000 0 100 Creep in Structures
e (t 0
) , h 30 2000 00 50 al S
du
10 0 si Conclusions
0 Re
slide # 20 of 57

Creep Curves from 3D Lofted Surface
0.0016
170 MPa Development of a
160 MPa creep-damage
0.0014 150 MPa model for
non-isothermal
140 MPa long-term strength
analysis of
0.0012 high-temperature
components
130 MPa operating in a wide
0.0010 stress range
Creep Strain (εcr)
120 MPa M.Sc. Yevgen

Gorash
110 MPa
0.0008
100 MPa
Introduction
90 MPa
80 MPa Basic Assumptions
0.0006 70 MPa
60 MPa 50 MPa Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
0.0004
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
SolidWorks measured interpolated Tertiary Creep
0.0002 extrapolated
lofted minimum minimum
creep curves Failure Criteria
surface creep rate creep rate
Creep in Structures
0
Conclusions
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Time (t), h
slide # 21 of 57

12Cr-1Mo-1W-0.25V Heat Resistant Steel
Application Range
Low Moderate High
Development of a
1.00E-03 creep-damage
model for
experimental data from NRIM Creep non-isothermal
Data Sheets no.44 (1997) and no.10B (1998) long-term strength
23 analysis of
1.00E-04 ε̇ = a1σ, σ ≤ σ0 , a1 = 2.4 · 10−10 MPa−1/h high-temperature
components
ε̇ = a2σ 5,σ > σ0, a2 = 5.0 · 10−20 MPa−5/h operating in a wide
Minimum Creep Rate (ε̇), 1/h
4! stress range

σ
ε̇ = a1σ 1 + , σ0 = 263 MPa 1 M.Sc. Yevgen
1.00E-05 σ0
Gorash
23 −66 −23
ε̇ = a3σ , (Breakdown) a3 = 1.5 · 10 MPa /h
Introduction
minimum strain rates of extrapolated creep curves 5
Basic Assumptions
1.00E-06
1 Constitutive
Modeling
σ0 Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
1.00E-07 Primary Creep

Tertiary Creep
1 Failure Criteria
1.00E-08
Conclusions
10 100 1000
Stress (σ), MPa
slide # 22 of 57

Creep Model with Strain Hardening
Proposed Strain Hardening Function
Proposed strain hardening function: Development of a
creep-damage
cr model for
H(εcr ) = 1 + α e(−β ε )
non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
stress range
Creep constitutive model with strain hardening function:
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
ε̇cr = A1 [σ H]n1 + A2 [σ H]n2 =⇒
cr
in1 in2 Introduction
εcr )
h h
ε̇cr = A1 σ 1 + α e(−β ε ) + A2 σ 1 + α e(−β , Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
where the steady-state creep constants of 12Cr-1Mo-1W-0.25V steel Primary Creep
bolting material at 500◦C: Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
A1 = 2.4 · 10−10 MPa−1 /h, A2 = 5.0 · 10−20 MPa−5 /h, Creep in Structures
n1 = 1, n2 = 5. Conclusions
slide # 23 of 57

Creep Model with Strain Hardening
Solution of the Stress Relaxation Problem
The calculation is based on the total strain remaining constant and the
Development of a
conversion of elastic strain by stress reduction into creep strain: creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
dεcr

1 dσ long-term strength
− = , analysis of
E dt dt high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
stress range
where E = 164.8 GPa is Young’s modulus at 500◦ C
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Stress relaxation equation with the proposed creep constitutive model:
Introduction
1 dσ h cr
in1 h cr
in2
− = A1 σ 1 + α e(−β ε ) + A2 σ 1 + α e(−β ε ) Basic Assumptions
E dt Constitutive
Modeling
σini − σ Secondary Creep
with creep strain εcr = , Stress Relaxation
E Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
where σini is initial stress, σ is current stress value, and the appropriate Failure Criteria
primary creep constants of 12Cr-1Mo-1W-0.25V steel at 500◦ C: Creep in Structures
Conclusions
α=6 and β = 4500.

slide # 23 of 57

Solution Results of Stress Relaxation Problem
350
Experiment Model Total strain: Development of a
0.20% creep-damage
model for
300 0.15% non-isothermal
0.10% long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
Residual Stress (σ), MPa
250 components
operating in a wide
stress range
200 M.Sc. Yevgen

Gorash
Introduction
150
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
100 Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
50 Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Conclusions

Time (t), h
slide # 24 of 57

Experimental and Model Creep Curves
0.0016
Development of a
creep-damage
0.0014 model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
components
operating in a wide
stress range
0.0010
Creep Strain (εcr)
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
0.0008
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
0.0006
Constitutive
Modeling
0.0004 Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
98 MPa 157 MPa 216 MPa 265 MPa Primary Creep
0.0002 experiment, Tertiary Creep
NRIM Creep Data Sheet No. 44 (1997)
Failure Criteria
model
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Conclusions
Time (t), h
slide # 25 of 57

Definition of Primary Creep Strain Values
Strain hardening function with creep parameters
εcr )
H(εcr ) = 1 + α e(−β with α = 0.5 and β = 300
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb (ASTM P91) Heat Resistant Steel non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
components
σ = 120 MPa, T = 600◦C operating in a wide
0.07 stress range
Experimental creep curve,
M.Sc. Yevgen
0.06 after Sklenička et al. (2002) Gorash
Creep Strain (εcr)
Model without strain hardening

0.05 εcr Introduction
Model with strain hardening pr
Basic Assumptions
0.04
Constitutive
Modeling
0.03 Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
0.02
Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
0.01
Creep in Structures
0 Conclusions
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500
Time (t), h
slide # 26 of 57

εcr )
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
long-term strength
analysis of
components
σ = 125 MPa, T = 600◦C operating in a wide
0.06 stress range
Experimental creep curves, M.Sc. Yevgen

0.05 after Orlova et al. (1998) Gorash
Creep Strain (εcr)
εcr
pr
Model without strain hardening Introduction
0.04 Model with strain hardening Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
0.03 Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
0.02
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
0.01 Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
0
Conclusions
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time (t), h
slide # 26 of 57

εcr )
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
long-term strength
analysis of
components
operating in a wide
0.1 σ = 150 MPa, T = 600◦C stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Experimental creep curve, Gorash
0.08
Creep Strain (εcr)
after Sklenička et al. (2002)

Introduction
Basic Assumptions
0.06 Model with strain hardening
Constitutive
Modeling
εcr
pr Secondary Creep
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
Creep in Structures
0 Conclusions
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time (t), h
slide # 26 of 57

εcr )
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
long-term strength
analysis of
σ = 200 MPa, T = 600◦C components
operating in a wide
0.1 stress range
Experimental creep curve,
M.Sc. Yevgen
after Sklenička et al. (2002) Gorash
0.08
Creep Strain (εcr)

Introduction
Model with strain hardening εcr
pr
Basic Assumptions
0.06
Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
Creep in Structures
0 Conclusions
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (t), h
slide # 26 of 57

Stress Dependence of Primary Creep Strain
Low Stress (σL ) High Stress (σH )
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
0.008 long-term strength
pr )
−3
εcr
pr (σH ) = 7.76 · 10
analysis of
Primary Creep Strain (εcr
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
0.006 Primary creep strain values: stress range
εcr cr cr
pr = εwith SH (σ) − εw/o SH (σ) M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
−3
εcr
pr.mean = 4.56 · 10 Introduction
0.004
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
Primary Creep
−3
εcr
pr (σL ) = 1.35 · 10
Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Conclusions
σtrans = 87 MPa Stress (σ), MPa
slide # 27 of 57

Stress Dependence of Primary Creep Strain
Low Stress (σL ) High Stress (σH )
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
pr )
−3
εcr
pr (σH ) = 7.76 · 10
analysis of
Primary Creep Strain (εcr
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
0.006 Primary creep strain values: stress range
εcr cr cr
pr = εwith SH (σ) − εw/o SH (σ) M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Primary creep strain function
−3
εcr
pr.mean = 4.56 · 10 (Boltzmann Function Introduction
0.004 produce a sigmoidal curve): Basic Assumptions
εcr cr
pr (σL )−εpr (σH )
εcr cr
pr (σ) = εpr (σH ) + 1+exp( σ−σtrans ) ,
Ctrans Constitutive
where transition constant Ctrans = 9.5 Modeling
Secondary Creep
0.002 and transition stress σtrans = 87 MPa
Stress Relaxation
corresponding to mean primary Primary Creep
−3
−3 creep strain εcrpr.mean = 4.56 · 10
εcr
pr (σL ) = 1.35 · 10
Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Conclusions
σtrans = 87 MPa Stress (σ), MPa
slide # 28 of 57

Long-Term Strength Assumptions
Time-to-failure, Ashby and Jones (1980)
t∗ = B̃ σ −m exp(Qf /RT), with creep-failure constants B̃, m, Qf
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
3 components
10
operating in a wide
stress range
T1 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
T2 Mixed Mode Fracture
Introduction
T3
Stress, MPa
T4 Basic Assumptions
2 Constitutive
10 Modeling
Secondary Creep
log(σ) Stress Relaxation
Brittle Fracture Primary Creep

Tertiary Creep
T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
log(t∗) Conclusions
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Time, h slide # 29 of 57

Development of a
Ductile Fracture creep-damage
model for
Progressive deformation, necking non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
3 components
10
operating in a wide
stress range
T1 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
T2
Introduction
T3
Stress, MPa
2 Constitutive
10 Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10

Development of a
Ductile Fracture Ductile Fracture creep-damage
model for
Progressive deformation, necking Progressive deformation, necking, non-isothermal
long-term strength
microstructure degradation processes, analysis of
e.g. subgrain and particle coarsening high-temperature
3 components
10
operating in a wide
stress range
T1 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
T2
Introduction
T3
Stress, MPa
2 Constitutive
10 Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10

Development of a
model for
long-term strength
3 components
10
operating in a wide
stress range
T1 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
T3 Creep is additionaly influenced by
Stress, MPa
T4 nucleation and growth of cavities Basic Assumptions
2 Constitutive
10 Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10

Development of a
model for
long-term strength
3 components
10
operating in a wide
stress range
T1 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
T3 Creep is additionaly influenced by
Stress, MPa
T4 nucleation and growth of cavities Basic Assumptions
2 Constitutive
10 Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Brittle Fracture Primary Creep

Tertiary Creep
Nucleation and growth of cavities
T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 is the dominant damage mechanism Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10

Long-term Strength Curve at 600◦ C
1000
Experimental data, after Kimura (2006), Sklenička et al. (2005), Development of a
NRIM Creep Data Sheet No.43 (1996), Kloc et al. (1998), etc.: creep-damage
model for
In high stress range non-isothermal
High
long-term strength
In moderate stress range analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
Stress (σ), MPa
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Moderate
Gorash
100
Application Range
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Low
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
2 3 4 5 6
1 10 10 10 10 10 10
Conclusions
Time to Rupture (t∗), h
slide # 30 of 57

1000
NRIM Creep Data Sheet No.43 (1996), Kloc et al. (1998), etc. creep-damage
model for
t∗ = b˜2 σ −(n−k), with b˜2 = 1.25 · 1028 [h · MPa(n−k)], n = 12, k = 0.5 non-isothermal
High
long-term strength
t∗ = b˜1 σ −(1−k) , with b˜1 = 1.25 · 106 [h · MPa(1−k)], k = 0.5 analysis of
high-temperature
11.5 components
operating in a wide
Stress (σ), MPa
1 stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Moderate
Gorash
100
Application Range
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
1 Stress Relaxation
Low
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
0.5
Failure Criteria
2 3 4 5 6
1 10 10 10 10 10 10
Conclusions
slide # 31 of 57

1000
NRIM Creep Data Sheet No.43 (1996), Kloc et al. (1998), etc. creep-damage
model for
t∗ = b˜2 σ −(n−k), with b˜2 = 1.25 · 1028 [h · MPa(n−k)], n = 12, k = 0.5 non-isothermal
High
long-term strength
t∗ = b˜1 σ −(1−k) , with b˜1 = 1.25 · 106 [h · MPa(1−k)], k = 0.5 analysis of
high-temperature
11.5 components
operating in a wide
Stress (σ), MPa
1 stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Moderate
Gorash
100
Application Range
Introduction
−1
σ (1−k) σ (n−k)

∗ B̃ Basic Assumptions
t = + = ,
b˜1 b˜2 σ 1−k σ̃0n−1 + σ n−k Constitutive
Modeling
where B̃ = b˜2 = 1.25 · 1028 [h · MPa(n−k)] Secondary Creep
σ0 1 Stress Relaxation
Low
and stress, which denotes the transition from
Primary Creep
ductile to brittle damage mode σ̃0 = 100 MPa Tertiary Creep
0.5
Failure Criteria
2 3 4 5 6
1 10 10 10 10 10 10
Conclusions
slide # 32 of 57

Non-isothermal Long-term Strength Curves
1000
Experimental data, after Kimura (2006), Bendick et al. (1993), Kloc et al. (1998),
Sklenička et al. (2005), Cerjak and Letofsky (1996), Gaffard et al. (2005), Development of a
NRIM Creep Data Sheet No.43 (1996), ECCC Data Sheets (2005), etc.: creep-damage
model for
High stress:
High
non-isothermal
550◦C 600◦C 625◦C 650◦C
Mod. stress: long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
Stress (σ), MPa
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Moderate
100
Introduction
Application Range
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
Low
Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
10 Conclusions
2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Time to Rupture (t∗), h slide # 33 of 57

Non-isothermal Long-term Strength Curves
1000
Experimental data, after Kimura (2006), Bendick et al. (1993), Kloc et al. (1998),
Sklenička et al. (2005), Cerjak and Letofsky (1996), Gaffard et al. (2005), Development of a
NRIM Creep Data Sheet No.43 (1996), ECCC Data Sheets (2005), etc.: creep-damage
model for
High stress:
High
non-isothermal
550◦C 600◦C 625◦C 650◦C
Mod. stress: long-term strength
analysis of
components
1 operating in a wide
Stress (σ), MPa
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Moderate
100
Introduction
Application Range
Basic Assumptions
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
Model: 550 C 600 C 625 C 650 C
Constitutive
Transition stress σ̃0(T) Modeling
Secondary Creep
B̃(T)
t∗(T) = , where Stress Relaxation
σ 1−k [σ̃0(T)]n−1 + σ n−k
1 Primary Creep
Low
h i h i
Qf
B̃(T) = B̃0 exp RT and σ̃0(T) = Bσ exp Q̃RTσ , Tertiary Creep
−14 (n−k) Failure Criteria

B̃0 = 2.0 · 10 [h · MPa ], Qf = 698000,
Bσ = 0.205 [MPa], Q̃σ = 44940, R = 8.314 0.5 Creep in Structures
10 Conclusions
2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Time to Rupture (t∗), h slide # 34 of 57

Damage Mechanics in Creep Modeling
Continuity, Kachanov (1958), (1986)
ψn = (A0 − Aω )/A0 ,
n undamaged state ψn = 1 Development of a
creep-damage
fracture ψn = 0 model for
n Aω non-isothermal
damage state 1 > ψn > 0 long-term strength
analysis of
A0 isotropic damage ψ ≡ ψn high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
stress range
Effective Stress Concept, Rabotnov (1959) M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Ã = A0 (1 − ω), σ̃ = F/Ã = σ/(1 − ω), ω ≡1−ψ Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Accumulation Character of Damage Parameter Constitutive
Modeling
1 Secondary Creep
(ductile) l = 3 Time to
Parameter (ω)
1 Stress Relaxation
0.8 t l+1

l=7 rupture (t∗ ) Primary Creep
Damage
ω(t) = 1 − 1 − ∗ Tertiary Creep

0.6 t
(mixed) Failure Criteria
0.4 Creep in Structures
(brittle) l = 15 Conclusions
0.2
Time (t)
0
slide # 35 of 57

ψn = (A0 − Aω )/A0 ,
creep-damage
analysis of
components
operating in a wide
stress range
Gorash
Basic Assumptions
Modeling
1 Secondary Creep
Parameter (ω)
1 Stress Relaxation
0.8 t l+1

Damage

0.6 t
0.2
Time (t)
0
slide # 35 of 57

ψn = (A0 − Aω )/A0 ,
creep-damage
analysis of
components
operating in a wide
stress range
Gorash
Basic Assumptions
Modeling
1 Secondary Creep
Parameter (ω)
1 Stress Relaxation
0.8 t l+1

Damage

0.6 t
0.2
Time (t)
0
slide # 35 of 57

Non-Isothermal Creep-Damage Model
Creep Constitutive Equation
n
cr σH A σH
ε̇ = A + n−1
1 − ωb σ0 1 − ωd Development of a
creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
with strain-hardening function: H(εcr ) = 1 + α exp(−β εcr ) long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
components
−Qc −Qσ operating in a wide
A(T) = Ac exp and σ0 (T) = Aσ exp stress range
RT RT M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Damage Evolution Equations Basic Assumptions
l1 −1 l2 −1 Constitutive
ω̇b = [t (l1 + 1) (1 − ωb ) ]
∗
and ω̇d = [t (l2 + 1) (1 − ωd ) ]
∗
Modeling
Secondary Creep
B Stress Relaxation
with time-to-rupture function: t (σ) = ∗
n−1
Primary Creep
σ 1−k σ̃0 + σ n−k Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
!
Qf Q̃σ
B(T) = Bf exp and σ̃0 (T) = Bσ exp Conclusions
RT RT
slide # 36 of 57

Non-Isothermal Creep-Damage Model
n
cr σH A σH
ε̇ = A + n−1
1 − ωb σ0 1 − ωd Development of a
creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
with strain-hardening function: H(εcr ) = 1 + α exp(−β εcr ) long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
components
RT RT M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
ω̇b = [t (l1 + 1) (1 − ωb ) ]
∗
and ω̇d = [t (l2 + 1) (1 − ωd ) ]
∗
Modeling
Secondary Creep
B Stress Relaxation
with time-to-rupture function: t (σ) = ∗
n−1
Primary Creep
σ 1−k σ̃0 + σ n−k Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
!
Qf Q̃σ
B(T) = Bf exp and σ̃0 (T) = Bσ exp Conclusions
RT RT
slide # 36 of 57

Rupture Strain vs. Stress for 600◦ C
Application Range
creep-damage
1 model for
Aσ A σn
l1
+ σn−1(l non-isothermal
2 +1−n)
ε∗ = 0
= C σk long-term strength
σ 1−k σ̃0n−1 n−k
+ B̃ σ(l +1)
B̃ (l1 +1)
analysis of
high-temperature
2
C = 0.009, k = 0.5, components
operating in a wide
l1 = 0.532, l2 = 17.383 stress range
0.1
Creep Strain (εcr)
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
0.5 Rupture creep strain ε∗ Introduction
with primary creep strain Basic Assumptions

1
Constitutive
0.01 Modeling
Secondary Creep
experimental data after Stress Relaxation

Primary Creep
Transition stress σ0 Sklenicka et al. (2002),
Tertiary Creep
Kimura (2006), etc.
Primary Creep Strain Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
0.001
10 100 1000 Conclusions
Stress (σ), MPa

slide # 37 of 57

Creep Curves for Low and Moderate Stresses
Complete creep model at T = 600◦C:
creep-damage
100 MPa 90 MPa 80 MPa model for
0.09 non-isothermal
Locus 70 MPa 60 MPa 50 MPa
long-term strength
0.08 of Elongation analysis of
high-temperature
at Failure components
stress range
Creep Strain (εcr)
0.06 M.Sc. Yevgen

Gorash
0.05
Introduction
Constitutive
0.03 Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
0.02 Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
Creep in Structures
0
4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5
0 2·10 4·10 6·10 8·10 1·10 1.2·10 1.4·10 1.6·10 1.8·10 Conclusions
Time (t), h
slide # 38 of 57

Creep Curves for High Stresses
0.1
Development of a
0.09 σ = 120 MPa, T = 600◦C creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
0.08 Experimental creep curve, long-term strength
analysis of
after Sklenička et al. (2002) high-temperature
0.07 Complete creep model components
operating in a wide
Creep Strain (εcr)
stress range
0.06
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
0.05
Introduction
Constitutive
0.03 Modeling
Secondary Creep

Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
0.01
Failure Criteria
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 Conclusions

Time (t), h
slide # 39 of 57

0.09
Development of a
creep-damage
0.08 σ = 125 MPa, T = 600◦C model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
0.07 Experimental creep curves, analysis of
after Orlova et al. (1998) high-temperature
components
0.06 Complete creep model operating in a wide
Creep Strain (εcr)
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
0.05 Gorash
0.04 Introduction
Basic Assumptions
0.03 Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
0.01
Failure Criteria
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Conclusions

Time (t), h
slide # 40 of 57


creep-damage
model for
σ = 150 MPa, T = 600◦C non-isothermal
analysis of
Experimental creep curve, high-temperature
components
after Sklenička et al. (2002)
Creep Strain (εcr)

Complete creep model stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
0.06
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
0.04
Constitutive
Modeling
Secondary Creep
Primary Creep
Tertiary Creep
0 Failure Criteria
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Creep in Structures
Time (t), h Conclusions
slide # 41 of 57

0.14
Development of a
creep-damage
σ = 200 MPa, T = 600◦C model for
0.12 non-isothermal
long-term strength
Experimental creep curve, analysis of
high-temperature
0.1 after Sklenička et al. (2002) components
Complete creep model operating in a wide
stress range
Creep Strain (εcr)
0.08 M.Sc. Yevgen

Gorash
Introduction
0.06
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
0.04 Modeling
Secondary Creep
Stress Relaxation
Primary Creep
0.02 Tertiary Creep
Failure Criteria
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Conclusions
Time (t), h
slide # 42 of 57

Conventional Approach to Failure Criterion
Plane Stress Isochronous Rupture Loci
1.5
Development of a
creep-damage
1.0 model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
components
σII operating in a wide
stress range
0
σ0 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
-0.5
Introduction
ω σI + |σI | Basic Assumptions

-1.0 σeq = σmax t =
2 Constitutive
Modeling
-1.5 Failure Criteria
Usual Approach
Failure Criterion
-2.0 Creep-Damage Model
Creep in Structures
-2.5 Conclusions
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
σI /σ0
slide # 43 of 57

1.5
Development of a
creep-damage
1.0 model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
components
stress range
0
σ0 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
-0.5
Introduction

2 Constitutive
ω
σeq = σvM Modeling
Usual Approach
Failure Criterion
-2.0 Creep-Damage Model
Creep in Structures
-2.5 Conclusions
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
σI /σ0
slide # 44 of 57

1.5
Development of a
creep-damage
1.0 model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
components
stress range
0
σ0 M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
-0.5
Introduction

2 Constitutive
ω
σeq = σvM Modeling
ω
σeq = ασI + (1 − α)σvM,
Usual Approach
after Hayhurst (1972) for Failure Criterion
-2.0
α = 0.3 Creep-Damage Model
α = 0.5 Creep in Structures

-2.5 Conclusions
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
σI /σ0
slide # 45 of 57

Mixed Failure Criterion of P91 Steel for 600◦ C
150
B
t∗(σ) = Development of a
1−k
σmax n−1 n−k 125 MPa
t σ̃0 + σvM creep-damage
model for
100 MPa 100 non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
75 MPa high-temperature
components
50 MPa 50 operating in a wide
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
nd
2 Principal Gorash
0 Stress sII,
MPa Introduction
Basic Assumptions
-50 Constitutive
Modeling
Failure Criteria
Usual Approach
-100 Failure Criterion
Creep-Damage Model
Creep in Structures
-150 Conclusions
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
st
1 Principal Stress sI, MPa
slide # 46 of 57

Mixed Failure Criterion of P91 Steel for 600◦ C
Time to Rupture Surface
Time to Rupture, h Development of a
creep-damage
190000-200000 Time to model for
non-isothermal
180000-190000 Rupture, h long-term strength
170000-180000 analysis of
160000-170000 2.0E+05 high-temperature
components
150000-160000 1.8E+05 operating in a wide
140000-150000 stress range
1.6E+05
130000-140000 M.Sc. Yevgen
120000-130000 1.4E+05 Gorash
110000-120000 1.2E+05 Introduction

100000-110000
1.0E+05 Basic Assumptions
90000-100000
80000-90000 8.0E+04 -150 Constitutive
Modeling
70000-80000 6.0E+04 -100
60000-70000 4.0E+04 -50 Failure Criteria
Usual Approach
50000-60000 2.0E+04 0 Failure Criterion
40000-50000
0 50
Creep-Damage Model
30000-40000
-150 Creep in Structures
20000-30000 -100 100
-50 Conclusions
10000-20000 0 st
nd
2 Principal 50 150 1 Principal
0-10000 100 Stress sI, MPa
Stress sII, MPa 150
slide # 47 of 57

Multi-Axial Form of the Creep-Damage Model
n
σvM H A σvM H 3 s
ε̇εcr = A + n−1
1 − ωb σ0 1 − ωd 2 σvM Development of a
creep-damage
model for
with strain-hardening function: H(εcr cr non-isothermal

eq ) = 1 + α exp(−β εeq ) long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
components
RT RT M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
ω̇b = [t (l1 + 1) (1 − ωb ) ]
∗
and ω̇d = [t (l2 + 1) (1 − ωd ) ]
∗
Modeling
B Failure Criteria
with time-to-rupture function: t∗ (σ) = 1−k n−1 n−k
Usual Approach
σmax t σ̃0 + σvM Failure Criterion

Creep-Damage Model
Creep in Structures
!
Conclusions

Qf Q̃σ
B(T) = Bf exp and σ̃0 (T) = Bσ exp
RT RT
slide # 48 of 57

Multi-Axial Form of the Creep-Damage Model
n
σvM H A σvM H 3 s
ε̇εcr = A + n−1
1 − ωb σ0 1 − ωd 2 σvM Development of a
creep-damage
model for
with strain-hardening function: H(εcr cr non-isothermal

eq ) = 1 + α exp(−β εeq ) long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
components
RT RT M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
ω̇b = [t (l1 + 1) (1 − ωb ) ]
∗
and ω̇d = [t (l2 + 1) (1 − ωd ) ]
∗
Modeling
B Failure Criteria
with time-to-rupture function: t∗ (σ) = 1−k n−1 n−k
Usual Approach
σmax t σ̃0 + σvM Failure Criterion

Creep-Damage Model
Creep in Structures
!
Conclusions

Qf Q̃σ
B(T) = Bf exp and σ̃0 (T) = Bσ exp
RT RT
slide # 48 of 57

Steam Turbine Quick Stop Valve (VQS) Casing
Typical Installation of the VQS in a Power Station
Control Components Inc.
Development of a
Heat Recovery creep-damage
model for
Steam Generator non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
components
operating in a wide
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Steam
Turbine Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
Modeling
VQS Failure Criteria

Condenser Creep in Structures
Model Description
Analysis of Results
VPC
Conclusions
Condensate Pump
slide # 49 of 57

Steam Turbine Quick Stop Valve (VQS) Casing
Solid Geometry and FE-Mesh of the VQS Casing
Temperature:
600◦C Development of a
creep-damage
model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
Balance high-temperature
loading: components
operating in a wide
−8.67 MPa stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Material:
9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb Boundary Constitutive
conditions: Modeling
(ASTM P91)
heat-resistant symmetry Failure Criteria
steel Creep in Structures

Model Description
Elastic Analysis of Results
properties: FE-Model:
Conclusions
E = 1.12 · 105 MPa Internal C3D8R (8 Nodes)
µ = 0.3 pressure: 7740 Elements
α = 1.26 · 10−5 K−1 20 MPa 10085 Nodes
slide # 50 of 57

Location of the VQS Casing Brittle Fracture
Redistribution of the Maximum Tensile Stress σmax t
70
60
Development of a
Stress, MPa
50
creep-damage
40 model for
non-isothermal
30 Maximum Tensile Stress (σmax t ) long-term strength
analysis of
20 Von Mises Effective Stress (σvM) high-temperature
components
10
operating in a wide
Time, h stress range
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Brittle
rupture Introduction
Brittle location Basic Assumptions

damage Constitutive
parameter σmax t , Modeling
ωb MPa Failure Criteria
0.996 78.08
0.922 71.68 Creep in Structures
0.849 65.28 Model Description
0.775 58.88
0.701 52.48 Analysis of Results
0.628 46.08
0.554 39.68 Conclusions
0.480 33.28
0.407 26.88
0.333 20.48
0.260 14.08
0.186 7.68
0.112 1.28
slide # 51 of 57

70
60
Development of a
Stress, MPa
50
creep-damage
40 model for
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
10
operating in a wide
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Brittle

damage Constitutive
0.996 63.80
0.775 48.18
0.628 37.76
0.480 27.35
0.407 22.14
0.333 16.94
0.260 11.73
0.186 6.52
0.112 1.32
slide # 51 of 57

70
60
Development of a
Stress, MPa
50
creep-damage
40 model for
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
10
operating in a wide
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Brittle

damage Constitutive
0.996 69.64
0.775 51.65
0.628 39.66
0.480 27.66
0.407 21.66
0.333 15.67
0.260 9.67
0.186 3.67
0.112 0.00
slide # 51 of 57

Location of the VQS Casing Ductile Fracture
Redistribution of the Von Mises Effective Stress σvM
70
60
Development of a
Stress, MPa
50
creep-damage
40 model for
non-isothermal
30 Von Mises Effective Stress (σvM) long-term strength
analysis of
20 Maximum Tensile Stress (σmax t ) high-temperature
components
10
operating in a wide
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Ductile rupture
location Introduction
Ductile Basic Assumptions
damage
σvM, parameter Constitutive
Modeling
MPa ωd
90.28 0.259
75.99 0.214
68.85 Model Description
0.191
54.56 0.146
40.28 0.101
33.13 0.078
25.99 0.055
18.85 0.033
11.70 0.01
4.56
slide # 52 of 57

70
60
Development of a
Stress, MPa
50
creep-damage
40 model for
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
10
operating in a wide
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Ductile rupture
damage
Modeling
MPa ωd
82.36 0.259
69.28 0.214
0.191
49.66 0.146
36.57 0.101
30.03 0.078
23.49 0.055
16.95 0.033
10.41 0.01
3.87
slide # 52 of 57

70
60
Development of a
Stress, MPa
50
creep-damage
40 model for
non-isothermal
analysis of
components
10
operating in a wide
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Ductile rupture
damage
Modeling
MPa ωd
61.55 0.259
51.33 0.214
0.191
36.00 0.146
25.78 0.101
20.67 0.078
15.56 0.055
10.45 0.033
5.34 0.01
0.00
slide # 52 of 57

Time-Dependence of the Results in the
Locations of Brittle and Ductile Fracture
Development of a
creep-damage
Evolution of the Damage Parameters ωb and ωd model for
non-isothermal
long-term strength
1 analysis of
high-temperature
0.9 components
Damage Parameter
0.8 Brittle damage parameter (ωb ) operating in a wide

stress range
0.7 Ductile damage parameter (ωd ) M.Sc. Yevgen
0.6 Gorash
0.5
Introduction
0.4
Basic Assumptions
0.3
Constitutive
0.2 Modeling
0
Creep in Structures
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000
Model Description
Time, h Analysis of Results
Conclusions
slide # 53 of 57

Time-Dependence of the Results in the
Locations of Brittle and Ductile Fracture
Development of a
creep-damage
model for
Accumulation of the 1st Principal Total Strain εtot non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
components
Location of ductile rupture
Total Strain (εtot)
stress range
0.06
Location of brittle rupture M.Sc. Yevgen
0.05 Gorash
0.04
Introduction
0.03
Basic Assumptions
0.02
Constitutive
Modeling
0.01
Failure Criteria
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 Creep in Structures
Model Description
Time, h Analysis of Results
Conclusions
slide # 54 of 57

Conclusions and Outlook
Main Formulations and Results
Uniaxial form of creep-damage model describing primary,
Development of a
secondary and tertiary creep stages is formulated creep-damage
model for
Creep material parameters for 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb (P91) steel in non-isothermal
long-term strength
wide stress and temperature ranges are identified analysis of
high-temperature
components
The proposed creep constitutive equation reflects the operating in a wide
stress range
transition from power-law to linear creep mechanism
M.Sc. Yevgen
The proposed damage evolution equations reflects the Gorash
transition from ductile to brittle damage accumulation mode Introduction
Basic Assumptions
Constitutive and evolution equations are extended with
Constitutive
temperature dependence using Arrhenius-type functions Modeling
Failure Criteria
The stress-dependent multi-axial failure criteria based on
Creep in Structures
time-to-rupture function is introduced
Conclusions
The multi-axial creep-damage model is verified using
solutions of benchmark problems and numerical long-term
strength analysis of industrial power-plant component
slide # 55 of 57

Advantages
Possibility to describe creep mechanisms and damage
Development of a
behavior for a wide stress range with a minimum number of creep-damage
model for
response functions and creep material constants non-isothermal
long-term strength
Compatibility with standard structural analysis and Finite analysis of
high-temperature
Element codes of commercial CAE-software components
operating in a wide
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Open Problems Gorash
Introduction of hardening state variables for the better Introduction
account of primary creep stage and creep transients Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
To verify the assumptions data from long-term creep tests Modeling
(over 105 h) under low stress levels are required Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Creep tests for advanced steels under multi-axial stress Conclusions
states, e.g combined tension and torsion are not available
Algorithm and procedure for the automatical identification of
the creep materials parameters have to be developed
slide # 56 of 57

Advantages
Possibility to describe creep mechanisms and damage
Development of a
behavior for a wide stress range with a minimum number of creep-damage
model for
response functions and creep material constants non-isothermal
long-term strength
Compatibility with standard structural analysis and Finite analysis of
high-temperature
Element codes of commercial CAE-software components
operating in a wide
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Open Problems Gorash
Introduction of hardening state variables for the better Introduction
account of primary creep stage and creep transients Basic Assumptions
Constitutive
To verify the assumptions data from long-term creep tests Modeling
(over 105 h) under low stress levels are required Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Creep tests for advanced steels under multi-axial stress Conclusions
states, e.g combined tension and torsion are not available
Algorithm and procedure for the automatical identification of
the creep materials parameters have to be developed
slide # 56 of 57

Development of a
creep-damage
Thank You model for

non-isothermal
long-term strength
analysis of
high-temperature
for Your Attention! components

operating in a wide
stress range
M.Sc. Yevgen
Gorash
Introduction
Further questions: Basic Assumptions
yevgen.gorash@gmail.com Constitutive
Modeling
Failure Criteria
Creep in Structures
Conclusions
slide # 57 of 57

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Development of a

Vorstellung der Dissertationsarbeit

Non-Isothermal Multi-Axial Creep-Damage Model Failure Criteria

Structural Model Description

Non-Isothermal Multi-Axial Creep-Damage Model Failure Criteria

Structural Model Description

Non-Isothermal Multi-Axial Creep-Damage Model Failure Criteria

Structural Model Description

Non-Isothermal Multi-Axial Creep-Damage Model Failure Criteria

Structural Model Description

Non-Isothermal Multi-Axial Creep-Damage Model Failure Criteria

Structural Model Description

Non-Isothermal Multi-Axial Creep-Damage Model Failure Criteria

Structural Model Description

Coble (1963), Lifshitz (1963) components

LT – Low temperature creep (Dislocation creep + diffusion) Failure Criteria

n1 < n2 < n3 high-temperature

Reported values of n and Q for low-alloy steels M.Sc. Yevgen

System of steel Temp., Low-stress region High-stress region Ref. Introduction

Cr-Mo-V 550–600 4.9 326 14.3 503 [3] Constitutive

Reported values of n and Q for high-alloy steels M.Sc. Yevgen

System of steel Temp., Low-stress region High-stress region Ref. Introduction

18Cr-10Ni-C 500–750 1 160 6 285 [3] Constitutive

Area Linear components

10-2 operating in a wide

to power-law creep mechanism stress range

Double power-law for a fixed temperature value Development of a

and transition stress σ0 = 100 MPa Failure Criteria

A02 n2 − n1 Stress Relaxation

to power-law creep mechanism stress range

150 Basic Assumptions

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Creep in Structures

After: Tanaka and Ohba (1984)

Creep Strain (εcr)

0.0008 M.Sc. Yevgen

0.0004 Basic Assumptions

Creep Strain (εcr)

0,0004 Basic Assumptions

Creep Strain (εcr)

120 MPa M.Sc. Yevgen

 4! stress range

1.00E-07 Primary Creep

bolting material at 500◦C: Tertiary Creep

σini − σ Secondary Creep

with creep strain εcr = , Stress Relaxation

primary creep constants of 12Cr-1Mo-1W-0.25V steel at 500◦ C: Creep in Structures

α=6 and β = 4500.

200 M.Sc. Yevgen

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Conclusions

Model without strain hardening

Experimental creep curves, M.Sc. Yevgen

0.01 Failure Criteria

after Sklenička et al. (2002)

Model without strain hardening

Brittle Fracture Primary Creep

T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 Failure Criteria

T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 Failure Criteria

T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 Failure Criteria

T4 nucleation and growth of cavities Basic Assumptions

T1 < T2 < T3 < T4 Failure Criteria

T4 nucleation and growth of cavities Basic Assumptions

Brittle Fracture Primary Creep

−14 (n−k) Failure Criteria

4! stress range