NAME: Damani Lewin

DATE: October 20 2016

TEACHER: Mr. Morgan
CLASS: 10 Forgiveness
ASSIGNMENT GRADE: %
CAND NO.
 IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL
DRAWING AS A UNIVERSAL
LANGUAGE
No matter where you go in the world, most all of the line types, drawing ideas, and symbols
(mostly symbols) are the same. Not every country has great technology so drawing is always a
staple in the world.

Manufacturing Industries
People in manufacturing understand the importance of technical drawings. Good technical
drawings can often reduce the risk of significant delays in production as well as guard against the
danger of ending up with an inaccurate gear. Technical drawings must be accurate, and drafted
according to industry standards, whether they be for one off or mass production.

ENGINEERING
Technical drawings allow engineers to create designs, calculate forces and stresses on structures,
and work with manufacturers. The ability to understand and work with technical drawings will
not make someone a good engineer, but it is a necessary skill on the way to becoming adept in
the profession.

Creating Designs

1. Engineers often create original designs that must be presented to others. Even if you can make
a drawing understandable to yourself, it will not be readable to others if it does not follow the
conventions of technical drawing. Engineers may design machine parts, composite structures or
circuits that will involve the collaboration of several people. It is fine to sketch your basic ideas
by hand while creatively brainstorming, but the details of the design must eventually be
cemented into a format that is mutually understood.
Reading Designs
2. Engineers may not actually create designs, but analyse or perform calculations on them. A
common example involves the calculation of the maximum stress on a machine part. By
gathering the materials, geometry, and forces on a part from an engineering drawing, the
engineer runs calculations to determine whether it will fail due to internal shear, compressive or
tensile stresses.
Modifying Designs
3. Designs are rarely perfect the first time around, and usually involve an iterative process of
modifying several factors. An engineer may work with a team by modifying the dimensions,
geometry, materials or couplings to meet goals for safety, value and functionality. As an
example, an engineer might be given the task of reducing the weight of an object by 5 percent
without detracting from its functionality. A technical drawing is the only way to show exactly
how the design would change.
Manufacturing
4. A technical drawing can give machine operators information on how to manufacture an item.
It is the engineer's responsibility to create the design in a way that does not call for excessively
difficult or complex manufacturing processes. An engineering drawing should contain sufficient
views and acceptable surface finishes, tolerances and geometries to be manufactured with the
available equipment.
Computer Software
5. Technical drawings are created and modified through a number of computer-aided design
programs, such as AutoCAD and SolidWorks. These programs have long moved past cutting-
edge status and are now practically considered a standard part of an engineer's skill set. To use
these programs effectively, one must understand the different line types, views, dimensions and
information included in technical drawings.

ARCHITECTURE
The art and design that goes into making buildings is known as "architecture". To communicate
all aspects of the shape or design, detail drawings are used. In this field, the term plan is often
used when referring to the full section view of these drawings as viewed from three feet above
finished floor to show the locations of doorways, windows, stairwells, etc.[3] Architectural
drawings describe and document an architect's design.
 DESIGNER
Technical drawing is used for the following reasons by a DESIGNER,

 As reference for 3D modellers

 To create the dimensions and size accurately
 Distilling in a drawing how the design would function
 Often drawing something up accurately can point out many problems that didn't appear
while sketching
 DRAWING EQUIPMENT
AND MATERIALS
FUNCTIONS
Equipment- are the tools used for technical drawing, including, and not
limited to: pens, rulers, compasses, protractors, and drawing utilities. Drawing tools may be used
for measurement and layout of drawings, or to improve the consistency and speed of creation of
standard drawing elements

Drawing board- A drawing board is a flat, smooth board on which

to attach paper for making drawings or designs. Traditionally they are made of timber however
modern day boards are constructed out of plastic. The board can be purchased in A4 size
although they are more commonly found in schools as an A3 size format.
T-SQUARE - A T-square is a straightedge which uses the edge of the
drawing board as a support. It is used with the drafting board to draw horizontal lines and to
align other drawing instruments. Wooden, metal, or plastic triangles with 30° and 60° angles or
with two 45° angles are used to speed drawing of lines at these commonly used angles. A
continuously adjustable 0–90° protractor is also in use. An alternative to the T-square is the
parallel bar which is permanently attached to the drawing board. It has a set of cables and pulleys
to allow it to be positioned anywhere on the drawing surface while still remaining parallel to the
bottom of the board.

Drafting Machine- A drafting machine is a device which is

mounted to the drawing board. It has rulers whose angles can be precisely adjusted with a
controlling mechanism. [6] There are two main types of apparatus: an arm-type parallelogram
apparatus based on a hinged arm; and a track-type apparatus which moves on a rail mounted to
the top of the drawing board. The accuracy of the arm type apparatus is better in the middle of
the board, decreasing towards the edges, whereas a track machine has a constant accuracy over
the whole board.
 Computer, plotter and printer
The plotter is a computer printer for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were used in
applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with
wide-format conventional printers. A plotter gives a hard copy of the output. It draws pictures on
a paper using a pen. Plotters are used to print designs of ships and machines, plans for buildings
and so on.

CAMERAS- a camera is use in technical drawing to capture specific

patterns that are created by the artist or editor of an, project or a piece of important work.
SCANNERS- Maps, plans and drawings of various types and sizes
can be scanned from a maximum of 1.3m wide and unlimited length at a very high throughput
rate. Scanned drawings can also be used as a template to convert documents to CAD or GIS
formats.

Multimedia Devices- multimedia devices are

electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is
distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader
scope.
 Drawing Instrument
Compass- A compass (or pair of compasses) is a technical drawing
instrument that can be used for drawing circles or arcs. As dividers, they can also be used as
tools to measure distances, in particular on maps. Compasses can be used for mathematics,
drafting, navigation, and other purposes. Compasses are usually made of metal and consist of
two parts connected by a hinge. One part has a spike at its end which stops it from sliding on the
paper when drawing a circle or arc, and the other part a pencil. The distance between the legs can
be adjusted to allow the changing of the radius of the circle drawn.

Triangle/Set-square- A set square or triangle (American

English) is an object used in engineering and technical drawing, with the aim of providing a
straightedge at a right angle or other particular planar angle to a baseline.
Protractor- A protractor is used to measure angles. A typical protractor is a
semi-circular piece of plastic with 180 degrees printed around its curve. This piece of equipment
is not only used in graphics for constructing accurate drawings but is also used in subjects like
Mathematics. Also available for graphics is a full circle protractor which can be used to
accurately measure angles greater than 180 degrees.

Dividers- Instrument for measuring, transferring, or marking off distances,

consisting of two straight adjustable legs hinged together and ending in sharp points. It is used
principally in drafting for the accurate transfer of dimensions from a measuring scale and in
machine shops for scribing lines on surfaces, usually machined, with dimensions taken from a
ruler. A compass is essentially a divider in which one of the points has been replaced by a pencil
or other marking device. The compass is useful for scribing circles or arcs of circles; it usually
includes a scale to indicate the radius of the circle being scribed.
French Curves- are made of wood, plastic or celluloid. Some set
squares also have these curves cut in the middle. French curves are used for drawing curves
which cannot be drawn with compasses. A faint freehand curve is first drawn through the known
points; the longest possible curve that coincides exactly with the freehand curve is then found out
from the French curves. Finally, a neat continuous curve is drawn with the aid of the French
curves.

Templates- Templates contain pre-dimensioned holes in the right scale to

accurately draw a symbol or sign. Letter templates are used for drawing text, including digits
and letter characters. For drawing circles and circle-arcs, circle templates which contain a set of
suitably-sized holes are used. There are also specific templates to provide user with the most
common symbols in use in different branches of designing.
Letter Guide- is an, flexible piece of plastic used to form letter in

drawing or hand writing by follow the letter with a mechanical pencil

Ruler- A ruler is one of the most important pieces of drawing equipment. An

opaque-type rulers should only use to measure distances with lines being drawn with T-Squares
and Set Squares. But it must be remembered that the edge of a ruler is not guaranteed to have
a perfectly straight edge unlike a good T-Square or Set Square. Rulers used in technical drawing
are usually made of polystyrene. Rulers come in two types according to the design of their
edge. Straight edge can be used with lead and felt pens, whereas when technical pen is used
the edge must be grooved to prevent the spread of the ink.

Scale- Scale drawing appears due to the need of depicting objects with accuracy

avoiding draw them in real size. From this need and thanks to math theory about proportions,
we have developed scale drawing.
 Types of Lines
Technical drawing Lines are used for different purposes to provide specific information for
designers, manufacturers, etc. looking at the drawing. The person who will read drawings have to
learn what they mean. Line types are also a language type to communicate between technical

people.
Continuous Thick Line: Surroundings and sides of the matters ( Outlines of the Edges),
End of the Screws,
Continuous Thin line: Measure lines, Backside section lines, implied axis lines, to state the
code of the planes, at diagonal lines which are used to state plane surface, Intersection,
Leader, Hatching.
Dashed Thin Lines: Invisible/Hidden Lines represents an invisible edges on the on an
objects.
Dashed Thick Lines with Dots: To state the special places/surfaces which will processed
additionally like to coat, to harden etc.
Dashed Thin Lines with Dots: Axis lines of symmetrical drawings, In front of section
planes.
Chain Thin with Thick Ends: Cutting Plane, To draw the trace at section planes,
Continuous Thin Zigzag Line: It is used when free hand lines are drawn by tools
Free Hand Line: Limits of partial and interrupted views and sections
Parts situated in front of the cutting planes, outlines of adjacent parts, Censorial Lines, to
state centre of gravity
The Alphabet of Lines is a list of line symbols that engineers use in technical drawings to
communicate specific shapes, sizes or surfaces. The lines and symbols used in the Alphabet of
Lines are universal, which means engineers around the world use and understand them.
 Lettering and Dimension
Technique
Lettering is an impotent part of engineering drawing. It gives information regarding size, and
instructions, in the form of notes and dimension. On a drawing, whole of the written information
is always in the form of lettering. It is not hand written. Also, it may be added here, that Lettering
is appropriate and correct words but not printing (Printing means production of printed material
on a printing press).
Lettering
The writing of alphabets and numerals such as A, B, C, D…………………….Z and 1, 2,
3……………9, 0 respectively is called Lettering.
Mainly, there are two types of lettering most commonly used in engineering drawing viz. Gothic
Lettering and Roman Lettering.
GUIDELINE-Guidelines ensure consistency in the size of the letter characters.
If your lettering consists of capitals, draw only the cap line and base line. If lowercase letters are
included as well, draw the waist line and drop line.

Cap line – the upper most horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letter.
Waist line indicates the upper limit of the lowercase letters. The ascender is the part of the
lowercase letter that extends above the body of the letter. All ascenders are as high as the caps.
Base line – where all letter rest or stand.
Drop line indicates the lower limit of the lowercase letters. The descender is the part of the
lowercase letter that extends below the body of the letter.
Lettering Techniques-1. Lettering.
As a graphics documentation specialist, you are required to demonstrate Proficiency by lettering
diverse projects that vary from simple name Plates for military housing to complex presentation
materials. There is only one way to become proficient at lettering--practice. All projects you letter
are some form of communication (e.g., the name plate tells or Communicates who dwells in the
quarters; presentations communicate ideas). For a lettering project to communicate effectively it
must, above all else, be legible. The following list includes the lettering factors, Discussed later in
this sub course, that have the greatest bearing on Legibility.
a. Style of letter.
b. Size of letter.
c. Space between letters.
d. Space between words.
e. Space between lines.
2. Letter Classification.
As mentioned earlier, lettering is a form of Communication. Words alone do not convey the entire
message. Letter Size, style, and other characteristics also help to convey a message. Consider how
these factors are used in some documents to which you are exposed.
(1) The style of letters in part, determines how readable a document is. For this reason, magazine
articles use letter styles that are easy to Read. The size of letters can attract the readers' attention,
such as Headlines in a newspaper or titles on charts. The size and style of Letters is often used to
deter a person from reading the "fine print."
(2) Properly used, letter styles convey the feeling or mode of the Message you are communicating.
They may be warm, brisk, dignified, Modern, old-fashioned, or some other variation. To select the
style Appropriate to the message, you must be able to recognize various styles and be familiar with
their appropriate use.
(3) Letter styles are often referred to as faces. Figure 1-1 displays the six main classes of letters
commonly
Styles-There are various forms of alphabets used in the art of lettering and each type is used for
some particular purpose. ‘Old Roman’ style is the parent of all these styles. It is the basic standard
for architects and artists. A variation of this style is known as ‘Modern Roman’ used by civil
engineers, in maps and photographical drawings. The simplified forms called ‘Commercial
Gothic’ are used almost exclusively for working drawings. ‘Gothic’ letters are elementary strokes
of even width. ‘Roman’ letters have elementary strokes “accented” or consisting of heavy and light
lines. All slanting letters are classified as ‘Italics’.
Uniformity and Spacing-Complete guide lines should be drawn for whole numbers and fractions,
especially for beginners. Fractions are twice the height of the corresponding whole numbers. Make
the numerator and the denominator each about three fourths as high as the whole number tallow
ample clear space between them and the fraction bar. For dimensioning, the most commonly used
height for whole numbers is %” (3.22 mm), and for fractions %” (6.4 mm).

Size-The size of letter is described by its height. According to the height of letters, they are
classified as Lettering A or Lettering B
Pencil Size and Technique- Mainly two types of pencils are used in engineering drawing 2H
grade pencil and HB grade pencil. 2H lead pencil is used to draw light lines (whole background
drawing) and HB lead is used to draw dark lines (to separate few lines from drawing to show
dimensions, answers

Types of Pencil Leads Grades.

Sr. No Name of Pencil Lead Grade Type of Lead
01 8B
02 7B
03 6B VERY SOFT GRADE
04 5B Sr No 1 to 6
05 4B
06 3B
07 2B
08 B
MEDIUM GRADE
09 F
Sr No 7 to 11
10 H
11 2H
12 3H VERY HARD GRADE
 13 4H Sr No 8 to 19
14 5H
15 6H
16 7H
17 8H
18 9H
19 10H

Fonts/Texts- just use Technic or Simplex font. But according to ANSI/ASME standard, the default font
type is ASME Y14.5M.

Below is the font type. It looks very neat and very legible to me.