AMOEBIC DYSENTERY  The microorganism is communicable for the entire duration of the illness.

AMOEBIASIS Mode of Transmission

DEFINITION:
- infection of the intestinal tract causing severe diarrhea with blood and mucus.  Direct Contact
Causative Agent: - sexual contact
 It is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica and results in
 Indirect Contact
- ingestion of uncooked foods contaminated with fecal materials
ulceration of the intestines and occasionally in the formation of abscesses in the liver,
- drinking contaminated water, exposure of food to flies
lungs, testes or brain.
SOURCE OF INFECTION:
Entamoeba Histolytica
 WATER AND FOOD CONTAMINATED WITH HUMAN FECES
 Prevalent in unsanitary areas
Clinical Manifestations
 Common in warm climate • About 90% of the infected persons are asymptomatic.
 Acquired by swallowing • IN SYMPTOMATIC INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS:
 Cysts survives a few days outside of the body – Fever, gradual onset of colicky abdominal pain, increased number of stools daily
 Cysts passes to the large intestine and hatch into trophozoites. It passes into the (often intermittent, with more than 6 stools daily, sometimes containing mucus and gross
mesenteric veins, to the portal vein, to the liver, thereby forming amoebic liver abscess. blood)
Entamoeba Histolytica • SEVERE INFECTIONS:
2 Developmental Stage: • May have an acute onset and be characterized by abdominal pain, frequent and
 as free amoeba (known as trophozoites) profuse bloody diarrhea
 As infective cysts, which are a group of amoeba surrounded by a protective wall, • (sometimes containing necrotic tissue), more rapid weight loss, and greater
that have been passed (excreted) in the carrier’s feces (human or animal) potential for dehydration.
Source: • Rarely, a form of chronic amebic colitis that mimics ulcerative colitis.
Human Excreta Clinical Features
Common Signs and Symptoms HEPATIC AMEBIASIS:
 Frequent loose stools • The most common extraintestinal infection
 Fever • Also called as Amebic Liver Abscess
 Abdominal pain • Which occurs more in males and rare in children
• Symptoms:-- gradual or acute onset of fever; RUQ pain
 Cramps
• (sometimes radiating to the right shoulder), hepatomegaly, and
 Fatigue tenderness, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, weight loss and malaise.
 Intermittent constipation • --intercostal tenderness is common, Rales may be heard over the right lung
 Diarrhea with abdominal swelling base.
 Flatulence • Prompt TX is necessary to prevent the abscess from rupturing.
 Dehydration • Other extraintestinal infections:
 Indigestion • Include: perianal infections and rare metastatic infections to the brain,
Incubation Period lungs and genetalia.
 The incubation period is 3 days in severe infection, several months in sub acute
Laboratory Diagnosis
and chronic form. In average case vary 3-4 weeks period.
Period of Communicability  Stool Exam (cyst, white and yellow pus with plenty of amoeba)
 Blood Exam (Leukocytosis) • --TISSUE AMEBICIDES:-- dehydroemetine, emetine
 Proctoscopy / Sigmoidoscopy • --metronidazole (act on the amebas in the bowel wall but not the
common lab findings: lumen).
• Multiple fresh stool examinations • --LUMINAL AMEBICIDES:-- diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol,
• --detect organisms in about 80% of the infections paromomycin
• --if the pt has taken antibiotics, antimalarials, antidiarrheals, laxatives or • --TETRACYCLINE inhibits growth in both the bowel wall and lumen.
mineral oil, specimen collection should be delayed for 10-14 days. • --treatment is indicated for E. Hystolytica even in asymptomatic individuals to
• --3 negative fecal ova and parasite (O&P) tests are needed to effectively reduce the risk of
rule out infection. invasive dse. and transmission to others.
• Stool guaiac • --IODOQUINOL:--used to treat asymptomatic patients
--30-40mg/kg/24hours (maximum:650mg/dos PO tid for 20 days.
• --is usually positive and eosinoplia is sometimes present
Continued treatment:
• --pt with more than mild dysentery often have a mild to moderate
leukocytosis.
• A stool guaiac test is one of a number of methods for detecting the
presence of fecal occult blood. Fecal occult blood is blood present in the
feces that is not visibly apparent. It can be a symptom of colorectal
cancer.
Complications:
• Megacolon, vomiting, high fever, dehydration, and circulatory collapse.
• Amebomas (amebic granulomas)-can mimic colon carcinoma
• Fulminant necrotizing colitis is rare but caries a high mortality rate. It presents
with fever, bloody mucoid stools
• Perforation of hepatic abscess may lead to peritonitis, pericarditis, and pleurisy.
• Detection of fecal tropozoites containing digested red blood cells is diagnostic.
• Microscopy can not determine E. Hystolytica cysts from those of non pathogenic
species such as E. dispar and E. mushcovskii.
• Stool antigen and DNA tests are available and specific or E. hystolytica.
• Endoscopy is used when stools are negative but suspicion is high.
• Serologic testing is available but is only 70% sensitive for intestinal amebiasis.
• A positive serum antibody can be a result of either the avirulent of
• E. dispar and E. Hystolytica.
• The agar gel method of serologic testing is less sensitive but is just as specific. Nursing Management:
• For hepatic amebiasis, imaging of the liver and bleary tree is essential.  Observe isolation and enteric precaution
• CT scans are sensitive but not specific whereas Ultrasound is fast less expensive  Provide health education and instruct patient to:
but a little less sensitive than CT.  Boil water for drinking or use purified water
Treatment:  Avoid washing food from open drum or pail
• PHARMACOTHERAPY:  Cover leftover food
 Wash hands after defecation and before eating
 Avoid ground vegetables (lettuce, carrots and the like) SCAR

Methods of Prevention
 Health education. • OCCUR WITH TIREDNESS, FEVER
 Sanitary disposal of feces. • CX: CAVERNOUS SINUS AND CHILLS
 Protect, chlorinate, and purify drinking water. THROMBOSIS, (UPPER • CX: SEPSIS,
LIP AND CHEEK); SEPTICEMINA MRSA ( Methicillin-resistant
 Observe scrupulous cleanliness in food preparation and food handling. (MALNUTRITION Staphylococcus aureus
 Detection and treatment of carriers.
 Fly control (they can serve as vector).
Tests and diagnosis
Furuncle and carbuncles • Doctors usually diagnose boils and carbuncles by considering signs and symptoms and
CARBUNCLES medical history and looking at the distinctive sores.
• Is an infection involving subcutaneous tissue around several hair follicles. • For recurring infections, infections that don't respond to standard treatment or have a
FURUNCLES weakened immune system, the doctor may culture the drainage. During this test, the
• An infection deep within the hair follicle. doctor uses a sterile swab to gently remove a small bit of pus or drainage from the boil
• Commonly termed as boils or carbuncle. The sample is then cultured in a laboratory for the
Treatments and drugs
• The doctor may drain a large boil or carbuncle by making a small incision in the tip.
• CARBUNCLES and FURUNCLES are painful, pus-filled bumps that form under the
This relieves pain, speeds recovery and helps lessen scarring. Deep infections that can't
skin when bacteria infect and inflame one or more of your fair follicles.
be completely drained may be covered with sterile gauze so that pus can continue to
drain. Sometimes the doctor may prescribe antibiotics to help heal severe infections.
COMPARISON
Alternative medicine
BOIL CARBUNCLE • Tea tree oil, which is extracted from the leaves of the Australian tea tree (Melaleuca
• ACUTE • EXTENSIVE INFECTION alternifolia), has been used for centuries as an antiseptic, antibiotic and antifungal agent.
• PAINFUL • PAINFUL It may help relieve discomfort and speed healing.
• STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS • STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS • For best results, apply the oil to a boil several times a day. The oil can cause allergic
• SMALL, • PUS DISCHARGE FROM reactions in some people, so be sure to stop using it if there are problems.
FOLICULAR,NODULAR- MULTIPLE FOLLICULAR Prevention
PUSTULE- ORIFICES Although it's not always possible to prevent boils, especially if with a compromised immune
NECROTIC-DISCHARGE PUS • NECROSIS OF INTERVENING system, the following measures may help avoid staph infections:
SKIN • Wash hands regularly with mild soap. Or, use an alcohol-based hand rub often.
• LARGE, DEEP ULCER Careful hand washing is the best defense against germs.
•GENERALLY BETWEEN ½ • CAUSE SEVERE AND DEEPER • Thoroughly clean even small cuts and scrapes. Wash the wound well with soap and
INCH-3/4 INCH IN INFECTIONS water and apply an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment.
DIAMETER THAN SINGLE BOILS • Keep wounds covered. Keep cuts and abrasions clean and covered with sterile, dry
COMMON IN ADULTS • COMMON IN MIDDLE OR OLD bandages until they heal.
AGE • Keep personal items personal. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, sheets,
• SITE: NECK, WRIST, WAIST, • SITE: NECK, SHOULDER OR razors, clothing and athletic equipment. Staph infections can spread via objects as well
BUTTOCKS, FACE THIGHS as from person to person. If you have a cut or sore, wash your towels and linens using
• USUALY HEALS WITHOUT • HEAL MORE SLOWLY AND detergent and hot water with added bleach and dry them in a hot dryer.
SCAR LIKELY TO LEAVE A
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES • Sore throat
*SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES*
( GONORRHEA, SYPHILIS & AIDS ) DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
• Urine test for UFEME (urine for examination & microscopic examination)
GONORRHEA • Gram stain (sample from a urethra or a cervix)
DEFINITION HOW DOES GONORRHEA AFFECT A PREGNANT WOMAN AND HER BABY?
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria Pregnant woman who has gonorrhea may give the infections to her baby as the baby passes
Gonorrheae, a bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in the warm, moist areas of the through the birth canal during delivery. This can cause :
reproductive tract, including the cervix , uterus and fallopian tubes in women, and in the • Blindness
urethra in women and men. The bacterium can also grow in the mouth, throat, eyes and anus.
RISK FACTORS • Joint infections
Sexually active persons : • Life threatening blood infections
• Teenagers
TREATMENTS
• Young adults Medication like antibiotics :
• Africans Americans • fluoroquinolones
• SOURCE OF INFECTION: (eg : single-dose pills such as ciprofloxacin)
– Infectious mucous memebranes • cephalosporins
– Even contaminated fingers
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: • ceftriaxone
Direct contact between infectious mucous membranes (single-dose injection)
INCUBATION PERIOD: Oinment :
Usually 2-10 days, possibly 3 days or more
SIGN AND SIMPTOMS
• Erythromycin
(prevent blindness)
For men :
COMPLICATIONS
• Burning sensation when urinating For women :
• White, yellow, or green discharge from penis • Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (PID)
• Painful or swollen testicles • Infertility
For women :
• painful or burning sensation when urinating
• Ectopic pregnancy

• Increased vaginal discharge • Perihepatitis

• Vaginal bleeding between period • Fitz-hugh-curtis syndrome (rare)

For both : For men :
 Rectal infection like :
• Discharge
• Epididymitis
• Anal itching • Infertility
• Soreness
• Bleeding • Prostatitis
• Painful bowel movements • urethritis
• Infections in throat :
 • Symptoms usually appear 1wk-6mos after appearance of chancre
SYPHILIS
DEFINITION
• Rash – reddish brown occur anywhere on body
Is a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) caused by the bacterium traponema pallidum. It has • Fever
often been called “the great imitator” because so many of the sign & symptoms are • Swollen lymph glands
indistinguishable from these of other disease. • Body aches
• SOURCE OF INFECTION:
• Moist mucosal or cutaneous lesion • Sore in mouth
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION: • Fatigue
• Direct exposure wih the infectious sore through sexual contact • Primary and secondary sores will go away even without TX, but the germs continue to
• INCUBATION PERIOD: spread throughout the body.
• 10 Days -3 months, with average of 21 days.
• Chancres develop 2-6 weeks after exposure. CONT..
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Tertiary syphilis :
• Break in the skin or mucous membrane • effect brain & spinal cord

• Vulnerable to invasion by the spirochete

• damage heart & other organs
Late syphilis :
• Enter the system and spread through the blood and lymphatic system • Jerky or uncoordinated muscle movement
 Paralysis
• Congenital syphilis is transfered to the fetus
 Numbness
• Through the placenta circulation  Gradual blindness
 Dementia
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
Primary syphilis : • Latent syphilis may continue 5-20 years with no SX
• Usually occurs 10 days to 3 month after exposure DIAGNOSTIC TEST
• Painless sore chancre at the site of entry of germs, swollen glands • Dark ground examination
• Sore on the penis (men) • DFA- TP (direct fluorescent antibody)
• Sore around inside the vagina (women) • FTA (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption)
Secondary syphilis :
• Rash – reddish brown occur anywhere on body
• S. VDRL (venereal disease research laboratary)

• Fever • TPHA (treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay test

• Swollen lymph glands • CXR (Chest X-ray)
• Body aches • Lumbar puncture
• Sore in mouth • Serum FTA
• fatigue
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
Secondary syphilis : • Primary & secondary
• Procaine penicillin G 600 000 units IM daily for 10 days. Anxiety related to the effects of the infections on the unborn child
• Benzathine penicillin 2.4 million units IM weekly for 2 weeks. • Emphasize that syphilis can be effectively treated, preventing the serious complications
- If allergic to penicillin of the late-stage diseases.
• Doxycycline 100mg oral TID for21 days • Teach the pregnant client that taking medications as directed and returning each month
• Tetracycline 500mg oral 6 hourly for 21 days for follow-up testing will help ensure the well-being if her baby.
Low self-esteem related to diseases process
• Erthromycin 500mg oral 6 hourly for 21 days
cont… • Create an environment where the client feel respected and safe to discuss questions and
concerns about the disease and its effect on the client’s life.
• Late stage
• Provide privacy and confidentiality.
• Benzathine penicillin 2.4 million units IM weekly for 3 weeks
• Let client know that the nurse and other healthcare providers care about them and the
- If allergic to penicillin succesful treatment of their diseases.
• Doxycycline 100mg for 30 days or tetracycline.
-AIDS-
NURSING MANAGEMENT WHAT IS HIV?
 Administer IM injection of penicillin G as ordered. WHAT IS AIDS?
 Discuss the importance of abstaining from sexual activity until he and his partners are
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body’s
cured, and of using condoms to prevent reinfection.
natural defense system
 Explain the need to return for follow up testing in 3 months and again at 6 months. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
 Notify sexual partners that they need to come to the clinic for testing. • SOURCE OF INFECTION:
 Refer to a social worker for counseling about the effect of the disease on their • CONTAMINATED BODY FLUIDS
relationship. • CONTAMINATED SYRINGES, NEEDLES, NIPPER, RAZOR BLADES
 Teach the couple about the importance of treatment to the health of their infant. • MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
– SEXUAL CONTACT
NURSING DIAGNOSIS – BLOOD TRANSFUSION
& – DIRECT INOCULATION
NURSING INTERVENTIONS – DIRECT CONTACT OF OPEN WOUNDS/MUCOUS MEMBRANE WITH
Risk for injury to the patient, his partners & the infant r/t disease process CONTAMINATED BLOOD, BODY FLUIDS, SEMEN AND VAGNAL
DISCHARGES.
• Teach the importance of taking any prescribed medication.
• Encourage referral of any sexual partners for evaluation and necessary treatment. • INCUBATION PERIOD:
– Variable.
• Teach abstinence from sexual contact until client and partners are cured and
– Although the time from infection to the dev’t of detectable antibodies is
to use condoms to prevent
generally 1-3 months, the time from HIV infection to the diagnosis of AIDS has
future infections.
an observed range of less than 1-15 years or longer.
CONT..
• Emphasize the importance of returning for follow – up testing at 3 and 6 month. Sexual transmission
Intervals for early syphilis and 6 and 12 month intervals for late latent syphilis.
Unprotected relations
• Provide information about manifestations of reinfections.
Infected sexual secretions
 • SOB
Genital, oral, rectal mucous membranes
• Personality changes
Infected person • Odynophagia (pain during swallowing)
Cont… • Mouth sores
Blood or blood product Late stage
• Disorientation
• Infected blood / blood transfusion • Seizures
• Open wound • Mutism
• Receive tattoo,piercings and scarification procedure • Loss of memory
• Infected person • coma

Cont…
Mother to child DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE
Testing positive for HIV infection
Virus from mother to child • Complete Blood Count (CBC)- to identify the number and type of cell in blood

in utero, intrapartum or via

• A chemistry screen- measure the blood levels and evaluate liver and kidney function
• Syphilis testing
Absence of treatment • Screening for hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C
Infected baby • Tuberculosis (TB) screening

SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
Progresses in 3 stages : Antiretroviral Therapy :
Initial stage (Acute Retroviral Syndrome) • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• Abdominal cramps, nausea or vomiting - tenofovir, abacavir
• Diarrhea • Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
- nevirapine, etravirine
• Fever • Protease inhibitors (PIs)
• Headache - tipranavir, indinavir
• Skin rash • Fusion and entry inhibitors
- maraviroc, enfurvitide
• Weight loss
• Integrase inhibitors
- raltegravir (insentress)
Cont…
Chronic stage
Cont…
• Confusion
• Dry cough Antibiotics and prednisone
• Fatigue • for complication of pneumonia
Amphotericin B with flucytosine :  speech problem, weakness, loss of vision, numbness arm and leg
• for complication of meningitis Cont…
Clotrimazole  Fungal Infection
• for complication of oral candidiasis – Candidiasis  thick white coating on the mucous membrane of mouth,
WHY TREATMENT IS FAILURE ?? tongue,esophagus, vagina
• The virus that causes HIV has become resistant. The medication no longer effectively – Cryptococcal meningitis  CNS infection
controls virus multiplication nor protects immune system  Parasitic Infection
• Didn’t take medication as prescribed – Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia(PCP)
MANAGEMENT – Toxoplasmosis  leads to encephalitis
• Medical history ;  Cancer
• Eg. Have you ever had symptoms that might indicate illness ( fever, weight loss, sob,or – Kaposi’s sarcoma  tumor of blood vessels (pink, red, purple lesions on skin and
diarrhea? ) mouth)
• Physical examination ; – Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma  painless swelling of the lymph nodes in neck, armpit ,
• Temperature groin
Cont…
• Weight
 Other
• Eyes – cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis – Wasting syndrome  muscle wasting
• Gynecologic – Neurological complication  confusion, changes in behavior, depression, anxiety
Cont…
• Mouth – oral yeast infections (thrush), mouth sores NURSING DIAGNOSES &
INTERVENTIONS
• Lymph nodes - lymphadenopathy
• Ineffective coping
• Abdomen – hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
• Skin – Seborrheic dermatitis, Kaposi’s  Assess social support network and usual methods of coping.
sarcoma
 Plan for consistent, uninterrupted time with the client.
COMPLICATION  Promote the interaction between the client, significant other and family.
 Bacterial Infection
– Bacterial pneumonia
 Support positive coping behaviors, decision, actions and achievement.
2) Ineffective sexuality patterns
– Mycobacterium avium complex(MAC)  including bone marrow, liver, spleen
– Tuberculosis(TB)  Examine your feelings about sexuality, your role in dealing with a client’s sexuality, the
– Salmonellosis  contaminated food and water client’s lifestyle and sexual preferences.
 Viral Infection  Provide factual information about HIV infection and its effects.
– Cytomegalovirus(CMV)  transmitted in body fluids  Encourage discussion of fear and concers with significant other.
– Viral hepatitis  viral infection of the liver  Establish a trusting ,therapeutic relationship through the use of time ,active listening,
– Herpes simple virus(HSV) caring, and self disclosure. Maintain nonbreathing , nonjudgmental attitude toward the
– Human papillovirus(HPV) client.
– Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy(PML)
HEALTH EDUCATION
FOR SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)
 Is among one of the most durable protozoan trophozites.

• Practice safe sex to prevent HIV. Always use a condom during sexual activity, unless in  It is the most common, curable sexually transmitted disease in the world in sexually
a relationship with one partner who does not have HIV or other sex partners active women.
• Reduce number of sex partners, preferably to one partner
• Do regularly tested for HIV • Source of infection:
--contaminated body fluids
Cont… --contaminated items
mode of transmission:
• Coping and support to patient and family --sexual intercourse with infected person
• HIV / AIDS clinics that may help : incubation period:
--4-20 days, average 7 days
• Learn all about HIV / AIDS
• Be proactive Structure of the protozoan
• Maintain a strong support system  The most common location of infection in women is the vagina, and in men it is the
• Keep all appointments and take medications exactly as directed urethra.
 Contains an anaerobic flagellate; four anterior flagella and an undulating membrane.
Cont… Flagellate produce movement in a wavelike rippling action movement.
• Talk to sex partner about their sexual history and find out whether has engaged in high-  Protruding from the posterior end is a barb like, cytoskeletal element called an axostyle
risk behaviors that runs the length of the organism.
• Avoid alcohol and drugs, which can impair both judgement and immune system.
Structure of Prozoa contd...
• Tell sex partners about behavior and whether has HIV-Positive
 The axostyle is composed of concentric rows of microtubules that is thought to function
• Do not donate blood, plasma, semen, body organs or body tissues in the attachment of the parasite to the epithelial cells.
 There is a single nucleus at the anterior end that lacks mitochondria. It also contains
Cont… hydrogensome appears to have a common ancestry with mitochondria based on
• Avoid breast feeding their infant. similarities in function.
• Wear mask, glove, protective eyewear or shields, gowns and apron to prevent exposure Structure & Lifestyle
of the skin or mucus membranes to bloodborne pathogens
∆ The protozoan reproduces upon binary fission.
• Do not share IV needles, syringes, cookers, cotton, cocaine spoon or eyedroppers with
others. ∆ Although it is unable to form a cyst it can survive for up to 24 hrs in semen, urine and
water samples.
Trichomoniasis
Claire R. Hatton
Trichomoniasis Evolutionary Background
Causative agent: Trichomonas vaginalis  Donné first discovered and named Trichomonas vaginalis in 1836 after finding
the organism in genital secretions of both women and men
 The shape of T. vaginalis in culture is typically pyriform
 T. vaginalis is an early-diverging parabasalid protozoan that appears to have
 T. vaginalis is about 9 by 7 µm. branched before protozoan genera such as kinetoplastids, some of the earliest
 protozoa with mitochondria. However it is thought that the protozoa evolved Symptoms of Trichomoniasis contd…
since they now lack a mitochondria n Vulvovaginitis
CLASSIFICATION (I & II )
 T. vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan, and the taxonomic position is based on the 6)Urethritis
classification scheme by Dyer .It is Zoomastigina—possess flagella. (I) Female
 Class: Parabasalia—presence of a parabasal body (II)Male
 Order: Trichomonadida four to six flagella, free or attached to an undulating membrane;
no true cysts. Diagnosis
 Family: Trichomonadidae  The most common means of diagnosis is visualization of the motile trichomonads in a
 Genus: Trichomonas saline preparation of the vaginal fluid. This must be performed within 10 to 20 min of
 Species: Trichomonas vaginalis collection of the sample, or the organisms will lose viability.
 The organisms are about the size of a white blood cell and may be actively
Symptoms of Trichomoniasis
motile or may be seen beating their flagella at rest.
 There are often white blood cells in the vaginal fluid that are indicative of
 Heavy yellow-green or grey vaginal discharge accompanying inflammation.
 Vaginal odor  The vaginal pH is elevated (greater than 4.5) in the majority of cases, but it may be
normal.
 Painful urination and sexual intercourse
Effects of Trichomoniasis
 Genital itching or irritation
 A growing body of data implicates Trichomoniasis as a contributor to other health
 Men usually do not show symptoms, but some may experience : complications in both women and men.
♣ A thin, whitish discharge from the penis and/or burning during urination or ejaculation.
 In women, Trichomoniasis has been and a two-fold increased risk of cervical neoplasia a
significantly higher rate of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). It contributes to infertility,
Symptoms of Trichomoniasis contd…
preterm delivery, low birth weight (less than 5.5 lbs) and increased mortality.
 On rare occasions may include, lower abdominal pain.  In men, Trichomoniasis may cause nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and chronic
 May include mild vaginitis, an acute or chronic vulvovaginitis or urethritis and prostatitis.
candiditis.
 The onset or increase in symptoms occurs during or immediately after menstruation. Effects of Trichomoniasis

 The incubation period of this infection is unknown; however, in vitro studies suggest an  In both women and men, Trichomoniasis is a risk factor in HIV infection & AIDS and
incubation period of 4 to 28 days. associated with acquisition Herpes Simplex, Genital Herpes (HSV-2).
 It has also been found in urinary tract, fallopian tubes and pelvis and can cause
Symptoms of Trichomoniasis bronchitis,pnuemonia and oral lesions.

Viewed Horizontally  Inflammation around the vulva may lead to cystitis.

Prevention and Treatment
n Vaginal discharges  Abstinence
 A long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and
n Penile discharge
is known to be uninfected.
n Vaginitis  Consistence use of Latex condoms,.
n Candiditis  If there are any genital discharge or painful urination or discontinue sex and consult a
(male and female) health care provider immediately.
 Vinegar douching also tends to be effective in sexually active persons.
Prevention and Treatment contd…
 Only prescription oral drugs Tinidazole(Tindamax) or Metrodinazole (Flagyl) will cure
Trichomoniasis..
 A person diagnosed with trichomoniasis (or any other STD) should receive treatment
and should notify all recent sex partners so that they can be treated. To avoid the risk of re-
infection (ping pong effect)
 Sexual intercourse should only be done until the infected person and infected partner(s)
is completed and symptoms are absent.

Preventative and Curative agents of Trichomoniasis

Viewed Horizontally
n Latex condom
n Vinegar Douche
n Flagyl (Metrodinazole)
n Tindamax (Tinidazole)