Slope-Deflection

Method: Frames
1) Without Side-sway
2) With Side-sway
 Slope-Deflection Method:
Frames Without Side-
Side-sway

In frames axial deformations are much smaller than the
bending deformations and are neglected in the analysis.

With this assumption some frames will not side-sway
(the frames will not be displaced to the right or left).

Frames do not side-sway if:

They are restrained against side-sway.

The frame geometry and loading is symmetrical.

The analysis of such rigid frames by slope deflection
equation essentially follows the same steps as that of
continuous beams.
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1 F2 = 10 kN
F1 = 5 kN

a b d
EI = const.

4
2 2 2

1. Degrees of freedom

The frame is kinematically indeterminate to first
degree. Only one joint rotation ϕb is unknown.
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1
2. Fixed end moments are calculated referring to the table.
F2 = 10 kN
F1 = 5 kN

a b d
EI = const.

4
2 2 2

1 1
M bd = − ⋅ F2 ⋅ lbd = − ⋅10 ⋅ 4 = −5 kNm
8 8
1
M db = + ⋅ F2 ⋅ lbd = +5 kNm
8
M cb = M bc = 0
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1 F1 = 5 kN
F2 = 10 kN

3. Express internal end moments a b d

by slope-deflection equations. EI = const.

4
2 2 2

M cb = M cb +
2 EI
(2 ⋅ ϕc + ϕb ) = 0 + 2 EI
(2 ⋅ 0 + ϕb ) = ⋅ ϕb
EI
lcb 4 2

M bc = M bc +
2 EI
(2 ⋅ ϕb + ϕc ) = 0 + 2 EI (2 ⋅ ϕb + 0) = EI ⋅ ϕb
lcb 4

M bd = M bd +
2 EI
(2 ⋅ ϕb + ϕ d ) = −5 + 2 EI
(2 ⋅ ϕb + 0) = −5 + EI ⋅ ϕb
lbd 4

M db = M db +
2 EI
(2 ⋅ ϕ d + ϕb ) = +5 + 2 EI (2 ⋅ 0 + ϕb ) = 5 + EI ⋅ ϕb
lbd 4 2
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1 F1 = 5 kN
F2 = 10 kN

4. Equilibrium equations a b d

End moments are expressed in
EI = const.
terms of unknown rotation ϕb.

4
Now, the required equation to solve 2 2 2
for the rotation ϕb is the moment
equilibrium equation at rigid joint b.
c

∑ Mb = 0
M bc + M bd + M F1
=0
M F1
b = F1 ⋅ 2 M bd
b

EI ⋅ ϕb − 5 + EI ⋅ ϕb + 5 ⋅ 2 = 0 b
2 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb + 5 = 0
5 2,5 M bc
ϕb = − =−
2 ⋅ EI EI
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1 F2 = 10 kN
F1 = 5 kN

5. End moments a b d

After evaluating ϕb, substitute it EI = const.
to evaluate beam end moments.

4
2 2 2

EI EI  − 2,5 
M cb = ⋅ ϕb = ⋅  = −1,25 kNm c
2 2  EI 
 − 2,5 
M bc = EI ⋅ ϕb = EI ⋅   = −2,5 kNm
 EI 
 − 2,5 
M bd = −5 + EI ⋅ ϕb = −5 + EI ⋅   = −7,5 kNm
 EI 
EI EI  − 2,5 
M db = 5 + ⋅ ϕb = 5 + ⋅  = 3,75 kNm
2 2  EI 
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1
6. Shear forces

Now, reactions at supports are evaluated using equilibrium
equations. Shear forces are equal to plus/minus this reactions.
Mcb Mbc Mbd F2 = 10 kN Mbd
c b b d
4 2 2
Rcb=Vcb Rbc=-Vbc Rbd=Vbd Rdb=-Vdb
1  l 
Vcb = Rcb =
1
(− M cb − M bc ) Vbd = Rbd =  F2 ⋅ bd − M bd − M db 
lbc lbd  2 

Vcb = (+ 1,25 + 2,5) = 0,94 kN

1
Vbd =
1
(10 ⋅ 2 + 7,5 − 3,75) = 5,94 kN
4 4
1  
Vbc = − Rbc = − (+ M cb + M bc )
1 l
Vdb = − Rdb = −  F2 ⋅ bd + M bd + M db 
lbc lbd  2 

Vbc = −
1
(− 1,25 − 2,5) = 0,94 kN Vdb = −
1
(10 ⋅ 2 − 7,5 + 3,75) = −4,06 kN
4 4
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1
7. Normal forces

The required equations to solve for normal forces
are the force equilibrium equations at rigid joint b.

∑ Fxb = 0
N bd − Vbc = 0 F1 Vbd
N bd = Vbc b
N bd = 0,94 kN Nbd
Vbc
∑ Fzb = 0
N bc + Vbd + F1 = 0
Nbc
N bc = −Vbd − F1
N bc = −5,94 − 5 = −10,94 kN
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1
8. Reactions
F2 = 10 kN
F1 = 5 kN M d = 3,75 kNm
a b d Rdx = 0,94 kN

Rdz = 4,06 kN

Rcx = 0,94 kN c
M c = 1,25 kNm
Rcz = 10,94 kN
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1
9. Draw normal and shear force diagrams.

Vbd = 5,94
Nbd = Ndb = 0,94
0

-F1= -5 Vdb = 4,06

Ncb = Nbc = -10,94

Vcb = Vbc = 0,94

 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames Without Side-sway,
Example 1
9. Draw bending moment diagram
-F1·2 = -10
Mbd = -7,5
-Mbd = -3,75

-Mbc = 2,5
MF = 4,37
Mcb = -1,25
1,25

M F = − M d + Rdz ⋅ 2 = −3,75 + 4,06 ⋅ 2 = 4,37 kNm

 Slope-Deflection Method:
Frames With Side-
Side-sway

In frames axial deformations are much smaller than the
bending deformations and are neglected in the analysis.

The frames will side-sway (the frames will be displaced
to the right or left or will be displaced up or down).

Frames side-sway if:

They are not restrained against side-sway.

The frame geometry and loading is not symmetrical.
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
1. Degrees of freedom

Frame is kinematically b I c
indeterminate to third

F = 12 kN
degrees (three unknown
I

3
displacements - two
rotations ϕb, ϕc and
one translation ub = uc). d
2I

3
a
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
2. Fixed end moments are calculated referring to the table.

b I c

F = 12 kN
I

3
d
2I

3
1 1
M ab = − ⋅ F ⋅ lab = − ⋅12 ⋅ 6 = −9 kNm
8 8 a
1
M ba = + ⋅ F ⋅ lab = +9 kNm
8
M bc = M cb = 0
M cd = M dc = 0
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2 ∆ ∆

3. Express internal end moments c

by slope-deflection equations. b ψcd

M ab = M ab +
2 EI ab
(2 ⋅ ϕ a + ϕb − 3 ⋅ψ ab ) ψab
lab
bar rotation
d
ub = u c = ∆
∆ ∆ chords of
ψ ab ≈ tanψ ab = = the elastic curve
lab 6
∆ ∆
ψ cd ≈ tanψ cd = = a
lcd 3
 Slope-Deflection Method: b I c

F = 12 kN
Frames With Side-sway, I

3
Example 2 d
2I
3. Express internal end moments
by slope-deflection equations. 4

3
a

M ab = M ab +
2 EI ab
(2 ⋅ ϕ a + ϕb − 3 ⋅ψ ab ) = −9 + 2 ⋅ 2 EI  2 ⋅ 0 + ϕb − 3 ⋅ ∆  = −9 + 2 EI ⋅ ϕb − EI ⋅ ∆
lab 6  6 3 3

M ba = M ba +
2 EI ab
(2 ⋅ ϕb + ϕ a − 3 ⋅ψ ab ) = 9 + 2 ⋅ 2 EI  2 ⋅ ϕb + 0 − 3 ⋅ ∆  = 9 + 4 EI ⋅ ϕb − EI ⋅ ∆
lab 6  6 3 3

M bc = M bc +
2 EI bc
(2 ⋅ ϕb + ϕc − 3 ⋅ψ bc ) = 0 + 2 EI (2 ⋅ ϕb + ϕc − 3 ⋅ 0) = EI ⋅ ϕb + EI ⋅ ϕ c
lbc 4 2

M cb = M cb +
2 EI bc
(2 ⋅ ϕc + ϕb − 3 ⋅ψ bc ) = 0 + 2 EI (2 ⋅ ϕc + ϕb − 3 ⋅ 0) = EI ⋅ ϕ c + EI ⋅ ϕb
lbc 4 2

M cd = M cd +
2 EI cd
(2 ⋅ ϕ c + ϕ d − 3 ⋅ψ cd ) = 0 + 2 EI  2 ⋅ ϕ c + 0 − 3 ⋅ ∆  = 4 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕc − 2 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆
lcd 3  3 3 3

M dc = M dc +
2 EI cd
(2 ⋅ ϕ d + ϕc − 3 ⋅ψ cd ) = 0 + 2 EI  2 ⋅ 0 + ϕc − 3 ⋅ ∆  = 2 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕc − 2 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆
lcd 3  3 3 3
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
4. Equilibrium equations

End moments are expressed in terms of unknown rotations ϕb, ϕc
and translation ∆. Now, the required equation to solve are the
moment equilibrium equations at rigid joints b and c and then
so-called sideway equation.
b I c
∑ Mb = 0

F = 12 kN
M ba + M bc = 0 I

3
4 EI EI EI
9+ ⋅ ϕb − ⋅ ∆ + EI ⋅ ϕb + ⋅ ϕc = 0 d
3 3 2 2I
2,33 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb + 0,5 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕ c − 0,33 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = −9
4

3
∑ Mc = 0
M cb + M cd = 0 a
EI 4 ⋅ EI 2 ⋅ EI
EI ⋅ ϕ c + ⋅ ϕb + ⋅ ϕc − ⋅∆ = 0
2 3 3
0,5 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb + 2,33 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕ c − 0,67 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = 0
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2 Part of the frame containing
4. Equilibrium equations the joints with the same

Sideway equation translation ∆ “cut off”.
(the horizontal equilibrium)
c
∑ Fx = 0 : Vba + Vcd = 0 b I

F = 12 kN
EI EI 2 ⋅ EI 4 ⋅ EI I
−6− ⋅ ϕb + ⋅∆ − ⋅ ϕc + ⋅∆ = 0

3
3 9 3 9
− 0,33 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb − 0,67 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕc + 0,556 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = 6 d
2I
1  lab 
Vba = −  F ⋅ + M ab + M ba 
lab  2  4

3
12 1  2 EI EI 4 EI EI 
Vba = − − − 9 + ⋅ ϕb − ⋅∆ +9+ ⋅ ϕb − ⋅ ∆
2 6 3 3 3 3 
EI EI a
Vba = −6 − ⋅ ϕb + ⋅∆
3 9
Vcd = (− M cd − M dc )
1
lcd
b c
1  4 ⋅ EI 2 ⋅ EI 2 ⋅ EI 2 ⋅ EI 
Vcd = −  ⋅ϕc − ⋅∆ + ⋅ ϕc − ⋅ ∆
3 3 3 3 3  Vba Vcd
2 ⋅ EI 4 ⋅ EI
Vcd = − ⋅ϕc + ⋅∆
3 9
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
4. Solving equilibrium equations

2,33 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb + 0,5 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕc − 0,33 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = −9

0,5 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb + 2,33 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕc − 0,67 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = 0
− 0,33 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb − 0,67 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕ c + 0,556 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = 6
2,76
ϕc = −
EI
4,88
ϕd =
EI
14,99
∆=
EI
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2 c
b I
5. End moments

F = 12 kN
I

3

After evaluating ϕb, ϕc, ∆, substitute
them to evaluate end moments. d
2I
2 EI EI
M ab = −9 + ⋅ ϕb − ⋅ ∆ = −15,84 kNm 4
3 3

3
4 EI EI
M ba = 9 + ⋅ ϕb − ⋅ ∆ = 0,32 kNm
3 3 a
EI
M bc = EI ⋅ ϕb + ⋅ ϕ c = −0,32 kNm
2
EI
M cb = EI ⋅ ϕ c + ⋅ ϕb = 3,50 kNm
2
4 ⋅ EI 2 ⋅ EI
M cd = ⋅ϕc − ⋅ ∆ = −3,50 kNm
3 3
2 ⋅ EI 2 ⋅ EI
M dc = ⋅ ϕc − ⋅ ∆ = −6,75 kNm
3 3
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
6. Shear forces
Mab F = 12 kN Mba Mbc Mcb Mcd Mdc
a b b c c d
3 3 4 3
Rab=Vab Rba=-Vba Rbc=Vbc Rcb=-Vcb Rcd=Vcd Rdc=-Vdc

1  lab 
Vab = Rab =  F ⋅ − M ab − M ba  Vbc = Rbc = (− M bc − M cb )
1
Vcd = Rcd =
1
(− M cd − M dc )
lab  2  lbc lcd

Vab =
1
(12 ⋅ 3 + 15,84 − 0,32) = 8,59 kN Vbc =
1
(+ 0,32 − 3,50) = −0,79 kN Vcd =
1
(+ 3,50 + 6,75) = 3,41 kN
6 4 3
1  l  Vdc = − Rdc = − (+ M cd + M dc )
1
Vcb = − Rcb = − (+ M bc + M cb )
1
Vba = − Rba = −  F ⋅ ab + M ab + M ba 
lab  2  lbc lcd

Vba = −
1
(12 ⋅ 3 − 15,84 + 0,32) = −3,41 kN Vcb = − (− 0,32 + 3,50) = −0,79 kN
1
Vdc = −
1
(− 3,50 − 6,75) = 3,41 kN
6 4 3
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
7. Normal forces

The required equations to solve for normal forces are the
force equilibrium equations at rigid joint b and c.

Vbc Ncb
b ∑ Fxb = 0 ∑ Fxc = 0 c
Nbc Vcb
N bc − Vba = 0 − N cb − Vcd = 0
Vba Vcd
N bc = Vba N cb = −Vcd
Nba N bc = −3,41 kN N cb = −3,41 kN
Ncd
∑ Fzb = 0 ∑ Fzc = 0
N ba + Vbc = 0 N cd − Vcb = 0
N ba = −Vbc N cd = Vcb
N ba = 0,79 kN N cd = −0,79 kN
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
8. Reactions b c

F = 12 kN
d Rdx = 3,41 kN

M d = 6,75 kNm

Rdz = 0,79 kN

Rax = 8,59 kN a
M a = 15,84 kNm
Raz = 0,79 kN
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
9. Draw normal and shear force diagrams

Vcd = Vdc = 3,41

Nbc= Ncb = -3,41 Vbc= Vcb = -0,79

Ncd = Ndc = -0,79

Vba = -3,41
Nab = Nba = 0,79

0,79

Vab = 8,59
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 2
9. Draw bending moment diagram
Mbc= -0,32 -Mcb = -3,50

0,32
-Mba= -0,32

Mcd = -3,50
MF = 9,92

-Mdc = 6,75
Mab = -15,84

M F = M ab + Vab ⋅ 3
M F = −15,84 + 8,59 ⋅ 3 = 9,92 kNm
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3 F2 = 5 kN
q = 6 kN/m
F1 = 10 kN
a b d
EI = const.

4
4 2
1. Degrees of freedom

Two unknown displacements
- one rotations ϕb
c
- one translation ua = ub = ud.

Support rotation ϕa is not necessary to solution because
the moment Ma is known (Ma = 0) ⇒ beam portion ab is
taken as hinged-fixed.
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
2. Fixed end moments are calculated referring to the table.

q = 6 kN/m F2 = 5 kN
7
F1 = 10 kN M ba = + ⋅ q ⋅ lab2
a b d 120
7
EI = const. M ba = ⋅ 6 ⋅ 4 2 = 5,6 kNm
120
4

4 2 M bc =0
M cb = 0
c
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
3. Express internal end moments by slope-deflection equations.
∆ ∆ ∆

a
b d
ψbc
u a = ub = u d = ∆
∆ ∆
ψ bc ≈ tanψ bc = =
lbc 4
M ab = M ab +
2 EI ab
(2 ⋅ ϕ a + ϕb − 3 ⋅ψ ab )
lab
chords of
the elastic curve c M ab = M ab +
3 EI ab
(ϕ a −ψ ab )
lab

fixed end rotation

 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3 q = 6 kN/m F2 = 5 kN

3. Express internal end F1 = 10 kN

a b d
moments by slope-
deflection equations. EI = const.

4
4 2

M ba = M ba +
3 EI ab
(ϕb −ψ ab ) = 5,6 + 3 EI (ϕb − 0) = 5,6 + 3EI ⋅ ϕb
lab 4 4

M bc = M bc +
2 EI bc
(2 ⋅ ϕb + ϕc − 3 ⋅ψ bc ) = 0 + 2 EI  2 ⋅ ϕb + 0 − 3 ⋅ ∆  = EI ⋅ ϕb − 3EI ⋅ ∆
lbc 4  4 8
2 EI  ∆  EI
M cb = M cb +
2 EI bc
(2 ⋅ ϕc + ϕb − 3 ⋅ψ bc ) = 0 +  2 ⋅ 0 + ϕb − 3 ⋅  = ⋅ ϕb −
3EI
⋅∆
lbc 4  4 2 8
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
4. Equilibrium equations

End moments are expressed in terms of unknown rotations ϕb
and translation ∆. Required equation to solve are the moment
equilibrium equations at rigid joints b and then sideway equation.
M bF2 = F2 ⋅ 2 q = 6 kN/m F2 = 5 kN

b F1 = 10 kN
a b d
M ba EI = const.
M bc

4
4 2

∑ b
M = 0 : M ba + M bc − M b =0
F2
c
3EI 3EI
5,6 + ⋅ ϕb + EI ⋅ ϕb − ⋅ ∆ − 5⋅ 2 = 0
4 8
1,75 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb − 0,375 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = 4,4
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3 Part of the frame containing the joints
4. Equilibrium equations with the same translation ∆ “cut off”.

sideway equation q = 6 kN/m F2 = 5 kN
(the horizontal equilibrium)
F1 = 10 kN
a
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ F1 − Vbc = 0 b d
3EI 3EI EI = const.
10 + ⋅ ϕb − ⋅∆ = 0
8 16

4
4 2
0,375 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb − 0,1875 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = −10

F1 = 10 kN
Vbc =
1
(− M bc − M cb ) a
lbc b d
1
Vbc = −  EI ⋅ ϕb −
4
3EI
⋅∆ +
EI
⋅ ϕb −
3EI 
⋅ ∆ Vbc
8 2 8 
3EI 3EI
Vbc = − ⋅ ϕb + ⋅∆
8 16
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
4. Solving equilibrium equations
24,4
1,75 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb − 0,375 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = 4,4  ϕb =
EI

0,375 ⋅ EI ⋅ ϕb − 0,1875 ⋅ EI ⋅ ∆ = −10 ∆ = 102,13
EI
5. End moments

After evaluating ϕb, ∆, substitute them to evaluate end moments.

3EI 3EI  24,4 

M ba = 5,6 + ⋅ ϕb = 5,6 + ⋅  = 23,9 kNm
4 4  EI 
3EI  24,4  3EI  102,13 
M bc = EI ⋅ ϕ b − ⋅ ∆ = EI ⋅  − ⋅  = −13,9 kNm
8  EI  8  EI 
EI 3EI EI  24,4  3EI  102,13 
M cb = ⋅ ϕb − ⋅∆ = ⋅ − ⋅  = −26,1 kNm
2 8 2  EI  8  EI 
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
6. Shear forces
q = 6 kN/m
Mab Mba Mbc Mcb
a b b c
4 4
Rab=Vab Rba=-Vba Rbc=Vbc Rcb=-Vcb
1  q ⋅ lab 2 ⋅ lab 
Vab = Rab =  ⋅ − M ab − M ba  Vbc = Rbc =
1
(− M bc − M cb )
lab  2 3  lbc
1  6⋅4 2⋅4 
Vab =  ⋅ − 0 − 23,9  = 2,025 kN Vbc =
1
(13,9 + 26,1) = 10 kN
4 2 3  4
1  q ⋅l l  Vcb = − Rcb = − (+ M bc + M cb )
1
Vba = − Rba = −  ab ⋅ ab + M ab + M ba 
lab  2 3  lbc
1  6⋅4 4
Vba = − 

⋅ + 0 + 23,9  = −9,975 kN Vcb = −
1
(− 13,9 − 26,1) = 10 kN
4 2 3  4
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
7. Normal forces

The required equations to solve for normal forces are the
force equilibrium equations at rigid joint b.

∑ Fxb = 0
− N ba − Vbc = 0
Nba F2
b
N ba = −Vbc Vba
N ba = −10 kN
Vbc
∑ Fzb = 0 Nbc
N bc − Vba + F2 = 0
N bc = Vba − F2
N bc = −9,975 − 5 = −14,975 kN
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
8. Reactions F2 = 5 kN
q = 6 kN/m
F1 = 10 kN
a b d

Raz = 2,025 kN

Rcx = 10 kN
c

M a = 26,1 kNm

Raz = 14,975 kN
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
9. Draw normal and shear force diagrams.

Nab= Nba = -10 Vab= 2,025 F2= 5

Nbc= Ncb = -14,975

2°

Vbc= Vcb = 10
Vba= -9,975
xn= 3,647

Vba ⋅ 2 ⋅ lab 9,975 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 4

xn = = = 3,647 m
q 6
 Slope-Deflection Method: Frames With Side-sway,
Example 3
9. Draw bending moment diagram. -Mba= -23,9

-F2·2 = -10
3°

Mbc = -13,9
Mmax= 0,35

xn3

13,9
M max = −M ba − Vba ⋅ xn − q ⋅
6 ⋅ lab -Mcb = 26,1
3,6473
M max = −23,9 + 9,975⋅ 3,647 − 6 ⋅
6⋅ 4
M max = 0,35 kNm