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PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
Eighteenth Annual Convention, October 1989
THE TECTONIC FRAMEWORK AND PALEOGEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF
THE UPPER KUTEI BASIN
Tony Wain *
Bernard Berod
ABSTR4CT
The Upper Kutei Basin lies at the intersection of two
major tectonic trends. These are oriented approximately
NW-SE (Adang-Cross Barito Trend) and NNE-SSW
(Meratus Trend). Interpretation of Radar Imagery and
field structural data demonstrates that these two trends
are characterized by two distinct joint classes. The NNE-
SSW Meratus trend is reflected by the dominant mega-
linear orientation and also in the distribution of deep
magnetic anomalies which divide the Upper Kutei area
into two distinct magnetic domains.
The distribution of deep magnetic anomalies is also
reflected in the distribution of surface strata. The dis-
tribution of surface strata correlate well with interpreted
deep seated elements believed to represent a Cretaceous
imbricated subduction complex with associated forearc,
arc and backarc elements.
Field data and paleogeographic reconstructions imply
that the NNW-SSE Meratus trend was an important
Paleogene basin precursor.
The NW-SE Adang Cross Barito High trend is
interpreted to represent part of a Trans-Kalimantan
tectonic zone linking the Pater-noster Platform with the
Lupar fault zone. In the Upper Kutei Basin, Lower
Paleogene Basins opened northwest parallel to this trend.
However, at the end of the Paleogene this basin closed
and a permanent southeastward opening Kutei Basin was
established.
Tectonic activity on the NW-SE Adang Cross Barito
High trend strongly overprinted the NNE-SSW Meratus
trend and cuminated in the Late Miocene-Pliocene with
major basin inversion and back-thrusting orthogonal to
the Adang-Cross Barito trend. The northwest limit of this
back thrusting correponds to the interpreted Cretaceous
volcanic arc.
* Geoservices
** Eif Aquitaine
IPA 89-11.04
**
EXPLORATION HISTORY
The Upper Kutei area covers the upper drainage
basins of theMahakam and Barito Rivers, E. Kalimantan
(Fig. la) and has been the focus of intermittent explo-
ration activity since the 1930’s(Fig. Ib). Most notable
exploration activity in this area was the drilling of the
Mamahak 1 and 2 wells in the upper Mahakam area in
1941 by BPM-Shell and the drilling of Mendung 1 well
on the Kedang-Pahu River by Kaltim-Shell in 1975. More
recently, a significant gas condensate accumulation,
Kerendan, has been discovered in Late Oligocene car-
bonates in the Teweh Permit by Union in 1982 (Van de
Weerd el al., 1987).
Covering approximately 40,000 sq. km. of the Upper
Kutei area are the Ritan and Maruwai PSC’s which for
seven years between 1982 and 1989 have been the primary
focus of Elf Aquitaine and partners’ Indonesian ex-
ploration efforc (Fig. la). An exploratory well, Batuq-1
was abandoned as a dry hole in 1988 (Fig. Ib). The
PSC’s, which at their nearest points are located between
100 km and 300 km from the nearest coastline, cover an
area that is remote, rugged and largely inaccessible by
ordinary means.
Elf Aquitaine Indonesie’s early exploration effort
concentrated on the recognition of structural elements
through remote sensing data such as Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) and airborne magnetometry and the use
of these structural determinations to recognize potential
basin areas, and to determine the structural evolution of
these basins. Gravity data was recorded concurrent with
later seismic campaigns and was integrated into a regional
Bouguer anomaly map. Surface control of this data and
a lithostratigraphic framework for the area were effected
through numerous field geological surveys between 1983
and 1987. The results of these studies have allowed us
to recognize that the Ritan and Maruwai PSC’s occupy
a critical position in the Upper Kutei area falling at the
intersection of two major structural trends :
- The Meratus Trend (NNE-SSW)
- The Adang-Cross Barito High Trend (NW-SE)
56
Recent studies, the subject of this paper, have de-
monstrated that the Ritan and Maruwai permits appear
to be separated by a major structural boundary trending
N10 - 15"E, parallel to the Meratus Trend, and that this
boundary has influenced thickness and facies distribu-
tions during the Paleogene and Neogene evolution of the
area.
GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
The geological framework for the Upper Kutei area
is shown on Figure 2. This map shows the basic morpho-
logy of the Paleogene-Neogene strata. The northern part
of the area is dominated by Pre-Tertiary sedimentary,
igneous and metamorphic lithologies (Cretaceous and
older) which can be considered as effective "economic
basement".
Overlying this unconformity are coarse clastic fa-
cies-of Paleocene to Late Eocene age. From the map
it will be noticed that there is an apparent bipartite division
of surface strata between the Ritan and Maruwai PSC's
which follows a line trending approximately N15"E from
the southeast corner of the Maruwai PSC (Fig. 2). T o
the west of this line surface strata are dominated by Late
Eocene clastics (Batu Ayau Formation), whereas to the
east, surface strata are dominated by Oligocene, marine
mudstones (Ujoh Bilang Formation), or younger sedi-
ments of Miocene to Quarternary age.
Main structural folds appear to be oriented NE-SW;
however synclines in the north, which are partly depo-
sitional, appear to be oriented along N15"E.
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
In the productive coastal belt of East Kalimantan,
Miocene and Pliocene lithostratigraphies are well docu-
mented (Marks et al., 1982); however, the pre-Miocene
stratigraphy of the interior is iess well known and litho-
stratigraphic terminology varies amongst operators who
have worked in the region. Elf have followed Union's lead
in recognizing that certain formational sequences need
to be elevated to "Group" status and Elf's lithostrati-
graphic nomenclature is fairly closely aligned with that
given for the Teweh area by Union (Van de Weerd et af.,
1987).
Within the PaIeogene and Neogene Section five
groups are recognized and these are shown on Figure 3.
A total of seven depositional cycles and three major
unconformities are also documented. The unconformities
appear to correspond to phases of volcanism. The five
formational groups are summarized as follows:
THE TANJUNG GROUP
Stratigraphic relationships imply the basal part of this
group to be Paleocene, ranging up to Late Eocene in age.
It is dominated by continental clastics in its lower part;
however, three depositional cycles have been recognized
with major transgressions occurring in the second and
third cycles. The group closes transitionally with ongoing
transgression, Three formations are recognized within the
Tanjung Group.
Kiham Haloq Formation
The Kiham Haloq Formation is recognized as an East-
West belt of variable width on the geological map (Fig.
2). These strata directly abut the Pre-Tertiary. This
contact is strongly unconformable in the Ritan PSC
however to the east in the Maruwai PSC the Kiham
HaIoq appears conrormable on Cretaceous FIysch.
The type locality for the Kiham Haloq Formation is
at the Kiham Haloq rapids in the Upper Mahakam. Here
the dominant facies comprise cross-bedded and massive
conglomeratic sandstones which overlie a basal red-chert
conglomerate. These sediments are interpreted to reflect
deposition in an alluvial fan type system. Elsewhere
variegated red-purple mudstones and carbonaceous silts
with thin coals have also been described. Wide variations
in thickness are noted in the alluvial facies in the Ritan
PSC indicating that they infilled a significant paleotopo-
graphy. The unit achieves a maximum thickness of 1500
m to the north of the Mamahak anticline. To the west
of the Upper Mahakam area the Kiham Haloq Formation
becomes increasingly difficult to differentiate from the
overlying Batu KeIau and Batu Ayau Formations. In all
three formations there is a tendency to increased marine
influence in a westerly direction. Limestones which yield
middle to late Eocene dates are reported to be interbedded
with Kiham Haloq sandstones to the west of the Maruwal
PSC (GRDC - Pieters, P., pers. comm.).
Batu Kelau Formation
The Batu Kelau Formation exhibits a similar, albeit
less extensive, distribution to the Kiham Haloq. The
maximum width of outcrop delimits an inverted-V closing
NNE (Fig. 2). The basal contact with the underlying
Kiham Haloq is sharp but conformable; however, in the
West Maruwai area the two formations cannot be
differentiated. The type facies for the Batu Kelau are grey
to black argillaceous siltstones which are carbonaceous,
occasionally bioturbated, laminated and flaser bedded.
These are interpreted to have been deposited in an inter-
tidal to shallow sub-tidal environment and reflect a phase
of major transgression in the Upper Kutei area.
Thickness estimates support a transgression from the
west. The formation thins markedly in the northeast of
the Ritan PSC and to the south in the Maruwai permit
but may exceed 2000m in the West of the Maruwai PSC.
The sequence is dated as middle to late Eocene on the
basis of foraminifera and nannoplankton assemblages.

The tendency to more marine influence in the West and
the difficulty in differentiating Tanjung Group forma-
tions in this area further supports transgression from the
West.
Batu Ayau Formation
This formation is the most extensively outcropping
unit seen on the Geological map (Fig. 2), however 80%
of its surface is found in the Maruwai PSC area where,
as forementioned, the eastern limit of the unit follows
a fairly abrupt line trending N15”E. The Batu Ayau is
conformable on the underlying Batu Kelau Formation;
however this contact is generally transitional. Forami-
nifera, palynomorphs and nannofossils give a consistent
age to the Batu Ayau Formation, being late Eocene in
its lower part to Early Oligocene in its upper part. The
Batu Ayau Formation appears to be thickest in the
vicinity of the Batuq-1 well where seismic data gives a
thickness of approximately 1500 m.
The type locality for the Batu Ayau Formation is on
the northern flank of the Ujoh Bilang Syncline (Fig. 2).
Here the formation is comprised of thick, occasionally
gritty, dune cross-bedded, fine to medium grained, well
sorted sandstones with frequent clay intraclasts. These
sandstones often exhibit coarse, pebbly scours repre-
senting channel bases and are interpreted as fluviatile-
alluvial deposits. Elsewhere, additional facies associations
are recognized within the Batu Ayau. Three facies groups
are differentiated and are given “member” status. They
comprise in the lower part: a) coarse to conglomeratic
fluviatile-alluvial facies (BA1 : type facies); b) mixed
fluviatile sandstone, siltstone and coaly facies (BA2) and
in the upper part; c) offshoreltidal bar sandstones and
shallow marine mudstones and siltstones (BA3).
This tripartite division is considered to reflect three
depositional cycles within the Batu Ayau; however these,
particularly cycles 1 and 2, are certainly diachronous. It
is assumed that the first cycle (BAl) reflects a regressive
phase during which, mainly continental, alluvial fan to
fluviatile clastics were laid down. The second cycle
appears to represent a stable period with low clastic input
and the consequent development of coaly facies, whilst
the third cycle was transgressive. The upper contact of
the third cycle is transitional and it is difficult to diffe-
rentiate from marine mudstones and siltstones of the
overlying Ujoh Bilang Formation The third cycle appears
to be associated with pyroclastic activity, including
contemporaneous rhyolites, in the Kelian/Han area of
the Ritan PSC (Van Leeuwen el af., in press) and may
be accompanied by local disconformity.
THE UJOH BILANG GROUP
Sediments of the Ujoh Bilang Group are dominated
by monotonous, grey, calcareous mudstones and mark
57
which are recognized as the “type facies”. The name
derives from the Ujoh Bilang Syncline on the Mahakam
River (Fig. 2). These monotonous mudstones were
deposited in outer shelf .to bathyal environments and
reflect progressive basin deepening. Thicknesses for the
Ujoh Bilang Group are difficult to estimate due t o
erosional truncation; however burial modelling suggests
that up to 4,000m of sediment accumulated in synclinal
axes near the Batuq-1 well. Despite it? monotonous
nature, the Upper and Lower Ujoh Bilang Formations.
can be differentiated on the basis of stratigraphic age and
facies associations. The Upper and Lower Ujoh Bilang
Formation are considered as facies equivalents of the
Upper and Lower Berai Formations. described to the
South of the Ritan-Maruwai area by Van de Weerd el
of., 1987.
Lower Ujoh Bilang Formation
Although no clear differentiation has been made on
the geological map, the Lower Ujoh Bilang Formation is
mainly restricted to the Ritan PSC and is recognized
through its Early Oligocene age, associated Early Oli-
gocene reef limestones (Batu Belaq Limestone) and in its
upper part, volcaniclastic deep water sandstones (Len
Muring Sandstone Member). The basal contact is transi-
tional with the underlying Batu Ayau Formation and
occasional metric, shallow marine, sandstone units near
the base are interpreted to represent minor regressive
cycles. The facies associations recognized in the Lower
Ujoh Bilang are analogous to those described for the
Lower Berai Formation in the Teweh Area, Van de Weerd
et a[., 1987.
Upper Ujoh Bilang Formation
This formation is recognized through its Late Oli-
gocene age and its common association with olistolithic
limestones and volcaniclastic debris flows; UBVS - Ujoh
Bilang Volcanic Series. It is largely restricted to the South
Maruwai area. Laterally equivalent to these basin and
slope facies, a major carbonate platform developed t o
the south of the Maruwai PSC. These carbonates are
ascribed to the Upper Berai Formation and have been
described in detail ‘by Van de Weerd et al., 1987.
THE BEBULU GROUP
Only one formation in this group, the Marah or Ritan
Formation is present in the Upper Kutei area. The type
locality is the Marah River in the northern part of the
Semayang PSC. Southwest it outcrops in the Ritan PSC
in the upper reaches of the Ritan River. On SAR this
formation is very conspicuous and forms a rugged
topography with a lOOm high scarp. In the Ritan River
the Marah Formation comprises coarse conglomeratic
facies with minor silstones and shale. The conglomerates
58
contain cobbles of igneous and volcanic rocks with red
cherts and siliceous clay nodules, interbedded with lenses
of limestone comprised in part of coralgal boundstone.
Balls of coal are also found and some associated coal
seams have been reported up to 4m thick. The deposi-
tional nature of the facies is uncertain although it appears
to be associated with some sort of debris cone in a
marginal setting. In the‘Muyup area at the southern end
of the outcrop belt, some of the deposits have been
described as M a r s with associated basalts - Meribu
Volcanic Facies, (Burton, C.K. - P T Muyup Mas Murni,
pers. comm.).
The Marah Formation lies with strong unconformity
on underlying formations including mudstones of the
Ujoh Bilang Group and clastics of the Batu Ayau
Formation. Minimum thickness estimates for the for-
mation vary between 350m and 550m. Although pa-
leontologically barren, the Marah Formation is consid-
ered to lie near the Oligo-Miocene boundary on the basis
of its structural relationships with underlying formations.
The strong unconformity and volcanics imply that the
Oligo-Miocene boundary marks an important structural
phase in the evolution of the Upper Kutei area and a
significant folding event occurred at this time.
BALIKPAPAN GROUP
The term Balikpapan Group was first coined by
Marks et al., 1982 ; it is used here to describe all sediments
associated with Early-Middle Miocene deltaic progra-
dation. The Balikpapan Group is only recognized in the
Soutnern part of the Ritan PSC. It is however well
represented in the adjacent Semayang and Teweh areas.
Three formations are recognized and correspond to
seismic subdivisions made by Van De Weerd ef aL, 1987.
Lawa Formation
The type area for this formation is the Lawa or
Mendung Syncline in the South Ritan Area. The basal
contact has not been observed in the field. In the Men-
dung area, it is disconformable on Late Oligocene “slope
facies“ :this contact is interpreted as a westward hanging
backthrust. Thickness estimates from well data put the
Lawa Formation at 700m - 800m.
The formation comprises monotonous, grey, calca-
reous mudstones with occasional thin hematitic silstones
and thin turbidites which can grade into sandy bioclastic
limestones of Mid-Miocene age.
The Warukin Formation
This name derives from the Warukin Field in the
Barito Basin. Excellent outcrops of the formation are
known from forestry roads in the Meratus Mountains and
also at the village of Damai on the West flank of the
Mendung or Lawa Syncline (Fig. 2).
The formation rests conformably, but with sharp
basal contact on the underlying Lawa Formation At
Damai, the Warukin Formation is comprised of thicken-
ing upward cycles of medium grained, clean, well sorted,
massflow sandstones, with individual flow units up to
0.75 m thick. The sequence becomes sandier upwards and
in the upper part, flow units comprise amalgamated
massflows up to 2m thick. The Warukin is interpreted
to represent distributary mouth bar sands deposited in
front of an advancing delta system.
In the Mendung syncline the complete sequence is
estimated to be 1500m or more thick; at Mendung-1 a
structure in the syncline, an incomplete sequence of 400
m was penetrated. The formation has proven to be
microfaunally barren from surface samples; however,
from its stratigraphic position and conformable contact
with the underlying Lawa Formation it is assumed to be
Mid-Miocene in age.
The Balikpapan Formation
The Balikpapan Formation is the uppermost for-
mation recognized in the Miocene deltaic sequence and
outcrops in the core of the Mendung Syncline. Its contact
with the underlying Warukin Formation is believed to be
transitional and it is generally poorly exposed. Lithologies
are comprised of non-marine silty mudstones and thin
sub-bituminous coals and carbonaceous mudstones. The
sandstones have sharp bases and fine upwards. These are
interpreted to represent crevasse splay deposits in an
upper delta, plain environment. Near the base of the series
thicker dune cross-bdedded, coarse to medium grained,
massive sandstones with strongly erosive bases are
encountered. These sandstones are associated with thick,
low sub-bituminous coals and are interpreted to represent
fluvial channels in the lower delta plain.
The thickness of the Balikpapan Formation is un-
certain but it is reported to be 1300m thick in the
Kerendan area. From field data the Balikpapan For-
mation was microfaunally barren, however basaltic flows
and tuffs within this formation in the Teweh PSC give
K-Ar whole rock dates of approximately I4my i.e. mid-
Miocene (Van De Weerd et al., 1987).
THE KUTEI GROUP
This name is strictly informal. It is used as a group
term for the uppermost formations in the Ritan-Maruwai
area that were deposited subsequent to late Miocene-
Pliocene inversion tectonics. Four poorly differentiated
formations are recognized in the Kutei Group. Only one
/of these, the ”Anap Formation” is significant in the
stratigraphy of the Ritan-Maruwai area. Excluding recent
alluvium and the Pleistocene ”Kutei Lake Beds” it
represents the youngest sediments un the Upper Kutei
Area.

Anap Formation
This name derives from the Anap syncline in the
vicinity of the Batuq-1 well.‘ However, the formation
outcrops most extensivcly near the eastern boundary of
the Ritan PSC and in the adjacent Semayang area (Fig.
2). On SAR data it exhibits a highly dissected physio-
graphy whilst on seismic data it appears as a thin (less
than 200 ms) flat lying.unit, blanketing older formations,
often with strong angular unconformity over wide areas.
Lithologically the Anap Formation comprises massive,
friable, medium to fine grained sandstone with common
granular scours. The sandstones are associated with grey,
silty mudstones and brown, resin rich, coals up to 2.2
m thick. The whole is interpreted to represent floodplain
and swamp deposits. Coarse, cobble grade, fluviatile
conglomerates occur at the base of this series. The Anap
Formation can be likened to a molasse-like deposit as a
result of Mid-Pliocene inversion.
Thickness estimates for the Anap .Formation are
difficult to ascertain due to present-day erosion. Pa-
leontologically, no age-diagnostic microfauna have been
observed but a post-Miocene age is assumed as associated
lignitic coals are of lower rank than typical Miocene coals.
TECTONIC FRAMEWORK
The Ritan and Maruwai PSC’s are shown in their
regional setting on the Regional Framework map shown
o n Figure 4. This map has been compiled from several
data sources and also incorporates structural data
resulting from this study. Figure 4 shows that the Ritan
and Maruwai PSC’s are located to the North of an
important NW-SE trending structural element known as
the Adang-Cross Barito High. This high effectively
separates the Upper-Kutei area from the Barito Basin t o
the south. Although recognized as an important structu-
ral trend and manifested by significant downwarp in the
offshore to the northeast of the Paternoster Platform, its
trace onshore does not appear to be marked by any simple
structural feature such as a fault line or zone; rather on
remote sensing data such as SAR; one has the impression
of a series of relatively short NW-SE trending h e a r s of
variable density or intensity. However, this NW-SE trend
appears to be very significant vis a vis the parallelism that
can be invoked with other structural elements such as the
Ketungau and Melawi Basins and the Lupar Fault Zone
and it would appear that the Adang-Cross Barito High
forms part of a NW-SE oriented Trans-Kalimantan
tectonic zone.
The separation of the Upper Kutei area from the
Barito Basin by the Adang-Cross Barito High and the
present-day physiography of the Mahakam drainage
basin would appear to support the assumption that the
Upper Kutei area should have close affinities with the
modern Kutei Basin; this was the initial exploration
59
concept adopted by Elf Aquitaine Indonesie in their
preliminary analyses of the area. A similar concept had
been adopted by previous workers and the area was called
the Murung Sub-Basin by PERTAMINA-BEICIP (1985).
Nonetheless, also of regional significance are the
North-South to NNE-SSW oriented elements on both
sides of the Adang-Cross Barito High such as the Cre-
taceous Melanges of the Meratus Range, the Barito Basin
itself; and to the north of the Adang-Cross Barito High,
the Apokayan/Malinau Sub-Basins and Cretaceous/
Jurassic metavolcanics and metamorphics in the Maiinau
area.
Of additional note appears to be the abrupt change
in orientation of folded and thrusted Cretaceous to
Eocence melanges on the north flank of Kalimantan.
This change in orientation from E-W to approximately
NNE-SSW occurs to the north of the Ritan-Maruwai
PSC’s and appears to be associated with the NW-SE
oriented Tinjar Fault Zone.
From its position with respect to these various
elements it would appear that the upper Kutei area
covered by the Ritan-Maruwai PSC’s falls at a tectonic
cross-roads in which the principal elements are oriented
NW-SE (Adang-Cross Barito trecd) and NNE-SSW
(Barito or Meratus Trend). In order to decipher the
structural complexities and tectonic history of the area,
Elf Aquitaine Indonesie acquired Synthetic Aperture
radar data in 1982 and the following year (1983) Airborne
Magnetometry data. Gravity data was acquired at a later
date during subsequent seismic campaigns in 1985 and
1988.
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
The entire permit areas of about 35,000 sq. km were
flown in July 1982 with a flight line spacing of 25km;
lcok direction was towards the west. This provided non-
stereo mode, N-S strips with a 25% overlap on adjacent
imagery strips. From these, a 1/250,000 map controlled
mosaic was composed, the quality of the resulting
imagery can be considered as very good.
A preliminary morphostructural interpretation was
made on 1:100,000 scale enlargements of the original
mosaic. From these, interpretive geological mapu c were
produced which were later calibrated through field
geological survey. These were later compiled to create a
1/250,000 scale geological map for the whole Ritan-
Maruwai area.
Early SAR studies concentrated on the mapping of
morpholithologic units or terrains of which three prin-
cipal types were recognized
- Pre-Tertiary Basement Terrain
- Tertiary Sedimentary Terrain
- Volcanic Terrain
60
Recent reinterpretation of SAR data in conjunction
with a review of Aeromagnetic data (1988) has concen-
trated on the distribution and orientation of lineaments
and also anomalies associated with volcanics. Several
additional sub-terrains have been recognized, some of
which are not necessarily lithology controlled but may
relate to epithermal phenomena.
AIRBORNE MAGNETOMETRY
An airborne magnetometer survey was carried out by
PT. Becon Surveys/Hunting Geology and Geophysics in
August 1983. The SAR imagery was used as a naviga-
tional aid. A total of 15,400 line kms were flown.
Because of vanab!e topographic relief, the survey area was
divided into three blocks of three different survey
altitudes. In each block, computer generated contour
maps of the Total Magnetic Intensity were produced at
1/1OO,OOO and 1/250,OOO scale.
A complex final interpretation map was produced
showing depth to magnetic basement and loci of major
dislocations and major magnetic bodies. The depth to
magnetic basement map has been integrated with regional
data (Fig. 5 ) . On this map a major East-West trending
trough is shown occupying a medial zone in the Ritan-
Maruwai PSC’s. This corresponds to the Murung Sub-
Basin recognized by other workers (BEICIP-PERTA-
MINA, 1985). The Z-shaped form of this trough and its
possible eastward liaison with the Kutei Basin was the
foundation for initial interpretations of Paleogene
paleogeography which showed an eastward opening
basin, contiguous with the Kutei Basin, sensu lato. Howe-
ver, detailed interpretation of magnetic profiles over
the Ritan-Maruwai PSC’s revealed a number of im-
portant N-S dislocations. One of these sub-divides the
Murung sub-basin into East and West halves, possibly
having different tectonic histories. The eastern half of this
low, which is much deeper than the western half, corres-
ponds to a feature called the Ratah Syncline (Fig. 2).
These N-S dislocations do not appear to be present in the
Outer Kutei area to the east, where previous interpre-
tations show a predominance of NW-SE oriented ele-
ments (Fig. 5).
In light of the strong emphasis placed on N-S elements
in the Ritan-Maruwai area, the aeromagnetic data has
been reviewed (1988) and simplified synthetic maps,
integrating all three survey blocks were produced for
filtered, shallow and deep magnetic sources (Figs. 6a and
6b). These maps have been used to make a qualitative
reappraisal of tectonic framework. It is patently clear on
the deep anomaly map (Fig. 6b) that there is a strong N-
S demarcation between the Ritan and Maruwai PSC’s
which would appear to be in accord with a similar
demarcation remarked upon in the distribution of surface
strata (Fig. 2). The Ritan permit is characterized by a
generally positive domain with anomalies running east-
west whilst the Maruwai permit is generally negative; the
only positive area being represented by a large anomaly
in its southwest corner.
The western limit of positive anomalies in the Ritan
permit is considered to be a nort-south, fundamental
boundary. The original interpretation of this boundary
was of a tectonic suture between two plates (Becon-
Hunting, 1983). It will be noted that the deep positive
anomalies show a fairly close liaison with shallow
magnetic anomalies which reflect high level Paleogene to
Quarternary intusives and surface volcanics (Fig. 6a and
6b).
On the deep anomaly map (Fig. 6b) a series of
magnetic domains can be differentiated which can be
interpreted to represent the various elements associated
with a tectonic suture zone. In clockwise order starting
with the South Maruwai Area these are described as
follows :
a) Tapuh-Tujang Magnetic High: This corresponds to
The Pre-Tertiary Tujang Massif, whilst its southern limit
corresponds to the Tapuh Volcanic centre visible on SAR
and shallow magnetic data (Fig. 6b).
b) West Maruwai Magnetic Low: This is a broad elongate
ring shaped feature, the northern flank of which, is
interpreted to represent a 3.5km deep trough, the
”Busang Graben”, trending westwards out of the
Maruwai Permit (Fig. 5).
c) North Ritan Imbricate complex: This complex domain
of east-west trending, positive anomalies has been
interpreted through computer modelling to represent a
series of southward dipping sheets of high magnetic
susceptibility and is thus considered to represent an
oblique collision, subduction complex.
d) Central Ritan Magnetic Low: This appears as a
strongly differentiated E-W trough traversing the Ritan
PSC and corresponds at surface to the Ratah Syncline
(Fig. 2). Although not shown on the interpretive depth
to basement map (Fig. 5 ) , computer and manual models
in this trough have suggested depths to magnetic base-
ment or up to 16km. Because of its depth and spatial
relationships to the North Ritan Imbricate Complex it is
assumed that this zone may represent part of a forearc
basin.
e) Muyup-Kelian Magnetic High: This high lies imme-
diately to the south and parallel to the Central Ritan
Low. By association, the Muyup-Kelian Magnetic High
may represent a now-defunct volcanic arc. The southern
boundary of this magnetic high is interpreted to corres-
pond to a major basement ridge rising to a depth of less
than 1km. This basement ridge is conformed on gravlty,
and seismic data. On the shallow anomaly map (Fig. 6a)
the southern flank of the Muyup-Kelian Magnetic High

corresponds to high level volcanics. Andesites in this area
are radiometrically dated as early Miocene, whilst basaltic
lava flows and dykes are of Plio-Pleistocene age (Van
Leeuwen et al., in print).
f) South Ritan Magnetic Low: This lies to the south of
the Muyup-Kelian High and is differentiated as a 9.0km
deep trough opening eastwards. This trough contains
thick Neogene sediments and could be considered as the
westwards manifestation of the present Kutei Basin .
GRAVITY DATA
Gravity data was acquired during the 1985 and 1988
seismic campaigns and has been integrated with older data
to form a regional Bouguer Anomaly map (Fig. 7). The
most significant feature on this map is the Kutei Gravity
High to the East of the Ritan-Maruwai PSC boundary,
this is oriented distinctly N15”E (Meratus Trend),
paralleling the North-South boundary invoked by aero-
magnetic data. Also paralleling this trend are a series of
smaller gravity highs in the South pa‘rt of the Ritan-
Maruwai PSC’s which extend southwards to flank the
Kerendan Gravity Low. The Kerendan Gravity Low is
separated from the North Barito Low (Barito Basin) by
a NW-SE oriented axis which corresponds to the Adang-
Cross Barito High. Elswhere, the Kedang Kepala High
is similarly offset from the northern part of the Kutei
Gravity High by the Belayan Axis.
Both well and surface geological data demonstrate
that these gravity highs represent axes of inversion. Some
of these highs, particularly the major highs to the east
are associated with significant, westwards backthrusting
during the Mio-Pliocene. In the case of the Kutei Gravity
high this appears to have acted as the root zone for
westerly hanging backthrusts which intersect the surface
up to 20km to the west of the high.
Subtle differences are apparent between the Regional
Magnetic and Gravity Maps.
- On the Magnetic Basement Map north-south disloca-
tions are apparent as inflexions on Depth to Basement
curves in the Ritan-Maruwai area; they are not apparent
further east.
- The major north-south boundary clearly differen-
tiated on deep magnetic anomaly data (Fig. 6b) and also
in the distribution of surface strata on the Geological
Framework map (Fig. 2) is not strongly evident on the
Depth to Magnetic Basement Map (Fig. 5 ) .
- The Kutei Gravity High, a major feature on the Bouguer
Anomaly map is not differentiated as a distinct element
on the Depth to magnetic Basement Map; rather it
appears to coincide with the western flank of the Kutei
Basin defined on both magnetic and gravity data.
61
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The N-S repartition of the Ritan-Maruwai PSC’s was
very poorly represented on preliminary interpretations of
SAR data which revealed a strong predominance of NW-
SE oriented linears paralleling the Adang-Cross Barito
Trend. These preliminary interpretations appeared to
support the hypothesis of an eastward opening basin
during the Paleogene. In 1988 the evidence for as igni-
ficant N-S tectonic grain was critically reviewed primarily
through a) reinterpretation of SAR data, and b) com-
parison of SAR lineations with joint data. Comple-
mentary studies were carried out with respect to the
distribution of volcanics and associated circular ano-
malies.
SAR LINEAR INTERPRETATION
SAR data was manually reinterpreted at 1 : 250,000
scale. In order to avoid interpreter bias, the mosaic was
sub-divided into 15x 15 ft. blocks which were interpreted
independentlv. The h e a r s identified in each block were
called “first pass h e a r s ” . On a <‘secondpass” h e a r s
were interpreted across the block boundaries. On a “third
pass” the SAR mosaic was reinterpreted as a whole and
additional h e a r s added if apparent. After the “ third
pass”, “Mepalinears” were identified and added. The
criteria for a “Megalinear” being a) it should comprise
a strong, albeit discontinuous linear of at least 20 km
length, b) it should ideally represent a terrain boundary,
ie. a division between zones of differing physiography,
c) it should ideally separate zones of differing linear
intensity. The resulting interpretation is shown on Figure
8 where cumulative length rose plots of linear data are
shown with joint data for direct comparison. The 1988
linear interpretation exhibits a fairly uniform distribution
of data; only in the south part of the Ritan PSC, re-
flecting less indurated Miocene and younger terrains, is
there a lower density of information. Terrain boundaries,
often corresponding to megalinears, are differentiated by
local variations in linear intensity.
An analysis of linear elements identified on the ”first
pass” (total length = 7502km) demonstrates the exis-
tence of two principal modes as shown on the rose plot
(Figs. 8 and 9a). The most important mode appears to
be oriented NW-SE paralleling the Adang-Cross Barito
High Trend whilst the second principal mode is distinctly
oriented N-S (N 0-15”E) paralleling the fundamental
boundary apparent on deep magnetic data (Fig. 6b). A
secondary minor mode is oriented ENE-WSW (N 45 -
60”E) and parallels structural folds identified in the Ritan-
Maruwai area.
On the 1988 linear interpretation it can be visually
appreciated that “ Mega1inears”or ”long linears” appear
to be preferentially oriented NNE-SSW (N15”E appro-
ximately). When only the megalinear data is plotted (total
62
length - 763km). It is apparent that the principal mode
is strongly alligned along N15"E parallel to the funda-
mental boundary identified from magnetic data.
JOINT ANALYSIS
In conjunction with SAR-linear interpretation structu-
ral measurements gathered from field campaigns were
reviewed for comparison. The abundance of joint data
(N= 1107) was considered statistically reliable. Data came
mainly from the Central Ritan-Maruwai areas and was
gathered from predominantly Paleogene strata.
The joint data has been sub-divided into a) High dip
(dipping at greater than 60") and b) Low dip (dipping
at less than 60") clases. Low dip joints were less common
in the field than high dip joints. It is assumed that high
angle joints generally reflect tensional or possibly trans-
tensional stress regimes whereas low angle joints may
reflect compressional or transpressional stress regimes.
The sub-division about 60x is arbitrary and is based on
field observation; this value often appears critical when
two different classes of joint are observed'and experience
has shown that plotting joint data by dip class often gives
significantly different results.
The results of joint analysis are presented as compo-
sited percentile rose plots and are compared directly with
the linear data on Figure 8. Three plots a) All data, b)
High dip, and c) Low dip are shown on Figure 9a. The
results demonstrate two very different mode distributions
for "high" and "low" dip data.
Low dip joints ( N ~ 3 0 0 ) exhibit a predominant
principal mode oriented NW-SE (N120"E) parallel to the
Adang-Cross Barito Trend, with a secondary, orthogonal
mode oriented NE-SW (N30"E) paralleling structural
folds and Mio-Pliocene thrust fronts to the east and south
of the Ritan PSC.
High dip joint (N=807) exhibit a single dominant
mode oriented NNE-SSW (N15"E), but ranging between
N15"W and N45"E. This orientation parallels the N-S
boundary demonstrated by aeromagnetic data (Meratus
Trend).
The All Data plot ( N = 1107) shows no significant
predominance of orientation; the existence of a principal
mode oriented N15"E reflects weighting due to the greater
abundance of high dip data.
The comparison of joint data with the linear data on
Figure 8 shows a strong concordance of results with both
sets of data demonstrating the existence of two major
tectonic trends. Although the NW-SE Adang-Cross
Banto High orientation is strongly manifest in the overall
linear ("first pass") and "low dip" joint distributions,
the orientation of megalinears and the strong weighting
of high dip" joint data towards a N-S (N15"E) Meratus
Trend demonstrates that this represents the fundamental
tectonic grain of the Upper Kutei Area, with a tensional
or transtensional stress regime oriented NNE-SSW
parallel to a possible paleoplate boundary as suggested
on deep magnetic data. It is expected that initial basinal
development would occur parallel to this trend.
Low dip joint data imply the existence of a com-
pressional or transpressional stress regime oriented NW-
SE paralleling the Adang-Cross Barito High. This stress
regime appears to overprint the principal Meratus
oriented grain of the area and the alignment of Quar-
ternary volcanic phenomena in the north part of the
Ritan PSC parallel to this trend indicates that this trend
has been the most recently active. It is suggested that
tectonic movements along this trend reflect reactivation
of an old geofracture possibly an ancient transform zone.
Backthrusting towards the northwest occurred during the
Mio-Pliocene giving rise to low angle joints, orthogonal
to the Adang-Cross Barito High trend. Offsets of thrust
fronts identified during regional mapping appear to have
been accommodated along NW-SE transfer zones.
GEOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION
Subduction melange terrains of both northeastern
and southeastern Kalimantan were formed during Cre-
taceous plate collisions (Hamilton, 1979); by analogy the
paleoplate boundary and subduction/forearc/arc do-
mains in the Ritan-Maruwai PSC's are believed to be of
the same age. It is suggested that the subduction domains
of the North Ritan area may have originally been conti-
guous with those of the Meratus and Apokayan areas
(Fig. 4) at some time during the Cretacous and that this
configuration was to influence the paleogeographic
evolution of the area throughout the Tertiary period.
Pre-Tertiary.
The tectonic substrate of the Paleogene and Neogene
sediments of the Upper Kutei area is shown on Figure
9b. It comprises a Cretaceous plate boundary sub-divided
N-S into what was originally an oceanic domain to the
west and an island-arc domain to the east. Southwest
of this plate boundary lay the cratonic block of the Sunda
Shield. There appears to be a strong liaison between this
tectonic substrate (Fig. 9b) and the distribution of surface
strata as shown on Figure 2. This would appear to support
the validity of the proposed model. The positions of the
Sunda Shield and Meratus subduction doinain shown on
Figure 9b are diagrammatic. The Meratus subduction
domain is shown due south of the Ritan-Maruwai PSC's
rather than to the southeast, in order to accommodate
for later, Tertiary sinistral movements along the NW-SE
trending Adang-Cross Barito Geofracture, which may
originally have acted as a transform fault. The interpreted
subduction slabs of the Balinan-Apokayan domain
appear to be rotated 50" clockwise relative to those the

Meratus. This interestingly parallels the 50" counterclock-
wise rotation documented for the West Kalimantan
(Sunda) Shield by Haile el al.. 1977. The counterclock-
wise rotation of the West Kalimantan Shield (Fig. 4)
may represent accommodation for sinistral movements
taking place at its eastern margin during the Cretaceous
and Tertiary periods.
Early Tertiary - Paleocene to Late Eocene
The Late Cretaceous was represented by a regional
phase of uplift, peneplanation and non-deposition. Upon
this peneplane were deposited continental clastics of the
Kiham Haloq Formation. The clastic facies of the Kiham
Haloq Formation are interpreted to reflect deposition by a
braided alluvial system. Field data shows that his alluvial
system infilled a significant paleotopography with
observed thicknesses ranging between 300m and 1500m.
A tentative paleogeographic framework is shown on
figure 10a. This shows primary sedimentary axes oriented
NNE-SSW paralleling the N15"E Paleoplate boundary.
Seismic data confirms the existence of depositional units
with this orientation in the subsurface. A series of alluvial
cones are envisaged to have existed to the north of the
Upper Kutei area depositing debris southwards but with
an overall final transport direction towards the west. The
extension of the Kiham Haloq to the south of the Ritan-
Maruwai PSC's is problematic due to the non-palinspastic
nature of Figure 10a however regional isopachs for the
Tanjung Group as a whole (Siregar and Sunaryo, 1980),
show the Barito Basin thickening towards the north, i.e.
towards the Upper Kutei Area and the Barito Basin may
also have been in westerly communication at this time.
In Mid-Eocene time widespread transgression took
place in the Upper Kutei area depositing flaser-bedded
intertidal mudstones and siltstones of the Batu Kelau
Formation above the continental clastics of the Kiham
Haloq. Field data shows a clear thinning of this formation
to the northeast and south whilst a tendency to more
marine influence in the west strongly implies trans-
gression from this direction. A paleogeographic frame-
work map depicting these features is shown on Figure
lob.
The Mid-Eocene transgression closed transitionally
with a return to regressive sedimentation in the overlying
Batu Ayau Formation. Within the Batu Ayau Formation,
dated as late Eocene to Early Oligocene, three members
are recognized :
- BA3 (upper) transgressive offshore/tidal bar sand stones
- BA2 (middle) mixed, paralic sandstones, siltstones
and coals
- BA1 (lower) coarse, regressive alluvial sandstones and
grits.
These scenarios are depicted on the paleogeographic
63
maps for tne Early Batu Ayau (Fig. 1la) and Late Batu
Ayau (Fig. llb). Field data indicate a thickening of
section towards the west with a NW-SE axis or depo-
centre coinciding with the Batuq-1 well location. For at
least part of Batu Ayau time the basin opened westwards
however, well data to the south of the Ritan-Maruwai
PSC's clearly show that basin geometry was fundamen-
tally changing during the Late Eocene with over 400m
of Late Eocene deep water facies being encountered in
the Jelmusibak-1 well. By Late Batu Ayau time, trans-
gression simultaneously occurred from both the Proto-
Kutei Basin area to the southeast and the Ketungau-
Melawi Basin area to the northwest. It is inferred that
the Meratus Trend N15"E was becoming less important
in controlling basin geometry and that the NW-SE
Adang-Cross Barito High was becoming tectonically
active in the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene. In the South
Maruwai area any communication with the Barito Basin
ceased and the area became low-lying, swampy and was
dominated by coaly facies.
In summary it can be said that Batu Ayau deposition
reflects a period when the basin geometry of the Upper
Kutei area fundamentally changed and the area for the
first time came under the influence of the Proto-Kutei
Basin to the east. A shallow NW-SE Trans-Kalimantan
seaway may have existed temporarily.
Middle Tertiary: Early-Late Oligocene
The close of the Batu Ayau is reflected by regional
transgression; with marine influence increasingly coming
from the Proto-Kutei Basin area to the southwest. This
transgression was triggered by increasing tectonism along
the NW-SE Adang-Cross Barito High; downwarping
took place to the NE of this feature.
The paleogeography associated with this transgression
and increasing tectonism is represented on Figure 12a.
The overall scenario is broadly transgressive with occa-
sional regressive cycles. Isolated carbonate bioherms (eg.
Batu Belaq Limestone) developed in outer shelf areas. An
isolated sub-basin developed in the North Central Ritan
area coinciding with the deep paleoforearc basin depicted
for the pre-Tertiary (Fig. 9b). This sub-basin was isolated
from the Proto-Kutei Basin to the southeast by a positive
feature called the Muyup Axis. As the sub-basin deepe-
ned, deep water facies were deposited along its axis and
comprised mixed clastic, volcaniclastic and bioclastic
detritus derived from surrounding shelf areas. This deep
water facies is called the "Len Muricg Sandstone" and
was deposited towards the close of the Lower Ujoh
Bilang.
South of the Muyup Axis the Proto-Kutei Basin opened
eastward. Well data from the Teweh Trough show that
bathyal conditions prevailed in this area. The southern
limit of the Proto-Kutei Basin is shown as trending NW-
64
SE parallel to the Adang-Cross Barito High which became
a . stable platform known as the Barito-Paternoster
Platform. To the northwest the basin was closing and
communication with basins further west ceased due to
strong regional upIift (Kucing High). The Late Oligocene
is characterized by continued tectonic activity with
downwarp northeast of the Barito-Paternoster Platform.
The paleogeography associated with this period is shown
on Figure 12b. North of the Barito-Paternoster platform
deposition <rf monotonous, grey, bathyal mudstones
continued; however, isolated structural highs were
shallow enough for thick shelf/platform carbonates to
accumulate and these are the reservoir facies at Keren-
dan- 1. The Barito-Paternoster Platform itself developed
in to ar~extensive carbonate shelf. Associated volcanic
activity is testified to by the presence of volcanic debris
flows, interbedded with bathyal mudstones in the Teweh
area, (Van de Weerd ef a ~1987) , and the Tapuh volcanic
centre is envisaged to have been active at this time. The
northwest border of the basin was increasingly active and
undergoing strong uplift.
The Oligocene-Miocene boundary is marked by major
unconformity and widespread regression. The paleogeo-
graphy of this period is shown on Figure 13a and is based
on scattered outcrop and well data. Coarse conglomeratic
facies, coals and associated laharic volcaniclastics have
been documented from the Marah Formation in the
Ritan and Semayang PSC areas and these rest with strong
angular unconformity on earlier Oligocene facies (Ujoh
Bilang Group). In Central Ritan the orientation of folds
beneath this unconformity is NE-SW. These folds are
associated with a N-S, NNE-SSW network of fractures
and faults. Burial history modelling in the vicinity of the
Batuq-1 well suggests that some these anticlines were
uplifted by up to 2000m (Fig. 13b).
The northern and western areas were certainly
strongly emergent at this time; however, a temporary
interior basin filled with coarse clastics, volcaniclastics
and coals may have existed to the west of the Muyup
axis; this is now eroded. To the east of the Muyup h i :
a deep basin is demonstrated through well data. Marginal
marine facies are known from the Senyiur River area in
the west of the Semayang PSC. A coastline is envisaged
on the eastern flank of the Muyup axis. This coastline
continued south-westwards to the Barito-Paternoster
platform where deposition of Berai Limestone carbonates
continued uninterrupted.
Late Tertiary-Early To Mid Miocene
'Marked unconformity and regional uplift at the
Oligocene - Miocene boundary set the scene for regional
eastward progradation of deltaic facies (Luki & Muchsin,
1975). Aeromagnetic data shows a major depocentre in
the South Ritan area which probably represents the
westward limit of the Modern Kutei Basin. This may
represent an early depocentre, for by Mid-Miocene time
the outer limit of paralic facies already extended beyond
the present coastline (Luki & Muchsin, 1975).
The Miocene deltaics are only represented in the
southern part of the Ritan PSC. Figure 13a can be
considered to represent the initial paleogeography for the
Miocene deltaics. One should note that the deltaics would
have prograded over thick mudstones that in the late
Miocene/PIiocene became the perfect medium for
decollement and backthrusting during inversion tectonics.
Late Tertiary-Late Miocene to Pliocene
This period is one of regional uplift and inversion of
Paleogene and Neogene basins. The sole depositional unit
recognized during this period is the post tectonic conti-
nental molasse of the h a p Formation inferred to be Plio-
Pleistocene in age.
This molasse was the product of massive inversion and
westward backthrusting of Miocene deltaics onto the
former foreland as Sulawesi impinged on the Kalimantan
margin from the east. Structural jointing associated with
these movements overprinted previous structural trends.
Low angle joints are believed to be strongly representative
of this tectonism which was characterized by NE-SW
oriented thrust fronts and transpressional movements
adjacent to the NW-SE Adang-Cross Barito High.
Backthrusting is limited to the southernmost part of
the Ritan PSC where it appears to be strongly controlled
by the southeastern margin of the Muyup axis. Regionally
the westward limit of this backthrusting has been deter-
mined from seismic data and extends from beyond the
Tinjau-1 area southwestwards towards Kerendan-1. This
limit roughly corresponds to the trend of the Marah
Formation paleoshoreline shown on Figure 13a and also
to the southern limit of the Cretaceous volcanic arc
depicted on Figure 9b. This trend also parallels major
gravity highs in the area (Fig. 7) which may be associated
with the root zones of the thrusting.
The amount of inversion varies locally but regional
well data show a minimum uplift of 1500 m. Geohistory
modelling in the vicinity of the Batuq 1 well demonstrate
a n inversion of 2000 + m during the Mid-Pliocene with
a total cumulative inversion exceeding 3500 m from the
Oligo-Miocene boundary.
CONCLUSIONS
Cretaceous plate collisions resulted in a distinct
tectonic substrate in the Upper Kutei area. This substrate
was established by Paleocene time and influenced the
distribution of Paleogene and Neogene strata. The
substrate has a distinct magnetic character and is sub-
divided NNE-SSW into two halves which are interpreted

to be separated by a Cretaceous paleoplate boundary.
This sub-division is strocgly reflected in the distribution
of surface strata and initial Paleogene basin development
took place adjacent to this palcoplate boundary.
To the south of the Upper Kutei area lay another
important tectonic element oriented NW-SE which may
represent an ancient geofracture that acted as a transform
fault. This element appears to have had a younger history
of movement.
Analysis of SAR linears and field joint measurements
confirms the presence of these NNW-SSE and NW-SE
tectonic elements. Megalinears and high angle joints are
predominately oriented NNE-SSW whilst short linears
and low angle joints exhibit a principal mode oriented
NW-SE. From its regional setting it appears that the
Upper Kutei area lies at the Tectonic cross-roads between
these two trends.
During the Lower Paleogene, marine transgressions
into the Upper Kutei area took place parallel to the NW-
SE oriented Adang-Cross Barito High and came from the
West. In Upper Paleogene time westerly communication
ceased and a permanent easterly communication was
established with the Kutei Basin area. Strong subsidence
occurred north of the Adang-Cross Barito High where
bathyal conditions were established. On the high itself
a n extensive carbonate platform developed.
The Early Neogene is marked by major uplift and
unconformity which set the scene for large scale, eastward
deltaic progradation in the Miocene. Major inversion
tectonics occurred in the late Neogene with backthrusting
of the Miocene deltaics against the former foreland.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper was published with the permission of Elf
Aquitaine Indonesie and its co-venturers in the Ritan and
Maruwai PSC’s. Special recognition is given the great
contribution made in terms of raw data by numerous Elf
Aquitaine personnel particularly those involved in field
geological surveys between 1983 and 1988. Messrs.
J. Bailly and J. Charlon are thanked for their encoura-
gement and assistance in compiling the data, whilst P.
Alix is thanked for his comments and also for the pro-
vision of field photographs used in the visual presen-
tation. Special thanks are extended to Union Oil for their
permission to publish gravity data over the Teweh PSC
which is included in Figure 7.
65
REFERENCE
PERTAMINA. 1985. Hydrocarbon potential of Western
Indonesia. Part I1 - Structural and Stratigraphic
Overview, Chapter I11 - E. Kalimantan. 177 - 211.
BEICIP-PERTAMINA. 1985. Hydrocarbon potential of
Western Indonesia. Geological Map of Western
Indonesia. 1/2.000.000.
Haile N.S., Mc. Elhinny, M.W. and Mc. Dougall, I.
1977. Pdeomagnetic data and radiometric ages from
the Cretaceous of West Kalimantan and their signi-
ficance in interpreting regional structure. Journal of
the Geology Society of London 133, 133-144.
Hamilton, W. 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian region.
United States Geological Survey Professional Paper,
No. 1078
Hunting Geology and Geophysics/P.T. Becon Surveys
1983. Interpretation and operations report of a high
sensitivity aeromagnetic survey over the Ritan and
Maruwai Blocks, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Project
Manager : Stone, V. (proprietary data)
Luki, S. and Muchsin, S. 1975. Stratigraphy and sedi-
mentation in the Kutei Basin, Kalimantan. Proceedings
of the Fourth Annual Convention of the Indonesian
Petroleum Association 27-39.
Marks, E., Sujatmiko, Samuel, L., Dhaanutirto, H., Is-
moyowati, T. and Sidik, B.B. 1982. Cenozoic strati-
graphic nomenclature in East Kutei Basin, Kaliman-
tan. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Convention
of the Indonesian Petroleum Association 147-179.
Siregar, M.S. and Sunaryo, R. 1980, Depositional en-
vironment and hydrocarbon prospects, Tanjung
Formation, Barito Basin, Kalimantan. Proceedings of
the Ninth Annual Convention of the Indonesian
Petroleum Associarion 375-400.
Van De Weerd, A., Armin, R.A., Mahadi, S. and Ware,
P.L.B 1987. Geologic setting of the Kerendan Gas and
Condensate discovery. Tertiary sedimentation and
paleogeography of the northwestern part of the Kutei
Basin Kalimantan, Indonesia, Proceedings of the
Sixteenth Annual Convention of the Indonesian
Petroleum Association 2, 317-333.
Van Leeuwen, T., Leach, T., Hawke, A. and Hawke,
M. 1989. The Kelian disseminated gold deposit, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Journal of Geochemical
Exploration, Special Publication (Edited by; He-
denquist, J. w). Elsevier Scientific Publisher, The
Hague.
66
 67

IALIKPAPAN I 115'30'

RCTACIOUS B A S E U E * l

INDEX MAP
?ow
0
km

RlTAN -
a MARUWAI KALtMANTAN
K A L IM ANTAN
GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

FIGURE 2 - Geological framework.

68

RELATIVE
:SEA L E V E L NOMENCLATURE
TECTONIC SCHEMATIC
CHRONO
& VOLCANIC LITHO-
;T R AT IGR A PHY
ACT1 V I T Y STRATIGRAPH
FORMATION
(MEMBER )

Q U A R T E R NARY

A N A P / UBU
PLIOCEM
( Absent I '

B A L IK P A P A N

WARUKIN
lllOCENE
LAWA?
__wy

M A R A H / RITAN

L E N MURING
SANDSTONE
4 -
BELAO
LOWER
UJOH BILANG Fm
1

DISCONFORM

m -

EOCENE BATU UELAU F m

BU I

K I H A H HALOO Fm
( K H >
'ALEOCENE (?)TC
A T E CRETACEOUS
MAJOR
__v_

ANGULAR
CRETACEOUS JNCONFORMITY

JURASSIC
RITAN & MARUWAI - KALIMANTAN
PERM0
:ARBON I FEROUS
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
Marine claystone
a Continental claystone

FIGURE 3 - Lithostratigraphy.
 DEEP BASIN ) 2.51 TWT

FIGURE 4 - Regional tectonic framework.

70
 llCD3 c 111.11 ,WCUC ,w Y) I ) W W C

@ Tapuh Tujong Low

-
@ West MaruwOl Low
@ North Rltan lmbrlcata Complex

POSITIVE ANOMALY ) 5 0 M T 0 POSITIVE ANOMALY

I I r)
NEGATIVE ANOMALY )SO MT
NB SURVEY FLOWN AT THREE
DIFFERENT ALTITUDES
I
AIRBORNE MAGNETOMETER SURVEY 1983
(HUNTING GEOLOGY 8. GEOPHYSICS LTD I DIFFERENT ALTITUDES DATUM
FILTERED TOTAL FIELD DUE IS ARBRITARY AND VARIES

ONLY SLIQHT MISMATCH BETWEEN 2000 Q 2200 nT

TO SHALLOW MAGNETIC SOURCES IN ORDER TO MATCH DATA
IN DATA AT JUNCTION 25 5 0 km
%--ecw

FIGURE 6a Filtered total field due to shallow

- FIGURE 6b- Filtered total field d u e to decp
magnetic sources. magnetic sources.
 4
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B B' BELAYAN AXIS

0.00'-

601 A

FIGURE 7 - Bouguer map.

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ROSE PLOTS, COMPARISON OF LINEAR 8 JOINT DATA

JOINT DATA

Y E w E

FIGURE 9 a - Rose plot, comparison of linear and

joint data. 8 FIGURE 9 b - Pre-Tertiary substrate.
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