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International Biology Olympiad e.V. !

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All IBO examination questions are published under the following Creative Commons license:
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CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike) -
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

The exam papers can be used freely for educational purposes as long as IBO is credited and
new creations are licensed under identical terms. No commercial use is allowed.
ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

O2 saturation (%)

ctrl
+BPG
+Cl-
+BPG+Cl-

P(O2) (mmHg)

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
1
a
2

3
b

5 d

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
taxi driver
control
125
4

Change in posterior size


*
Cross-sectional area

105 2

0
85 *
-2
65
-4

45
anterior body posterior 0 100 200 300 400
Time as a taxi driver (months)

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B C

heart level (cm)


15

Distance from
30
45
60
75

0 0.25 0.5
Amount of elastin

D 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 5 10 15
Number of nerves

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

120 40

100 Blue

Excess transmission loss


30

from absorption (dB)


80
Weight (tonne)

Fin
60 20
Bowhead

40

Humpback 10
20 α/10km
α/100km
α/1000km
0 0
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency (Hz)

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

IV
1 1

V(O2)/g fish
V(O2) / fish

III
0.1 0.1

II
0.01 0.01

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

VII VIIa VIIIa VIII


tissue factors
platelets
vitamin K + +
X Xa

+
V Va
+
Prothrombin Thrombin

+
Fibrinogen Fibrin (clot formation)

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

20°C 30°C 35°C


100 35°C + lactic acid
Relative muscle force (% at 4mM K+)

35°C + lactic acid + salbutamol

80

60

40

20

8 10 12 14 16
[K+] (mM)

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A Surface vessels B
arteria
Skin

vein
C
39°C
36°C
35°C
37°C

24°C

15°C Ta = 16°C

37°C 14°C
Body core
14°C
Artery Vein
14°C

Blood flow 17°C

Heat transfer
20°C
Tf = 20°C

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B

C D

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

B 160 − ATU
+ ATU
140

120

N2O/(individual*hour)
100

80
nirK
NO3− NO2− NO N2O N2
60

40

20

0
Whole animal

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B C

100 100 100


Viral RNA pol activity

Viral growth inhibition


Ctrl

Survival (%)
Tx 4h BI
MARV
Tx 24h PI
50 50 EBOV 50
Tx 48h PI
Tx 72h PI
Tx 96h PI
Tx 120h PI
0 0 0
0 1 3 10 30 60
0 1 2 0 5 10 15
BCX concentration (µM) log10(BCX concentration, µM) Time after infection (d)

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
Before cutting 1 day after cutting Pore size: 2.0 µm Pore size: .22 µm
O2 consumption rate 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
(µmol / (mL d))
O2 concentration (µM) 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
I II
0 0
0 0
1 1
Depth (mm)

1 1
2 2

3 3 2 2

5 5
3 3

10 10 6 7 8 6 7 8
5 5
pH pH
15 15
O2 consumption rate
20 20 O2 concentration
5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8
pH
pH pH H2S concentration
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Sediment surfaces
H2S (µM) H2S (µM) Cut line

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
Cholera toxin
Vibrio cholerae Cholera toxin-injected loops

Na+ 0.20
Cl− H2 O

Loop weight
GM1 CFTR 0.15
Retrograde
endocytosis 0.10

Gs α
0.05
AC
0 10 20 200
CFTR-172 dose (µg)
Gi

Epithelial cell

Peru 1991

Bangladesh 1971

Bangladesh 2008

Bangladesh 2002

Haiti 2010

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
70

60 Ctrl

Adipocyte number
SA
Ctrl 60

40

30
Day1 20

10

0
00

0
0

0
Day2 30

10

20
50

70

90
1

~1

>1
0~

0~

0~

0~

0~
00
20

40

60

80
10
Adipocyte size

C D E
n.s.
3×105 n.s.
*
*
SA (CFU/gm)
Wound size (mm)

* 107 *
15 2×105
SA (CFU/gm)

106
10 105
104 1×105
5
103
0 102 0
Ctrl BADGE 101
Ctrl BADGE mp
+
mp

m p+ mp

Ca Ca Ca Ca
Ctrl BADGE

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
3G
Gene
Rhizobium nodules
Number of

mRNA

Enzyme
N mg/cm3
Kinase CaM

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B

1.0
Breadth of seed/fruit diet

co-occuring finch pairs


of a finch population

Overlap in consumed
food items between
in a habitat

0.5

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Ratio of beak depth of
Total diversity of seed/fruit co-occuring finch pairs
in a habitat

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

1,000 85%

100 50%

10 15%

1
Mean TTX in newts

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001
0.00001
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000
Mean resistance level in snakes

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

II

III

IV G
G
F
S MO S F MO

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
100 100

IS MA IS MA
75 75
FO (%)

A (%)
50 50

25 25

0 0

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

H2
Food niche breadth
and overlap

H3

H1

Seasonal changes
in fruit availability

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B C
0.0 22
14

12 -0.2 20
50ha 50ha
Number of species

25ha 25ha

Rate of species
10 18
10ha 10ha
remaining

extinction
-0.4
8 5ha 5ha

t1/2
1ha 1ha 16
6 -0.6
14
4 -0.8
2 12
-1.0
0 10
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (years) Time (years) Island area (ha)
since isolation since isolation

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B C

I II

Cuba
III IV

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A
65
Wind speed (m/s)

45

25

B C
20.0 80
120
Distance to the air source (cm)

Angle of curvature α of claw

70
α
Relative force

30.8 60
110
50

85.1 40 100
30

357.5 20 90

old young old young mainland PT


mainland PT

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
16 42
Behavioral observations (%)

14
12 38

[Cortisol] (ng/g)
NC
10
TC
8 34
6
4 30
2
0 26
NST ST1 ST2 NST ST1 ST2

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

Human
Harbour seal
Harbour porpoise
Harbour eDNA
Site 1 eDNA
Site 7 eDNA

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A
Normal/wildtype: ------GAG GGC AGG GCC CTC CCA GTC TTT------
Mutant: ------GAG GGC AGG GCC TCC CAG TCT TTT------

75

50
Size (kDa)

37

25

1 2 3 4 5 6

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

1 5
A II

2 3 4
III

B
0 line
26 kb
23 kb

18.5 kb
16 kb
II-1 III-2 III-3 III-4 II-5 ctrl

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

I 1 2 3 4

II 1 2 3 4 5

III 1 2 3 4 5

IV 1 2 ?
Haemophilia and
Haemophilia colour blindness

Colour blindness Not affected

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

50%
70%
90%
A
70% B
30%
50%

10%
50%
10%

10% 80%

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

Gene a b c

Enzyme A B C
Precursor Ornithine Citrulline Arginine

e
in

in

in
ith

ull

gin
rn

itr

Ar
O

C
+

+
-
Wild type

Class I mutants

Class II mutants

Class III mutants

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

I 1 2

II 1 2 3 4 5

III 2
?
3

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
2.0
C
L
H
Relative growth rate 1.5

1.0

C L H 0.5

0
18°C 21°C 27°C

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B C D
40 40 40

1.0
Relative surface elevation (cm)

Ground water level (cm)

CH4 fluxes (mg/(mh))


20 20 20
Snow depth (cm)

0.5

* **

0 ** 0 0 0.0

-0.5
-20 -20 -20

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B
1 2 3

Male reproductive success


Female selfing rate (%)
1 100
2 3
2000
P < 0.001 P=0.24 P <0.001

Seed production
80 60

60 40
4 5 6 1000
40
20
20
0 0
0

No. of flowering culms of a clone

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A current 2x B
700
C3

30 600
Photosynthetic rate

C4

Atmospheric CO2
C3 favored
500
20
400

10 300

200
0
C4 favored
0 200 400 600 800 1000

CO2 (ppm)
10 20 30 40
Growing-season temperature (°C)

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

A B

P T P Tongue T

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ibo 2015 https://bioscience.au.dk/students/be0a6cf4acf6d02ecc513087

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