Primer 93 PDF

UTOMATIC
YNAMIC
NCREMENTAL
ONLINEAR
NALYSIS
ADINA Primer
ADINA 9.3 January 2017
ADINA R & D, Inc.

ADINA Primer
January 2017
ADINA System 9.3
ADINA R&D, Inc.

71 Elton Avenue
Watertown, MA 02472 USA
tel. (617) 926-5199

telefax (617) 926-0238
www.adina.com
Notices
ADINA R & D, Inc. owns both this software program system and its documentation. Both the
program system and the documentation are copyrighted with all rights reserved by ADINA
R & D, Inc.
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
ADINA R & D, Inc. makes no warranty whatsoever, expressed or implied that the Program and
its documentation including any modifications or updates are free from errors or defects. In no
event shall ADINA R&D, Inc. become liable to the User or any party for any loss, including but
not limited to, loss of time, money or goodwill, which may arise from the use of the Program and
its documentation including any modifications and updates.
Trademarks
ADINA is a registered trademark of K.J. Bathe / ADINA R & D, Inc.
All other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
Copyright Notice
© ADINA R & D, Inc. 1996 - 2017

January 2017 Printing
PRINTED IN USA
Table of contents
Table of contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................. Intro-1
Icon locator tables ........................................................................................................ Icons-1
Active Zone … Boolean Operator ......................................................................... Icons-1
Boundary Plot … Cut Surface................................................................................ Icons-2
Cutting Box ... Define Zone ................................................................................... Icons-3
Delete Bodies ... Element Edge Set........................................................................ Icons-4
Element Face Set ... Last Solution ......................................................................... Icons-5
Line/Edge Labels … Model Outline ...................................................................... Icons-6
Modify Band Plot … Query ................................................................................... Icons-7
Quick Band Plot ... Scale Displacements ............................................................... Icons-8
Scaling Snap ... Skew System Plot ......................................................................... Icons-9
Smooth Plots ... Unhighlight ................................................................................ Icons-10
Unzoom All ... Zoom ........................................................................................... Icons-11
Hints ............................................................................................................................ Hints-1
Topic indexes ............................................................................................................. Topics-1
Problem 1: Deflection of a beam ........................................................................................ 1-1

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension .............................................................................. 2-1
Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M/PS ............................................. 3-1
Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load........................................................................... 4-1
Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading...................... 5-1
Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity................................................................................. 6-1
Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder................................................... 7-1
Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner ................................................................................. 8-1
Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder................................................................ 9-1
Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load ..................................................................... 10-1
Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load—mode superposition.................................. 11-1
Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load .............................................................. 12-1
Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality ........................................................................ 13-1
Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame ........................................................................ 14-1
Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole .................................................................. 15-1
Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection using ADINA-M/PS .......................... 16-1
Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body using ADINA-M/PS ......................................... 17-1
Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel .......................................... 18-1
Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe .................................................. 19-1
Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure ................... 20-1
Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure ........... 21-1
Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates ............................... 22-1
Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend................................................................ 23-1
Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow .......................................... 24-1
Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks ............................................ 25-1
Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge ................................................................. 26-1
Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads ........................................... 27-1
ADINA R & D, Inc. iii

Table of contents
Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel ........................... 28-1
Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M/PS ............................ 29-1
Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction ................ 30-1
Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser ....................................................... 31-1
Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method........................................ 32-1
Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet – static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis 33-1
Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system ................. 34-1
Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates............... 35-1
Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method ................................ 36-1
Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh ............................ 37-1
Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger ........................................................ 38-1
Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome ................................ 39-1
Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M/PS .............................................. 40-1
Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M/PS ............................................. 41-1
Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel ........................................... 42-1
Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method .................... 43-1
Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assembly with a bolt .................................................. 44-1
Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment..................... 45-1
Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder – ADINA TMC model ...................... 46-1
Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models................................... 47-1
Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD ............................................... 48-1
Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD................................................ 49-1
Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam.................................................... 50-1
Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe ..................................................................... 51-1
Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube ............................................................................... 52-1
Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block .................................................. 53-1
Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity ................................ 54-1
Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force ....................................................... 55-1
Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel......................... 56-1
Problem 57: DCB delamination test using a 2D cohesive interface ................................. 57-1
Problem 58: Bending of a beam into a Möbius strip using an alignment element ............ 58-1
Problem 59: Analysis of a piezoelectric composite cantilever with 3D solid elements .... 59-1
Problem 60: Component mode synthesis applied to a beam model .................................. 60-1
Problem 61: Analysis of a gasketed assemblage............................................................... 61-1
Problem 62: The second Stokes problem.......................................................................... 62-1
Problem 63: Sloshing analysis of a water tank ................................................................. 63-1
Problem 64: 2D flow around a cylinder with a flexible splitter ........................................ 64-1
Problem 65: Free convection in a lightbulb ...................................................................... 65-1
Problem 66: FSI analysis of a piston with suction reed valve .......................................... 66-1
iv ADINA Primer
Introduction
Objective
The ADINA primer is designed to familiarize you with the basic functionality and usage of
the ADINA System version 9.3, in particular the basic functionality and usage of the AUI
(ADINA User Interface).
The problems solved in the primer are designed to illustrate different features of the
ADINA System. The problems are presented in enough detail so that you can work
through them without additional assistance. The problems are briefly summarized here:
Problem 1: Deflection of a beam. We introduce the geometry-based modeling features of

the AUI with a simple beam problem. Several variants of the same problem are presented
to demonstrate how an existing model can be modified.
Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension. We generate elements onto several geometry
surfaces. Deletion and regeneration of elements is demonstrated. Zooming into the
graphics window and graph plotting are introduced.
Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M/PS. Problem 2 is solved using the
“body sheet” feature of ADINA-M. The advantage of using the body sheet feature is that
the geometry does not need to be broken up into several geometry surfaces. We also
demonstrate how to transform the stresses into a cylindrical coordinate system.
Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load. We generate elements onto a geometry volume.
During the problem solution we rotate the mesh plot with the mouse. In addition, we
compute section forces and moments using the force and moment summation features of
the AUI.
Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading. We generate
3-D elements by revolving 2-D elements about an axis.
Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity. We introduce two-dimensional fluid flow modeling

with the AUI and ADINA CFD.
Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder. We demonstrate modeling of

contact conditions. We also show the use of time functions to control load levels in static
analysis. In addition we show how to create an animation file in different graphics formats.
Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner. We demonstrate modeling of a simple shell

structure. We also demonstrate frequency analysis.
Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder. We demonstrate thermal analysis with

ADINA Thermal, then we show how the temperature solution is included in stress analysis
with ADINA Structures.
ADINA R & D, Inc. Intro-1

Introduction
Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load. We demonstrate setting up a dynamic

analysis. We also show how to perform a restart analysis.
Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load — mode superposition. Problem 10 is solved
using mode superposition for the dynamic time integration.
Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load. We demonstrate setting up a response

spectrum analysis.
Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality. The plate with a hole considered in problem 2 is
reanalyzed using the relatively inefficient 3 and 4-node elements. Our purpose is to
demonstrate the mesh quality indicators of the AUI.
Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame. We demonstrate the use of the moment-
curvature material model in modeling a simple structure. We also show the use of the ATS
method to determine a collapse load.
Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole. We demonstrate the ADINA Structures

potential-based fluid elements and the ADINA CFD fluid elements in an FSI (fluid-
structure-interaction) analysis.
Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M/PS: We demonstrate the

usage of ADINA-M for the definition of a simple solid geometry, then we mesh the solid
geometry with free-form meshing and obtain a linear static solution.
Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M/PS: We demonstrate the modeling
of a cracked body using ADINA-M and the mesh split feature. We also demonstrate
fracture mechanics analysis using the SVS method of virtual shifts (3-D stationary crack).
Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel. We demonstrate FSI
analysis in which the deformation of a flexible structure affects the flow field. A moving
mesh is used in the fluid domain.
Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe. We demonstrate 3D fluid flow
analysis with mass transfer.
Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure. We

demonstrate 2D fluid flow analysis in which natural convection and specular radiation are
considered. We also demonstrate the automatic nondimensionalization feature and free-
form meshing within geometry surfaces.
Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure. We
demonstrate 2D fluid flow analysis in which “solid” element groups are used to model
walls and in which the walls are subjected to radiation and convection boundary conditions.
Intro-2 ADINA Primer

Introduction
Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates. We demonstrate the
modeling of a simple rubber component. The ATS method is used to obtain the solution in
one load step.
Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend. We demonstrate limit load analysis of a
pipe bend modeled with shell elements and an elastic-plastic material description.
Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow. We demonstrate 3-D FSI
analysis with a pipe flow problem. The pipe is modeled with shell elements and the fluid is
modeled with 6-node prismatic fluid elements. We use slip boundary conditions between
the fluid and the solid to minimize the number of fluid elements required.
Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks. We demonstrate how to add
elements to a model using the element birth/death feature, and we discuss the modeling of a
convection boundary condition that changes during the analysis. This problem is solved
using ADINA Thermal.
Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge. We demonstrate how to read in batch file
commands into the AUI, and show some analyses useful in bridge analysis: dead load
analysis, response spectrum analysis, dynamic analysis with prescribed ground motion.
Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads. We demonstrate how to
perform harmonic and random vibration analysis on a simple beam structure.
Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel. We demonstrate
particle tracing in an unsteady flow field.
Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M/PS and ADINA-M/OC.

We demonstrate the use of ADINA-M (both with the Parasolid geometry modeler and with
the Open Cascade geometry modeler) in modeling shell-shell intersections. We also
demonstrate how to plot bending moments and membrane forces within shells.
Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction. We

demonstrate some of the features of the subsonic potential-based fluid elements of ADINA
Structures: prescribed mass fluxes, infinite boundary conditions, steady-state and dynamic
analysis. We also demonstrate the axisymmetric shell element.
Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser. We demonstrate the input of a

parabolic velocity boundary condition. We also demonstrate how to select and use the
FCBI-C elements.
Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method. We demonstrate the VOF
(volume of fluid) method.

Introduction
Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet – static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis.

We demonstrate various features used in metal forming analysis, including the 3D-shell
element and the rigid-target contact algorithm. We also demonstrate explicit time
integration.
Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system. We

demonstrate ADINA-TMC in the solution of a fully-coupled thermo-mechanical analysis.
We also demonstrate the contact-slip loads.
Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates. We
demonstrate modeling of an “auxetic” foam material with temperature-dependent
viscoelastic effects.
Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method. We demonstrate the
use of the VOF method in the analysis of air bubbles.
Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh. We demonstrate the
sliding-mesh feature of ADINA CFD.
Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger. We demonstrate the use of ASME
steam table materials, fan boundary conditions, and the multigrid solver of ADINA CFD.
Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome. We demonstrate

thermal FSI modeling, and the use of a layer table to control the meshing near boundaries.
This problem is solved using FCBI and FCBI-C elements.
Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M/PS. We demonstrate the use of the
gluemesh feature to glue a shaft to a ring.
Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M/PS. We demonstrate importing of a

Parasolid file into ADINA-M/PS, then we demonstrate modifying the geometry using the
discrete boundary representation (discrete BREP) feature.
Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel. We demonstrate the FCBI-C
elements of ADINA CFD and the k- turbulence model.
Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method. We
demonstrate the use of the TLA-S method to obtain the final deformed solution of a large
strain contact problem, without the need to specify solution steps or time functions.
Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assembly with a bolt. We demonstrate the use of the 3D-
bolt element.
Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment. We

demonstrate some consequences of using 6 degree of freedom nodes in large displacement

Introduction
shell analysis.
Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder – ADINA TMC model. We solve the
thermal stress problem of Problem 9 using the ADINA TMC feature of ADINA Structures.
Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models. We perform simple
numerical experiments to demonstrate the ability of rubber material models to fit
experimental data, and to demonstrate the stability of rubber material models in biaxial
tension. The rubber material models considered are Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden and Sussman-
Bathe.
Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD. We demonstrate the use of the
steered adaptive mesh (SAM) feature for CFD to refine a fluid mesh where needed, in the
steady-state analysis of laminar flow between cylinders. Both SAM manual mode and
SAM automatic mode are demonstrated.
Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD. We demonstrate the use of the
SAM feature for CFD to remesh a moving fluid mesh when the mesh becomes too
distorted, in an FSI problem of a parachute immersed in air. Both SAM manual mode and
SAM automatic mode are demonstrated.
Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam. We demonstrate linearized

buckling analysis, initial imperfections and the warping beam.
Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe. We demonstrate thermal FSI analysis.
Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube. We demonstrate the Bathe method of time
integration, the Noh-Bathe method of explicit time integration, the plastic-cyclic material
model, the 3D-shell element and double-sided contact.
Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block. We demonstrate the potential-

based electromagnetic formulation of ADINA EM.
Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity. We demonstrate

harmonic electromagnetic analysis, and coupled thermal / electromagnetic analysis.
Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force. We demonstrate coupled structural /
electromagnetic analysis.
Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel. We demonstrate

coupled structural / CFD / electromagnetic analysis.
Problem 57: DCB delamination test using a 2D cohesive interface. We demonstrate the
use of cohesive interfaces to model delamination. We also demonstrate the low-speed
dynamics option of the automatic time-stepping feature.

Introduction
Problem 58: Bending of a beam into a Möbius strip using an alignment element. We
demonstrate the use of alignment elements to prescribe the relative translation and rotation
of two nodes, also we demonstrate using the nonsymmetric equation solver to obtain a
solution with the large displacement beam elements.
Problem 59: Analysis of a piezoelectric composite cantilever with 3D solid elements. We

demonstrate the piezoelectric feature of the 3D solid elements, also we demonstrate how to
set the material axis directions using three geometry points.
Problem 60: Component mode synthesis applied to a beam model. We demonstrate the
usage of the component mode synthesis technique with a simple beam model.
Problem 61: Analysis of a gasketed assemblage. We demonstrate some modeling

techniques associated with components, gaskets and bolts: gasket materials, contact surface
offsets, sequential bolt loadings and initial assembly. We also demonstrate importing a
Nastran file, defining element face-sets, and defining contact surfaces, loads and boundary
conditions using element face-sets.
Problem 62: The second Stokes problem. We demonstrate the specification of periodic
boundary conditions, and also the specification of initial conditions using a spatial-function
of type surface.
Problem 63: Sloshing analysis of a water tank. We demonstrate how to model a water tank
using potential-based fluid elements, both for frequency analysis and also for dynamic
analysis with prescribed ground accelerations.
Problem 64: 2D flow around a cylinder with a flexible splitter: We demonstrate how to
analyze transient flow around a cylinder with a flexible splitter. First the steady-state fluid
solution is obtained assuming no structural motions, then the steady-state solution is used as
an initial condition for the transient analysis with structural motions.
Problem 65: Free convection in a lightbulb: We demonstrate the analysis of fluid flow,
heat transfer and structural deformations in a lightbulb, including internal heating of the
filament, radiation heat transfer from the filament, and radiation and convection heat
transfer from the lightbulb globe.
Problem 66: FSI analysis of a piston with suction reed valve. We demonstrate how to
model the expansion process in a reciprocating compressor, using the low-speed
compressible flow formulation using the total energy temperature equation. The model
includes a flexible reed valve modeled with shell elements and contact conditions.
If you are interested in learning about a specific topic, the Topic Indexes chapter can help
you find the problem(s) in which the topic is discussed.

Introduction
Revisions in this printing

This printing of the Primer has some revisions compared with the previous printing
(December 2015).
New problems in this printing:
Problem 66 is new.
Revised problems in this printing:
Problems 7 and 58: Because the ATS method is now used by default, we turn off the
ATS method in order to get the same results as before.
Problem 15: The dialog boxes used for skew system definitions are revised. Also the
variable FE_PRESSURE is no longer saved by ADINA-CFD, so the pressure band plots
are revised.
Problem 16: Some additional post-processing features are demonstrated: isosurfaces and
modifying the band table range.
Problem 60: This problem is revised somewhat, due to revisions in the CMS method.
Problem 65: The internal heat generation value is changed from 1.209 to 1.216 W/mm3.
Additional documentation
At the time of printing of this manual, the following documents are available with the
ADINA System:
Installation Notes
Describes the installation of the ADINA System on your computer. Depending on the
platform, the appropriate installation notes in pdf format can be printed or downloaded
from http://www.adina.com.
ADINA Handbook
Written as a task-oriented desktop reference, the ADINA Handbook helps users to quickly
and effectively leverage ADINA's advanced geometric modeling, meshing, and
visualization features.
ADINA User Interface Command Reference Manual
Volume I: ADINA Solids & Structures Model Definition
Volume II: ADINA Thermal Model Definition

Introduction
Volume III: ADINA CFD & FSI Model Definition
Volume IV: ADINA EM Model Definition
Volume V: Display Processing
These documents describe the AUI command language. You use the AUI command
language to write batch files for the AUI.
ADINA Primer
Tutorial for the ADINA System, presenting a sequence of worked examples which
progressively instruct you how to effectively use the ADINA System.
Theory and Modeling Guide
Volume I: ADINA Solids & Structures
Volume II: ADINA Thermal
Volume III: ADINA CFD&FSI
Volume IV: ADINA EM
Provides a concise summary and guide for the theoretical basis of the analysis programs.
The manuals also provide references to other publications which contain further
information, but the detail contained in the manuals is usually sufficient for effective
understanding and use of the programs.
ADINA Verification Manual

Presents solutions to problems which verify and demonstrate the usage of the ADINA
System. Input files for these problems are distributed along with the ADINA System
programs.
ADINA-Nastran Interface Manual

Describes the ADINA-AUI Nastran Interface. This guide is available as a pdf file. The
Nastran Case Control Commands, Parameters, and Bulk Data Entries that are supported by
the AUI are documented.
TRANSOR for I-DEAS Users Guide

Describes the interface between the ADINA System and NX I-deas. This guide is available
in html format and is directly accessible from the TRANSOR interface within I-deas. The
use of TRANSOR for I-deas to perform pre/post-processing and ADINA analysis within
the I-deas environment is described.

Introduction
TRANSOR for Femap Users Guide

Describes the interface between the ADINA System and Femap. This guide is available as
a pdf file. The use of TRANSOR for Femap to perform pre/post-processing and ADINA
analysis within the Femap environment is described.
ADINA System 9.3 Release Notes

Provides a description of the new and modified features of the ADINA System 9.3.
You will also find the following book useful:
K. J. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures, 2nd ed., Cambridge, MA, Klaus-Jürgen Bathe,
2014.
Provides theoretical background to many of the solution techniques used in the ADINA
System.

Introduction
This page intentionally left blank

Icon locator tables
Use the following tables to find out where icons are located.
Icons are organized into toolbars: General, Display, Modeling, ADINA-M, Results, Macro,
Module, Fast Graphics. The Windows version has the addtional toolbars: ToolBar1,
ToolBar2. In addition, some icons can be found on the Module Bar. Choose
ViewToolbars to display or hide the toolbars.
This table refers to the standard locations of the icons (that is, to the locations of the icons
before any user customizations).
Icons from Active Zone to Boolean Operator

Icon name and picture Location
Active Zone Display toolbar 1
All Mesh Lines Results toolbar 2
Analysis Options Module bar
Animate Results toolbar
Apply Fixity Modeling toolbar
Apply Load Modeling toolbar
Batch Continue General toolbar
Bitmap Snapshot General toolbar
Body Modifier ADINA-M toolbar
Body Revolved ADINA-M toolbar
Body Sweep ADINA-M toolbar
Boolean Operator ADINA-M toolbar
Notes:
1) This icon is in the Zone drop-down list.
2) This icon is in the Lines drop-down list.
ADINA R & D, Inc. Icons-1

Icon locator tables
Icons from Boundary Plot to Cut Surface

Boundary Plot General toolbar
Change Zone Display toolbar 1
Clear General toolbar
Clear Band Plot Results toolbar
Clear Reaction Plot Results toolbar
Clear Trace Plot Results toolbar
Clear Vector Plot Results toolbar
Color Element Groups Display toolbar
Contact Control Modeling toolbar 2
Coordinate Systems Modeling toolbar
Create Band Plot Results toolbar
Create Reaction Plot Results toolbar
Create Vector Plot Results toolbar
Coupling Options Module bar
Cross Sections Modeling toolbar
Cull Front Faces Display toolbar
Cut Surface Results toolbar
Notes:
2) This icon is in the Contact Groups drop-down list.
Icons-2 ADINA Primer

Icon locator tables
Icons from Cutting Box to Define Zone

Cutting Box Fast Graphics
toolbar1
Cutting Cylinder Fast Graphics
toolbar1
Cutting Plane Fast Graphics
toolbar1
Cutting Sphere Fast Graphics
toolbar1
Data File/Solution Modeling toolbar
Define Bodies ADINA-M toolbar
Contact Groups Modeling toolbar
Define Contact Pairs Modeling toolbar 2
Define Contact Surfaces Modeling toolbar 2
Define Lines Modeling toolbar
Define Points Modeling toolbar
Define Section Sheet ADINA-M toolbar
Define Surfaces Modeling toolbar
Define Volumes Modeling toolbar
Define Zone Display toolbar 3
Notes:
1) This icon is active only when Fast Graphics is in use.

Icon locator tables
Icons from Delete Bodies to Element Edge Set

Delete Bodies ADINA-M toolbar
Delete Lines Modeling toolbar
Delete Mesh/Elements Modeling toolbar
Delete Points Modeling toolbar
Delete Surfaces Modeling toolbar
Delete Volumes Modeling toolbar
Display Zone Display toolbar 1
Dynamic Pan 2 General toolbar
Dynamic Resize 3 General toolbar
Dynamic Rotate (XY) 4 General toolbar
Dynamic Rotate (Z) 5 General toolbar
Element Edge Set General toolbar
Notes:
2) Dragging the mouse moves all picked graphics. You can also hold down the Ctrl key to
resize all picked graphics, the Shift key to rotate graphics out-of-plane or the Alt key to
rotate graphics in-plane.
3) Dragging the mouse resizes all picked graphics (equivalent to holding down the Ctrl key
when the Dynamic Pan icon is pressed).
4) Dragging the mouse rotates all picked graphics out-of-plane (equivalent to holding down
the Shift key when the Dynamic Pan icon is pressed).
5) Dragging the mouse rotates all picked graphics in-plane (equivalent to holding down the
Alt key when the Dynamic Pan icon is pressed).

Icon locator tables
Icons from Element Face Set to Last Solution

Element Face Set General toolbar
Element Groups Modeling toolbar
Element Labels Display toolbar
Element Set General toolbar
Error Plots Results toolbar
Fast Graphics Fast Graphics toolbar
Fast Forward Results toolbar
Fast Rewind Results toolbar
First Solution Results toolbar
Group Outline Results toolbar 1
Hidden Surfaces Removed Display toolbar
Highlight General toolbar
Import Parasolid Model ADINA-M toolbar

or Open Cascade Model
Iso View 1 Display toolbar 2
Last Solution Results toolbar
Notes:
2) This icon is in the View drop-down list.

Icon locator tables
Icons from Line/Edge Labels to Model Outline

Line/Edge Labels Display toolbar
Load Plot General toolbar
Manage Materials Modeling toolbar
Measure General toolbar
Measure Angle General toolbar
Mesh Bodies ADINA-M toolbar
Mesh Edges ADINA-M toolbar
Mesh Faces ADINA-M toolbar
Mesh Lines Modeling toolbar
Mesh Lofted Body Modeling toolbar
Mesh Plot General toolbar
Mesh Point Modeling toolbar
Mesh Rigid Contact Surface Modeling toolbar 1
Mesh Surfaces Modeling toolbar
Mesh Volumes Modeling toolbar
Mesh Zoom General toolbar
Model Outline Results toolbar 2
Notes:

Icon locator tables
Icons from Modify Band Plot to Query

Modify Band Plot Results toolbar
Modify Mesh Plot General toolbar
Modify Reaction Plot Results toolbar
Modify Vector Plot Results toolbar
Movie Load Step Results toolbar
Movie Mode Shape Results toolbar
Next Solution Results toolbar
New General toolbar
No Mesh Lines Results toolbar 1
Node Labels Display toolbar
Node Set General toolbar
Node Symbols Display toolbar
Open General toolbar
Pick General toolbar
Point Labels Display toolbar
Previous Solution Results toolbar
Query General toolbar
Notes:

Icon locator tables
Icons from Quick Band Plot to Scale Displacements

Quick Band Plot Results toolbar
Quick Reaction Plot Results toolbar
Quick Vector Plot Results toolbar
Redo General toolbar
Redraw General toolbar
Refit General toolbar
Refresh General toolbar
Reset Mesh Plot Style Display toolbar 1
Reset View Display toolbar 1
Rotation Snap Fast Graphics

toolbar2
Save General toolbar
Save AVI Results toolbar

(Windows version
only)
Save Mesh Plot Style Display toolbar
Save MPEG Movie Results toolbar

(Linux version only)
Save View Display toolbar 1
Scale Displacements Results toolbar
Notes:
1) This icon is in the Save Mesh Plot Style drop-down list.

Icon locator tables
Icons from Scaling Snap to Skew System Plot

Scaling Snap Fast Graphics
toolbar1
Select General toolbar
Shading Display toolbar
Show Contact Surfaces Display toolbar
Show Deformed Mesh Results toolbar
Show Discrete BREP ADINA-M toolbar
Show Fluid Structure Boundary Display toolbar
Show Geometry Display toolbar
Show Glue Mesh Display toolbar
Show Lines/Edges Display toolbar
Show Material Axes Display toolbar
Show Original Mesh Results toolbar
Show Points Display toolbar
Show Rigid Links and Constraints Display toolbar
Show Segment Normals Display toolbar
Show Surfaces/Faces Display toolbar
Skew System Plot Display toolbar

Icon locator tables
Icons from Smooth Plots to Unhighlight

Smooth Plots Results toolbar
Special Boundary Conditions Modeling toolbar
Split Zone Display toolbar 1
Subdivide Bodies Modeling toolbar 2
Subdivide Edges Modeling toolbar 2
Subdivide Faces Modeling toolbar 2
Subdivide Lines Modeling toolbar 2
Subdivide Surfaces Modeling toolbar 2
Subdivide Volumes Modeling toolbar 2
Surface/Face Labels Display toolbar
Trace Downstream Results toolbar
Trace Upstream Results toolbar
Undo General toolbar
Unhighlight General toolbar
Notes:
2) This icon is in the Element Groups drop-down list.

Icon locator tables
Icons from Unzoom All to Zoom

Unzoom All General toolbar
Unzoom Partially General toolbar
Use Mesh Plot Style ToolBar2 toolbar

(Windows versions
only)
Vector Snapshot General toolbar
Volume/Body Labels Display toolbar
Wire Frame Display toolbar
XY View Display toolbar 1
XZ View Display toolbar 1
YZ View Display toolbar 1
Zone Colors Display toolbar 2
Zoom General toolbar
Notes:
1) This icon is in the View drop-down list.

Icon locator tables
This page intentionally left blank.

Hints
Program versions: ADINA System program versions are divided into two categories:
Linux and Windows. The Linux version of the ADINA System are the Linux x86_64
versions, with and without the AVX extensions. The Windows version of the ADINA
System is the version used on PCs running Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, 10),
64-bit Windows.
The Linux and Windows versions of the AUI are somewhat different. Therefore the
Primer instructions occasionally are different for the Linux and Windows versions.
Invoking the AUI: Here are detailed instructions for invoking the AUI:
Linux: At the shell command prompt, type
aui9.3
Windows: From the Start Menu, choose ProgramsADINA System 9.3 (x64)
ADINA User Interface (AUI).
Set the Program Module drop-down list (the drop-down list near the top left of the AUI
control window) to ADINA Structures, ADINA Thermal, ADINA CFD or ADINA EM to
prepare for pre-processing an ADINA Structures, ADINA Thermal, ADINA CFD or
ADINA EM model.
Icon toolbars: In the primer instructions, we assume that all of the icon toolbars are
selected and that all of the icons are displayed in the toolbars. Use the View menu to make
sure that all of the toolbars are selected.
Filling in a table: If we ask you to fill in a table, you may find it easier to enter the table
column-by-column rather than row-by-row. In other words, first fill in column 1, then
column 2, etc. instead of filling in row 1, then row 2, etc.
Names in dialog boxes: When we ask you to enter a name or other text in the dialog boxes,
we write it in upper-case. But you can type the name or text in either upper-case, lower-
case or a mixture of upper and lower-case letters. For example, the following instructions
come from problem 15:
Choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add Resultant name R, define it as
SQRT(<Y-COORDINATE>**2 + <Z-COORDINATE>**2)
You can type the name R as either an upper-case R or a lower-case r, and you can type the
resultant itself using upper-case, lower-case or a mixture of upper and lower-case letters.
ADINA R & D, Inc. Hints-1

Hints
Choosing variables: When we ask you to choose a variable, we use instructions such as
Set Variable 1 to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT)
What this means is that you should choose Displacement from the left-hand list for the
field, then choose Y-DISPLACEMENT from the right-hand list for the field.
DISP MAG number: Many plots from the post-processor display the text DISP MAG … .
DISP MAG is an abbreviation for displacement magnification factor. The DISP MAG
number is affected by many factors, including the size and aspect ratio of the graphics
window. Therefore the DISP MAG numbers of your plots will be slightly different than the
DISP MAG number of our plots.
Quick review of graphics operations
Picking graphics: Click the Pick icon , then click on one of the lines of the graphics to
be picked (for example, a mesh plot). A bounding box appears around the graphics; this
bounding box indicates the graphics is highlighted. To unhighlight the graphics, move the
cursor onto empty space within the graphics window and click the left mouse button.
You can also create a rubber-band box (marquee box) with the Pick icon. Click on empty
space, then move the cursor while holding down the left mouse button. When the box is the
correct size, release the left mouse button.
Moving graphics: First pick the graphics. Click the Dynamic Pan icon , hold down the
left mouse button and move the cursor. The picked graphics moves along with the mouse
cursor. When the picked graphics is in the proper position, release the left mouse button.
Resizing graphics: First pick the graphics. Click the Dynamic Resize icon , hold down
the left mouse button and move the mouse diagonally up and to the right to enlarge the
picked graphics and move the mouse diagonally down and to the left to shrink the picked
graphics. The picked graphics dynamically resizes as you move the mouse. When the
picked graphics is the proper size, release the left mouse button.
Hint, instead of clicking the Dynamic Resize icon , click the Dynamic Pan icon
and hold the Ctrl key while dragging the mouse.
Using the above instructions, the graphics are resized around their center. If you have
zoomed into the model before resizing, you might find it more convenient to resize the
graphics around the center of the graphics window. To do this, hold down both the Ctrl and
Shift keys together while dragging the mouse.
Hints-2 ADINA Primer

Hints
Rotating graphics out-of-plane: First pick the graphics. Click the Dynamic Rotate (XY)
icon , hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse. The picked graphics
dynamically rotates as you move the mouse. When the picked graphics is in the proper
orientation, release the left mouse button.
Hint, instead of clicking the Dynamic Rotate (XY) icon , click the Dynamic Pan icon
and hold the Shift key while dragging the mouse.
Rotating graphics in-plane: First pick the graphics. Click the Dynamic Rotate (Z) icon
, hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse. The picked graphics
dynamically rotates as you move the mouse. When the picked graphics is in the proper
orientation, release the left mouse button.
Hint, instead of clicking the Dynamic Rotate (Z) icon , click the Dynamic Pan icon
and hold the Alt key while dragging the mouse. This hint will not work on those Linux
computers in which the Alt key is reserved for window manager operations.
Erasing graphics: First pick the graphics. Then click the Erase icon or press the Del
key.
Resizing element vectors: First pick an element vector. The AUI draws a diamond around
the element vector. Follow the instructions above for “resizing graphics” to resize the
element vectors. You can also press the – key to remove element vectors, the + key to add
element vectors (up to all element vectors) or the Enter key to display all element vectors.
Filling in a dialog box field with a P button: Use the mouse to fill in a dialog box field with
a P button, for example, a dialog box field that requires a node number. Click the P button.
The dialog box disappears and the cursor changes to a cross. Click on the desired graphics
(the node, for example). The node becomes highlighted and the dialog box reappears with
the number of the selected node in the dialog box field.
Some dialog boxes have one P button for several dialog box fields. In that case, the dialog
box reappears when you have made one selection for each field.
If you need to cancel filling in the dialog box field, press the Esc key.
Filling in a green column of a dialog box table: Use the mouse to fill in a green column of
a table, for example, a column that requires node numbers. Double-click in the green
column. The dialog box disappears and the cursor changes to a cross. Click on the desired
graphics (the node, in this example). The node becomes highlighted. Each selection that
you make fills in another cell in the column. To return to the dialog box, press the Esc key.
ADINA R & D, Inc. Hints-3

Hints
Filling in a cyan column of a dialog box table: Use the mouse to fill in a cyan column of a
table, for example, the node column in the Define Node Set dialog box. Double-click in the
cyan column. The dialog box disappears and the cursor changes to a cross. Click on the
desired graphics (nodes, in this example). The nodes near the selection become
highlighted. As you continue clicking, additional graphics become highlighted. Hold down
the S button and pick to unhighlight graphics. To return to the dialog box, press the Esc
key.
Note that graphics corresponding to cyan column selections remain highlighted until you
click the Unhighlight icon .
Hints-4 ADINA Primer

Topic indexes
For each topic, we give the problem number(s) in which the topic is introduced or discussed
in some detail. If the topic is used without discussion in a problem, the problem number is
not given.
Model definition
Adaptive CFD feature 48, 49 gap 66

ADINA Structures collapse analysis 23 infinite 15, 30
ADINA Structures dynamic analysis 10, moving wall 66
15, 26, 33, 52 periodic 62
ADINA Structures frequency analysis 8, radiation 20, 21
63 shell-thermal 39
ADINA Structures modal participation sliding-mesh 37
factor analysis 12, 26, 27, 63 turbulence 42
ADINA Structures mode superposition velocity 31
analysis 11 VOF wall angle 36
ADINA Structures static analysis 1 wall 6, 15, 18, 19, 66
ADINA CFD 6, 15, 18-21, 24, 31, 32, Boundary layer tables 66
36-39, 42, 48-49, 51, 56, 62 Cohesive interface 57
ADINA EM 53-56 Component mode synthesis 60
ADINA-M 3, 16, 17, 29, 35, 37-41 Conjugate heat transfer 21
ADINA Thermal analysis 9, 25 Constraint equations 17, 22, 24
ADINA-TMC feature 46 Constraint sets 17, 22
ATS method 14, 22 Contact conditions 7, 22, 33, 34, 35
Axes-systems 59 double-sided 52
Bathe method of implicit time integration extension factor 66
10, 26, 30, 52 frictional 34
Batch files offsets 61
reading into the AUI 14 penalty explicit 52
Body modifiers rigid-target 33
blend 16 Convection
project 17 natural 20, 21
Body sweep 66 prescribed 9, 21, 25
Bolt element groups 44 Coordinate systems 2
Bolt tables 61 Copying elements 34
Boolean operations on bodies CRACK-SVS definitions 17
subtract 16 Cross-sections 1, 50
Boundary conditions Defeaturing bodies 41
applying 1 Deleting elements 1, 2, 16, 29
convection 20, 21 Deleting FE models 9
defining 2 Discrete BREPs 41
electromagnetic 53, 54, 55, 56 Drilling stiffness 45
fan 38 Elements
free surface 63 2-D conduction 9
FSI 15, 18, 24, 37, 39 2-D electromagnetic 54-56
ADINA R & D, Inc. Topics-1

Topic indexes
2-D fluid 6 vertex 2

2-D potential-based fluid 15, 30 Geometry volumes 4, 5
2-D solid 2 extruded 4
2-D solid within ADINA-CFD 21 Gluemesh 40
3-D electromagnetic 53, 54 Imprinting 16
3-D fluid 19 Incompatible modes 40
3-D potential-based fluid 63 Initial imperfections 50
3-D solid 4 Initial strains 26
3-D solid within ADINA-CFD 38 Initial temperatures 20, 25
3D-shell 33, 52 Joining nodes 22
alignment 58 Leader-follower points 18, 56
axisymmetric shell 30 Linearized buckling analysis 50
beam 1, 50 Load-displacement control algorithm 23,
bolt 44 50
boundary convection 9 Loads
boundary radiation 9 concentrated forces 1
FCBI-C fluid 31, 39, 42, 66 contact-slip 34
iso-beam 64 displacements 16
shell 8, 23, 24, 29, 45 displacement with arrival time 33
warping beam 50 displacement with force unloading
Element birth-death 25 33
Element face-sets 61 environmental temperatures 9, 25
Explicit time integration 33, 52 ground accelerations 63
Face linking 17, 38 internal heat generation 25, 65
Fixed-end force correction 1 line 1, 29
Flow assumptions 6, 15, 18 mass-flux 30
Fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) analysis mass-proportional 24, 26, 63
15, 18, 24, 37, 39, 56, 64, 65, 66 mass-ratio 19
Fracture mechanics 17 pressure 2
Geometry bodies turbulence 42
cylinder 16 velocity 6
pipe 17 Low-speed compressible flow 66
sheet 3 Low-speed dynamics 57
Geometry edges 3, 16 Mapping files 9, 64
Geometry faces 3, 16, 29 Mass properties 26
Geometry lines Mass transfer 19
arc 2 Master degrees of freedom 2
circle 3 Material models
combined 3 ASME steam 38
extruded 4 conduction 9
revolved 5 convection 9, 46
straight 1 elastic 1
Geometry points 1 electromagnetic 53
Geometry surfaces fluid 6, 15, 18-21, 28, 31, 32, 36-39,
extruded 23 42, 48, 49
revolved 4 gasket 61
Topics-2 ADINA Primer

Topic indexes
hyper-foam 35 Restart analysis 10, 26, 49

k- turbulence 42 Results-selection 22
moment-curvature 14 SAM (Steered adaptive meshing) 48, 49
Mooney-Rivlin 47 Section results
Ogden 22, 47 in beams 1
orthotropic 57 Sectioning
piezoelectric 59 of bodies 17
plastic-cyclic 52 Shell node DOFs 8, 45
plastic-multilinear 23 Shell thicknesses 8, 23, 52
plastic-orthotropic 33 Skew systems 15
potential-based fluid 15, 30 Slipping boundaries 56
radiation 9 Solution tolerances 14, 22
Sussman-Bathe 47 Spatial functions 31, 62
thermo-isotropic 9 Split interface 57
viscoelastic (with TRS) 35 Stiffness matrix stabilization 35, 43
Meshing Subdividing the mesh
boundary layer 39 complete model 2
free-form 3, 16, 17, 20, 29 lines 1
mapped 2 surfaces 6
of lines 1 using central biasing 6, 21
revolution of 2-D meshes 5 using lengths 3
splitting 17, 64 using point-sizes 2
using geometry discretization Thermal FSI analysis 51
controls 16 Thermal stress analysis 9, 51
Mesh-join 22 Time functions 7, 15, 25, 26, 30
Mesh-split 66 from file 15, 26, 30
Moving meshes 18, 56 Time steps 7
Multigrid solver 38 TLA method 43
Nastran file importing 61 TLA-S method 43
Nodal point forces 4 TMC analysis 34
Noh-Bathe method of explicit time VOF method 32, 36
integration 52
Nondimensionalization 20, 21 Model display and post-processing
Nonsymmetric solver 58
Open Cascade 29, 48 Animations
Parasolid 16, 17, 29, 41 load-step 7
Pressure datum 51 mode-shape 8
Problem headings 2 Append porthole file feature 50
Radiation Average outlet temperatures 38
specular 20 Band plots
prescribed 9, 21 changing band tables 6, 23
Rayleigh damping 26 envelope 25
Reactions 6 line contours 6
Relative pressure 20 on beams 44
Relaxation factors for FCBI-C 66 on shells 8

Topic indexes
plastic strains 23 modal masses 12, 26

removing extreme values 6 values 22
repeating 13 Load plots 1
shell thicknesses 8, 52 Mesh plots 1
stress 2, 13 alignment element triads 58
temperature 9 beam cross-sections 1, 50
using different ranges for different beam neutral axes as curved lines 1,
solution steps 61 50
Constants 24 boundary conditions 1
Contact traction plots 7 color shaded 16
Cutting isosurfaces 16 colors from zones 17, 38
Cutting planes 17, 19, 38, 39 culled front faces 38
Element face-sets 38, 39, 42, 61 element coordinate systems 8, 14
Element line plots magnifying displacements 1
bending moments 1, 27 mode shapes 8
plastic curvatures 14 node numbers 2
shear forces 1 original and deformed 2
Element vector plots outline 6, 21
stress 2 reference time 26
velocity 6, 18 rotational DOFS 8
heat flux 9 segment normals 7
Envelope calculations 25 shell top-bottom depictions 8
Error indicators 13 stretch factors 18
Flux calculations 19 suppressing fluid-structure boundary
Fourier analysis 15 lines 24
Graphics manipulations with the mouse views 5, 23
deleting 2 Model result lines
inquiring 2 from geometry 2
mesh zooming 17 virtual shift 17
moving 2 Model result points
resizing 2 combination points 6
rotating 4 contact segment 7
zooming 2 element 12
Graphs element force 4
along lines 2 from geometry 6
as functions of time 7, 10 mesh extreme 19
comparison solutions 24 mesh integration 19, 38, 44
listing numerical values in 2 node 10
material stress-strain curves 22, 23, section 14
47 Node-sets 4
modifying 2, 10 Particle tracing
updating defaults of 11 steady-state fluid flow 6, 20, 21
Harmonic vibration analysis 27 unsteady fluid flow 28, 36, 37
Listings Random vibration analysis 27
extreme values 1 Reaction plots 18
frequencies 8 Relative displacements 26
Topics-4 ADINA Primer

Topic indexes
Response spectrum analysis 12, 26 Stress linearization 5

Responses Stresses
envelope 25 in-plane 33
harmonic 27 transforming to cylindrical system 3
mode-shape 11 Text
random 27 drawing 23
response-combination 26 Time-integral calculations 66
response-spectrum 12, 26 Triads 8, 14
Response-ranges Zones 4, 16
load-step 15 defining with mouse 16
Resultant variables 14, 15, 24 defining using Split Zone feature 4
SCL lines 5 Zone groups 66
Smoothing 2, 4, 8, 13, 22

Topic indexes
Topics-6 ADINA R&D, Inc.

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam
Problem description
In this problem, we analyze a simple beam structure. Each part of this lesson shows the
solution of one of the analyses. In part 1, we demonstrate the following topics:
• Starting up/shutting down the AUI

• Defining geometry points
• Defining a geometry line
• Applying a boundary condition
• Defining a material
• Defining a cross-section
• Defining and applying a load
• Generating an element
• Generating an ADINA Structures data file
• Saving an ADINA-IN database file
• Running ADINA Structures
• Loading an ADINA Structures porthole file
• Drawing a mesh plot, with boundary conditions plotted
• Drawing a load plot
• Listing the extreme deflections
• Plotting bending moment and shear force diagrams
In part 2, we demonstrate the following additional topics:
• Opening an ADINA-IN database file to access a previously defined model

• Deleting and redefining a load
• Adding a boundary condition to an existing model

• Deleting elements from the model
• Clicking on a green column to fill in a table.
• Subdividing a line, generating elements on a subdivided line
• Magnifying the plotted displacements
• Listing the nodal point forces and moments
• Obtaining internal section forces and moments

• Listing the internal section point forces and moments
• Using the fixed-end force correction feature
ADINA R & D, Inc. 1-1

Before you begin
Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the
AUI icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints.
This problem can be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System.
Part 1: Deflection due to a tip load

300 N
0.02
0.02
1
All lengths in meters
E = 2.07 1011 N/m2
Invoking the AUI and choosing the finite element program
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures.
(See the hints in the Hints chapter for more information.)
Defining model geometry
When setting up a model, it is frequently useful to make a diagram showing the key geometry
used in the model definition, such as the following diagram:
y
L1
P1 x
P2
You may find it useful to refer to this diagram when working through this problem.
Click the Define Points icon and enter the following information into the table:
Point # X1 X2 X3
1
2 1
1-2 ADINA Primer

(Table cells that are left blank are treated as zeros.) Then click OK. The graphics window
should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
Now click the Define Lines icon and click the Add... button to add line number 1. Set
the Point 1 field to 1, the Point 2 field to 2 and click OK. The graphics window should look
something like the top figure on the next page.
Defining boundary conditions
Click the Apply Fixity icon , enter 1 in the first row of the Point # table and click OK.
Click the Boundary Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like the
bottom figure on the next page.
Defining loads
Click the Apply Load icon to open the Apply Load dialog box. Make sure that the Load
Type is Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the
Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add Concentrated Force Number 1, set the Magnitude
to 300, the Y Force Direction to -1 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply
Load dialog box, set the Point # to 2 and click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
1-4 ADINA Primer

Click the Load Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
300.0
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Defining the cross-section
Click the Cross Sections icon . Then add section number 1, set the Width to 0.02, click
the Square Section button and click OK.
Defining the material
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define
Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young's Modulus to
2.07E11 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Defining the finite elements
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add group 1, set the Type to Beam and
click OK.

Element generation: Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the components of the Orientation
Vector to (0, 1, 0), enter 1 in the first row of the Line # table and click OK. (The orientation
vector is used to define the directions of the element local coordinate system; the element s-
direction lies in the plane defined by the element and the orientation vector.) The graphics
window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
300.0
B
B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Generating the ADINA Structures data file, running ADINA Structures, loading the
porthole file
First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob01 (the “File type” field should
be “ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)”). To generate the ADINA Structures data file and run
ADINA Structures, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob01, make
sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
When ADINA Structures is finished, it displays the message
“* Solution successful, please check the results *”
in the ADINA Structures Message Window. Close all open dialog boxes.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing, click Yes to discard all changes
and continue, click the Open icon and open porthole file prob01.
1-6 ADINA Primer

Displaying the deformed model
Click the Boundary Plot icon to display the boundary conditions. Then click the Load
Plot icon to show the load. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
300.0
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
The beam cross-section can be plotted at the center of the element. Click the Modify Mesh
Plot icon (or right-click on the mesh plot and choose Modify Mesh Plot ), click the
Element Depiction... button, click the Display Beam Cross-Section field, then click OK twice
to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure
on the next page.
Click the Iso View 2 icon (located in the drop-down list next to the YZ View icon )
to plot the beam from a different angle. The graphics window should look something like the
Click the XY View icon to return to the original view.

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
300.0
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
TIME 1.000 Y
X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
300.0
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
1-8 ADINA Primer

Listing the tip deflection
Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone. In the “Variables to List” box, first row, choose
Y-DISPLACEMENT from the right-hand drop-down list (the list with the downwards
pointing arrow). Then click Apply.
The AUI displays the value -3.62319E-02 for the y-displacement of node 2. Note that this is
the deflection predicted by beam theory; a single beam element is sufficient in this case
because the beam element contains a cubic displacement assumption and the beam theory
solution requires a cubic displacement assumption. Click Close to close the dialog box.
In order to see the cubic displacements of the neutral axis, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon
, click the Element Depiction... button, click the Advanced tab, set the '# Segments for
Neutral Axis' to 8, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
300.0
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Plotting the bending moment diagram and the shear force diagram
Bending moment diagram: Choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element
Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-T and click OK. The graphics window should look

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
BENDING
PRESCRIBED
MOMENT-T
FORCE
TIME 1.000
TIME 1.000
300.0
300.0
s
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Shear force diagram: Choose DisplayElement Line PlotModify, set the Element Line
Quantity to SHEAR_FORCE-S and click OK. The graphics window should look something
like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
SHEAR_FORCE-S
PRESCRIBED
TIME 1.000 FORCE
300.0 TIME 1.000
s 300.0
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
1-10 ADINA Primer

Exiting the AUI
Choose FileExit and click Yes to discard all changes and exit ADINA-AUI.
Part 2: Deflection due to a distributed load

Now we apply a distributed load to the same cantilever as shown:
500 N/m
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures. Then
choose file prob01.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu
(FileRecently Opened Files for the Linux version).
Deleting and redefining the load
Deleting the load: In the Model Tree, click on the + next to the Loading text, right-click on
the “1. Force 1 on Point 2” text, choose Delete, and click Yes to answer the prompt.
Click the Redraw icon to update the graphics window. The graphics window should look
Auxiliary point: In order to define the distributed load, we need to define an auxiliary point.
Click the Define Points icon , add point 3 and click OK:
Point # X1 X2 X3
3 0.1
Redefining the load: Click the Apply Load icon and set the Load Type to Distributed
Line Load. Click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define
Distributed Line Load dialog box, add line load number 1, set the Magnitude [Force/Length]
to 500 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Line #
to 1 and the Aux. Point to 3, then click OK.
When you click the Redraw icon , the graphics window should look something like the

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
B
B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED Y

LINELOAD
TIME 1.000 Z X
500.0
B
B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
1-12 ADINA Primer

Generating the ADINA Structures data file, running ADINA Structures, post-processing
To save the ADINA-IN database to a new file, choose FileSave As, set the file name to
prob01a and click Save.
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob01a, make sure that the Run
Solution button is checked and click Save.
When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes.
Post-process this model using exactly the same steps as with the previous model (except that
you will load porthole file prob01a this time). This time the tip displacement is -2.26449E-02.
Again this is the same tip displacement as predicted by beam theory. The deformed mesh
with loads and boundary conditions should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
TIME 1.000
500.0
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Part 3: Deflection of a beam built-in at both ends

Now we change the problem to that of a beam built-in at both ends subjected to a distributed
load as shown:

Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures and click Yes to discard all
changes and continue. Choose prob01a.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the
File menu.
Adding a boundary condition, refining the mesh
We need to add a boundary condition to the right end of the beam. In the Model Tree,
highlight and right-click the Fixity text, then choose Apply… . In the Apply Fixity dialog
box, add point 2 to the second row of the table and click OK. Click the Redraw icon to
update the graphics.
Now we need to use more elements to solve the model.
Deleting the existing element: Click the Delete Mesh/Elements icon , enter 1 in the first
row of the Line # table and click OK.
The graphics window should look something like this:

LINELOAD
TIME 1.000 Z X
500.0
B B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Specifying the mesh refinement: Click the Subdivide Lines icon , make sure that the
“Method” is set to “Use Number of Divisions”, set the Number of Subdivisions to 2 and click
OK.
1-14 ADINA Primer

The graphics window should look something like this. A short vertical line has been added to
the middle of the geometry line, indicating how the line will be subdivided into elements.

LINELOAD
TIME 1.000 Z X
500.0
B B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Adding the elements: Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the components of the Orientation
Vector to (0, 1, 0), enter 1 in the first row of the Line # table and click OK. (You can select
the Line # using the mouse and the P button.) The graphics window should look something
like the top figure on the next page.
Save the database to file prob01b.idb, create ADINA Structures data file prob01b.dat and
run ADINA Structures using file prob01b.dat using the same steps as with the previous
models.
Post-process this model using exactly the same steps as with the previous models (except that
you will load porthole file prob01b this time. This time, when you plot the deformed mesh,
you will not be able to see the deformed shape because the displacements are too small.
Because the displacements are so small, we need to magnify them so that they are visible on
the plot. Click the Scale Displacements icon . The graphics window should look
something like the bottom figure on the next page. (The plot can be improved by increasing
the number of segments used to plot the neutral axis, as we demonstrated above.)


LINELOAD
TIME 1.000 Z X
500.0
B B
B B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 216.3 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
TIME 1.000
500.0
B B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
When you make the listing, note that the maximum displacement is -4.71769E-4 at the center
of the model. Again this is the result predicted by beam theory.
1-16 ADINA Primer

Let's check the bending moments and shear forces. Click the Load Plot icon to remove
the load plot, click the Scale Displacements icon to reduce the displacement
magnification factor, then choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line
Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-T and click OK. The graphics window should look
something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
BENDING
MOMENT-T
TIME 1.000
31.25
Now choose DisplayElement Line PlotModify, set the Element Line Quantity to
SHEAR_FORCE-S and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the
figure on the next page.
These results cannot be the results predicted by beam theory, because the shear force cannot
be constant along the beam when there is a distributed load acting on the beam. And the
sudden change in direction of the shear force at the center of the beam is unrealistic.

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
SHEAR_FORCE-S
TIME 1.000
125.0
In order to list the bending moments and section forces, choose ListValue ListZone, set
Variable 1 to (Force: NODAL_MOMENT-T) (not BENDING_MOMENT-T), set Variable 2
to (Force: NODAL_FORCE-S) (not SHEAR_FORCE-S) and click Apply. The listing shows
NODAL_MOMENT-T NODAL_FORCE-S
Element 1 of element group 1
Local node 1 3.12500E+01 1.25000E+02

Local node 2 3.12500E+01 -1.25000E+02
Local node 1 -3.12500E+01 -1.25000E+02

Local node 2 -3.12500E+01 1.25000E+02
These forces are the element nodal point forces and moments, equivalent, in the virtual work
sense, to the internal forces and moments. The sign convention is that given in the ADINA
Structures Theory and Modeling Guide, Section 2.4, Figure 2.4-2.
In order to obtain internal forces and moments, we need to rerun the model.
1-18 ADINA Primer

Part 4: Computing internal forces and moments

changes and continue. Choose prob01b.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the
File menu.
Click the Element Groups icon , set the Result Type to Section Forces, set the Number of
Section Points to 5 and click OK.
Save the database to file prob01c.idb, create ADINA Structures data file prob01c.dat and
run ADINA Structures using file prob01c.dat using the same steps as with the previous
models. Then open porthole file prob01c.por.
In order to list the internal bending moments and section forces, choose List
Value ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Force: BENDING_MOMENT-T), set Variable 2 to
(Force: SHEAR_FORCE-S) and click Apply. The listing shows
BENDING
MOMENT-T SHEAR_FORCE-S
Sect int pt 1 -3.12500E+01 -1.25000E+02

Sect int pt 2 -1.56250E+01 -1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 3 0.00000E+00 -1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 4 1.56250E+01 -1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 5 3.12500E+01 -1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 1 3.12500E+01 1.25000E+02

Sect int pt 2 1.56250E+01 1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 3 0.00000E+00 1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 4 -1.56250E+01 1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 5 -3.12500E+01 1.25000E+02
These results agree with the nodal point forces and moments, but, again, these results cannot
be correct.

Part 5: Using fixed-end force corrections

changes and continue. Choose prob01c.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the
File menu.
We will use the fixed-end force correction feature to improve the bending moments and shear
forces. Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, check the "Perform Fixed-End Force
Corrections for Beams" button and click OK.
Save the database to file prob01d.idb, create ADINA Structures data file prob01d.dat and
run ADINA Structures using file prob01d.dat using the same steps as with the previous
models. Open porthole file prob01d.por.
List the internal bending moments and section forces using the same steps as with the
previous model. The listing shows
BENDING
MOMENT-T SHEAR_FORCE-S
Sect int pt 1 -4.16667E+01 -2.50000E+02

Sect int pt 2 -1.43229E+01 -1.87500E+02
Sect int pt 3 5.20833E+00 -1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 4 1.69271E+01 -6.25000E+01
Sect int pt 5 2.08333E+01 0.00000E+00
Sect int pt 1 2.08333E+01 0.00000E+00

Sect int pt 2 1.69271E+01 6.25000E+01
Sect int pt 3 5.20833E+00 1.25000E+02
Sect int pt 4 -1.43229E+01 1.87500E+02
Sect int pt 5 -4.16667E+01 2.50000E+02
These are the results as predicted by beam theory.
Now choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to
BENDING_MOMENT-T and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the
top figure on the next page.
1-20 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
BENDING
MOMENT-T
TIME 1.000
41.67
Now choose DisplayElement Line PlotModify, set the Element Line Quantity to
SHEAR_FORCE-S and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
SHEAR_FORCE-S
TIME 1.000
250.0
These are the expected results.

Exiting the AUI
Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.
1-22 ADINA Primer

Problem 2: Plate with a hole in tension
Problem description
A plate with a hole is subjected to tension as shown:
y
p = 25.0 N/mm2
Region to mesh
All lengths in mm.

Thickness = 1 mm
x E = 7.0 ´ 104 N/mm2
56
n = 0.25
10
20
In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been
presented in previous problems:
• Defining a problem heading

• Selecting master degrees of freedom
• Entering a geometry point in a cylindrical coordinate system
• Defining several geometry surfaces
• Defining boundary conditions
• Querying the graphics with the mouse
• Generating elements onto geometry surfaces, ensuring compatibility
• Displaying geometry point, line and surface numbers
• Zooming into the graphics window
• Plotting original and deformed meshes
• Moving and resizing mesh plots with the mouse
• Deleting unwanted text with the mouse
• Plotting element vectors
• Plotting stress bands

• Graphing stresses along a line

• Modifying a graph plot
We assume that you have worked through problem 1, or have equivalent experience with the
ADINA System.
Before you begin
Defining model control data
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 2: Plate with a hole
in tension” and click OK.
Plane for 2D elements: Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, set the "2D Solid Elements
in" field to "XY-Plane, Y-Axisymmetric" and click OK.
Master degrees of freedom: Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the

Z-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. (We perform
this step because the two-dimensional solid elements that we will use only provide stiffness
for the x-translation and y-translation degrees of freedom. If you omit this step, the AUI will
delete the z-translation, x-rotation, y-rotation and z-rotation degrees of freedom for all the
nodes when you generate the ADINA Structures data file. So this step is not necessary;
ADINA Structures will give the same solution whether or not you perform this step.
However, ADINA Structures runs more efficiently if you perform this step.)
2-2 ADINA Primer

Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining this model:
y
L8
P2 P1
S3
L9
P3 P7
L4 S1
P4
L1 P9 S2
P8 L2
x
P5 L6 P6
Points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the X1, X2
columns of the table (you can leave the X3 column blank), then click OK.
Point # X1 X2
1 10 28
2 0 28
3 0 10
4 0 5
5 5 0
6 10 0
7 10 10
8 0 0

We also need a point mid-way along the hole. The coordinates of this point are most
conveniently entered using a cylindrical coordinate system. Click the Coordinate Systems
icon , add coordinate system 1 and set the Type to Cylindrical. Set the components of
Vector A to (0, 0, 1), the components of Vector B to (1, 0, 0) and click OK.
(Vector A gives the direction of the cylindrical axis, and vector B is used to determine the line
corresponding to zero angle  , as shown in the following figure.)
y
r q
Vector A x
Vector B
z (X1, X2)=(r, q)
Then click the Define Points icon , add an additional row to the table if necessary, enter
Point # X1 X2 X3
9 5 45 0
and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
2-4 ADINA Primer

Arc lines: Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Arc, set P1 to 4, P2 to
9, Center to 8 and click Save. Then add line 2, set P1 to 9, P2 to 5, Center to 8 and click OK.
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
Surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface 1, make sure that the Type is set to
Vertex, define the following surfaces and click OK. (Click Add after defining surfaces 1 and
2.)
Surface Number Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

1 7 3 4 9
2 7 9 5 6
3 1 2 3 7
To display the geometry point, line and surface numbers, click the Point Labels icon ,
Line/Edge Labels icon and Surface/Face Labels icon . The graphics window should
look something like the figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Y
P2 L8 P1 Z X
L9 L10
S3
P3 L3 P7
L4 S1
L5
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
L2
P8 P5 L6 P6
Defining and applying boundary conditions
We need two boundary conditions for modeling symmetry. Click the Apply Fixity icon
and click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add fixity name YT, check the
Y-Translation button and click Save. Then add fixity name XT, check the X-Translation
button and click OK.
In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line. To set the fixity for
lines 4 and 9 to XT, set the Fixity Name to XT and enter 4 and 9 in the first two rows of the
table. To set the fixity for line 6 to YT, set the Fixity Name to YT and enter 6 in the first row
of the table. Then click OK.
When you click the Boundary Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like
the top figure on the next page.
Notice that line 6 is marked with a B. The table at the lower right of the graphics window
indicates that the U1 (x) degree of freedom is free and that the U2 (y) degree of freedom is
fixed. Similarly, lines 4 and 9 are marked with a C, and the table indicates that the U1 (x)
degree of freedom is fixed and that the U2 (y) degree of freedom is free.
2-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
P2 L8 P1 Z X
C L9 L10
S3
P3 L3 P7
C L4 S1
L5
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
U U
1 2
L2 B -
C -
P8 P5 B L6 P6
Defining and applying loads
Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Pressure and click the Define... button
to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Pressure dialog box, add pressure 1, set
the Magnitude to -25 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the “Apply
to” field is set to Line and, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 8. Click OK to close
the Apply Load dialog box.
When you click the Load Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like the
Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young's Modulus to 7E4,
the Poisson's ratio to 0.25 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material
Definitions dialog box.

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
P2 L8 P1
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
C L9 L10
S3 25.00
P3 L3 P7
C L4 S1
L5
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
L2 U U
1 2
P8 P5 B L6 P6 B -
C -
Defining the elements
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add group number 1, set the Type to 2-D
Solid, set the Element Sub-Type to Plane Stress and click OK.
Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign a uniform point size to all points and have the
AUI automatically compute the subdivisions. Choose MeshingMesh Density
Complete Model, make sure that the “Subdivision Mode” is set to “Use End-Point Sizes” and
click OK. Now choose MeshingMesh DensityPoint Size, set the “Points Defined from”
field to “All Geometry Points”, set the Maximum to 2 and click OK.
The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.
Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of
the Surface # table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the
Note, if the pressure magnitude is 0, return to the ControlMiscellaneous Options dialog box
and make sure that the "2D Solid Elements in" field is set to "XY-Plane, Y-Axisymmetric".
2-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
P2 L8 P1
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
C L9 L10
S3 25.00
P3 L3 P7
C L4 S1
L5
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
L2
U U
1 2
P8 P5 B L6 P6 B -
C -
TIME 1.000 Y
C
Z X
C P2 L8 P1
C
C
C
C
C PRESCRIBED
C PRESSURE
C
TIME 1.000
C
C L9 L10
C S3 25.00
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C P3 L3 P7
C
C
C
C L4 S1
C L5
C
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
L2
BBBBBBB U U
1 2
P8 P5 B L6 P6 B -
C -
The mesh does not look very pleasing near the hole. We will remesh near the hole, adding
more elements. Click the Delete Mesh/Elements icon , set the “Delete Mesh from” field
to On Surfaces, enter 1, 2 in the Surface # table and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Y
C
C P2 L8 P1 Z X
C
C
C
C
C PRESCRIBED
C PRESSURE
C
TIME 1.000
C
C L9 L10
C S3 25.00
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
P3 L3 P7
C L4 S1
L5
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
L2
U U
1 2
P8 P5 B L6 P6 B -
C -
Now we decrease the point size of the points on the hole. Choose MeshingMesh Density
Point Size, and, in the table, enter 1.0 for the Mesh Size for points 4, 5, 9 and click OK. The
graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
C
C P2 L8 P1 Z X
C
C
C
C
C PRESCRIBED
C PRESSURE
C
TIME 1.000
C
C L9 L10
C S3 25.00
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
P3 L3 P7
C L4 S1
L5
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
L2
U U
1 2
P8 P5 B L6 P6 B -
C -
2-10 ADINA Primer

Now we generate the elements onto surfaces 1 and 2. Click the Mesh Surfaces icon ,
enter 1, 2 in the first two rows of the Surface # table and click OK. The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Y
C
Z X
C P2 L8 P1
C
C
C
C
C PRESCRIBED
C PRESSURE
C
TIME 1.000
C
C L9 L10
C S3 25.00
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C P3 L3 P7
C
C
C S1
C L4
C
C L5
C
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
L2
BBBBB B B B B U U
1 2
P8 P5 B L6 P6 B -
C -
porthole file
First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob02. To generate the ADINA
Structures data file and run ADINA Structures, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the
file name to prob02, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module
drop-down list to Post-Processing and discard all changes. Then click the Open icon , set
the “File type” field to “ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)”, choose file prob02 and click
Open. Then click the Open icon and open porthole file prob02.
Please notice that we first opened the ADINA-IN database, then loaded the porthole file. We
did this so that we can create a graph of the stresses along a geometry line later on.
The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Notice that the
geometry and the deformed mesh are displayed.

TIME 1.000 Y
C Z X
C P2 L8 P1
C
C
C
C
C
C PRESCRIBED
C PRESSURE
C
C
C L9 L10 TIME 1.000
C S3
C 25.00
C
C
C
C
C
C
C P3 L3 P7
C
C
C
C
C L4 S1
C L5
C
P4 L1 L7
P9 S2
L2
BBBBBBB B B U U
1 2
P8 P5B L6 P6 B -
C -
Examining the solution
Original and deformed meshes: Click the Show Original Mesh icon and the Scale
Displacements icon .
We will plot this mesh along with other mesh plots showing the solution. To make room for
the other mesh plots, we need to shrink this mesh using the mouse and move it to the left, so
that we obtain the picture shown at the top of the next page.
Here are detailed instructions for resizing and moving the mesh plot. To shift the mesh plot,
click the Pick icon and the Dynamic Pan icon, then click on one of the lines of the
mesh plot. A bounding box appears around the mesh plot; this bounding box indicates the
mesh plot is highlighted. Now hold down the left mouse button and move the cursor. The
mesh plot moves along with the mouse cursor. When the mesh plot is in the proper position,
release the left mouse button. To resize the mesh plot, click the Dynamic Resize icon ,
hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse diagonally up and to the right to enlarge
the mesh plot and move the mouse diagonally down and to the left to shrink the mesh plot.
The mesh plot dynamically resizes as you move the mouse. When the mesh plot is the proper
size, release the left mouse button. To unhighlight the mesh plot, move the cursor onto empty
space within the graphics window and click the left mouse button.
Move and resize the boundary condition table and the load legend in the same way.
2-12 ADINA Primer

DISP MAG 243.1 Y

TIME 1.000
Z X
C PRESCRIBED
C PRESSURE
C
C
C TIME 1.000
C P2 L8 P1
C
C
C 25.00
C
C
C
C
C L9 L10
C S3
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C P3 L3 P7
C
C
C
C L4 S1 L5
P4L1 L7
P9 S2
BBBB
BBB BB
L2
P8 B P5 L6 P6 U U
1 2
B -
C -
Stress band plot: To display another mesh plot, click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse
to move and resize the new mesh plot to the right of the first mesh plot. This time, to resize
the mesh, make sure that the Dynamic Pan icon is pressed, pick the mesh plot, then drag
the mouse while holding down the Ctrl key.
At this point, there are two sets of axes and two sets of “TIME 1.000” texts displayed. To
remove unwanted text, make sure that the Pick icon is pressed, then move the cursor onto
the text and click the left mouse button. The text becomes highlighted. Then press the Del or
Delete button on the keyboard to erase the text. Remove both sets of axes, both sets of
“TIME 1.000” texts and the “DISP MAG” text in the same way.
Now click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress: STRESS-YY)
and click OK. Move the band plot legends until the graphics window looks something like
Stress vector plot: To display another mesh plot, click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the
mouse to resize and move the new mesh plot to the right of the previous mesh plot. Remove
the new axes and the new TIME 1.000 text.
Now click the Quick Vector Plot icon . Move the vector plot legend until the graphics
window looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

Y
TIME 1.000
DISP MAG 243.1 Z X
PRESCRIBED
MAXIMUM
PRESSURE 108.8
TIME 1.000 EG 1, EL 122, IPT 11 (103.2)
MINIMUM
25.00 -4.358
EG 1, EL 102, IPT 11 (-2.610)
C
C
C
C
C STRESS-YY
C P2 L8 P1
C RST CALC
C
C TIME 1.000
C
C
C
C
C
C L9
C
C S3 L10 104.0
C 88.0
C
C
C 72.0
C
C 56.0
C
C
C
C
C P3 L3 P7 40.0
C L4 S1 L5 24.0
P4L1 L7 8.0
P9 S2
BBBBB
BBB B
L2
P8 BP5L6 P6
U U
1 2
B -
C -
Y
TIME 1.000
DISP MAG 243.1
Z X
PRESCRIBED
MAXIMUM
PRESSURE 108.8
TIME 1.000 EG 1, EL 122, IPT 11 (103.2)
MINIMUM
25.00 -4.358
EG 1, EL 102, IPT 11 (-2.610)
STRESS
C
C RST CALC
C
C TIME 1.000
C STRESS-YY
C P2 L8 P1
C RST CALC
C + -
C TIME 1.000
C 96.54
C
C
C
C
C L9
C
C S3 L10 104.0
C 88.0
C
C
C 72.0 81.00
C
C 56.0 63.00
C
C
C
C
C P3 L3 P7 40.0 45.00
C L4 S1 L5 24.0 27.00
P4L1 L7 8.0 9.00
P9 S2
BBBBB
BBB B
L2 -9.00
P8 BP5L6 P6 -27.00
U U
1 2
B -
C -
2-14 ADINA Primer

Nodes and elements near the hole:
We will view the node numbers in the mesh near the hole. Click the Clear icon , then
click the Node Labels icon .
Since there are so many nodes, we have to zoom in to see them. Click the Zoom icon ,
move the cursor to a point near the top of the hole, press and hold the left mouse button, drag
the cursor down and to the right so that the rubber-band box encloses the mesh region near the
hole and release the left mouse button. The graphics window should look something like this:
388 418
432 382
370 429 393 428 392 427 534
386 453 416
443 407 475
463 433
396 461 440 441 462 387 510
414 419 509
452 381
371 412 385 415 535 499
411 384 444
410 406 481
397 454 434 383 511
455 420 409 543
459 422 380 508
536 474
372 436 394 447
437 405
389 439 390 480 545 524
398 456 435 426 501
457 438460423 379 507 505
373 399 374 421 446 539 525 498
400 458 391 404
375 425 518 476
401 424 514
544 479
376 445 378 538 542
483 473
402 403 517 502
515 506 519
377 537 551 523
484 552
488 516 531 477
530 554 485 497
464 512
550 541
489 482 503
513 547 533 520
465 555 472
529
549 522
490 478 532
526 486
487
527 496
466 540
504 553 521
528 546
491548
467492468 493 469 494 470 495 471
To learn the current coordinates of node 467, click the Query icon , move the cursor onto
the label of node 467 and click the left mouse button. The AUI writes a message such as
"Node 467, curr=( 4.99614E+00, 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00)" into the message window and
into the status bar at the bottom of the control window. For more information about node 467,
right-click and choose More. The AUI writes more information into the message window,
including the element that is attached to node 467. (To display the message window, choose
ViewMessage Window.)
To learn the numbers of the elements near the hole, move the cursor onto one of the elements
and click the left mouse button. The AUI writes a message such as “Element group 1,
element 122, side –1” into the message window and into the status bar at the bottom of the
control window. Repeatedly click the left mouse button to cycle through all of the graphics

objects that can be queried at the cursor location. For more information about a graphics
object, right-click and choose More.
Now surround some of the graphics using a marquee box. The AUI highlights the selected
graphics and writes messages for each graphics object (you may need to display the message
window and use the vertical scrollbar in the message window to see all of the messages).
Graph of stresses on the horizontal symmetry line: Now we will graph the stresses on the
horizontal symmetry line. To do this, we create a “node line”, which lists the nodes on the
horizontal symmetry line.
Choose DefinitionsModel LineGeneral, add line SYMMETRY, enter the text

“LINE 6” (you don't need to enter the quotes) into the first row and column of the table and
click OK. The AUI writes the message “9 nodes in gnline” to the message window and to the
bottom of the AUI control window.
Please note, the above step is possible only if you open the ADINA-IN database before
loading the porthole file. This is because the geometry information comes from the
ADINA-IN database.
Now click the Clear icon and choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line). Verify that
the Model Line Name is SYMMETRY, make sure that the X Variable is set to (Coordinate:
DISTANCE), set the Y Variable to (Stress:STRESS-YY), set the Y Smoothing Technique to
AVERAGED and click Apply. The graphics window should look something like this:
LINE GRAPH
110.
Line SYMMETRY
100.
90.
80.
70.
STRESS-YY
60.
50.
40.
30.
20.
10.
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
DISTANCE
2-16 ADINA Primer

Let's add another stress component to the same graph. In the Display Response Curve (Model
Line) dialog box, verify that the Line Name is SYMMETRY, make sure that the X Variable is
set to (Coordinate:DISTANCE), set the Y Variable to (Stress:STRESS-XX) and make sure
that the Y Smoothing Technique is set to AVERAGED. Also make sure that the Plot Name in
the Graph Attributes box is set to PREVIOUS. Then click OK. The graphics window should
look something like this:
LINE GRAPH
120.
Line SYMMETRY
Line SYMMETRY
100.
80.
60.
STRESS-YY
40.
20.
0.
-20.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
DISTANCE
Now we will customize the graph title, axes and curves. Choose GraphModify.
Title: Click the P button, move the cursor to the graph box and click to highlight it. Then
click the ... button to the right of the Graph Depiction field. In the Title Attributes box, set the
Type to Custom, enter “Stresses on horizontal symmetry line” in the Graph Title table (you
don't need to enter the quotes) and click OK. Click Apply to see the updated title.
Use the Pick icon and the mouse to center the title.
Axes: Set the Action to “Modify the Axis Depiction”. Click the P button, move the cursor to
one of the numbers on the Y axis and click to highlight the Y axis. Then click the … button
to the right of the Axis Depiction field. In the Label Attributes box, set the Type to Custom,
enter “Stress (N/mm**2)” in the Label table and click OK. Click Apply to see the updated
axis.
Curves: Set the Action to “Modify the Curve Depiction”. Click the P button, move the cursor
to the upper curve and click to highlight it. Then click the ... button to the right of the Curve

Depiction field. Click the Legend tab, then, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to
Custom, enter “Stress-yy” in the Legend table and click OK. Click Apply to see the updated
curve and legend.
In a similar way, change the legend for the lower curve to “Stress-xx”. The graphics window
Stresses on horizontal symmetry line

120.
Stress-yy
Stress-xx
100.
80.
Stress (N/mm**2)
60.
40.
20.
0.
-20.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
DISTANCE
Numerical values: Choose GraphList. The value of STRESS-YY at distance 0.0 should be
1.08832E+02 (N/mm2). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.
2-18 ADINA Primer

Problem 3: Plate with a hole in tension using ADINA-M/PS
Problem description
z
p = 25.0 N/mm2
All lengths in mm.

Thickness = 1 mm
4
y E = 7.0 ´ 10 N/mm2
56
n = 0.25
10
20
This is the same problem as problem 2. However, in this problem we will demonstrate the
body sheet feature of ADINA-M/PS (the ADINA Modeler, based on the Parasolid geometry
kernel). Also, we will solve this problem in the y-z plane.
• Defining a combined line

• Defining a body of type sheet using ADINA-M/PS
• Meshing a body of type sheet
• Plotting stresses in a cylindrical coordinate system
We assume that you have worked through problems 1 and 2, or have equivalent experience
with the ADINA System.

Before you begin
Note that you must have an ADINA-M/PS license to do this problem.
This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because the
900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-M/PS.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 3: Plate with a hole
in tension using ADINA-M/PS” and click OK.

X-Translation, X-Rotation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK.
The diagram on the next page shows the key geometry used in defining this model. Notice
that the lines are organized into loops. The external loop completely surrounds the model.
The internal loop represents the hole in the model.
(Note: it is also possible to define the external loop by a single line of type polyline (with
straight line segments). However we choose to use four separate lines, then combine them, in
order to demonstrate the combined line feature.)
Points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the X2, X3
columns of the table (you can leave the X1 column blank), then click OK.
Point # X2 X3
1 10 28
2 -10 28
3 -10 -28
4 10 -28
5 5 0
6 0 0
3-2 ADINA Primer

P2 L1 P1
External loop: L6=L1 + L4 + L2 + L3

Internal loop: L5
L4 P6 P5 L3
L5
P3 L2 P4
Lines: Click the Define Lines icon and add the following lines:
Line number Type Point 1 Point 2

1 Straight 1 2
2 Straight 3 4
3 Straight 1 4
4 Straight 2 3
Now add line 5, set the Type to Circle, make sure that “Defined by” is set to “Center, P1, P3”,
set Center to 6, P1 to 5, P3 to 2 and click OK.
Combined line: As indicated in the sketch above, we need to define an external loop as a
single line. This line is constructed by combining lines 1 to 4.
Click the Define Lines icon , add line 6, set the Type to Combined, enter 1, 4, 2, 3 in the
first four rows of the table (the order of the lines is important) and click OK.
When you click the Line/Edge Labels icon , the graphics window should look something
like the figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
L1 X Y
L4 L5 L3
L6 L2
Sheet body: Now we construct a sheet body using line 6 as the external loop and line 5 as an
internal loop. Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 1, set the Type to Sheet, set the
External Loop Line # to 6, enter 5 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics
window should look something like the top figure on the next page.
Notice that the lines have been replaced by edges.
We will put rollers on the bottom edge of the model. Click the Apply Fixity icon and
click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add fixity name ZT, check the
Z-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity” to ZT and
the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line. Enter 3, 1 in the first row of the table and click Apply.
We need to eliminate the rigid-body motion in the y direction. We do this by fixing point 3
(which is the lower left-hand point). In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity” to ALL
and the “Apply to” field to Point, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you
click the Boundary Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like the bottom
3-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
E1 X Y
E6
E2 E4
E5
E3
TIME 1.000 Z
E1 X Y
E6
E2 E4
E5
U U
2 3
B -
C - -
C B E3

the Magnitude to -25 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to
Edge and, in the first row of the table, set the Edge # to 1 and the Body # to 1. Click OK to
close the Apply Load dialog box.
When you click the Load Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
E1 X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
25.00
E6
E2 E4
E5
U U
2 3
B -
C - -
C B E3
the Poisson's ratio to 0.25 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material
Solid, set the Element Sub-Type to Plane Stress and click OK.
3-6 ADINA Primer

Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will set the lengths of all element edges to be the same,
then set the lengths of element edges on the hole (edges 5 and 6) to be smaller. Choose
MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, set the “Subdivision Mode” to Use Length, set
the “Element Edge Length” to 2 and click OK. Now click the Subdivide Edges icon ,
choose edge 5, set the “Element Edge Length” to 1, enter 6 in the first row of the table and
click OK.
TIME 1.000 Z
E1 X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
25.00
E6
E2 E4
E5
U U
2 3
B -
C - -
C B E3
Element generation: Click the Mesh Faces icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table and
click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Your
mesh may look slightly different than the mesh shown in the picture.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
E1
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
25.00
E6
E2 E4
E5
U U
2 3
B -
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB C - -
C B E3
porthole file
file name to prob03, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When
ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-
down list to Post-Processing and discard all changes. Then click the Open icon and
open porthole file prob03.
Click the Scale Displacements icon , then click the Quick Band Plot icon . The
graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Your results will be
slightly different if the mesh is different than the mesh shown in the picture.
3-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 221.7 Z
X Y
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
97.5
82.5
67.5
52.5
37.5
22.5
7.5
MAXIMUM
108.4
EG 1, EL 200, IPT 31 (102.6)
MINIMUM
2.326
EG 1, EL 212, IPT 11 (5.065)
Plotting the stresses in a cylindrical coordinate system: Let’s plot the tangential stress
component in a cylindrical coordinate system. First click the Clear icon to clear the mesh
plot and band plot. Choose DefinitionsResult Control, make sure that the Result Control
Name is DEFAULT and click the … button to the right of the "Coordinate System for
Transformed Results" field. In the Define Coordinate System dialog box, add system 1, set
the Type to Cylindrical and click OK. In the Define Result Control Depiction dialog box,
make sure that "Coord. Sys. for Transformed Results" is set to 1 and click OK.
To check the coordinate system directions, click the Mesh Plot icon . Click the Modify
Mesh Plot icon . and click the Element Depiction… button. Check the Display Local
System Triad button, set the Type to Result Transformation System, then click OK twice to
close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on
the next page.
Each of the element symbols shows the coordinate system directions, as follows:
2 direction
1 direction
Evidently the 1 direction is the radial direction, the 2 direction is the tangential direction and
the 3 direction is the axial direction.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Now click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon , then the Create Band Plot icon
. Set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress:STRESS-22) and click OK. The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
STRESS-22
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
90.0
70.0
50.0
30.0
10.0
-10.0
-30.0
MAXIMUM
109.2
EG 1, EL 200, IPT 31 (103.8)
MINIMUM
-40.26
EG 1, EL 174, IPT 33 (-37.06)
3-10 ADINA Primer

Problem 4: Cylinder subjected to tip load
Problem description
A solid cylinder is subjected to a tip load as shown:
1000 N
0.1
1
E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2
n = 0.29
• Defining a geometry line by extruding a point

• Defining a geometry surface by revolving a line
• Defining a geometry volume by extruding a surface
• Generating hexahedral and prismatic elements
• Rotating a mesh plot with the mouse
• Smoothing the stresses
• Creating a node-set
• Calculating section forces and moments
• Using the Split Zone feature
We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 3, or have equivalent experience with
the ADINA System.
Before you begin

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 4: Cylinder

subjected to tip load” and click OK.
z
P1
L1
S1
V1
y
x
Geometry point: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the
table and click OK.
Point # X1 X2 X3
1 0 0 0
Geometry line: Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the
Initial Point to 1, the components of the Vector to 0.05, 0.0, 0.0 and click OK.
Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface 1, set the Type to
Revolved, set the Initial Line to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 360, the Axis to Y, uncheck the
Check Coincidence button and click OK.
Geometry volume: Click the Define Volumes icon , add volume 1, set the Type to
Extruded, set the Initial Surface to 1, the components of the Vector to 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, uncheck
the Check Coincidence button and click OK. The graphics window should look something
4-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Applying boundary conditions
We will fix surface 1. Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the “Apply to” field to
Face/Surface, enter 1 in the first row and column of the table and click OK. Click the
Boundary Plot icon to display the boundary conditions.
Since surface 1 is hidden, we can't see if the boundary condition is applied or not. Rotate the
mesh out-of-plane with the mouse until the graphics window looks something like the figure
on the next page.
Here are detailed instructions for rotating the mesh out-of-plane. Click the Pick icon and
the Dynamic Rotate (XY) icon and highlight the mesh plot. Press and hold the left
mouse button, then move the mouse. The mesh plot rotates along with the mouse motion.
When the mesh plot is in the correct position, release the left mouse button. (You can also
rotate the mesh out-of-plane when the Dynamic Pan icon is pressed by holding down the
Shift key while dragging the mouse.)

TIME 1.000
Z
Y
X
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define…
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box,
add force 1, set the Magnitude to 1000, the Direction to (-1.0, 0.0, 0.0) and click OK. In the
Apply Load dialog box, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 6. Click OK to close
the Apply Load dialog box.
2.07E11, the Poisson's ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material
Solid and click OK.
4-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000
Z
Y
X
B PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
1000.
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign the number of subdivisions in the u, v and w
directions of the volume. In this case, the u direction is the tangential direction, the v
direction is the axial direction and the w direction is the radial direction.
Click the Subdivide Volumes icon and set the Number of Subdivisions in the u, v and w
directions to 8, 5 and 2 respectively. Then click OK.
Element generation: Click the Mesh Volumes icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table
and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
porthole file
down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open
porthole file prob04.

TIME 1.000
Z
Y
X
BB B BB
B
BBBBBBBBBB
BBBBB
BBBB
BBB
BBB
B BB
BBB
BBB
BBB
BB B BB
BB
BBBBBBBBBB PRESCRIBED
B
BB BB B FORCE
TIME 1.000
1000.
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Stress band plot: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress:
STRESS-YY) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
9.600E+06
6.400E+06
MAXIMUM
3.200E+06
1.137E+07
0.000E+00 EG 1, EL 33, IPT 313 (9908099.)
-3.200E+06
MINIMUM
-6.400E+06 -1.137E+07
-9.600E+06 EG 1, EL 37, IPT 313 (-9907997.)
4-6 ADINA Primer

You will notice discontinuities or “jumps” in the bands near the built-in end of the cylinder.
To smooth the stress band plot, click the Smooth Plots icon . The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
SMOOTHED
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
9.600E+06
6.400E+06 MAXIMUM
1.137E+07
3.200E+06
NODE 41
0.000E+00
MINIMUM
-3.200E+06
-1.137E+07
-6.400E+06 NODE 45
-9.600E+06
(Note: smoothing the stresses does not make them more accurate.)
Calculating section forces and moments - model definition
In order to calculate section forces and moments, it is necessary for ADINA Structures to
compute the element nodal point forces.
Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose
database file prob04.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Click the Element Groups icon , set the “Element Result Output” to “Nodal Forces” and
click OK.
Calculating section forces and moments - running ADINA Structures
Click the Save icon to save the database to file prob04. To generate the ADINA
file name to prob04b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.

drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and
open porthole file prob04b.
Checking global equilibrium
First we will check that the sum of the nodal point forces and moments within the entire finite
element assemblage is zero.
Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special)Element Force, add point name

WHOLE_MODEL_POINT, make sure that the “Zone Containing Elements” is set to
WHOLE_MODEL, and, in the 'Defined by Nodes In' box, set the Zone to WHOLE_MODEL.
The element force point contains the nodes in both of the two zones; since these zones are
both the WHOLE_MODEL zone, the element force point contains all of the nodes in the
model. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set Variable 1 to (Force: FORCE_SUM-X),

Variable 2 to (Force: FORCE_SUM-Y), Variable 3 to (Force: FORCE_SUM-Z), Variable 4
to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-X), Variable 5 to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-Y), Variable 6 to
(Force: MOMENT_SUM-Z) and click Apply. The value of these variables at time 1 are all
very small (less than 1E-7 on our computer). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Calculating the forces and moments at the built-in end
In order to calculate the forces and moments at the built-in end, we need to select the nodes on
the built-in end. One way to do this is to define a node-set with these nodes.
Click the Node Symbols icon , then use the Pick icon and the mouse to rotate the
mesh plot until the built-in end is visible. The graphics window should look something like
the figure on the next page.
Now click the Node Set icon , add Node Set 1 and set the Method to “Auto-Chain
Element Faces”. Double-click in the Face column of the table, click on one of the element
lines on the built-in end, press the Esc key and click Save. The nodes on the built-in end
should be highlighted (you might need to move the dialog box away from the mesh plot).
Click OK to close the dialog box.
Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special)Element Force, add point name BUILT_IN,

make sure that the “Zone Containing Elements” is set to WHOLE_MODEL, and, in the
“Defined by Nodes In” box, set the Node Set to 1. Click OK to close the dialog box.
4-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
Y
X
Built-in end
Click on one
of these lines
Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the Point Name to BUILT_IN, set Variable 1
to (Force: FORCE_SUM-X), Variable 2 to (Force: FORCE_SUM-Y), Variable 3 to (Force:
FORCE_SUM-Z), Variable 4 to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-X), Variable 5 to (Force:
MOMENT_SUM-Y), Variable 6 to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-Z) and click Apply.
FORCE_SUM-X is equal to 1.00000E+03 (N) and MOMENT_SUM-Z is equal to
-1.00000E+03 (N-m), and the other variables are very small. These sums are the expected
values. Click Close to close the dialog box.
Calculating the forces and moments on a section half-way down the cylinder
In order to calculate the forces and moments within the model, we need to select the correct
elements and nodes. This can be done in two steps:
1) Split the model into two zones.

2) Select the elements and nodes on the intersection of the two zones.
Splitting the model into two zones
Click the Split Zone icon and click the ... button to the right of the "With Cutting Plane"
field. In the Define Cutsurface Depiction dialog box, set 'Defined by' to Y-Plane, the
Coordinate Value to 0.5 and click OK. In the Split Zone dialog box, set 'Place Elements
Above Cutting Plane into Zone' to 'ABOVE' (by typing the word ABOVE into this field), and
set 'Place Elements Below Cutting Plane into Zone' to 'BELOW'. Click OK to close the dialog
box.

Within the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, then click on zone ABOVE to highlight zone
ABOVE, then click on zone BELOW to highlight zone BELOW. You should be able to
confirm that these zones are defined as shown in the following figure:
Cutting surface
F
x
Zone BELOW Zone ABOVE
Zones separated for clarity
Selecting the elements and nodes on the intersection of the two parts
Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special)Element Force, add point name HALFWAY,

set “Zone Containing Elements” to BELOW, and, in the “Defined by Nodes In” box, set the
Zone to ABOVE. Also set the Local Coordinate System Cut Surface to
CUTPLANE_SPLITZONE. Click OK to close the dialog box.
The element local nodes in the element force point are chosen to be those that are in the zone
specified by “Zone Containing Elements”, as shown in the following figure:
F
x Forces/moments
calculated using
these local nodes
n y
Moment center Local coordinate system
The element local nodes do not lie on the cutting plane, see notes at the end of this problem
description for a discussion.
4-10 ADINA Primer

Calculating forces and moments
Choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the Point Name to HALFWAY, set Variable 1 to
(Force: FORCE_SUM-X), Variable 2 to (Force: FORCE_SUM-Y), Variable 3 to (Force:
FORCE_SUM-Z), Variable 4 to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-X), Variable 5 to (Force:
MOMENT_SUM-Y), Variable 6 to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-Z) and click Apply.
FORCE_SUM-X is equal to -1.00000E+03 (N) and MOMENT_SUM-Z is equal to
5.00000E+02 (N-m), and the other variables are very small. These sums are the expected
values. (Do not close the dialog box yet.)
In moment calculations, the position of the moment center is very important. Let's verify the
position of the moment center used in point HALFWAY. Set Variable 1 to (Coordinate:
MOMENT_CENTER-X), Variable 2 to (Coordinate: MOMENT_CENTER-Y), Variable 3 to
(Coordinate: MOMENT_CENTER-Z) and click Apply. The moment center is seen to be at
coordinate (0, 0.5, 0). (This is because, by default, the moment center is calculated using the
Local Coordinate System Cut Surface, and also the projection of the selected element faces
onto that cutting surface.) (Do not close the dialog box yet.)
Calculating forces and moments in a local coordinate system
In this model, the results in the global coordinate system are physically meaningful, however
in a more complicated model, it is necessary to choose a local coordinate system aligned with
the section in order to obtain meaningful results.
By default a local coordinate system with components t, b, n is defined in the element force
point. In order to determine the directions of this coordinate system, set Variable 1 to
(Miscellaneous: LOCAL_T_DIRECTION-X), Variable 2 to (Miscellaneous:
LOCAL_T_DIRECTION-Y), Variable 3 to (Miscellaneous: LOCAL_T_DIRECTION-Z),
Variable 4 to (Miscellaneous: LOCAL_N_DIRECTION-X), Variable 5 to (Miscellaneous:
LOCAL_N_DIRECTION-Y), Variable 6 to (Miscellaneous: LOCAL_N_DIRECTION-Z) and
click Apply. The t direction is (1,0,0) and the n direction is (0,1,0). (The b direction can be
obtained in a similar way).
Now set Variable 1 to (Force: FORCE_SUM-T), Variable 2 to (Force: FORCE_SUM-B),

Variable 3 to (Force: FORCE_SUM-N), Variable 4 to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-T), Variable
5 to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-B), Variable 6 to (Force: MOMENT_SUM-N) and click
Apply. FORCE_SUM-T is equal to -1.00000E+03 (N) and MOMENT_SUM-B is equal to
-5.00000E+02 (N-m), and the other variables are very small. These sums are the expected
values. Click OK to close the dialog box.

Note
1) In the calculation of force and moments using point HALFWAY, it is clear from the figure
that the local nodes do not lie on the cutting plane. We deliberately choose to do this in order
to emphasize that the local nodes need not lie on the cutting plane. Of course, in many cases,
you might choose to place the element boundaries at the section at which you want to extract
forces and moments, then the local nodes will lie on the cutting plane. However, when a free
form mesh is used, the local nodes need not lie on the section. The techniques demonstrated
here work for both mapped and free-form meshes.
4-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 5: Round bar with circumferential groove subjected to tip loading
Problem description
A round bar with circumferential groove is subjected to a tip load as shown:
200 N

0.1 0.05 E = 2.07 ´ 1011 N/m2
n = 0.29
0.4
demonstrated in previous problems:
• Revolving a mesh of 2D elements to obtain a mesh of 3D elements

• Using an SCL line to examine the results
the ADINA System.
Before you begin
This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System (there are
8483 nodes in this model).
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 5: Round bar with
circumferential groove subjected to tip load” and click OK.

z
P8 P1
P7 Center of
coordinate
P2 system 1
S2
P3
P6
S3
P5 P4
y
Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon and enter the following information into
the table. You can leave the X1 column blank. Then click OK.
Point # X2 X3
1 0.05 0.4
2 0.05 0.225
3 0.05 0.175
4 0.05 0.0
5 0.0 0.0
6 0.0 0.15
7 0.0 0.25
8 0.0 0.4
Geometry lines: Now we define the arc line. For the definition, it is convenient to place a
coordinate system at the center of the arc. Click the Coordinate Systems icon , add
coordinate system 1, set the Origin to (0.0, 0.05, 0.2) and click OK. Now click the Define
Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Revolved, set the Initial Point to 2, the Angle of
Rotation to 180, make sure that the Axis is set to X and click OK. The graphics window
should look something like the figure on the next page.
5-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Since we are done with the coordinate system, let's reset the default coordinate system back to
the original coordinate system. Click the Coordinate Systems icon , click the Set Global
Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon , define the following surfaces and
click OK.
Surface Number Type Point 1 Point 2 Point3 Point 4

1 Vertex 1 8 7 2
2 Vertex 2 7 6 3
3 Vertex 3 6 5 4
Applying boundary conditions
We will fix the line at z = 0. To determine this line number, click the Query icon and
click on the lowest horizontal line until the line number appears in the message window (it
should be 9). Now click the Apply Fixity icon , set the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line,
enter 9 in the first row and column of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary
Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next
page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B
B - - - - - -
5-4 ADINA Primer

Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define...
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box,
add load 1, set the Magnitude to 200, the Direction to (0, -1, 0) and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, set the Point # to 1 and click OK.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
200.0
U U U
B 1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -

Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group number 1, set the
Type to 2-D Solid and click OK.

Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign a uniform point size to the points of the model,
then assign a smaller point size to the points near the groove. Choose Meshing
Mesh DensityComplete Model, make sure that the “Subdivision Mode” is set to “Use End-
Point Sizes” and click OK. Now choose MeshingMesh DensityPoint Size, set the
“Points Defined from” field to “All Geometry Points”, set the Maximum to 0.03 and click
Apply. Then, in the table in the Define Point Size dialog box, set the Mesh Size for Point
Labels 2, 3, 6, 7 to 0.02 and click OK.
2D element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter surfaces 1, 2, 3 in the first
three rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
200.0
BBBBB U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B B - - - - - -
3D element generation: Choose MeshingMesh Revolve, set the Angle of Revolution to

360, the “No. of Elements in Revolve Direction” to 16, the Z Direction of Axis to 1.0, and, in
the Options tab, check the “Check Coincidence” button, and click OK.
When you click the Iso View 1 icon , the graphics window should look something like the
figure on the next page. You can rotate the mesh plot with the mouse to make sure that all of
the nodes at z=0 are fixed.
5-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
200.0
B
BB B
BB BB
B B B B BB BB U U U
BB 1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
porthole file
Click the Iso View 2 icon , then click the Load Plot icon to display the finite element
mesh and loads. To magnify the displacements, click the Scale Displacements icon . The
graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.
Stress band plot: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to
(Stress:STRESS-ZZ) and click OK. Move the objects in the graphics window until the
graphics window looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 4673. Y

X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
200.0
TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 4673. Y

X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
200.0
STRESS-ZZ
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
3600000.
2400000.
1200000. MAXIMUM
0. 4253062.
-1200000. EG 2, EL 400, IPT 331 (3635050.)
-2400000. MINIMUM
-3600000. -4253113.
EG 2, EL 392, IPT 331 (-3635090.)
5-8 ADINA Primer

Results along a line:
We would like to examine the results along a straight line through the groove in the y
direction.
Click the Clear icon and the Iso View 2 icon .
Choose DefinitionsModel LineStress Classification Line, add line TRANSVERSE, set

(X1, Y1, Z1) to (0, -0.1, 0.201), (X2, Y2, Z2) to (0, 0.1, 0.201) and click OK. Then choose
DisplayResult Line PlotCreate and click OK. The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Y
X
TRANSVERSE
We would like to trim the line so that it does not extend outside the mesh. Choose
DefinitionsModel LineStress Classification Line, set the Trimming Tolerance to 0.001
and click OK. When you click the Redraw icon , the graphics window should look

TIME 1.000 Y
X
TRANSVERSE
Now click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line), set the X
Coordinate Variable to (Coordinate: Y-COORDINATE), set the Y Coordinate Variable to
(Stress: STRESS-ZZ) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
LINE GRAPH
4.
Line TRANSVERSE
3.
2.
1.
STRESS-ZZ
6
0.
*10
-1.
-2.
-3.
-4.
-25. -20. -15. -10. -5. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.
-3
*10
Y-COORDINATE
5-10 ADINA Primer

Choose GraphList. The value of STRESS-ZZ at coordinate -2.50000E-02 should be

-3.95895E+06 (Pa). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Just to show that the SCL line can be used for results other than stresses, we now graph the
displacements along the line. Click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve
(Model Line), set the X Coordinate Variable to (Coordinate: Y-COORDINATE), set the Y
Coordinate Variable to (Displacement: Z-DISPLACEMENT) and click OK. The graphics
LINE GRAPH
6.
Line TRANSVERSE
4.
2.
Z-DISPLACEMENT
0.
-7
*10
-2.
-4.
-6.
-25. -20. -15. -10. -5. 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30.
-3
*10
Y-COORDINATE
When you choose GraphList, the value of Z-DISPLACEMENT at coordinate -2.50000E-02

should be -5.97415E-07 (m). Click Close to close the dialog box.
ASME NB-3200 stress linearization calculations: One important use of the SCL line is for
stress linearization according to ASME NB-3200 (for nuclear power plant stress analysis).
Click the Clear icon , choose GraphStress Linearization on SCL Line and click OK.
Note, the stress intensity is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum
principal stresses. The stress intensity is not the same as the effective stress.

SCL line TRANSVERSE

40.
Membrane
35.
Membrane + bending
Total
30.
25.
Stress intensity
5
20.
*10
15.
10.
5.
0.
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 45. 50.
-3
*10
Distance
5-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity
Problem description
In this problem we determine the fluid flow within a square wall-driven cavity as shown:
Utop = 1
r=1
m = 0.01
• CFD analysis with ADINA-CFD

• Setting the flow assumptions
• Defining and applying special boundary conditions
• Plotting the outline of the mesh
• Plotting velocities as vectors
• Plotting particle traces
• Calculating the total force applied to the model
the ADINA System.
Before you begin

Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading "Problem 6: Square wall-
driven cavity" and click OK.
Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the “Flow Dimension” to “2D (in
YZ Plane)”, uncheck the “Includes Heat Transfer” button and click OK.
z
P2 L1 P1
L2 S1 L4
L3
P3 P4 y
Notice that 2D models in ADINA CFD are defined in the y-z plane.
Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the
table (you can leave the X1 column blank) and click OK.
Point # X2 X3
1 1 1
2 0 1
3 0 0
4 1 0
Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface number 1, set the Type
to Vertex if necessary, set Point 1 to 1, Point 2 to 2, Point 3 to 3, Point 4 to 4 and click OK.
You can use the P button and the mouse to easily select these points. The graphics window
6-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
No-slip boundary conditions: We need to apply the no-slip boundary conditions to three sides
of the square. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add boundary condition 1
and verify that the Type is Wall. Double-click in the first row and column of the table, use
the mouse to pick the left, bottom and right lines and press the Esc key to return to the Define
Special Boundary Condition dialog box. Make sure that the line numbers in the table are lines
2, 3, 4 (the order of the lines is not important). Click OK to close the Special Boundary
Conditions dialog box.
Pressure zero value: Because the flow is incompressible and we are specifying the velocity
along the entire boundary, the pressure solution is not completely determined. In order to
completely determine the pressure solution, we set the pressure to zero at one point in the
model. Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define… button. In the Define Zero
Values dialog box, add zero values name PRESSURE, check the Pressure degree of freedom
and click OK.
In the Apply Zero Values dialog box, set the Zero Values field to PRESSURE, verify that the
“Apply to” field is Point, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click
the Boundary Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
B B
V V P
2 3
B
C -
WAL
B 1
C -
C B
Velocity: We need to apply the normal and tangential velocities to the line at the top of the
square. Click the Apply Load icon , verify that the Load Type is Velocity and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Velocity dialog box, add
velocity 1, set the Y and Z Prescribed Velocities to 1 and 0 respectively, and click OK. In the
Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Line, and, in
the first row of the table, set the Line # to 1. Click OK to close the Apply Usual Boundary
Conditions/Loads dialog box.
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Laminar button. In the Define Laminar
Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 0.01, the Density to 1 and click OK.
Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group number 1, make sure
that the Type is set to 2-D Fluid, set the Sub-Type to Planar and click OK.
6-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
1.000
B B
V V P
2 3
B
C -
WAL
B 1
C -
C B
Subdivision data: We use a 2525 mesh for the solution, with a finer mesh near the corners.
(This mesh is not fine enough to give an accurate solution; for an accurate solution, a more
refined mesh would be required.) Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , set the “Number of
Subdivisions” for both the u and v directions to 25, set the “Length Ratio of Element Edges”
for both the u and v directions to 10, check both of the “Use Central Biasing” buttons and
click OK.
Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table

TIME 1.000 Z
B
B B
B
B B X Y
B B
B B
B B
B B
B B
B B
B B PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY
B B TIME 1.000
B B
1.000
B B
B B
B B
B B
B B
B B V V P
2 3
B B B
C -
B B
D -
B B
B B
B B WAL
B B
B
B B
DBBBB B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BBBBB
B B 1
C B C -
D 1
Generating the ADINA-CFD data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file
First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob06. To generate the
ADINA-CFD data file and run ADINA-CFD, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the
ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down
list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , set the “File
type” field to “ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)”, open database file prob06, click the Open
icon and open porthole file prob06.
did this so that we can calculate the total force applied to the model later on.
Element mesh plot: In all of the mesh plots that we will display, we do not want to show the
geometry, loads or boundary conditions. Click the Show Geometry icon to hide the
geometry, the Load Plot icon to hide the loads and the Boundary Plot icon to hide
the boundary conditions. Then click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon to update the
defaults.
6-6 ADINA Primer

We will plot this mesh along with other mesh plots showing the solution. To accomplish this,
shrink the mesh plot using the mouse and move it to the upper left-hand corner of the graphics
window, so that the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Velocity vectors: Click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to resize and move the new
mesh plot to the upper right-hand corner of the graphics window. Also remove any extra
plotted axes and “TIME 1.000” texts using the mouse.
Now click the Model Outline icon to show only the mesh outline. Click the Save Mesh
Plot Style icon to update the mesh plot defaults.
In this plot we would like to show the velocity as vectors. Click the Quick Vector Plot icon
. Use the mouse to move and resize the mesh and the “Velocity” annotation until you
obtain the figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
1.000
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
Pathlines: Click the Mesh Plot icon . The mesh plot might be plotted on top of the
previous mesh plot, so you might have to move the previous mesh plot out of the way to see
the new mesh plot. Use the mouse to resize and move the new mesh plot to the lower left-
hand corner of the graphics window. Also, if necessary, remove the plotted axes and “TIME
1.000” text using the mouse.
Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotCreate and click the … button to the right of the Trace
Rake field. In the Define Trace Rake dialog box, set the Type to Coordinates and click the
Auto… button. In the Auto Generation dialog box, enter the following information into the
table and click OK.
X Y Z
0.5 0.1
0.1
0.5 0.9
At this point, the table in the Define Trace Rake dialog box should contain 9 rows, in which
Z=0.1, 0.2, …, 0.9. Click OK twice to close the Define Trace Rake dialog box and the Create
Particle Trace Plot dialog box. The graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.
6-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
1.000
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
PARTICLE TRACE
STEADY FLOW, TIME = 1.000
PATHLINE
START PARTICLE TIME = 0.000
PARTICLE TIME = 0.000
The trace rake contains 9 injectors evenly spaced along a vertical line in the center of the
model.
Now click the Trace Downstream icon once. The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
1.000
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
PARTICLE TRACE
PATHLINE

Notice that the injector triangles have rotated to correspond to the flow velocity and each
injector has emitted a short pathline. In this plot, the start particle time is 0.0 and the particle
time is 0.2714. This means that particles that are located at the injectors at particle time 0.0
have moved to the positions shown by particle time 0.2714. (Note that we use the term
“particle time” to distinguish the time used in the particle tracing from the solution time.)
Click the Trace Downstream icon a few more times to watch the pathlines grow. Each
time you click the Trace Downstream icon, the particle time increases and the pathlines grow
longer.
Now we directly specify the particle time. Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and
click the … button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Current Particle Time to
50 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. After you delete the particle trace legend
with the mouse, the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
1.000
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
Notice that the outermost particle trace doesn’t close completely. This is due to the
coarseness of the mesh.
Pressure band plot: Click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to resize and move the
new mesh plot to the lower right-hand corner of the graphics window. Also, if necessary,
remove the plotted axes and “TIME 1.000” text using the mouse.
6-10 ADINA Primer

In this plot we would like to show the pressure. Click the Quick Band Plot icon . The
pressures are most extreme at the top corners of the square, where the fluid flow turns through
a right angle. We don't see much detail for the remaining plot because the scaling is set by the
extreme values. To rescale the band plot, click the Modify Band Plot icon and click the
Band Table button. In the Value Range box, set the Maximum to 1 and the Minimum to -1,
then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
After you move and resize the band table and the “Maximum” legend, the graphics window
TIME 1.000
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
1.000
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
0.900
0.600
0.300
0.000
-0.300
-0.600
-0.900
MAXIMUM
5.958
NODE 1
MINIMUM
-5.873
NODE 26
Total applied force: To determine the total force applied to the cavity, we need to sum all of
the reaction forces applied to the nodes on the walls of the cavity. Choose Definitions
Model Point (Combination)General, add name CAVITY, enter the text strings “LINE 2”,
“LINE 3” and “LINE 4” (you don't need to enter the quotes) in the first three rows of the table
and click OK. The AUI displays the message “76 nodes in gncombination” in the message
window and at the bottom of the AUI control window.
Choose ListValue ListModel Point, set variable 1 to (Reaction: Y-REACTION) and click
Apply. The AUI should output the value -2.47360E-01. The AUI computes this value by
summing the y reactions over the nodes attached to geometry lines 2, 3 and 4. Hence the total
force applied to the top wall of the cavity is +2.47360E-01. Click Close to close the dialog
box.

(Please note: there are two ways to compute the total force. The first way is to add up all of
the reaction forces on all of the nodes on which the velocities are prescribed. The second way
is to add up all of the reaction forces on all of the nodes on which the velocities are fixed, then
negate the result. We choose the second way because the input is easier.
It might seem logical to request the total reaction forces applied to the nodes on line 1. But
this gives the wrong results for the following reason. Line 1 contains nodes 1 to 26. Nodes 1
and 26 are nodes on which the y velocities are fixed, and nodes 2 to 25 are nodes on which
the y velocities are prescribed. Hence line 1 contains both prescribed velocity nodes and
fixed velocity nodes.
If you sum the reaction force applied to nodes 2, …, 25, this gives the correct result, but the
input is more difficult, since you then need to enter nodes 2, …, 25 directly into the
DefinitionsModel Point CombinationNode dialog box.)
6-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder
Problem description
A block is pushed onto a rigid cylinder as shown:
0.1

Prescribed
displacement
Block:
0.1 E =15106 N/m2
n = 0.3
Plane strain conditions
0.05 Rigid cylinder,

frictionless contact
We would like to determine the displacements and stresses in the block when the block is
pushed down 0.02 m.
• Defining a time function

• Defining time steps
• Defining a contact group, contact surfaces and contact pairs
• Using the Previous Solution, Next Solution, Last Solution and First Solution icons
• Animating the model response
• Plotting results as a function of time
• Plotting contact tractions
• Creating animation files for the PC (including AVI and GIF formats)
the ADINA System.
Before you begin

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 7: Contact between
a block and a rigid cylinder” and click OK.
y
L2 P1
P2
S1
P3 L4 P4
x
L1
P6 P5
X1, X2 columns of the table (you can leave the X3 column blank), then click OK.
Point # X1 X2
1 0.05 0.1
2 -0.05 0.1
3 -0.05 0.0
4 0.05 0.0
5 0.05 -0.05
6 -0.05 -0.05
7-2 ADINA Primer

Click the Point Labels icon to display the point numbers.
Geometry line: Click the Define Lines icon and add line number 1. Set the Type to Arc,
set 'Defined by' to ‘P1, P2, P3, Angle’, set 'Starting Point, P1' to 5, 'End Point, P2' to 6, 'In-
Plane Point, P3' to 1, 'Included Angle' to 180, and click OK.
Click the Line/Edge Labels icon to display the line number.
Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon . Add surface number 1, set the Type
to Vertex if necessary, set Point 1 to 1, Point 2 to 2, Point 3 to 3, Point 4 to 4 and click OK.
Click the Surface/Face Labels icon to display the surface number. The graphics window
should look something like the top figure on the next page.
Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and click the Define...
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Displacement dialog box, add
displacement 1, set the X Translation to 0, the Y Translation to -1 and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Line, and, in the first row of the table, set the Line
# to 2. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
Click the Load Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like the bottom
the Poisson's ratio to 0.3 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions
dialog box.

TIME 1.000 Y
P2 L2 P1 Z X
L3 L5
S1
P3 L4
L1 P4
P6 P7 P5
TIME 1.000 Y
P2 L2 P1 Z X
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
L3 L5 1.000
S1
P3 L1
L4 P4
P6 P7 P5
7-4 ADINA Primer

Defining the contact surfaces
Contact group: Click the Contact Groups icon , add contact group 1 and click OK.
Contact surfaces: Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon , add contact surface number 1,
set the Line number to 1 in the first row of the table and click Save. Now add contact surface
number 2, set the Line number to 4 in the first row of the table and click OK to close the
dialog box.
Contact pair: Click the Define Contact Pairs icon , add contact pair number 1, set the
Target Surface to 1, the Contactor Surface to 2 and click OK.
Solid, the Element Sub-Type to Plane Strain and click OK.
Subdivision data: We will use a 55 mesh for the solution. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon
, set the “Number of Subdivisions” for both u and v to 5 and click OK.
and click OK.
When you click the Show Segment Normals icon , the graphics window should look
something like the figure on the next page. Notice the thick line at the bottom of the square.
This is the contact surface for the square. The arrows attached to the thick lines show the
orientation of the contact surface; the arrows point into the solid.

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
P2 L2 P1
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
L3 L5 1.000
S1
P3 L1
L4 P4
P6 P7 P5
Defining the target surface
First we specify the number of contact segments on the contact surface, then we generate
contact segments on the contact surface.
Subdivision data: To specify the number of contact segments on the contact surface, we
subdivide the line on which the contact surface is placed. Click the Subdivide Lines icon
, select line 1, set the Number of Subdivisions to 180 and click OK.
Contact segments: Click the Mesh Rigid Contact Surface icon , set the Contact Surface to
1 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next
page.
Specifying load step sizes
For the first run, we will verify the model. So we choose to run the model for one time step
with a relatively small prescribed displacement. The prescribed displacement is controlled by
time function 1. Choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK.
Time Value
0.0 0.0
1.0 0.001
7-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
P2 L2 P1
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
L3 L5 1.000
S1
P3 L1
L4 P4
P6 P7 P5
When you click the Redraw icon , the graphics window should look something like this.
Notice that the value of the prescribed displacement is updated.
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
P2 L2 P1
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
L3 L5 0.001000
S1
P3 L4
L1 P4
P6 P7 P5

porthole file
file name to prob07, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The
Log Window displays repeated messages of the form “No element connection for node ...”.
These messages are due to the fact that the nodes on the arc are not attached to any element,
only to a contact surface. These nodes are automatically fixed, as stated at the bottom of the
Log Window.
Examining the solution, requesting more time steps, rerunning the analysis
Click the Quick Vector Plot icon to display the stress vectors. The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
+ -
25375.
0.
-4000.
-8000.
-12000.
-16000.
-20000.
-24000.
It looks like the two bodies are in contact, so let's update the model to request more solution
steps.
7-8 ADINA Primer

Invoking the pre-processor: Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures.
Click Yes to discard all changes and continue. If necessary, choose database file prob07.idb
from the recent file list in the File menu.
Now we will use 10 time steps to apply a total displacement of 0.02 m.
Time function: Choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK.
Time Value
0.0 0.0
10.0 0.02
Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, set the # of Steps to 10 in the first row of the table
TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
P2 L2 P1
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 10.00
L3 L5 0.02000
S1
P3 L1
L4 P4
P6 P7 P5
You can use the Previous Solution icon , Next Solution icon , First Solution icon
and Last Solution icon to show the load magnitudes for different solution times.
Turning off the ATS method
The ATS method is turned on by default, because the ATS method automatically cuts back
the time step if the model does not converge, and the ATS method increases the time step if

the model converges quickly. These ATS features are frequently used in practical analysis.
However, in this simple problem, we don't need the ATS method. Click the Analysis Options
icon ,. set the Automatic Time Stepping Scheme to None and click OK.
Rerunning ADINA Structures: Click the Save icon to save the current database file. Now
click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob07a, make sure that the Run
In the ADINA Structures Message Window, you will notice messages such as
Small displacement assumption is not valid.

Maximum displacement = ....., which is ....% of model size
This warning is issued when the model is geometrically linear and when the model moves
through relatively large displacements. We will ignore this warning in this primer problem,
but, generally speaking, you should use a geometrically nonlinear formulation (e.g. a large
displacement formulation) when the model undergoes large displacements.
open porthole file prob07a.
TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
7-10 ADINA Primer

Animating the results
To create a movie of the mesh deformations, click the Movie Load Step icon . The AUI
updates the finite element mesh plot for each solution step, displays it and stores each
resulting plot into a frame of movie number 1. To animate the movie once, click the Animate
icon . The AUI smoothly replays the movie.
To replay the animation more slowly, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Minimum Delay to
50 and click Apply. Increasing the Minimum Delay slows down the animation, decreasing
the Minimum Delay speeds up the animation. Click Cancel to close the Animate dialog box.
You will notice that the top of the square is clipped by the edges of the graphics window. So
let's create another movie in which the mesh plot is smaller. Click the Refresh icon to
clear the animation, then resize the mesh plot using the Pick icon and the mouse. The
TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
Now click the Movie Load Step icon . The AUI creates movie 2 using the rescaled mesh
plot. To animate the movie, click the Animate icon .
Linux: Now we create a PostScript file with the frames of movie number 2. We will use the
PostScript file to create an AVI file at the end of this problem description. Choose

FileSave Movie, make sure that the Movie Number is set to 2, enter file name mov2.ps
and click Save.
Next we create an MPEG file of the movie. Click the Save MPEG Movie icon . , enter
file name mov2 and click Save.
Windows: Now we create an AVI file of movie number 2. Click the Save Movie icon ,
enter file name mov2, check the 'Play Movie After Saving' button and click Save. The AUI
displays the Windows Media Player after the AUI completes the AVI movie. Choose
FileExit to exit the Windows Media Player.
Click the Refresh icon , then click the Load Plot icon to display the loads. The
TIME 10.00
Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 10.00
0.02000
You can animate the mesh plot along with the loads by creating a movie and then animating
it.
Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation, then click the Quick Band Plot icon to
show the effective stresses. The graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.
7-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
EFFECTIVE PRESCRIBED
STRESS DISPLACEMENT
RST CALC TIME 10.00
TIME 10.00
0.02000
292500.
247500.
202500.
157500.
112500.
67500.
22500.
MAXIMUM
310315.
EG 1, EL 24, IPT 31 (276102.)
MINIMUM
679.3
EG 1, EL 21, IPT 32 (7256.)
You can animate the mesh plot along with the loads and bands by creating a movie and then
animating it. Remember to click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.
and Last Solution icon to show the solutions for different solution times.
Plotting contact tractions
Click the Create Reaction Plot icon , set the Reaction Quantity to
DISTRIBUTED_CONTACT_TRACTION and click OK. Use the Pick icon and the
mouse until the graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page.
Graph: Now we will graph the contact traction at the center of the square as a function of the
applied load. The contact traction is output by ADINA Structures at each node of the
contactor contact surfaces. The contactor node at the center of the square is node 64.
First we need to define a node result point. Choose DefinitionsModel PointNode, add
point CENTER, set the Node to 64 and click OK.

TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
EFFECTIVE
DISPLACEMENT
STRESS
TIME 10.00
RST CALC
TIME 10.00
0.02000
DISTRIBUTED 292500.
CONTACT 247500.
TRACTION
202500.
TIME 10.00
157500.
355599. 112500.
67500.
22500.
325000.
275000.
225000. MAXIMUM
310315.
175000. EG 1, EL 24, IPT 31 (276102.)
125000. MINIMUM
75000. 679.3
EG 1, EL 21, IPT 32 (7256.)
25000.
Click the Clear icon and choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). Set the X
Variable to (Time:TIME_FUNCTION_1), the Y Variable to (Traction:
NODAL_NORMAL_TRACTION) and click OK. The graphics window should look
RESPONSE GRAPH
40.
NODAL_NORMAL_TRACTION,
CENTER
35.
NODAL_NORMAL_TRACTION, CENTER
30.
25.
4
*10
20.
15.
10.
5.
2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20.
-3
*10
TIME_FUNCTION_1
7-14 ADINA Primer

Recall that the applied displacement is numerically equal to the value of the time function, so
the plot shows the traction as a function of the applied displacement.
Creating animation files in AVI and GIF formats
To show your animation on the PC, you may want to build an AVI or GIF file containing your
animation. The choice of file format depends on the ultimate use of the animation file. If you
want to show the animation file from within PowerPoint or Media Player, build an AVI file.
If you want to show the animation file using a browser, build a GIF file.
Here we give all of the steps required to build an AVI or GIF file containing an animation.
In this discussion, we use the shareware programs GhostScript, GIF Construction Set
Professional, VideoMach and ImageMagick. GhostScript is required when using GIF
Construction Set Professional or VideoMach. GIF Construction Set Professional can be used
if you want a GIF file, and can also be used if you want an AVI file (but VideoMach is
preferred for creating AVI files). ImageMagick can be used if you want a GIF file.
Requirements
Note: the following requirements and program Internet sites are subject to change without
notice. We strongly recommend that you read the documentation that comes with the
programs.
The following Windows programs are required:
GhostScript: This program reads and interprets PostScript files. It runs on Windows and on
Linux. In this example, we run GhostScript for Windows.
Here are instructions for installing GhostScript for Windows:
From the web site http://www.ghostscript.com, obtain the latest version of GhostScript
for Windows and install it.
For future use, create a batch file PSTOPCX.BAT in the \bin directory for GhostScript (for
example, if you installed GhostScript 9.20 in C:\Program Files\gs, then place the batch
file in C:\Program Files\gs\gs9.20\bin). The batch file should consist of the following
line:
gswin32c -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pcx24b –g1024x768 –r72 \

-sOutputFile=%1%%04d.pcx %1.ps

The \ indicates that the second line is a continuation line. When you create the batch file,
omit the \ and put both lines on the same line of the batch file.
(If you want to create an animation with a different size, use different values for the –g
and –r parameters, as follows:
-g gx x gy, where gx and gy are the dimensions of the animation, in pixels

-r r, where r = (72/1024)  gx
GIF Construction Set Professional: GIF Construction Set Professional is a Windows based
program. GIF Construction Set Professional can be obtained from the web site
http://www.mindworkshop.com/alchemy1.html. We strongly recommend that you install it
according to the instructions given at that site. We also recommend that you register your
copy of GIF Construction Set Professional.
The instructions given here are based on GIF Construction Set Professional version 7.0a,
revision 2.
VideoMach: VideoMach is a Windows based program. VideoMach can be obtained from the
web site http://gromada.com/videomach. We strongly recommend that you install it
according to the instructions given at that site. We also recommend that you register your
copy of VideoMach.
We also suggest that you download and install the program Imagen from the same site.
The instructions given here are based on VideoMach 5.15.1 and Imagen 3.1.2.
ImageMagick: ImageMagick runs on either Windows or Linux. It can be used to convert

PostScript files directly to GIF or AVI files. ImageMagick can be obtained from the web site
http://www.imagemagick.org. We strongly recommend that you install it according to the
instructions given at that site.
The instructions given here are based on ImageMagick for Windows, version 7.0.4-3-Q16.
Creating PCX files of the animation frames using GhostScript
You should have PostScript file mov2.ps, which you created earlier in this problem.
1) Move file mov2.ps to the PC on which GhostScript is installed, into the bin directory for
GhostScript (example: C:\Program Files\gs\gs9.20\bin). Note: mov2.ps is a text file, so
you can use an ASCII (text) file transfer.
2) Open a Command Prompt window (for example, using Windows-X and choosing
Command Prompt) and, in the Command Prompt window, change directory to the bin
directory for GhostScript and type
7-16 ADINA Primer

PSTOPCX MOV2
This invokes GhostScript using the batch script that you created. Type quit at the GS>
prompt to exit GhostScript.
3) At this point you should have files MOV20001.PCX to MOV20011.PCX in the bin directory for
GhostScript. You can delete file MOV2.PS. Close the Command Prompt window.
Creating a GIF file and an AVI file using GIF Construction Set Professional
You need the .pcx files created by GhostScript before you start.
1) Invoke GIF Construction Set Professional and choose FileAnimation Wizard.
2) Uncheck the Loop button if you do not want to have the GIF file loop indefinitely.
3) Set the animation speed using the Delay field (in 1/100ths of a second).
4) In the left pane of the Animation Wizard dialog box, navigate to the folder that contains the
PCX files (in this case, the bin folder for GhostScript).
5) Select all of the PCX files that appear in the middle pane (you can use the Control or Shift
keys to select a range of files), then click the Add button.
6) Click Build to complete the animation. When GIF Construction Set is finished, it will
display the frames of the animation in a window.
7) To playback the animation, click on the 'Views the current animation' icon (which looks
like a pair of glasses).
8) If you do not want to change the speed of the animation, proceed to the next step.
Otherwise, to change the speed of the animation, click the 'Selects all the blocks in the current
animation' icon (which looks like a blue button), then choose BlockManage. In the Block
Management dialog box, make sure that 'Set controls for the selected blocks' is selected, then
click Apply. In the Edit Control dialog box, set the animation speed using the Delay field,
then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
9) To save the animation as a GIF file, choose FileSave as, fill in the dialog box and click
Save.
10) To save the animation as an AVI file, choose FilexportExport to Movie, fill in the
dialog box and click Save.

Creating an AVI file using VideoMach
You need the .pcx files created by GhostScript before you start.
1) Invoke VideoMach and choose FileOpen Media Files.
2) Navigate to the folder that contains the PCX files (in this case the bin folder for
GhostScript), set the 'Files of type' field to PCX, select file mov20001.pcx and click Open.
VideoMach displays an Open Images dialog box. Choose “Open image sequence” and click
OK. At this point, the lower left window should display the filenames of the 11 PCX files.
3) Choose FileExport Media. Set the Output Mode field to “Video Only”, then set the
“Write video to this file” field to, for example, mov2.avi. Click the Video tab and click the
Codec Settings… button. In the AVI Video Format dialog box, set the Codec Name to
Microsoft Video 1, set Video Quality to 100% and click OK. In the Video tab, in the Frame
Rate box, check the “Custom frame rate” button, choose “Keep original number of frames”,
enter the desired frame rate (for example, 10) and click Close.
(In the Video Codec dialog box, you also might want to set "Key Frame Every" to "1
frame(s)". If you do this, then the slider bar in mplay32.exe will work, see comments for
"Playback of an AVI file using Media Player mplay32.exe" below. But the avi file will be
much larger.)
At this point, the upper-right window should display
Video Output
File name (file name)
Codec Microsoft Video 1
Resolution 1024 x 768
Color depth 15-bit
Frames 11
Frame rate 10 fps
Duration 00:00:01.100
Raw size 17 MB
..Splitting 2 GB
4) Choose FileExport Media and click Start. VideoMach creates the AVI file and displays
a Produced Files Information dialog box. In this dialog box, click the Play icon (which looks
like a green arrow) to play the AVI file in Windows Media Player.
Creating a GIF file using ImageMagick
You do not need the .pcx files created by GhostScript.
1) Move file mov2.ps to the PC on which ImageMagick is installed, into any convenient
folder. Note: mov2.ps is a text file, so you can use an ASCII (text) file transfer.
7-18 ADINA Primer

2) Open a Command Prompt window and, in the Command Prompt window, change folder to
the folder containing mov2.ps.
3) Type
MAGICK MOV2.PS MOV2.GIF
Notes for playback of an AVI file using PowerPoint
The AVI file produced above can be inserted into a PowerPoint presentation using Insert
VideoVideo on My PC. The movie will be inserted into the current slide at a certain size.
When you display the movie in your presentation, you may find that the quality of the movie
is degraded. This degradation occurs because the size of the movie (in pixels) is adjusted
during playback.
To prevent the degradation of the quality of the movie, it is necessary to choose the size of the
movie within the slide. This size needs to be chosen so that the size of the movie (in pixels) is
not adjusted during playback.
(In the discussion below, we assume that the size of the slide is measured in inches. If your
version of Powerpoint uses cm, substitute cm for inches in the discussion below.)
The figure on the next page shows schematically the mappings between the movie, slide,
computer display and projector.
The dimensions are
mw , mh  movie width and height, in pixels

mw s , mh s  movie width and height measured on slide, in inches
mw d , mh d
 movie width and height measured on display, in pixels
mw p , mh p
 movie width and height measured on projector, in pixels
sw , sh  slide width and height, in inches

s w d , sh d
 slide width and height measured on display, in pixels
sw p , sh p
 slide width and height measured on projector, in pixels
d w , d h  display width and height, in pixels

dw p , dh p
 display width and height measured on projector, in pixels
pw  projector width, in pixels , ph  projector height, in pixels

mw
Movie mh
sw
mw| s
PowerPoint
slide
Movie mh| s sh
dw
sw| d
mw| d
sh| d dh
Computer
display Movie mh| d
pw
dw| p
sw| p
mw| p
sh| p dh| p
Movie
ph
Projector mh| p
7-20 ADINA Primer

The figure shows a correspondence between the slide, display and projector, as follows:
d d 
sw d
 f ds sw , sh d
 f ds sh , where f ds  min  w , h 
 s w sh 
p p 
dw p
 f pd d w , d h p
 f pd d h , where f pd  min  w , h 
 dw dh 
Therefore
sw p
 f ps sw , sh p
 f ps sh , where f ps  f pd f ds
And these correspondences apply for the movie, so that
mw d
 f ds mw s , mh d
 f ds mh s
mw p
 f ps mw s , mh p
 f ps mh s
Thus, if we want the movie size on the display to be the same as the original movie size, we
can achieve this by setting the movie size on the slide using the formulas
 mw mh   mw mh 
m w s , mh s    d
, d
   , 
 f ds f ds   f ds f ds 
and if we want the movie size on the projector to be the same as the original movie size, we
can achieve this by setting the movie size on the slide using the formulas
 mw mh  m m 
m w s , mh s    p
,
p
 w , h 
  f ps f ps 
 f ps f ps   
We also need to consider that there is an optimal size for the display and an optimal size for
the projector. These optimal sizes are the native resolutions of the display and projector. The
size of the display is set within Windows using the Display Properties dialog box, Settings
tab. The size of the projector is usually automatically set by Windows to be the same as the
size of the display.
As a worked example, consider a movie of size 800 x 600 pixels. This movie is to be shown
on a computer display with native resolution 1280 x 800 pixels. The PowerPoint slide size is
10 x 7.5 inches. Therefore
mw , mh  (800, 600)

sw , sh  (10, 7.5)
d w , d h  (1280, 800)
d d   1280 800 
f ds  min  w , h   min  ,   106.67
 s w sh   10 7.5 
   800 600 
m w s , mh    mfw
,
mh
 ,   (7.5,5.62)
  106.67 106.67 
s
 ds f ds
(Choose Format Picture, click on the Size tab, and under the "Size and rotate text", set the
Width to 7.5, then click OK.)
Now suppose that the movie is to be shown on a computer projector with native resolution
1024 x 768 pixels. In order to get the projector to use this size, the size of the display needs
to be set to the same size. Therefore
mw , mh  (800, 600)
sw , sh  (10, 7.5)
d w , d h  (1024, 768)
pw , ph  (1024, 768)
d d   1024 768 
f ps  f ds  min  w , h   min  ,   102.4
 s w sh   10 7.5 
   800 600 
m w s , mh    mf
w
,
mh
   ,   (7.8125,5.859)
  102.4 102.4 
s
 ps f ps
Note carefully that a projector with native resolution 1024 x 768 pixels, when connected to a
display set to 1280 x 800 pixels, might use a size of 1280 x 800 pixels. This will degrade the
quality of the projected image. In this case, it is better to set the size of the display to 1024 x
768 pixels, so that the projector uses its native resolution.
Notes for playback of an AVI file using Media Player mplay32.exe, for Windows XP users
Windows XP includes a media player that works well for display of AVI files. This media
player is "mplay32.exe" (not Windows Media Player).
Mplay32.exe is not accessible by default from the desktop or Start menu. To access
mplay32.exe, use the Search feature to find file mplay32.exe (it might be in
\Windows\System32), then right-click mplay32.exe, choose Send To and create a shortcut on
the desktop.
7-22 ADINA Primer

Then click on the mplay32.exe icon and open an AVI file. You can play the file as usual by
clicking the Play icon.
One very useful feature is the slider bar. You can slide the bar left and right and the display
will smoothly update, under one condition: the keyframe saving interval in the AVI file must
be 1, in other words every frame in the AVI file must be a keyframe. VideoMach can create
AVI files in which every frame is a keyframe, see above.
Notes for Apple users
The Applescript program "sequimago" can be used to take a series of images and convert
them into a movie file.

7-24 ADINA Primer

Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner
Problem description
A shell corner is analyzed first for its static response due to a concentrated load, then for its
natural frequencies and mode shapes.
In the static analysis, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in
previous problems:
• Defining shell thicknesses

• Plotting 5 and 6 DOF nodes
• Plotting shell thicknesses
• Plotting results on the top, midsurface and bottom of the shell
In the frequency analysis, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been
• Setting up a frequency analysis

• Plotting mode shapes
the ADINA System.
Before you begin
Static analysis
50 N
100
2 E =2.075105 N/mm2
n = 0.3
r = 7.8510-9 N-s2/mm4
100

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 8: Analysis of a

shell corner, static analysis” and click OK.
z
P4 P2
S1
P3
P1
S2
P6
y
P5 L6
table and click OK.
Point # X1 X2 X3
1 100 100 100
2 0 100 100
3 100 0 100
4 0 0 100
5 100 0 0
6 0 0 0
8-2 ADINA Primer

click OK.
Surface Number Type Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

1 Vertex 1 2 4 3
2 Vertex 3 4 6 5
Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is set to Force and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force
dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 50, the Z direction to -1 and click OK. In the
first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Point # to 2, then click OK.
Applying the boundary conditions
We will fix the bottom of the structure, which corresponds to line 6 in the model (use the
Query icon and the mouse to confirm the line number). Click the Apply Fixity icon ,
set the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line, set the Edge/Line to 6 in the first row of the table and
click OK.
Click the Boundary Plot icon and the Load Plot icon . Then use the mouse to rotate
the mesh plot until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page.
Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young's modulus to
Defining the shell thicknesses
Choose GeometrySurfacesThickness, enter 2.0 in the Thickness column for both surfaces
and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
50.00
B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Type to Shell, click the Advanced tab, set the Stress Reference System to Local and click OK.
Subdivision data: We will use a uniform mesh for the solution. Choose Meshing
Mesh DensityComplete Model, set the “Subdivision Mode” to “Use Length”, set the
“Element Edge Length” to 25 and click OK.
Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the “Nodes per Element” to 9,
enter 1 and 2 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should
8-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
50.00
B
B
B
B
B
B B
B U U U
B 1 2 3 1 2 3
B B - - - - - -
porthole file
ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then set the Program Module
Visualizing the number of rotational degrees of freedom for the nodes: We would like to see
which nodes are assigned 5 degrees of freedom and which nodes are assigned 6 degrees of
freedom. Choose DisplayGeometry/Mesh PlotDefine Style, set the Node Depiction field
to ROTATIONAL_DOF using the drop-down list and click OK. Then click the Clear icon
and the Mesh Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
The nodes that are assigned 5 degrees of freedom are drawn in red and the nodes that are
assigned 6 degrees of freedom are drawn in green. Notice that the 6 degree of freedom nodes
are on the shell-shell intersection and on the built-in edge.
Visualizing the shell thickness: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot
Variable to (Thickness: THICKNESS) and click OK. The graphics window should look
Click the Clear Band Plot icon to delete the band plot.
You can also plot the shell elements as if they were solid elements (that is, with the actual
shell thicknesses). Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction…
button, set the “Appearance of Shell Element” to Top/Bottom and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the
next page.
For the remaining plots, we do not want to plot the nodes. Click the Reset Mesh Plot Style
icon. Then click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon .
8-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
THICKNESS
TIME 1.000
2.000
2.000
MAXIMUM
2.000
EG 1, EL 1, LN 1
MINIMUM
2.000
EG 1, EL 1, LN 1
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y

Effective stresses: Click the Quick Band Plot icon . Use the Pick icon and the mouse
until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
93.3
80.0
66.7
53.3
40.0
26.7
13.3
MAXIMUM
99.79
EG 1, EL 20, IPT 112 (53.30)
MINIMUM
2.472
EG 1, EL 1, IPT 332 (3.243)
The bands appear to have breaks between elements. (This is an indication that the mesh may
not be fine enough.) To smooth the band plot, click the Smooth Plots icon . The graphics
These are the results as presented onto the top of the shells. To find out which direction
corresponds to the top of the shells, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon and click the
Element Depiction… button. Check the Display Local System Triad button and click OK
twice to close both dialog boxes.
The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page. A triad
is plotted within each element showing the direction of the element local coordinate system.
The triad is interpreted as follows:
t
r s
in which r, s and t are the element local coordinates.
8-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
SMOOTHED
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
86.67
73.33
60.00
46.67
33.33
20.00
6.67
MAXIMUM
91.80
NODE 86 (91.49)
MINIMUM
2.472
NODE 1
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
SMOOTHED
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
86.67
73.33
60.00
46.67
33.33
20.00
6.67
MAXIMUM
91.80
NODE 86 (91.49)
MINIMUM
2.472
NODE 1

To plot the results corresponding to the bottom of the shells, click the Modify Band Plot icon
, click the Result Control... button, set the t coordinate field within the “Calculation of
Shell Element Results on Midsurface” box to -1 and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
SMOOTHED
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
SHELL T = -1.00
TIME 1.000
86.67
73.33
60.00
46.67
33.33
20.00
6.67
MAXIMUM
92.47
NODE 86
MINIMUM
2.491
NODE 1
To plot the results corresponding to the shell midsurface, click the Modify Band Plot icon
and click the Result Control... button. Choose “From Shell Midsurface” within the
“Calculation of Shell Element Results on Midsurface” box and click OK twice to close both
dialog boxes.
You can also plot the stresses on the top-bottom depiction of the shell elements that we
presented earlier. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction…
button, set the “Appearance of Shell Element” to Top/Bottom and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes. The AUI doesn’t display anything, because the AUI cannot plot the
smoothed stresses on a top-bottom depiction. Click the Clear Band Plot icon , then click
the Quick Band Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like the bottom
8-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
SMOOTHED
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
SHELL MIDSURF
TIME 1.000
8.667
7.333
6.000
4.667
3.333
2.000
0.667
MAXIMUM
8.988
NODE 5
MINIMUM
0.05894
NODE 30 (0.5103)
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
97.5
82.5
67.5
52.5
37.5
22.5
7.5
MAXIMUM
101.0
EG 1, EL 20, IPT 111 (54.16)
MINIMUM
0.1227
EG 1, EL 30, IPT 311 (41.20)

Frequency analysis
Now we will determine the first few natural frequencies and mode shapes for the shell
structure.
Invoking the pre-processor: Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures
(you can discard all changes). Choose prob08.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of
the File menu.
Change the heading to “Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner, frequency analysis”.
Removing the concentrated load: In the Model Tree, click on the + next to the Loading text,
then right-click on the ‘1. Force 1 on Point 2’ text, choose Delete… and click Yes to answer
the prompt. Click the Load Plot icon to plot the mesh without the load.
Defining a frequency analysis: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Frequencies/Modes.
Then click the Analysis Options icon , set the Number of Frequencies/Mode Shapes to 6
and click OK.
Modifying the material: In the Model Tree, click on the + next to the Material text, then right-
click on the ‘1. Elastic’ text and choose Modify…. In the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic
Material dialog box, set the Density to 7.8E-9 and click OK.
porthole file
First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob08a. To generate the ADINA
file name to prob08a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then set the Program
Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon
and open porthole file prob08a.
Determining which solutions were calculated by ADINA Structures: Choose ListInfo

Response. ADINA Structures calculated the following modal data for reference time 0.0:
natural frequencies, physical error norms and mode shapes, all for modes 1 to 6. Click Close
to close the dialog box.
Listing the natural frequencies: Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to

(Frequency/Mode: FREQUENCY) and click Apply. The frequencies are: 5.71434E+01 (Hz),
8-12 ADINA Primer

1.09713E+02, 1.56364E+02, 3.75121E+02, 7.60300E+02, 1.11636E+03. Click Close to

close the dialog box.
Plotting the first mode shape: The AUI displays the first mode shape. We would also like to
display the original (undeformed) mesh in the same plot. Click the Show Original Mesh icon
. The graphics window should look something like this:
To create a movie showing the model moving in its first mode shape, click the Movie Mode
Shape icon . To animate the movie, click the Animate icon . To loop the movie 10
times, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Number of Cycles to 10 and click OK.
Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation. Now, to show mode shape 2, click the
Next Solution icon . The graphics window should look something like the figure on the
next page.
and Last Solution icon to view all of the other modes.

Additional note
Because the model in this primer problem is linear, the natural frequencies do not depend on
the applied loads (in this case, the concentrated load).
However, if the model is nonlinear, the natural frequencies depend on the applied loads. To
obtain the natural frequencies of a nonlinear model in the presence of applied loads, it is
necessary to first obtain the static solution corresponding to the applied loads, then perform a
frequency analysis using the static solution as initial conditions. This frequency analysis is
performed as a restart run. Primer problem 26 demonstrates the procedure.
8-14 ADINA Primer

Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder
Problem description
A cylinder is subjected to heat flux loadings as shown:
C
L
0.1 m Thermal properties:
k = 0.5 W/m-oC
h = 5 W/m2-oC
e = 0.2
s = 5.669 5 10-8 W/m2-oK4
Environmental temperature = 20 oC
0.1 m
Convection and radiation takes place
on boundaries marked with a thick
line
Structural properties:
E = 6.9 5 1010 N/m2
n = 0.30
a = 4.5 5 10-6 m/m
q = 500 W/m2
• Thermal analysis using ADINA Thermal

• Definition of boundary convection and radiation elements
• Thermal stress analysis using the same mesh layout in ADINA Thermal and ADINA
Structures
• Thermal stress analysis using a different mesh layout in ADINA Thermal and ADINA
Structures
(Note, this problem can also be solved with the ADINA TMC feature of ADINA Structures,
see primer problem 46.)
the ADINA System.
Before you begin

Thermal analysis
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Thermal.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 9: Thermal stress
analysis of a cylinder - thermal analysis” and click OK.
Mapping file option: Choose ControlMapping, check the “Create Mapping File” button and
click OK. The mapping file is required in thermal stress analysis when the structural mesh
has a different layout than the thermal mesh.
z
P2 L1 P1
L2 S1 L4
P3 L3 P4 y
2D models in ADINA Thermal must be defined in the y-z plane.
Point # X2 X3
1 0.1 0.1
2 0.0 0.1
3 0.0 0.0
4 0.1 0.0
9-2 ADINA Primer

Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon , define the following surface and click
OK.
Surface Type Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

Number
1 Vertex 1 2 3 4
Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Distributed Heat Flux and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Heat Flux
dialog box, add heat flux number 1, set the Magnitude to 500 and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, make sure that the “Apply to” field is set to Line, and, in the first row of the
table, set the Line # to 3. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
Defining the environmental temperatures for convection and radiation
We will impose convection and radiation environmental temperatures onto lines 1 and 4 of the
model.
Convection: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Convection and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Convection Load dialog
box, add convection 1, set the Environment Temperature to 20 and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Line and, in the first two rows of the table, set the
Line # to 1 and 4 respectively. Click Apply in the Apply Load dialog box (do not close the
dialog box yet).
Radiation: Set the Load Type to Radiation and click the Define... button to the right of the
Load Number field. In the Define Radiation Load dialog box, add radiation 1, set the
Environment Temperature to 20 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the “Apply
to” field to Line and, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 1 and 4 respectively.
Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
Defining the materials
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the “k isotropic, c constant” button. In the
Define Constant Isotropic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Thermal Conductivity
to 0.5 and click OK. (Do not close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box yet.)

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
RADIATION
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED
HEATFLUX
20.00 TIME 1.000
500.0
PRESCRIBED
CONVECTION
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
20.00
Click the Convection Constant button. In the Define Constant Convection Material dialog
box, add material 2, set the Convection Coefficient to 5 and click OK.
Click the Radiation Constant button. In the Define Constant Radiation Material dialog box,
add material 3, set the Emissivity Coefficient to 0.2, set the Temperature Unit to Celsius, the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant to 5.669E-8 and click OK.
Element groups: Click the Element Groups icon , add group number 1, set the Type to
2-D Conduction, make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric and click Save. Then
add group number 2, set the Type to Boundary Convection, set the Element Sub-Type to
Axisymmetric, set the Default Material to 2 and click Save. Finally add group number 3, set
the Type to Boundary Radiation, set the Element Sub-Type to Axisymmetric, set the Default
Material to 3 and click OK.
“Element Edge Length” to 0.02 and click OK.
9-4 ADINA Primer

Element generation: To generate the 2-D conduction elements, click the Mesh Surfaces icon
, set the Type to 2-D Conduction, enter 1 in the first row of the Surface # table and click
OK.
To generate the boundary convection elements, click the Mesh Lines icon , set the Type
to Boundary Convection, enter 1 and 4 in the first two rows of the Line # table and click
Apply.
To generate the boundary radiation elements, set the Type to Boundary Radiation, enter 1 and
4 in the first two rows of the Line # table and click OK. The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
RADIATION
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000 PRESCRIBED
HEATFLUX
20.00 TIME 1.000
500.0
PRESCRIBED
CONVECTION
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
20.00
Generating the ADINA Thermal data file, running ADINA Thermal, loading the
porthole file
Thermal data file and run ADINA Thermal, click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file
name to prob09, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. When
ADINA Thermal is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then set the Program Module drop-

Click the Quick Band Plot icon to display the temperatures. The graphics window should
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
MAXIMUM
104.5
NODE 36
MINIMUM
34.18
NODE 1
Now click the Clear icon and click the Quick Vector Plot icon to display the heat
fluxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
Stress analysis using the thermal mesh layout

Now we will perform a thermal stress analysis of the cylinder. First we will use the same
mesh layout as was used for the thermal analysis, then we will use a different mesh layout.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Thermal from the (you can discard all
changes). Choose prob09.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
9-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
HEAT FLUX
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
536.9
510.0
450.0
390.0
330.0
270.0
210.0
150.0
Deleting the ADINA Thermal finite element model
Choose MeshingDelete F.E. Model and click Yes to answer the prompt.
We also want to delete all of the load applications on the geometry. In the Model Tree, click
on the + next to the Loading text, then highlight all of the load applications, right-click on the
text, choose Delete… and click Yes to answer the prompt.
The geometry is still available for model definition.
Choosing ADINA Structures as the finite element program: Set the Program Module drop-
down list to ADINA Structures.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading "Problem 9: Thermal stress
analysis of a cylinder - stress analysis" and click OK.
Temperature input: Choose ControlMiscellaneous File I/O, set the “Temperatures” field to
“Data Read from File” and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
We need a boundary condition corresponding to rollers on the left line of the square. Click
the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add
fixity name YT, check the Y-Translation button and click OK.
In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity” to YT, set the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line,
enter 2 in the first row and column of the table and click Apply.
We also need to fix one point in the model. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity” to
ALL, set the “Apply to” field to Point, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the “Elastic Isotropic” button. In the Define
Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young’s Modulus to
6.9E10, the Poisson’s ratio to 0.3, the Coef of Thermal Expansion to 4.5E-6, then click OK.
9-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
C B -
C - - - - - -
Solid, make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric and click OK.
porthole file
First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob09a. To generate the ADINA
file name to prob09a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
The AUI will prompt you to specify the temperature file. Change the current directory or
folder to the directory or folder that you used to run the ADINA Thermal model, choose
temperature file prob09 and click Copy.
When the ADINA Structures job is completed, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program

TIME 1.000 Z
B
X Y
B
B
C U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
C B -
C - - - - - -
Click the Create Band Plot icon , choose variable (Temperature:

ELEMENT_TEMPERATURE) and click OK to display the temperature field. This is, of
course, the same temperature field calculated by ADINA Thermal. Use the mouse to resize
this mesh plot into the left-hand part of the graphics window.
Now click the Mesh Plot icon to display another mesh plot, then click the Create Band
Plot icon , choose variable (Stress:SIGMA-P1) and click OK to display the maximum
principal stress.
To suppress the display of the minimum value of the maximum principal stress (which, by the
way, is not the minimum value of the minimum principal stress), click the Modify Band Plot
icon , select band plot BANDPLOT00002, click the Band Rendering... button, set the
“Extreme Values” field to “Plot the Maximum” and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.
Remove extra text and axes and resize the mesh plots until the graphics window looks
something like the figure on the next page.
9-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
ELEMENT
TEMPERATURE SIGMA-P1
TIME 1.000 RST CALC
TIME 1.000
100.0
90.0 3900000.
80.0 3300000.
70.0 2700000.
2100000.
60.0
1500000.
50.0
900000.
40.0 300000.
MAXIMUM MAXIMUM
104.4 4163084
EG 1, EL 25, IPT 11 (102.2) EG 1, EL 21, IPT 32 (3845673.)
MINIMUM
34.18
EG 1, EL 1, IPT 33 (34.99)
Stress analysis using a finer mesh layout

Let's use a finer structural finite element mesh to solve the same problem. Set the Program
Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes). Then choose
prob09a.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Deleting the ADINA Structures finite element model
To remove the finite element model, choose MeshingDelete F.E. Model and click Yes to
answer the prompt. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next
page.
Notice that the boundary conditions defined on the geometry are still present. The material
definition is also still present.
Solid, make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric and click OK.
Subdivision data: Now we redefine the subdivision data, placing more elements at the lower
right-hand corner of the square. We will now control the subdivision data using end-point
sizes. Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, make sure that the “Subdivision
Mode” is “Use End-Point Sizes” and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
C B -
C - - - - - -
Now choose MeshingMesh DensityPoint Size, set the “Points Defined from” field to “All
Geometry Points”, set the Maximum to 0.02 and click Apply. Then enter 0.01 for the mesh
size at point 4 and click OK.
Specifying the mapping file
Because the structural mesh has a different layout than the thermal mesh, we have to use the
mapping file previously generated by ADINA Thermal. Choose FileThermal Mapping
Define, select file prob09.map and click Open.
porthole file
First choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob09b. To generate the ADINA
file name to prob09b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
When the ADINA Structures job is completed, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program
and open porthole file prob09b.
9-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
B
X Y
B
B
U U U
C 1 2 3 1 2 3
C B -
C - - - - - -
Follow exactly the same steps as for the previous structural mesh to examine the solution.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
ELEMENT
TEMPERATURE SIGMA-P1
TIME 1.000 RST CALC
TIME 1.000
100.0
90.0 3900000.
80.0 3300000.
70.0 2700000.
60.0 2100000.
50.0 1500000.
40.0 900000.
300000.
MAXIMUM MAXIMUM
104.4 4149774.
EG 1, EL 1, IPT 11 (102.2) EG 1, EL 24, IPT 33 (3953014.)
MINIMUM
34.16
EG 1, EL 15, IPT 33 (34.98)

9-14 ADINA Primer

Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load
Problem description
In this problem, we subject the beam structure of problem 1 to an impact load as shown.
300 N
0.02
0.02
1
All lengths in meters. Step load applied at time 0.0.
E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 r = 7800 kg/m3
The beam is initially undeformed and at rest.
In this problem solution, we demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in
previous problems.
• Setting up a transient dynamic analysis

• Using an auxiliary point to define the beam coordinate system
• Specifying a restart analysis
• Removing symbols from a graph
We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 9, or have equivalent experience with
the ADINA System.
Before you begin
Defining the model
As the model geometry is very similar to problem 1, we only briefly give the steps needed to
define the model.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact
load” and click OK.

Geometry: Click the Define Points icon , define the following points and click OK.
Point # X1 X2 X3
1
2 1
3 0.1
Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, define a straight line with Point 1 = 1 and Point 2
= 2 and click OK.
Boundary conditions: Click the Apply Fixity icon , enter 1 in the first row of the Point
table and click OK.
Loads: Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the
dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 300, the Y Direction to -1 and click OK. In the
first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Point # to 2 and click OK to close
the dialog box.
Cross-section and material: Click the Cross-Sections icon , add cross-section 1, set the
Width field to 0.02, click the Square Section button and click OK. Click the Manage
Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic Linear
Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young's Modulus to 2.07E11, the Density
to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Finite elements: Click the Element Groups icon , add group 1, set the Type to Beam and
click OK.
Click the Subdivide Lines icon , set the Number of Subdivisions to 2 and click OK.
Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the Auxiliary Point to 3, enter 1 in the first row of the
table and click OK. (The auxiliary point controls the orientation of the beam cross-section.)
Specifying the analysis options
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Dynamics-Implicit.
Time step: Choose ControlTime Step, enter 20, 0.0025 in the first row of the table and click
OK.
10-2 ADINA Primer

When you click the Boundary Plot icon and the Load Plot icon , the graphics window
TIME 0.05000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 0.05000
300.0
B
B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Generating the data file, running ADINA Structures, loading the porthole file
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob10a. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob10a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and
click Save.
ADINA Structures runs for 20 steps. Notice that there are two lines printed for each step.
These lines correspond to the two sub-steps used per solution step in the Bathe method of
implicit time integration.
When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module
open porthole file prob10a.
Graphing the time history response
We need to name the node point at the tip of the beam. Choose DefinitionsModel Point
Node, add name TIP, set the Node Number to 3 and click OK.

Click the Clear icon . Now choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y
Variable to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and click OK.
RESPONSE GRAPH
0.00
Y-DISPLACEMENT,
TIP
-0.02
Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 45. 50.
-3
*10
TIME
Restart analysis
We will continue the dynamic analysis with the same time step size. We will use the restart
feature in ADINA Structures for this purpose.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes).
Choose database file prob10a from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "Restart Run" and click OK.
Now choose ControlTime Step, change the number of steps in the first row of the table to
180 and click OK.
Running ADINA Structures: Choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob10b.
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob10b, make sure that the Run
Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify
the restart file from the first analysis. Enter restart file prob10a and click Copy.
Now we load both porthole files. Close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-
down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes) and choose FileOpen Porthole.
10-4 ADINA Primer

Choose file prob10a, set “Load” to “Entire Sequence of Files starting with Specified File” and
click Open. Both porthole files are loaded.
Follow the instructions given above to graph the time history response.
This time, we will remove the symbols and legend from the plot. Choose GraphModify, set
the Action to “Modify the Curve Depiction”, click the P button and highlight the graph curve.
Then click the … button to the right of the Curve Depiction field. In the Curve Depiction
dialog box, uncheck the Display Curve Symbol button, click the Legend tab, and, in the
Legend Attributes box, set the Type to No Legend. Then click OK twice to close both dialog
RESPONSE GRAPH
0.00
-0.02
Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
TIME
Listing of the points in the graph: Choose GraphList. The y displacement for the last
solution step should be –4.44120E-02 (m). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit to exit the AUI (you can discard all changes).

10-6 ADINA Primer

Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact load  mode superposition
Problem description
In this problem, we subject the beam structure of problem 1 to an impact load as shown.
300 N
0.02
0.02
1
All lengths in meters. Step load applied at time 0.0.
E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 r = 7800 kg/m3
This is the same model as problem 10, but in this problem we use mode superposition for the
time integration.
previous problems:
• Using the + button in the meshing dialog boxes to define an element group.
• Setting up a mode superposition analysis
• Plotting mode shapes by changing the response type to mode-shape
We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 10, or have equivalent experience
Before you begin
Defining the model
As the model geometry is the same as problem 10, we only briefly give the steps needed to
define the model.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 11: Beam subjected to impact
load - mode superposition” and click OK.

Point # X1 X2 X3
1
2 1
3 0.1
= 2 and click OK.
table and click OK.
dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 300, the Y Direction to -1 and click OK. In the
first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box, set the Point # to 2 and click OK to close
the dialog box.
Finite elements: Click the Subdivide Lines icon , set the Number of Subdivisions to 2 and
click OK.
Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the Type to Beam, click the + button to the right of the
Element Group text, set the Auxiliary Point to 3, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click
OK.
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Mode Superposition and click the
Analysis Options icon . Click the Settings… button, set the Number of
Frequencies/Mode Shapes to 2 and click OK to close the dialog box. In the Modal
Superposition dialog box, set the “Number of Modes to Use” to 2 and click OK to close the
dialog box.
11-2 ADINA Primer

Degrees of freedom: In order to suppress all out-of-plane modes, we force the model to
vibrate in the X-Y plane. Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the Z-Translation,
X-Rotation and Y-Rotation buttons and click OK.
Time step: Choose ControlTime Step, enter 200, 0.0025 in the first row of the table and
click OK.
TIME 0.5000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 0.5000
300.0
B
B
U U
1 2 3
B - - -
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob11. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob11, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and
click Save. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program
and open porthole file prob11.
Listing the natural frequencies
Choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Range to DEFAULT_MODE-SHAPE, set

Variable 1 to (Frequency/Mode:FREQUENCY) and click Apply. The frequencies should be
1.66504E+01 (Hz), 1.05131E+02. Click Close to close the dialog box.

Plotting the mode shapes
To prepare for plotting mode shape 1, choose DefinitionsResponse, set the Type to Mode
Shape and click OK.
In all plots, we would like to plot the neutral axes using curved lines. Choose Display
Geometry/Mesh PlotDefine Style, click the ... button to the right of the Element Depiction
field, click the Advanced tab, set the '# Segments for Neutral Axis' to 8, then click OK twice
to close both dialog boxes.
Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon and move the resulting mesh plot to the
upper half of the graphics window.
To prepare for plotting mode shape 2, choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the
Response Name is set to DEFAULT, set the Mode Shape Number to 2 and click OK. Then
click the Mesh Plot icon and move the resulting mesh plot to the lower half of the
graphics window. Rearrange and delete the mesh plot annotations until the graphics window
looks something like this:
MODE 1, F 16.65
TIME 0.000
MODE 2, F 105.1
TIME 0.000
Graphing the time history response
We need to name the node point at the tip of the beam. Choose DefinitionsModel Point
Node, add name TIP, set the Node Number to 3 and click OK.
11-4 ADINA Primer

For this graph, we know in advance that we do not want to see the curve symbols. Choose
GraphDefine Style and click the … button to the right of the Curve Depiction field. In the
Curve Depiction dialog box, uncheck the Display Curve Symbol button, click the Legend tab
and, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to No Legend. Then click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes.
Now click the Clear icon . Choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y
Variable to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and click OK. The graphics window
RESPONSE GRAPH
0.00
-0.02
Y-DISPLACEMENT, TIP
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
TIME
The response is very similar to the response seen in problem 10.

11-6 ADINA Primer

Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load
Problem description
In this problem, we subject the beam structure shown below to an earthquake load.
0.02
0.02
2
All lengths in meters. Mode 1: 1% damping
E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2 Mode 2: 3% damping
r = 7800 kg/m3
The loading response spectrum is shown below. The earthquake load acts in the vertical
direction only.
100
0.5% damping
Acceleration (m/s2)
10 5% damping
1
0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (Hz)
We make the beam 2 meters long in this problem so that the natural frequencies are in the
range of frequencies amplified by the earthquake.
previous problems:
• Setting up a response spectrum analysis

• Defining an element result point
• Listing the modal masses

Before you begin
Defining the model
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 12: Beam subjected to

earthquake load” and click OK.
Point # X1 X2 X3
1
2 2
3 0.1
= 2 and click OK.
table and click OK.
Cross-section and material: Click the Cross Sections icon , add cross-section 1, set the
Finite elements: Click the Subdivide Lines icon , set the Number of Subdivisions to 2 and
click OK.
Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the Type to Beam, click the + button to the right of the
Element Group text, set the Auxiliary Point to 3, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click
OK.
12-2 ADINA Primer

Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Modal Participation Factors and click
the Analysis Options icon . Click the Settings button, set the Number of
Frequencies/Mode Shapes to 2 and click OK to close the dialog box. In the Modal
Participation Factors dialog box, set the “Number of Modes to Use” to 2, verify that the “Type
of Excitation Load” is set to Ground Motion and click OK to close the dialog box.
Degrees of freedom: In order to suppress all out-of-plane modes, we force the model to
vibrate in the X-Y plane. Choose ControlDegrees of Freedom, uncheck the Z-Translation,
X-Rotation and Y-Rotation buttons and click OK.
this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
B
B
U U
1 2 3
B - - -

Listing the natural frequencies, modal participation factors and modal masses
To list the modal data, choose ListInfoMPF. In the first table, the frequencies should be
4.16284E+00 (Hz), 2.62936E+01 and the Y modal participation factors should be
1.89159E+00 and 8.14598E-01. In the second table, the Y modal masses should be 3.57811
(kg) and 6.63570E-01 (kg). In the third table, the accumulated Y modal masses should be
3.57811 and 4.24168. Note that only two modes are required to pick up a significant amount
of the total mass (which is 6.24 kg). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Defining the loading response spectrum
Frequency curves: The loading response spectrum consists of two frequency curves, one for a
damping of 0.5 % and the other for a damping of 5.0 %. Each frequency curve gives the
acceleration as a function of frequency. Choose DefinitionsSpectrum Definitions
Frequency Curve, add frequency curve F05 and define it as follows:
Frequency Value
0.25 7.22
2.5 58.37
9.0 48.66
33.0 9.81
Then add frequency curve F50 and define it as follows:
Frequency Value
0.25 4.63
2.5 30.71
9.0 25.60
33.0 9.81
Response spectrum: Choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsResponse Spectrum, add

response spectrum RS1, enter F05, 0.5 in the first row of the table, F50, 5.0 in the second row
of the table. Then click Save and click the Graph... button. In the Display Response
Spectrum dialog box, set the Response Spectrum to RS1 and click OK. Click Cancel to close
the other dialog box.
To delete the mesh plot, click the Pick icon , highlight the mesh plot and press the Delete
key. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
12-4 ADINA Primer

0.50% damping
5.00% damping
Acceleration
1
10
0 1
10 10
Frequency
Defining the modal damping ratios
Choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsDamping Table, add damping table name

DAMPING, set “Defined by” to Tabular Input, set the first two rows of the table to 1, 1.0;
2, 3.0 and click OK.
Computing the response due to the earthquake load
Response definition: Choose DefinitionsResponse, add response EARTHQUAKE and set

the Type to Response Spectrum. Set the Spectrum to RS1, the Damping Table to DAMPING,
the Ground Motion Direction to Y and click OK.
Computations: Choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Option to Single Response
and the Response to EARTHQUAKE. Then set Variable 1 to (Displacement:
Y-DISPLACEMENT), variable 2 to (Velocity: Y-VELOCITY), variable 3 to
(Acceleration:Y-ACCELERATION), variable 4 to (Reaction:Z-MOMENT_REACTION)
and click Apply.
The results for node 1 should be reaction = 2.74963E+02 (N-m) and the results for node 3
should be displacement = 1.13969E-01 (m), velocity = 2.98134E+00 (m/s), acceleration =
7.83830E+01 (m/s2). Click Close to close the dialog box.
To compute the internal bending moments at the built-in end, we use an element result point
corresponding to the built-in end. Results for the built-in end are computed at element 1, local
node 1. Choose DefinitionsModel PointElement, add point BUILT-IN, verify that the

Element Number is 1, set “Defined By” to Label Number, verify that the Label # is 1 and
click OK.
Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the Response Option to Single Response and
the Response to EARTHQUAKE. Then set Variable 1 to (Force:NODAL_MOMENT-T) and
click Apply. The result should be 2.74963E+02 (N-m). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Additional note
It is easier to define the response spectrum in a batch file than it is to enter the response
spectrum using the dialog boxes. In primer problem 26, we define the response spectrum in a
batch file and then read the batch file into the AUI.
12-6 ADINA Primer

Problem 13: Visualizing the mesh quality
Problem description
p = 25.0 N/mm2
Region to mesh
All lengths in mm.

Thickness = 1 mm
x E = 7.0 ´ 104 N/mm2
56
n = 0.25
10
20
This is the same model and loading as problem 2. We deliberately solve the problem using
the relatively ineffective 3 and 4-node elements (without incompatible modes), so that the
results are inaccurate when a coarse mesh is used. In this way we can demonstrate the mesh
quality visualization features of the AUI.
In this problem solution, we will demonstrate the following topics:
• Plotting and listing error indicators

• Plotting repeating bands
We assume that you have worked through problems 1 to 12, or have equivalent experience
with the ADINA System. Therefore we will not describe every user selection or button press.

Before you begin
Defining the model
As the model is almost the same as problem 2, we only briefly give the steps needed to define
the model.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 13: Visualizing the
mesh quality” and click OK.
Geometry: Click the Define Points icon , define the following points (remember to keep
the X3 column blank) and click OK.
Point # X1 X2
1 10 28
2 0 28
3 0 10
4 0 5
5 5 0
6 10 0
7 10 10
8 0 0
We also need a point mid-way along the hole. The coordinates of this point are most
conveniently entered using a cylindrical coordinate system. Click the Coordinate Systems
icon , add coordinate system 1 and set the Type to Cylindrical. Set the components of
Vector A to (0, 0, 1), the components of Vector B to (1, 0, 0) and click OK. Then click the
Define Points icon , add the following information to the table, and click OK.
Point # X1 X2 X3
9 5 45 0
13-2 ADINA Primer

To define the arc lines, click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Arc, set P1
to 4, P2 to 9, Center to 8 and click Save. Then add line 2, set P1 to 9, P2 to 5, Center to 8 and
click OK.
To define the surfaces, click the Define Surfaces icon , make sure that the Type is set to
Vertex, define the following surfaces and click OK.
Surface Number Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

1 7 3 4 9
2 7 9 5 6
3 1 2 3 7
Boundary conditions: We need two boundary conditions for modeling symmetry. Click the
Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box, add
fixity name YT, check the Y-Translation button and click Save. Then add fixity name XT,
check the X-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity”
to XT, the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line, enter 4 and 9 in the first two rows of the table and
click Apply. Then set the “Fixity” to YT, enter 6 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Loads: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Pressure and click the Define...
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Pressure dialog box, add pressure
1, set the Magnitude to -25 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the
“Apply to” field is set to Line and, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 8. Click OK
to close the Apply Load dialog box.
Material: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the
Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young's Modulus
to 7E4, the Poisson's ratio to 0.25 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material
Type to 2-D Solid, set the Element Sub-Type to Plane Stress and click OK.
Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign a uniform point size to all points and have the
AUI automatically compute the subdivisions.
Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, verify that the “Subdivision Mode ” is

set to “Use End-Point Sizes” and click OK. Now choose MeshingMesh Density
Point Size, set the “Points Defined from” field to “All Geometry Points”, set the Maximum to
1.0 and click OK.

enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. When you click the Boundary
Plot icon and the Load Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like
this:
TIME 1.000 Y
C
C Z X
C
C
C
C
C PRESCRIBED
C PRESSURE
C
TIME 1.000
C
C
C 25.00
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
U U
1 2
B -
B B B B B B C -
B
porthole file
Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress:STRESS-YY) and
click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.
13-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
96.0
80.0
64.0
48.0
32.0
16.0
0.0
MAXIMUM
106.2
EG 1, EL 71, IPT 11 (96.95)
MINIMUM
-6.307
EG 1, EL 19, IPT 21 (-4.002)
Note the jagged nature of the bands. To smooth the bands, click the Smooth Plots icon .
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
SMOOTHED
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
96.0
80.0
64.0
48.0
32.0
16.0
0.0
MAXIMUM
106.2
NODE 66
MINIMUM
-4.087
NODE 16

Error indicators: The AUI allows you to plot error indicators as a guide for determining
where the mesh should be refined. To plot error indicators, click the Error Plots icon .
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
ERROR SMOOTHED
STRESS-YY
REF 106.2
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
0.2167
0.1833
0.1500
0.1167
0.0833
0.0500
0.0167
MAXIMUM
0.2382
NODE 21
MINIMUM
0.000
NODE 16
This plot shows that the maximum stress jump (difference between stresses evaluated at the
same node) is about 24% of the maximum stress value.
You can, if desired, scale the error indicator so that the stress jump is not divided by a
reference value. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the ... button next to the
Smoothing Technique field, set the Error Reference Value to 1 and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next
page.
It is also possible to list the nodes for which the error indicator is highest. Choose
ListExtreme ValuesZone, set the Smoothing Technique to BANDPLOT00001, Variable
1 to (Stress:STRESS-YY) and click Apply. The AUI lists the value of 2.52870E+01 for node
21. Click Close to close the dialog box.
Repeating bands: Another way to present the error is to plot repeating bands of unsmoothed
stresses. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Smoothing Technique to NONE, click
the Band Table... button, set the Type to Repeating and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.
13-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
ERROR SMOOTHED
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
23.40
19.80
16.20
12.60
9.00
5.40
1.80
MAXIMUM
25.29
NODE 21
MINIMUM
0.000
NODE 16
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
REPEAT
12.00
12.00
-12.00
MAXIMUM
106.2
EG 1, EL 71, IPT 11 (96.95)
MINIMUM
-6.307
EG 1, EL 19, IPT 21 (-4.002)
The fact that the bands become indistinct near the hole shows that further mesh refinement is
needed.

Refining the mesh
Preparing to modify the model: Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures
(you can discard all changes). Choose database file prob13 from the recent file list near the
bottom of the File menu.
Deleting the elements: Click the Delete Mesh/Elements icon , set the “Delete Mesh from”
field to Surface if necessary, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK.
Creating a refined mesh: In this mesh refinement, we would like to use fewer elements away
from the hole and more elements closer to the hole. Choose MeshingMesh Density
Point Size, set the “Points Defined From” field to “Vertices of Specified Surfaces”, enter 1,
0.5; 2, 0.5; 3, 2.0 in the first three rows of the table, then click OK.
Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the “Nodes per Element” to 4, enter 1, 2, 3 in the
first three rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like
this:
TIME 1.000 Y
C
Z X
C
C
PRESCRIBED
C PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
C
25.00
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
U U
1 2
B -
BBBBBBBBBBB C -
B
porthole file
Save the database, generate the ADINA Structures data file, run ADINA Structures, choose
Post-Processing and load the porthole file in the same way as before, this time using name
prob13a.
13-8 ADINA Primer

Follow the instructions given above to plot the stresses. We obtain the plots shown on pages
13-10 and 13-11.
The numerical value of the error indicator has dropped, showing that the solution has in fact
improved. Also the repeating bands are more distinct near the hole.

Refinement, unsmoothed stresses:

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
96.0
80.0
64.0
48.0
32.0
16.0
0.0
MAXIMUM
108.4
EG 1, EL 77, IPT 11 (102.7)
MINIMUM
-6.556
EG 1, EL 27, IPT 21 (-4.489)
Refinement, smoothed stresses:

Y
TIME 1.000
Z X
SMOOTHED
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
97.5
82.5
67.5
52.5
37.5
22.5
7.5
MAXIMUM
108.4
NODE 71
MINIMUM
-3.528
NODE 15
13-10 ADINA Primer

Refinement, error indicator:

Y
TIME 1.000
Z X
ERROR SMOOTHED
STRESS-YY
REF 108.4
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
0.1625
0.1375
0.1125
0.0875
0.0625
0.0375
0.0125
MAXIMUM
0.1783
NODE 156
MINIMUM
0.000
NODE 11
Refinement, unsmoothed stresses, repeating bands:

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
REPEAT
12.00
12.00
-12.00
MAXIMUM
108.4
EG 1, EL 77, IPT 11 (102.7)
MINIMUM
-6.556
EG 1, EL 27, IPT 21 (-4.489)

13-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 14: Pushover analysis of a frame
Problem description
The frame shown in the figure below is to be analyzed to determine the horizontal force
required to push the frame over.
30000 N force,
constant
Rigid end
y
Increasing force
z x
1m
s
1m Cross-section
• Defining multiple loads using different time functions

• Defining moment-curvature input
• Reading commands from a batch file
• Defining rigid end data
• Using the ATS (automatic time-stepping) method
• Defining an element section point
• Defining a resultant variable
Cross-section modeling
The beam cross-section is modeled using the moment-curvature material model in ADINA
Structures. With the moment-curvature material model, the cross-section and material are
described by several curves, as shown in detail below.

The moment-curvature model accurately captures many aspects of the behavior of the cross-
section. These aspects include:
a) the dependence of the moment-curvature data on the axial force
b) the non-symmetry of the moment-curvature data (different behavior for positive

curvature and negative curvature)
c) the dependence of rupture on the axial load
d) the multilinear nature of the yielding behavior
Axial force/axial strain data: Note, in ADINA Structures, positive axial force is tensile,
negative axial force is compressive.
160000
Axial force (N)
120000 (symmetric in
tension and
80000
compression)
40000
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003
Axial strain
Torsional moment/twist data:

400
350
Torsional moment (N-m)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Twist per unit length (rad/m)
14-2 ADINA Primer

Bending moment/curvature data in the s direction:
1000
Moment in s-direction (N-m)
750
500
250
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-250
-500
-750
-1000
Curvature in s-direction (rad/m)
Bending moment/curvature data in the t direction:

3000
2000
Moment in t-direction (N-m)
1000
0
-0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-1000
F=-64000 N
-2000
F=0
F=64000 N
-3000
Curvature in t-direction (rad/m)
We will set up the model so that the t-direction for all beam elements coincides with the
positive z-direction. Thus, for example, a bending moment in the t-direction is interpreted as
a bending moment in the z-direction.
Also note that since the loads are in-plane, there are no torsional moments or bending in the s-
direction. However, material input is still required for torsion and bending in the s-direction.

Rigid-end modeling
The rigid end feature of the beam element is used to model the assemblage of braces or struts
that make up the corners of the frame.
P- effect
ADINA Structures includes the P- effect when a large displacement kinematic formulation
is used.
Before you begin
The data for the bending behavior in the t direction is stored in a separate batch file
prob14_1.in. You need to copy the file prob14_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a
working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 14: Pushover
analysis of a frame” and click OK.
Automatic time-stepping: Click the Analysis Options icon , make sure that the Automatic
Time Stepping Scheme is set to “Use Automatic Time Stepping (ATS)” and click the …
button to the right of that field. In the Automatic Time-Stepping dialog box, set the
“Maximum Subdivisions Allowed” to 20 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Equilibrium iteration tolerances: We will change the convergence tolerances used during
equilibrium iterations. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Tolerances... button and
set the Convergence Criteria to Energy and Force. Set the Reference Force field and the
Reference Moment field to 1.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Kinematics:We want to include P- effects in the analysis. Choose Control

Analysis AssumptionsKinematics, set the “Displacements/Rotations” field to Large and
click OK.
14-4 ADINA Primer

Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the model:
Element s direction
y
Element r direction,
same as line direction
P3 L2 P4
Element r
direction, Element r
same as direction,
line direction same as
line direction
L1 L3
Element s direction
Element s direction
P1 P2
x
table and click OK.
Point # X1 X2
1 0.0 0.0
2 1.0 0.0
3 0.0 1.0
4 1.0 1.0
Geometry lines: Click the Define Lines icon , add the following lines and click OK.
Line Number Type Point 1 Point 2

1 Straight 1 3
2 Straight 3 4
3 Straight 2 4

When you click the Line/Edge Labels icon to display the line numbers, the graphics
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
P3 L2 P4
L1 L3
P1 P2
Defining subdivision data
We will use 10 elements for each line in the frame. Choose MeshingMesh Density
Complete Model, set the “Subdivision Mode” to “Use Number of Divisions”, set the
“Number of Subdivisions” to 10 and click OK.
Defining boundary conditions and loads
Boundary conditions: We will fix the base of the frame. Click the Apply Fixity icon ,
make sure that the “Apply to” field is set to Point, enter 1, 2 in the first two rows of the table
and click OK.
Loads: We will apply the two loads using different load applications and time functions. The
vertical load will be applied using a constant time function (time function 1) and the
horizontal load will be applied using an increasing time function (time function 2).
We will apply a horizontal load of 10000 N in 20 equal steps. Choose ControlTime Step,
set the first row to 20, 500 and click OK.
14-6 ADINA Primer

To define the time functions, choose ControlTime Function and verify that time function 1
is a constant time function with unit magnitude. Now add time function 2, enter
Time Value
0 0
10000 10000
in the table and click OK. Notice that with this time function definition, the solution time
represents the magnitude of the horizontal load.
Now we define the load applications. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to
Force and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define
Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 30000, the Y Force
Direction to –1.0 and click Save. Now add force 2, set the Magnitude to 1, the X Force
Direction to 1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the Load
Number is 1 and that the “Apply to” field is set to Point, then, in the first row of the table, set
the Point # to 3, then click Apply. Now set the Load Number to 2, make sure that the “Apply
to” field is set to Point, then, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 3, the Time
Function to 2 and click OK.
When you click the Boundary Plot icon and the Load Plot icon , the graphics
window should look something like the figure on the next page.
Defining the material data
Choose ModelMaterialsBeam Rigidity, add rigidity number 1 and set the Type to
Multilinear Plastic. Check the “Unsymmetric” button between the Bending fields and click
Save.
Axial strain/axial force data: Click the … button to the right of the Axial Force vs Strain
Curve field. In the Define Axial Strain-Force Curve dialog box, add number 1, enter
Axial Strain Axial Force

0.001 160000
0.003 160000
in the table, then click OK. In the Define Rigidity dialog box, set the Curve # field to 1 and
click Save.

TIME 10000. Y
Z X
P3 L2 P4
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 10000.
31623.
L1 L3
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
B P1 B P2
Torsional data: Click the … button to the right of the Torsion (r) field. In the Define Force
vs Twist-Moment Curve dialog box, add number 1, then right-click in one of the cells in the
Twist-Moment Curve column and click Define. In the Define Twist-Moment Curve dialog
box, add number 1, enter
Twist Angle per Moment

Unit Length
0.07 380
0.3 380
in the table and click OK to close the Twist-Moment Curve dialog box. In the Define Force
vs Twist-Moment Curve dialog box, enter
Axial Force Twist-

Moment
Curve
-1E6 1
1E6 1
in the table and click OK to close the Define Force vs Twist-Moment Curve dialog box. In
the Define Rigidity dialog box, set the Torsion (r) field to 1 and click Save.
14-8 ADINA Primer

Bending data in the s direction: Click the … button to the right of the Bending (s) field. In
the Define Force vs Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box, add number 1, then right-click in
one of the cells in the Curvature-Moment Curve column and click Define. In the Define
Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box, add number 1, enter
Curvature Moment
-0.25 -800
-0.05 -567
0 0
0.05 567
0.25 800
in the table and click OK to close the Define Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box. In the
Define Force vs Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box, enter
Axial Force Curvature-

Moment
Curve
-1E6 1
0 1
1E6 1
in the table and click OK to close the Define Force vs Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box.
In the Define Rigidity dialog box, set the Bending (s) field to 1 and click OK to close the
Define Rigidity dialog box.
Bending data in the t direction: There is too much data to conveniently enter using dialog
boxes, so we have put the equivalent commands in the batch file prob14_1.in. Read these
commands as follows: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or
folder, select the file prob14_1.in and click Open.
The AUI processes the commands in the batch file.
Let’s verify that the data is entered correctly. Choose ModelMaterialsBeam Rigidity and
click the … button to the right of the Bending (t) field. In the Define Force vs Curvature-
Moment Curve dialog box, choose curve number 2. The table should be
Axial Force Curvature-

Moment
Curve
-164000 3
-64000 3
0 2
64000 4
164000 4

Now right-click in one of the cells in the Curvature-Moment Curve column and click Define.
In the Define Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box, choose curve number 2. The table should
be
Curvature Moment
-0.2 -1970
-0.1 -1881
-0.05 -1556
-0.0308 -1118
0 0
0.0308 1118
0.05 1556
0.1 1881
0.2 1970
When you choose curve number 3, the table should be
Curvature Moment
-0.24 -1975
-0.1 -1686
-0.05 -1337
-0.0185 -671
0 0
0.0343 1246
0.05 1731
0.1 2189
0.24 2394
and when you choose curve number 4, the table should be
Curvature Moment
-0.16 -2326
-0.1 -2189
-0.05 -1731
-0.0343 -1246
0 0
0.0185 671
0.05 1337
0.1 1686
0.16 1866
Click OK twice to close the Define Curvature-Moment Curve dialog box and the Define
Force vs Curvature-Moment Curve dialog boxes. In the Define Rigidity dialog box, set the
Bending (t) field to 2 and click OK.
14-10 ADINA Primer

Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add group number 1 and set the Type to
Beam. Check the Use Moment-Curvature Rigidity button in the Stiffness Definition box and
make sure that the Rigidity is 1. Now click the Advanced tab, set the “Rigid End-Zones”
field to “Defined by Length with Infinite Stiffness” and click OK.
Element generation: Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the components of the Orientation
Vector to (-1, 0, 0), enter 1, 3 in the first two rows of the table and click Apply. Then set the
components of the Orientation Vector to (0, 1, 0), enter 2 in the first row of the table and click
OK.
Rigid-end data: Choose MeshingElementsElement Data, enter the following data for the
indicated elements, and click OK.
Beam Rigid End-Zone Rigid End-Zone

Element (Length from (Length from
Start) End)
10 0 0.025
20 0 0.025
21 0.025 0
30 0 0.025
When you click the Redraw icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
.
TIME 10000. Y
Z X
P3 L2 P4
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 10000.
31623.
L1 L3
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B B B - - - - - -
B P1 B P2

Checking the element orientations: Let’s confirm the element local coordinate system
directions. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , then click the Element Depiction… button.
In the Element Depiction dialog box, check the Display Local System Triad button, make
sure that the Type is “Element Coordinate System” and click OK twice to close both dialog
TIME 10000. Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
The line parallel to the element TIME 10000.
indicates the element r direction
31623.
This line indicates the
element s direction
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B B B - - - - - -
B B
Use the mouse to rotate the model out-of-plane until the graphics window looks something
Remember that (r, s, t) is a right-handed system with r directed along the beam neutral axis.
14-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 10000. Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 10000.
31623.
This line indicates

the element t direction
B
U U U
B 1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
B
B
click Save.
ADINA Structures reports “*** Program stopped abnormally ***…”. This is OK, as
we shall see, ADINA Structures does not converge in step 15 because the pushover load is
exceeded. See the comments at the end of this problem description for more information.
Close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you
can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob14.
Displaying the plastic curvatures
Choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to

PLASTIC_CURVATURE-T and click OK. The graphics window should look something like

TIME 7344. Y
Z X
PLASTIC
CURVATURE-T
TIME 7344.
0.1467
We see that the highest horizontal load reached was 7344 (N) and that there is significant
plastic deformation at the bases and at the corners. Use the Previous Solution icon and
the Next Solution icon to examine how the plasticity develops as the horizontal load is
increased. When you are finished, click the Last Solution icon to return to the last
solution.
Displaying the moments
Choose DisplayElement Line PlotModify, set the Element Line Quantity to

BENDING_MOMENT-T and click the Rendering… button. In the Define Element Line
Rendering Depiction dialog box, set the Scale Factor to Automatic and click OK twice to
close both dialog boxes. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , then click the Element
Depiction… button. In the Element Depiction dialog box, check the Display Local System
Triad button, make sure that the Type is “Element Coordinate System” and click OK twice to
close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the
next page.
14-14 ADINA Primer

TIME 7344. Y
Z X
BENDING
MOMENT-T
TIME 7344.
1967.
This plot shows that the bending moments at the base are negative (the directions of the
bending moment lines are opposite to the s-directions of the elements at the base), and the
bending moments of the vertical members at the rigid corners are positive (the directions of
the bending moment lines are the same as the s-directions of these elements). You can
change the sign convention used in the element line plot as follows. Choose Display
Element Line PlotModify, click the Rendering… button, set the Positive Moment
Convention to Clockwise and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Graphing the force-deflection curve
We will create a force-deflection graph. To determine the node number where the load is
applied, click the Node Labels icon (the node should be node 11). Then choose
DefinitionsModel PointNode, define point LOADED as node 11, then click OK. Now
click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the X variable to
(Displacement:X-DISPLACEMENT), set the Y variable to (Prescribed Load:
X-PRESCRIBED_FORCE), verify that the model point is LOADED, then click OK.
The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

Y
TIME 7344.
Z X
BENDING
MOMENT-T
TIME 7344.
1967.
RESPONSE GRAPH
8.
X-PRESCRIBED_FORCE,
LOADED
7.
6.
X-PRESCRIBED_FORCE, LOADED
5.
3
4.
*10
3.
2.
1.
0.
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18.
-3
*10
X-DISPLACEMENT, LOADED
14-16 ADINA Primer

Graphing the moment-curvature curves at the base
We will graph the moment-curvature curves at the base. First we define two element section
points corresponding to the nodes at the base. Click the Clear icon , then click the Node
Labels icon and the Element Labels icon to display the node numbers and element
numbers.
Choose DefinitionsModel PointElement Section, add point LEFT_BASE, set the

Element Number to 1, set “Defined by” to Node Number, set the Node Number to 1 and click
Save. Now add point RIGHT_BASE, set the Element Number to 11, set “Defined by” to
Node Number, set the Node Number to 12 and click OK.
Now click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the X
Variable to (Strain:CURVATURE-T), set the Y Variable to (Force:
BENDING_MOMENT-T), verify that the model point is LEFT_BASE, then click OK.
Notice that the bending moment and curvature are negative. We will define resultants to
switch the signs of the bending moment and curvature. Choose DefinitionsVariable
Resultant, add resultant BENDING_MOMENT, define it as -<BENDING_MOMENT-T> and
click Save. Now add resultant CURVATURE, define it as -<CURVATURE-T> and click
OK. (Hint, you can type the resultant in upper, lower or mixed upper and lower case.)
Now click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the X
Variable to (User Defined:CURVATURE), set the Y Variable to (User Defined:
BENDING_MOMENT), verify that the model point is LEFT_BASE, then click OK.
To add the curve for the right base, choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the X
Variable to (User Defined:CURVATURE), set the X Model Point to RIGHT_BASE, set the
Y Variable to (User Defined:BENDING_MOMENT), set the Y Model Point to
RIGHT_BASE, set the Plot Name to PREVIOUS and click OK. The graphics window
The graph title, axes and curves can be customized as in Primer Problem 2.

RESPONSE GRAPH
20.
15.
BENDING_MOMENT, LEFT_BASE
BENDING_MOMENT,
LEFT_BASE
BENDING_MOMENT,
RIGHT_BASE
2
10.
*10
5.
0.
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22
CURVATURE, LEFT_BASE
Examining the output file
We will examine the ADINA Structures output file to learn how the ATS algorithm
determined a converged solution near the pushover load. Click the View Output button in the
ADINA Structures control window to view the output file, or use a text editor to edit file
prob14.out. Go to the end of the file and back up until you see the text
RESTART DATA IS SAVED FOR STEP 14 AT TIME EQUALS 0.700000000000E+04
Step 14 corresponds to time 7000.0. For step 15, ADINA Structures first attempts to find the
solution for time 7500.0. ADINA Structures performs 4 equilibrium iterations, then reports
** FAILED CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS **
ADINA Structures then tries to find the solution for time 7250, and succeeds after 4
equilibrium iterations.
Now ADINA Structures tries to find the solution for time 7500 (starting from the solution for
time 7250) and reports
** FAILED CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS **
14-18 ADINA Primer

In this manner, ADINA Structures continues to cut back the time step, as shown in the
following table:
Current time Time step Trial solution Result

size time
7000 500 7500 No convergence
7000 250 7250 Convergence
7250 62.5 7312.5 Convergence
7312.5 62.5 7375 No convergence
7312.5 31.25 7343.75 Convergence
7343.75 31.25 7375 No convergence
7343.75 25 7368.75 No convergence
7343.75 156.25 7500 No convergence
ADINA Structures stops when the last time step size is smaller than or equal to the original
time step size divided by the maximum number of subdivisions (in this case, the maximum
number of subdivisions allowed was 20).
So the pushover load is probably between 7343.75 N and 7368.75 N.

14-20 ADINA Primer

Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole
Problem description
A spherical monopole vibrates sinusoidally, producing spherical waves that propagate into the
surrounding air, as shown:
.
u = 0.138230 sin wt (m/sec)
w = 2pf, f = 10 kHz
Air u Air:
k = 1.404 ´ 105 Pa
R = 0.055 m r = 1.18 kg/m3
m = 1.5 ´ 10-5 kg/m-s
Derived quantities:
c = k/r = 345 m/s
Monopole k = w/c = 182 m-1
kR = 10
In this problem solution, we use ADINA-FSI. ADINA CFD is used to model the air close to
the monopole and ADINA Structures is used to model the air further from the monopole.
Although this problem could be solved with ADINA Structures alone, we choose to use
ADINA-FSI in order to demonstrate the principles of fluid-structure-interaction (FSI)
analysis.
An axisymmetric analysis is appropriate here.
We could have chosen to apply the monopole vibration loading in several ways. The way that
we choose here is to specify the monopole velocity directly to the ADINA CFD fluid model.
Notice that the initial monopole velocity is zero. This is consistent with zero velocity initial
conditions throughout the fluid domain.
• Performing a fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) analysis

• Using ADINA Structures potential-based fluid elements
• Defining and applying skew systems
• Importing a time function into the time function dialog box
• Performing a Fourier analysis

Before you begin
900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-FSI.
The data for the time function is stored in a separate file prob15_tf.txt. You need to copy
the file prob15_tf.txt from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder
before beginning this analysis.
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures. Choose
EditMemory Usage and make sure that the ADINA/AUI memory is at least 48 MB.
The memory allocation is required to perform the animations at the end of this example.
The top figure on the next page shows the key geometry used in defining this model.
Surface S1 will be meshed with ADINA CFD elements and surface S2 will be meshed with
ADINA Structures potential-based fluid elements.
Line L3 will be used to define a potential-interface of type infinite. When the AUI generates
the data file, this potential-interface will create ADINA Structures potential interface elements
of type infinite.
15-2 ADINA Primer

z
ADINA Structures potential-interface of type infinite
P6
ADINA Structures f elements

L3
S2
P4
L4 ADINA CFD L2
elements
P2 S1
L1
P1 P3 L5 P5 P7 y
0.055 0.045 0.1

(All dimensions in meters)
The next figure shows the fluid-structure interface used in this problem. Notice that the fluid-
structure boundary must be defined in both the ADINA Structures input and in the ADINA
CFD input.
ADINA Structures: FSI boundary 1
ADINA CFD: Special boundary condition 1
L2

Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table (remember to
leave the X1 column blank), then click OK.
Point # X2 X3
1 0 0
2 0 0.055
3 0.055 0
4 0 0.1
5 0.1 0
6 0 0.2
7 0.2 0
Now we define the arc lines. Click the Define Lines icon and add the following lines:
Line Number Type Defined by P1 P2 Center

1 Arc P1, P2, Center 3 2 1
Next we add the straight lines on which we will assign boundary conditions later:
Line Number Type Point 1 Point 2

4 Straight 4 2
5 Straight 5 3
Click OK to close the line dialog box.
Finally we define the surfaces. Click the Define Surfaces icon and enter the following
surfaces:
Surface Number Type Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

1 Vertex 5 4 2 3
2 Vertex 7 6 4 5
Click OK to close the dialog box. The graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page.
15-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
We will use a 10 20 mesh for the ADINA CFD fluid region and a 10  60 mesh for the
ADINA Structures fluid region. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , select surface
number 1, set the Number of Subdivisions in the u- and v-directions to 10 and 20 respectively,
then click Save. Now select surface number 2, set the Number of Subdivisions in the u- and
v-directions to 10 and 60 respectively, then click OK.
The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
ADINA Structures: Defining model control data
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading "Problem 15: 10 kHz
monopole, ADINA Structures input" and click OK.
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Dynamics-Implicit.
FSI analysis: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with CFD".

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
ADINA Structures: Defining the fluid-structure boundaries
In this problem, a fluid-structure boundary is used at the interface between the ADINA
Structures and ADINA CFD domains. Choose ModelBoundary Conditions
FSI Boundary, add Boundary Number 1, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK.
ADINA Structures: Defining the material
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Potential-based Fluid button. In the
Define Potential-based Fluid Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Bulk Modulus to
1.404E5, the Density to 1.18 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material
ADINA Structures: Defining the potential-interface
Choose ModelBoundary ConditionsPotential Interface, add Potential Interface Number

1, set the Type to “Fluid – Infinite Region”, set the Boundary Type to Spherical, set the
Radius of Boundary to 0.2, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK.
ADINA Structures: Defining the fluid elements
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 1, set the Type to 2-D
Fluid, make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric, make sure that the Formulation
is set to Linear Potential-Based Element and click OK.
15-6 ADINA Primer

enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
ADINA Structures: Generating the data file
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob15_a, uncheck the Run
Solution button (we don't want to run ADINA Structures by itself) and click Save.
Notice that the AUI writes “Model completion information for potential-based elements” into
the Log Window. This is because the AUI completes the potential-based model when it
generates the ADINA Structures data file. In this case the AUI does the following:
Creates 10 ADINA-CFD interface elements (these are potential-based interface elements

between the ADINA Structures and the ADINA CFD models)
Generates and assigns skew systems to some of the nodes on the boundary between the
ADINA Structures and ADINA CFD models (9 nodes).
Adds fixities to the nodes on the boundary between the ADINA Structures and ADINA
CFD models in the direction of zero stiffness. The zero stiffness direction is tangential to
the boundary (the AUI assigns the skew systems so that one direction is tangential to the
boundary).

The AUI also notes that there are 120 uncovered element sides (sides without any interface).
These sides are treated as symmetric boundary conditions. Also there are two nodes that have
both a free normal and structural normal. These nodes are on the intersection of the ADINA
Structures / ADINA CFD boundary and the symmetric boundaries.
ADINA CFD: Defining model control data
Finite element program: Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading "Problem 15: 10 kHz
monopole, ADINA CFD input" and click OK.
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Transient. Then click the Analysis
Options icon , set the Integration Method to Composite and click OK.
FSI analysis: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to 'with Structures', then click the
Coupling Options icon to the right of this list. Set the FSI Solution Coupling to Direct
and click OK.
Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension to 2D (in YZ
Plane), uncheck the “Includes Heat Transfer” button, set the “Flow Type” to Slightly
Compressible and click OK.
Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the first row of the table to be 150, 5.0E-6 and
click OK.
ADINA CFD: Defining the boundary conditions
Fluid-structure boundary conditions: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add
special boundary condition 1, set the Type to Fluid-Structure Interface and make sure that the
Fluid-Structure Boundary # is 1. Enter 2 in the first row of the Line # table. Click Save to
save special boundary condition 1.
Wall boundary condition: Add special boundary condition 2 and set the Type to Wall. Set the
Slip Condition to Yes. Enter 4 and 5 in the first two rows of the Line # table, then click OK
to close the dialog box.
15-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 0.0007500 Z
X Y
C
B
V V P
2 3
B
C
WAL FSI
B - 1
C 2 -
C
Skew systems: In preparation for prescribing the velocities, we need to define skew systems
for the nodes on which we will prescribe velocities. At each node on line 1, the skew system
directions are chosen to be normal and tangential to the line.
Choose ModelSkew SystemsApply and click the Define... button. In the Define Skew
Coordinate System dialog box, add skew system 1, set "Defined by" to Normal and click OK.
In the Apply Skew Coordinate System dialog box, make sure that the Skew System # is 1 and
set the Type to Edge/Line. In the first row of the table, set the Edge/Line # to 1, then click
Apply. Notice that the value under the “Normal Direction” column is “Aligned with Axis 'C'”
and that the value under the “Tangential Direction” column is “Aligned with Axis 'B'”. Click
OK to close the dialog box.
Prescribed velocities: Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is set to
Velocity and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define
Velocity dialog box, add velocity 1, set the Y Prescribed Value to 0.0, the Z Prescribed Value
to 0.138230 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Line,
then, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 1. Click OK to close the Apply Load
dialog box.
Because the nodes on line 1 have skew systems, the Y direction load is actually applied in the
B direction (tangential direction) and the Z direction load is actually applied in the C direction
(normal direction).

Time function: Choose ControlTime Function, clear the table, import file prob15_tf.txt
and click OK. Prob15_tf.txt contains a sinusoidal time function with unit amplitude and
frequency of 10 kHz.
To plot the load, click the Load Plot icon . Unfortunately, at the end of the solution, the
load has zero amplitude. So, click the First Solution icon , then click the Next Solution
icon several times until the displayed time is 2.500E-05. Click the Load Plot icon
twice to replot the loads. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.500E-05 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY
TIME 2.500E-05
0.1382
C
B
V V P
2 3
B
C
WAL FSI
B - 1
C 2 -
C
ADINA CFD: Defining the material
Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 1.5E-5, the Density to 1.18, the Fluid
Bulk Modulus to 1.404E5 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material
ADINA CFD: Defining the elements
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add group 1, make sure that the Type is
2-D Fluid and the Sub-Type is Axisymmetric, then click OK.
15-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 2.500E-05 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY
TIME 2.500E-05
0.1382
D
C B
C
C B
C
C B
C
C
C
C B
C
C
C
C B
C
C
C
C B
C
C B
C
V V P
B 2 3
B
B C
D
B
WAL FSI
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD B - 1
C C 2 -
D 2 1
ADINA CFD: Generating the data file
Click the Data File/Solution icon , enter file name prob15_f, uncheck the Run Solution
button (we don't want to run ADINA CFD by itself) and click Save.
Running ADINA-FSI
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob15. Choose Solution
Run ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob15_f, then hold down the Ctrl key and
select file prob15_a. The File name field should display both file names in quotes. Then
click Start. When ADINA-FSI finishes, close all open dialog boxes.
Post-processing strategy
ADINA-FSI creates two porthole files, one for ADINA Structures and one for ADINA CFD.
We post-process the results for both models simultaneously.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes).
Click the Open icon and open porthole file prob15_a. Then click the Open icon and
open porthole file prob15_f.

We compare the finite element solution with the following analytical solution. The analytical
solution for the pressure amplitude as a function of the distance from the center of the
monopole is
R  u  R
p(r )  p ( R ), p( R) 
r (kR ) 2  1
where r is the distance from the center of the monopole. Accordingly we expect that, at a
given time, a plot of r  p (r ) versus r is sinusoidal with an amplitude of
c
R  p ( R )  3.084 N/m and period of    3.45  102 m .
f
Displaying the waves
We need to define variables corresponding to r  p (r ) . First we define a variable for r, then

we define two variables for r  p (r ) , one variable for the ADINA CFD pressures and one
variable for the ADINA Structures pressures.
Choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add Resultant name R, define it as
SQRT(<Y-COORDINATE>**2 + <Z-COORDINATE>**2)
and click Save (hint, you can type the resultant in upper, lower or mixed upper and lower
case). Now add Resultant name R_P_S, define it as
R * FE_PRESSURE
and click Save. (We use FE_PRESSURE to access the pressures directly calculated by the
ADINA Structures potential-based fluid elements.), Finally add Resultant name R_P_CFD,
define it as
R * NODAL_PRESSURE
and click OK. (We use NODAL_PRESSURE to access the pressures calculated by the
ADINA CFD fluid elements.)
Now we present these variables as band plots. Click the Model Outline icon , then click
the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (User Defined: R_P_CFD) and
click Apply, then set the Band Plot Variable to (User Defined: R_P_S) and click OK.
The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. The plot shows
the spherical nature of the waves, with maximum amplitude and wavelength comparable to
the solution given above.
15-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 0.0007500 Z
R_P_S R_P_CFD
RST CALC TIME 0.0007500 X Y
TIME 0.0007500
2.700
2.700 1.800
1.800 0.900
0.900 0.000
0.000 -0.900
-0.900 -1.800
-1.800 -2.700
-2.700
MAXIMUM
2.967
EG 1, EL 407, IPT 11 (2.911)
MINIMUM
-3.000
EG 1, EL 96, IPT 11 (-2.953)
MAXIMUM
3.182
NODE 182
MINIMUM
-3.182
NODE 108
To create an animation, click the Movie Load Step icon . When the movie shoot is
finished, click the Animate icon . The animation shows the outwards motion of the
waves. The absorption of the waves by the infinite potential-based interface elements is also
apparent.
Performing a Fourier analysis of the pressure time history
Let=s examine the solution at one point in the model in more detail. We choose to examine
the pressure from the ADINA Structures (solid) model at point P5 (at r = 0.1 m). First we
need to determine the node number corresponding to this point. Click the Clear icon ,
then click the Node Symbols icon to display the mesh with nodal symbols. To show just
the ADINA Structures model, expand the Zone entry in the Model Tree, right-click on 1.
ADINA and choose Display. The graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.
Now click the Query icon and click on the model to determine the node number of the
indicated node. (You may need to enlarge the model to make it easier to select the node.)
This node number should be 661.

TIME 0.0007500 Z
X Y
Node at point P5
Before we can create the model point, we must change the current finite element program to
ADINA Structures. Set the FE Model (not the Program Module!) drop-down list to ADINA
Structures.
Create a model point corresponding to node 661 as follows: choose Definitions

Model PointNode, add node point name N661, set the Node Number to 661 and click OK.
Let=s plot the pressure at node 661 as a function of time. Click the Clear icon , then
choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). In the Define Response Curve (Model Point)
dialog box, set the Y Variable to (Stress:FE_PRESSURE), set the Y Smoothing Technique to
AVERAGED and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure
on the next page.
Now let=s do a Fourier analysis of the steady-state response. From the graph, we are close to
steady-state by time 2.5  104 , so we choose as a time interval 2.5  104 to 7.5  104 . Click
the Clear icon , then choose GraphFourier Analysis. To set the time interval, click the
... button to the right of the Response Range field, make sure that the Response Range name is
DEFAULT, set the Start Time field to 2.5E-4 and click OK to close the Define Response
Range Depiction dialog box. In the Fourier Analysis dialog box, set the Variable to
(Stress:FE_PRESSURE), set the Smoothing Technique to AVERAGED and click OK. The
graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.
The Fourier analysis is consistent with the nearly sinusoidal time history.
15-14 ADINA Primer

RESPONSE GRAPH
30.
FE_PRESSURE,
N661
20.
10.
FE_PRESSURE, N661
0.
-10.
-20.
-30.
-40.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
-4
*10
TIME
Fourier analysis
30.
FE_PRESSURE,
point N661
25.
20.
Amplitude
15.
10.
5.
0.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
4
*10
Frequency (cycles/unit time)
We want to examine the numerical values in the graph. Choose GraphList. The amplitude
at frequency 1.0000E+04 should be 2.98335E+01, which is close to the analytical pressure of
30.84 at r = 0.1 m.

15-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M/PS
Problem description
It is desired to analyze the shaft-shaft intersection shown using a 3D finite element mesh:
Displacement load
applied over this
area
0.01 radius
0.0015 radius
Material properties:
E = 2.07 ´ 1011 N/m2
0.06 n = 0.29
0.08
All dimensions in meters
0.004 radius Prescribed

0.02 displacement
0.002
radius of 0.001 m
fillet 0.0075 radius
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.004 radius
This end fixed

Shaft-shaft intersection dimensions
and loading
The purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate the usage of ADINA-M/PS (the ADINA
Modeler based on the Parasolid geometry kernel).
• Construction of solid geometry using ADINA-M/PS

• Using the geometry discretization controls during meshing
• Definition of a zone using the mouse
• Plotting color shaded images
• Defining an isosurface during post-processing
• Modifying the band table range of a band plot

Before you begin
Note that you must have an ADINA-M/PS license to do this problem. In addition you need to
allocate at least 40 MB of memory to the AUI.
This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because
there are too many nodes in the model.
shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M/PS” and click OK.
Vertical shaft: Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 1, set the Type to Cylinder, the
Radius to 0.01, the Length to 0.08, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 0.04), the Axis to Z and
click Save.
Horizontal shaft: Add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 0.0075, the Length to
0.08, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.04, 0.04), the Axis to Y and click OK.
When you click the Wire Frame icon , the graphics window should look something like
16-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Merging the shafts: Click the Boolean Operator icon , make sure that the Operator Type is
Merge and that the Target Body is 1, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Fillet: Click the Body Modifier icon , make sure that the Modifier Type is Blend, make
sure that the Target Body is 1 and set the First Radius to 0.002. Then enter edges 7 and 8 in
the first two rows of the table and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
16-4 ADINA Primer

Area on which displacement is applied: To define the area on which displacements are
applied, we create a cylinder and use the cylinder to create an imprinted face on the shaft
body. Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to
0.0015, the Length to 0.01, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.06, 0.045), the Axis to Z and click
OK. Now click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the
Target Body to 2, check the “Keep the Subtracting Bodies” button, enter 1 in the first row of
the table and click OK.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Now we make the imprint. Click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to
Subtract, make sure that the Target Body is 1, check the “Keep the Imprinted Edges Created
by the Subtraction” button, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Holes: Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to
0.004, the Length to 0.025, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 0.02), make sure that the Axis is X
and click Save. Now add body 3, make sure that the Type is Cylinder, set the Radius to
0.004, the Length to 0.025, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 0.06), make sure that the Axis is X
and click OK.
Now click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, make sure that
the Target Body is 1, enter 2, 3 in the first two rows of the table and click OK.
16-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y

This completes the geometry definition. To make a color-shaded image of the geometry, click
the Shading icon . The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Click the Wire Frame icon to display the geometry with dashed hidden lines.
Specifying boundary conditions, loads and the material
Fixities: Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the “Apply to” field to Face/Surface, enter 5, 1
in the first row of the table and click OK.
Loads: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Displacement dialog
box, add displacement 1, set the Z Translation to -0.001 and click OK. In the Apply Load
dialog box, set the “Apply To” field to Face, then, in the first row of the table, set the Face #
to 1 and the Body # to 1, and, in the second row of the table, set the Face # to 2 and the Body
# to 1. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
16-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
0.001000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
to 2.07E11, the Poisson's ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage
Material Definitions dialog box.
Meshing
Subdivision data: We will specify a uniform element size throughout most of the ADINA-M
geometry and a finer mesh near the fillet. The fillet element size will be controlled by the
element size on geometry faces 10 and 11.
Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, set the “Subdivision Mode” to “Use

Length”, set the Element Edge Length to 0.006 and click OK. Now click the Subdivide Faces
icon , select face 10, set the Element Edge Length to 0.0012, enter 11 in the first row of

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
0.001000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Meshing: First, click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon (we do not want to see dashed
hidden lines in the elements that we generate). Now click the Mesh Bodies icon , click
the + button to the right of the Element Group text, set the Body # to 1 in the first row of the
table, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the
next page.
This mesh is acceptable, but we would prefer a mesh with a smoother transition between the
fillet and the rest of the mesh.
Deleting the mesh and remeshing: Click the Delete Mesh/Elements icon , set the “Delete
Elements” field to “On Bodies” if necessary, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Now choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, set the “Subdivision Mode” to
“Use Length”, set the Element Edge Length to 0.006 and click OK.
This time, when we remesh, we use the geometry discretization controls. Click the Mesh
Bodies icon , click the Tetrahedral tab, set the “Geometry Discretization Error” to 0.08,
and the “Minimum Size of Element Allowed” to 0.0001. Now click the Advanced tab, set the
“Boundary Meth” to Delaunay, the Body # to 1 in the first row of the table, and click OK.
16-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
0.001000
B B
B B
BB B
B B B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
0.001000
B B
B B
B B B U U U
B B B 1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Notice that all curved boundaries are refined. The fillet has smaller elements because its
curvature is greater.

Plotting the effective stresses
Click the Quick Band Plot icon . Note that the largest effective stress occurs at the point
of load application. As we are only interested in the stresses near the fillet, we now plot only
the region near the fillet. We do this by defining a zone as those elements in a box that
contains the fillet.
Click the Change Zone icon and click the ... button to the right of the Zone Name field.
Add zone BOX and double-click in one of the rows of the table. If the “Change Zone of
Mesh Plot” dialog box is covering up the mesh plot, move the dialog box out of the way. Use
the mouse to create a rubber-band box that includes the shaft-shaft intersection, as shown:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE
1.787E+10 STRESS
EG 1, EL 13885, IPT 4 (1.058E+10) RST CALC
MINIMUM TIME 1.000
20668.
EG 1, EL 1395, IPT 2 (17601.)
1.625E+10
1.375E+10
1.125E+10
Define this 8.750E+09
rubber-band 6.250E+09
box using the 3.750E+09
mouse
1.250E+09
The elements within the rubber-band box become highlighted.
16-12 ADINA Primer

Press the Esc key to return to the Define Zone dialog box. Notice that the table is now filled
in. Click OK to close the Define Zone dialog box. In the Change Zone dialog box, set the
Zone Name to BOX if necessary and click OK.
Use the mouse to rotate the mesh until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
1.733E+09
1.467E+09
1.200E+09
9.333E+08
6.667E+08
4.000E+08
1.333E+08
MAXIMUM
1.889E+09
EG 1, EL 5128, IPT 5 (1.562E+09)
MINIMUM
157498.
EG 1, EL 5755, IPT 3 (1428473.)
Your results may be slightly different than ours because free-form meshing produces slightly
different meshes on different computers.
We are interested in effective stresses above a certain threshold, and we can view these
effective stresses with an isosurface. Click the Clear Band Plot icon . In the Model Tree,
expand the Zone entry, right click WHOLE_MODEL and choose Display. Click the Cut
Surface icon and set the Type to Isosurface. In the Isosurface Variable field, set the
Variable to (Stress: EFFECTIVE_STRESS) and set the Threshold Value to 5E+08. In the
Mesh Display box, set “Above the Isosurface” to “Display as Usual”. Click OK to exit the
Define Cutsurface Depiction dialog box.
Click the Model Outline icon . Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the
Rendering... button and set the Element Face Angle to 50. Click OK twice to exit both dialog
boxes.

Click the Quick Band Plot icon to plot the effective stresses, and then click the Modify
Band Plot icon and click the Band Table... button. In the Value Range field, set the
Maximum to 9E+08 and the Minimum to 1E+08. Click OK twice to exit both dialog boxes.
TIME 1.000 ISOSURFACE Z

EFFECTIVE
STRESS
THRESHOLD 5.000E+08 X Y
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE
1.787E+10 STRESS
EG 1, EL 13888, IPT 4 (1.058E+10)
RST CALC
MINIMUM
TIME 1.000
1.928E+08
EG 1, EL 12214, IPT 4 (2.229E+08)
8.400E+08
7.200E+08
6.000E+08
4.800E+08
3.600E+08
2.400E+08
1.200E+08
Exiting the AUI: Choose FileExit (you can discard all changes).
16-14 ADINA Primer

Problem 17: Analysis of a cracked body with ADINA-M/PS
Problem description
It is desired to analyze the cracked body shown using a 3D finite element mesh:
30
Top view
50 radius
5
E = 2.07 ´ 10 N/mm2
n = 0.29
30
All dimensions in mm
Crack front line
35 radius
30 radius
Front view
50 106 N vertical load

applied to top holes
27.5
100
27.5 Crack front line
Bottom holes fixed
Cracked body dimensions

We use ADINA-M to create a mesh suitable for fracture mechanics analysis.
The arrangements of bodies used in this model are shown in the following figure. This figure
shows a section through the model. The faces of the cracked area are shown slightly
separated, but this is just to visually show the cracked area. In the model, the faces of the
cracked area are initially coincident.
B1 B1
B2 B2
B3 B3
30
35
40
B2, B3 are bodies containing the crack Not drawn to scale.

B1 is the body for the rest of the model. Holes in rest of model not shown.
Notice that the cracked area is entirely surrounded by bodies B2, B3.
The ADINA-M/PS (ADINA-M using the Parasolid geometry kernel) geometry modeler is
used in this analysis. (The ADINA-M/OC geometry modeler cannot be used, because some of
the body operations used in this problem are not available using ADINA-M/OC.)
In the fracture mechanics analysis, we calculate the stress intensity factors K I , K III at various
stations along the crack front. Actual crack propagation is not considered. The SVS method
of virtual crack extension is used.
17-2 ADINA Primer

For the theory used in fracture mechanics, see Chapter 10 of the ADINA Structures Theory
and Modeling Guide.
• Projecting a line onto body faces

• Linking faces of ADINA-M/PS geometry
• Defining constraint sets
• Generating free-form meshes with 27-node hexahedral elements
• Splitting meshes
• Creating CRACK-SVS definitions
• Using cutting planes to examine the mesh and the results
• Using the fracture mechanics analysis features.
Before you begin
Note that you must have a version of the AUI that includes the ADINA-M/PS geometry
modeler. In addition you need to allocate at least 80 MB of memory to the AUI.
model contains more than 900 nodes.
cracked body with ADINA-M/PS” and click OK.
Overview of geometry definition
The SVS method of virtual crack extension allows the mesh to be unstructured (free-form)
adjacent to the crack front. This has the advantage that fewer steps need to be used in creating
the mesh, as compared to the number of steps needed to create a structured mesh.
Before proceeding with the geometry definition, we outline with sketches the steps used. You
may want to refer to these steps when working through this problem.

Step 1) Define geometry without crack.
B = body
B1
z
x y
Pipe body created Top holes created Bottom holes created
Step 2) Create crack bodies (bodies that will contain the crack).
B1 B1
B2 B2
B3 B3
B2
B3
Isometric view of bodies 2 and 3 Section view of bodies 1, 2, 3,

bodies 2 and 3 overlap body 1,
not to scale
Step 3) Subtract crack bodies from the body created in step 1.
B1 B1
B2 B2
B3 B3
17-4 ADINA Primer

Step 4) Create the crack front line by projecting a line onto faces in the crack bodies.
Before projection:
Line 101
Projection direction
Line 101
B2 B2
F4 F4
F3 F3
B2 B3 B3
B3
Isometric view Section view
After projection:
B2 B2
F1 F5 F5 F1
F4 F1 F1 F4
B3 B3
Step 5) Create compatible faces on B1, by subtracting B2 from B1
Before subtraction, notice that F17 of B1 is not compatible with F3 of B2 and F3 of B3, also
F19 of B1 is not compatible with F6 of B2 and F6 of B3.

B1 B1
F4 F4
F6 B2 B2F3
F1 F5 F5 F1 F17
F19
F4 F1 F1 F4
F6 B3 B3 F3
F5 F5
Section view of B1, B2, B3
After subtraction, F1 of B1 is compatible with F3 of B2, F2 of B1 is compatible with F6 of

B2, etc.
B1 B1
F4 F4
F2 F6 B2 B2 F3 F1
F1 F5 F5 F1
F4 F1 F1 F4
F21 F6 B3 B3 F3 F19
F5 F5
Overview of crack definition
In this model, we use the mesh split feature to create duplicate nodes on the cracked faces.
Step 1) Split the meshes on B2 and B3, to create duplicate nodes on F5 of B2 and F1 of B3.
Before mesh split:
Mesh on B2
Mesh on B3
17-6 ADINA Primer

After mesh split:
Duplicate nodes separated in this figure for clarity,

in actual mesh, duplicate nodes overlap
Step 2) Create the CRACK-SVS definition
The crack front line and crack advance stations are shown in the following figure:
Crack front line,

crack front is closed
x y
c
Crack front coordinate s
a
b Crack front
coordinate
Crack advance station 1 = system
Crack advance station 37
Crack advance stations equally
Crack advance station 2 spaced every 10 degrees
In this case, we want the crack front coordinate direction c to coincide with the tangential
direction, as shown. This means that the binormal direction b must point downwards.
The radial domains used in the CRACK-SVS definition are shown in the following figure:
Radial domain 3,
radius 5 mm
Radial domain 2
Radial domain 1

Defining geometry, step 1: Define geometry without crack
Pipe: Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 1, set the Type to Pipe, the Outer Radius to
50, the Thickness to 20, the Length to 100, make sure that the Center Position is (0.0, 0.0,
0.0), set the Axis to Z and click Save. (We do not want to close the dialog box yet.)
Creation of holes: To make the first set of holes, we create a cylinder and subtract it from the
pipe body. Add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 15, the Length to 150, the
Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, 27.5), make sure that the Axis is X and click OK.
Now click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target
Body to 1, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK.
We make the second set of holes in a similar way. Click the Define Bodies icon , add
body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 15, the Length to 150, the Center Position to
(0.0, 0.0, -27.5), the Axis to Y and click OK.
Now click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target
Body to 1, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the Wire Frame
icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
17-8 ADINA Primer

Defining geometry, step 2: Create crack bodies (bodies that will contain the crack)
Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 2, set the Type to Pipe, the Outer Radius to 40,
the Thickness to 10, the Length to 5, set the Center Position is (0.0, 0.0, 2.5), set the Axis to Z
and click Save. Now add body 3, set the Type to Pipe, the Outer Radius to 40, the Thickness
to 10, the Length to 5, the Center Position to (0.0, 0.0, -2.5), set the Axis to Z and click OK.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
All three geometry bodies are shown in the graphics window. Now, in the Model Tree,
expand the Zone entry, highlight 2. GB2 and 3. GB3, then right-click and choose Display.
To show all of the geometry bodies again, in the Model Tree, right-click 4.
WHOLE_MODEL and choose Display.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Defining geometry, step 3: Subtract crack bodies from the body created in step 1
Click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target Body
to 1, check the Keep the Subtracting Bodies button, enter 2, 3 in the first two rows of the table
and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next
page.
Now, in the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right-click on 1. GB1 and choose Display.
17-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y

Defining geometry, step 4: Create the crack front line by projecting a line onto faces in
the crack bodies
We need to create a geometry line that we can project onto the crack bodies in order to create
the crack front line. Click the Define Points icon and notice that less than 100 points are
defined. In the first empty row of the table, add point 101 with coordinate (35, 0, 60) and
click OK. This point is not displayed because we are still displaying only geometry body 1.
In the Model Tree, right-click 4. WHOLE_MODEL and choose Display. Now point 101 is
displayed, as shown in the following figure.
TIME 1.000 Z
Geometry point 101 X Y
Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Revolved, the Initial Point to 101,
the Angle of Rotation to 360, the Axis to Z and click OK. The graphics window should look
17-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
Geometry line 1
X Y
Now click the Body Modifier icon , set the Modifier Type to Project, the Face to 4, the
Body to 2, uncheck the 'Delete Lines after Projection' button, enter 1 in the first row of the
table and click Save. Now make sure that the Modifier Type is set to Project, set the Face to
3, the Body to 3, check the 'Delete Lines after Projection' button, enter 1 in the first row of
To verify that the crack front line is created, in the Model Tree, right-click 2. GB2 and choose
Display. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.
Now, in the Model Tree, right-click 3. GB3 and choose Display. The graphics window
should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Edge corresponding to crack front line
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Edge corresponding to crack front line
The faces of bodies 2 and 3 have been split by line 1 in order to form the crack front line.
17-14 ADINA Primer

Defining geometry, step 5: Create compatible faces on B1, by subtracting B2 from B1
Click the Boolean Operator icon , set the Operator Type to Subtract, set the Target Body
to 1, check the 'Keep the Subtracting Bodies' and the 'Keep the Imprinted Edges Created by
the Subtraction' buttons, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK. In the Model Tree,
right-click 1. GB1 and choose Display. The graphics window should look something like
this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Click the Surface/Face Labels icon and use the Zoom icon and the mouse to enlarge
the plot. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
You should be able to use the Query icon to highlight each of the newly created faces on
body 1: faces 1, 2, 19, 21. Click the Unzoom All icon to return to the previous view.
Linking adjacent body faces
Face links: Choose GeometryFacesFace Link, add face link 1, set the “Type” to “Links
for All Faces/Surfaces” and click OK. The AUI displays a warning message "Face 1 of body
2 and face 1 of body 3 cannot be linked..." This message is OK because the listed faces are
not adjacent to each other. Click OK to close the warning message.
Also note that the AUI writes the message “8 face-links are created” to the bottom of the
Message Window.

F3
F11
F7
F9
F13
F2
F21
F22 F4
F20 Labels for faces 1 and 19

F18
F14
F17
F1
F5 F19
F6
F8 F15
F10
Specifying the fixed boundaries
In order to define the fixed boundaries, we need to know some of the face numbers on body 1.
The following figure shows the faces that need to be fixed.
z
F17 x y
F18
F16
F15
17-16 ADINA Primer

Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the “Apply to” field to Face/Surface, enter the following
information and click OK.
Face/Surface Body #
15 1
16 1
17 1
18 1
Specifying the loads
We constrain the faces upon which we apply the forces to points, then we apply the forces to
the points. The following figure shows the faces and points:
P21
F12
F11
P22
F13
z
F14
x y
Faces 11 and 12 are constrained to point 21.

Faces 13 and 14 are constrained to point 22.

Constraint equations:. Choose ModelConstraintsConstraint Equations, define the

following constraint sets and click OK.
Constraint Entity Entity Body Slave Master Point # Master

Set Type # # DOF Entity DOF
Type
1 Face 11 1 Z-Trans Point 21 Z-Trans
(we abbreviate Z-Translation by Z-Trans in this table)
dialog box, add force 1, set the Magnitude to 5E5, the Direction to (0, 0, 1) and click OK. In
the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the “Apply to” field is set to Point. In the first two
rows of the table, set the Point # to 21 and 22 respectively, then click OK to close the dialog
box.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
500000.
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
17-18 ADINA Primer

2.07E5, the Poisson’s ratio to 0.29 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material
Defining the element groups
Although one element group could have been used in this model, we use two element groups
instead , one element group for the crack bodies, and another element group for the rest of the
model.
Element group definition: Click the Element Groups icon , add group number 1, set the
Type to 3-D Solid and click Save. Then add group number 2, make sure that the Type is 3-D
Solid and click OK.
Subdividing the bodies
We will specify a uniform element size in geometry body 1 and a smaller uniform element
size in the crack bodies (2 and 3). Click the Subdivide Bodies icon , make sure that the
Body # is set to 1, set the Element Edge Length to 8 and click Save. Then set the Body # to 2,
set the Element Edge Length to 3, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Meshing
First click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon so that we don't see the dashed hidden
lines in the mesh. Also in the Model Tree, right-click 7. WHOLE_MODEL and choose
Display.
Click the Mesh Bodies icon , set the Element Group to 1 and set the Nodes per Element to
27. Now click the Advanced tab, set the “Int. Angle Deviation” to 40, “Even Subdivisions
on” to “Every Edge on Linked Faces” and “Mid-Face Nodes” to “Mid-point on Diagonal of
Quad Face”. Set the first two rows of the table to 2, 3 and click OK. You can ignore and
close the Warning dialog box that appears. The graphics window should look something like
Click the Mesh Bodies icon , make sure that the Element Group is set to 2 and set the
Nodes per Element to 27. Now click the Advanced tab, set the “Int. Angle Deviation” to 40,
“Even Subdivisions on” to “Every Edge on Linked Faces” and “Mid-Face Nodes” to “Mid-
point on Diagonal of Quad Face”. Set the first row of the table to 1 and click OK. The

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
500000.
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
B BB
BBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBB
BB B
BBBBBBBBB PRESCRIBED
B BB BBB FORCE
B BB
B TIME 1.000
BBB
BB 500000.
BBBBB BB
BB BB BBB
BBBBB BBBB
B BB BBBB
B
B BBBBBBB
B BBBBB BB
BBBBBB
BBB
CCC
C
CCCCCC
C CCCCC C
CCCCCCCCC
C C CC
C
CCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCC
C
CCCC CC
CCCC
CC
CC
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B C
C - - - - - -
17-20 ADINA Primer

Crack definition, step 1: Split the meshes on B2 and B3
In the Model Tree, right-click 2. EG1 and choose Display. Click the Boundary Plot icon
to hide the boundary conditions. Then use the Pick icon and the mouse to enlarge the
mesh. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Now click the Shading icon , the Cull Front Faces icon and the No Mesh Lines icon
. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.
No incompatibilities can be seen in the mesh.
Now choose MeshingNodesSplit Mesh, set 'Split Interface Defined By' to

'Surfaces/Faces', make sure that 'At Boundary of Interface' is set to 'Split Only Nodes on
External Boundary', enter the following information in the table and click OK.
Face/Surface Body #
5 2
1 3
Now use the Pick icon and the mouse to rotate the mesh plot until the graphics window
looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Faces with duplicate nodes are visible
The cracked faces (with duplicate nodes) are visible in the plot.
17-22 ADINA Primer

Crack definition, step 2: Create the CRACK-SVS definition
Fracture control: Choose ModelFractureFracture Control, check the Fracture Analysis

field, set the Dimension to 3-D Crack, set the Method to 'Virtual Crack Extension (SVS)' and
click OK.
CRACK-SVS definition: Choose ModelFracture3-D SVS Crack and add Crack Number
1. In the Crack Advance Stations box, set the 'Option' to 'Equally Spaced at Number of
Locations' and set the 'Number of Crack Advance Stations' to 37. In the Radial Domains box,
set the 'Maximum Outer Radius' to 5 and the 'Number of Domains' to 3. Set the 'Binormal
Direction of Crack Front' to 'Down'. In the Closed Crack Front box, set 'Starts At' to 'Node
Closest to Given Coordinate' and the Coordinate to (35, 0, 0). Then make sure that 'Side' is
set to Top, enter 5, 2 in the first row of the table, then set 'Side' to Bottom, and enter 1, 3 in
the first row of the table. Then click OK.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
The symbol is plotted for each virtual shift. This symbol is interpreted as shown in the

Position of crack advance station

on crack front
Direction of
virtual shift,
a direction
Domain radius
There are 37 crack advance stations and three radial domains, for a total of 111 virtual shifts.
You can use the Query icon to click on each virtual shift symbol, to determine the crack
advance station number, radial domain number and virtual shift number for the virtual shift.
Plotting the deformed mesh
We need to magnify the plotted displacements. Click the Scale Displacements icon . The
displacement magnification factor appears to be too large for this model, so we will reduce it.
Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon and click the Model Depiction… button. Set the
“Magnification Factor” to 40 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Now click the Shading icon . The graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page.
17-24 ADINA Primer

X Y
Determining the maximum displacement
Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set Variable 1 to (Displacement:Z-DISPLACEMENT)

and click Apply. The AUI reports that the maximum Z-displacement is 1.57003E-01 (mm) at
node 12631 (your node number may be different, but the Z-displacement should be very close
to ours). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Plotting the element groups in different colors
In the remaining mesh plots, we do not want to view the constraint equations. Choose
DisplayGeometry/Mesh PlotDefine Style, set the Constraint Depiction to OFF and click
OK. Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon . Notice that the constraint
equation lines are not displayed. Now click the Cut Surface icon , set the Type to Cutting
Plane, the “Below the Cutplane” field to “Display as Usual”, the “Above the Cutplane” field
to “Do not Display” and click OK.
Click the Color Element Groups icon . The graphics window should look something like

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Click the Color Element Groups icon to turn off the element group colors.
Examining the meshing near the crack front line
Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon . In the Model Tree, expand the Zone
keyword, right click on 2. EG1 and choose Display.
Let=s magnify the displacements so that we can see the crack opening under the load. Click
the Scale Displacements icon . The graphics window should look something like the top
Let's plot just the elements in element group 1 that are below the crack. Click the Split Zone
icon . In the Split Zone dialog box, click the ... button to the right of the 'With Cutting
Plane' field. In the Define Cutsurface Depiction dialog box, set 'Defined by' to Z-Plane, the
Coordinate Value to 0.01 and click OK. In the Split Zone dialog box, set 'Consider Only
Elements in Zone' to EG1, set the field 'Place Elements Below Cutting Plane into Zone' to
BELOW (you need to type this word, the case doesn't matter), and click OK.
In the Model Tree, right click on 2. BELOW and choose Display. Then click the Node
Symbols icon and the Scale Displacements icon (to unscale the displacements). The
17-26 ADINA Primer

X Y
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
The thick blue line represents the crack front.

Now use the Zoom icon to zoom into the graphics window. The graphics window should
Observe that the crack advance stations do not coincide with nodes. Also observe that the
nodes are not shifted to the quarter-points near the crack front.
Graphing the stress intensity factors
The following diagram shows the crack front as viewed from above. The crack advance
stations and the crack front coordinate are displayed.
y s Crack advance station 2

q
x Crack advance stations 1, 37
Crack advance station 36
17-28 ADINA Primer

Notice that crack advance stations 1 and 37 are at the same position.
Clearly
s
 (in degrees)  360
length of crack front line
We can define a resultant that gives the angle for each virtual shift. Choose Definitions
VariableResultant, add Resultant Name ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT, define it as
360*<SVS_CRACK_FRONT_DISTANCE>/<SVS_CRACK_FRONT_LENGTH>
and click OK.
Now choose DefinitionsModel LineVirtual Shift, and add Model Line

RADIAL_DOMAIN_1. Click the Auto... button, edit the table as follows and click Save (do
not close the dialog box yet).
Virtual Shift # Crack # Radial Domain # Advance Station # Factor

From 1 1 1
Step
To 1 1 37
Now add Model Line RADIAL_DOMAIN_2, click the Auto... button, edit the table as
follows and click Save (do not close the dialog box yet).

From 1 2 1
Step
To 1 2 37
Finally add Model Line RADIAL_DOMAIN_3, click the Auto... button, edit the table as
follows and click OK.

From 1 3 1
Step
To 1 3 37

Now we graph the stress intensity factor K I along the crack front line. Click the Clear icon
, choose GraphResponse CurveModel Line), make sure that the Model Line Name is
set to RADIAL_DOMAIN_1, set the X Coordinate to (User Defined:
ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT), the Y Coordinate to (Fracture: K-I) and click Apply. Set
the Model Line Name to RADIAL_DOMAIN_2, the X Coordinate to (User Defined:
ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT), the Y Coordinate to (Fracture: K-I), the Plot Name to
PREVIOUS and click Apply. Finally set the Model Line Name to RADIAL_DOMAIN_3,
the X Coordinate to (User Defined: ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT), the Y Coordinate to
(Fracture: K-I), the Plot Name to PREVIOUS and click OK. The graphics window should
LINE GRAPH
16.
Line RADIAL_DOMAIN_1
15.
14.
13.
2
K-I
*10
12.
11.
10.
9.
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400.
ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT
The results change very little between radial domains 2 and 3.
Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the list. The value of K-I for angle
3.60000E+02 (degrees) should be around 1.59389E+03 MPa- mm . Your results might be
slightly different due to free meshing.
Let's repeat this procedure to determine the stress intensity factor K III along the crack front
line . Click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse CurveModel Line), make sure
that the Model Line Name is set to RADIAL_DOMAIN_1, set the X Coordinate to (User
Defined: ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT), the Y Coordinate to (Fracture: K-III) and click
Apply. Set the Model Line Name to RADIAL_DOMAIN_2, the X Coordinate to (User
Defined: ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT), the Y Coordinate to (Fracture: K-III), the Plot
17-30 ADINA Primer

Name to PREVIOUS and click Apply. Finally set the Model Line Name to
RADIAL_DOMAIN_3, the X Coordinate to (User Defined:
ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT), the Y Coordinate to (Fracture: K-III), the Plot Name to
PREVIOUS and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
LINE GRAPH
6.
4.
2.
K-III
2
0.
*10
-2.
-4.
-6.
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400.
ANGLE_ON_CRACK_FRONT
Again, the results change very little between radial domains 2 and 3. Evidently the crack front
is subjected to some out-of-plane shear due to the non-axisymmetry of the loads. Choose
GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the list. The value of K-III for angle 3.20000E+02
(degrees) should be around -5.21441E+02 MPa- mm .
Notes
1) It is possible to solve this problem using a structured (mapped) mesh adjacent to the crack
front. The CRACK-M features of ADINA-M can be used to create a mapped mesh.
2) The accuracy of the solution from a structured mesh, such as that created using the
CRACK-M features, can be expected to be higher than the accuracy of the solution from the
unstructured mesh used in this problem, considering meshes in which the same numbers of
nodes and elements are used. However, it is more difficult to set up a structured mesh, and in
practice, a structured mesh might be set up using batch files and the command-line input.

3) In the meshing for this problem, although 27-node hexahedral elements are specified in the
input, a mixture of 27-node hexahedral elements and 10-node tetrahedral elements is
generated.
4) For an unstructured mesh, shifting the nodes to the quarter-points can cause the elements to
become overdistorted. Therefore the nodes are not shifted to the quarter-points in this
CRACK-SVS definition.
5) The stress intensity factor K II can also be graphed, but its value is negligible compared to
the other stress intensity factors.
17-32 ADINA Primer

Problem 18: Fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel
Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and the deformation of a very thin flexible structure within a
two-dimensional channel, as shown:
500
30
Normal traction 15 40
0.04 dyne/cm2
0.05
Fluid: Structure:
m = 1.7 ´ 10-4 g/cm-s Elastic material:
r = 0.001 g/cm3 E = 1 ´ 106 dyne/cm2
All lengths in cm n = 0.3
In this problem solution, we use a fluid model for the fluid in the channel and a solid model
for the structure. The fluid model is entered as an ADINA CFD model and the solid model is
entered as an ADINA Structures model; however the analysis itself is performed as a fully
coupled analysis using ADINA-FSI.
• Performing a fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) analysis in which separate AUI databases are

used for the solid and fluid models.
• Plotting a model using stretch factors.
• Defining leader-follower points.
• Resizing element vectors with the mouse.
Before you begin
ADINA R&D, Inc. 18-1

ADINA Structures model

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 18: Fluid flow over
a flexible structure in a channel, ADINA Structures input” and click OK.
FSI analysis: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with CFD".
Analysis assumptions: We anticipate that the structural displacements will be large, but that
the strains will be small. Choose ControlAnalysis AssumptionsKinematics, set the
“Displacements/Rotations” field to Large and click OK. (Note: the strains will be small
because the structure is so thin.)
Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the ADINA Structures model:
P1
L1 L3
(not drawn to scale)
S1
P2 P3
L2
table (remember to leave the X1 column blank) and click OK.
Point # X2 X3
1 30.025 15.0
2 30.0 0.0
3 30.05 0.0
18-2 ADINA Primer

Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon , enter the following surface and click
OK.
Surface # Type Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

1 Vertex 1 2 3 1
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Defining the boundary conditions
Fixities: We will fix the bottom line of the structure. Click the Apply Fixity icon , change
the “Apply to” option to Edge/Line, enter 2 in the first row and column of the table and click
OK.
Fluid-structure boundaries: Lines 1 and 3 are fluid-structure boundaries. Choose Model

Boundary ConditionsFSI Boundary, add FSI boundary number 1, enter 1, 3 in the first two
rows of the table and click OK.

this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
U U U
B 1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young’s Modulus to 1E6,
the Poisson’s Ratio to 0.3 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material
Solid, the Element Sub-Type to Plane Strain and click OK.
Subdivision data: We will use a 5  1 mesh, so we assign 5 subdivisions to lines 1 and 3.

Click the Subdivide Lines icon , select line 1, set the Number of Subdivisions to 5, enter 3
in the first row of the table and click OK.
Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , check the “Triangular Surfaces
Treated as Degenerate” button, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK.
18-4 ADINA Primer

It’s difficult to see the elements because the model is so thin. We will plot the model using a
stretch factor. To do this, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the View… button, set
the X Stretch factor to 100.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics
TIME 1.000
Z
X Y
B B B U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B
B - - - - - -
Generating the ADINA Structures data file, saving the database
Solution button and click Save. Now click the Save icon and save the database to file
prob18_a.
ADINA CFD model
Click the New icon to create a new database. Set the Program Module drop-down list to
ADINA CFD.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 18: Fluid flow over
a structure in a channel, ADINA CFD model” and click OK.

FSI analysis: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with Structures".
Plane), uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button and click OK.
Time steps and time function: In this model, we will apply the normal traction in 70 steps.
Choose ControlTime Step, set the number of steps to 70 in the first row of the table and
click OK. Now choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK.
Time Value
0 0.0
1 0.0001
2 0.0003
3 0.0008
20 0.0024
30 0.0044
40 0.01
70 0.04
Defining the model geometry
Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the ADINA CFD model.
P3 L5 P2 L1 P1
L6 S2 S1
P6 P5 P4
L11 S4 L13 L8 S3
P10 L12 P9 P8 L9 P7
18-6 ADINA Primer

Click the Define Points icon , enter the points given in the following table (you can leave
Point # X2 X3
1 500 40
2 30.025 40
3 0 40
4 500 15
5 30.025 15
6 0 15
7 500 0
8 30.05 0
9 30 0
10 0 0
Now click the Define Surfaces icon , define the following surfaces and click OK.

Number
1 Vertex 1 2 5 4
2 Vertex 2 3 6 5
3 Vertex 4 5 8 7
4 Vertex 5 6 10 9
Defining material properties
Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 1.7E-4, the Density to 0.001 and click
OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Defining the boundary conditions and loading
Wall boundary conditions: We will apply no-slip wall boundary conditions on the channel
upper and lower walls. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special
boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Enter 1, 5, 9 and 12 in the first four
rows of the Line # table. Click OK to close the Special Boundary Condition dialog box.

TIME 70.00 Z
X Y
FSI boundary conditions: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special
boundary condition 2, set the Type to Fluid-Structure Interface and make sure that the Fluid-
Structure Boundary # is 1. Enter 8 and 13 in the first two rows of the Line # table. Click OK
to close the Special Boundary Condition dialog box.
Loading: We will apply a normal-traction at the channel inlet. Click the Apply Load icon
, set the Load Type to Normal Traction and click the Define... button to the right of the
Load Number field. In the Define Normal Traction dialog box, add Normal Traction 1, set the
Magnitude to 1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box,
in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 6 and 11 respectively, then click OK.
Defining leader-follower relationships
To keep good mesh quality, we want point 2 to move along the channel wall following point
5. Choose MeshingALE Mesh ConstraintsLeader-Follower. In the first row of the table,
set the Label # to 1, the Leader Point # to 5, the Follower Point # to 2 and click OK.
18-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 70.00 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 70.00
0.04000
C C
B
C C
V V P
2 3
B
C
WAL FSI
B - 2
C 1 -
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 1, make sure that the
Type is 2-D Fluid, set the Sub-Type to Planar and click OK.
Subdivision data: We will set the subdivisions of the surfaces explicitly. Click the Subdivide
Surfaces icon , set the subdivision data for each surface as shown in the following table
and click OK.
Surface Number of Number of Length Ratio of Length Ratio of

Number Subdivisions, u Subdivisions, v Element Edges, u Element Edges, v
1 50 11 4 1
2 10 11 1 1
3 50 6 4 1
4 10 6 1 1

TIME 70.00 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 70.00
0.04000
C C
B
C C
V V P
2 3
B
C
WAL FSI
B - 2
C 1 -
Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first four rows
of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 70.00 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 70.00
0.04000
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
C C
B
B
B
B
B
CCCCCCCCCCB
DCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
B
C C
V V P
2 3
B
C
D
WAL FSI
B - 2
C 1 -
D 1 2
18-10 ADINA Primer

Notice that there are six fluid elements along each structural boundary, but only five solid
elements in the structure. Also the fluid elements are 4-node elements and the solid elements
are 9-node elements.
Generating the ADINA CFD data file, saving the ADINA-IN database
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob18_f, make sure that the Run
Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Save the database file to file prob18_f.
Running ADINA-FSI
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob18_f, then hold
down the Ctrl key and select file prob18_a. The File name field should display both file
names in quotes. Then click Start. When ADINA-FSI finishes, close all open dialog boxes.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes),
click the Open icon and open porthole file prob18_f. Then click the Open icon and
open porthole file prob18_a.
Mesh motion: Use the Zoom icon and the mouse to enlarge the left end of the model.
Use the icons that change the solution time (Previous Solution icon , Next Solution icon
, Fast Rewind icon , Fast Forward icon , First Solution icon and Last

Solution icon ) to study in detail how the mesh moves. Notice that the vertical element
boundaries in the fluid above the structure remain vertical. They remain vertical because we
defined a leader-follower relationship between geometry points 5 and 2. When you are
finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon to display the last solution, then
click the Unzoom All icon .
Velocity vectors: Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Load Plot icon to
display the loads. Now click the Quick Vector Plot icon . The AUI shows the velocities
in the fluid and the stresses in the structure. To remove the stresses in the structure, click the
Modify Vector Plot icon , verify that the Vector Quantity is Stress, click the Delete button
and click Yes to answer the prompt, then click OK to close the dialog box. Use the Pick icon
and the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the graphics window looks something like
this:
TIME 70.00 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED VELOCITY
NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 70.00
TIME 70.00
18.99
0.04000
17.50
15.00
12.50
10.00
7.50
5.00
2.50
Use the icons that change the solution time to study in detail how the velocities change as the
load is increased. For small loads (at time 1.0, for example), the recirculation region is short
and, as the load is increased, the recirculation region becomes longer. When you are finished
using these icons, click the Last Solution icon to display the last solution.
18-12 ADINA Primer

It is easier to visualize the recirculation region if the vectors are longer. Click the Pick icon
, then pick one of the vectors. The AUI draws a diamond-shaped box around the vector.
Enlarge the vectors by holding down the Ctrl key and dragging the mouse diagonally upwards
and to the right. You can also shorten the vectors by dragging the mouse diagonally
downwards and to the left.
We can also make all of the velocity vectors the same length. Click the Modify Vector Plot
icon , click the Rendering… button, set the Vector Length to All Same Length and click
OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Use the Mesh Zoom icon and the mouse to enlarge
the left end of the model. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 70.00 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 70.00
FIXED
PRESCRIBED
NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 70.00 17.50
15.00
0.04000 12.50
10.00
7.50
5.00
2.50
Click the Refit icon to show the whole model.
Pressure field: Now we will show the pressure field. Click the Clear Vector Plot icon ,
then click the Quick Band Plot icon . The AUI shows the pressures in the fluid and the
effective stresses in the structure. To remove the stresses in the structure, click the Modify
Band Plot icon , verify that the Band Plot Variable is (Stress: EFFECTIVE_STRESS),
click the Delete button and click Yes to answer the prompt, then click OK to close the dialog
box. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the graphics
window looks something like this figure on the next page.

TIME 70.00 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED NODAL_PRESSURE MAXIMUM

NORMAL_TRACTION TIME 70.00 0.04253
TIME 70.00 NODE 1072
MINIMUM
0.04000 0.04050 -0.01980
NODE 611
0.03150
0.02250
0.01350
0.00450
-0.00450
-0.01350
Use the icons that change the solution time to study in detail how the pressure field changes as
the load is increased. When you are finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon
to display the last solution.
Plotting the structural motion
To display only the ADINA Structures (solid) model, click the Clear icon , then, in the
Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right click on '1. ADINA' and choose Display.
We would like to compare the deformed mesh to the original mesh. Click the Show Original
Mesh icon . Use the Pick icon and the mouse to shrink the plot so that the original
mesh is entirely displayed.
Now we will show the reactions. Click the Quick Reaction Plot icon . The graphics
18-14 ADINA Primer

TIME 70.00 Z
X Y
REACTION
TIME 70.00
603.1
560.0
480.0
400.0
320.0
240.0
160.0
80.0
Let=s list the maximum displacements. For the listing commands, we must first select the
finite element model. Set the FE Model (not the Program Module!) drop-down list to
ADINA Structures. Then choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set Variable 1 to
(Displacement: Y-DISPLACEMENT), Variable 2 to (Displacement:Z-DISPLACEMENT)
and click Apply. The maximum y displacement should be 5.88448 at node 1 and the
maximum z displacement should be –1.55079 at node 1. Click Close to close the dialog box.

18-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 19: Fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe
Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and mass transfer within a pipe subjected to an inlet pressure as
shown:
Inlet Internal
pressure diameter
1.0 Pa 0.05 m
1.0 m
Water: Ammonia added

m = 1.3 ´ 10-3 N-s/m2 at center of inlet:
r = 1000 kg/m3 D = 2.3´10-9 m2/s
This problem could be solved using a 2D analysis, but we choose to solve it using a 3D
analysis as a demonstration.
• 3D fluid flow analysis

• Assignment of mass transfer properties
• Defining and using a mesh style
• Determining the volume flux through a pipe
• Viewing the solution using multiple cutting planes
We will work on this problem in two steps: 1) set up the fluid model, then 2) add mass
transfer.
Before you begin

Fluid model
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 19: Fluid flow in a
pipe” and click OK.
Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, verify that the Flow Dimension field
is set to 3D, uncheck the “Includes Heat Transfer” button and click OK.
Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the ADINA-CFD model.
y
P1
L1
S1
V1
x
z
It is, of course, possible to use ADINA-M to define the geometry, but we use the native AUI
geometry in this problem.
Click the Define Points icon , enter the following point into the table and click OK:
Point # X1 X2 X3
1 0 0 0
Now click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the Initial Point
to 1, the components of the Vector to 0.0, 0.0, 0.025 and click OK.
Now click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface 1, set the Type to Revolved, set the
Initial Line to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 360, make sure that the Axis is set to X, uncheck the
Check Coincidence button and click OK.
Now click the Define Volumes icon , add volume 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the
Initial Surface to 1, make sure that the components of the Vector are set to 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 and
click OK.
19-2 ADINA Primer

The graphics window should look something like this (note: in this view you are viewing the
outlet of the pipe):
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Defining the boundary conditions and loading
Wall boundary conditions: We need to apply no-slip wall boundary conditions on the pipe
walls. Use the Query icon and the mouse to determine the surface number of the pipe
wall (it should be 4). Now click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special
boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Add surface number 4 to the first row
and column of the table, then click OK to close the Define Special Boundary Condition dialog
box.
Loading: We will apply a normal-traction at the channel inlet (surface 1). Click the Apply
Load icon , set the Load Type to Normal Traction and click the Define... button to the
right of the Load Number field. In the Define Normal Traction dialog box, add Normal
Traction 1, set the Magnitude to -1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary
Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Surface, then set the Surface # to 1 in
the first row of the table. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Note: by default, the normal traction is zero at the channel outlet, so no action is required at
the channel outlet.

Time steps and time function: In this model, we will apply the normal traction in 2 steps.
Choose ControlTime Step, set the number of steps to 2 in the first row of the table and click
OK. Now choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK.
Time Value
0 0.0
2 1.0
When you click the Wire Frame icon , then the Boundary Plot icon and the Load Plot
icon , you should be able to use the mouse to rotate and resize the mesh plot until the
graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z
Y X
B
PRESCRIBED
NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 2.000
1.000
V V V P
1 2 3
B
WAL
B 1
Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 0.0013, the Density to 1000.0 and
click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Fluid and click OK.
19-4 ADINA Primer

Subdivision data: In this mesh, we will assign the number of subdivisions in the u, v and w
directions of the volume. In this case, the u direction is the tangential direction, the v
direction is the axial direction (extrusion direction) and the w direction is the radial direction.
Click the Subdivide Volumes icon and set the Number of Subdivisions in the u, v and w
directions to 16, 8 and 6 respectively. Also set the “Length Ratio of Element Edges in w-
direction” to 0.5. (We do this to make the element size smaller in the radial direction near the
pipe wall.) Then click OK.
Element generation: Click the Mesh Volumes icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table
TIME 2.000 Z
Y X
BBBB
B
B
B B
BBBB
B BB BB
B B
BBB
B B
BBBB
B BB BB
B B
BBB
B B
BBBB
B BB BB
B B
BBB
B B
BBBB
B BB BB
B B
BBB
B BB
BBBB
B BB BB
B B
BBB
B B PRESCRIBED
BBBB
B BB BB
B B
BBB NORMAL_TRACTION
B B
BBBB
B BB BB TIME 2.000
B B
BBB
B B
BBBB
B BB BB
B B
BBB
B B 1.000
BB BB
B
BBB
V V V P
1 2 3
B
WAL
B 1
Notice that the AUI does not display element lines in the interior of the volume.
Use the Pick icon and the mouse to display the model as seen end-on from the channel
inlet. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Here you
can see that, in the radial direction, the element size gets smaller near the pipe wall.

TIME 2.000 Z
B
B B Y X
B
B B
B B
PRESCRIBED
B B
NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 2.000
1.000
B B
B B
V V V P
1 2 3
B
B B
B
WAL
B 1
Generating the data file, running ADINA-CFD, loading the porthole file
icon , set the file name to prob19_1, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked
and click Save. When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program
and open porthole file prob19_1.
We want to create plots of the results within the pipe. So we will define a cutting plane, then
change the view and remove all of the cutplane interior lines.
Cutting plane: Click the Cut Surface icon . Set the Type to Cutting Plane, set “Defined
by” to Y-Plane, uncheck the Display the Plane(s) button and click OK.
View and cutting plane interior lines: Click the XZ View icon and the Model Outline
icon .
Save mesh plot defaults: We will use this mesh plot appearance for several plots. So we save
the mesh plot defaults so that we don’t have to repeat the above steps for each plot. Click the
19-6 ADINA Primer

Save Mesh Plot Style icon .
Velocities and pressures: Click the Quick Vector Plot icon to display the velocities. We
would also like to show the pressure within the pipe. Use the mouse to move the mesh plot to
the top of the graphics window. Then click the Mesh Plot icon and the Quick Band Plot
icon . Use the mouse to delete any extra text and axes, and to resize the mesh plots and
annotations, until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z
Y X
VELOCITY
TIME 2.000
0.1176
0.1050
0.0900
0.0750
0.0600
0.0450
0.0300
0.0150
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 2.000
MAXIMUM
0.975
1.000
NODE 569 0.825
0.675
MINIMUM 0.525
-4.658E-11
0.375
NODE 585
0.225
0.075
Total volume flux, average velocity, maximum velocity: Now we will determine the total
volume flux, average velocity and maximum velocity of the flow. To do this, we cut the
model with a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow, then integrate and search for the
maximum velocity on the plane.
First we reset the mesh plot defaults. Click the Reset Mesh Plot Style icon .
Now click the Clear icon , then click the Mesh Plot icon . Click the Cut Surface icon
, set the Type to Cutting Plane, make sure that “Defined by” is set to X-Plane, set the
Coordinate Value to 0.7 and click OK.

TIME 2.000 Z
X Y
Total volume flux: To create a model point for determining the total volume flux over the
cutting plane, choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special) Mesh Integration, add point name
X_FLUX, verify that the Integration Type is Integral and click OK. Now choose List
Value ListModel Point, verify that the point name is X_FLUX, set Variable 1 to (Flux:
VOLUME_FLUX_SURFACE) and click Apply. The volume flux should be 1.09308E-4 (the
analytical solution for laminar flow is 1.18E-4). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Average velocity: To create a model point for determining the average velocity over the
cutting plane, choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special) Mesh Integration, add point name
X_AVERAGE, set the Integration Type to Averaged and click OK. Now choose List
Value ListModel Point, verify that the point name is X_AVERAGE, set Variable 1 to
(Velocity:X-VELOCITY) and click Apply. The average velocity should be 5.72472E-2 (the
analytical solution for laminar flow is 6.01E-2). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Maximum velocity: To create a model point for determining the maximum velocity over the
cutting plane, choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special) Mesh Extreme, add point name
X_MAX, verify that the Extreme Value Type is Absolute Maximum and click OK. Now
choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the point name to X_MAX, set Variable 1 to
(Velocity:X-VELOCITY) and click Apply. The maximum velocity should be 1.17643E-1
(the analytical solution for laminar flow is 1.202E-1). Click Close to close the dialog box.
19-8 ADINA Primer

Adding mass transfer

Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes).
Choose database file prob19 from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Modifying the model
Heading: Choose ControlHeading, change the heading to "Problem 19: Mass transfer in a
pipe", and click OK.
Mass transfer: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, check the “Includes Mass Transfer”
button, set the Total Number of Species to 1 and click OK.
Mass ratio loading: First we apply zero mass-ratio of the species at the inlet surface. Click
the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Mass Ratio and click the Define... button to
the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Mass Ratio dialog box, add mass ratio 1,
make sure that the Mass Ratio is 0 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary
Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Surface and, in the first row of the
table, set the Surface # to 1 and click Apply. (Do not close the dialog box yet.)
Now we apply unity mass-ratio of the species at the center of the inlet. In the Apply Usual
Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, make sure that the Load Type is set to Mass Ratio
and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Mass Ratio
dialog box, add mass ratio 2, set the Mass Ratio to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Usual
Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the Load Number to 2, set the “Apply to” field to
Point and, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 1. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Mass material: Choose ModelMass TransferMass Transfer Materials, add material 2 and
verify that the Type is Constant. Set the Constant Diffusive Coeff. to 2.3E-9 and click OK.
We also must update the element group data to reference the mass material. Click the
Element Groups icon , set the Mass Transfer Material to 2 and click OK.
First click the Save icon to save the database. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set
the file name to prob19_2, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-
porthole file prob19_2.

In this post-processing session, we examine how the mass ratio changes along the length of
the pipe. Click the Cut Surface icon and set the Type to Cutting Plane, verify that the
“Defined by” field is set to X-Plane, set the Coordinate Value to 0.1, set the “Distance
Between Planes” to 0.2 and click OK.
We now have five cutting planes evenly spaced along the pipe. Click the Model Outline icon
to remove the interior lines of the cut elements.
Now click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Fluid Variable:
MASS_RATIO_1) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z
X Y
MASS_RATIO_1
TIME 2.000
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
MAXIMUM 0.225
1.000
NODE 872 0.075
MINIMUM
-1.494E-07
NODE 601 (-1.473E-07)
The plot shows that the high mass ratio remains at the center of the pipe (that is, the ammonia
remains concentrated at the center of the pipe).
19-10 ADINA Primer

Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure
Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the enclosure shown in the
figure.

0.1 0.02 0.1
Air:
m =4.82 ´ 10-5 N-s/m2 q = 1000 oK
r = 0.277 kg/m3
k = 0.075 W/m-oC s = 5.6696´10-8 W/m2-oK4 0.09
cp = 1185 J/kg-oC
g = -9.8 m/s2
b = 0.0013 oC-1
qref = 293 o K q = 293 oK 0.02
Boundaries marked with Other boundaries are

are reflecting boundaries with absorbing boundaries with
s = 0.5 (specular reflectivity), s=0.0, d=0.1 .
d=0.5 (diffusivity)
The enclosure includes three reflectors and an absorbing boundary. Radiation heat transfer
occurs between these items. Heat transfer also occurs due to natural convection of the fluid
and thermal conduction within the fluid.
Notice that the temperatures are prescribed at two of the reflectors. The temperature at the
third reflector is not prescribed and is solved for as part of the solution process.
• Assignment of material data for natural convection

• Assignment of initial temperatures
• The use of relative pressure within the analysis
• Automatic nondimensionalization
• Assignment of specular boundary conditions
• Free-form meshing within geometry surfaces
• Defining a trace rake of type grid
• Setting the particle time step size

Before you begin
there are 3191 nodes in the model.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 20: Natural
convection and specular radiation within an enclosure” and click OK.
Plane) and click OK.
Number of iterations: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Method…

button, set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 50 and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.
Tolerances: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Tolerances… button, set
the “Relative Tolerance for Degrees of Freedom” to 0.01 and click OK twice to close both
dialog boxes.
Initial temperature: We want to set the initial temperature to 293o K. Choose Control
Default Temperature, set the Default Initial Temperature to 293 and click OK.
Relative pressure: Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, uncheck the “Include

Hydrostatic Pressure” button and click OK. This means that the pressure variable in the
solution procedure will not include hydrostatic effects; this technique is usually used when
buoyancy is present in the model.
Non-dimensionalization: Choose ControlSolution Process, check the Non-Dimensional

Analysis button, click the ... button to the right of that button, set the Length Scale to 0.01, the
Velocity Scale to 0.1, the Density Scale to 0.277, the Specific Heat Scale to 1185.0, the
Temperature Scale to 1000.0, the Temperature Datum to 293.0, then click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes (be careful to close the Non-Dimensional Analysis dialog box first).
The velocity scale is determined so that the convective term in the energy equation has the
20-2 ADINA Primer

same order of magnitude as the radiation term. The temperature scale is used to reduce the
temperatures used in the solution process; if the temperatures are not reduced, the numerical
procedure will diverge due to large  4 values from the radiation terms.
The following diagram shows the key geometry used in defining the ADINA CFD model.
P101 P111 P1 P2 P121 P102
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
P11 P10 P20 P22
L1 L2
P12 P21
Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following points (you can leave
Point # X2 X3
1 -0.01 0.1
2 0.01 0.1
10 -0.09 0.01
11 -0.11 0.01
12 -0.09 -0.01
20 0.09 0.01
21 0.09 -0.01
22 0.11 0.01
101 -0.11 0.1
102 0.11 0.1
111 -0.05 0.1
121 0.05 0.1
Click the Point Labels icon to show the geometry point labels.

Geometry lines: Click the Define Lines icon , define the following lines and click OK:
Line number Type Defined by P1 P2 Center

1 Arc P1, P2, Center 11 12 10
2 Arc P1, P2, Center 21 22 20
click OK:

number
1 Vertex 111 101 11 111
2 Vertex 1 111 11 12
3 Vertex 2 1 12 21
4 Vertex 121 2 21 22
5 Vertex 121 22 102 121
Notice that surfaces 1 and 5 are triangular surfaces. The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
P101 P111 P1 P2 P121 P102
P11 P10 P20 P22
P12 P21
20-4 ADINA Primer

Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 4.82E-5, the Density to 0.277, the
Coefficient of Volume Expansion to 0.0013, the Reference Temperature to 293, the Thermal
Conductivity to 0.075, the Specific Heat at Constant Pressure to 1185.0, the Acceleration due
to Gravity, Z to -9.8 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions
dialog box.
Wall boundary conditions: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special
boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Enter line numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9,
11, 13, 14 in the first 10 rows of the table. (Note: the order of the lines in the table doesn’t
matter.) Click OK to close the dialog box.
and click OK.
In the Apply Zero Values dialog box, set the Zero Values name to PRESSURE, verify that the
“Apply to” field is Point, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Prescribed temperatures: We need to prescribe the temperatures on the top center line (line 8)
and the right-hand arc line (line 2). Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to
Temperature and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the
Define Temperature dialog box, add temperature 1, set the Magnitude to 1000, click Save, add
temperature 2, set the Magnitude to 293 and click OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary
Conditions/Loads dialog box, verify that the Load Number is set to 1, set the “Apply to” field
to Line, set the Line # to 8 in the first row of the table and click Apply. Now set the Load
Number to 2, verify that the “Apply to” field is set to Line, set the Line # to 2 in the first row
of the table and click OK.
Specular boundary conditions: First we define the boundary condition for the reflectors (lines
8, 1, 2). Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special boundary condition 2,
set the Type to Specular-Diffusive-Radiation, the Stefan-Boltzmann Constant to 5.6696E-8,
the “Number of Rays Emitted between Normal and Tangent Direction” to 20, the “Specular
Reflectivity Function Multiplier” to 0.5 and the “Diffuse Reflectivity Function Multiplier” to
0.5. Enter line numbers 8, 1, 2 in the first three rows of the table and click Save.

Now we define the boundary condition for the remainder of the enclosure (lines 3, 4, 6, 9, 11,
13, 14). Copy special boundary condition 2 to 3, set the Specular Reflectivity Function
Multiplier to 0.0 and the Diffuse Reflectivity Function Multiplier to 0.1. Clear the table and
enter line numbers 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14 in the first seven rows of the table. Click OK to close
the dialog box.
TIME 1.000 Z
V V P
PRESCRIBED 2 3 X Y
TEMPERATURE B
C
TIME 1.000 D -
1000. WAL SPE

B 1 2
C 1 3
D - -
P101 C P111 C D P1
B P2 C P121 C P102
C C
P11 P10 P20 P22
B B
P12 C P21
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 1, verify that the
Type is 2-D Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and click OK.
Subdivision data: We will use a uniform mesh size. Choose MeshingMesh Density
Complete Model, set the “Subdivision Mode” to Use Length, set the “Element Edge Length”
to 0.003 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the
next page.
Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Meshing Type to Free-Form, set the Nodes per
Element to 3, enter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in the first five rows of the table and click OK. Use the mouse
to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like the bottom figure on the next
page.
20-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
V V P
PRESCRIBED 2 3 X Y
TEMPERATURE B
C
TIME 1.000 D -
1000. WAL SPE

B 1 2
C 1 3
D - -
P101 C P111 C D P1
B P2 C P121 C P102
C C
P11 P10 P20 P22
B B
P12 C P21
TIME 1.000 V V P Z
2 3
B
PRESCRIBED
C X Y
TEMPERATURE
D -
E - TIME 1.000
WAL SPE 1000.

B 1 2
C 1 3
D - -
E 1 2
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCEBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
C C
C P101 C P111 C D P1
B P2 C P121 C C P102
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
C C
B B
B P11 P10 P20 B P22
B B
BB B
B BB
B BBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCBBB B
P12 C P21

Generating the data file, running ADINA CFD, loading the porthole file
click Save. When ADINA CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program
We will create plots of the results within the enclosure. As the underlying mesh plots will all
have the same appearance, we set the appearance of the first mesh plot, then set the defaults to
that appearance.
Click the Model Outline icon to plot just the mesh outline. Use the Pick icon and
the mouse to erase the “TIME 1.000” text and the coordinate axes. Then click the Save Mesh
Plot Style icon to save the mesh plot defaults.
Velocity vectors: Click the Quick Vector Plot icon . Use the Pick icon and the mouse
to move the mesh to the upper half of the graphics window.
Pathlines: Click the Mesh Plot icon and move the mesh to the lower half of the graphics
window. Now choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotCreate and click the … button to the
right of the Trace Rake field. In the Define Trace Rake dialog box, set the Type to Grids,
enter the following data in the first row of the table and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.
X Y Z Plane Shape Side 1 NSIDE1 Side 2 NSIDE2

Length Length
0.0 0.0 0.045 X-Plane Rectangular 0.2 11 0.1 6
Move the particle trace legend until the graphics window looks something like the top figure
on the next page. The rake is a rectangular grid of injectors with center (0,0,0.045) with side
lengths 0.2 and 0.1.
Now click the Trace Downstream icon 5 times. The graphics window should look
something like the bottom figure on the next page.
20-8 ADINA Primer

VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.07161
0.06500
0.05500
0.04500
0.03500
0.02500
0.01500
0.00500
PARTICLE TRACE
PATHLINE
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.07161
0.06500
0.05500
0.04500
0.03500
0.02500
0.01500
0.00500
PARTICLE TRACE
PATHLINE

It seems like the default particle time step is too small, since we have to click the Trace Step
Downstream icon several times before we notice any difference in the plot. To reset the
default particle time step, choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the …
button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. The Particle Time Step Size is currently
0.037194. Set the Particle Time Step Size to 1.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes. The plot doesn’t change since we have not changed the particle time.
(Note: do not confuse the particle time step with the time step that the AUI uses for the
numerical integration of the particle traces. The numerical integration of the particle traces is
completely separate from the particle time step. The particle time step is used only to provide
a time step for the Trace Downstream and Trace Upstream icons.)
Now click the Trace Downstream icon twice. Each time you click the icon, the particle
time increases by 1.0.
To remove the injector triangles, choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the
… button to the right of the Trace Rendering field. In the Define Trace Rendering Depiction
dialog box, uncheck the “Display Symbols at Injector Locations” button and click OK twice
to close both dialog boxes.
To create longer pathlines, choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the …
button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Current Particle Time to 100 and
click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like
this:
20-10 ADINA Primer

Temperature: Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon , then click the Create
Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:TEMPERATURE) and click
OK. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to move the mesh to the upper half of the graphics
window.
Heat fluxes (due to conduction within the fluid): Click the Mesh Plot icon , then click the
Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HEAT_FLUX and click OK. Use the
Pick icon and the mouse to rearrange the graphics, until the graphics window looks
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
950.
MAXIMUM
850.
1000.
750. NODE 383
650. MINIMUM
550. 293.0
450. NODE 951
350.
HEAT FLUX
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
7568.
7000.
6000.
5000.
4000.
3000.
2000.
1000.

20-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 21: Conjugate heat transfer and natural convection within an enclosure
Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and temperature distribution within the enclosure shown in the
figure.

0.005 0.03 0.005
No-slip
Radiation:
s = 5.6696´10-8 W/m2-oK4
View factor = 1.0
Air:
e = 0.4 (emittance)
m =2 ´ 10-5 N-s/m2
Convection: qenv = 500oK
h = 10.2 W/m2-oC r = 1.2 kg/m3
k = 0.025 W/m-oC 0.06
qenv = 293oK
cp = 1006 J/kg-oC
g = -9.8 m/s2
b = 0.0033 oC-1
Aluminum: qref = 293 o K Steel:
k = 204 W/m- oC k = 43 W/m-o C
cp = 896 J/kg-o C cp =473 J/kg-o C
r = 2700 kg/m3 r = 7800 kg/m3
No-slip
Both the solid walls and fluid within the enclosure are modeled using ADINA CFD. The
solid walls are subjected to radiation and convection boundary conditions.
• The use of “solid” element groups in ADINA CFD

• Assignment of convection and radiation boundary conditions in ADINA CFD
• Particle trace plots showing the motions of single particles
• Animation of particle trace plots
Before you begin

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 21: Conjugate heat
transfer and natural convection within an enclosure” and click OK.
Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension field to 2D
(in YZ Plane) and click OK.
Number of iterations: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Iteration Method... button,
set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 100 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Initial temperature: Choose ControlDefault Temperature, set the Default Initial

Temperature to 400 and click OK.
Relative pressure: Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, uncheck the Include Hydrostatic

Pressure button and click OK.
Non-dimensionalization: Choose ControlSolution Process, check the Non-Dimensional

Analysis button, click the ... button to the right of that field, set the Length Scale to 0.01, the
Velocity Scale to 0.01, the Density Scale to 1.2, the Specific Heat Scale to 1006.0, the
Temperature Scale to 500.0, the Temperature Datum to 500.0, then click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes.
The following diagram shows the key geometry used in defining the ADINA CFD model.
P4 P3 P2 P1
S2 S1 S3
P8 P7 P6 P5
21-2 ADINA Primer

Geometry points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following points (you can leave
Point # X2 X3
1 0.02 0.03
2 0.015 0.03
3 -0.015 0.03
4 -0.02 0.03
5 0.02 -0.03
6 0.015 -0.03
7 -0.015 -0.03
8 -0.02 -0.03
Now click the Point Labels icon to display the point numbers.
click OK:
Surface Surface type Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

number
1 Vertex 2 3 7 6
2 Vertex 1 2 6 5
3 Vertex 3 4 8 7
After you click the Line/Edge Labels icon , the graphics window should look something
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Laminar button.
Air: In the Define Laminar Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 2.0E-5,
the Density to 1.2, the Coefficient of Volume Expansion to 0.0033, the Reference
Temperature to 293.0, the Thermal Conductivity to 0.025, the Specific Heat at Constant
Pressure to 1006.0, the Acceleration due to Gravity, Z to -9.8 and click Save.
Steel: In the Define Laminar Material dialog box, add material 2, set the Density to 7800.0,
the Thermal Conductivity to 43.0, the Specific Heat at Constant Pressure to 473.0, and click
Save.

TIME 1.000 Z
P4 L8 P3 L1 P2 L5 P1 X Y
L9 L2 L4 L7
P8 L10P7 L3 P6 L6 P5
Aluminum: In the Define Laminar Material dialog box, add material 3, set the Density to
2700.0, the Thermal Conductivity to 204.0, the Specific Heat at Constant Pressure to 896.0,
and click OK.
Wall boundary conditions: The lines on which we need to assign no-slip boundary conditions
are lines 1 to 4. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add special boundary
condition 1 and verify that the Type is Wall. Enter 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first four rows of the table
and click Save (do not close the dialog box yet). Note: it is recommended to assign wall
boundary conditions to the lines between the solid regions and the fluid region.
Radiation boundary condition: We need to prescribe a radiation boundary condition to the

right-hand line of the model (line 7). In the Special Boundary Condition dialog box, add
special boundary condition 2, set the Type to Heat Transfer Radiation, set the View Factor to
1.0, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant to 5.6696E-8, the Radiation Coefficient Function
Multiplier to 0.4 and the Environment Temperature Function Multiplier to 500.0. Enter 7 in
the Line # column in the first row of the table and click Save.
Convection boundary condition: We need to prescribe a convection boundary condition to

the left-hand line of the model (line 9). In the Special Boundary Condition dialog box, add
special boundary condition 3, set the Type to Heat Transfer Convection, set the Convection
Coefficient Function Multiplier to 10.2 and the Environment Temperature Function Multiplier
21-4 ADINA Primer

to 293.0. Enter 9 in the Line # column in the first row of the table and click OK to close the
dialog box.
and click OK.
In the Apply Zero Values dialog box, set the Zero Values name to PRESSURE, verify that the
“Apply to” field is Point, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK.
this:
TIME 1.000 Z
L8 P3
P4E D L1 P2 L5 P1 X Y
C L9 D L2 D L4 B L7
V V P
2 3
B
C
D
E -
WAL CNV RAD

B - - 2
C - 3 -
D 1 - -
E - - -
P8 L10P7 D L3 P6 L6 P5
We will grade the mesh so that the fluid mesh is refined near the walls, therefore we will use a
nonuniform mesh size with central biasing. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , enter the
following data and click OK.

Surface Number Number Length Length Use Use

# of Subd. of Subd. Ratio Ratio in Central Central
in u-dir in v-dir in u-dir v-dir Biasing Biasing
for u-dir for v-dir
1 18 24 5 5 Yes Yes
2 5 24 1 5 No Yes
3 5 24 1 5 No Yes
TIME 1.000 Z
L8 P3
P4E D L1 P2 L5 P1 X Y
C L9 D L2 D L4 B L7
V V P
2 3
B
C
D
E -
WAL CNV RAD

B - - 2
C - 3 -
D 1 - -
E - - -
P8 L10P7 D L3 P6 L6 P5
Air: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 1, verify that the Type is 2-D
Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon
, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Steel: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 2, verify that the Type is 2-D
Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and set the Default Material to 2. Set the Element
Option to Solid and click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 2 in the first row
21-6 ADINA Primer

Aluminum: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 3, verify that the Type is
2-D Fluid, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and set the Default Material to 3. Set the
Element Option to Solid and click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 3 in the
first row of the table and click OK.
Click the Color Element Groups icon , then use the mouse to rearrange the graphics
window until it looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
C FDDDD D D D D D D D D D DDDDD B
C D D B X Y
C P4D
E
L8 P3 D L1 D P2B
L5 P1
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B
C L9 D L2 D L4 B L7
C D D B
V V P
2 3
C D D B B
C
C D D B D
C D D B E -
F -
C D D B
C D D B
C D D B WAL CNV RAD
C D D B B - - 2
C D D B
C D D B C - 3 -
C D D B D 1 - -
C DDDDD D D D D D D D D D DDDDD B
P8 L10P7 D L3 P6 L6 P5 E - - -
F 1 - -
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob21. Click the Data File/
Solution icon , set the file name to prob21, make sure that the Run Solution button is
checked and click Save. When ADINA CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the
Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes), click the
Open icon and open porthole file prob21.
We will create plots of the results within the enclosure. As the underlying mesh plots will all
have the same appearance, we set the appearance of the first mesh plot, then set the defaults to
that appearance.

Click the Group Outline icon to plot just the outlines of the element groups. Use the
mouse to erase the “TIME 1.000” text and the coordinate axes. Then click the Save Mesh
Plot Style icon to save the mesh plot defaults.
Velocity vectors: Click the Quick Vector Plot icon .
Particle traces: We will show the particle traces in the same mesh plot. Choose Display
Particle Trace PlotCreate and click the … button to the right of the Trace Rake field. In the
Define Trace Rake dialog box, set the Type to Grids, enter the following data in the first row

Length Length
0.0 0.0 0.0 X-Plane Rectangular 0.03 11 0.06 21
Click OK to close the Create Particle Trace Plot dialog box. Then use the mouse to rearrange
the graphics window until it looks something like this:
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.1092
0.0975
0.0825
0.0675
0.0525
0.0375
0.0225
0.0075
PARTICLE TRACE
PATHLINE
Now click the Trace Downstream icon to start the pathlines.
We would rather display the actual particles instead of the particle paths. Choose Display
Particle Trace PlotModify and click the … button to the right of the Trace Calculation field.
Set the Trace Option to Single Particle and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
21-8 ADINA Primer

Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the … button to the right of the
Trace Rendering field. Uncheck the “Display Symbols at Injector Locations” button and click
OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.1092
0.0975
0.0825
0.0675
0.0525
0.0375
0.0225
0.0075
PARTICLE TRACE
SINGLE PARTICLE/EMITTER
Now click the Trace Downstream icon several times. The particles move as the particle
time increases. Notice that the particles near the boundaries of the fluid move faster than the
particles near the center of the fluid. Also the particles move in the directions given by the
velocity vectors.
Now we will create an animation of the particles moving. Choose DisplayMovie Shoot
Trace Step, set the End Time to 5.0 and click OK. The AUI computes the particle traces
corresponding to particle times 0 to 5. Click the Animate icon to display the animation.
It is difficult to visualize the particle motions because the particles move too far between
successive frames. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation, then choose
DisplayMovie ShootTrace Step, set the End Time to 5.0, the Number of Frames to 201
and click OK. Click the Animate icon to display the animation. To slow down the
animation further, choose DisplayAnimate, increase the Minimum Delay and click Apply.
Click Cancel to close the Animate dialog box and click the Refresh icon to clear the
animation.

Let’s create a pathline plot for the same range of particle times. Choose Display
Set the Trace Option to Pathline, the Current Particle Time to 5.0 and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.1092
0.0975
0.0825
0.0675
0.0525
0.0375
0.0225
0.0075
PARTICLE TRACE
PATHLINE
Temperature: Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon , then click the Create
Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:TEMPERATURE) and click
OK. Use the mouse to move the mesh to the left half of the graphics window.
Heat fluxes (due to conduction): Click the Mesh Plot icon , then click the Create Vector
Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HEAT_FLUX and click OK. Use the mouse to
rearrange the graphics, until the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next
page.
21-10 ADINA Primer

TEMPERATURE HEAT FLUX

TIME 1.000 RST CALC
TIME 1.000
442.5
1471.
427.5
412.5
397.5
382.5
367.5 1300.
352.5 1100.
900.
700.
MAXIMUM 500.
449.8 300.
NODE 476
100.
MINIMUM
341.3
NODE 725

21-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 22: Rubber O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates
Problem description
A rubber O-ring is pressed between two frictionless plates as shown:
Prescribed displacement
CL
12 mm
48.65 mm
A two-dimensional axisymmetric analysis is appropriate here. Data points on the uniaxial

stress-strain curve for the rubber are
Engineering strain Engineering stress

(mm/mm) (N/mm2)
-0.5 -0.2383
-0.3 -0.1035
-0.1 -0.0275
0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0111
0.3 0.0280
0.5 0.0409
0.7 0.0516
0.9 0.0610
In this analysis, we would like to obtain the deformations, contact forces and stress state for a
prescribed displacement of 4 mm.

• Selecting strain saving for 2D solid elements.

• Input of stress-strain data for rubberlike materials
• Joining nodes using the join-mesh feature
• Plotting and listing the strains.
Before you begin
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 22: Rubber O-ring
pressed between two frictionless plates” and click OK.
equilibrium iterations. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Method... button, set the
Maximum Number of Iterations to 30, then click OK. Now click the Tolerances... button and
set the Convergence Criteria to Energy and Force. Set the Contact Force Tolerance to 1E-3
and the Reference Force field in the Force Tolerances box to 1.0. Click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes.
Strain calculation and saving: We would like to calculate and save the strains as part of the
finite element solution. Choose ControlPortholeSelect Element Results, add Result
Selection Number 1, set Strain to All and click OK.
22-2 ADINA Primer

Time function: We will apply the entire load in one time step. We need a time function that
reaches the maximum prescribed displacement at time 1.0. Choose ControlTime Function,
edit the table as follows, and click OK.
Time Value
0.0 0.0
1.0 4.0
Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the model:
P7 P3 L6 P6
L3 L2
S3 S2
P4 P1 P2
S4 S1
y
L4 L1
P9 P5 P8
x L5
table (remember to leave the X3 column blank) and click OK.
Point # X1 X2
1 48.65 6.0
2 54.65 6.0
3 48.65 12.0
4 42.65 6.0
5 48.65 0.0
6 62.0 12.0
7 40.0 12.0
8 62.0 0.0
9 40.0 0.0

Geometry lines: Click the Define Lines icon , add the following lines and click OK.
Line number Type Defined by P1 P2 Center

Line number Type Point 1 Point 2

5 Straight 8 9
6 Straight 7 6
When you click the Line/Edge Labels icon , the graphics window should look something
like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
P7 P3 L6 P6
L3 L2
P4 P1 P2
L4 L1
P9 P5 L5 P8
click OK:
Surface number Type Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

1 Vertex 1 5 2 1
2 Vertex 1 2 3 1
3 Vertex 1 3 4 1
4 Vertex 1 4 5 1
22-4 ADINA Primer

Defining boundary conditions, constraint equations, loads
Boundary conditions: We will fix line 5. Click the Apply Fixity icon , change the “Apply
to” field to Edge/Line, enter line number 5 in the first row and column of the table and click
Apply (do not close the dialog box yet).
We will allow line 6 to move only in the Y direction. Here we need to define a corresponding
fixity and then apply it to line 6. Click the Define... button. In the Define Fixity dialog box,
add fixity name FIXX, check the X-Translation button and click OK. In the Apply Fixity
dialog box, set the “Fixity” to FIXX, enter line 6 in the first row and column of the table, then
click OK.
Constraint equations: We will constrain line 6 to point 6 so that when point 6 moves in the Y
direction, line 6 follows. Choose ModelConstraintsConstraint Equations and add
constraint set 1. In the Slave box, set the Entity Type to Line, set the Entity # to 6 and set the
Slave DOF to Y-Translation. In the first row of the table, set the Point # to 6 and the Master
DOF to Y-Translation. Then click OK.
Loads: We will apply the load by moving the top contact surface downwards by the
prescribed amount. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and
click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Displacement
dialog box, add displacement 1, set the Y field in the Prescribed Values of Translation box to
-1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the “Apply to” field is set to
Point, then, in the first row of the table, set the Point # to 6, then click OK.
(Note, it is also possible to apply the prescribed displacement directly to the line. In that case,
constraint equations are not necessary.)
When you click the Boundary Plot icon , the Load Plot icon and the Node Labels
icon , the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
Notice that node 1 has been automatically created at the position of geometry point 6.

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
1
P7 P3 C L6 P6
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
L3 L2 TIME 1.000
L9 4.000
P4 L10 P1 L8 P2
L7
L4 L1
P9 P5 B L5 P8
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
C - C
The material of the O-ring is rubber, and we are given data points on the stress-strain curve.
Therefore we use the curve fitting feature of the AUI to generate the material constants.
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Ogden button. Add material 1 and click
the … button to the right of the Fitting Curve field. In the Define Fitting Curve dialog box,
add Fitting Curve 1 and click the … button to the right of the Simple Tension Curve field. In
the Define Stress-Strain2 Curve dialog box, add curve 1, enter the following stress-strain data
points in the table (these points are repeated from the problem description for convenience)
and click OK. (You can ignore the Strain2 column.)
Strain Stress
-0.5 -0.2383
-0.3 -0.1035
-0.1 -0.0275
0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0111
0.3 0.0280
0.5 0.0409
0.7 0.0516
0.9 0.0610
22-6 ADINA Primer

In the Define Fitting Curve dialog box, set the Simple Tension Curve to 1 and click OK. In
the Define Ogden Material dialog box, set the Fitting Curve to 1. Now set Alpha 1= 1.3,
Alpha 2 = 5.0, Alpha 3 = -2.0 and click Save.
(The values Alpha 1 = 1.3, Alpha 2 = 5.0, Alpha 3 = -2.0 come from the reference: R. W.
Ogden, Non-Linear Elastic Deformations, Ellis Horwood, 1984, equation 7.2.31.)
The AUI performs a curve fit to determine the constants in the Ogden material model and fills
in the Bulk Modulus, Mu1, Mu2 and Mu3 fields of the Define Ogden Material dialog box.
The Bulk Modulus is 20.0911, Mu1 is 0.00741697, Mu2 is 0.00254953 and Mu3 is
-0.0289875. The AUI also writes some information about the curve fit to the message
window. Use the scrollbar of the message window to review the information (if necessary,
choose ViewMessage Window to open the message window).
To display the stress-strain curve, click the Graph button in the Define Ogden Material dialog
box. A new graphics window is displayed, that should look something like this:
Uniaxial stress-strain curves

0.4 from material property data
Material 1,
(Test)
0.2
Material 1,
Ogden
0.0
Engineering stress
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Engineering strain
Close the new graphics window. Click OK to close the Define Ogden Material dialog box
and click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
We will use point-sizes to define the subdivision data. Choose MeshingMesh Density
Complete Model, make sure that the “Subdivision Mode” is set to “Use End-Point Sizes” and
click OK.

We enter the element density at five points in the O-ring. Choose MeshingMesh Density
Point Size, and, in the table, set the mesh size for points 1 to 5 as follows, then click OK.
Point # Mesh Size

1 1.2
2 1.2
3 0.8
4 1.2
5 0.8
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
1
P7 P3 C L6 P6
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
L3 L2 TIME 1.000
L9 4.000
P4 L10 P1 L8 P2
L7
L4 L1
P9 P5 B L5 P8
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
C - C
Notice that these short perpendicular lines are more closely spaced near points 3 and 5 and are
more widely spaced near point 1. This is because the point size is smallest at points 3 and 5
and largest at point 1.
Defining the finite elements and nodes for the O-ring
Finite elements: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon . Then click the + button to the right of the
Element Group text, and click the ... button to the right of that field. In the Define Element
Group dialog box, verify that the Element Sub-Type is set to Axisymmetric, then click
Cancel. In the Mesh Surfaces dialog box, enter 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first four rows of the table and
click OK. After you click the Node Labels icon to hide the node numbers, the graphics
22-8 ADINA Primer

Y
TIME 1.000
Z X
P7 P3 C L6 P6
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
L3 L2
TIME 1.000
L9
4.000
P4 L10 P1 L8 P2
L7
L4 L1
P9 P5 B L5 P8
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
C - C
Defining the contact surfaces
Contact group control data: Click the Contact Groups icon , add contact group 1, verify
that the contact group type is 2-D Contact and click OK.
Contact surfaces: We use three contact surfaces. Contact surface 1 surrounds the entire O-
ring, contact surface 2 represents the lower plate and contact surface 3 represents the upper
plate.
Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon , add contact surface number 1, enter the line
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first column for the first four rows of the table, then click Save. Then
add contact surface number 2, enter line 5 in the first column and row of the table and click
Save. Define contact surface number 3 onto line 6 in the same way, then click OK.
We need to have nodes on contact surfaces 2 and 3. Click the Mesh Rigid Contact Surface
icon , set the Contact Surface field to 2 and click Apply. This places one contact segment
and three nodes onto contact surface 2. To place nodes and contact segments onto contact
surface 3, set the Contact Surface field to 3 and click OK. When you click the Show Segment
Normals icon , the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next
page.

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
D D B
P7 P3 D L6 P6
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
L3 L2
TIME 1.000
L9
4.000
P4 L10 P1 L8 P2
L7
L4 L1
C C C
P9 P5 C L5 P8
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B -
C - - - - - -
D - C
Contact pairs: To finish the contact modeling, we need to define which pairs of surfaces can
come into contact and the associated friction coefficients. Contact surface 1 can contact both
contact surface 2 and contact surface 3, so we have two contact pairs. In the first pair contact
surface 1 is the contactor and contact surface 2 is the target, and in the second pair contact
surface 1 is the contactor and contact surface 3 is the target.
Click the Define Contact Pairs icon and add contact pair 1. Set the Target Surface to 2,
set the Contactor Surface to 1, verify that the Coulomb Friction Coefficient is 0.0 and click
Save. Add contact pair 2, with contact surface 3 as the Target Surface and 1 as the Contactor
Surface in the same way. Click OK.
Joining the master constraint node with the top rigid contact surface
Recall that node 1 was generated at the time that the constraint equation was created. We
now need to connect this node with the contact surface.
Click the Node Labels icon to plot the node labels, click the Query icon and
marquee-select the nodes at the point of load application. The following text is displayed in
the Message Window:
Node 1, orig=...
Node 635, orig=...
Geometry point 6 ( ...
22-10 ADINA Primer

When the top contact surface segments were generated, there was no coincidence checking
between the generated nodes and the already existing nodes. Evidently nodes 1 and 635 need
to be joined.
Choose MeshingNodesJoin Mesh, set ‘Merge Nodes Associated With’ to ‘List of

Nodes’, double-click in the table, marquee-select the nodes at the point of load application
and hit the Esc key to return to the dialog box. The table should display nodes 1, 635 in the
first two rows. Click OK to close the dialog box.
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
D 634 370
330 329180
369 221
179
220 D 636
178 B 1
P7 371
331452 417
454 222
453
P3297
261
298 D219
296177
L6218 P6
372 415
416 363 181
414 258
206 259260 PRESCRIBED
332 472 413
362 257205 316 176
373436 412 467
433
468 311
223 277
312 256 280217
333471 361469434 278313204315175 DISPLACEMENT
374 384411435 359409410
360 254
182 203
253
202 279 255228216
334451344470358 408
444482
431
465 288
326
275
309 252
201314 187 295174 TIME 1.000
406
L3 398385407432483
368
446 224 290211327
276 251 229242250
L2 215
375 354480345466445 484346
388 387 189
231232
183 289
328 310188324197
335 450
399443394386389347 190233 230
238 287 294173
243
405 351 343
461 457 456
424 423
455 299
225 267
300268 186
301 305194 249
376 355481 427393 365421 265208 237
271 325198 214 4.000
449
400429395 350420 366
422
L9266209 264
193 239273 293
244
336 462352 460392478 479
442 184
441477 321285 323
286322236304 306 172
404
356428 426 195
270 199272 248
377448 464396 349418364419226263207262192 240308 213
292
401 459 391
475439 283319235303 245
337403357430353425 185 269196 274 171
247
200
348 367
438 476
437473 317 320
281 210191
282
378447402463397458390 474440 227 284318234302241307246291212
3383793393803403813413823423832 69 22 68 21 67 20 66 19 65 18
520593548609543604
P4 536
L10 620586 P1
49 12616076L8
14483 14988 13364
P2
549508576504571 499 518
584 583619
622 159123
16247124
2811133116378917
485 621
537 585 3 12516177145
547 605 87134
521594 610
507
542
57250056451556550 10544 1042911282150 36
63
486 574
550 608 503 5386245885876234 163127 12816478 32114 90
546
595 575 606
541 501566
516
625
567 568 108
517
165
461074510630146 81115 8613516
148
522 506627 573
502 539
603 51141 1437911331167 3591 62
551 607
494 570
602 601
569 142
109 110 147
487 545
596 589540532 535
498534 5
533
497 7326 7427 75237280129 8513615
505
523552 626 496612578 630
591 L7 132
592 52 170
131118 34
15225166 92 61
544
488597 531553
509 519
629
590 611 151
577
628 11748
168 169
130 3893 7184 14
495616
524530 554
510555 6 9640953994 156 2413760
489 557581615
580
511
556
120
121
155 97 7013
617 512
L4 525582558 614
579 53153
613 41 157
154 98 12259 L1
119
490 618 513
559514
560 42 15812
4399101
7 100
526 562
561
598 600 14013810258
491
527 563
599 103
54139 5711
C 632 492
5284938 559 5610
529 C 633 C 631
P9 P5 C L5 P8
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B -
C - - - - - -
D - C
Observe that node 635 has been deleted and that node 1 remains.
porthole file
click Save.

You will notice that ADINA Structures uses the ATS method to obtain the solution as shown
in the following table:
Current time Time step size Trial solution time Result

0.0 1.0 1.0 No convergence
0.0 0.5 0.5 Convergence
0.5 0.5 1.0 Convergence
Obtaining a summary of model information
We will view a summary of the model. Choose ListInfoModel and read the information
in the window that appears, using the scrollbars if necessary. There are 635 nodes, 1 element
group and one contact surface group. In element group 1, there are 152 axisymmetric solid
elements. Close this window.
To learn which solutions are loaded, choose ListInfoResponse and read the information
in the window that appears. There are two load steps loaded from times 0 to 1 (the first load
step contains the initial conditions and the second contains the computed response). There are
no mode shape results since this is not a frequency analysis. Close this window.
To learn which variables can be used in post-processing, choose ListInfoVariable and

read the information in the window that appears.
Obtaining a deformed mesh plot with loads and contact forces
Click the Show Original Mesh icon and the Load Plot icon .
To add the distributed contact tractions to the mesh plot, click the Create Reaction Plot icon
, set the Reaction Quantity to DISTRIBUTED_CONTACT_TRACTION and click OK.
Using the Pick icon and the mouse, shrink the mesh plot and move the annotations until
the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page.
22-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
4.000
DISTRIBUTED
CONTACT
TRACTION
TIME 1.000
0.07010
0.06500
0.05500
0.04500
0.03500
0.02500
0.01500
0.00500
Plotting strains as bands and vectors
We will plot bands of the maximum principal strain. Click the Clear icon and the Mesh
Plot icon , then click the Create Band Plot icon , choose variable (Strain:
LOGSTRAIN-P1) and click OK. Move the mesh plot to the upper half of the graphics
window.
Now we will add a strain vector plot to the graphics window. Click the Mesh Plot icon ,
then shrink the newly created mesh plot so that it is about the same size as the previous mesh
plot and move it to a position directly under the previous mesh plot. Use the Pick icon
and the mouse to remove the extra text and axes.
Click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to STRAIN, click OK, then
move the vector table to a position to the right of the mesh plot. You may want to shrink the
band table and vector table so that they do not overlap. The graphics window should look

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
LOGSTRAIN-P1
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
MAXIMUM
0.3514 0.3333
EG 1, EL 141, IPT 33 (0.3463)
0.3000
MINIMUM
0.2667
0.1205
EG 1, EL 88, IPT 32 (0.1358) 0.2333
0.2000
0.1667
0.1333
LOG STRAIN
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
+ -
0.4680
0.3000
0.1800
0.0600
-0.0600
-0.1800
-0.3000
-0.4200
We want to get a closer look at the strain vectors near the center of the O-ring. We could
click the zoom icon and then select a zoom bounding box to enclose just the center of the O-
ring, but then the strain vector table would not be visible and the strain vectors would be
correspondingly enlarged.
So instead, click the Mesh Zoom icon and then make a rubber-band box that encloses just
the center of the O-ring. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the
next page.
The AUI only enlarges the mesh plot enclosed in the rubber-band box and does not enlarge
the strain vectors. To restore the original picture, click the Refit icon .
Making listings
We will list the strains within the model. Choose ListValue ListZone. Set variable 1 to
(Strain:LOGSTRAIN-P1), variable 2 to (Strain:LOGSTRAIN-P2) and variable 3 to (Strain:
LOGSTRAIN-P3), then click Apply. Use the scrollbars to examine the listing.
Notice that the strains are output at the integration points. To get a listing with smoothed
strains at the node points, set the Smoothing Technique field to AVERAGED and click
Apply. The dialog box displays the new listing.
22-14 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
LOGSTRAIN-P1
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
MAXIMUM
0.3514 0.3333
EG 1, EL 141, IPT 33 (0.3463)
0.3000
MINIMUM
0.2667
0.1205
EG 1, EL 88, IPT 32 (0.1358) 0.2333
0.2000
0.1667
0.1333
LOG STRAIN
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
+ -
0.4680
0.3000
0.1800
0.0600
-0.0600
-0.1800
-0.3000
-0.4200

22-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 23: Limit load analysis of a pipe bend
Problem description
A pipe bend is subjected to a concentrated force as shown:
y
15 12
Displacement
9 gauge
Cross-section:
0.432
18
x 6.625
All dimensions in inches. E = 29700 kpsi

Material is stainless steel. n = 0.27
The material of the pipe can be idealized as an elastic-plastic material using the von Mises
yield criterion with isotropic hardening, with the following points on the uniaxial stress-strain
curve:
Logarithmic strain True stress (103 psi)

6.06 10-4 18.0
0.002 35.4
0.0077 40.8
0.02 48.9
0.04 56.5
0.1 72.2

We would like to obtain the force-deflection curve for the pipe and, in particular, the limit
load.
• Large displacement elastic-plastic analysis using shell elements.

• Specifying a collapse analysis.
• Adding text to the graphics window.
Before you begin
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading 'Problem 23: Limit load
analysis of a pipe bend' and click OK.
Overall model control data: We will perform a collapse analysis using the load-displacement
control (LDC) algorithm to automatically choose the load step sizes. Set the Analysis Type
drop-down list to Collapse Analysis. We will specify additional parameters needed for the
LDC algorithm later.
Kinematics: We anticipate that the displacements of the pipe can be large. Therefore we
select a large displacement, large strain formulation for use in the analysis. Choose
ControlAnalysis AssumptionsKinematics, set the Displacements/Rotations field to Large,
set the Strains field to Large, and click OK. (See the “Modeling comments” section for the
reason why the Strains field should be set to Large.)
The diagram on the next page shows the key geometry used in defining the model.
23-2 ADINA Primer

P4 P5
L5 S3 L7 S4
S2
L3
S1
P1 L1
We will define the pipe midsurface by creating a circular cross-section at the base of the pipe
and then extruding the cross-section along the pipe axis.
To create the pipe cross-section, we will create a point on the pipe cross-section and revolve
the point around the pipe axis (at the base of the pipe, the pipe axis is coincident with the y-
axis). Click the Define Points icon , enter the following point and click OK.
Point # X1 X2 X3
1 -3.0965 0 0
(3.0965 corresponds to the radius of the midsurface of the pipe.) Now, to revolve the point,
click the Define Lines icon , add line number 1 and set the Type to Revolved. Set the
Initial Point to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 360, the Axis to Y and click OK. The graphics
Now we will extrude the cross-section in the direction of the y-axis to create the surface for
the first straight piece of the pipe. Click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface number 1
and set the Type to Extruded. Set the Initial Line to 1, the components of the Vector to 0.0,
18.0, 0.0 and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
We want to choose a more convenient view for the mesh plot. Click the Modify Mesh Plot
icon , click the View... button, set the View Direction (not the View Point) to 0.1, 0.1, 1.0,
set the Angle of Rotation to 135 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics
We will display all successive meshes using this view, so we will change the default view.
Click the Save View icon .
Let's continue the definition of the pipe surfaces. To create the pipe bend, we need to revolve
the newly-created cross-section line 90 degrees about an axis with center (9.0,18.0,0.0) and
components (0.0,0.0,1.0). From the mesh plot, we observe that the line that we need to
revolve is line number 3 (use the Query icon and the mouse to confirm this). Click the
Define Surfaces icon , add surface number 2 and set the Type to Revolved. Set the Initial
Line to 3, the Angle of Rotation to -90, “Axis of Revolution Defined by” to Vector, the
components of the Vector Origin to 9, 18, 0 and the components of the Vector Direction to 0,
0, 1. When you click OK, the graphics window should look something like the bottom figure
on the next page. (You might need to use the mouse to rescale the mesh plot.)
23-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
To create the remaining straight pipe segments, we will continue to extrude the pipe cross-
section. The first extrusion will create the straight pipe up to the location where we want to
measure the displacement and the second extrusion will create the remaining pipe.

Notice that the line for the pipe cross-section that we want to extrude is line 5. To create the
first extrusion, click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface number 3 and set the Type to
Extruded. Set the Initial Line to 5, the components of the Vector to 15, 0, 0 and click Save.
Notice that the newly created line segment for the pipe cross-section is line number 7. To
create the second extrusion, return to the dialog box, add surface number 4, set the Initial Line
to 7, the components of the Vector to 12, 0, 0 and click OK.
Surface thicknesses: Choose GeometrySurfacesThickness, enter 0.432 for the thickness

of each surface and click OK.
Defining boundary conditions and loads
Boundary conditions: We will fix line 1. Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the “Apply to”
field to Edge/Line, enter line number 1 in the first row and column of the table and click OK.
Loads: We will apply a unit concentrated load to point 5 (the tip of the pipe). Click the Apply
Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Force and click the Define... button to the
right of the Load Number field. In the Define Concentrated Force dialog box, add force 1, set
the Magnitude to 1.0, set the Force Direction to 0, -1, 0 and click OK. In the Apply Load
dialog box, make sure that the “Apply to” field is set to Point, and, in the first row of the
table, set the Point # to 5. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
Remember that because we are performing a collapse analysis, ADINA Structures will choose
the load step sizes automatically. Since we have defined the force, we can now complete the
input for the LDC algorithm. We will apply a displacement of 0.5 inches downward in the
first solution step and we want the algorithm to terminate after a displacement of 4 inches is
reached. Also we will let ADINA Structures run for a maximum of ten load steps.
Click the Analysis Options icon , make sure that the Point/Node # is set to Point, set the
Label # field to 5, the Degree of Freedom to Y-Translation, the Displacement field to -0.5, the
Maximum Allowed Displacement to 4, check the “Continue after the first Critical Point is
reached” button and click OK. Now choose ControlTime Step, enter 10 in the first row in
the Number of Steps column and click OK.
23-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
1.000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
B
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Plastic Multilinear button. In the Define
Multilinear Elastic-Plastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young's Modulus to
29700, the Poisson's ratio to 0.27 and verify that the Type of Strain Hardening is Isotropic.
Then enter the following stress-strain data points in the Stress-Strain curve table (these points
are repeated from the problem description for convenience). Do not click OK yet.
Strain Stress
6.06E-04 18.0
0.002 35.4
0.0077 40.8
0.02 48.9
0.04 56.5
0.1 72.2
Now click the Graph button to display the stress-strain curve. The AUI displays a new
graphics window that should look something like the figure on the next page.


80. from material property data
70.
Material 1,
plastic-multilinear
60. (if large strain formulation used)
50.
True stress
40.
30.
20.
10.
0.
0.0 0.1
Logarithmic strain
Notice that the graph shows true stress vs logarithmic strain. For problems in which the
strains are relatively small, as in this problem, these quantities are close to the engineering
quantities.
Close the new graphics window, then click OK to close the Define Multilinear Elastic-Plastic
Material dialog box, and click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Defining the finite elements and nodes
Subdivision data: We enter the mesh size at the geometry points, with a smaller mesh size at
the pipe bend. First choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, make sure that the
“Subdivision Mode” is “Use End-Point Sizes” and click OK. Now choose Meshing
Mesh DensityPoint Size, set the “Points Defined from” field to “All Geometry Points”, set
the Maximum to 4 and click Apply. Change the Mesh Size for points 2 and 3 to 2.0 and click
OK.
23-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 10.00
1.000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
B
Finite elements: We will generate 9-node shell finite elements on the geometry surfaces.
Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Type to Shell and click the + button to the right of
the Element Group text. Now set the “Nodes per Element” to 9 and click the Options tab. In
the Nodal Coincidence Checking box, set the “Check” field to “All Generated Nodes”. Click
the Basic tab, enter surfaces 1, 2, 3, 4 in the first four rows of the table and click OK. The
TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 10.00
1.000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
BB B B BB B - - - - - -
B

porthole file
checked and click Save. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing and discard all changes. Then
click the Open icon , set the “File type” field to “ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)”,
choose file prob23 and click Open. Then click the Open icon and open porthole file
prob23.
did this so that we can create a force-deflection curve of the results using the geometry points.
Obtaining a deformed mesh plot
TIME 6.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 6.000
12.04
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
BB B B BB
B
You will notice what appear to be missing lines in the finite element model. These missing
lines lie on the outline (or silhouette) of the model. To display these lines, click the Modify
Mesh Plot icon and click the Rendering… button. In the Mesh Rendering Depiction
dialog box, set the “Generate Outline” field to “Geometry and Mesh”, then click OK twice to
23-10 ADINA Primer

close both dialog boxes.
Since we always want to display the outline lines in this model, click the Save Mesh Plot
Style icon .
(Note: the outline lines are only important if the mesh is relatively coarse and higher-order
elements are used, as in this model. So the default is for the outline lines not to be plotted.)
Obtaining a summary of model information
To view a summary of the model, choose ListInfoModel. There are 830 nodes and one
element group containing 210 shell elements. Click Close to close the dialog box.
To view a summary of loaded responses, choose ListInfoResponse. There are seven load
steps loaded from times 0 to 6 (the first load step contains the initial conditions). Recall that
you requested 10 solution load steps; ADINA Structures computed only 6 solution load steps
because the maximum displacement specified for collapse analysis was exceeded in step 6.
Click Close to close the dialog box.
Viewing the solutions
Use the Previous Solution icon and Next Solution icon to display the other solutions.
Notice that the deformations increase as the load increases, as we expect. When you are
finished, click the Last Solution icon .
Making a force-deflection curve graph
We will plot the applied force versus the deflection at the deflection gauge.
Result points: Before we can create the graph, we need to define result points for the node
where the load is applied and for the node associated with the displacement gauge. Since we
have geometry points at these node points, we will define these result points in terms of the
geometry points.
Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Combination)General, add name TIP, enter “POINT 5”

in the first row of the table and click Save. Define the name GAUGE to be the geometry
point 4 in the same way. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Variables: We need to define variables corresponding to the force and displacement. Choose
DefinitionsVariableResultant, add resultant name FORCE, enter the expression
-<Y-PRESCRIBED_FORCE>

and click Save. Define the name DISP to be the expression
-<Y-DISPLACEMENT>
in the same way. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Graph: Click the Clear icon , then choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). Set
the X variable to (User Defined:DISP) and set the X model point to GAUGE. Set the Y
variable to (User Defined:FORCE) and set the Y model point to TIP. Then click OK.
The graphics window should look something like this. It is, of course, possible to change the
graph title, axis labels and curve legends as was shown in problem 2.
RESPONSE GRAPH
14.
FORCE,
TIP
12.
10.
8.
FORCE, TIP
6.
4.
2.
0.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
DISP, GAUGE
Drawing bands of plastic strain
Let's draw bands corresponding to the accumulated effective plastic strain. This strain will
show us which areas of the pipe are most damaged.
Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon .
In the band plots, we do not want to show the mesh geometry or the boundary conditions.
Click the Show Geometry icon and the Boundary Plot icon . Then click the Save
Mesh Plot Style icon to update the defaults.
23-12 ADINA Primer

To draw the bands, click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Strain:
ACCUM_EFF_PLASTIC_STRAIN) and click OK. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to
resize the mesh plot and rearrange the annotations until the graphics window looks something
like this:
TIME 6.000 Y
Z X
ACCUM
EFF
PLASTIC
STRAIN
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 6.000
0.03000
0.02333
0.01667
0.01000
0.00333
-0.00333
-0.01000
MAXIMUM
0.03480
EG 1, EL 106, IPT 312 (0.02422)
MINIMUM
-0.01159
EG 1, EL 103, IPT 112 (0.002667)
We are now observing the plastic strains on the top surface of the pipe skin (which is the outer
surface in this model). We would also like to observe the plastic strains on the bottom (inner)
surface of the pipe skin. So we will display another mesh plot, then we will plot plastic
strains of the inner surface onto this mesh plot.
Click the Mesh Plot icon and use the Pick icon to move the mesh plot to a position
under and to the right of the first mesh plot. Shrink both mesh plots so that they both fit in the
graphics window. Also delete any duplicate text and axes. The graphics window should look
Now, before we draw the bands on the second mesh plot, we instruct the AUI to compute
plastic strains on the bottom surface of the shell elements. Choose DefinitionsResult
Control, set the Result Control Name to DEFAULT, set the t Coordinate field to -1.0 and
click OK. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Strain:
ACCUM_EFF_PLASTIC_STRAIN) and click OK.

TIME 6.000 Y
Z X
ACCUM
EFF
PLASTIC
STRAIN
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 6.000
0.03000
0.02333
0.01667
0.01000
0.00333
-0.00333
-0.01000
MAXIMUM
0.03480
EG 1, EL 106, IPT 312 (0.02422)
MINIMUM
-0.01159
EG 1, EL 103, IPT 112 (0.002667)
It is difficult to compare the two pictures because the band tables are different. So we will use
the same band table for both band plots. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band
Plot Name to BANDPLOT00001, click the Band Table... button, set the Value Range to
Maximum = 0.05 and Minimum = 0.0, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Repeat this procedure for band plot BANDPLOT00002.
We are also not interested in the minimum value of the plastic strain. Click the Modify Band
Plot icon , set the Band Plot Name to BANDPLOT00001, click the Band Rendering...
button, set the “Extreme Values” field to “Plot the Maximum” and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes. Repeat this procedure for band plot BANDPLOT00002.
Since we now have two band tables, each with almost the same information, use the Pick icon
and the mouse to delete one of them.
Let's add some text to label the two plots. Choose DisplayTextDraw, enter the text
Outer surface
in the Text box and click OK. The AUI draws the text near the center of the graphics
window. Use the Pick icon to move and resize the text so that it is below the base of the
upper mesh plot. Repeat these steps for the text
Inner surface
23-14 ADINA Primer

and place this text below the base of the lower mesh plot.
TIME 6.000 Y
Z X
ACCUM
EFF
MAXIMUM PLASTIC
0.03480 STRAIN
EG 1, EL 106, IPT 312 (0.02422) RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 6.000
0.04667
0.04000
0.03333
MAXIMUM
0.04937 0.02667
EG 1, EL 108, IPT 311 (0.03314) 0.02000
0.01333
0.00667
Outer surface
Inner surface
Modeling comments
1. A large strain formulation is chosen because the displacements are large and the material is
elastic-plastic. A large displacement / small strain formulation could have been chosen for
this analysis, because the strains are anticipated to be small. However, it turns out that the use
of a large displacement / small strain formulation is not appropriate for an elastic-plastic
material, even when the strains are small. The reason is as follows:
The choice of formulation affects the choice of stresses / strains used:
Small displacement / small strain (MNO): Engineering stresses and small strains.
Large displacement / small strain: 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stresses and Green-Lagrange strains.
Large displacement / large strain: Cauchy stresses and Hencky strains.
When the strains are numerically small, the engineering, 2nd Piola Kirchhoff and Cauchy
stresses are all numerically close to each other, also the small, Green-Lagrange and Hencky
strains are all numerically close to each other. Hence it would appear that, in particular, the

large displacement / small strain formulation can be used when the strains are numerically
small.
However, if a single elastic-plastic element is put into uniaxial tension and analyzed with the
three formulations, it is found that the slope of the force-deflection curve is significantly
different for all three formulations, with the large displacement / small strain formulation
giving a stiffer response than the other formulations.
This phenomenon occurs when the slope of the stress-strain curve is of the same order of
magnitude as the stress, which is frequently the case in plasticity.
Due to the above reasoning, we recommend that the large displacement / large strain
formulation be used whenever large displacement effects are to be included in the analysis,
even when the strains are numerically small.
23-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to internal fluid flow
Problem description
The pipe shown below is filled with water flowing at constant velocity. It is desired to
determine the pipe deformation due to gravity and to the fluid flow.
g = 9.81 m/s2
Fluid
flow
1.21920 m
Epipe = 2.07 ´ 1011 N/m2 m=100´mwater =100´0.001 kg/m-s=0.1 kg/m-s
npipe = 0.29 rwater = 890 kg/m3
rpipe = 7800 kg/m3
Pipe outer diameter = 5.0800 ´ 10-2 m

Pipe inner diameter = 4.9022 ´ 10-2 m
Pipe midsurface radius = 2.49555 ´ 10-2 m
Pipe wall thickness = 8.89 ´ 10-4 m
Pipe model: The walls of the pipe are modeled with 9-node shell elements. Small
displacements are assumed in the pipe model.
Fluid model: The fluid is modeled with 8-node FCBI elements. A uniform velocity is
applied to the fluid at the left end of the pipe.
On the right end of the pipe, the transverse velocities are set to zero. (If this condition is
omitted, the gravity applied to the fluid will cause fluid flow at the pipe outlet.)
Large structural displacements are assumed in the fluid model.
Slip fluid-structure interaction boundary conditions are used on the pipe wall. This
assumption is consistent with the comparison solution and allows us to use a coarse fluid
model (only two elements across the pipe diameter). The result is that the fluid velocity is
constant in the pipe. As a consequence, the viscosity does not affect the solution, and
therefore the viscosity of the water is scaled by a factor of 100, so that the model converges.
We must set up two finite element models, an ADINA Structures model for the pipe and an
ADINA CFD model for the fluid. In this case we set up the models separately in two separate
AUI databases, but note that you could also have set up both models in the same AUI
database.

• Defining a 3-D FSI model.

• Defining mass-proportional loads.
• Defining fluid-structure boundary conditions with slip.
• Adding comparison solutions to a graph
Before you begin
Defining the ADINA Structures model

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due
to internal fluid flow, pipe model” into the heading field and click OK.
Interaction with fluid flow: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to 'with CFD'.
The following diagram shows the key geometry used in defining the ADINA Structures
model.
z
P1 y S1
L1 P4
P2 x
L2 S2 P3
24-2 ADINA Primer

Geometry point: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following point into the table and
click OK:
Point # X1 X2 X3
1 0 0.0249555 0
Geometry lines: Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Revolved, set the
Initial Point to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 180, make sure that the Axis is set to X and click
Save. Add line 2, make sure that the Type is set to Revolved, set the Initial Point to 2, the
Angle of Rotation to 180, make sure that the Axis is set to X and click OK.
Geometry surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface 1, set the Type to
Extruded, set the Initial Line to 1, the Vector to (1.2192, 0, 0), enter 2 in the first row of the
table and click OK.
Choose GeometrySurfacesThickness, set the Thickness for both surfaces to 0.000889 and
click OK.
When you click the Wire Frame icon , Point Labels icon and Surface/Face Labels
icon , the graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.
Supports: Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. Add boundary
condition PIN, check the X-Translation, Y-Translation and Z-Translation fields and click
Save. Then add boundary condition ROLLER, check the Y-Translation and Z-Translation
fields and click OK.
In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity” to PIN, make sure that the “Apply to” field is
set to Point, enter 1, 2 in the first two rows of the table, then click Apply. Set the “Fixity” to
ROLLER, enter 3, 4 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. When you click the
Boundary Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like the bottom figure
on the next page.
Fluid-structure boundaries: Surfaces 1 and 2 are fluid-structure boundaries. Choose

ModelBoundary ConditionsFSI Boundary, add FSI boundary number 1, set the “Apply
to” field to Surfaces, enter 1, 2 in the first two rows of the table and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
P2
P1
S1
S2
P4
P3
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
C P2
C P1
S1
S2
B P4 U U U
B P3 1 2 3 1 2 3
B - -
C - - -
24-4 ADINA Primer

Defining the load
The pipe is subjected to gravity loading due to its own weight. Click the Apply Load icon
, set the Load Type to Mass Proportional and click the Define... button to the right of the
Load Number field. In the Define Mass-Proportional Loading dialog box, add load number 1,
set the Magnitude to 9.81, make sure that the Direction is set to (0, 0, -1) and click OK. In the
Apply Load dialog box, in the first row of the table, set the Time Function to 1 and click OK.
2.07E11, the Poisson’s ratio to 0.29, the Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close
the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Element groups: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 1, set the Type to
Shell and click OK.
Subdivision data: Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , select surface 1, set the “Number of
Subdivisions in u-direction” to 5, the “Number of Subdivisions in v-direction” to 8, enter 2 in
the first row of the table and click OK.
enter 1 and 2 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should
look something like the top figure on the next page.
The thick lines indicate the fluid-structure boundaries. To hide the thick lines, click the Show
Fluid Structure Boundary icon . Now click the Show Geometry icon (to hide the
geometry) and the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon . The graphics window should look
something like the bottom figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
E
E
C P2
C P1
S1
S2
D
D
B P4 U U U
B P3 1 2 3 1 2 3
B - -
C - - -
U U U
1 2 3
D - -
E - - -
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
U U U
1 2 3
B - -
B C - - -
B
24-6 ADINA Primer

Creating the ADINA Structures data file, saving the database file
prob24_a.
Defining the ADINA CFD model
Click the New icon to create a new AUI database. Then set the Program Module drop-
down list to ADINA CFD.
Defining the model control data
Heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 24: Deformation of a pipe due to

internal fluid flow, fluid model” and click OK.
Interaction with structure: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to 'with Structures'.
Then click the Coupling Options icon , set the FSI Solution Coupling to Direct, set the
Maximum Number of Fluid-Structure Iterations to 50 and click OK.
Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, make sure that the Flow Dimension
is set to 3D, uncheck the “Includes Heat Transfer” button, and click OK.
Number of iterations and iteration tolerances: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the
Iteration Method… button, set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 30 and click OK to
close the Iteration Method dialog box. Now click the Iteration Tolerances… button, set the
Relative Tolerance for Degrees of Freedom to 0.01 and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.
Time steps and time function: We will apply only the gravity load in the first step and then
increase the flow velocity to 200 m/s in 20 equal steps. Choose ControlTime Step, and, in
the first row of the table, set the Number of Steps to 21, then click OK. Now choose
ControlTime Function, edit the table for time function 1 as follows and click OK.
Time Value
0 0
1 0
21 200

Here is a diagram showing the key geometry used in defining the ADINA CFD model.
z
y
L1
V1 x
S1
P1
Inlet: vx prescribed Outlet: vy = vz = 0
Geometry point: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following point into the table and
click OK.
Point # X1 X2 X3
1 0 0 0
Geometry line: Click the Define Lines icon , add line 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the
Initial Point to 1, the components of the Vector to 0, 0.0249555, 0 and click OK.
Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface 1, set the Type to
Revolved, set the Initial Line to 1, the Angle of Rotation to 360, make sure that the Axis is set
to X, uncheck the Check Coincidence button and click OK.
Geometry volume: Click the Define Volumes icon , add volume 1, set the Type to
Extruded, set the Initial Surface to 1, the components of the Vector to 1.2192, 0, 0 and click
OK.
The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page (note: in this
view you are viewing the outlet of the pipe).
FSI boundary conditions: We need to define the fluid-structure boundary conditions

corresponding to the pipe wall (surface 4). Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon ,
add Condition Number 1, set the Type to Fluid Structure Interface, make sure that the Fluid-
Structure Boundary # is set to 1 and set the Slip Condition to Yes. Then enter 4 in the first
row and column of the table and click OK.
24-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 21.00 Z
X Y
Inlet velocity: We need to define and apply the prescribed velocity at the inlet (surface 1).
Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Velocity and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Velocity dialog box, add
velocity number 1, set the X Prescribed Value of Velocity to 1 and click OK. In the Apply
Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Surface, and, in the
first row of the table, set the Surface # to 1. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Outlet velocity: We need to set the y and z velocities to be zero at the outlet (surface 5). Click
the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define… button. In the Define Zero Values dialog
box, add zero values name YZ, check the Y-Velocity and Z-Velocity fields, then click OK. In
the Apply Zero Values dialog box, set “Zero Values” to YZ, set the “Apply to” field to
Face/Surface, enter 5 in the first row and column of the table and click OK.
Click the Boundary Plot icon , the Load Plot icon and the Wire Frame icon to
show the FSI boundary conditions and the prescribed velocities. The graphics window should
Defining the material properties
Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Viscosity to 0.1, the Density to 890, the Z
Acceleration due to Gravity to -9.81 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material

TIME 21.00 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY
B
TIME 21.00
200.0
V V V P
1 2 3
B
C C - -
FSI
B 1
C -
Fluid, and click OK.
Subdivision data: We deliberately use a different number of elements along the pipe in the
fluid model than in the structural model, to show that a different number of elements can be
used along the fluid-structure boundaries in each model. Click the Subdivide Volumes icon
, set the number of subdivisions in the u, v and w directions to 16, 24 and 1 respectively,
then click OK.
Element generation: Click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon , then click the Mesh
Volumes icon , enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK. The graphics window
24-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 21.00 Z
X Y
BBBB
BBBB B B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
B
BBB B BB B
B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B PRESCRIBED
BBBB BB BB B VELOCITY
BBBB BB BB B B
B TIME 21.00
BBBB BB BB
BBBB BB BB B
B
BBBB B BB B 200.0
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
B
BBBB B B B
B
BBBB BB BB B
BBBB BB BB B
B B
B V V V P
DD
D DDD B B B
1 2 3
D
D B B
DDC D
D B
D
DD
CD C - -
D - -
FSI
B 1
C -
D 1
Creating the ADINA CFD data file, saving the database file
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob24_f, uncheck the Run
prob24_f.
Running ADINA-FSI
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start… button, select file prob24_f, then hold
names in quotes. Then click Start.
The run stops in time step 20 with the message

*** ERROR *** CODE ADF3069
Unsuccessful during FSI iteration
This is OK; as we will see, the run stops because the critical velocity was exceeded. Close all
open dialog boxes.

Post-processing the ADINA CFD model

In the following, we demonstrate post-processing of the ADINA CFD model only. You can
also post-process the ADINA Structures model to check the model and to determine the
deformations due to the fluid velocity.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes).
Click the Open icon and open porthole file prob24_f.
Choose ListInfoResponse to see which solutions were computed. There are 20 load steps
from times 0.0 to 19.0. Notice that there is no solution for times 20.0 and 21.0, because the
model did not converge for time step 20.0. Click Close to close the dialog box.
Checking the model solution
Click the Quick Vector Plot icon to plot the velocity vectors. The graphics window
TIME 19.00 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 19.00
180.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
180.0
The velocities are nearly constant, showing that the fluid-structure boundary condition with
slip is working properly.
24-12 ADINA Primer

Plotting the deformation as a function of velocity
Click the Clear icon to clear the graphics window.
Velocity: We can extract the input velocity as the prescribed velocity at one of the nodes on
the left end of the pipe. Node 425 is one of the nodes on the left end of the pipe. Choose
DefinitionsModel PointNode, add point LEFTEND, set the node number to 425 and click
Save.
Deformation at the mid-span of the pipe: We need a node point definition at the mid-span of
the pipe. Node 193 is at the mid-span. Add point MIDSPAN, set the node number to 193 and
click OK. We also need a resultant for the displacement to change its sign. Choose
DefinitionsVariableResultant, add resultant DISPLACEMENT, define it as
-<Z-DISPLACEMENT> and click OK.
Creating the graph plot: Choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). For X, set the
Variable to (Prescribed Load: X-PRESCRIBED_VELOCITY) and set the Model Point to
LEFTEND. For Y, set the Variable to (User Defined: DISPLACEMENT) and set the Model
Point to MIDSPAN. Then click OK.
Adding a comparison solution: A good approximation to the theoretical solution is
wstatic
w 2
 v 
1  
 vc 
where
5 L4  mg total  EI
wstatic  , vc 
384 EI L L A
d2
Note that A  where d is the internal diameter of the pipe cross-section, and  is the
4
density of the water. This approximate solution is found in Harris, Shock and Vibration
Handbook, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988: Chapter 29, Section “Internal
Flow in Pipes”. (The approximation given in the reference is obtained using only the first
mode of the “exact” solution.)
For our case, the static deformation is 8.6889E-5 m and the critical velocity vc is 188.48 m/s.
In order to plot this solution, we need to define constants and a resultant. Choose
DefinitionsVariableConstant, add W_STATIC, set the Value to 8.6889E-5 and click
Save. Then add VC, set the Value to 188.48 and click OK. Now choose Definitions
VariableResultant, add W_VELOCITY, enter the expression

W_STATIC/(1.0 - (<X-PRESCRIBED_VELOCITY>/VC)**2)
and click OK.
Now choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point). For X, set the Variable to
(Prescribed Load:X-PRESCRIBED_VELOCITY) and set the Model Point to LEFTEND. For
Y, set the Variable to (User Defined:W_VELOCITY) and set the Model Point to LEFTEND.
Then set the Plot Name to PREVIOUS and click OK.
Let’s show the theoretical critical velocity as a separate curve. Choose Graph
Define User Data, add user data VC, enter 188.48, 0 in the first row of the table, enter 188.48,
0.001 in the second row of the table and click OK. Now choose GraphPlot User Data,
make sure that the Data Name is set to VC, set the Plot Name to PREVIOUS and click OK.
We will now change the curve legends and symbols. Choose GraphModify, set the
“Action” to “Modify the Curve Depiction”, click the P button, highlight the green curve (the
one marked with circles) and click the ... button to the right of the Curve Depiction field.
Click the Legend tab, and, in the Legend Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter
“ADINA-FSI” in the Legend table and click OK. Click Apply to see the new curve legend.
For the second curve, set the “Action” to “Modify the Curve Depiction”, click the P button,
highlight the red curve (the one marked with triangles) and click the ... button to the right of
the Curve Depiction field. Uncheck the “Display Curve Symbol” button, and, in the Legend
Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter “Comparison solution” in the Legend table and
click OK. Click Apply to see the new curve legend.
In a similar way, remove the curve symbols and change the curve legend to “Critical velocity”
for the third curve. Click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. It is also
possible to change the graph title and axes, as was shown in problem 2.
To see the numerical values displayed in the curves, choose GraphList. In the first listing,
at time 1.90000E+01, the midspan displacement should be 8.41999E-04 (m). Click Close to
24-14 ADINA Primer

RESPONSE GRAPH
10.
ADINA-FSI
Comparison solution
8.
Critical velocity
DISPLACEMENT, MIDSPAN
6.
-4
*10
4.
2.
0.
0. 50. 100. 150. 200.
X-PRESCRIBED_VELOCITY, LEFTEND

24-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying concrete blocks
Problem description
During a twelve day period, concrete is added to a hole previously drilled into rock. At the
beginning of each 4 day interval, a 5 meter depth of concrete is poured. As the concrete
solidifies, internal heat is generated as the water and cement in the concrete react and this heat
is conducted into the surrounding rock and convected to the surrounding atmosphere.
C
L Concrete
q initial = 278 °K properties
5m
kJ
k = 8.4
hr-m-°K
kJ
r c = 1950
m3-°K
3
Rock
properties
2
kJ
30 m
k = 50
hr-m-°K
20 m
kJ
25 m
15 m
1 r c = 1850 m3-°K
Convective heat
transfer boundary
10 m
kJ
h = 50
hr-m2-°K
q external = 278 °K
15 m Region discretized
6000
Internal heat generation
4000
(kJ/hr-m**3)
2000
0
0 50 100 150
Time (hr)

In this analysis, we calculate the temperature distribution in the concrete and surrounding rock
as a function of time. An axisymmetric analysis is appropriate here. We account for the
change in the concrete volume and heat transfer surface area as the concrete is added.
Regarding the units used in this analysis, the time unit is hour, the energy unit is kilojoule, the
length unit is meter and the temperature unit is Kelvin. The power unit is therefore kJ/hour,
not kilowatt.
• Specifying element birth/death

• Specifying internal heat generation loading
• Specifying loads using arrival times
• Making an envelope band plot
Before you begin
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Thermal.
Heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 25: Heat transfer from solidifying
concrete blocks” and click OK.
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type to Transient. We will use the Euler backward method
for the time integration method. Click the Analysis Options icon , verify that the
Integration Method is Euler Backward Integration and click OK.
Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, specify 80 time steps of 8 hours each, then click
OK.
25-2 ADINA Primer

Time functions: There are a number of different time functions used in this problem. We
need a time function to describe the transient behavior of the heat generation from the
concrete and we need time functions to describe the environmental temperature of the various
convection surfaces. We also need to ensure that the temperatures at the intersections of the
convection surfaces are physically realistic. Problems may occur in the calculations of
environmental temperatures at nodes that are at the intersection of two or more boundary
convection elements. This is because, at present, ADINA Thermal averages the
environmental temperature at an intersection according to the environmental temperatures of
the connected boundary elements regardless of whether the boundary elements are active. If
one or more of the boundary elements are not active at a particular intersection, then the
calculated environmental temperature may be artificially low. We circumvent this problem by
explicitly setting the environmental temperature at each intersection node.
First let's enter the concrete block time function. This time function (time function 1) gives
the variation of internal heat within each block. When we use the time function, we will shift
it using the arrival time feature so that the shifted time function is greater than zero when the
block is added to the model. Choose ControlTime Function and enter the following
information for time function 1:
Time Value
0 0
8 5860
24 2300
48 710
72 290
96 130
120 0
10000 0
Click Save to store this definition. Now we enter the time functions for the environmental
temperature of the boundary convection elements. Define time function 2 as
Time Value
0 278
95.9 278
96.0 0
10000 0

time function 3 as
Time Value
0 0
95.9 0
96 278
191.9 278
192 0
10000 0
time function 4 as
Time Value
0 278
191.9 278
192 0
10000 0
time function 5 as
Time Value
0 0
191.9 0
192 278
10000 278
and time function 6 as
Time Value
0 278
10000 278
Initial conditions: Choose ControlAnalysis AssumptionsDefault Temperature Settings,

set the Default Initial Temperature to 278 and click OK.
Defining the geometry
The figure on the next page shows the key geometry used in defining the model.
Points: We need to enter enough geometry points to describe the geometry and to make it
easy to define the surfaces used for meshing. Click the Define Points icon , enter the
following data given in the table on the next page and click OK.
25-4 ADINA Primer

P5 P4
z
L19
S6
P7 L24 P6
P17
L25 S9 L16 S5
P8 P9
P16
L22
L23 S8 L13 S4
P10 P11
P15
L20
L21 S7 S3
P12 P13 P14
S1 S2
y
P1 P2 P3
Point # X2 X3
1 0 0
2 5 0
3 15 0
4 15 30
5 5 30
6 5 25
7 0 25
8 0 20
9 5 20
10 0 15
11 5 15
12 0 10
13 5 10
14 15 10
15 15 15
16 15 20
17 15 25

Surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon , create surfaces 1 to 9 using the following data
and click OK.

number
1 Vertex 1 2 13 12
2 Vertex 2 3 14 13
3 Vertex 13 14 15 11
4 Vertex 11 15 16 9
5 Vertex 9 16 17 6
6 Vertex 6 17 4 5
7 Vertex 12 13 11 10
8 Vertex 10 11 9 8
9 Vertex 8 9 6 7
When you click the Line/Edge Labels icon and the Surface/Face Labels icon , the
TIME 640.0 Z
P5 L18 P4 X Y
L19 S6 L17
P7 L24 P6 L15 P17
L25 S9 L16 S5 L14
P8 L22 P9 L12 P16
L23 S8 L13 S4 L11
P10 L20 P11 L9 P15
L21 S7 L10 S3 L8
P12 L3 P13 L7 P14
L4 L2 L6
S1 S2
P1 L1 P2 L5 P3
25-6 ADINA Primer

Defining the material data
We need to define the physical properties of the concrete and the base rock. Click the
Manage Materials icon and click the “k isotropic, c constant” button. In the Define
Constant Isotropic Material dialog box, add material number 1, set the Thermal Conductivity
to 8.4, the Heat Capacity to 1950 and click Save. Now add material number 2, set the
Thermal Conductivity to 50, the Heat Capacity to 1850 and click OK. (Do not close the
Manage Material Definitions dialog box yet.)
Click the Convection Constant button. In the Define Constant Convection Material dialog
box, add material number 3, set the Convection Coefficient to 50 and click OK.
Defining the birth and death times
The figure on the next page shows the modeling of the concrete and the convection boundary
conditions.
The only two surfaces for which the elements have birth times are surfaces 8 and 9,
corresponding to the second and third concrete blocks. Choose Model
Element Properties2-D Conduction. In the first row of the table, set the Surface # to 8 and
the Birth Time to 95.9, and, in the second row of the table, set the Surface # to 9 and the Birth
Time to 191.9. Click OK to close the dialog box.
(Please note that we enter a birth time that is slightly earlier than the solution time for which
we want the elements to be active. This avoids possible round-off error.)
Now we will define the birth and death times of the boundary convection elements attached to
the concrete blocks. Choose ModelElement Properties2-D Convection, add the
following information and click OK.
Line Birth Death

number time time
20 0 95.9
13 0 95.9
22 95.9 191.9
16 0 191.9
24 191.9 0

Convection elements
are placed on thick
lines L19
Always
active
L24
Active for t ³ 192 P6
S9
Active for t ³ 192 L16
Active for
0 £ t < 192
L22
Active for 96 £ t < 192 P9
S8 L13
Active for t ³ 96 Active for
0 £ t < 96
L20
Active for 0 £ t < 96 P11
S7
Always active
Defining the loads
Internal heat generation: We will define the internal heat generation on the surfaces
corresponding to the concrete elements. Load application 1 defines the internal heat load for
the first concrete block, load application 2 defines the internal heat load for the second
concrete block and load application 3 defines the internal heat load for the third concrete
block. Each load application uses the same load definition, but each load application is
shifted in time by 96 hours.
25-8 ADINA Primer

Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Internal Heat and click the Define...
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Internal Heat dialog box, add
Internal Heat Number 1, set the Heat Generation/Volume to 1 and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Surface, and in the first three rows of the table,
set the Surface # to 7, 8, 9 and set the Arrival Time to 0, 96, 192. Click OK to close the
dialog box.
Environmental temperatures: We will assign the environmental temperatures to the boundary

convection elements. In the following, we also assign environmental temperatures to the
boundary convection element intersection points in order to override the averaging
calculations described above.
Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Convection and click the Define...
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Convection dialog box, add
Convection Number 1, set the Environment Temperature to 1 and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Line and define the environmental temperatures
on lines using the following data:
Line # Time
function
20 2
13 2
22 3
16 4
24 5
19 6
Now set the “Apply to” field to Point and define the environmental temperatures on points
using the following data:
Point # Time
function
11 2
9 4
6 6
Defining the element groups
We need three element groups, group 1 for the concrete elements, group 2 for the rock
elements and group 3 for the boundary convection elements. Click the Element Groups icon
and add element group 1. Set the Type to 2-D Conduction, verify that the Element Sub-

Type is Axisymmetric, make sure that the Default Material is set to 1 and click Save. Now
add element group 2, set the Type to 2-D Conduction, verify that the Element Sub-Type is
Axisymmetric, set the Default Material to 2 and click Save. Finally add element group 3, set
the Type to Boundary Convection, set the Element Sub-Type to Axisymmetric, set the Default
Material to 3 and click OK.
Defining the subdivision data
We will set the subdivisions of the surfaces explicitly. Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon
, set the Surface Number to 1, set the number of subdivisions in the u and v directions to
5, enter 7, 8, 9 in the first three rows of the table and click Save. Now set the Surface Number
to 2, set the number of subdivisions in the u and v directions to 5, set the “Length Ratio of
Element Edges” for the u direction to 0.2, enter 3, 4, 5, 6 in the first four rows of the table and
click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 640.0 Z
P5 L18 P4 X Y
L19 S6 L17
P7 L24 P6 L15 P17
L25 S9 L16 S5 L14
P8 L22 P9 L12 P16
L23 S8 L13 S4 L11
P10 L20 P11 L9 P15
L21 S7 L10 S3 L8
P12 L3 P13 L7 P14
L4 L2 L6
S1 S2
P1 L1 P2 L5 P3
Concrete elements: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Type to 2-D Conduction, make
sure that the Element Group is set to 1, enter surface numbers 7, 8, 9 in the first three rows of
the table and click Apply.
Rock elements: Set the Element Group to 2, enter surface numbers 1 to 6 in the first six rows
25-10 ADINA Primer

Convection elements: Click the Mesh Lines icon , enter lines 20, 13, 22, 16, 24, 19 in the
first six rows of the table and click OK.
When you click the Color Element Groups icon , the graphics window should look
TIME 640.0 Z
P5 L18 P4 X Y
L19 S6 L17
P7 L24 P6 L15 P17
L25 S9 L16 S5 L14
P8 L22 P9 L12 P16
L23 S8 L13 S4 L11
P10 L20 P11 L9 P15
L21 S7 L10 S3 L8
P12 L3 P13 L7 P14
L4 L2 L6
S1 S2
P1 L1 P2 L5 P3
Generating the data file, running ADINA Thermal, loading the porthole file
click Save. When ADINA Thermal is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program
Displaying the temperatures
To display bands of temperature for the last solution time, click the Quick Band Plot icon
. We would rather display the temperatures in degrees C, so choose Definitions
VariableResultant, add resultant TEMP_C, define it as TEMPERATURE-273 and click
OK. Then click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (User Defined:
TEMP_C) and click OK.

TIME 640.0 Z
X Y
TEMP_C
TIME 640.0
63.00
54.00
45.00
36.00
27.00
18.00
9.00
MAXIMUM
67.69
NODE 232
MINIMUM
5.166
NODE 456
Now we reduce the number of colors used in the band plot (we do this so that the animation
discussed below is processed more quickly). Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the
Band Table... button, set the Number of Colors to 4 and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.
To create an animation showing the temperature as a function of time, click the Movie Load
Step icon . The AUI creates the animation frame-by-frame and displays each frame after
it has been computed. You can see the concrete blocks as they are added.
When the movie shoot is finished, display the animation by clicking the Animate icon .
To display the animation more slowly, choose DisplayAnimate, set the Minimum Delay
greater than 0 and click OK. Click the Refresh icon to remove the last frame of the
animation from the display when you are finished viewing the animation.
Making a band plot of the envelope of the temperatures
We will plot the temperatures using an envelope. At each point in the model, the AUI
determines the maximum temperature over the entire range of solution times, then the AUI
plots the results as bands.
25-12 ADINA Primer

Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh Plot icon . To prepare for plotting the
temperatures using an envelope, choose DefinitionsResponse, set the Response Name to
DEFAULT, set the Type to Envelope and click OK. Then click the Create Band Plot icon
, set the Band Plot Variable to (User Defined:TEMP_C) and click OK. The graphics
TIME 320.0 Z
X Y
TEMP_C
Envelope response
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
MAXIMUM
78.31
NODE 267 (78.30)
MINIMUM
5.166
NODE 456
Determining the maximum temperature at the nodes, plotting the results for the
corresponding solution time
Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, in the Extreme Values box, set the Number to 5, set
Variable 1 to (User Defined:TEMP_C) and click Apply. The AUI lists the maximum
temperature of 7.82978E+01 (degrees C) at time 2.08000E+02 (hours) at node 128. The AUI
also lists the next four maximum temperatures. The fourth maximum temperature is
7.82960E+01 at node 267, and from the plot, node 267 is the location of the band plot close
maximum. Click Close to close the dialog box.
To plot the entire temperature field at time 208, choose DefinitionsResponse, set the
Response Name to DEFAULT, set the Type to Load Step, set the Solution Time to 208 and
click OK. Now click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon , then click the Create
Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (User Defined:TEMP_C) and click OK.

TIME 208.0 Z
X Y
TEMP_C
TIME 208.0
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
MAXIMUM
78.33
NODE 157 (78.30)
MINIMUM
5.000
NODE 891
Note: the plots show slightly larger temperatures than the listings, because the plots consider
temperatures within the elements as well as nodal temperatures. Because quadratic elements
are used, the maximum temperatures occur within elements.
25-14 ADINA Primer

Problem 26: Analysis of a cable-stayed bridge
Problem description
The cable-stayed bridge shown in the figures below is to be analyzed for its dead-load static
response and then to two loadings corresponding to earthquakes. The bridge has a single
continuous span bearing on a central pier and the span is suspended by cables fixed at the top
of two towers. The span consists of two longitudinal box girders, floor beams, a concrete
deck and transverse box girders at the hanger points.
Plan view of deck:

Transverse girder
9
Bottom of Bottom of
longitudinal longitudinal
girders pinned girders pinned
to ground to central pier
177.5 177.5
Longitudinal girders not shown
Cross-section of deck:
8"
9
10 9 10 9 9 10 9 10
96

Tower dimensions:
10
170
1
10
50
10 96 10 15
For the purpose of analysis, the towers are considered to be rigid.
The floor beams are I beams, 20 feet apart; each I beam has a 48"3/8" web and 12"  1"
flanges. The effect of the floor beams is included by increasing the stiffness of the deck in
the transverse direction and by increasing the density of the deck.
The flanges of the box girders are 4" thick and the webs are 2.5" thick. All box girders are
capped with diaphragms 2.5" thick and diaphragms are also included at the centers of the
longitudinal girders (at the central pier).
The cable is considered to have no stiffness in compression. An initial strain is applied to the
cable elements to provide the necessary prestress needed to keep the deck from sagging under
the dead load.
26-2 ADINA Primer

The units of the problem are: length (feet), force (kip), time (sec). Therefore the unit of mass
is (kip-sec2/ft) and the unit of density is (kip-sec2/ft4).
In the first earthquake analysis, the earthquake load is modeled using a response spectrum and
in the second earthquake analysis, the ground displacements are applied directly to the model.
The two loads are completely unrelated and describe two separate earthquakes.
The emphasis of this worked example is on the specification of analysis types (static,
response spectrum and dynamic) and on the presentation of the results. Therefore, in this
analysis, we have set up the model geometry and the finite element definitions in a batch file
(prob26_1.in). The organization of the batch file is: definition of geometry points, definition
of geometry lines, definition of geometry surfaces, definition of geometry volumes,
application of fixities, specification of material properties, definition of finite elements. If
you are interested in understanding the commands in the batch file, refer to the AUI
Command Reference Manual for ADINA Structures.
We have also set up the response spectrum definitions in a separate batch file
(prob26_1.plo). If you are interested in understanding the commands in the batch file, refer
to the AUI Command Reference Manual for Display Processing.
The finite element mesh is divided into five element groups:
Group 1: Concrete deck, modeled using 8-node shell elements. The elastic orthotropic
material model is used to incorporate the floor beams.
Group 2: Towers and pier, modeled using 27-node solid elements. The Young's modulus
of these elements is set artificially high so that the towers do not participate in the motion.
Group 3: Longitudinal box girders and stiffeners, modeled using 8-node shell elements.
Group 4: Transverse box girders, modeled using 8-node shell elements.
Group 5: Cables, modeled using truss elements with specified initial strains and the
nonlinear elastic material model. Each cable is modeled with one truss element, to avoid
cable vibration modes in the response spectrum analysis.
The model is nonlinear because of the truss elements.
• Reading a batch file for model definition.

• Reading a batch file for post-processing definitions.
• Calculating mass properties.
• Turning off saving of the element results.

• Restarting from a dead load analysis.
Before you begin
model has 1666 nodes.
You need to copy the files prob26_1.in, prob26_2.in, prob26_1.plo, prob26_xtf.txt,

prob26_ytf.txt and prob26_ztf.txt from the folder samples\primer into a working
directory or folder before beginning this analysis.
Dead load analysis

Reading the model geometry and finite element definitions from a batch file
Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file
prob26_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. You can
see the log messages from the commands in the Message Window as the AUI processes the
commands.
For processing speed, we have not included any graphics commands in the batch file.
After the AUI processes the last batch command, click the Mesh Plot icon to display the
geometry and mesh. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next
page.
26-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Specifying the control parameters
Let's verify some of the control parameters. The Analysis Type field should be set to Statics.
Choose ControlHeading, verify that the problem heading is “Problem 26: Static analysis of
cable-stayed bridge” and click Cancel to close the dialog box. Choose Control
Time Function, verify that the time function is constant with unit value and click Cancel to
Let's activate calculation of the mass properties. Click the Element Groups icon , then,
for each of the five element groups, set the "Calculate Mass Properties" field to Yes and then
click Save. (Click the Advanced tab to view the "Calculate Mass Properties" field.) Click
Let's select the iteration tolerances. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the
Tolerances... button, set the Convergence Criteria to Energy and Force, set the Reference
Force to 1, set the Reference Moment to 1 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Specifying the load
The load is the dead weight of the structure. First we need to define a mass-proportional load,
then we need to apply it to the model. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to
Mass Proportional and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the
Define Mass-Proportional Loading dialog box, add load number 1, set the Magnitude to 32.2
and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, in the first row of the table, set the Time

Function to 1 and click OK.
Specifying the cable initial strains
We need to specify the initial strain in the cable elements. This strain prestresses the cable
elements, providing a cable tension force to prevent the deck from sagging.
We have already determined the magnitude of the required initial strain to be 3.52E-3.
Choose ModelElement PropertiesTruss. In the first four rows of the table, set the Initial
Strain to 3.52E-3 and click OK.
Solution icon , set the file name to prob26_1a, make sure that the Run Solution button is
click the Open icon and open porthole file prob26_1a.
Displaying mass properties
To display the bridge mass properties, choose ListInfoMass. The total mass is
1.08932E+03 (kip-mass). Because the unit is kip-mass, you have to multiply by 32.2 to
compute the weight. Notice that the centroid is at the actual center of the bridge; this is a
good check on the model. Click Close to close the dialog box.
Displaying the deformed mesh
We will display the original mesh and magnify the deformations. Click the Show Original
Mesh icon and the Scale Displacements icon . The graphics window should look
Listing the cable stresses and maximum deck displacements
To list the cable stresses, choose ListValue ListZone, set the Zone Name to EG5, set
Variable 1 to (Stress:STRESS-RR) and click Apply. The stress for time 0.0 is 1.01376E+04
and the stress for time 1.0 (which is what we are interested in) is 9.75382E+03 (kip/ft**2).
To determine the maximum displacement, choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set Variable

1 to (Displacement:Z-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. The AUI displays the maximum
displacement = -1.02377E-01 (feet). Click Close to close the dialog box.
26-6 ADINA Primer

X Y
Response spectrum analysis

In this analysis, we subject the bridge model to an earthquake load described by a response
spectrum. The bridge model is preloaded by its weight before the earthquake load is applied.
In ADINA Structures, this type of analysis is performed using the restart feature. First the
static deformations of the model are determined (we did this in the last section). These
deformations are used as initial conditions for the frequency and modal participation factor
calculations of the restart ADINA Structures run.
Specifying the control parameters
In order to specify the parameters required for the restart ADINA Structures run, we need to
update the model. Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures (you can
discard all changes and continue). Choose database file prob26 from the recent file list near
the bottom of the Files menu.
To change the title, choose ControlHeading, change the problem heading to “Problem 26:
Response spectrum analysis of cable-stayed bridge”, then click OK.
To specify a restart analysis, choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to
"Restart Run" and click OK.

To request initial calculations required for response spectrum analysis, set the Analysis Type
to Modal Participation Factors and click the Analysis Options icon . Now we enter the
number of mode shapes to calculate and some parameters that control the frequency analysis.
Click the Settings... button, set the “Number of Frequencies/Mode Shapes” to 15 and the
“Max. Number of Iterations per Eigenpair” to 40. Now click the Settings… button, check the
“Perform Sturm Sequence Check” button and click OK twice to close the “Bathe Subspace or
Lanczos Iteration Settings” dialog box and the “Frequencies (Modes)” dialog box. In the
Modal Participation Factors dialog box, set the Number of Modes to Use to 15, verify that the
Type of Excitation Load is set to Ground Motion and click OK.
In order to reduce the size of the porthole file, we will turn off saving of the element stresses.
Choose ControlPortholeVolume, uncheck the Individual Element Results button and
click OK.
Click the Save icon to save the database file. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set
the file name to prob26_1b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click
Save.
The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the first analysis. Enter
restart file prob26_1a and click Copy.
open porthole file prob26_1b.
Viewing the frequency solution
We will obtain a listing of the natural frequencies, modal participation factors and modal
masses. Choose ListInfoMPF and examine the first table. The first several frequencies
should be 1.33568 (Hz), 1.49623, 2.99607. The second table gives the modal masses for each
frequency and direction, the third table gives the percent modal masses, the fourth table gives
the accumulated modal masses (the accumulated modal mass for mode n is the sum of the
modal masses for modes 1 to n) and the fifth table gives the percent accumulated modal
masses. From the third table, we learn that mode 10 accounts for 48.84 % of the total mass
for motions in the y direction. From the fifth table, we learn that our model includes 58.48%
of the total mass for motions in the y direction, and 65.07% of the total mass for motions in
the z direction. Click Close to close the dialog box.
26-8 ADINA Primer

MODE 1, F 1.336 MODE MAG 1350. Z

TIME 1.000
X Y
Now we will animate the mode shape. Click the Movie Mode Shape icon . The AUI
shows the model moving through the mode shape. After the AUI is finished, choose
DisplayAnimate, set the Number of Cycles to 5 and click OK to animate the motion. Click
the Refresh icon to clear the animation.
You can use the Next Solution icon , Previous Solution icon , First Solution icon
and Last Solution icon to view the other modes.
Specifying the response spectrum
We now assume that an earthquake causes ground motions in the y direction of the model.
The response spectrum describing the earthquake load is shown in the figure on the next page.
Now we need to enter the response spectrum into the AUI. We have prepared all of the
necessary commands in batch file prob26_1.plo. (See problem 12 for an example in which
we define a response spectrum using the dialog boxes.)
Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working folder or directory, select file prob26_1
and click Open.

1.6
1.4
5% damping
1.2
Acceleration (gs)
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
0.
0. 2. 4.
Period (sec)
Now we graph the response spectrum (which we defined with name ARS in the batch file).
Click the Clear icon . Choose GraphResponse Spectrum, select response spectrum
ARS and click OK.
Response spectrum
1.6
5.00% damping
1.4
1.2
Acceleration
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Period
26-10 ADINA Primer

Determining the maximum response
Now we use the response spectrum to compute the maximum responses. Choose
ListExtreme ValuesZone and click the Single Response button in the Response Option
box. Notice that response DEFAULT is displayed. Click the … button to the right of the
Response field to view the definition of response DEFAULT. Response DEFAULT is a
response of type response-spectrum (the commands in the batch file defined this response).
Click Cancel to close the Response dialog box.
Since the DEFAULT response corresponds to a response spectrum analysis, the AUI will use
the response spectrum calculations when evaluating the variables. For the variables, enter
(Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT), (Velocity:Y-VELOCITY), (Acceleration:
Y-ACCELERATION). Then click Apply. The AUI computes the maximum y-displacement
as 4.27844E-02 (feet), the maximum y-velocity as 1.44463 (ft/sec) and the maximum y-
acceleration as 4.91908E+01 (ft/sec**2). Click Close to close the dialog box.
The first time a response is used, information about the response is printed in the message
window. To view this information, increase the size of the message window, then use the
message window scrollbar. The AUI prints information about the response, then prints a
table giving the mode number, its period, the damping, the modal participation factor and the
spectrum value. You may find this information useful when evaluating the response spectrum
calculations.
Dynamic analysis
In this analysis, we subject the bridge model to an earthquake load described by prescribed
displacements. We assume that the motion of all supports can be represented by the same
prescribed displacements. The bridge model is preloaded by its weight before the earthquake
load is applied.
In ADINA Structures, this type of analysis is performed using the restart feature. First the
static deformations of the model are determined (we did this in one of the previous analyses
above). These deformations are used as initial conditions for dynamic analysis. Unfortunately
we cannot use the results of the previous analysis because in the previous analysis fixities
were used at the pier and ground. We have to replace these fixities by zero prescribed
displacements and rerun the static analysis first, as we show in detail below.
Because of the relatively large size of this model, we will run the model for only 10 time
steps, simply to demonstrate how to perform this type of analysis. Of course, this means that
the results will be relatively uninteresting, but if you have a fast computer, you can run the
model for more steps by modifying the procedures given here.

Preload: Specifying the control parameters
In order to specify the parameters required for the static ADINA Structures run, we need to
update the ADINA Structures model. Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA
Structures (you can discard all changes and continue). Choose database file prob26 from the
recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
To change the title, choose ControlHeading, change the problem heading to “Problem 26:
Static (preload) analysis of cable-stayed bridge”, and click OK.
To select the analysis type, set the Analysis Type to Statics. Choose ControlTime Step,
verify that one time step with time increment 1.0 is entered, then click Cancel.
Since this is not a restart analysis, choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis
Mode" to "New Run" and click OK.
Preload: Specifying the ground displacements
The ground motion is described by the three components of displacement. Each component
is described by its own time function, time function 2 for the X component, time function 3
for the Y component and time function 4 for the Z component.
Since we are prescribing the ground displacements directly, we must remove the fixities that
we used in the previous analyses. In the Model Tree, click the + next to the ‘Fixity’ text, then
highlight both of the Fixity rows, right-click and choose Delete.
Now we enter the time functions. For the static analysis, we will assign time function values
of 0.0 to each of the new time functions. Choose ControlTime Function, add time function
2, enter 0.0, 0.0 for the first row and 1.0, 0.0 for the second row, then click Save. Copy this
time function to time function 3 as follows: click the Copy… button and click OK. Then
copy time function 3 to time function 4 in a similar way and click OK to close the dialog box.
Now we define displacement loads. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to
Displacement and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the
Define Displacement dialog box, add displacement number 1, set the X Prescribed Value of
Translation to 1, then click Save. Now add displacement number 2, set the Y Prescribed
Value of Translation to 1 and click Save. Finally add displacement number 3, set the Z
Prescribed Value of Translation to 1, then click OK to close the dialog box. Click OK to
Now we apply these loads to the model. The supports are modeled with geometry lines 1 to
12 (for the attachments of the box girders to ground) and with geometry surfaces 401 to 404
and 501 to 504 (for piers). Therefore we have 20 load applications for each load direction for
a total of 61 load applications in the model (remember that we are also applying the dead
load). Because the applications of the loads are tedious and error-prone when using the
26-12 ADINA Primer

dialog boxes, instead we have entered the equivalent commands into the batch file
prob26_2.in.
Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working folder or directory, select the file
prob26_2.in and click Open.
After the AUI processes the commands, you can examine the load applications using the
Model Tree.
Preload: Generating the data file, running ADINA Structures, loading the porthole file
icon , set the file name to prob26_2a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked
and click Save. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the
Open icon and open porthole file prob26_2a.
The solution should be exactly the same as was computed in the previous static analysis. You
can verify this by following the instructions given above for listing the maximum deck
displacements.
Dynamic analysis: Specifying the control parameters
In order to specify the parameters required for the restart ADINA Structures run, we need to
update the ADINA Structures model. Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA
Structures (you can discard all changes and continue). Choose database file prob26 from the
recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
To change the title, choose ControlHeading, change the problem to “Problem 26: Dynamic
analysis of cable-stayed bridge”, then click OK.
To select the analysis type, set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Implicit. Click the Analysis
Options icon , verify that the Bathe method is being used, then click Close.
To specify a restart analysis, choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to
"Restart Run" and click OK.
To enter the time step size and the number of steps, choose ControlTime Step, set the first
row of the table to 10, 0.01, then click OK.

We will model the damping in the bridge using Rayleigh damping with constants chosen to
give 5% damping for modes 1 and 15. Choose ControlAnalysis Assumptions
Rayleigh Damping, set the Default Alpha to 0.7225 , the Default Beta to 1.67E-3, then click
OK.
Dynamic analysis: Specifying the ground displacements
In the dynamic analysis, we replace the time functions used for the prescribed displacements
in the static analysis with time functions that describe the base motion. The points of each
time function curve are stored in files prob26_xtf.txt, prob26_ytf.txt and
prob26_ztf.txt. Choose ControlTime Function, select time function 2, click the Clear
button, click the Import… button, enter the filename prob26_xtf.txt and click OK. The
time function curve table displays the time function that you just loaded. Click Save, then
alter time functions 3 and 4 using files prob26_ytf.txt and prob26_ztf.txt in the same
way. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Dynamic analysis: Generating the data file, running ADINA Structures, loading the
porthole file
the file name to prob26_2b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click
Save.
restart file prob26_2a and click Copy.
open porthole file prob26_2b.
Dynamic analysis: Beginning post-processing
To see which solutions have been computed, choose ListInfoResponse and examine the
listing. You should see that 11 sets of displacements, velocities and accelerations have been
loaded. Click Close to close the dialog box.
To check the load application, click the Load Plot icon . The AUI displays the prescribed
displacements as arrows. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rotate the mesh plot so that
you are looking at the underside of the bridge. The graphics window should look something
26-14 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.100
Z
Y X
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.100
6.536E-05
Dynamic analysis: Graphing the solution
We will create a time history graph showing the displacement of one of the points where the
cable is attached to the span. This point corresponds to node 1662. Choose Definitions
Model PointNode, define point N1662 as node 1662, then click OK. Then click the Clear
icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y Variable to
(Displacement:Z-DISPLACEMENT), verify that the model point is N1662, then click OK.
This displacement is, of course, the absolute displacement of the point. In order to obtain a
graph of the relative displacement of the point (relative to the ground), we need to create a
combination point in which the AUI subtracts the result at the ground from the result at the
point. Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Combination)Node, add point N1662R, then, in
the first row of the table, enter 1662 and 1.0 for the Node Number and Weight and in the
second row of the table enter 826 and -1.0 for the Node Number and Weight. (Node 826 is
one of the ground nodes.) Then click OK.
Now choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), set the Y Variable to (Displacement:
Z-DISPLACEMENT), set the Model Point to N1662R, set the Plot Name to PREVIOUS,
then click OK.
Now we change the legends of the graph curves. Choose GraphModify, set the Action to
“Modify the Curve Depiction”, click the P button and highlight the green curve (the one with
the circles), then click the … button to the right of the Curve Depiction field. In the Curve
Depiction dialog box, uncheck the Display Curve Symbol button, and, in the Legend
Attributes box, set the Type to Custom, enter “Absolute displacement” in the first row of the
Legend table and click OK. Click Apply to plot the updated curve.

In a similar way, remove the curve symbols and set the curve legend to “Relative
displacement to ground” for the red curve (the one with the triangles).
RESPONSE GRAPH
560.
Absolute displacement
Relative displacement to ground

555.
Z-DISPLACEMENT, N1662
550.
545.
-6
*10
540.
535.
530.
1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12
TIME
Dynamic analysis: Plotting the deformations due to dynamic effects
To plot the mesh with magnified displacements, click the Clear icon , then the Scale
Displacements icon . We don’t see the displacements due to the ground motions because
they are smaller than the displacements due to the mass-proportional loads.
So we plot the mesh, magnifying just the dynamic displacements. Specifically, we set the
reference time for the mesh plot to time 1.0. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon and click
the Model Depiction… button. In the Model Depiction dialog box, set the “Option for
Plotting Original Mesh” to “Use Configuration at Reference Time” and set the “Reference
Time for Original Mesh” to 1.0. Also set the “Defined by” field to Max. Displacement and
the “Max. Displacement” to 10. Click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. We see that the
bridge has translated and that one of the bridge modes has been triggered by the dynamic
ground motion.
26-16 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.100 DISP MAG 1151873. Z

REF TIME 1.000
X Y
You can use the Previous Solution icon and Next Solution icon to examine the
solutions for the other solution times. You can also show the solutions as an animation.
Dynamic analysis: Listing the deformations due to dynamic effects
We will list the displacements due to the ground motions. This can be done by subtracting
the static displacements from the total displacements. In the AUI, this task is accomplished
by defining a response of type response-combination.
First we need to name the response associated with the static deformations. Choose
DefinitionsResponse, add response STATIC, set the Solution Time to 1.0, then click Save.
Next we need to name the response associated with the total deformations. Add response
TOTAL, set the Solution Time to ‘Latest’ and click Save.
Now we can define the response combination. Select Response Name

DEFAULT_RESPONSE-COMBINATION, then enter TOTAL, 1.0 in the first row of the
table and STATIC, -1.0 in the second row of the table, then click OK. Now, whenever this
response is used in another dialog box, the AUI will perform the response combination.
For example, to determine the maximum dynamic displacement for this solution time, choose
ListExtreme ValuesZone, set the Response Option to Single Response, set the Response
to DEFAULT_RESPONSE-COMBINATION, set Variable 1 to (Displacement:
X-DISPLACEMENT), Variable 2 to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT), Variable 3 to
(Displacement: Z-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. You should obtain the maximum x

displacement = 5.98514E-05 (feet), the maximum y displacement = 2.54000E-05 (feet), the

maximum z displacement = -2.43645E-05 (feet).
26-18 ADINA Primer

Problem 27: Beam subjected to harmonic and random loads
Problem description
In this problem, we subject the beam structure shown below to harmonic and random loads.
z
Uniform distributed load acting in positive z-direction
x 0.04
0.02
1
All lengths in meters. All modes: 5% damping
E = 2.07 5 1011 N/m2
r = 7800 kg/m3
Uniform distributed load acting in positive y-direction
not shown
The details of the loadings are given below when they are defined.
previous problems:
• Defining out-of-plane line loads

• Setting up a modal participation factor analysis with applied loads
• Defining and using harmonic loads
• Defining and using random loads
Before you begin
Defining the model

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 27: Beam subjected to

harmonic and random loads” and click OK.

Point # X1 X2 X3
1
2 1
3 0.1
= 2 and click OK.
Boundary conditions: Click the Apply Fixity icon , enter 1 in the first row of the Point #
table and click OK.
Loads:The loads in the y and z directions will be considered independent. We will have two
load steps. In load step 1, the y-direction loads will be active; in load step 2, the z-direction
loads will be active. Time function 1 will control the y loads and time function 2 will control
the z loads.
Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 2 in the first row of the table and
click OK.
Choose ControlTime Function and edit time function 1 to be
Time Value
0 0
1 1
2 0
Then define time function 2 as
Time Value
0 0
1 0
2 1
Click OK to close the time function dialog box.
Now we define the load applications. Click the Apply Load icon . Set the Load Type to
Distributed Line Load and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In
the Define Distributed Line Load dialog box, add Line Load 1, set the Magnitude
[Force/Length] to -1 and click OK. In the first row of the table in the Apply Load dialog box,
set the Line # to 1, the Auxiliary Point to 3, the Load Plane to “Perpendicular to Plane” and
27-2 ADINA Primer

the Time Function to 1. In the second row of the table, set the Line # to 1, the Auxiliary Point
to 3, the Load Plane to In-Plane and the Time Function to 2. Click OK to close the Apply
Load dialog box.
Width to 0.04, the Height to 0.02 and click OK. (Note: the element s-direction will lie in the
x-z plane, so the Width (in the s-direction) is the larger cross-section dimension.) Click the
Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define Isotropic
Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Young's Modulus to 2.07E11, the
Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog
box.
Finite elements: Click the Element Groups icon , add group 1, set the Type to Beam and
click OK.
Click the Subdivide Lines icon , set the Number of Subdivisions to 10 and click OK.
Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the Auxiliary Point to 3, enter 1 in the first row of the
table and click OK.
Click the Iso View 1 icon , Boundary Plot icon and Load Plot icon . Then click
the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction... button, click the Display Beam
Cross-Section field, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window
should look something like the top figure on the next page. (Note: we use the Iso View 1 icon
because otherwise the mesh is plotted in the x-z plane.)
Before continuing with the model definition, let’s plot the loads for load step 1. Click the
Previous Solution icon . The graphics window should look something like the bottom

TIME 2.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
B
TIME 2.000 B
1.000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
B
TIME 1.000 B
1.000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
27-4 ADINA Primer

Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Modal Participation Factors and click
the Analysis Options icon . Click the Settings… button, set the “Number of
Frequencies/Mode Shapes” to 10 and click OK to close the dialog box. Set the “Number of
Modes to Use” to 10, set the “Type of Excitation Load” to “Applied Load” and click OK to
Generating the data file, running ADINA Structures, loading the

porthole file
click Save. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the
The AUI displays the warning messages
Node displacements not found for node 1.

Displacement messages suppressed for 11 nodes.
Plotted displacements set to zero for 12 nodes.
These messages appear because in this type of analysis, ADINA Structures computes only
modal participation factors for solution times 1.0 and 2.0. Click OK to close the warning
message box.
Listing the natural frequencies and modal participation factors
Choose ListInfoResponse and verify that 2 sets of applied loading modal participation
factors are loaded from times 1.0 to 2.0. The modal participation factors for time 1.0 (load
step 1) are calculated from the loads at time 1.0 (which are the y loads) and the modal
participation factors for time 2.0 (load step 2) are calculated from the loads at time 2.0 (which
are the z loads).
Also notice that no displacements or other solution data is calculated by ADINA Structures.
However ADINA Structures does calculate mode shapes, modal reactions and modal stresses.

To list the modal data, choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Range to
DEFAULT_MODE-SHAPE, set Variable 1 to (Frequency/Mode:FREQUENCY) and click
Apply. The first few frequencies should be 1.66424E+01 (Hz), 3.32770E+01. Click Close to
Defining the modal damping ratios
Choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsDamping Table and add damping table DT1.

Now click the … button to the right of the Curve Name field. In the Define Frequency Curve
dialog box, add frequency curve DT1, enter 0, 5 and 10000, 5 in the first two rows of the table
and click OK. (“5” corresponds to 5 % damping.) In the Define Damping Table dialog box,
set the Curve Name to DT1 if necessary and click OK to close the dialog box.
Harmonic analysis
If you are not interested in harmonic analysis, you can skip to the “Random analysis” section
below.
For the theory used in harmonic analysis, see the ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling
Guide, Section 9.3.
We will proceed as follows:
1) Analyze the beam assuming that only the y loads are applied
2) Analyze the beam assuming that both the y and z loads are applied
Analysis assuming that only the y loads are applied
Load magnitude specification: We assume that the time variation of the y loads is given by
wy  1000sin( t ) where   2 f and f is the frequency of the loads (in Hz). Notice that
the magnitude factor 1000 is independent of the loading frequency f (but in general, the
magnitude factor can be a function of the loading frequency). We also assume that this time
variation is valid for 0  f  1000 Hz .
To specify this information, choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsSweep Spectrum,

add sweep spectrum name SWEEP_Y, and click the … button to the right of the Curve Name
field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box, add frequency curve SWEEP_Y, enter 0,
1000 and 1000, 1000 in the first two rows of the table and click OK. In the Define Sweep
Spectrum dialog box, set the Curve Name to SWEEP_Y, set the “Axes Type (Frequency-
Value)” to “Linear-Linear”, set the Spectrum Title to “Sweep spectrum for y loads” and click
Save.
27-6 ADINA Primer

To graph the sweep spectrum, click the Clear icon , then click the Graph… button in the
Define Sweep Spectrum dialog box. In the Display Sweep Spectrum dialog box, make sure
that the Sweep Spectrum is set to SWEEP_Y and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Sweep spectrum for y loads

2.
Force
3
*10
1.
0.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
2
*10
Frequency
Solution for frequency of 150 Hz: Let’s plot the deformations assuming a loading frequency of
150 Hz. Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT
and set the Type to Harmonic. Set the Method to “Amplitude at Specified Angle”, set the
Loading Frequency to 150, set the Damping Table to DT1 and, in the table, enter 1,
SWEEP_Y. Then click OK.
When you click the Clear icon and the Iso View 1 icon , then the Show Original
Mesh icon and the Scale Displacements icon , the graphics window should look
This solution is the solution when t in the loading equation above is 0, 1/150, 2/150, etc. We
can also obtain the solution for other times by changing the specified angle in the harmonic
response definition. For example, choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the
Response Name is DEFAULT, set the Angle (OMEGAT) to 90 and click OK. When you
click the Clear icon and the Iso View 1 icon , then the Show Original Mesh icon
and the Scale Displacements icon , the graphics window should look something like the

Harmonic response DISP MAG 2512. Z
X Y
Harmonic response DISP MAG 268.6 Z
X Y
27-8 ADINA Primer

This is the solution when  t in the loading equation is 90 degrees, and therefore when t in
the loading equation above is (90 / 360)  (1/150)  1.667  103 seconds. You can try other
angles to see the structural responses for other times.
We can also plot the results, such as the bending moments. Choose Display
Element Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-S and
X Y
BENDING
MOMENT-S
Harmonic response
29.99
We can also have the AUI choose  t for each bending moment in each element so that the
bending moment in each element is maximum (of course, then  t will be different for each
element). Similarly, we can have the AUI choose  t for each displacement at each node so
that the displacement is maximum (of course, then  t will be different for each node).
For example, choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is
DEFAULT, set the Method to Maximum Amplitude and click OK. Now click the Clear icon
and the Iso View 1 icon , then the Show Original Mesh icon and the Scale
Displacements icon . The AUI chooses  t for each displacement at each node so that the
displacement at each node is maximum. Now choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate,
set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-S and click OK. The AUI chooses
 t for each bending moment in each element so that the bending moment in each element is
maximum.

X Y
BENDING
MOMENT-S
Harmonic response
30.13
Note that this plot is similar to an envelope plot, where the envelope is taken over all solution
times.
Solution for loading frequencies from 0 to 250 Hz: Of course, we could examine the results
for any loading frequency using the instructions given above. But it is convenient to focus
attention on one result (the tip displacement, for example) and then sweep the loading
frequency over a range of frequencies.
The node at the tip is node 11. Choose DefintionsModel PointNode, add name TIP,
define it as node 11 and click OK.
Now click the Clear icon and choose GraphHarmonic Analysis. Set the Variable to
(Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and make sure that the Model Point is TIP. Set the
Frequency Spacing to Linear and the Number of Frequencies to 126. In the Frequency Range
of the Harmonic Response box, set the Min. Frequency to 0 and the Max. Frequency to 250,
then click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next
page.
This plot shows that the tip displacement is large for a loading frequency of 16 Hz. This is
not surprising since the first natural frequency of the beam is around 16 Hz.
27-10 ADINA Primer

Harmonic response,
0.20 response DEFAULT
Y-DISPLACEMENT,
0.18 TIP
0.16
0.14
Maximum amplitude
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250.
Frequency
In this plot, the units of amplitude are meters. We can also plot the amplitude scaled to the
quasi-static amplitude (which is the amplitude for very low loading frequencies). To make this
plot, choose DefinitionsResponse, check the “Normalized by Quasi-Static Response”
button and click OK. Then follow the instructions given above for the previous graph. The
Harmonic response,
9. response DEFAULT
Y-DISPLACEMENT,
8. TIP
7.
Normalized maximum amplitude
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
0.
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250.
Frequency

Here it is easy to see that the maximum displacement is about 8 times the static displacement.
Analysis assuming that both the y and z loads are applied
Load magnitude specification: We assume that the time variation of the y loads is
wy  1000 cos(t ) and that the time variation of the z loads is wz  2000 sin(t ) . The
combination of these two loads can be interpreted as a load that traces an elliptical path
around the beam, as shown:
z
w = 1000 cos wt + 2000 sin wt
We need to define a sweep spectrum for the z load. Choose Definitions

Spectrum DefinitionsSweep Spectrum, add sweep spectrum name SWEEP_Z, and click the
… button to the right of the Curve Name field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box,
add frequency curve SWEEP_Z, enter 0, 2000 and 1000, 2000 in the first two rows of the
table and click OK. In the Define Sweep Spectrum dialog box, set the Curve Name to
SWEEP_Z, set the “Axes Type (Frequency-Value)” to “Linear-Linear”, set the Spectrum Title
to “Sweep spectrum for z loads” and click OK.
Solution for frequency of 150 Hz: Let’s plot the deformations assuming a frequency of 150
Hz. Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT and
that the Type is Harmonic. Set the Method to “Amplitude at Specified Angle”, set the Angle
(OMEGAT) to 0, the Loading Frequency to 150 and uncheck the “Normalized by Quasi-
Static Response” button. Now, in the table, enter 1, SWEEP_Y, 1, -90 in the first row and 2,
SWEEP_Z, 1, 0 in the second row. Click OK to close the dialog box.
(For row 1, we use the identity cos( t )  sin( t  (90 )) to determine the value of the Phase
Angle.)
27-12 ADINA Primer

Now click the Clear icon and the Iso View 1 icon . Choose Display
Element Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-S, click
Apply, set the Element Line Quantity to BENDING_MOMENT-T and click OK. The
Harmonic response Z
X Y
BENDING
MOMENT-S
Harmonic response
29.99
BENDING
MOMENT-T
Harmonic response
25.67
This is the solution for  t in the loading equation = 0 degrees.
Random analysis
If you are not interested in random analysis, you can exit the AUI now.
For the theory used in random analysis, see the ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling
Guide, Section 9.4.
We will proceed as follows:
1) Analyze the beam assuming that only the y loads are applied
2) Analyze the beam assuming that both the y and z loads are applied

Analysis assuming that only the y loads are applied
Load magnitude specification: In random vibration analysis, we specify the power-spectral-

density (PSD) of the load. For example, suppose that the PSD of the y load is given by the
following table:
Frequency PSD
(Hz) (N/m)2/Hz
1 9E-10
50 90
90 900
200 900
1000 90
To specify this information, choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsRandom Spectrum,

add random spectrum name PSD_Y, and click the … button to the right of the Curve Name
field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box, add frequency curve PSD_Y, enter the
above table and click OK. In the Define Random Spectrum dialog box, set the Curve Name
to PSD_Y, set the Spectrum Title to “PSD for y loads” and click Save.
To graph the random spectrum, click the Clear icon , then click the Graph… button in the
Define Random Spectrum dialog box. In the Display Random Spectrum dialog box, make
sure that the Random Spectrum is set to PSD_Y and click OK twice to close both dialog
PSD for y loads

3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
Force
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
Frequency
27-14 ADINA Primer

RMS solution: Let’s list the rms (root-mean-square) values of the displacements. Choose
DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT and set the Type to
Random. Then set the Damping Table to DT1 and, in the table, enter 1, PSD_Y. Then click
Now choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Option to Single Response, set
Variable 1 to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. The listing shows that
the y-displacement at node 11 is 4.74897E-04. Actually, because this is a random vibration
analysis, the y-displacement is interpreted as the RMS value of the y displacement, which is
interpreted as the standard deviation of the y displacement (the mean value of the y
displacement is zero). Therefore, the probability that the y displacement exceeds
4.74897E-04 m is about 32%. Click Close to close the dialog box.
Let’s plot the rms displacements and the bending moments. Click the Clear icon and the
Iso View 1 icon , then the Show Original Mesh icon and the Scale Displacements
icon . Now choose DisplayElement Line PlotCreate, set the Element Line Quantity to
BENDING_MOMENT-S and click OK. The graphics window should look something like
this:
Random response DISP MAG 167.7 Z
X Y
BENDING
MOMENT-S
Random response
46.70
So the probability that the bending moment exceeds 46.7 (N-m) is about 32%.

PSD of the solution: We can plot the PSD of the tip displacements.
The node at the tip is node 11. If you have not already done so in the harmonic analysis
above, choose DefintionsModel PointNode, add name TIP, define it as node 11 and click
OK.
Now click the Clear icon and choose GraphRandom Analysis. Set the Variable to
(Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT) and make sure that the Model Point is TIP. In the
Frequency Spacing box, set the Number of Frequencies to 100. In the Frequency Range of
the Random Response box, set the Min. Frequency to 1 and the Max. Frequency to 250, then
Random response,
-7
10 response DEFAULT
Y-DISPLACEMENT,
10
-8 TIP
-9
10
-10
Power-spectral-density
10
-11
10
-12
10
-13
10
-14
10
-15
10
0 1 2
10 10 10
Frequency
27-16 ADINA Primer

Analysis assuming that both the y and z loads are applied
Load magnitude specification: We assume that the PSD of the y loads is the same as was used
above, and that the PSD of the z loads is
Frequency PSD
(Hz) (N/m)2/Hz
1 2E-10
50 100
90 200
200 200
1000 20
To specify this information, choose DefinitionsSpectrum DefinitionsRandom Spectrum,

add random spectrum name PSD_Z, and click the … button to the right of the Curve Name
field. In the Define Frequency Curve dialog box, add frequency curve PSD_Z, enter the
above table and click OK. In the Define Random Spectrum dialog box, set the Curve Name
to PSD_Z, set the Spectrum Title to “PSD for z loads” and click OK.
RMS solution: Let’s list the rms values of the displacements. Choose DefinitionsResponse,
make sure that the Response Name is DEFAULT and make sure that the Response Type is set
to Random. In the table, make sure that the first row is 1, PSD_Y and in the second row of
the table, enter 2, PSD_Z. Then click OK.
Now choose ListValue ListZone, set the Response Option to Single Response, set
Variable 1 to (Displacement:Y-DISPLACEMENT), Variable 2 to (Displacement:
Z-DISPLACEMENT), and click Apply. The listing shows that the standard deviation of the
y-displacement at node 11 is 4.74897E-04 m, and that the standard deviation of the z
displacement at node 11 is 3.93917E-04 m. Click Close to close the dialog box.
Note: the AUI assumes that the loads are uncorrelated (the AUI neglects the cross-spectral
densities of the loading combinations).
Also note, in this problem, the y displacements depend only on the y loads, and the z
displacements depend only on the z loads. However, in general, each computed result depends
on all of the applied loads.

27-18 ADINA Primer

Problem 28: Unsteady fluid flow over a flexible structure in a channel
Problem description
We determine the fluid flow and the deformation of a very thin flexible structure within a
two-dimensional channel, as shown:
100
Time history of loading:
30
40000
Periodic normal 15 40 All lengths in cm
Normal traction
traction loading
(dynes/cm2)
20000
0.05
Fluid: Structure:
m = 1.5 ´ 10 g/cm-s
-5 Elastic material:
r = 1.18 g/cm 3 E = 1 ´ 1012 dyne/cm2 0
5 2 n = 0.3 0 1
k = 1.4 ´10 dyne/cm Time (sec)
r = 1000 g/cm3
This problem is very similar to primer problem 18. The differences are:
1) The downstream length is reduced (in order to save computation time)

2) The fluid material model is slightly compressible, with different material properties.
3) The structure material model is different (and not very realistic!)
4) The loading is sinusoidal.
5) The analysis is unsteady (transient).
This problem is not intended to demonstrate proper fluid modeling in unsteady analysis. The
intent of this problem is to demonstrate particle tracing in unsteady analysis, and also
calculation of residence time distributions.
Because this problem is so similar to primer problem 18, we have set up the model geometry
and the finite element definitions in a batch file (prob28_1.in). If you are interested in
understanding the commands in this batch file, refer to the AUI Command Reference Manuals
for ADINA Structures and ADINA CFD.
• Particle tracing of an unsteady flow field.

• Creating a residence time distribution plot.

Before you begin
You need to copy the file prob28_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working
folder before beginning this analysis.
Pre-processing
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to either ADINA Structures or
ADINA CFD.
Reading the model geometry and finite element definitions from a batch file
prob28_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file.
For processing speed, we have not included any graphics commands in the batch file.
After the AUI processes the last batch command, click the Mesh Plot icon to display the
geometry and mesh. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next
page.
Running ADINA-FSI
ADINA-FSI runs for 60 solution steps.
When ADINA-FSI finishes, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down
list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open
porthole file prob28_f.
28-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.500 Z
X Y
Click the Model Outline icon to display just the outline of the model.
Preparing for unsteady particle tracing: In unsteady particle tracing, the particle time is the
actual solution time, and the solution time is taken from the time used in the mesh plot. This
means that the mesh plot time must be correctly set before starting the particle tracing.
Typically the mesh plot time should be set to the start time. Click the First Solution icon ,
then the Previous Solution icon to set the mesh plot time to time 0.0.
Use the mouse to remove the plotted axes and the TIME 0.000 text. The graphics window
Creating a trace rake and initializing the trace plot: Choose DisplayParticle Trace Plot
Create and click the … button to the right of the Trace Rake field. In the Define Trace Rake
dialog box, set the Type to Coordinates and click the Auto… button. In the Auto Generation
dialog box, enter the following information into the table and click OK.
X Y Z
10 5
5
10 35

At this point, the table in the Define Trace Rake dialog box should contain 7 rows, in which
Z=5, 10, … , 35. Click OK twice to close the Define Trace Rake dialog box and the Create
Particle Trace Plot dialog box. Use the mouse to move the particle trace legend until the
PARTICLE TRACE
UNSTEADY FLOW, TIME = 0.000
MULTIPLE PARTICLES/EMITTER
EMIT INTERVAL = 0.000
START TIME = 0.000
28-4 ADINA Primer

Because the trace plot is created on a mesh plot with solution time 0.0, the reference time of
the trace plot is also 0.0.
Updating the trace plot to solution time 0.1: Click the Next Solution icon four times,
until the time is 0.1. Notice that particles are being emitted from the injectors. Each time you
change the solution time of the mesh plot, for example, by clicking the Next Solution icon, the
AUI automatically updates the particle traces.
Use the Zoom icon to enlarge the top left injector and its particles. The graphics window
Particle emitted at time 0.0


There are 5 particles emitted from this injector. The rightmost particle is emitted at time 0.0,
the particle to its left is emitted at time 0.025, etc., and the last particle is emitted at time 0.1
and is currently at the injector.
Now we will change the time interval between the emitted particles. Choose Display
Set the “Time Interval between Particle Emission” to 0.01 and click OK twice to close both
dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

Now there are 11 particles emitted from this injector.
Updating the trace plot to solution time 1.5: Click the Unzoom All icon to view the
entire model. Then click the Last Solution icon to display the mesh plot and the trace
plot for the last computed solution. After the AUI computes the particle traces, the graphics
PARTICLE TRACE
START TIME = 0.000
28-6 ADINA Primer

Use the icons that change the solution time to study in detail how the particle traces evolve
during the solution. Notice that the particles flow around the moving structure. When you
are finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon to display the last solution.
Animating the particle traces: Click the Movie Load Step icon to create a movie of the
particle traces. Then click the Animate icon to show the animation. When you are
finished viewing the animation, click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.
Viewing the streaklines: Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the …
button to the right of the Trace Calculation field. Set the Trace Option to Streakline and click
PARTICLE TRACE
STREAKLINE
START TIME = 0.000
Residence time distributions: In some applications, it is useful to be able to count the number
of particles that are currently in a region of the model.
In order to demonstrate this feature, first we modify the trace plot to emit only one particle per
injector. Choose DisplayParticle Trace PlotModify and click the … button to the right of
the Trace Calculation field. Set the Trace Option to Single Particle and click OK twice to
close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the
next page.
Evidently most of the particles have left the flow domain by time 1.5. Click the Movie Load
Step icon to create a movie showing the particle motions. The particles flow from left to
right, as expected. The lower particles travel more slowly because of the structure.

PARTICLE TRACE
START TIME = 0.000
Now choose GraphParticle Distribution and click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the
graphics window until it looks something like this.
Residence time distribution

7.
Trace plot TRACEPLOT00001
6.
5.
# of particles in fluid
4.
3.
2.
1.
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
PARTICLE TRACE
Time
START TIME = 0.000
The graph shows that all of the particles are in the fluid until time 1.0, when 3 particles exit
the fluid and 4 particles remain in the fluid. At time 1.175, only one particle remains in the
fluid.
(Note: You cannot delete the mesh plot before creating the graph, because the graph uses the
trace plot information. But you can delete the mesh plot after creating the graph.)
28-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M/PS and ADINA-M/OC
Problem description
It is desired to analyze the shell-shell intersection shown:
0.01 radius
E = 2.07 ´ 1011 N/m2
n = 0.29
0.08
All dimensions in meters
Line load of 1000 N/m

0.0075 radius
0.08
0.04
This end fixed

Shell-shell intersection dimensions and loading
The purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate the usage of ADINA-M/PS (the ADINA
Modeler using the Parasolid geometry kernel) and ADINA-M/OC (the ADINA Modeler using
the Open Cascade geometry kernel) in the analysis of shell structures.
• Meshing ADINA-M faces with shell elements

• Plotting bending moments and membrane forces in shells
• Using ADINA-M/OC
Before you begin

Note that you must have an ADINA-M/PS license to do the Parasolid part of this problem,
and an ADINA-M/OC license to do the Open Cascade part of this problem.
900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not include ADINA-M/PS or ADINA-M/OC.
Analysis using ADINA-M/PS

shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M/PS” and click OK.
Vertical pipe: Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 1, set the Type to Cylinder, the
click Save.
Horizontal pipe: Add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 0.0075, the Length to
Merging the pipes: Click the Boolean Operator icon , make sure that the Operator Type is
Fixities: Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line, enter the
following information in the first two rows of the table and click OK.
Edge/Line # Body #
1 1
4 1
29-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Loads: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Distributed Line Load and click
the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Line
Load dialog box, add line load 1, set the Magnitude to -1000 and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, set the “Apply To” field to Edge, then, in the first row of the table, set the
Edge # to 10, the Body # to 1 and the Aux Point to 8. Click OK to close the Apply Load
dialog box.
Shell thicknesses: Choose GeometryFacesThickness, set the thickness for faces 1, 4, 5, 7

to 0.0005 and click OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
TIME 1.000
1000.
B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Meshing
Type to Shell, click the Advanced tab, check the “Calculate Midsurface Forces and Moments”
button and click OK. It is necessary to calculate the midsurface forces and moments so that
bending moments can be displayed.
Subdivision data: We will specify a uniform element size throughout the ADINA-M
geometry. Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, set the “Subdivision Mode”
to “Use Length”, set the Element Edge Length to 0.003 and click OK.
Meshing: First, click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon (we do not want to see dashed
hidden lines in the elements that we generate). Now click the Mesh Faces icon , set the
Nodes per Element to 9, enter 1, 4, 5, 7 in the first four rows of the table, and click OK. The
graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
29-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
TIME 1.000
1000.
B
B B
B
BB B
BB BB
BBBBBBBBBB
B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Plotting the bending moments and membrane forces
Bending moments: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Force:
MAX_PRINCIPAL_BENDING_MOMENT) and click OK. The graphics window should
look something like the top figure on the next page. The maximum principal bending moment
is about 6.392 (N-m/m). (Your results may be slightly different because free meshing
produces different meshes on different platforms.)

TIME 1.000 Z
MAXIMUM MAX
6.392 PRINCIPAL
EG 1, EL 160, IPT 33 (5.572) BENDING X Y
MINIMUM MOMENT
-2.888 RST CALC
EG 1, EL 136, IPT 11 (-2.143) SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
6.000
4.667
3.333
2.000
0.667
-0.667
-2.000
Now click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Force:
MIN_PRINCIPAL_BENDING_MOMENT) and click OK. The graphics window should look
something like this The minimum principal bending moment is about -7.100 (N-m/m).
TIME 1.000 Z
MAXIMUM MIN
2.312 PRINCIPAL
EG 1, EL 134, IPT 33 (1.531) BENDING X Y
MINIMUM MOMENT
-7.100 RST CALC
EG 1, EL 161, IPT 32 (-5.869) SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
1.333
0.000
-1.333
-2.667
-4.000
-5.333
-6.667
29-6 ADINA Primer

Membrane forces: Click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Force:
MAX_PRINCIPAL_MEMBRANE_FORCE) and click OK. The graphics window should
look something like this. The maximum principal membrane force is about 38891 (N/m).
TIME 1.000 Z
MAXIMUM MAX
38891. PRINCIPAL
EG 1, EL 131, IPT 31 (33873.) MEMBRANE X Y
MINIMUM FORCE
-20119. RST CALC
EG 1, EL 163, IPT 33 (-16979.) SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
36000.
27000.
18000.
9000.
0.
-9000.
-18000.
Now click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Force:
MIN_PRINCIPAL_MEMBRANE_FORCE) and click OK. The graphics window should
look something like the top figure on the next page The minimum principal membrane force
is about -62081 (N/m).
Analysis using ADINA-M/OC

Invoke the AUI with the ADINA-M/OC modeler (for example, using the command
aui9.3 -occ for Linux versions) and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA
Structures.

TIME 1.000 Z
MAXIMUM MIN
13525. PRINCIPAL
EG 1, EL 728, IPT 22 MEMBRANE X Y
MINIMUM FORCE
-62081. RST CALC
EG 1, EL 162, IPT 33 (-55044.) SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
5000.
-5000.
-15000.
-25000.
-35000.
-45000.
-55000.
shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M/OC” and click OK.
Vertical pipe: Click the Define Bodies icon , add body 1, set the Type to Cylinder, the
click Save.
Horizontal pipe: Add body 2, set the Type to Cylinder, the Radius to 0.0075, the Length to
Merging the pipes: Click the Boolean Operator icon , make sure that the Operator Type is
29-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Notice that the boundary representation of the body by faces is different between Parasolid
and Open Cascade. In addition, the boundary representation is slightly different between the
Open Cascade version on Linux and the Open Cascade version on Windows. (The above
picture is obtained using the Linux version.)
Linux: Notice that geometry point 6 is not on a line of symmetry of the model.
Windows: Notice that geometry point 5 is not on a line of symmetry of the model.
Fixities: Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line, enter the
following information in the first row of the table and click OK.
Edge/Line # Body #
5 1
Loads: Recall that in the Parasolid model, we defined the distributed line load using an
auxiliary point on the symmetry plane of the model. For the Open Cascade model, there is no
suitable point on the symmetry plane of the model. Click the Define Points icon , add
point 7 at coordinate (0, 0.08, 0) and click OK. To see this point, you might need to use the
Pick icon and the mouse to shrink the mesh plot slightly. The graphics window should

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Now click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Distributed Line Load and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Line Load
dialog box, add line load 1, set the Magnitude to -1000 and click OK. In the Apply Load
dialog box, set the “Apply To” field to Edge, then, in the first row of the table, set the Edge #
to 6, the Body # to 1 and the Aux Point to 7. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
Shell thicknesses: Choose GeometryFacesThickness, set the thickness for faces 2, 3 to

0.0005 and click OK.
29-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
TIME 1.000
1000.
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Meshing
Type to Shell, click the Advanced tab, check the “Calculate Midsurface Forces and Moments”
Subdivision data: We will specify a uniform element size throughout the ADINA-M
geometry. Choose MeshingMesh DensityComplete Model, set the “Subdivision Mode”
to “Use Length”, set the Element Edge Length to 0.003 and click OK.
Linux version
Meshing: First, click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon , then click the Mesh Faces icon
, set the Nodes per Element to 9, enter 2, 3 in the first two rows of the table, and click
OK. The AUI gives the following warning message:
Odd number of subdivisions for face 2 of body 1.

Program will automatically refine edge 1 of body 1.

Click OK to close the warning message. The graphics window should look something like
this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
TIME 1.000
1000.
B
B B
B
BB B
BBB BB
BBBBBBBBBB
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Windows version
Meshing: First, click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon , then click the Mesh Faces icon
, set the Nodes per Element to 9, enter 2, 3 in the first two rows of the table, and click
OK. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob29_oc. Click the Data
File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob29_oc, make sure that the Run Solution
button is checked and click Save. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog
boxes, set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all
changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob29_oc.
29-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
LINELOAD
TIME 1.000
1000.
B
B B
B
BB B
BBB BB
BBBBBBBBBB
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -
Plotting the bending moments and membrane forces
Follow the instructions given above to plot the principal bending moments and membrane
forces. For example, the maximum principal bending moment should look something like this
(this figure is obtained using the Linux version):
TIME 1.000 Z
MAXIMUM MAX
6.561 PRINCIPAL
EG 1, EL 555, IPT 32 (5.462) BENDING
MOMENT X Y
MINIMUM
-3.364 RST CALC
EG 1, EL 393, IPT 33 (-2.415) SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
6.000
4.500
3.000
1.500
0.000
-1.500
-3.000

The results from the Parasolid and Open Cascade analyses are very similar.
29-14 ADINA Primer

Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction
Problem description
It is desired to analyze the flow and structural response within the following pipe constriction:
1 1
0.05 0.1
CL
Wall thickness=0.005
Inlet: Prescribed mass flux Outlet: planar infinite boundary
p¥ = 10 6 Pa
All lengths in meters v¥ = 75 m/s
The fluid material properties are   1000 kg/m3 ,   2.1 109 Pa , and the solid material
properties are E  2.07 1011 Pa ,   0.3 ,   7800 kg/m3 .
This problem could of course be solved with ADINA-FSI, but it is more efficient to solve it
using the subsonic potential-based fluid formulation of ADINA Structures.
First we determine the steady-state flow, then we determine the unsteady flow due to a
sinusoidal variation of the prescribed mass flux. For the steady-state flow, it is necessary to
prescribe a mass flux at the inlet that is equal to the mass flux at the outlet. The mass flux at
the outlet is  vA where, using the prescribed pressure at infinity,   1000.476 kg/m3 at the
outlet. Hence the prescribed mass flux per unit area at the inlet for steady state is 18758.929
kg/(s-m2).
Once we determine the steady-state flow, we then determine the unsteady flow and structural
motions due to a sinusoidal variation of the prescribed mass flux by 10% with a frequency
of 5000 Hz. The time step size used for the unsteady flow is 105 sec , corresponding to 20
time steps per cycle.
Note that the wave propagation in the fluid is not greatly affected by the compliance of the
pipe walls, because the pipe walls are quite stiff. Therefore the a potential-interface of type
infinite boundary elements can be used to model the outlet boundary condition.
• Defining axisymmetric shell elements.

• Setting the solution start time to be less than zero.
• Using the subsonic potential-based formulation.

Before you begin
The data for the time function is stored in a separate file prob30_tf.txt. You need to copy
the file prob30_tf.txt from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder
before beginning this analysis.
The memory allocation is required to perform the animations at the end of this example.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 30: Analysis of
fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction” and click OK.
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Dynamics-Implicit. Notice that both
the steady-state solution and the transient solution are obtained in the dynamic analysis.

X-Translation, Y-Rotation and Z-Rotation buttons and click OK. You need to leave the X-
Rotation button checked because the axisymmetric shell elements use the X-Rotation degree
of freedom.
equilibrium iterations. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Tolerances... button, set
the Energy Tolerance to 1E-7 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Solution start time: This run consists of two parts. The first part determines the steady-state
response. In the first part, we use one long time step of 99.9999 and then 10 short time steps
of 1E-5 to verify that steady-state is reached. In the second part, we use 500 short time steps
of 1E-5 in the transient solution.
We set up the problem so that time 0 corresponds to the beginning of the second part of the
run. That means that the first part of the run has solution times less than zero. The solution
start time is –100.0. Choose ControlSolution Process, set the Solution Start Time to –100.0
and click OK.
30-2 ADINA Primer

Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to contain the following data and click
OK.
Number of Steps Magnitude

1 99.9999
510 1E-5
Time function: Choose ControlTime Function, clear the table, import file prob30_tf.txt
and click OK. Prob30_tf.txt contains a ramp function to time –0.0001, then a constant
function to time 0.0, then a superposed sinusoidal time function with frequency of 5 kHz.
The following figure shows the key geometry used in defining this model.
z
L1
P2 P1
S1 L4
P4 P3
P5
L5
S3 S2
L8
L10 L7
y
P8 P7 P6
The model is defined in the y-z plane because the 2D potential-based elements and the
axisymmetric shell elements must be defined in the y-z plane.

Points: Click the Define Points icon , enter the following information into the table
(remember to leave the X1 column blank), then click OK.
Point # X2 X3
1 0.05 2
2 0 2
3 0.1 1
4 0.05 1
5 0 1
6 0.1 0
7 0.05 0
8 0 0
Surfaces: Click the Define Surfaces icon and enter the following surfaces, then click OK.
Surface number Type Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4

1 Vertex 1 2 5 4
2 Vertex 3 4 7 6
3 Vertex 4 5 8 7
Axisymmetric shell thicknesses: Choose GeometryLinesThickness, set the thickness for

lines 4 and 8 to 0.005, the thickness for line 5 to 0.050 and click OK.
Fixity for pipe: Click the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Define
Fixity dialog box, add fixity name ZT, check the Z-Translation button and click OK. In the
Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity” field to ZT, make sure that the “Apply to” field is set
to Point, enter 6 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Infinite boundary condition: Choose ModelBoundary ConditionsPotential Interface, add

potential interface number 1, set the Type to Fluid – Infinite Region, verify that the Boundary
Type is Planar, set the Pressure at Infinity to 1E6 and set the Velocity at Infinity to 75. Enter
1 in the first row of the table, then click OK.
Mass-flux loads: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Distributed Fluid
Potential Flux, and click the Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the
Define Distributed Fluid Potential Flux dialog box, add number 1, set the Magnitude to
18758.929 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the “Apply To” field
30-4 ADINA Primer

is set to Line, then, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 7 and 10. Click OK to
TIME 0.005000 Z
P2P1 X Y
PRESCRIBED
PHIFLUX
TIME 0.005000
18759.
P5P4P3
U U
2 3 1
B -
P8
BP7P6
Materials: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Potential-based Fluid button.
In the Define Potential-based Fluid Material dialog box, add material 1, set the Bulk Modulus
to 2.1E9, the Density to 1000 and click OK. Now click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the
to 2.07E11, the Poisson's ratio to 0.3, the Density to 7800 and click OK. Click Close to close
the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Meshing
Element groups: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group number 1, set the
Type to 2-D Fluid, set the Formulation to Subsonic Potential-Based Element and click Save.
Now add element group number 2, set the Type to Isobeam, set the Element Sub-Type to
Axisymmetric Shell, set the Default Material to 2 and click OK.
Subdivision data: Click the Subdivide Surfaces icon , select surface number 1, set the
Number of Subdivisions in the u- and v-directions to 2 and 100 respectively, enter 2 and 3 in
the first two rows of the table and click OK.

Meshing: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Type to 2-D Fluid, set the Nodes per
Element to 4, enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. Now click the
Mesh Lines icon , click the Nodal Options tab, in the Nodal Coincidence Checking box,
set the Check field to “All Generated Nodes”, click the Basic tab, enter 4, 5, 8 in the first
three rows of the table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 0.005000 Z
P2P1 X Y
PRESCRIBED
PHIFLUX
TIME 0.005000
18759.
P5P4P3
U U FD
2 3 1
B B -
P8
BP7P6
click Save.
Notice that the AUI writes “Model completion information for potential-based elements” into
the Log Window. This is because the AUI completes the potential-based model when it
generates the ADINA Structures data file. In this case the AUI generates 202 fluid-structure-
interface elements. The AUI also notes that there are 204 uncovered element sides in element
group 1. These sides correspond to the inlet line and symmetry line.
30-6 ADINA Primer

Plotting the steady-state solution
Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is set to DEFAULT, set
the Solution Time to 0 and click OK. Then click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon
. To set the view, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the View… button, set the
Angle of Rotation to –90 and click OK. To suppress the thick lines used to draw the fluid
interface elements, click the Element Depiction… button, click the “Contact, etc.” tab, set the
Contact Surface Line Width to 0.0 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Move the
mesh plot to the center of the graphics window with the mouse. Click the Save Mesh Plot
Style icon so that successive mesh plots are displayed with the rotated view.
Now click the Scale Displacements icon . The displacements of the axisymmetric shell
elements are plotted. Since there are no displacements of the nodes within the fluid elements,
these nodes remain at their original positions.
To obtain a nicer picture, we need to plot the two groups separately. Click the Clear icon
, click the Display Zone icon , set the Zone Name to EG1 and click Apply. Then set
the Zone Name to EG2 and click OK. Use the mouse to separate the two mesh plots. There
are also two “TIME …” texts and two sets of axes that have the same locations. Use the
mouse to separate them. Then highlight the mesh plot of the axisymmetric shell elements and
click the Scale Displacements icon and the Show Original Mesh icon . Use the
mouse to rearrange the plots and delete extra text and axes until the graphics window looks
To display velocity vectors in the fluid, highlight the fluid mesh and click the Model Outline
icon . Then click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Mesh Plot Name to
MESHPLOT00001 and click OK. (Note: MESHPLOT00001 is the fluid mesh plot and
MESHPLOT00002 is the axisymmetric shell mesh plot, because we created the fluid mesh
plot before the axisymmetric shell mesh plot.) Use the mouse to rearrange the plots until the
graphics window looks something like the bottom figure on the next page.

TIME -3.320E-15 DISP MAG 5107.
X Z
X Z
VELOCITY
TIME -3.320E-15
92.95
84.00
72.00
60.00
48.00
36.00
24.00
12.00
30-8 ADINA Primer

Make sure that the fluid mesh is highlighted. Then click the Previous Solution icon a few
times to verify that the vector plot is unchanged for times less than 0.0. Then click the Next
Solution icon a few times until the solution time is 0.0 again. Click the Clear Vector Plot
icon to remove the velocity vectors.
To display pressures in the fluid, highlight the fluid mesh and click the Create Band Plot icon
, set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress: FE_PRESSURE) and click OK. Use the mouse to
rearrange the plots until the graphics window looks something like this:
X Z
FE_PRESSURE
RST CALC
TIME -3.320E-15
3600000.
2800000.
2000000.
1200000.
400000.
-400000.
-1200000.
MAXIMUM
3800248.
EG 1, EL 201, IPT 12 (3796717.)
MINIMUM
-1558251.
EG 1, EL 199, IPT 21 (-700767.)
The pressure is higher at the inlet because the velocity is lower. In fact, the inlet and outlet
 p v2   p v2 
pressures and velocities satisfy the Bernoulli equation        .
  2 inlet   2 outlet
Animating the transient solution
Let’s look at the last computed solution. Highlight the fluid mesh and click the Last Solution
icon , then highlight the axisymmetric shell mesh and click the Last Solution icon .
To reduce the magnification factor for the axisymmetric shell displacements, click the Modify
Mesh Plot icon , click the Model Depiction… button, set the Magnification Factor to
1000 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

TIME 0.0050000 DISP MAG 1000.
X Z
FE_PRESSURE
RST CALC
TIME 0.0050000
3600000.
2800000.
2000000.
1200000.
400000.
-400000.
-1200000.
MAXIMUM
7174818.
EG 1, EL 600, IPT 11 (6970163.)
MINIMUM
-1982429.
EG 1, EL 181, IPT 22 (-1944685.)
To animate the solution, choose DisplayMovie ShootLoad Step, set the Start Time to 0.0
and click OK. Pressure waves move from the inlet to the outlet. Eventually a standing wave
pattern forms in the wide area of the pipe, because of reflections off of the constriction.
However the waves always travel towards the outlet in the narrow area of the pipe, because of
the infinite boundary condition. When the movie is finished, click the Animate icon to
display the animation. When you are finished viewing the animation, click the Refresh icon
to restore the graphics window.
30-10 ADINA Primer

Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser
Problem description
The step-wall diffuser has become a basic configuration for validation of CFD codes due to its
simplicity and large amount of available numerical and experimental data. For a detailed
compilation of results, see the following reference:
P. T. Williams and A. J. Baker, “Incompressible Computational Fluid Dynamics and the

Continuity Constraint Method for the Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations”,
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, 29:137-273, 1996.
Here we determine the fluid flow in a step-wall diffuser using 4-node FCBI and FCBI-C
elements:
Inlet, parabolic Fluid: m=1.0, r=1.0 Outlet, zero

velocity specified, normal-traction
U = 76923.07 (not drawn to scale)
H
0.0101
0.0049 S
0.005
0.155
The flow is isothermal and the properties are chosen such that the Reynolds number is 800.
The Reynolds number Re  U (2 H )  /  is based on twice the upstream channel height, H,
and the average velocity, U. The inlet fully-developed velocity profile is given by
3   z 2 
u( z)  U 1    , H / 2  z  H / 2
2   H / 2  
No-slip walls are used to model the channel.
• Specifying a parabolic velocity profile as a boundary condition

• Using FCBI-C elements
Before you begin

Much of the input for this problem is stored in file prob31_1.in. You need to copy file
prob31_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before
beginning this analysis.
Defining model control data, model geometry, boundary conditions, material properties,
element group definitions and subdivision data
The key geometry used to define this geometry is shown here:
P6 P8 P7
P5 P3 P4
P1 P2
L6 L9
L5
L8
L1 L4
S2
S3
S1
We have placed all of the remaining model control data, time step definitions, geometry
definitions, material definitions, boundary conditions, element group definitions and
subdivision data in batch file prob31_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the
working directory or folder, select the file prob31_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes
the commands in the batch file.
31-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
B P6L6P8 B L9 P7
L5S2L7 S3 L10
B P5L8P3 L2 P4
B L1 S1 L3
P1 B L4 P2
V V P
2 3
B
WAL
B 1
Defining and applying a parabolic velocity profile
Spatial-function: We need to define a spatial-function corresponding to the parabolic velocity.

Choose GeometrySpatial FunctionsLine and add Function Number 1. Set the Type to
Quadratic and set “u = 0” to 0.0, “u=0.5” to 1.5 and “u=1” to 0.0. Click OK to close the
dialog box.
Velocity profile: Click the Apply Load icon , make sure that the Load Type is Velocity
and click the Define… button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Velocity
dialog box, add velocity 1, set the Y velocity to 76923.07, set the Z velocity to 0.0 and click
OK. In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to
Line, then, in the first row of the table, set the Line # to 5 and the Spatial Function to 1. Click
Meshing
Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , enter 1, 2, 3 in the first three rows of the table and click
OK. When you click the Load Plot icon , the graphics window should look something

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
114702.
BBBBB B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
BP6
BBBBB L6P8 B L9 P7
BL5S2
B L7 S3 L10
BBBP5 BP3B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B BL2B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B P4
L8
B L1 S1 L3
P1 B L4 P2
V V P
2 3
B
WAL
B 1
click Save.
When ADINA CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-
Plotting the solution
Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Quick Vector Plot icon . The graphics
We are interested in the length of the recirculation region to the right of the step. Click the
Node Symbols icon and use the Zoom icon to enlarge the region near the end of the
recirculation region. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on
the next page.
31-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
114702.
105000.
90000.
75000.
60000.
45000.
30000.
15000.
Node 122
The recirculation region appears to end at the indicated node. Click the Query icon and
click on the node. The AUI writes the following message to the message window:
Node 122, curr=( 0.00000E+00, 5.18750E-02, 4.45455E-04)
So the recirculation region has length (0.0519 – 0.005) = 0.0469, which is comparable with
the experimental result of 14S = 0.0686, where S is the step height (see the reference given at
the beginning of this problem description for the experimental result).

FCBI-C element
In the following, we demonstrate how to use the FCBI-C element for this laminar step-wall
diffuser problem. See the notes at the end of this problem description for more information
about the FCBI-C element.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes) and
choose file prob31.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Choosing the FCBI-C element and setting the solution process parameters
Choose Control→Solution Process... and set the "Flow-Condition-Based-Interpolation-

Elements" to FCBI-C. Read and close the warning message.
We will change the residual tolerances used in the FCBI-C solution. In the Solution Process
dialog box, click the Outer Iteration... button, and, in the Outer Iteration Settings dialog box,
click the Advanced Settings... button. In the Equation Residual box, set "Use" to "All" and
set the associated tolerance to 1E-5. In the Variable Residual box, make sure that "Use" is set
to "All" and set the associated tolerance to 1E-10. Then click OK three times to close all
three dialog boxes.
Choose File→ Save As to save the database to file prob31_c. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob31_c, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked
and click Save.
porthole file prob31_c.
Follows the same plotting steps given above, we can plot the velocity profile shown in the
figures on the next page.
31-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
113336.
105000.
90000.
75000.
60000.
45000.
30000.
15000.
Node 122
It can be seen the velocity profile and length of the recirculation region computed with the
FCBI-C element are very similar to those computed with the FCBI element.
Notes for the FCBI-C element
1) The default element used in ADINA CFD is the FCBI element. In the solution process
associated with the FCBI element, all variables for all equations are solved simultaneously.
Thus the solution process for the FCBI element requires a large amount of memory to store all
variables. This may not be an issue for small or medium sized models, but it may become an
issue for large models due to limited memory.
In ADINA CFD, we have another option for large models, the FCBI-C element. The solution
process associated with the FCBI-C element uses iterative methods to solve the fluid model,

in which the fluid governing equations are solved one by one in a certain order. Compared to
the solution process for the FCBI element, the iterative solution process associated with the
FCBI-C element requires less memory. Therefore the FCBI-C element is typically
recommended for large fluid models.
2) The default equation solver for the FCBI element is the sparse solver, but the default solver
for the FCBI-C element is the AMG (type 1) solver. The details on the iterative equation
solvers for the FCBI-C element can be found in the ADINA CFD TMG manual section
11.3.3. Generally the AMG (type 1) solver can be used for many practical applications.
3) Because of the iterative nature of the solution process for the FCBI-C element, solving
each fluid governing equation may require different residual tolerances. These tolerances are
set in the Outer Iteration Advanced Settings dialog box. In the "Convergence Criteria" box,
there are two tolerance criteria:
(1) Equation Residual (ER)

(2) Variable Residual (VR)
The computation stops when one of these two criteria is satisfied. The default ER is for mass
conservation (Mass) equation. Its default value is 0.0001. The default VR is for all variables
(All). Its default value is 0.001. These default criteria are good enough for many practical
applications. But they may need to be changed for different problems. For example, if a pure
heat conduction problem is solved by using the ADINA CFD FCBI-C element, "Energy" may
be a better ER criterion than “Mass”. The definitions of ER and VR and how to choose
different ER and VR for different physical models can be found in the ADINA CFD TMG
manual section 11.2.2.1.
4) In this model, only the continuity and momentum equations are solved, and the default
residual settings can be used. However, we demonstrate the changes of the residual settings
by using the "All" option for both ER and VR, and we tighten the ER "All" tolerance to
1.0E-05, and the VR "All" tolerance to 1.0E-10. The VR tolerance value is much smaller than
the ER tolerance value. This will force the computation to continue until the ER criterion is
satisfied.
31-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 32: Analysis of a broken dam using the VOF method
Problem description
It is desired to analyze the motion of water within a basin. Initially, the basin contains a dam,
and the water is confined by the dam as shown. At the start of the analysis, the dam is
removed and the water flows into the rest of the basin.
Dam removed at start of analysis
0.3796 Water Air g = 9.8

0.292
0.146
0.584
SI units used.
Water: -3 Air: -5
m = 10 , r = 1000 m = 10 , r = 1
Slip walls are used to model the basin.
We use the VOF (volume of fluid) method to solve this problem. During the analysis, the
water is represented by fluid for which the value of the VOF species is greater than ½.
• Defining fluids with VOF species.

• Defining and applying initial conditions to geometry.
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob32_1.in and prob32_2.in. You
need to copy files prob32_1.in and prob32_2.in from the folder samples\primer into a

Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Transient.
VOF control parameters: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, set the VOF field to "Yes" and
click the VOF Control… button. Set the “Max. Number of Iterations Allowed” to 50 and
click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Defining time steps, model geometry, boundary conditions and material properties
The following figure shows the key geometry used in defining this model.
z
P7 P8 P9
L10 S3 S4 L11
P4 P5 P6
L4 S1 S2 L6
P1 L1 P2 L5 P3 y
We have placed all of the time step definitions, geometry definitions, material definitions and
boundary conditions in batch file prob32_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the
working directory or folder, select the file prob32_1.in and click Open. The AUI processes
the commands in the batch file.
Notice that a wall boundary condition is used to model the basin. This is a slip-wall boundary
condition. Also notice that the velocities are fixed at points 1 and 3. If we had not fixed the
velocities at these points, there would have been slip at these points, corresponding to the
averaged normals from the adjacent lines.
32-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 0.3200 Z
X Y
P7 L9 P8 L12 P9
B L10 S3 L8 B L11
S4
P4 L3 P5 L7 P6
S1
B L4 L2 B L6
S2
V V P
2 3
B
C - -
C P1 B L1 P2 B L5 C P3
WAL
B 1
C -
Also notice that the dam itself is not modeled. The presence of the dam is included in the
model only through the choice of initial conditions.
Defining and applying initial conditions
Initially, water occupies geometry surface 1 and air occupies the other surfaces. Choose
ModelInitial ConditionsDefine, add name INIT, and, in the first row of the table, set the
Variable to VOF-SPECIES1 and the Value to 1.0. Click Save, then click the Apply... button.
In the Apply Initial Conditions dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to “Face/Surface”, and, in
the first row of the table, set the Face/Surface # to 1. Click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.
Defining the element group and VOF material
Click the Element Groups icon and add group 1. Set the Element Sub-Type to Planar and
the Default Material to 2. Click the Advanced tab, make sure that the Associated VOF
Material is 1 and click the … button to the right of that field. In the VOF Material dialog box,
add VOF Material Number 1, make sure that, in the First Species dialog box, the Material
Number is 1 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

Meshing
We have placed the subdivision and meshing commands in batch file prob32_2.in. Choose
FileOpen Batch, select the file prob32_2.in and click Open. The AUI processes the
commands in the batch file.
TIME 0.3200 Z
X Y
B B
P7 L9 P8 L12 P9
B B
B L10
B S3 L8 B L11
B
S4
B B
P4 L3 P5 L7 P6
B B
B B
B B
B B
B S1 B
B L4 L2 B L6
B S2 B
B B
B B
B B V V P
2 3
B
D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B D C - -
C P1 B L1 P2 B L5 C P3 D - -
WAL
B 1
C -
D 1
click Save.
The ADINA CFD run finishes in 180 time steps. When ADINA CFD is finished, close all
open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can
discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob32.
Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot
Variable to (Fluid Variable: VOF_SPECIES_1) and click OK. Use the Pick icon and the
32-4 ADINA Primer

mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like this:
TIME 0.3200 Z
X Y
VOF_SPECIES_1
TIME 0.3200
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
MAXIMUM
1.000
NODE 24
MINIMUM
-1.455E-06
NODE 155
In this plot, the water appears as red and the air appears as dark blue. Other colors correspond
to a mixture of water and air.
For presentation purposes, we assume that any region for which the VOF species is greater
than ½ corresponds to water. Click the Modify Band Plot icon and click the Band
Table… button. In the Define Band Table Depiction dialog box, set the Number of Colors to
2, set the “Color for Maximum” to WHITE, the “Color for Minimum” to BLACK and click
OK. Now click the Band Rendering… button, set the “Extreme Values” to “Do not Plot” and
click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Now click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. The water flows out of its
confined region into the rest of the basin. When the movie is finished, click the Animate icon
to display the animation. When you are finished viewing the animation, click the
Refresh icon to restore the graphics window.

TIME 0.3200 Z
X Y
VOF_SPECIES_1
TIME 0.3200
0.5000
32-6 ADINA Primer

Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet – static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis
Problem description
The figure shows a metal blank being formed by a punch, blank holder and die.
50 6 55
All lengths in mm
Rolling direction
for blank: Punch
R5
R5 Blank holder
R5
Die
52
This problem is the same as the problem B3. 2-D Draw Bending, described in the following
reference:
Makinouchi, Nakamachi, Onate, Wagoner, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference

NUMISHEET ’93, 1993.
The objective of the problem is to determine the shape of the formed blank, including
springback.
We analyze the case in which the blank holding force is 19.6 kN, and the blank material is
high tensile strength steel with a thickness of 0.74 mm. During the forming, we move the
punch at a constant punch speed of 100 mm/sec. The punch stroke is 70 mm.
We include friction with a friction coefficient of 0.129.
We will solve the problem using two separate analyses: a static-implicit analysis and a
dynamic-explicit analysis.
The blank is modeled using 3D-shell elements. A large strain/large displacement formulation
is used for the shell elements (ULJ formulation). The plastic-orthotropic material model is
used with the following material properties:

Ea  Eb  Ec  2.06  105 N/mm 2

vab   ac   bc  0.3
Ea
Gab  Gac  Gbc   7.923  104 N/mm 2
2(1   ab )
  7.8  109 N-s 2 /mm 4
  6.7716 102  0.01129   p 
0.2186
N/mm 2 (plastic stress-strain curve)
r0  1.73 , r45  1.34 , r90  2.24 (Lankford coefficients)
The material a direction is the material rolling direction.
 Using the 3D-shell elements

 Using the rigid-target contact algorithm
 Using displacement loads with force unloading
 Using displacement loads with arrival time
 Using explicit time integration
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob33_1.in and prob33_1.plo. You
need to copy files prob33_1.in and prob33_1.plo from the folder samples\primer into a
33-2 ADINA Primer

Static-implicit analysis
First we will solve the model using a static-implicit analysis. Notice that the Analysis Type is
set to Statics, so by default, the analysis is a static analysis. Static analyses are always
implicit.
Overview of model definition
The following figure shows the key geometry used in defining this model. In this sketch, we
are viewing the model from the side, so that surfaces are viewed as lines.
Only ¼ of the actual problem is modeled, using symmetry boundary conditions.
Prescribed displacement / prescribed force

Rigid link
P106
Prescribed displacement / Zero prescribed force /
S103 frozen displacement
prescribed force
P303
S102
S101 S301
Punch, contact surface 2 Blank holder, contact surface 4
P1 S1 P2
Blank, contact surface 1
S203
S202
Zero prescribed displacement / Die, contact surface 3
zero prescribed force
S201
The model is solved in 10 operations, each operation taking one or more solution steps:

1) Move blank holder until contact is established between blank and blank holder (1 solution
step, to time 1.0).
Zero prescribed displacement
2) Switch prescribed displacement on blank to zero prescribed force (1 solution step, to time
2.0).
Zero prescribed force
33-4 ADINA Primer

3) Move blank holder until contact is established between blank and die (1 solution step, to
time 3.0).
4) Switch to prescribed force on blank holder (1 solution step, to time 4.0).
Prescribed force = 1/4 blank holder force

5) Move punch to level of blank (1 solution step, to time 4.0126). In this operation, the
punch speed is 100 mm/sec, the motion of the punch is 1.26 mm (downwards), so the
time step size is 0.0126 sec. The punch does not contact the blank at the end of this
operation.
6) Move punch until contact is established between blank and punch (2 solution steps, to
time 4.0146). In this operation, the punch speed is 100 mm/sec, the motion of the punch
is 0.2 mm, so the time step size is 0.001 sec.
33-6 ADINA Primer

7) Move punch to full stroke (200 solution steps, to time 4.7126). In this operation, the
punch speed is 100 mm/sec, the motion of the punch is 69.8 mm (downwards), so 199
steps with time step size 0.0035 sec and 1 step with time step size 0.0015 sec are used.
The total motion of the punch in operations 5 – 7 is 71.26 mm.

8) Switch punch loading from prescribed displacement to prescribed force (1 solution step,
step size 0.2874, to time 5.0).

Prescribed force

9) Gradually reduce punch prescribed force (10 solution steps, to time 15.0).
Prescribed force
10) Freeze displacement at point on blank, remove prescribed force on blank holder, remove
contact group (1 solution step, to time 16.0). The “frozen” displacement is equal to the
displacement at the previous solution time (time 15.0).
Frozen displacement
The most difficult operations are operations 1, 3 and 6. In each of these operations, contact is
established between the blank and blank holder, die and punch, respectively. Many
equilibrium iterations are required for each of these operations, and ATS cutbacks do not help
in obtaining the solution. So the maximum number of iterations is set to a large number.
After operation 6, contact is fully established, so fewer equilibrium iterations are required and
ATS cutbacks can help in obtaining the solution. So we reduce the maximum number of
iterations after operation 6, using a restart analysis.
Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions, rigid
links, displacement loads, materials and element groups
We have prepared a batch file (prob33_1.in) that performs the following operations:
► Sets the heading.

► Selects the automatic-time-stepping method.
► Chooses a large displacement/large strain analysis.
► Activates line searches and sets the maximum number of iterations to 999.
33-8 ADINA Primer

► Sets iteration tolerances.

► Saves updated shell element director vectors.
► Defines fixities.
► Defines points, lines, surfaces and rigid links for the blank, punch, die and blank holder.
► Defines boundary conditions.
► Subdivides the surfaces.
► Defines the material.
► Defines a shell element group. 3D-shell elements are requested, and 3 point trapezoidal
rule integration in the shell t direction is requested.
► Defines a spring element group and two soft spring elements. Each spring is placed at
the master node of the rigid links, so that the AUI does not delete the degrees of
freedom of the master nodes of the rigid links.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y

We will check the material a direction (rolling direction). Press the F8 key, uncheck the
Display field for the spring element group and click OK. Now click the Show Material Axes
icon . When you zoom into the mesh plot, the graphics window should look something
like this:
Material a direction
The rectangle in the material axis triad shows the material a direction.
Defining contact conditions
Contact group: Click the Contact Groups icon , add group 1, set the Type to 3-D Contact
and set the Algorithm to Rigid Target. Set the “Default Coulomb Friction Coefficient” to
0.129 and the “Contact Surface Offset” to “Shell Thickness”. Click the Advanced tab and set
the Death Time to 15.5. Click the Rigid Target Algorithm tab, set the “Normal Contact
Stiffness” to 1E4 and the “Maximum Sliding Velocity for Sticking Contact” to 1E-3. Click
Contact surface for blank: Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon and add contact
surface 1. In the first row of the table, set the Surf/Face # to 1, then click Save. (Do not close
the Define Contact Surface dialog box yet.)
Contact surface for punch: Add contact surface 2, and, in the first three rows of the table, set
the Surf/Face # to 101, 102, 103 respectively, then click Save. (Do not close the Define
Contact Surface dialog box yet.)
33-10 ADINA Primer

Contact surface for die: Add contact surface 3, then check the “Specify Orientation” button.
In the first three rows of the table, set the Surf/Face # to 201, 202, 203, and also set the
Orientation to “Opposite to Geometry” for all three rows. Click Save (do not close the Define
Contact Surface dialog box yet.)
Contact surface for blank holder: Add contact surface 4, and, in the first two rows of the
table, set the Surf/Face # to 301, 302, then click OK.
Meshing the contact surfaces for the punch, die and blank holder: Click the Mesh Rigid
Contact Surface icon , set the Contact Surface to 2 and click Apply. Repeat for contact
surfaces 3 and 4, then click OK.
Defining contact pairs: Click the Define Contact Pairs icon , then define the following
contact pairs and click OK:
Contact Target Contactor

Pair Surface Surface
Number
1 2 1
2 3 1
3 4 1
When you click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon , the graphics window should
Defining the loads
Blank stabilizer
The blank stabilizer displacement/force uses two time functions: time function 1 controls the
prescribed displacement, time function 2 controls the prescribed force. Choose Control
Time Function, verify that the time function 1 has constant unit value, then add time function
2, define the time function as follows and click OK.
Time Value
0 0
16 0

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Now click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and click the
Define… button. In the Define Displacement dialog box, add displacement 1, set the Z
Prescribed Value of Translation to 0.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, fill in the
table as follows and click OK.
Point Relative Time Arrival Unloading Unloading Unloading Unloading

# To Function Time Type Time Force Time
Function
1 Original 1 0.0 Time 0.5 0.0 2
(leave (leave
blank) blank)
2 Deformed 1 15.5 (leave
blank)
The load on point 1 is a prescribed displacement during the solution at time 1.0. After the
solution at time 1.0 is obtained, the load on point 1 switches to a prescribed force (because
time 1.0 is later than the unloading time of 0.5). The magnitude of the prescribed force is 0
because time function 2 is equal to 0.
The load on point 2 is inactive until the solution at time 16.0 (because time 16.0 is the first
solution time later than the arrival time of 15.5). For the solution at time 16.0, the load on
point 2 is a prescribed displacement with value 0 (because the z prescribed value of
translation is 0). The prescribed displacement is measured relative to the deformations of the
model at time 15.0. The effect is to freeze the motion of point 2 at time 16.0.
33-12 ADINA Primer

Blank holder force
The blank holder displacement/force uses two time functions: time function 3 controls the
prescribed displacement, time function 4 controls the prescribed force. Choose Control
Time Function, add time function 3, define it as
Time Value
0 0
1 0.65
2 0.65
3 1.27
16 1.27
and click Save. Then add time function 4, define it as
Time Value
0 1.0
15 1.0
16 0.0
and click OK.
Now click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and click the
Define… button. In the Define Displacement dialog box, add displacement 2, set the Z
Prescribed Value of Translation to -1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the
Load Number to 2, fill in row 1 of the table as follows and click OK.

Function
303 Original 3 0.0 Time 2.5 -4900 4
(leave (leave
blank) blank)
The load on point 303 is a prescribed displacement controlled by time function 3 up to and
including solution time 3.0. After the solution at time 3.0 is obtained, the load on point 303
switches to a prescribed force (because time 3.0 is later than the unloading time of 2.5). The
magnitude of the prescribed force is 4900 multiplied by time function 4, so this prescribed
force remains 4900 until solution time 15, and then becomes zero at solution time 16.

Punch displacement
The punch displacement/force uses two time functions: time function 5 controls the prescribed
displacement, time function 6 controls the prescribed force. Choose ControlTime Function,
add time function 5, define it as
Time Value
0 0
1 0
4 0
4.7126 71.26
16 71.26
and click Save. Then add time function 6, define it as
Time Value
0 0
4.7126 0
5 1
15 0.1
16 0
and click OK.
Now click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Displacement and set the Load
Number to 2, fill in row 2 of the table as follows and click OK.

Function
106 Original 5 0.0 Time 4.9 0 6
(leave (leave
blank) blank)
The load on point 106 is a prescribed displacement controlled by time function 5 up to and
including solution time 5.0. After the solution at time 5.0 is obtained, the load on point 106
switches to a prescribed force (because time 5.0 is later than the unloading time of 4.9). The
magnitude of the prescribed force is equal to the reaction force at this point at solution time
5.0, multiplied by time function 6.
33-14 ADINA Primer

Defining the time steps
In this run, we will solve operations 1 to 6, up to solution time 4.0146. Choose

ControlTime Step, fill in the table as follows and click OK.
Number Magnitude
of steps
4 1
1 0.0126
2 0.001
Generating the data file, running ADINA Structures
icon , set the file name to prob33_ima, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked
and click Save.
The ADINA Structures run finishes in 7 steps.
Restart analysis
We will continue the analysis using the restart feature.
Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Method button, set the Maximum Number of
Iterations to 100 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Now choose ControlTime
Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK.
Number Magnitude
of steps
199 0.0035
1 0.0015
1 0.2874
10 1
1 1

Click the Save icon to save the database. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the
file name to prob33_imb, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
restart file prob33_ima and click Copy.
The ADINA Structures run finishes in 212 steps (step 219 is the last solution step).
open porthole file prob33_imb.
The graphics window shows the solution for the last time step. In this step, the contact group
is dead, and the blank holder force pushes the rigid links of the blank holder downwards.
Click the Previous Solution icon once and click the Refit icon . The graphics
TIME 15.00 Z
X Y
33-16 ADINA Primer

Post-processing
Force-deflection curve: We have put all of the post-processing instructions into file
prob33_1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select
the file prob33_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file.
Force-deflection curve
10.
Loading
9. Unloading
8.
7.
6.
Force (N)
3
5.
*10
4.
3.
2.
1.
0.
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.
Displacement (mm)
The graphics window shows the force-deflection curve. In this plot, we have multiplied the
force by 4 to account for symmetry. The green curve shows the loading, and the loading is
determined from the reaction force on the punch displacement. The red curve shows the
unloading, and the unloading is determined from the prescribed punch force.
Final blank shape: Click the Batch Continue icon . The graphics window should look

TIME 16.00 Z
X Y
The graphics window shows the side view of the blank, after springback. Click the Previous
Solution icon to show the blank before springback. The graphics window should look
TIME 15.00 Z
X Y
33-18 ADINA Primer

During the springback process, the node on the right of the blank does not move vertically.
This is because we froze the displacement of this node during springback.
Residual stresses: Click the Batch Continue icon . The graphics window should look
TIME 16.00 Z
MAXIMUM
350.2 X Y
EG 1, EL 76, IPT 123
MINIMUM STRESS-RR
-323.7
EG 1, EL 130, IPT 221 INT PT CALC
TIME 16.00
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
-100.0
-200.0
-300.0
The graphics window shows the residual stresses in the rolling direction. The blank is plotted
with the true shell thicknesses. The residual stresses are plotted without interpolation from
the integration points. Use the Zoom icon to enlarge the blank near the top bend. The
You can clearly see that the residual stress at each integration point through the thickness is
different (3 integration points through the thickness are used).

Thinning: Click the Batch Continue icon . The graphics window should look something
like this. The maximum thinning is about 0.6%.
TIME 16.00 Z
MAXIMUM
0.005801
X Y
EG 1, EL 123, LN 2
THINNING
TIME 16.00
0.005250
0.003750
0.002250
0.000750
-0.000750
-0.002250
-0.003750
33-20 ADINA Primer

Dynamic-explicit analysis
Now let’s solve the model using an explicit analysis.
We present this solution for illustrative purposes only. In order to keep the number of explicit
time steps reasonable, we use a very large mass scaling factor. This causes the solution to be
inaccurate, as compared to the static solution.
The model is solved in 9 operations, each operation taking one or more solution steps:
1) to 4) Static analysis. Same as for the static-implicit analysis (to solution time 4.0126).
These operations provide a solution that is an initial condition for the explicit analysis.
5) Restart to explicit analysis. Move punch to full stroke (200 steps requested, requested step
size 0.0035, to solution time 4.7126). In this operation, the punch speed is 100 mm/sec.
ADINA Structures automatically calculates the time step actually used. In order to increase
the critical time step size, and therefore reduce the number of time steps required, we use a
mass scaling factor of 105.


6) Restart to dynamic-implicit analysis (1 solution step, step size 0.0035, to time 4.7161).
7) Switch punch loading from prescribed displacement to prescribed force (1 solution step,
step size 0.2839, to time 5.0).

Prescribed force
8) Gradually reduce punch prescribed force (10 solution steps, to time 15.0).
Prescribed force
33-22 ADINA Primer

9) Freeze displacement at point on blank, remove prescribed force on blank holder, remove
contact group (1 solution step, to time 16.0). The “frozen” displacement is equal to the
displacement at the previous solution time (time 15.0).
Frozen displacement
In operations 7 to 9, large dynamic time steps are used, to simulate static conditions. Hence,
at the end of operation 9, we obtain the “static” springback shape.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes)
and choose file prob33.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Static-implicit analysis to obtain initial conditions for the explicit analysis
Choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Analysis Mode" to "New Run" and click OK.
Iterations to 999 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Now choose ControlTime
Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK.
Number Magnitude
of steps
4 1
1 0.0126
file name to prob33_exa, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
The ADINA Structures run finishes in 5 steps.
Restart to explicit analysis
Set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Explicit and click the Analysis Options icon . Set the
Global Mass Scaling Factor to 1E5 and click OK to close the dialog box.

Now choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK.
Number Magnitude
of steps
200 0.0035
icon , set the file name to prob33_exb, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked
and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the first
analysis. Enter restart file prob33_exa and click Copy.
ADINA Structures automatically computes the time step size. About 13000 time steps are
required to solve this model. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog
boxes.
Restart to dynamic-implicit analysis
Set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Implicit. Now choose ControlTime Step, edit the table
to read as follows, then click OK.
Number Magnitude
of steps
1 0.0035
1 0.2839
10 1
1 1
file name to prob33_exc, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the second analysis.
Enter restart file prob33_exb and click Copy.
The ADINA Structures run finishes in about 13 steps (solution step 13280).
Post-processing
When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes and choose Post-Processing
from the Program Module drop-down list (you can discard all changes). Now choose File
Open Porthole, select file prob33_exa.por, set “Load” to “Partial Sequence of Files Starting
with Specified File”, set “Number of Files to Load in Sequence” to 3 and click Open.
We will post-process this model using the same file as we used for the static analysis. Choose
FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob33_1.plo
33-24 ADINA Primer

and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. Click the Batch
Continue icon to show all of the plots. The plots are shown in the figures on the next two
pages.

Force-deflection curve:
10.
Loading
Unloading
8.
6.
Force (N)
3
*10
4.
2.
0.
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.
Displacement (mm)
Notice that the loading force oscillates around the same steady-state value as in the static
analysis.
Final blank shape:
TIME 16.00 Z
X Y
33-26 ADINA Primer

Residual stresses:
TIME 16.00 Z
X Y
STRESS-RR
INT PT CALC
TIME 16.00
315.0
225.0
135.0
45.0
-45.0
-135.0
-225.0
MAXIMUM
362.9
EG 1, EL 79, IPT 223
MINIMUM
-248.1
EG 1, EL 74, IPT 213
Thinning:
TIME 16.00 Z
X Y
THINNING
TIME 16.00
0.05400
0.04500
0.03600
0.02700
0.01800
0.00900
0.00000
MAXIMUM
0.05976
EG 1, EL 121, LN 3
There are thin bands of relatively large thinning. These bands form early in the explicit
analysis, probably because the inertia forces are very large.

33-28 ADINA Primer

Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical coupling analysis of a disc braking system
Problem description
The figure shows a disc braking system.
Applied pressure
w
Piston
Brake pad
Brake disc
Fixed plate
Initially, the brake disc is rotating at 900 rpm and the temperature in the braking system is
25o C. At the time of solution start, a pressure of 2 MPa is applied to the piston and held
constant thereafter. During the first 5 seconds of the analysis, the brake disk slows down to 0
rpm.
The analysis is fully coupled as follows:
1) Heat is generated as a result of the contact between the brake pad, piston and fixed plate,
and this heat causes deformation of these components.
2) The deformation of these components causes additional contact and therefore additional
heating.
Two finite element models are employed in the single thermo-mechanical analysis. The
analysis is a 2D axisymmetric analysis. All of the input data is given in SI units.
(This model can also be solved using the ADINA TMC feature of ADINA Structures, but we
do not demonstrate this solution here.)
Structural (ADINA Structures) model: The structural model is shown in the following figure:
Both the applied pressure and the disk rotational speed are prescribed in the analysis. The
disk rotation is applied to the model using contact-slip loads. The friction coefficient between
the contact surfaces is 0.2. Static conditions are assumed (that is, inertial effects are
neglected).

Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system
Pressure
Piston, brake disk
and fixed plate separated
in this figure for clarity.
Contact surface 1 (target)

Contact surface 2 (contactor) Contact pair 1
Contact surface 3 (contactor)

Contact surface 4 (target) Contact pair 2
Fixed
Thermal (ADINA Thermal) model: The thermal model is shown in the following figure.
Convection elements are placed where shown in the figure.
Convection element group 11

Heat transfer between contact surfaces
Heat transfer between contact surfaces
Contact heat transfer coefficient = 30000.0

Fraction of heat going to contactor = 0.2
Fraction of heat going to target = 0.8
• Setting up a thermo-mechanical-coupling (TMC) analysis

• Specifying frictional contact
• Specifying contact-slip loads
• Copying a structural model to a thermal model
• Post-processing the TMC finite element models simultaneously
34-2 ADINA Primer

Before you begin
900 nodes version does not contain ADINA-TMC.
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob34_1.in, prob34_2.in and
prob34_3.in. You need to copy files prob34_1.in, prob34_2.in, prob34_3.in from the
folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.
Structural (ADINA Structures) model

Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions, rigid
links, displacement loads, material definitions and element groups
► Specifies that the ATS method be used.

► Specifies the initial temperature.
► Defines points, lines and surfaces.
► Defines materials (thermo-isotropic)
► Defines element groups (axisymmetric 2-D solid elements)
► Generates elements.
► Defines time functions.
► Defines pressure loads.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
L6
L1 L3
L7 L8
L2 L4 L5
L121 L9
L125 L10 L122
L103 L112
L101 L102 L111
L104 L123 L113 L124

L206 L126 L207
L201 L202 L204
L208 L209
L203 L205
L210
Defining contact conditions
Contact group: Click the Contact Groups icon , add group 1 and set the “Default
Coulomb Friction Coefficient” to 0.2. Click the “Node-to-Node, TMC” tab, and, in the
“Default Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Settings” box, set the “Heat Transfer Coefficient
through Contact” to 30000.0, the “Fraction of Frictional Contact Heat Distributed To
Contactor” to 0.2, the “Fraction of Frictional Contact Heat Distributed To Target” to 0.8 and
click OK.
Contact surfaces, contact pairs: The contact surface and contact pair definitions are defined
in batch file prob34_2.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or
folder, select the file prob34_2.in and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the
batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
34-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
L6
L1 L3
L7 L8
L2 L4 L5
L121 L9
L125 L10 L122
L103 L112
L101 L102 L111
L104 L123 L113 L124

L206 L126 L207
L201 L202 L204
L208 L209
L203 L205
L210
Contact-slip loads: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Contact Slip and
click the Define… button to the right of the Load Number field. Add Contact-Slip Load 1, set
the Angular Velocity to 15.0, the Factor to 6.28318, the “End Position of Axis Vector” to 0.0,
0.0, 1.0 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, enter the following information into the
table and click OK:
Contact Contact Time

Surface # Group Function
2 1 2
3 1 2
Generating the ADINA Structures data file
Solution button and click Save. (We do not want to run the ADINA Structures model by
itself.)
Thermal (ADINA Thermal) model

Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Thermal (do not create a new database
file).

We use the same element layout in the ADINA Thermal model as in the ADINA Structures
model. Choose MeshingCopy F.E. Model…, set the fields so that the sentence reads “From
ADINA Structures Model to ADINA Thermal Model” and click OK. The Log Window
should display the messages
TWODSOLID element group 1 is copied to TWODCONDUCTION 1

3 element groups are copied from ADINA to ADINA-T
Close the log window.
At this point, both the ADINA Structures and ADINA Thermal models are displayed. To
display just the ADINA Thermal model, in the Model Tree, click the + next to the "Zone"
text, right-click on "2. ADINA-T" and choose Display.
Defining model control data, material definitions and convection elements
► Defines a heading for the thermal model.

► Specifies the initial temperature.
► Defines thermal materials.
► Sets the material numbers for each of the thermal element groups.
► Defines convection materials.
► Defines convection element groups.
► Generates convection elements.
► Defines a constant time function
► Defines convection loads.
► Specifies 200 time steps of size 0.05. (The time step information is specified in the
ADINA Thermal model)
► Specifies a transient analysis.
Specifying TMC iterations
We would like to perform TMC iterations during this analysis. Choose Control
Solution Process, set the “TMC Iterations” field to Yes and click OK.
34-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 10.00 Z
X Y
(If you do not set the “TMC Iterations” field to Yes, the analysis is still a TMC analysis, but
TMC iterations are not performed. Therefore convergence in displacements and temperatures
may not be reached.)
Generating the ADINA Thermal data file, saving the database
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob34_t, make sure that the Run
Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Save the database file to file prob34.
Running ADINA-TMC
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-TMC, click the Start button, select file prob34_a, then hold
down the Ctrl key and select file prob34_t. The File name field should display both file
names in quotes. Click Start.
The ADINA-TMC run finishes in 200 steps. When ADINA-TMC finishes, close all open
dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all
changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob34_t. Then click the Open
icon and open porthole file prob34_a.
The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page. Notice that the
convection elements are shown (as thick lines) and the contact segments are shown (as thick
lines).

TIME 10.00 Z
X Y

Because we have loaded both the ADINA Structures and the ADINA Thermal porthole files,
we can display results from both models simultaneously.
We do not want to show the convection elements and the contact segments. In the Model
Tree, click the + next to the "Zone" text, right-click on "1. ADINA" and choose Display.
Click the Group Outline icon . Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element
Depiction… button, click the “Contact, etc” tab, set the Contact Surface Line Width to 0.0
and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something
Click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon to set the defaults for the successive mesh plots.
Solution time: Before we plot the solution, we set the default solution time to 3.0. We do this
because we anticipate that the maximum range of the solution variables will occur around this
time. Choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name is set to
DEFAULT, set the Solution Time to 3.0 and click OK.
34-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 10.00 Z
X Y
Temperatures: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon . Use the Pick icon
and the mouse to shrink the mesh plot and to move it to the upper-left-hand corner of the
graphics window. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to
(Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics
window, as shown in the figure on the next page.
Heat fluxes: Click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to shrink the mesh plot and to
move it to the upper-right-hand corner of the graphics window. Click the Create Vector Plot
icon , make sure that the Vector Quantity is set to HEAT_FLUX and click OK. Use the
mouse to rearrange the graphics window, as shown in the figure on the next page.
Contact pressures: Click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to shrink the mesh plot and
to move it to the lower-left-hand corner of the graphics window. Click the Create Reaction
Plot icon , set the Reaction Quantity to DISTRIBUTED_CONTACT_TRACTION and
click OK. Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window, as shown in the figure on the
next page.

Effective stresses: Click the Mesh Plot icon . Use the mouse to shrink the mesh plot and
to move it to the lower-right-hand corner of the graphics window. Click the Quick Band Plot
icon , then use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it looks something like
this:
TIME 3.000 Z
TEMPERATURE
TIME 3.000 X Y
HEAT FLUX
280.0
RST CALC
240.0
TIME 3.000
200.0
160.0 2433889.
120.0
80.0
40.0
2275000.
MAXIMUM 1925000.
301.9 1575000.
NODE 368
1225000.
MINIMUM
875000.
7.571
NODE 362 525000.
175000.
DISTRIBUTED
EFFECTIVE
CONTACT
STRESS
TRACTION
RST CALC
TIME 3.000
TIME 3.000
8339617.
3.250E+08
2.750E+08
2.250E+08
7800000. 1.750E+08
6600000. 1.250E+08
5400000. 7.500E+07
4200000. 2.500E+07
3000000. MAXIMUM
1800000. 3.615E+08
600000. EG 2, EL 54, IPT 12 (3.495E+08)
MINIMUM
5291.
EG 3, EL 32, IPT 11 (6901.)
Animating the solution: Click the Movie Load Step icon to create a movie of the solution,
then click the Animate icon to play back the animation.
34-10 ADINA Primer

Problem 35: Viscoelastic foam O-ring pressed between two frictionless plates
Problem description
A foam O-ring is pressed between two frictionless plates as shown:
CL
12 mm
48.65 mm
This problem is in many ways similar to problem 22, and if you have not yet worked problem
22, you should work problem 22 first.
The geometry of the problem is the same as in problem 22.
The stress-strain-transverse strain characteristics for the material are as follows, when the
material is subjected to uniaxial tension/compression:
Engineering strain Engineering transverse Engineering stress

(mm/mm) strain (mm/mm) (N/mm2)
-0.5 -0.1294 -0.15
-0.3 -0.0436 -0.09
-0.1 -0.0209 -0.04
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0192 0.03
0.3 0.0539 0.05
0.5 0.0845 0.06
Notice that the transverse strain increases as the strain increases. This material is “auxetic”;
that is, it has negative Poisson’s ratio.

We will perform three analyses:
1) Analysis assuming no viscoelastic effects. The material is modeled as a hyper-foam

material.
2) Analysis assuming viscoelastic effects, no temperature effects. The Holzapfel finite strain
viscoelasticity model is used, with a single viscoelastic chain. The material constants for the
chain are   2.5 ,   0.5 , and the usage flag is set to “combined” (that is, the viscoelasticity
is based on the total strain energy density).
3) Analysis assuming temperature-dependent viscoelastic effects. We will assume that the

material is thermorheologically simple (such a material is called a TRS material). In a TRS
material, all material properties are temperature-independent, however, the viscoelasticity
follows the time-temperature superposition principle. We use the shift function
C1  t   ref 
log10 aT (  )  
t
C2  t   ref
in which aT ( t ) gives the relationship between the actual time t and the reduced time 
d 1
through  . We will assume C1  10.86 , C2  104.8 , measured at the reference
dt aT ( t )
temperature  ref  25 degrees C.
As in problem 22, we will use an axisymmetric analysis.
• Defining a hyper-foam material

• Controlling the ATS method
• Adding viscoelastic effects to a hyper-foam material
• Specifying TRS temperature dependence for a hyper-foam material
Before you begin
900 nodes version does not contain ADINA-M/PS.
35-2 ADINA Primer

Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob35_1.in, prob35_2.in,
prob35_1.plo and prob35_2.plo. You need to copy files prob35_1.in, prob35_2.in,
prob35_1.plo, prob35_2.plo from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or
Analysis without viscoelastic effects

Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions,

constraint equations and displacement loads
► Sets the 2D plane to the X-Y plane, with Y as the axisymmetric axis
► Specifies that stiffness matrix stabilization should be used.
► Defines a constraint equation set
► Defines a displacement load and applies it to the model.
► Plots the model
prob35_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
C
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
1.000
B
U U
1 2
B - -
C - C
Defining the hyper-foam material
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Hyper-Foam button. Add material 1 and
click the … button to the right of the Fitting Curve field. In the Define Fitting Curve dialog
box, add fitting curve 1 and click the … button to the right of the Simple Tension Curve field.
In the Define Stress-Strain2 Curve dialog box, add curve 1, define it as
Strain Stress Strain2

-0.5 -0.15 -0.1294
-0.3 -0.09 -0.0436
-0.1 -0.04 -0.0209
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.03 0.0192
0.3 0.05 0.0539
0.5 0.06 0.0845
and click OK. Notice that “Strain2” is the transverse strain.
In the Define Fitting Curve dialog box, set the Approximation Order to 1, set the Simple
Tension Curve to 1 and click OK.
In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, set the Fitting Curve to 1 and click Save.
Notice that the value of MU(1) is set to 0.17907871 (N/mm2), the value of ALPHA(1) is set to
1.31045910 and the value of BETA(1) is set to –0.1370987. More information about the
curve fit is displayed in the Message Window.
35-4 ADINA Primer

Click the Graph button to display the curve fit. The AUI should display a new graphics
window that looks something like this:

0.2 from material property data
Material 1,
(Test)
0.1
Material 1,
hyper-foam
Engineering stress
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Stretch
Close the new graphics window.
Click OK to close the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box and click Close to close the
Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Defining the element group, meshing the geometry, defining the contact surfaces
► Defines the element group

► Meshes the geometry (using 9-node elements generated using free-form meshing)
► Defines the contact group
► Defines contact surfaces
► Defines contact pairs
► Regenerates the graphics

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
D D B
D
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
1.000
C C C
C
U U
1 2
B -
C - -
D - C
Defining the load steps
In the first run, we want to move the top plate 4 mm downwards in 10 equal steps. Choose
ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 10 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Choose ControlTime Function, define time function 1 to be
Time Value
0.0 0.0
10.0 4.0
and click OK.
35-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
D D B
D
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 10.00
4.000
C C C
C
U U
1 2
B -
C - -
D - C
porthole file
click Save.
You will notice that the times at which ADINA Structures obtains the solutions, and the step
sizes, are as shown in the table on the next page. The step sizes are different than the step
sizes that we requested because the ATS method is in use. We would like to use the ATS
method, but not have the ATS method use larger steps than the steps that we requested.
Close all open dialog boxes. Click the Analysis Options icon , click the … button to the
right of the “Use Automatic Time Stepping (ATS)” field, set the “For Next Time Step” field
to “Return to Original Time Step Specified” and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Click the Save icon , click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob35,
make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
Now the ATS method cuts back the time step for solution step 10. But the solution is
obtained for all of our original time steps.

Step number Step size Time

1 1.0 1.0
2 1.0 2.0
3 1.0 3.0
4 1.5 4.5
5 1.0 5.5
6 1.0 6.5
6 0.5 6.0
6 1.0 7.0
7 1.0 8.0
8 1.0 9.0
9 1.0 10.0
9 0.5 9.5
9 0.5 10.0
Post-processing
Click the Show Original Mesh icon and use the Pick icon and the mouse to resize
the graphics. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next
page.
Notice that the deformed mesh moves to the left (that is, towards the centerline). This is
because of the negative Poisson’s ratio; compression in the vertical (y) direction causes
contraction of the material fibers in the hoop (z) and horizontal (x) directions.
We want to plot the force-deflection curve. We have put the necessary commands in a batch
file (prob35_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder,
select the file prob35_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch
file. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.
35-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
160.
140.
120.
100.
Force (N)
80.
60.
40.
20.
0.
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Displacement (mm)
In this plot, we have multiplied the force by 2, and reversed the direction of the force and
displacement so that downwards forces and displacements are positive. We have also
requested gridlines in the plot.

Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the list. The value of YF for
YD=4.0000E+00 is 1.55996E+02 (N) (you might need to use the horizontal scrollbar to see
this value).
Analysis with viscoelastic effects

Now we will rerun the model including viscoelastic effects.
and choose database file prob35.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File
menu. In the Model Tree, click the + next to the ‘Material’ text, right-click on ‘1. Hyper-
Foam’ and choose Modify. In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, click the … button
to the right of the Viscoelastic field. In the Define Viscoelastic Effect for Rubber Material
dialog box, add viscoelastic effect 1, make sure that the Type is Holzapfel, and, in the first
row of the table, set Beta to 2.5, Tau to 0.5, Usage to Combined, then click OK. In the Define
Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, set the Viscoelastic field to 1, then click OK.
Time stepping
Since the model is viscoelastic, the solution response is time dependent. Therefore we must
choose the time step sizes with reference to the material time dependence. Since Tau = 0.5,
the material time constant is 0.5 (seconds); therefore if we load to 4 mm in 0.1 seconds, the
material will not have time to relax during the loading.
After the initial loading, we want to hold the displacement of the top plate constant, then
partially unload the O-ring, as shown:
4
Displacement (mm)
0
0 0.1 5.1 5.2 Time (sec) 20.2
35-10 ADINA Primer

Choose ControlTime Function, edit time function 1 to be
Time Value
0.0 0.0
0.1 4.0
5.1 4.0
5.2 0.5
20.2 0.5
and click OK. Now choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to be
Number of Magnitude
Steps
10 0.01
20 0.25
10 0.01
60 0.25
and click OK.
porthole file
Click the Save icon . Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob35b,
Post-processing
Click the Movie Load Step icon, then the Animate icon . Notice that the when the
top plate moves upwards, the O-ring loses contact with the top plate.
Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation, then click the First Solution icon and
click the Next Solution icon 9 times, until the solution time is 0.1. Now click the Model
Outline icon , click the Quick Band Plot icon , click the Create Reaction Plot icon
, set the Reaction Quantity to DISTRIBUTED_CONTACT_TRACTION and click OK.

Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 0.1000 Y
Z X
DISTRIBUTED
CONTACT
TRACTION
TIME 0.1000 EFFECTIVE
STRESS
0.3697 RST CALC
TIME 0.1000
0.3250 0.4200
0.2750 0.3600
0.2250 0.3000
0.1750 0.2400
0.1250 0.1800
0.0750 0.1200
0.0250 0.0600
MAXIMUM
0.4404
EG 1, EL 75, IPT 33 (0.4277)
MINIMUM
0.01522
EG 1, EL 107, IPT 32 (0.02637)
Now click the Movie Load Step icon, then the Animate icon . As the top plate
moves downwards, the stresses and contact forces increase. Then, when the top plate remains
stationary, the stresses and contact forces decrease and eventually reach a relaxed state.
When the top plate moves upwards, the stresses and contact forces drop to zero, and when the
material relaxes and recontacts the top plate, the stresses and contact forces increase.
However, since the deformation at the end of the solution is much less than the deformation
corresponding to the stress and contact force scaling, there is no visual indication of the
stresses and contact forces at the end of the solution.
Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.
Now let’s plot the force-deflection curve. We can use the same batch file that we previously
used. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file
prob35_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page.
35-12 ADINA Primer

6.
5.
4.
Force (N)
2
*10
3.
2.
1.
0.
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Displacement (mm)
Use GraphList to look at the numerical values in the graph. During initial loading, the
force reaches 5.20331E+02, then when the top plate is held constant, the force decreases to
1.56014E+02 N (nearly the same value as was obtained in the analysis without viscoelastic
effects). When the top plate is moved upwards, the force drops to zero, then after recontact,
the force increases to 8.91276E+00 N.
Lets plot the force time history. We have set up the necessary plotting commands in file
the file prob35_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the
The relaxation process is clearly visible between 0.1 and 5 seconds.

6.
5.
4.
Force (N)
2
*10
3.
2.
1.
0.
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22.
Time (sec)
Analysis with temperature-dependent viscoelastic effects

Now we will rerun the model including temperature-dependent viscoelastic effects.
menu.
In this analysis, we will set the temperature of the material to 15.0 degrees C. Choose
ControlAnalysis AssumptionsDefault Temperature Settings, set the Initial Temperature
to 15.0, set the Prescribed Temperature to 15.0 and click OK.
In the Model Tree, click the + next to the ‘Material’ text, right-click on ‘1. Hyper-Foam’ and
choose Modify. In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, set the Temperature
Dependence to TRS, set the Reference Temperature to 25.0 and click the … button in the
Temperature Dependence box. In the Define Temperature-Dependent Rubber Material
Properties dialog box, add Rubber Table 1, set the Type to TRS, edit the table to be
Temperature Thermal
Expansion
Coef
0.0 0.0
100.0 0.0
and click OK. In the Define Hyper-Foam Material dialog box, set the Table to 1 and click
35-14 ADINA Primer

Save (we do not want to close the dialog box yet). Now click the … button to the right of the
Viscoelastic field, set 'Use Shift Function' to 'WLF (Williams-Landel-Ferry)', set Constant C1
to 10.86, set Constant C2 to 104.8 and click OK to close both dialog boxes.
porthole file
Click the Save icon . Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob35c,
open porthole file prob35c.
Post-processing
Click the Movie Load Step icon, then the Animate icon . Notice that the material
relaxes much more slowly compared with the previous analysis. Click the Refresh icon
to clear the animation.
You can plot the stresses and contact forces just as in the previous analysis. You can also plot
the force-deflection curve and time history curve. The plots should look something like the
figures on the next page.

6.
5.
4.
Force (N)
2
*10
3.
2.
1.
0.
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Displacement (mm)
6.
5.
4.
Force (N)
2
*10
3.
2.
1.
0.
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22.
Time (sec)
35-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 36: Analysis of a rising air bubble using the VOF method
Problem description
An air bubble rises in a column of oil as shown:
g=9.8 m/s2
Oil: m=0.01 Pa-s

Oil r=950 kg/m3
Air: m=2E-5 Pa-s
40 r=1.8 kg/m3
Surface tension coefficient

between oil and air = 0.08 N/m.
3 Air
3
3 3
10
All lengths in mm
Both the air and the oil are modeled as incompressible Newtonian fluids. The oil is
considered to be the primary fluid and the air is considered to be VOF species 1.
The model is planar and two-dimensional.
Eventually the bubble hits the top of the column. We control the interface angle between the
bubble and the wall at the top of the column by setting the VOF wall angle to 0.0.
• Defining a boundary condition of type VOF wall angle
Before you begin

prob36_1.plo and prob36_2.plo. You need to copy files prob36_1.in, prob36_2.in,
Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions and
materials
► Specifies a transient analysis.

► Sets the Courant number and other parameters used in automatic time-stepping.
► Defines a wall boundary condition and fixes the pressure at one point.
► Defines the oil and air materials (materials 1 and 2 respectively)
► Plots the model
the next page.
Defining the VOF analysis
Choose ModelFlow Assumptions and set VOF to "Yes". Click the VOF Control… button,
set the “Max. Number of Iterations Allowed” to 150 and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.
Click the Element Groups icon and add group 1, set the Element Sub-Type to Planar,
click the Advanced tab and click the … button to the right of the Associated VOF Material
field. In the VOF Material dialog box, add VOF material 1, set the First Species Material
Number to 2, set the “Surface Tension Coefficient between Primary and First Species” to 0.08
and click OK. Click OK to close the Define Element Group dialog box.
36-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 0.07500 Z
B B B X Y
B B
V V P
2 3
B
C - - -
B B WAL
B 1
B B C -
C B B B
Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add condition 2 and set the Type to VOF
Wall Angle. Set the “Wall Angle between Primary Fluid and First Species” to 0.0, and enter
the following line numbers in the first 12 rows of the table: 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21,
23, 24 (these are the same lines as are used in the wall boundary condition). Click OK to
Initial conditions: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsDefine, add initial condition

BUBBLE, and, in the first row of the table, set the Variable to VOF-SPECIES1 and the Value
to 1.0. Now click the Apply... button and, in the Apply Initial Conditions dialog box, set the
“Apply to” field to “Face/Surface” and enter 5 in the first row and column of the table. Click
OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Meshing
► Meshes the geometry (using 4-node FCBI elements)


TIME 0.07500 Z
B B B X Y
B B
V V P
2 3
B
C - - -
B B WAL VOF
B 1 2
B B C - -
C B B B
TIME 0.07500 Z
BBBBBB
B BBBBBBBBBBBB
B
B B B B B X Y
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B B
B
B B V V P
B
B B
B 2 3
B
B B
B B
B
B B
B C - - -
B
B B
B D - - -
B
B B
B
B B
B
B B
B
B B WAL VOF
B
D B
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
B 1 2
C B B B C - -
D 1 2
36-4 ADINA Primer

Generating the ADINA CFD data file, running ADINA CFD, loading the porthole file
checked and click Save.
ADINA CFD runs for 150 solution steps.
When ADINA CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-
Post-processing
Visualizing the bubble motion: For presentation purposes, we assume that any region for
which the VOF species is greater than ½ corresponds to air. We have put the necessary
commands in a batch file (prob36_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the
working directory or folder, select the file prob36_1.plo and click Open. The graphics
TIME 0.07500 Z
X Y

Click the Movie Load Step icon , then the Animate icon . The bubble immediately
becomes rounded and starts to rise, oscillating slightly as it rises. Click the Refresh icon
Visualizing the oil motion: We can use the particle tracing feature to visualize the motion of
the oil. We have put the necessary commands in a batch file (prob36_2.plo). Choose
and click Open. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the
TIME 0.002500 Z
X Y
PARTICLE TRACE
START TIME = 0.000
At this point, the particle traces near the beginning of the solution are displayed.
Now click the Last Solution icon to compute the particle traces. The graphics window
Click the Movie Load Step icon, then the Animate icon . The particles are seen to
move out of the way of the rising bubble. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.
36-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 0.07500 Z
X Y
PARTICLE TRACE
START TIME = 0.000
Solution with more steps

In the preceding, we only ran the solution for 150 steps so that the analysis would not take too
long. However, it is of interest to run the solution for more steps, if your computer is fast
enough.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes), and
choose database file prob36.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
click OK.
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob36b, make sure that the Run
ADINA CFD runs for 720 solution steps.
porthole file prob36b.
Post-process the model exactly as for the previous analysis. You should see the following
plots.

Visualization of bubble motion:
TIME 0.3600 Z
X Y
Visualization of oil motion:
TIME 0.3600 Z
X Y
PARTICLE TRACE
START TIME = 0.000
36-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 37: FSI analysis of a simplified turbine using a sliding mesh
Problem description
A simplified turbine is immersed in a fluid as shown:
Inlet
Structure
Structure rotates freely

about center pin
Outlet
At the beginning of the analysis, the turbine is at rest. A normal traction is suddenly imposed
at the turbine inlet. The fluid flows through the turbine housing, causing the turbine to rotate.
The model is planar and two-dimensional.
Because the turbine can rotate an arbitrary amount, it is convenient to model fluid surrounding
the turbine with elements that rotate with the turbine. These elements slide past the elements
that are near the turbine housing, as shown:
Mesh in this region

rotates with structure
Sliding boundary
Mesh in this region is

stationary
Fluid is allowed to flow through the sliding mesh boundary.

• Defining a boundary condition of type sliding-mesh
Before you begin
900 nodes version of the ADINA system does not contain ADINA-FSI.
Note that you must have an ADINA-M license to do this problem. In addition you should be
able to allocate as much memory as possible to the AUI, at least 400 MB. This memory is
needed to perform the particle tracing at the end of this problem description.
prob37_3.in and prob37_1.plo. You need to copy file prob37_1.in, prob37_2.in,
prob37_3.in, prob37_1.plo from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD. Choose
ADINA CFD model

Defining model control data, geometry, wall boundary condition
► Specifies a transient FSI analysis.

► Specifies the time stepping
► Defines a sheet body
► Defines a wall boundary condition
► Plots the model
the next page.
37-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 24.00 Z
B X Y
B B
B B
V V P
2 3
B
WAL
B B B 1
Defining the sliding-mesh boundary conditions
The following figure shows the lines and edges on the sliding-mesh boundaries:
L10
L11
L9
E12 L12 L16 E11
Figure includes
gap between regions
for clarity.
L13 L15 Regions overlap slightly

in actual model.
L14
Although the figure shows a slight gap between the two meshes, actually the two meshes
overlap slightly.

Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add condition number 2 and set the Type to
Sliding Mesh. Set the ‘Apply to’ field to Edges, then enter 12, 11 in the first two rows of the
table and click Save. Add condition number 3 and make sure that the Type is Sliding Mesh.
Set the ‘Apply to’ field to Lines, enter line numbers 9 to 16 in the first eight rows of the table,
then click Save (do not close the dialog box).
We also need to create a boundary condition pair to link the two boundary conditions of type
sliding-mesh. Click the Boundary Condition Pair button, and, in the first row of the table, set
B.C. #1 to 2 and B.C. #2 to 3, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
TIME 24.00 Z
D X Y
C
D D
C C
B
C C
B
D C C D V V P
2 3
B
C
D
C
WAL SLI
D D
B - 2
C - 3
D 1 -
Finishing the ADINA CFD model definition
► Defines remaining special boundary conditions

► Defines leader-follower relationships
► Defines the material
► Defines the normal-traction loading
► Defines the element groups
► Subdivides the geometry
► Meshes the geometry
► Creates the prob37_f.dat file
37-4 ADINA Primer

prob37_2.in and click Open. Close the Log Window dialog box (which is displayed when
the AUI creates the data file). The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 24.00 Z
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEE X Y
EEEEE C E
EEEEEE B CBBC
BBBBBB CBB
BBBBB
CBBCC CBBCBBBCBBB
CBBC
BBBC
EEE
EEE C BBB
C D DCDD B EEEE
EEEEE
E BB BB
C E
E B
EEE B BBC
BB DDD BBB EEEEEEEEEEE
BBC
C C EEE EEEE
EEE BBCBB BBB
C EEEE
EE BC
EE EB B D D CB EEEE
BBB E
E B
C D D BC EE E EEEEEEE
EE B
E CBBC D D CBBBBB EEEE
C EEEE
EEEE
E C
E BB D D B
C EEE
EE BB D D BB E E
EE BC
B C
BB E
E
E
E B C
BB D D B
C
B E EE
E D D B E
E B
E CB DDDD DDDDD B
CB E
E
E
E
E B
B
C
B D
DDDDD DDD
D
D
B
C
B
B
E
EE
E CB DD
D D
DDD B
C E
E
E B
B DD D DD B
B E
E PRESCRIBED
E
E B B
C
B D
D DD B
C
B E
E
D D NORMAL_TRACTION
E
E C
E B DDDDDDDD
B
D D
DDDDDDDD B C E
B
B E
E
E
E C
B
B D D D D C
B
B E
E TIME 24.00
E
E B
C
B D D B B
C E E
E
E B
C
B D D D D D D D D
D D
D D D D D D D D B
C
B E E
E
E
E B
C
B DD D
D B
C
B E
E B D D
D D
D D B E 10000.
EE B
CB D
DD DDD B E
C
B E
E
E BB
C DD
D D
DD B
B
C EE
DDDD D
EE
E
B
B
CB D DDDDD DDDDDDDDD C
B
B
B E
E
E
EE B
B
C B
CB E E
E
E B
B D D B
B E
E
E B
C B
C E
EEE BB D D BB EEE
EE C BB
B D D BBC
B
C E E V V P
EE C B B
BB EEE
EE BB
2 3
C D D BC
EE BBC BBB D D CB EEEE
BB
B
E
E
E EE C BBCB D D C
BB
B CEE E E C
EEE C BBB D D C
BB E
EEE CBBC BB E
EEE BBB C DDDD CBBC EEEEE
BBB
D
B CB
EEEE BB BC
BBBBB BBBC
CBBC EEE E
EEEE BC CBBC BD
BBC CBBC
CBB
BB BBBCBBB EEEE
EEEEEE EEEE
E C EEEEEE
E
E E
E WAL FSI SLI
E
E E
E
E
E E
E B - - 2
E
E E
E
E E C - - 3
D - 4 -
E 1 - -
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob37_f.
Click the New icon to begin a new model.
We have prepared a batch file (prob37_3.in) that creates the entire ADINA Structures model.
prob37_3.in and click Open. Close the Log Window dialog box (which is displayed when
the AUI creates the data file). The graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
B
B
U U
2 3
B - -
Running ADINA-FSI
The ADINA-FSI solution takes 120 steps.
porthole file prob37_f. Then click the Open icon and open porthole file prob37_a. The
(Your results may be slightly different than ours because free meshing produces different
meshes on different platforms.)
37-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 24.00 Z
X Y
Post-processing
Visualizing the mesh motion: Click the Movie Load Step icon , then the Animate icon
. Notice that the mesh surrounding the turbine rotates along with the turbine, and slides
relative to the mesh close to the turbine housing. Click the Refresh icon to clear the
animation.
Velocity vectors: Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Quick Vector Plot icon
. To clear the stress vector plot in the structure, click the Modify Vector Plot icon ,
make sure that the Vector Quantity is STRESS, click the Delete button, click Yes to confirm,
then click OK to close the dialog box. The graphics window should look something like the
Click the Movie Load Step icon , then the Animate icon to animate the velocity
vectors.
Notice that the velocity vectors cross the sliding-mesh boundary. Click the Refresh icon

TIME 24.00 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 24.00
3.627
3.250
2.750
2.250
1.750
1.250
0.750
0.250
Particle tracing: We can use the particle tracing feature to visualize the fluid motion.
First click the Clear Vector Plot icon to remove the velocity vectors.
We have put the necessary commands for the particle tracing in a batch file (prob37_1.plo).
prob37_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top
At this point, the particle tracing has only been computed for the first time step. Now click
the Movie Load Step icon to compute the particle traces for the entire solution. (This
calculation may take a long time. Increasing the memory available to the AUI should speed
up the calculation.) When the movie is complete, click the Animate icon . The graphics
window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.
37-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 0.2000 Z
X Y
PARTICLE TRACE
START TIME = 0.000
TIME 24.00 Z
X Y
PARTICLE TRACE
START TIME = 0.000
Notice how the particles cross over the sliding mesh boundaries.

Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation. You can also use the icons that change the
solution time to view the particle traces at different solution times.
Notes
If there is a slight gap between the two meshes, the sliding-mesh feature will still work.
However, during particle tracing, if a particle enters the gap, it is lost and never reenters the
model.
The two meshes must be incompatible (that is, they cannot share nodes). One convenient way
to generate incompatible meshes is to use separate element groups for the two meshes, then
set the Coincidence Checking to Group during meshing of the second element group.
Unsteady particle tracing is very memory-intensive. The memory allocated to the AUI should
ideally be set to the amount of RAM (physical memory) on your computer.
37-10 ADINA Primer

Problem 38: Analysis of a steam-air heat exchanger
Problem description
Air flows around a pipe containing hot steam, as shown:
z Air Fan:
293 K DP = 1.0 ´10-2 + 10-4 Q 2
x
y
Steel
Steam (ASME)
101 KPa
430 K
The air inlet boundary condition is given as a function of pressure drop vs flow rate.
The steel is modeled as a “solid” element group within ADINA CFD.
• Defining a material using ASME steam tables

• Defining a fan boundary condition
• Using the multigrid solver
• Checking the mesh for incompatibilities
• Defining face-links between bodies
• Controlling the meshing across thin sections
• Changing the colors of element groups
• Obtaining the average temperature over a boundary defined by an element face-set
Before you begin
Note that you must have an ADINA-M/PS license to do this problem. In addition, you need
to be able to allocate at least 220 MB to ADINA CFD.

prob38_3.in. You need to copy file prob38_1.in, prob38_2.in, prob38_3.in from the
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD. Choose
EditMemory Usage and make sure that the ADINA/AUI memory is at least 80 MBytes.
Defining model control data, geometry, subdivision data, boundary conditions and
materials
► Defines the geometry bodies.

► Defines analysis control parameters, such as the automatic time-stepping
► Defines the material properties for the air and steel.
► Plots the model
prob38_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 Z
X
38-2 ADINA Primer

Selecting the multigrid solver
Choose ControlSolution Process, set the Equation Solver to Multigrid and click OK.
Defining the material for the steam
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the ASME Steam button. In the Define
ASME Steam Material dialog box, add material 3, set the Reference Temperature to 400.0,
verify that the Constant Pressure is 101300.0, set the Constant Temperature to 0.0 and click
OK. Click Close to close the Manage Materials dialog box.
► Defines a wall boundary condition

► Defines temperature loads and applies them to the air and steam inlet
► Defines a normal-traction load and applies it to the steam inlet
► Replots the model
TIME 3.000 Z
X
B B
B BB B
BB
B
B
B B
PRESCRIBED
TEMPERATURE PRESCRIBED
TIME 3.000 NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 3.000 V V V P
1 2 3
430.0 B
2.500E-06
WAL
B 1

We still need to add the fan boundary condition. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon
, add condition number 2 and set the Type to Fan. Set C0 to 1.0E-2, C1 to 0, C2 to
-1.0E-4, M1 to 1 and M2 to 2 (note, you do not need to change C1 and M1). Set the ‘Type of
Fan’ to Intake and set the Time Function # to 4. Now set the Face # and Body # to 9, 3 in the
first row of the table, then click OK. When you click the Redraw icon , the graphics
TIME 3.000 Z
X
C C
C CC C
CC
C
C
C C
PRESCRIBED
TEMPERATURE PRESCRIBED V V V P
1 2 3
TIME 3.000 NORMAL_TRACTION B
TIME 3.000 C
430.0
2.500E-06 WAL FAN
B - 2
C 1 -
Defining element groups, subdivision data, meshing
► Defines the element groups

► Meshes the geometry
prob38_3.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top figure
on the next page.
38-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 3.000 CCC CC Z

C CC C CC CC
C C C CCC CC X
C C C C CCCC CC
C C C C C CCC C C C C CC
C
C CC C C C C CC Y
C C CCC C CC C C C C CCCCCCC
C CCCC
C C C C C C C C C C C CCC CCC D D PRESCRIBED
C C D B D
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CC C CCC D B B DD
C NORMAL_TRACTION
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCCCCCCCC D B BBB B D
C C CC C C C C C C C C CCC C CC C C C
CC C
CCC C CC
CD D BB D C
C TIME 3.000
CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
C C C CC CCC DCDCCC C
C C C C
C C C CCC
CC C C CC
C
C C C C C C C C CCC C CCC C CCC CCC
C CC C C C C CC C C C C C C C C
CC C C C
C C C C
2.500E-06
C C CC CCC C C C C C CC C C C C C C CCC C C C
C C C C C CC C C C C C C C C C CCC C CCC
C C C CC C C CC C C C C C C C C C C C
CC C C C C C C C
CC
CC C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C C CC C C C CC C C CCC
C CC C C C C
CC
C C C C C C CC C C C CC
C CC C C C C C C CC C C C CCCCC CC
CC
CCCC C C C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCCC C
CC
C CC
C C C
CCC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CCC CC
CCCCCC CC
C CCC C C C C C CC
C C CC C
CC
C
CC
CC
CCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C CC CC CCCCCC
CC C
C CCC C C C C C C C C C CC C C C C
CC C C C C C CCC CCCC C C
CC
CC
CCCC
C
C C CC
C C
C C
C
C C C C C C
C
C
C
C CCC CCCCCCCCCC
CC CCCC C CC CCC C C C C C C CC C
C C CC C C
CC C CC C C C C C C C C CC C C C C CCCC C
C
CC CC C CCCCCCCCC CCC
C C C
CC C C C CCC C
CCCC
C CC C C
CCCCCCC CCCC
CC C C C CCC C C
CCCC C CCCCCCC
C C C C C C C C C CC
CCC C CC C CCCC CC C C C CCCC C CCCCCC
CC C C C C C CC C C
C C CC CCCCCCCCC C CCCCC C CCCCCCCC
V V V P CC C CCCCC CCCC C CC CC CC C CC C CCCCCCC
1 2 3 CC C C C C CCCC CCCCCCCCC
B C C CCC
CCCCC C C C CCC
CC C
C CC C C
C C CCC C C CCCC C
C
C CCCCCC C C CCCC CCC CC C C
C
C
CC C CC C C
D PRESCRIBED C C CCCC C CCC C
CCC CC
C
TEMPERATURE CCCC CCCCCCCCCCC C C CCC
C
C
C CCCCCCCCCC
CCCC CCCC C C C
TIME 3.000 CC C C C C C
C C C
WAL FAN C
CC CCC C C
CC C
B - 2
C 1 - 430.0
D 1 2
Checking the meshing for incompatibilities: Before we continue, we want to check the
meshing for incompatibilities. Click the Clear icon , the Mesh Plot icon , the Show
Geometry icon (to hide the geometry), the Shading icon and the No Mesh Lines icon
. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 Z
X

Now click the Cull Front Faces icon . This icon removes all of the front faces from the
plot. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 Z
X
Incompatibilities here
You are actually looking through the model.
There are some interior surfaces in the model. These interior surfaces result from
incompatibilities in the model. The incompatibilities are present because we forgot to face-
link the bodies of the geometry model (we forgot to do this deliberately so that we can
demonstrate how to check the mesh for incompatibilities).
Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rotate the graphics out-of-plane, to observe the
interior surfaces from different angles.
The model is invalid, so we have to delete the mesh and remesh.
Deleting the mesh: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon . Click the Delete
Mesh/Elements icon , set the “Delete Elements” field to ‘On Bodies’, enter 1, 2, 3 in the
first three rows of the table, then click OK.
38-6 ADINA Primer

Creating face-links: Choose GeometryFacesFace Link, add face link 1, set the Type to
“Links for All Faces/Surfaces” and click OK. The AUI displays the warning messages
Face 2 of body 1 and face 3 of body 2 cannot be linked.

Face 3 of body 1 and face 4 of body 2 cannot be linked.
These messages are OK since the indicated faces are not adjacent to each other. Click OK to
clear the warning message box.
Remeshing: Click the Mesh Bodies icon , make sure that the Element Group is 3, set the
Body # to 1 in the first row of the table and click Apply. Now set the Element Group to 2, set
the Body # to 2 in the first row of the table and click Apply. Now set the Element Group to 1,
click the Advanced tab, set the “Boundary Meth.” to Delaunay, click the Tetrahedral tab, set
the “Min. # of Element Layers” to 5, set the Body # to 3 in the first row of the table and click
OK. Click OK to clear the “sliver tetrahedra” warning message, if necessary.
TIME 3.000 Z
X
Number of elements across thickness increased

using “Min. Layer of Elements”.
Note that we used the “Min. Layer of Elements” field to increase the number of elements
through the thickness of body 3, as indicated in the plot.
Checking the meshing for incompatibilities: Let’s check the new mesh for incompatibilities.
Click the Show Geometry icon (to hide the geometry), the Shading icon , the No
Mesh Lines icon and the Cull Front Faces icon . The graphics window should look

TIME 3.000 Z
X
Now there are no interior surfaces in the plot. This shows that there are no incompatibilities
between the elements.
Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rotate the graphics out-of-plane. The Pick icon seems
to work “in reverse”. This is an illusion caused by the fact that you are looking at the back
faces on the model.
icon , set the file name to prob38, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked,
make sure that the “Max Memory for Solution” is set to at least 220 MB and click Save.
ADINA CFD runs for 3 solution steps. When ADINA CFD is finished, close all open dialog
boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all
changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob38.
38-8 ADINA Primer

Post-processing
Plotting the element groups in different colors: Click the Color Element Groups icon .
The air is plotted in green, the steel is plotted in red and the steam is plotted in magenta
(between red and blue). The red and magenta are hard to tell apart. In the Model Tree,
expand the Zone entry, right-click on 4. EG3, choose Color, select a cyan color from the
palette, then click OK. Now the steam is plotted in cyan. The graphics window should look
TIME 3.000 Z
X Y
Plotting the velocities: Click the Shading icon , the No Mesh Lines icon and the
Quick Vector Plot icon . Only the velocity vectors on the outside of the model are
plotted. Click the Cull Front Faces icon . Now you can see the velocity vectors within
the model. But it is difficult to see the vectors because they have the same colors as the
element groups. Click the Color Element Groups icon to make all of the element groups
the same color, then click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction…
button, and, in the Define Element Depiction dialog box, set the “Appearance for Deformed
Mesh” color to GRAY , then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics

TIME 3.000 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 3.000
0.1359
0.1170
0.0990
0.0810
0.0630
0.0450
0.0270
0.0090
Use the Pick icon and the mouse to examine the model from different viewpoints. Your
solution may be slightly different than ours because free meshing produces different meshes
on different platforms.
Temperatures: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon . Now click the Cut
Surface icon , set the Type to Cutting Plane, set the “Defined by” field to Y-Plane and
click OK. Now click the Model Outline icon , click the Create Band Plot icon , set
the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics
Let’s just plot the temperatures in the air. Press the F8 key, uncheck the display of element
groups 2 and 3 and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom
38-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 3.000 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 3.000
420.0
400.0
380.0
360.0
340.0
320.0
300.0
MAXIMUM
430.0
NODE 685
MINIMUM
284.5
NODE 15754 (284.3)
TIME 3.000 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 3.000
420.0
400.0
380.0
360.0
340.0
320.0
300.0
MAXIMUM
429.4
NODE 3686
MINIMUM
284.5
NODE 15754 (284.3)

Only the temperatures on the cutting surface intersection are plotted. Click the Cut Surface
icon , set the “Mesh Display Below the Cutplane” to “Display as Usual” and click OK.
Now the temperatures are plotted on the mesh below the cutting surface intersection. Notice
that the plot still shows some unsightly extra lines on the mesh below the cutting surface
intersection. To remove these lines, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the
Rendering… button, set the “Element Face Angle” to 50 and click OK twice to close both
dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 3.000 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 3.000
420.0
400.0
380.0
360.0
340.0
320.0
300.0
MAXIMUM
429.4
NODE 3686
MINIMUM
284.5
NODE 15754 (284.3)
Average outlet temperature: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon .
We need to select just the element faces on the outlet. Rotate the model until the outlet is
visible, then click the Element Face Set icon , add Element Face Set Number 1, set the
Method to “Auto-Chain Element Faces”, double-click in the Face {p} column of the table,
then select one or more of the faces on the outlet, then press the Esc key. Click Save to create
the face-set. Move the dialog box out of the way of the mesh plot. The element faces on the
outlet should be highlighted. Click OK to close the dialog box.
To plot the face-set by itself, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , set the Element Face Set
to 1 and click OK. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to
(Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look
38-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 3.000
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 3.000
384.8
384.3
383.9
383.4
383.0
382.5
382.1
MAXIMUM
385.0
NODE 5262
MINIMUM
382.0
NODE 5251
Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Special)Mesh Integration, add point name OUTLET,

set the Integration Type to Averaged and click OK. Now choose ListValue List
Model Point, set Variable 1 to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click Apply. The
temperature at time 3.0 is 3.83798E+02 (degrees K). (Your result may be slightly different
because free meshing produces different meshes on different platforms.)
Notes
The air velocity in this problem is relatively low. This means that the air particles remain in
the heat exchanger for a relatively long time, and also means that the air heats up
significantly.
The multigrid solver is much more efficient than the sparse solver for this problem.

38-14 ADINA Primer

Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome
Problem description
An enclosure is bounded by rigid walls and a flexible hemispherical dome, as shown:
z
x y
Air: m =2.0´10-5 N-s/m2

r =1.2 kg/m3
A cp=1006 J/kg-oC
k =0.025 W/m-oC
g =-9.8 m/s 2
0.05 m o -1
A b =0.0033 C
0.1 m
Walls marked with A: zero temperature, no slip
Other walls, top and base: insulated, no slip
Hemispherical dome: shell with thermo-isotropic material

E =6.9´1010 N/m2 n =0.33
a =2´10-5 oC -1
t =0.0005 m Radius=0.025 m
k =204 W/m-oC Q=100 W/m2
The enclosure contains air, which flows due to natural convection caused by the heating of the
air near the dome.
For analysis purposes, we analyze one quarter of the domain, with symmetric boundary
conditions, as shown in the figure on the next page.
First we analyze the model using the FCBI fluid element, then we analyze the model using the
FCBI-C fluid element.

Z
Face 6, no-slip X Y
Face 7, no flow Face 3, no flow

in y direction in x direction
Face 4, FSI and

shell-thermal
boundary
conditions
Face 5, no-slip Face 1, no-slip,

zero temperature
Face 2, no-slip
• Defining a shell thermal boundary condition

• Using a boundary layer table to control meshing
• Plotting a boundary of the model along with the velocities within the model.
Before you begin
model contains too many nodes.
prob39_3.in. You need to copy files prob39_1.in, prob39_2.in and prob39_3.in from the
39-2 ADINA Primer

Solution using the FCBI element

ADINA CFD model
Defining model control data, geometry, material and boundary conditions
► Defines the geometry bodies

► Defines most of the analysis control parameters
► Defines the material properties for the air
► Defines the zero velocity boundary conditions
► Defines the temperature boundary condition
► Defines a time function
► Defines time stepping information
► Plots the model
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
TEMPERATURE
D
TIME 1.000
B 0.000
C
D D
D
V V V P
1 2 3
B -
C -
D - - -
E - - - -
Selecting thermal FSI analysis
Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, then, in the Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) box, set
"Thermal Coupling" to "Through Solid Domain in Fluid Model" and click OK.

Defining the FSI and shell-thermal boundary conditions
FSI boundary condition: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add condition
number 1 and set the Type to Fluid-Structure Interface. Set the Face # to 4 and the Body # to
2 in the first row of the table and click Save (do not close the dialog box yet).
Shell-thermal boundary condition: Add condition number 2, set the Type to Shell Thermal,
set the Sub-Type to Heat Flux, the Thickness of Boundary to 0.0005 and the Heat
Conductivity Value to 204.0. In the Heat Flux box, set the Value to 100.0 and the Time
Function # to 2. Set the Associated Fluid-Structure Interface Boundary Condition # to 1, then
set the Face # to 4 and the Body # to 2 in the first row of the table. Click OK.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
TEMPERATURE
E
TIME 1.000
C 0.000
D
BF
V V V P
1 2 3
B
E E
C -
D -
E - - -
E F - - - -
FSI TSH
B 1 2
C - -
D - -
E - -
F - -
Defining the element group, creating the mesh
► Defines an element group

► Replots the mesh
39-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
E
0.000
C D
B
F V V V P
1 2 3
B
E C -
D -
E - - -
E
F - - - -
E FSI TSH
B 1 2
C - -
D - -
E - -
F - -
We anticipate that large velocity gradients exist near the walls, therefore we prefer to have
layers of small elements near all of the faces, except for the symmetry faces 3 and 7, as shown
in the following figure:
Face 6, no-slip, Z
fluid flows radially outwards,

X Y
fine mesh required
Face 7, no flow Face 3, no flow

in y direction, in x direction,
fluid slips along face, fluid slips along face,
coarse mesh is OK coarse mesh is OK
Face 4, FSI and
shell-thermal
boundary conditions,
fluid rises near this
face, fine mesh required
Face 5, no-slip, Face 1, no-slip,

fine mesh required zero temperature,
fluid falls near this face,
fine mesh required
Face 2, no-slip,
fluid flows radially inwards,
fine mesh required

Boundary layers: To obtain layers of small elements, click the Mesh Bodies icon and set
the Nodes per Element to 8. Click the ... button to the right of the "Boundary Layer Table"
field and add table number 1. Set the Progression to Geometric, the Number of Layers to 4,
the Thickness of First Layer to 0.00025 and the Total Thickness to 0.0025. Now fill in the
table as follows and click OK to close the Define Boundary Layer Table dialog box.
Face # Body # 1st Layer Total

Thickness Thickness
3 2 0 0
7 2 0 0
In the Mesh Bodies dialog box, set the "Boundary Layer Table" to 1 if necessary. Enter 2 in
the first row of the table and click OK.
After you click the Hidden Surfaces Removed icon , the graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
I
I I
I I I
I I I I X Y
I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I PRESCRIBED
I I I I I I I I I I TEMPERATURE
I I I I I I I I I I I TIME 1.000
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I 0.000
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I V V V P
1 2 3
I I I I I K I I I I I B
I I I I I K I I I I I C -
I I I I I I I I I I D -
I I I I I I I I I I I E -
I I I I I I I I I I I F -
I I I I I I I I I I I G - -
I I I I I I I I I I H - -
I I I I I I I I I I I I I - - -
I I I I I I I I I I J - - -
I I I I I I I I I I I K - - - -
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I FSI TSH
I I I I I I I B 1 2
I I I I I I C - -
I I I I I
D 1 2
I I I I
I I I E - -
I I F 1 2
I G - -
H 1 2
I - -
J 1 2
K - -
Generating the ADINA CFD data file, saving the ADINA-IN database
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob39_f.dat, make sure that the
Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Save the database file to file
prob39_f.idb.
39-6 ADINA Primer

Click the New icon to begin a new model.
We have prepared a batch file (prob39_3.in) that creates the entire ADINA Structures model.
TIME 1.000 Z
D
B C
B C X Y
B C
B C
B C
C
B C
BB C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
E E U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
E E B - - -
E E
E E C - - -
E E E E
E E E E E D - - - - -
E E - - - - - -
To display the mesh without the yellow FSI boundary lines, click the Show Fluid Structure
Boundary icon . The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next
page.

TIME 1.000 Z
D
B C
B C X Y
B C
B C
B C
C
B C
BB C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
E E U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
E E B - - -
E E
E E C - - -
E E E E
E E E E E D - - - - -
E E - - - - - -
Generating the ADINA Structures data file, saving the ADINA-IN database
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob39_a.dat, make sure that the
Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Save the database file to file
prob39_a.idb.
Running ADINA-FSI
names in quotes. Set the ‘Maximum Memory for Solution’ to at least 100 MB (and preferably
to at least 500 MB). Then click Start.
porthole file prob39_f. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the
next page.
39-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Post-processing
Plotting the velocities: Click the Shading icon , the No Mesh Lines icon and the
Quick Vector Plot icon . You don’t see any velocity vectors because we are only looking
at the vectors on the outside of the model, and the visible elements all have no-slip boundary
conditions. Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rotate the model until the graphics
window looks something like the top figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
Y X
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.07171
0.06500
0.05500
0.04500
0.03500
0.02500
0.01500
0.00500
This plot shows that there is slip on the symmetric faces of the model.
Now click the Cull Front Faces icon and rotate the model with the mouse until the
TIME 1.000 Z
X
Y
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.07171
0.06500
0.05500
0.04500
0.03500
0.02500
0.01500
0.00500
39-10 ADINA Primer

Evidently the fluid rises near the shell dome, and falls near the zero temperature boundary
condition, as expected. (Your solution may be slightly different than ours, because free
meshing produces different meshes on different platforms.)
We can also plot just the dome boundary as an element face-set. First, click the Cull Front
Faces icon and rotate the model until the dome boundary is visible. Now click the
Element Face Set icon , add Element Face Set Number 1 and set the Method to “Auto-
Chain Element Faces”. Now double-click in the Face {p} column of the table, select one or
more of the faces on the dome boundary, then press the Esc key. Click Save to create the
face-set. Move the dialog box out of the way of the mesh plot and notice that the element
faces on the dome boundary are highlighted. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Now click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , set the Element Face Set to 1 and click OK. The
dome boundary is plotted, but no velocities are plotted. This is because the velocities at the
dome boundary are zero (no-slip). To see the velocities within the fluid domain, click the
Modify Vector Plot icon , click the Grid… button, set the Vector Location to “Within 3D
Elements” and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Rotate the mesh plot with the
mouse until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
YX
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.06749
0.06500
0.05500
0.04500
0.03500
0.02500
0.01500
0.00500

Plotting the temperatures: Click the Clear icon , the Mesh Plot icon , then click the
Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE)
and click OK. The graphic window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
32.50
27.50
22.50
17.50
12.50
7.50
2.50
MAXIMUM
34.22
NODE 1
MINIMUM
-4.441E-16
NODE 105 (0.000)
Now we use a cutting plane to visualize the temperatures within the model. Click the Cut
Surface icon , set the Type to Cutting Plane, set the “Defined by” field to “Origin and
Normal”, set the Outwards Normal to (1.0, -1.0, 0.0) and click OK. Then click the Model
Outline icon to remove the plotted lines on the cutting plane intersection. Use the Pick
icon and the mouse to rotate the mesh until the graphics window looks something like the
39-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
Y
X
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
32.50
27.50
22.50
17.50
12.50
7.50
2.50
MAXIMUM
34.22
NODE 1
MINIMUM
0.000
NODE 107
We can also plot the temperatures at the dome boundary. Click the Cut Surface icon , set
the Type to None and click OK. Then click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , set the Element
Face Set to 1 and click OK. Use the mouse to scale and rotate the mesh until the graphics
window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
33.00
30.00
27.00
24.00
21.00
18.00
15.00
MAXIMUM
34.22
NODE 1
MINIMUM
12.65
NODE 4

Solution using the FCBI-C element

The structural model is unchanged. We only need to save it with a different name.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes),
then choose file prob39_a.idb from the recent file list at the bottom of the File menu.
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob39_c_a.dat, make sure that
the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save. Choose File→Save As to save the
database file to prob39_c_a.idb.
ADINA CFD model

In the fluid model, the element will be changed from FCBI to FCBI-C. Click the New icon
(you can discard all changes) and choose file prob39_f.idb from the recent file list at
the bottom of the File menu.
Selecting the FCBI-C element, outer iteration tolerances and FSI iteration setting
Choose ControlSolution Process, set the "Flow-Condition-Based interpolation Elements" to

FCBI-C and click OK.
Now choose ControlSolution Process, click the “Outer Iteration...” button then click the
“Advanced Settings...” button. In the Outer Iteration Advanced Settings dialog box, set the
“Equation Residual Use” to All and the “Tolerance” to 1.0E-06, and set the “Variable
Residual Use” to All and the “Tolerance” to 1.0E-06. Also set the "Interpolation Scheme for
Pressure" to Linear. Click OK three times to close all three dialog boxes.
Click the Coupling Options icon , make sure the FSI Solution Coupling is Iterative, and
click OK.
Generating the data file, running ADINA CFD
Choose File→Save As to save the database to file prob39_c_f. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob39_c_f, make sure that the Run Solution button is
unchecked and click Save.
39-14 ADINA Primer

Running ADINA-FSI
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob39_c_f, then hold
down the Ctrl key and select file prob39_c_a. The File name field should display both file
names in quotes. Make sure that the ‘Maximum Memory for Solution’ is set to at least 100
MB. Then click Start.
porthole file prob39_c_f.
Post-processing
Follow the instructions given above to plot the velocities and temperatures. It can be observed
that the solutions of the FCBI-C element are very close to those of the FCBI element. Some
sample plots are given below.
TIME 1.000 Z
Y X
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.06844
0.06500
0.05500
0.04500
0.03500
0.02500
0.01500
0.00500

TIME 1.000 Z
YX
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
29.25
24.75
20.25
15.75
11.25
6.75
2.25
MAXIMUM
32.77
NODE 1
MINIMUM
-0.0004492
NODE 1775
Notes:
1) The fluid solution process associated with the FCBI-C element uses an iterative method.
All fluid governing equations are solved one by one in a certain order. Therefore the FSI
coupling associated with the FCBI-C element must also be iterative (and not direct).
39-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 40: Analysis of a glued shaft with ADINA-M/PS
Problem description
It is desired to analyze the shaft and ring shown in the following figure:
Outer surface fixed
1
2 N/mm2
2
4 2 4
All lengths in mm E = 2.07 ´ 105 N/mm2
n = 0.29
The shaft is glued into the ring.
This problem could be modeled using one geometry body. However, in this problem, we use
two geometry bodies, one for the shaft and the other for the ring. We use the gluemesh
feature to glue the shaft to the ring.
• Running an unstable model in static analysis.

• Applying a traction load that acts in a specified direction.
• Using the gluemesh feature.
• Using incompatible modes
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in file prob40_1.in. You need to copy files

Defining the model
We have prepared a batch file (prob40_1.in) which contains the entire model definition, with
the exception of the load and gluemesh definitions.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Selection of incompatible modes
Choose ControlAnalysis AssumptionsKinematics, set “Use Incompatible Modes in

Element Formulation” to Yes, then click OK.
Traction load definition
the Magnitude to 2 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set “Apply to” to Face, and,
in the first row of the table, set the Face to 2, the Body to 1 and the Load Direction to
Y-Direction. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
40-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
2.000
We now demonstrate the effect of not gluing the parts together.
click Save.
Since the two parts are not connected, the shaft has rigid body modes, so the model is unstable
in static analysis. Depending upon round-off, ADINA Structures either stops with the
message
*** Stiffness matrix not positive definite ***
(which indicates that the model is unstable), or ADINA Structures runs to completion. In the
latter case, you will find that the shaft undergoes very large displacements.

Using the gluemesh feature
We need to glue the parts together. The following figure shows how the faces of the model
line up.
Face 6 of body 2
Face 1 of body 1
Face 4 of body 1
Face 1 of body 2
Section through model, parts separated for clarity
We also note that the faces on body 1 should be masters, because each node on a slave should
find an element face on the master.
Choose MeshingGlue Mesh, add Glue Mesh Set 1, make sure that the “Apply To” field is
set to Surface/Face, make sure that “Show” is set to Slave, then enter the following
information into the table (do not click OK yet).
Surf/Face Body #
1 2
6 2
Now set “Show” to Master, enter the following information into the table and click OK.
Surf/Face Body #
1 1
4 1
When you click the Redraw icon, the graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page. Notice that the gluemesh boundary is drawn in thick lines.
40-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
2.000
the file name to prob40, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
Plotting the deformed mesh
Click the Color Element Groups icon , the Scale Displacements icon and the Load
Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
2.000
The shaft appears to be glued to the ring.
Total reaction force
Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Reaction: X-REACTION_SUM),

Variable 2 to (Reaction: Y-REACTION_SUM) and Variable 3 to (Reaction: Z-
REACTION_SUM), then click Apply. The X and Z reaction sums should be very close to
zero, and the Y reaction sum should be close to -6.07437 (N). Notice that the total applied
force is a traction of 2 N/mm2 applied over a circular area of radius 1 mm, resulting in a total
applied force of 6.28318 N. The difference between the computed value of 6.07437 and the
theoretical value of 6.28318 is due to the discretization of the shaft; the circular area is
approximated by straight-sided quadrilateral element faces.
40-6 ADINA Primer

Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M/PS
Problem description
It is desired to analyze the screwdriver shown in the following figure:
The geometry of the screwdriver is given in a Parasolid file.
The purpose of the analysis is to show how to modify the geometry using the discrete
boundary representation feature (discrete BREP feature).
• Importing the Parasolid geometry.

• Using the discrete boundary representation feature.
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob41.x_t and prob41_1.in. You need
to copy files prob41.x_t and prob41_1.in from the folder samples\primer into a working

Importing the Parasolid geometry
File prob41.x_t is a Parasolid file containing the geometry. Click the Import Parasolid
Model icon , choose file prob41.x_t and click Open. The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Defining the subdivision data, material, boundary conditions, loading and elements
We have prepared a batch file (prob41_1.in) which contains the rest of the model definition.
the next page.
41-2 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1000000.
BBBBB B
Region with very B B BB BBB
B BB
small elements B B
BB BB BB
B B BB B
BB
BB
BB
BB
B BBB B BB B
BB
BBBBB B
BBBB
B
BBB BB B BBBB
BBB
BB B
U U U
1 2 3
B - - -
Zoom into the indicated region of the mesh. You will notice some very small elements.
These elements are present because the geometry contains very narrow faces in this region of
the model.
We would like to remesh, using a geometry without the narrow faces. Click the
Delete Mesh/Elements icon , set ‘Delete Elements’ to ‘On Bodies’, enter 1 in the first row
Creating a discrete boundary representation
Choose MeshingFeature RemovalDiscrete BREP, set the Body Number to 1 and click
Create. Click Close to close the dialog box. The graphics window should look something
The orange lines are the boundaries of the discrete BREP triangles.
Click the Show Discrete BREP icon to return to the original geometry plot, then click the
Show Discrete BREP icon again to show the discrete BREP. Click the Shading icon
. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1000000.
B
U U U
1 2 3
B - - -
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1000000.
B
U U U
1 2 3
B - - -
41-4 ADINA Primer

Defeaturing the body
Click MeshingFeature RemovalBody Defeature, set the Body Number to 1, set ‘Remove
Surface Triangles with Size below’ to 0.001, set the ‘Angle (in degrees) used in Coarsening’
to 60 and click Preview. The graphics window should look something like this. The faces
and edges that will be removed by the defeaturing are drawn in yellow.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1000000.
B
U U U
1 2 3
B - - -
To defeature the body, click OK. The graphics window should look something like the top
When you zoom into the indicated region, there are no narrow faces in the discrete BREP.
Remeshing
Click the Mesh Bodies icon , set the Nodes per Element to 4, enter 1 in the first row of the
table and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on
the next page.
Notice that the element faces on the surface match the discrete BREP of the body.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1000000.
Region with narrow

faces originally B
U U U
1 2 3
B - - -
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1000000.
BBBBB B
B B BB BBB
B B
B B B
BBB BB BB BB
B
B
B
B B
B BBB B B BBBB
BB
B
BB
BBBBBB
BBB BBB BBBBB
BBBBBB
U U U
1 2 3
B - - -
41-6 ADINA Primer

Plotting the effective stresses
Click the Quick Band Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
1.300E+08
1.100E+08
9.000E+07
7.000E+07
5.000E+07
3.000E+07
1.000E+07
MAXIMUM
1.428E+08
EG 1, EL 7486, IPT 1
MINIMUM
154050.
EG 1, EL 7247, IPT 1
Since 4-node tet elements are used in the meshing, the stresses are constant within the
elements. Click the Smooth Plots icon . The graphics window should look something
Although the results look better, they are not more accurate. A refined model should be used
to verify the results.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
SMOOTHED
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
1.040E+08
8.800E+07
7.200E+07
5.600E+07
4.000E+07
2.400E+07
8.000E+06
MAXIMUM
1.152E+08
NODE 439
MINIMUM
100514.
NODE 337 (587795.)
41-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 42: 3D turbulent flow in a strongly curved channel
Problem description
It is desired to analyze the flow in the strongly curved channel shown.
Inlet
y
z Prescribed
x velocity V
o 2H
120
R
R
Outlet
Numerical data for this model is H  0.127 , R  3H , V  3 . Laminar fluid material

 VH
constants are   1000 ,   1.27 103 , giving a Reynolds number of Re   3  105 .

This problem is also considered in the following references:
Brunn, H.H., “An Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Losses in Bends with
Rectangular Cross Sections,” CUED/A-Turbo/TR 95, Cambridge University.
Khalil, I.M and Weber, H.G., “Modeling of Three-Dimensional Flow in Turning

Channels”, Transactions of the ASME - Journal of Engineering for Power, paper 84-GT-
49, 1984
In our numerical model, we use the k- turbulence model. Turbulence variables k and  are
specified at the inlet according to the following formulas:
k 
3/ 2
3
kinlet  (i  Vinlet ) 2 ,  inlet  inlet
2 0.3D
where i is the turbulence intensity, here set to 0.025 and D is the hydraulic diameter, here
equal to H.

• Turbulence material modeling

• Turbulence boundary conditions and initial conditions
• Using the FCBI-C elements
• Restart to second order FCBI-C elements
• Mass flux calculation using element face variables
Before you begin
model contains 13041 nodes.
prob42_1.plo, prob42_2.plo. You need to copy files prob42_1.in, prob42_2.in,
Flow assumptions: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions, uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer
button, set the Flow Model to Turbulent K-Epsilon and click OK.
Element type: Choose ControlSolution Process and set the ‘Flow-Condition-Based

Interpolation Elements’ to FCBI-C. (Do not close the dialog box yet.)
Outer iteration settings: Click the Outer Iteration… button. Now click the Advanced
Settings… button, set the Equation Residual to “Use All”, the Equation Residual Tolerance to
1E-5, the Variable Residual Tolerance to 1E-4, the “Interpolation Scheme for Pressure” to
Linear, check the “Use Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) Scheme” button,
then click OK three times to close all dialog boxes.
42-2 ADINA Primer

Defining the geometry and special boundary conditions
We have prepared a batch file (prob42_1.in) which contains the model geometry and special
boundary conditions.
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
B
EC
D
B
ED
C
V V V P k w
1 2 3
B
C
D
D E
E
B C
WAL
B 1
C 2
D 3
E 4
Only half of the flow domain is modeled. Special boundary condition 4 (marked with an E on
the plot) is a slip-wall boundary condition. This boundary condition is chosen to model
symmetry.
Defining the turbulence data
Turbulence material: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the K-Epsilon
Standard/RNG Model button. In the Define Turbulent K-Epsilon Material dialog box, add
material 1, set the Laminar Viscosity to 1.27e-3 and set the Density to 1000. We will not
change the defaults for the Turbulent Model Flow Constants (in the Advanced tab). Click
OK, then click Close, to close both dialog boxes.
Turbulence inlet boundary conditions: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to
Turbulence and click the Define… button to the right of the Load Number field. In the
Define Turbulence dialog box, add turbulence number 1, set the Load Values field to
"Computed", set the "Mean Velocity at Boundary" to 3, the "Dissipation Length Scale" to

0.127 and click Save. Note that the Prescribed Value for Kinetic-Energy is reset to 0.0084375
and the Prescribed Value for Rate of Energy Dissipation is reset to 0.020342. Click OK to
In the Apply Usual Boundary Conditions/Loads dialog box, set the ‘Apply to’ field to
Surface, set the Surface # to 1 in the first row of the table and click OK. When you click the
Load Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
PRESCRIBED
TURBULENCE_K
Z X
B TIME 1.000
E C
0.008438
D
B
ED PRESCRIBED
C TURBULENCE
EPSILON
TIME 1.000
0.02034
V V V P k
1 2 3
B
C
D D
E
EC
B
WAL
B 1
C 2
D 3
E 4
Turbulence initial conditions: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsDefine…, add Condition

Name I1, edit the table to read
Variable Value
K-ENERGY 0.0084375
E-DISSIPATION 0.020342
and click Save (these values are same values as are applied at the inlet). Now click the
Apply… button, set the “Apply to” field to Volume, set the Volume # to 1, 2, 3 in the first
three rows in the table, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
42-4 ADINA Primer

Defining the rest of the model
We have prepared a batch file (prob42_2.in) that contains the rest of the model definitions:
► Prescribed velocity boundary condition at inlet

► Subdivision data
► Element group data
► Meshing

VELOCITY
B B
BB
EBEEB
B EB
EB EBB
B
E
E
EEB
B
E
EB
B
B
E
E
EB
B
E
EB
B
E
EB
B
B
E
E
EB
B
E
EB
B
E
E
E
EB
B
E
E
E
EB
BB
E
EB
BB
C TIME 1.000 X
BB E
EE EE
EE
E
EE
EE
EE
E
EE
E Z
B BB
B
EB
EEB
EB
E
E
E
B
E
EEE
EE
E E
E
EEE
EEE
E EE
EE EE
EE E
EEE
EE
E
EE
EE
EE
E
EE
EE
EE
EEC
B B
B
E
EB
EB
E
E
B
E
E
EE
EEE
E
E
E
E
E
EEEEEEEEE
EEE EEEEEEE
EE
EE
E
EE
EE
EE
E
EE
EE
EE
EECC
BBEBB
E
EB
E
E
E
EEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
E EE
EE
E
EE
EE
EE
E
EE
EE
EE
EE
B
B
EB
EEE E E
EEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEE E
E
EE
EEEEE
EE
E E
E
EE
EE
E
EE
E
EE
E
EE
EE
E
EE
E
EE
E
EE
E
E
EE
E
E
EEC
E C 3.000
B
B
EB
EE
EE
E EEEE EEEE
E EE
EEEEE
EEE
EE
EE
EE
EE
EE
DE
DE
DE
DE
DDDD
D
DE
D
D
DE
D
D
D
DE
D
D
D
D
CE
E
E
D
D
D
D
C
CE
E
D
D
C
CE
D
D
D
D
C
C
CE
E
E
D
D
D
D
D
C
CE
D
D
D
D
C
CD
D
D
D
D
C
CD
D
D
D
C
C
CD
D
D
D
C
CD
D
D
C
CC
D
C
BB
B
EEE
EEEE
EEE E
EEE EEEEEE
EE
EEEE
EE
DE
DDDD
DD
D
D
D
DD
DD
C
CD
CD
CD
D
CD
CCCCC
C
CC
B EE E EE E E
E EE D
DD D
D D
C
CC
BBB
E
E
B
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
EEEE
E
E E
E E EE
EEE
E
EE
E
EE
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
D
D
E
D
E
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
D
D
D
D
CD
D
C
CD
CD
C
CCC D
B
BB
EE E
EEEE
EEEE
EE E E
EEE
EEE
EE
E
E
EE
E
E
DE
D
DD
DDD
DD
D
C
D
CD
C
D
C C
B
B
EE
EEE
EE E
EE E
EE EEE EE
EE
E
EE
E
DE
E
D
D
DD
DDD
D
D
D
C
DD
D
CD
C
C
BE E E E EEDD DC
B
B
E
B
E
E
E
EE
EEEEEE EE
E EEE
EEE
EE
E
E
E
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
DD
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
D
D
D
C
CD
C
CC
B
B
B
E
B
E
E
E
E
E
EE
E
E
E EEEE E
EE
EE
E
EE
D
E
D
DD
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
DDD
C
C
B
BE
E
EE
EE
E
E EE E
EEEE
D
D D
DD
DDD
D
CC
B
E
BE
E
EE E
EE
EE E
E E EE
EE
D
ED
DDD
DD
DD
C
BB
E
EEE
E EEE EEE
EE
EED
D
DD
D
D
DD
DD
D
CD
C
B
B
BE
E
EEE
E E
E EE E
EDD
DD
D
DDC PRESCRIBED
B
E
B
EE
E
E E
E E
E
E E E
EE
EE
D
ED
D
DD
D
DD
D
D
D
CC
B
BE
EE
E
EE
E
E EE EEE D
EDD
D
D
DD
C TURBULENCE_K
B
BE
EE
EE
E E
E
E E
E EE
E
E
ED
DD
D
D
DD
D
D
DD
C
C
BE
BEE
EEE
EE
E E EEEED
E DD
DD
D
DD
C
B
B
BE
E
EE
EE
E E
E E
E EE
E
EDD
D
DD
D
DC TIME 1.000
B
BE
EE
EE
E E
EE E E
EE
ED
E
DD
D
DD
DC
C
E
B
E
BE
EEE
E E
E E E
EE
D
EDD
D
D
D
DC
D
B
BE
E
E
E E
E E
E
E E
E E
EE
E
ED
D
DD
D
DC
D
C
D
B
BE
EE
E
EE
E E
E E EE
EED
D
D
DD
D
DC
E
B
E
B
EE
EEE
E E EEE
E
EE
ED
D
ED
D
D
DDC
D
DC 0.008438
B
B
BE
E
EEE
E E EE
EE EEEE
E
ED
DD
DD
DD
C
DD
C
E
B
E
BE
E
EEE
E E E
ED
EDDDD
C
D
B
BE
E
EE
EEEEE EE E
E E
ED
ED
DD
D
DC
D
C
B
E
B
BE
EE
E EE E E
E EE
EE D
D
E
DD
D
DC
D
DC V V V P k
E
B
E
BEE E
E EE E
E E E
E
ED
ED
D
DD
C
D
D
DC 1 2 3
BE
E
B EE EEEE E EEE
E
EED
D
D
D
DD
CD
C B
E
B
B EE
E E
E E
E EE EEEE
D
E
ED
D
DDD
C
D
C
BE
E
BE E E
E E
E EE
EE
ED
D
ED
D
D
D
DC
D
BEE
E
EEE EE E
E EEED
E
D
ED
DC
D
DC C
BE
BE
E
E E
E E EEEEE
E
ED
ED
D
D
DD
C
D
D
DC
BE
BE
E E
E E
E EE E
E
EED
ED
D
DD
C
DDC PRESCRIBED D
E
B
BEEE EE EE EEEEE
D
E
ED
DD
DDC
D
C
BE
E
BEE EE EE E EE
EE
ED
ED
D
DD
D
DC
DC TURBULENCE E
BE
E
B EE EE EE EE EEE
DE
ED
ED
D
D
DD
CD
C
BE
BE E E EE EEE EE
E
ED
D
ED
D
DD
DC
D
BEE
EE E
E EE EE EEEED
D
ED
D
DC
DC EPSILON
BE
BE
EEEE E EE E
EEE
ED
D
D
E D
C
D
D
D
DC
BBEE
E
E EEE
E E E
E EE
EEED
D
D
D
D
ED
C
DD
C
D TIME 1.000 WAL
BE
BEEEE EE EE EE
ED
E
EDD
D
DC
D
DC
E
B
BEEE E
E EE E E
EE
ED
ED
DD
DD
C
DC
BE
BE
EE E
E E
E EE E
E E
E
EED
DD
D
DD
DC
DC B 1
E
B
BEEEEE EE EEEEEE
ED
ED
D
DDD
DC
D
C
BE
BE
E E EE EE EEEED
D
ED
DD
DC
D 0.02034 C 2
E
B
E
B
B
E
EEE
E
E
E
EE
EEE EE
E E DC
D
D
D
CCCC
D 3
BE
BEEE E C
E
BBBB
BBCC
C C E 4
icon , set the file name to prob42, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked,
make sure that ‘Maximum Memory for Solution’ is at least 30 MB and click Save.
When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-
down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , set the
“File type” field to “ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)”, open database file prob42, click the

Please notice that we first opened the ADINA-IN database file, then loaded the porthole file.
Post-processing
Pressure distribution: Click the Clear icon , the Model Outline icon , the Show
Geometry icon (to hide the geometry), and the Quick Band Plot icon . The graphics
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1750.
1250.
750.
250.
-250.
-750.
-1250.
MAXIMUM
2028.
NODE 2827
MINIMUM
-1418.
NODE 8182
The pressure is highest at the outer radius and lowest at the inner radius.
Turbulence distribution: Click the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Variable to (Fluid
Variable: TURBULENCE_K) and click OK. The graphics window should look something
Use the Pick icon and the mouse to rotate the mesh plot until the graphics window looks
something like the bottom figure on the next page. Notice that the turbulence is highest on
the no-slip walls, as expected.
42-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
TURBULENCE_K
TIME 1.000
0.08400
0.07200
0.06000
0.04800
0.03600
0.02400
0.01200
MAXIMUM
0.08555
NODE 2353
MINIMUM
0.007817
NODE 1576
TIME 1.000 Y
X Z
TURBULENCE_K
TIME 1.000
0.08400
0.07200
0.06000
0.04800
0.03600
0.02400
0.01200
MAXIMUM
0.08555
NODE 2353
MINIMUM
0.007817
NODE 1576

Static pressure coefficient graph
We would like to plot the static pressure coefficient as a function of the angular position
around the channel, along the line of symmetry for both the outer radius and inner radius. The
p  p0
static pressure coefficient is defined as C p  1 where V is the inlet velocity and p0 is a
2 V
2
reference pressure, chosen so that C p  1 at the inlet. Since it is more convenient to work
p  pinlet
with the inlet pressure as the reference pressure, we write C p  1 .
2 V
1 2
From Khalil and Weber, Figure 6, the static pressure coefficient at the outlet is about –1.12.
First we need to determine the inlet pressure. We will use the average of the two pressures at
the inlet sampled at the outer radius and at the inner radius (both samples at the line of
symmetry). Choose DefinitionsModel Point (Combination)General, add point
INLET_AVERAGED, set the Type to Average, enter
POINT 2
POINT 3
in the first two rows of the table, then click OK. Now choose ListValue ListModel
Point, make sure that the Model Point Name is INLET_AVERAGED, set the Variable to
(Stress: NODAL_PRESSURE) and click Apply. The result is 9.74715E+02. Click Close to
Now we create the static pressure coefficent graph. We have prepared the commands for
creating the static pressure coefficient graph in file prob42_1.plo. Choose FileOpen
Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob42_1.plo and click
Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look
(Note, part of the command file input is the inlet pressure. To save time, we have already set
the inlet pressure in the command file to 9.74715E+02).
Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the dialog box. The static pressure
coefficient for the last point is –1.21660. Click Close to close the dialog box.
42-8 ADINA Primer

LINE GRAPH
-0.6
Outer radius
Inner radius
-0.8
STATIC_PRESSURE_COEFFICIENT
-1.0
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-20. 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160.
ANGULAR_POSITION_OUTER
Restart to second order FCBI-C elements
By default, the FCBI-C elements are first order in space. We can improve the solution by
using second order FCBI-C elements.
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes) and
choose file prob42.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Choose ControlSolution Process and click the Restart Analysis button. Now click the
Outer Iteration… button, click the Advanced Settings… button, set the ‘Space Discretization
Accuracy Order’ to Second and click OK three times to close all three dialog boxes.
the file name to prob42b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, make sure that
‘Maximum Memory for Solution’ is at least 30 MB and click Save. The AUI opens a window
in which you can specify the restart file from the first analysis. Enter restart file prob42 and
click Copy.
Notice that ADINA-CFD takes less time to run. This is because the initial conditions (from
the first order solution) are close to the second order solution.

When ADINA-CFD is finished, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-
Open icon and open porthole file prob42b.
Post-processing
Static pressure coefficient graph
We have prepared the commands for creating the static pressure coefficient graph in file
LINE GRAPH
-0.6
Outer radius
Inner radius
-0.8
STATIC_PRESSURE_COEFFICIENT
-1.0
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-20. 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160.
ANGULAR_POSITION_OUTER
Choose GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the dialog box. The static pressure
coefficient for the last point is –1.17858, which is quite comparable to the value from Khalil
and Weber. Click Close to close the dialog box.
Mass flux calculations: We would like to calculate the mass flux into and out of the channel.
To do this, we need element face-sets corresponding to the channel inlet and outlet.
Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon .
42-10 ADINA Primer

ADINA-CFD provides an element face-set for the channel inlet. Click the Element Face Set
icon and select face-set 5. Move the dialog box out of the way of the mesh plot and
notice that the channel inlet is highlighted. Click Cancel to close the dialog box.
Choose DefinitionsModel PointElement Face Set, add name INLET, set the Element
Face Set # to 5 and click OK. Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set Variable 1 to
(Flux: MASS_FLUX_ELFACE) and click Apply. The mass flux should be 4.83870E+01.
This mass flux is the same as the value obtained from VA where A  H 2 . Click Close to
Now let’s determine the mass flux at the channel outlet. ADINA-CFD does not provide an
element face-set for the channel outlet because there is no boundary condition defined at the
outlet. Click the Element Face Set icon and add face-set 10, set the Method to “From
Surfaces/Faces”, set the Surface/Face # to 16 in the first row of the table and click Save.
Move the dialog box out of the way of the mesh plot and notice that the channel outlet is
highlighted. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Choose DefinitionsModel PointElement Face Set, add name OUTLET, set the Element
Face Set # to 10 and click OK. Now choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the Model
Point Name to OUTLET, set Variable 1 to (Flux: MASS_FLUX_ELFACE) and click Apply.
The mass flux should be -4.83870E+01. It is seen that the sum of the mass fluxes is zero, so
that mass is conserved.
Plotting the dimensionless wall distance: We would like to plot the dimensionless wall
distance. Click the Clear icon and the Model Outline icon , then click the Show
Geometry icon (to hide the geometry). Now click the Create Band Plot icon , set the
Band Plot Variable to (Fluid Variable: WALL_Y+_ELFACE) and click OK. Use the mouse
to rotate the mesh so that the graphics window looks something like the figure on the next
page.

TIME 2.000 Y
X Z
WALL_Y+_ELFACE
TIME 2.000
432.0
408.0
384.0
360.0
336.0
312.0
288.0
MAXIMUM
439.6
EG 1, EL 1796
MINIMUM
270.7
EG 1, EL 8067
42-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 43: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder, TLA-S method
Problem description
A block is pushed onto a rigid cylinder as shown:
0.1
Prescribed5
force = 10 N All lengths in meters
Block:
0.1 Ogden material model:
m1 = 106 N/m2, a1=0.5
m2 = 10 4 N/m2 , a2=5.5
Plane strain conditions
0.01
0.05 Rigid cylinder,

coefficient of friction = 0.2
We would like to determine the displacements and contact tractions for the given load
application. However, we do not want to explicitly specify time steps or time functions.
• Using the TLA and-TLA-S methods

• Plotting contact tractions as bands
Before you begin

Model definition
We have prepared a batch file (prob43_1.in) which contains all of the model definition
except for the specification of the TLA method.
TIME 1.000 Y
C
CB B B B B B B B B B Z X
BBBBBBBBBBB
B B
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
100000.
U U
1 2
B C
C -
If you look at the commands in prob43_1.in, you will notice that there is no specification of
the time function or the number of time steps. The time function used is the default time
function, and the number of time steps is automatically set by the TLA method.
Choosing the TLA method
Click the Analysis Options icon to the right of the Analysis Type drop-down list, set the
“Automatic Time Stepping Scheme” to “Use Total Load Application (TLA)” and click OK.
43-2 ADINA Primer

Generating the ADINA Structures data file, running ADINA Structures, examining the
output file
First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob43. Click the Data
File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob43, make sure that the Run Solution button is
Depending upon round-off, ADINA Structures either runs, or stops with the message
*** Program stopped abnormally ***
Click the View Output button in the ADINA Structures window and find the text
STEP NUMBER = 1
You will notice that the minimum abs diag element of the factorized matrix is very small.
This is because the model has a rigid body mode in the y translational direction. This rigid
body mode is present because we specified a prescribed force on the block, and when the
block is not in contact with the cylinder, there is nothing to restrain the motion of the block.
Close the text editor window and the ADINA Structures window, and all other windows.
One way to obtain a solution is to prescribe the displacement of the block. However then it is
difficult to determine the exact amount of displacement needed to obtain the specified
prescribed force. So instead we add stabilization to the model using the TLA-S method.
Choosing the TLA-S method
Click the Analysis Options icon to the right of the Analysis Type drop-down menu, set
the “Automatic Time Stepping Scheme” to “Use TLA with Stabilization (TLA-S)” and click
OK.
output file, loading the porthole file
Click the Save icon to save the database file. Now click the Data File/Solution icon ,
set the file name to prob43, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save.
You can replace the existing prob43.dat file.
ADINA Structures solves the model using 7 solution steps.
Click the View Output button in the ADINA Structures window, scroll to the end of the file,
then scroll backwards until you find the table with heading

S O L U T I O N A C C U R A C Y I N D I C A T O R S
In this table, notice that
EXTERNAL FORCES = 1.132E+02

DAMPING FORCES = 2.709E-01
INERTIA FORCES = 0.000E+00
CONTACT DAMP. FORCES = 5.007E-03
STIFFNESS STABIL = 2.276E-05
These numbers are force indicators (not forces) and have units of energy (force units times
displacement units).
For this problem, the stabilization comes from low-speed dynamics damping, contact damping
and stiffness stabilization. Low-speed dynamics inertia is not used because we did not specify
the density of the material in the model definition.
Since the damping force indicator, the contact damping force indicator and the stiffness
stabilization indicator are much smaller than the external force indicator, we conclude that the
stabilization does not affect the solution significantly.
can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob43. The
TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
43-4 ADINA Primer

Post-processing
Although ADINA Structures solves the model in 7 solution steps, ADINA Structures only
saves the solution for the last time step. So you cannot examine the solution at different load
levels, create animations or create a force-deflection curve.
You can examine the solution for the given prescribed force in detail. Here we demonstrate
how to show the contact tractions as bands.
Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Traction:
NODAL_NORMAL_TRACTION) and click OK. It is difficult to see the traction bands
because the thick contact segment lines obscure the traction bands. Click the Modify Mesh
Plot icon , click the Element Depiction… button, click the “Contact, etc” tab, set the
Contact Surface Line Width to 0 and click OK to close both dialog boxes. It is easier to see
the traction bands, but it would be better to thicken them some more. Click the Modify Band
Plot icon , click the Band Rendering… button, set the Line Width Value to 6 and click
TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
NODAL
NORMAL
TRACTION
TIME 10.00
1440000.
1200000.
960000.
720000.
480000.
240000.
0.
MAXIMUM
1561029.
NODE 684 (1553640.)
MINIMUM
-14796.
NODE 443 (0.000)
Since there is friction in the model, we can also plot the tangential tractions. Click the Modify
Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Traction:
NODAL_TANGENTIAL_TRACTION) and click OK. The graphics window should look

TIME 10.00 Y
Z X
NODAL
TANGENTIAL
TRACTION
TIME 10.00
162500.
137500.
112500.
87500.
62500.
37500.
12500.
MAXIMUM
173717.
NODE 624
MINIMUM
-2978.
NODE 443 (0.000)
Note
The TLA-S method uses four stabilization factors: the stiffness matrix stabilization factor, the
damping factor, the inertia factor and the contact damping factor. Since there is no density
assigned to the model, the model has no mass and the inertia factor has no effect. If you
assign a density to the model, you should turn off the stiffness matrix stabilization factor.
Otherwise the convergence will be slow while the model is not in contact.
43-6 ADINA Primer

Problem 44: Analysis of a bracket assemblage with a bolt
Problem description
A bracket assemblage is shown below in an exploded view:
Bolt
Upper bracket
Lower bracket
Nut
The two parts of the bracket are bolted together. After the parts are bolted together, the
tension in the bolt is 2000 N and the assemblage appears as shown on the next page.

Bolt tension
= 2000 N
Finally a pressure load of 1 MPa is applied to the top of the upper bracket as shown:
Pressure load
= 1 MPa
Bolt head and nut not shown
In this model, the bolt / nut combination is modeled using a 3D-bolt element group. The bolt
element group and bracket element groups are allowed to come into contact, and contact
surfaces are used to model the contact.
44-2 ADINA Primer

Bolt modeled with

3D-bolt element group,
Contact group 2, element group 3
contact surface 3
Contact group 2,
contact surface 5
Element group 1
Contact group 1,
contact surface 1
Contact group 1,
contact surface 2
Element group 2
Contact group 2,
contact surface 6
Contact group 2,
contact surface 4
The bolt pretension is directly specified and is applied to the model in a bolt loading step.
• Using 3D-bolt elements

• Displaying the contact gap in a band plot
Before you begin

Model definition
except for the bolt element definition.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1.000
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B B
B
B
C B
C B B B
B U U U
1 2 3
B B B -
B B B B
B
C - -
B D - - -
Defining the 3D-bolt element group
Element group 3 will be the 3D-bolt element group. In the Model Tree, expand the Zone
entry, right-click on 12. EG3 and choose Display. The graphics window should look
It is seen that element group 3 contains both the bolt and nut.
Bolt element group: Click the Element Groups icon , make sure that the Group Number is
3 and set the Element Option to Bolt. In the Bolt box, set the Bolt # to 1, the Load to 1.0 and
click OK.
44-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
U U U
1 2 3
No boundary
conditions assigned
Bolt loading: Choose ModelBoltBolt Options, set the Bolt Loading Sequence Table to
Yes and click the Bolt Table ... button. Add bolt table 1, enter (1, 1, 2000, Yes) in the first
row of the table and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
porthole file
In the Log Window, note the following text:
3D bolt group 3, bolt number = 1

Automatic bolt-plane calculation using inertial properties
Volume = 4.70302E+03
Min inertia = 1.63054E+05
Bolt direction = ( 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00, 1.00000E+00)
Bolt plane point = (-1.00000E+01, 1.53553E-15, 1.26637E+01)
Bolt length, cross-sectional area = 4.75000E+01, 4.30037E+01
(Your numbers might be slightly different than these numbers because free meshing produces
different meshes on different platforms.)

This text can be used to verify that the bolt is defined correctly. For example, the bolt
direction for bolt number 1 is (0,0,1), which corresponds to the bolt axis. See the ADINA
Structures Theory and Modeling Guide for more details.
In the ADINA Structures dialog box, in the Message window, notice that there is a line
Bolt iterations: step number = 1 bolt force factor = 2.0000000E+03
before the line
Step number = 1 step size = 1.0000000E+00 time = 1.0000000E+00
We see that, although there is only one solution step specified in the input, ADINA Structures
performs bolt iterations before that solution step, in order to obtain the solution corresponding
only to the bolt tension of 2000 N (before the pressure load is applied).
Post-processing
Bolt pretension: Click the Previous Solution icon to display the solution for the bolt
sequence step. Since no load other than the bolt pretension is applied in this step, this
solution shows the effect of the bolt pretension.
Click the Scale Displacements icon and use the mouse to rotate and scale the mesh plot
until the graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page.
The bolt pretension is seen to pull the two parts of the bracket assemblage together, and the
two parts of the bracket assemblage are in contact. However, the displacements are magnified
so much that the elements in the bolt group appear to move into each other. Click the Modify
Mesh Plot icon , click the Model Depiction button, set the Magnification Factor to 50 and
click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like
the bottom figure on the next page.
44-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 0.000: Bolt seq 1 DISP MAG 197.6 Z
X Y
TIME 0.000: Bolt seq 1 DISP MAG 50.00 Z
X Y

Bolt pretension and applied pressure: Click the Next Solution icon and the Load Plot
icon to display the solution for time 1.0. The graphics window should look something
like this:
X Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1.000
The model displacements have increased due to the applied pressure.
Bolt results: Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Force: BOLT-FORCE),

Variable 2 to (Displacement: BOLT-DISPLACEMENT) and click Apply. The results for
"Bolt Sequence 1" are 2.00000E+03 (N), 4.59793E-02 (mm), and the results for "Time
1.00000" are 1.35826E+03, 4.59793E-02. We see that the specified pretension is applied to
the bolt for "Bolt Sequence 1", and that the bolt length is shortened by 4.59793E-2 mm in
order to achieve this bolt pretension. For "Time 1.00000", the applied pressure load reduces
the bolt tension, and the bolt shortening is unchanged. (Your results might be slightly
different than ours due to free meshing.)
Let's look at the stresses in element group 3. Click the Clear icon , and, in the Model
Tree, expand the Zone entry, right click on 13. EG3 and choose Display. When you click the
Quick Vector Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.
44-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
+ -
92.93
87.5
62.5
37.5
12.5
-12.5
-37.5
-62.5
Now we calculate the axial force in the bolt from the stresses. Click the Cut Surface icon
, set the Type to Cutting Plane, set "Defined by" to Z-Plane, set the Coordinate Value to
12 and click OK. The cutting surface corresponds to the bolt cross-section. Choose
DefinitionsModel Point (Special)Mesh Integration, add point BOLT, make sure that the
Integration Type is Integral and click OK. Choose ListValue ListModel Point, make sure
that the Model Point Name is BOLT, set Variable 1 to (Stress: STRESS-ZZ) and click Apply.
The value of STRESS-ZZ is first 1.99965E+03 (N/mm2), then becomes 1.35795E+03. Since
model point BOLT represents the integral of the listed variable, these values correspond to
axial forces, and these values are very close to the bolt forces obtained earlier.
Displaying the contact gap in a band plot
Now we look at the contact between the upper and lower brackets. Click the Clear icon ,
and, in the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right click on 11. EG1 and choose Display.
Then click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Contact:
NODAL_CONTACT_GAP) and click OK. Use the mouse to rotate the mesh plot until the
graphics window looks something like the figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Y
X Z
NODAL
CONTACT
GAP
TIME 1.000
0.02600
0.02200
0.01800
0.01400
0.01000
0.00600
0.00200
MAXIMUM
0.02905
NODE 217
MINIMUM
-4.806E-10
NODE 4
44-10 ADINA Primer

Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment
Problem description
An initially flat plate is bent by an applied moment:
z E=2.1´105 N/mm2
n=0.3
x y Thickness = 0.1 mm
uy, uz fixed 5 mm
qx fixed
1 mm
Applied moment = 4 N-mm
The moment is large enough to require a large displacement analysis.
The purpose of this problem is to demonstrate some of the consequences of using 6 degree of
freedom nodes in large displacement shell elements. You might want to reread Section 2.7.3
of the ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling Guide to review the use of 5 degree of
freedom and 6 degree of freedom nodes in shell analysis.
• Specification of the shell nodes drilling stiffness

• Use of beam elements to control the shell nodes drilling stiffness
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob45_1.in and prob45_2.in. You
need to copy files prob45_1.in and prob45_2.in from the folder samples\primer into a

Model definition
We have prepared a batch file (prob45_1.in) which contains all of the model definition.
Shell elements are used to model the plate. The moment is applied in 20 time steps.
TIME 20.00 Z
C X Y
C
B
B PRESCRIBED
MOMENT
TIME 20.00
2.000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - -
C - - - -
Notice that the y and z displacement, and the x rotation, are fixed on the clamped end. In
addition, the x displacement is fixed at one point on the clamped end to remove the rigid-body
translation in the x direction.
porthole file
click Save.
The model does not converge in the 7th time step.
45-2 ADINA Primer

can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob45. The
TIME 6.000 Z
X Y
The model deformations look fine. So the plot does not give us any clues about why the
model did not converge.
Examining the ADINA Structures output file
To figure out what happened, we need to examine the ADINA Structures output file. If you
didn’t close the ADINA Structures window, click the View Output button. If you already
closed the ADINA Structures window, then use a text editor, such as vi or Notepad, to open
file prob45.out.
Don’t close the AUI.
In the output file, look for the text
STEP NUMBER = 7
and examine the “NORM OF INCREMENTAL ROTN.” column for the equilibrium
iterations of step 7. These values should be similar to those shown in the following table.

Iteration NORM OF NODE-DOF MAX

INCREMENTAL VALUE
ROTN
0 4.26E-01 1-Z 2.03E-01
1 3.01E-01 12-Z 1.83E-01
2 2.99E-01 11-Z -1.77E-01
3 2.88E-01 11-Z -1.74E-01
From this table, we see that the norm (square root of the sum of the squares) of all of the
incremental rotations in the model for iteration 0 is 4.26E-01 and the maximum incremental
rotation in iteration 0 is 2.03E-01 at node 1. Since the rotations are measured in radians, the
incremental rotations at nodes 1, 11 and 12 appear to be very large.
Evidently the nodes at the clamped end and the nodes with the applied moment are assigned 6
degrees of freedom. At all of the nodes with 6 degrees of freedom, there is nothing in the
model to provide stiffness to the drilling degrees of freedom (the drilling degrees of freedom
are the rotations in the direction of the shell normals). So we need to provide stiffness for
those degrees of freedom.
In this model, the AUI assigns 6 degrees of freedom to the nodes on the clamped end because
there are both free rotations (the y- and z-rotations) and fixed rotations (the x rotations) on the
clamped end. The AUI assigns 6 degrees of freedom to the nodes with applied moment,
because of the applied moment.
Pre-processing: clamped nodes
For the clamped nodes, there is no reason to leave the z rotation free. Let’s see what happens
if we fix the z rotation for the clamped nodes.
the File menu.
Click the Apply Fixity icon and notice that fixities P1 and P2 are applied to geometry
points 1 and 2. Click the Define… button, set the Fixity Name to P1, check the Z-Rotation
button, set the Fixity Name to P2, check the Z-Rotation button and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes.
45-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 20.00 Z
C X Y
C
B
B PRESCRIBED
MOMENT
TIME 20.00
2.000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - -
C - - - - -
Notice that the Z rotation is fixed at the nodes on the clamped end.
output file
Click the Save icon . Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob45,
make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and click Save. You can replace the
existing prob45.dat file.
Again, the model does not converge in the 7th time step. We need to look at the ADINA
Structures output file again. Click the View Output button in the ADINA Structures window,
look for the text
STEP NUMBER = 7
and examine the “NORM OF INCREMENTAL ROTN.” column. These values should be
similar to those shown in the following table.
Iteration NORM OF NODE-DOF MAX

INCREMENTAL VALUE
ROTN
0 3.11E-01 11-Z -1.92E-01
1 2.81E-01 11-Z -1.77E-01
2 3.09E-01 12-Z 2.08E-01
3 6.01E-01 12-Z -3.85E-01

Nodes 11 and 12 appear to have large incremental rotations.
At nodes 11 and 12, we cannot fix the z rotations because the drilling stiffness direction will
change as the model deforms, and the drilling stiffness direction will no longer coincide with
the z direction.
Pre-processing: drilling stiffness
Returning to the pre-processor: Close all open windows and dialog boxes.
By default, ADINA Structures assigns a small amount of drilling stiffness to nodes without
drilling stiffness. Let’s increase the amount of drilling stiffness. Choose Control
Miscellaneous Options, and, in the Shell Options box, set the Stiffness Factor to 0.001 and
click OK.
output file
This time, ADINA Structures runs for 20 steps. Close all open dialog boxes, set the Program
and open porthole file prob45. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 20.00 Z
X Y
45-6 ADINA Primer

Post-processing
Rotations and moment reactions: Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to

(Displacement: X-ROTATION), Variable 2 to (Reaction: X-MOMENT_REACTION) and
click Apply. Scroll down to display the results at time 20. The X moment reaction at node 1
is –1.99760 and the X moment reaction at node 2 is –1.99761. The X rotation at nodes 11 and
12 is 1.19038 (radians). Click OK to close the dialog box.
The moment reactions nearly balance the applied moment of 4.0. A comparison analytical
solution is
ML
  1.14 (radians)
EI
For many purposes, the solution is “good enough”. But we can obtain a better solution by
introducing a soft beam element to eliminate the drilling stiffness.
Pre-processing: soft beam element
the File menu.
We have prepared a batch file (prob45_2.in) which contains the beam element definition.
prob45_2.in and click Open. We can’t see the beam element because it lies on one of the
shell element lines. Click the No Mesh Lines icon to show just the beam element. Click
the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction… button, click the “Display
Local System Triad” button and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics
The beam element triad shows that the beam element s direction lies in the plane of the shells,
and the beam element t direction is perpendicular to the plane of the shells.
Click the Cross Sections icon . Notice that the only non-zero area moment of inertia is
the tt moment of inertia, and that the cross-sectional area is very small. So the beam only has
bending stiffness for a rotational direction perpendicular to the plane of the shells (in other
words, for rotations in the shell normal direction), and the beam has no axial stiffness.

TIME 20.00 Z
C X Y
C
B
B PRESCRIBED
MOMENT
TIME 20.00
2.000
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - -
C - - - - -
Since the beam now provides stiffness in the drilling stiffness direction, we don’t need any
shell drilling stiffness. Choose ControlMiscellaneous Options, uncheck the “Assign
Stiffness to Nodes with Zero Stiffness” button and click OK.
Again, ADINA Structures runs for 20 steps. Close all open dialog boxes, set the Program
and open porthole file prob45. Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to
(Displacement: X-ROTATION), Variable 2 to (Reaction: X-MOMENT_REACTION) and
click Apply. Scroll down to display the results at time 20. The X moment reaction at nodes 1
and 2 is –1.99999, and the X rotation at nodes 11 and 12 is 1.16531 (radians). Click OK to
Notes
1) If we had turned off the drilling stiffness feature before running the original model, the
solution would have stopped immediately with a “zero pivot” message.
45-8 ADINA Primer

2) It is safe to leave the y rotation of the clamped nodes free, because the y rotation direction
lies in the plane of the shell, and hence has stiffness.
Et 3
3) In the comparison analytical solution, the plate constant D  is not used,
12(1   2 )
because the y rotations are free and the plate can undergo anticlastic bending. The plate
responds as if it were a beam.
4) The drilling stiffness feature affects the solution slightly, because a small amount of the
applied moment acts in the direction of the drilling stiffness (this is because the anticlastic
effect bends the shell normals so that the normals have components in the x direction).
Because the drilling stiffness is implemented using grounded rotational spring elements, a
small amount of the applied moment is taken by the drilling stiffness springs.
On the other hand, when the beam element is used, all of the applied moment goes into the
finite element model, so the reactions at the clamped nodes are in equilibrium with the applied
moment.

45-10 ADINA Primer

Problem 46: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder – ADINA TMC model
Problem description
A cylinder is subjected to heat flux loadings as shown:
C
L
0.1 m Thermal properties:
k = 0.5 W/m-oC
h = 5 W/m2-oC
e = 0.2
s = 5.669 5 10-8 W/m2-oK4
Environmental temperature = 20 oC
0.1 m
Convection and radiation takes place
on boundaries marked with a thick
line
Structural properties:
E = 6.9 5 1010 N/m2
n = 0.30
a = 4.5 5 10-6 m/m
q = 500 W/m2
This is the same problem as was considered in primer problem 9. However, in this analysis,
we will analyze the cylinder entirely within ADINA Structures, using the TMC model feature.
Also the model will be solved in the x-y plane.
(Note, do not confuse the TMC model feature within ADINA Structures with the ADINA-
TMC solution capability.)
• Using the TMC model feature within ADINA Structures
Before you begin

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 46: Thermal stress
analysis of a cylinder – ADINA TMC model” and click OK.
Heat transfer solution: Click the Coupling Options icon , set the “Type of Solution” to
“TMC One-Way Coupling” and click OK.
Saving of heat fluxes: We would like to save the element heat fluxes. Choose Control
PortholeSelect Element Results, add Result Selection Number 1, set Thermal to All and
click OK.
y
P2 L1 P1
L2 S1 L4
P3 L3 P4 x
Point # X1 X2
1 0.1 0.1
2 0.0 0.1
3 0.0 0.0
4 0.1 0.0
46-2 ADINA Primer

Geometry surface: Click the Define Surfaces icon , define the following surface and click
OK.

Number
1 Vertex 1 2 3 4
We need a boundary condition corresponding to rollers on the left line of the square. Click
the Apply Fixity icon and click the Define... button. In the Fixity dialog box, add fixity
name XT, check the X-Translation button and click OK.
In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity” to XT, set the “Apply to” field to Edge/Line,
enter line 2 in the first row and column of the table and click Apply.
We also need to fix one point in the model. In the Apply Fixity dialog box, set the “Fixity” to
ALL, set the “Apply to” field to Point, enter 3 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Distributed Heat Flux and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Distributed Heat Flux
dialog box, add heat flux number 1, set the Magnitude to 500 and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, make sure that the “Apply to” field is set to Line, and, in the first row of the
table, set the Line # to 3. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
Defining the convection and radiation boundary conditions
We will impose convection and radiation boundary conditions onto lines 1 and 4 of the model.
Convection: Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Convection and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Convection dialog box,
add convection 1, and click the … button to the right of the Convection Property field. In the
Define Convection Property dialog box, add Property 1, make sure that the Type is set to
CONSTANT, set the Convection Coefficient to 5 and click OK. In the Define Convection
Load dialog box, set the Environment Temperature to 20, set the Convection Property to 1
and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the “Apply to” field to Line and, in the first
two rows of the table, set the Line # to 1 and 4 respectively. Click Apply in the Apply Load
dialog box (do not close the dialog box yet).

Radiation: Set the Load Type to Radiation and click the Define... button to the right of the
Load Number field. In the Define Radiation dialog box, add radiation 1, and click the …
button to the right of the Radiation Property field. In the Define Radiation Property dialog
box, add Property 1, make sure that the Type is set to CONSTANT, set the Temperature Unit
to Centigrade, set the Emissivity Coefficient to 0.2, set the Stefan-Boltzmann Constant to
5.669E-08 and click OK. In the Define Radiation Load dialog box, set the Environment
Temperature to 20, set the Radiation Property to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog
box, set the “Apply to” field to Line and, in the first two rows of the table, set the Line # to 1
and 4 respectively. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
HEATFLUX
TIME 1.000
500.0
PRESCRIBED
CONVECTION
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
B 20.00
PRESCRIBED
RADIATION
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
20.00
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B -
C C - - - - - -
Defining the element group and materials
Solid and make sure that the Element Sub-Type is Axisymmetric. Click the … button to the
right of the Default Material field and click the Elastic Isotropic button. In the Define
6.9E10, the Poisson’s Ratio to 0.3, the Coef of Thermal Expansion to 4.5E-6, then click OK.
Click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box. In the Define Element
Group dialog box, click the … button to the right of the Thermal Material field and click the
“k isotropic, c constant” button. In the Define Constant Isotropic Material dialog box, add
material 1, set the Thermal Conductivity to 0.5 and click OK. Click Close to close the
46-4 ADINA Primer

Manage Material Definitions dialog box, and click OK to close the Define Element Groups
dialog box.
“Element Edge Length” to 0.02 and click OK.
Element generation: Click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Type to 2-D Solid if
necessary, enter 1 in the first row of the Surface # table and click OK. The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Y
B Z X
PRESCRIBED
B HEATFLUX
TIME 1.000
B
500.0
B
PRESCRIBED
CONVECTION
B TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
B
B 20.00
B
PRESCRIBED
RADIATION
B
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
B
20.00
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
C B -
C C - - - - - -
porthole file
ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Then set the Program Module

Temperatures: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to
(Temperature: ELEMENT_TEMPERATURE). The graphics window should look something
like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
ELEMENT
TEMPERATURE
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
MAXIMUM
104.4
EG 1, EL 25, IPT 11 (102.2)
MINIMUM
34.16
EG 1, EL 1, IPT 33 (34.99)
Heat fluxes: Click the Clear Band Plot icon , click the Create Vector Plot icon , set
the Vector Quantity to HEAT_FLUX and click OK. The graphics window should look
Maximum principal stresses: Click the Clear Vector Plot icon , click the Create Band Plot
icon , choose variable (Stress:SIGMA-P1) and click OK to display the maximum
principal stress. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Rendering... button, set
the “Extreme Values” field to “Plot the Maximum” and click OK twice to close both dialog
46-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
HEAT FLUX
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
536.9
510.0
450.0
390.0
330.0
270.0
210.0
150.0
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
SIGMA-P1
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
3900000.
3300000.
2700000.
2100000.
1500000.
900000.
300000.
MAXIMUM
4162821.
EG 1, EL 21, IPT 32 (3845433.)
The temperature and stress solutions are almost exactly the same as were obtained in primer
problem 9.

46-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 47: Numerical experiments with rubber material models
Problem description
Two desirable features in a material model are: 1) the ability to reproduce experimental data
in an analysis that corresponds to the experiment and 2) that the material model be stable
(positive incremental stiffness). We explore these features for some of the rubber-like
material models in ADINA Structures.
For rubber and rubber-like materials, one experiment that can be used to determine material
constants is the uniaxial stretching of a sheet experiment schematically shown here.
y
Prescribed
force
Transverse Unit thickness,

1 plane stress Prescribed
direction displacement
Longitudinal direction
The initial dimensions of the sheet are chosen for numerical convenience. With this choice of
initial dimensions, the prescribed displacement can be interpreted directly as a prescribed
engineering strain, and the prescribed force can be interpreted directly as a prescribed
engineering stress.
Also note that we will subject the sheet to uniaxial compression, and of course an actual sheet
would buckle, but our numerical model will not buckle. In practice, uniaxial compression
data can be obtained from biaxial tension data.
For the purpose of this primer problem, we assume that the experiments have yielded the
stress-strain data shown in the figure on the next page.

20.
0.
Engineering
stress
-20.
-40.
-60.
0 1.0 2.0
Engineering strain
This is “constructed” material data, and does not represent any actual rubber or rubber-like
material. We have not assigned units to the model or to the data. We have included the
engineering stress-engineering strain data points for the material description in the file
prob47_mat.txt.
We will use three rubber models to describe this material data: Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden and
Sussman-Bathe.
In our numerical experiments, we will subject the sheet to uniaxial compression and tension,
first without any transverse force, then with a transverse force. The uniaxial compression /
tension analysis will demonstrate how well the numerical model reproduces the experimental
data, and the transverse force analysis will demonstrate the stability of the numerical model in
biaxial tension.
• Changing the curve-fitting parameters

• Using the Sussman-Bathe material model
Before you begin
47-2 ADINA Primer

Much of the input for this problem is stored in file prob47_1.in, prob47_mat.txt,
prob47_1.plo, prob47_2.plo and prob47_3.plo. You need to copy these files from the
Model definition
except for the material definition.
The loading for the model is as follows. From time 0 to time 40, the x displacement is
prescribed and there is no y prescribed force (uniaxial tension/compression conditions). From
time 0 to time 7, the x displacement is ramped from 0 to –0.7 (compression); from time 7 to
time 14, the x displacement is ramped from –0.7 to 0; from time 14 to time 36, the x
displacement is ramped from 0 to 2.2; from time 36 to time 40, the x displacement is ramped
from 2.2 to 1.8. The engineering strain is equal to the prescribed displacement.
From time 40 to time 50, the x displacement is held constant at 1.8 and the y prescribed force
is increased from 0 to 100.
Notice that constraint equations are used so that the x prescribed displacement is applied at
node 1 and the y prescribed force is also applied at node 1.
prob47_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the top figure
on the next page.
Material definition – Mooney-Rivlin model
Click the Manage Materials icon , click the Mooney-Rivlin button and add material 1.
Click the … button to the right of the Fitting Curve field, add Fitting Curve 1, then click the
… button to the right of the Simple Tension Curve field and add Curve number 1. Click the
Import… button, choose file prob47_mat.txt and click OK. In the Define Fitting Curve
dialog box, set the Simple Tension Curve to 1 and click OK. In the Define Mooney-Rivlin
Material dialog box, set the Fitting Curve to 1 and click Save. Click the Graph button. The
new graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.

TIME 50.00 Y
C 2 1
Z X
C
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 50.00
100.0
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 50.00
1.800
U U
1 2
B - -
C - C
B 4 D 3 D C -
B D

from material property data
20.
10.
0.
-10.
Material 1,
Engineering stress
(Test)
-20.
Material 1,
Mooney-Rivlin
-30.
-40.
-50.
-60.
-70.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain
The curve fit does not match the data very well. Close the new graphics window.
47-4 ADINA Primer

Notice that the Generalized Mooney-Rivlin Constants C1 to C9 are all positive. Perhaps we
can obtain a closer fit by changing the curve-fitting parameters. Click the … button to the
right of the Fitting Curve field, set the Least Squares Solution Method to Gaussian
Elimination and click OK. In the Define Mooney-Rivlin Material dialog box, clear the Bulk
Modulus field and click Save. When you click the Graph button, the new graphics window

20.
10.
0.
Material 1,
(Test)
-10.
Engineering stress
Material 1,
Mooney-Rivlin
-20.
-30.
-40.
-50.
-60.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain
Now some of the Generalized Mooney-Rivlin Constants are negative, but the curve fit is
much better. Close the new graphics window, click OK to close the Define Mooney-Rivlin
Material dialog box and click Close to close the Manage Material Descriptions dialog box.
porthole file
Then set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all

Uniaxial stress-strain curve: We have put the commands for plotting the uniaxial stress-strain
curve in file prob47_1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or
folder, select the file prob47_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look
Solution with transverse tension
Longitudinal stress-strain curves from force-deflection data

20.
0.
Engineering stress
-20.
ADINA
Experimental data
-40.
-60.
-80.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain
The ADINA Structures solution matches the experimental data closely. The green vertical
line shows the solution when we impose a transverse tension.
Transverse stress-strain curve: Let’s examine the transverse stress-strain curve more closely.
We have put the commands for plotting the transverse stress-strain curve in file
47-6 ADINA Primer

Transverse stress-strain curves from force-deflection data

100.
ADINA
80.
Transverse engineering stress
60.
40.
20.
0.
-412. -411. -410. -409. -408. -407. -406. -405. -404. -403. -402.
-3
*10
Transverse engineering strain
This curve shows that the transverse (y) strain decreases when the transverse stress increases,
in other words, that the incremental stiffness in the transverse direction is negative. Let’s see
if we can show this effect in the mesh. Click the Clear icon , click the Mesh Plot icon
and click the Load Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 50.00 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT FORCE
TIME 50.00 TIME 50.00
1.800 100.0

This plot shows the mesh at the last solution time, when the transverse stress is 100. Click the
Fast Rewind icon to display the mesh at solution time 40, when there is no transverse
stress, then click the Last Solution icon to display the mesh at the last solution time.
Notice that the mesh shrinks in the transverse (vertical) direction when you click the Last
Solution icon .
This response prediction is non-physical. The Mooney-Rivlin fit used here is unstable
(negative incremental stiffness). So, although the Mooney-Rivlin fit shown here fits the
uniaxial data very well, this fit cannot describe any real material.
We can also observe that the fit is unstable by carefully examining the output file
prob47.out. Use a text editor to open this file, and search for the first occurrence of the
string
DIAG ELEMENT (WITH MAX ABS VALUE) OF THE FACTORIZED MATRIX =
(for this problem, there is only one unknown, so there is only one diagonal element of the
factorized matrix). For step 1, the diagonal element of the factorized matrix is 0.76581E+00.
Since this is positive, the model is initially stable. (Also note, the printout shows the matrix
conditioning at the beginning of the step.)
But at step 3, the diagonal element of the factorized matrix is -0.19822E+01, so the model is
unstable for the deformations corresponding to step 2. And at step 41, the diagonal element of
the factorized matrix is –0.10605E+05, so the model is unstable for the deformations
corresponding to step 40. And this explains why, when we apply a positive transverse stress,
we obtain a negative incremental transverse strain.
Changing the material definition – Ogden models
Let’s try the Ogden material model. Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA
Structures (you can discard all changes) and open database file prob47.idb.
Click the Manage Materials icon , click on row 1 in the table, click the Delete button and
click Yes to delete material 1. Now click the Ogden button and add material 1. Click the …
button to the right of the Fitting Curve field, set the Least Squares Solution Method to
Singular Value Decomposition and click OK. In the Define Ogden Material dialog box, set
the Fitting Curve to 1 and click Save. Click the Graph button. The new graphics window
47-8 ADINA Primer


20.
10.
0.
Material 1,
(Test)
-10. Material 1,
Engineering stress
Ogden
-20.
-30.
-40.
-50.
-60.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain
The curve fit does not match the data very well. Close the new graphics window.
Perhaps we can obtain a closer fit by changing the curve-fitting parameters. Click the …
button to the right of the Fitting Curve field, set the Approximation Order to 9 and click OK.
In the Define Ogden Material dialog box, clear the Bulk Modulus field and click Save. When
you click the Graph button, the new graphics window should look something like this:

20.
10.
0.
Material 1,
-10. (Test)
Engineering stress
Material 1,
Ogden
-20.
-30.
-40.
-50.
-60.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain

This fit is even worse.
Perhaps we can improve the fit by using different Alpha constants. Set the Alpha constants as
shown in the following table, clear the Bulk Modulus field and click Save.
Term Alpha
1 0.5
2 -1.0
3 1.0
4 -2.0
5 2.0
6 -3.0
7 3.0
8 -4.0
9 4.0
When you click the Graph button, the new graphics window should look something like this:

20.
10.
0.
Material 1,
(Test)
-10.
Engineering stress
Material 1,
Ogden
-20.
-30.
-40.
-50.
-60.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain
The fit is quite good. Evidently some negative alphas are required for a good fit in this case
(the default alphas are 1, 2, 3, …, 9).
Notice that the product of mu i and alpha i is not always positive in this fit, for example the
product of mu 2 and alpha 2. When the product of mu i and alpha i is positive for each term,
then the material is most likely stable, but this is a “sufficient” condition, not a “necessary”
one. For this fit, notice that the product of mu 8 and alpha 8 is positive, and the product of mu
47-10 ADINA Primer

9 and alpha 9 is positive. Since alpha 8 and alpha 9 are the alphas with maximum absolute
value, the material will be dominated by these terms when the strains are large.
Close the new graphics window, click OK to close the Define Ogden Material dialog box and
click Close to close the Manage Material Descriptions dialog box.
Save the database, run ADINA Structures, and open the porthole file as described above.
Uniaxial stress-strain curve: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or

20.
0.
Engineering stress
-20. ADINA
Experimental data
-40.
-60.
-80.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain
The ADINA Structures solution matches the experimental data closely.
Transverse stress-strain curve: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory
or folder, select the file prob47_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look


100.
ADINA
80.
60.
40.
20.
0.
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
This curve shows that the transverse (y) strain increases when the transverse stress increases.
So this material description is stable with respect to transverse stresses.
Detail of uniaxial stress-strain curve: For many purposes, the Ogden fit given here is
acceptable. But in practical analysis, at a given solution time, there might be parts of the
model with very little strain along with parts of the model with large strains. Let’s see how
this Ogden fit models the data for small strains.
We have put the commands for plotting the uniaxial stress-strain curve for small strains in file
This Ogden fit does not fit the small strain data very well.
47-12 ADINA Primer


0.3
ADINA
Experimental data
0.2
0.1
Engineering stress
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Engineering strain
Changing the material definition – Sussman-Bathe model
Let’s try the Sussman-Bathe material model. Set the Program Module drop-down list to
ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and open database file prob47.idb.
In the Model Tree, expand the Material entry, right click on 1. Ogden, choose Delete and
click Yes. Now click the Manage Materials icon , click the Sussman-Bathe button and
add material 1. In the Stress-Strain Curve box, check the Reference ID button and set the
reference ID to 1. Click the Graph button. The new graphics window should look something
The fit is extremely good. Close the new graphics window, click OK to close the Define
Sussman-Bathe Material dialog box and click Close to close the Manage Material
Descriptions dialog box.


20.
0.
Material 1,
(Test)
Material 1,
Engineering stress
-20. Sussman-Bathe
-40.
-60.
-80.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain
Save the database, run ADINA Structures, and open the porthole file as described above.
Uniaxial stress-strain curve: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or

20.
0.
Engineering stress
-20. ADINA
Experimental data
-40.
-60.
-80.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Engineering strain
47-14 ADINA Primer

The ADINA Structures solution matches the experimental data closely.
Transverse stress-strain curve: Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory
or folder, select the file prob47_2.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look

100.
ADINA
80.
60.
40.
20.
0.
-10. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.
This curve shows that the transverse strain increases when the transverse stress increases. So
this material description is stable with respect to transverse stresses. But the transverse stress-
strain curve is quite different than that from the Ogden fit for large transverse stresses. (For
smaller transverse strains, the Sussman-Bathe and Ogden materials give about the same
response prediction, but we do not demonstrate this here.)
Detail of uniaxial stress-strain curve: Let’s see how the Sussman-Bathe model fits the data
for small strains.


0.3
ADINA
Experimental data
0.2
0.1
Engineering stress
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Engineering strain
The fit is extremely good for both small strains and large strains.
Additional notes
Both the Ogden and Sussman-Bathe models are based on the same basic assumption of the
separability of the strain energy density
WD  w(e1 )  w(e2 )  w(e3 )
see Section 3.8.1.5 of the ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling Guide for details. With
this assumption, the material response for all (three-dimensional) strain states can be predicted
from the material response for uniaxial tension and compression.
One fundamental difference between the Ogden and Sussman-Bathe models is how the strain
energy density term w(e) is modeled. In the Ogden model, the strain energy density term is
modeled using functions with global support (in non-mathematical language, each function
spans the entire strain range). In the Sussman-Bathe model, the strain energy term is modeled
using functions with local support (each spline segment only spans part of the strain range.)
The splines can be adjusted to fit the underlying w(e) function (obtained from the uniaxial
stress-strain data) very well.
47-16 ADINA Primer

In this problem, we use input data in the true (logarithmic) strain range of (-1.14 to 1.14).
Hence the input data only defines the w(e) function only in this strain range. The following
graph shows the w(e) functions of the Ogden and Sussman-Bathe models.
80.
Ogden
60. Sussman-Bathe
40.
w’(e)
20.
0.
-20.
Range of strains in input data
-40.
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Logarithmic strain e
Inside of the strain range of (-1.14 to 1.14), the w(e) functions of the two models are similar,
but outside of this range, the w(e) functions are different. This explains why both models
reproduce the uniaxial stress-strain data, and also why the transverse stress-strain curves from
the two models are different. For small transverse strain, all of the strains are in the strain
range, so the two models give similar transverse stress/strain curves. But for large transverse
strain, the true strain through the thickness becomes smaller than –1.14, so the two models
give different transverse stress/strain curves.

47-18 ADINA Primer

Problem 48: Flow between cylinders using adaptive CFD
Problem description
Consider the following fluid flow problem:
Normal-traction
prescribed on inlet No-slip on cylinder walls
Slip wall
Outlet
Slip wall
Steady-state laminar flow conditions are assumed.
It is desired to calculate the inlet mass flux and total fluid force acting on the cylinders using
ADINA CFD.
We will use the steered adaptive meshing (SAM) features in order to obtain a refined fluid
mesh. We will solve the problem twice, once using the manual mode features of SAM, and
the second time using the automatic mode features of SAM.
Recall that a CFD/FSI computation with SAM may have one or more restart runs. Each
restart run is referred to as a new model since it has a new mesh for the fluid, and the fluid
material properties, loads, initial conditions and boundary conditions can be changed during
restarts. The model at the initial time is referred to as the first model, the model at the first
restart time is referred to as the second model, and so on.
• Using the SAM features in manual mode.

• Using the SAM features in automatic mode.
Before you begin

Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files:
prob48m_0.in, prob48m1.plo
prob48a_0.in, prob48a1.plo
You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or
Solution using manual mode

This problem is created using ADINA-M/OC (ADINA-M with OpenCascade geometry

modeler). The Parasolid geometry modeler can also be used, but only if the input is modified.
Invoke the AUI in OCC mode (for example, using the command aui9.3 -occ on Linux
platforms) and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD.
Model definition
We have prepared a batch file (prob48m_0.in) that contains all of the model definition except
for the selection of the adaptive CFD feature.
prob48m_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
PRESCRIBED X Y
NORMAL_TRACTION
TIME 1.000
30.00
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
CCCCC CCCCCB
CC CC C C
C CC C
C CC C
C
C CCCCCCC
CC C CCC
CCCCCCC CC CC
C C
CCCCC C
CC CC CCCCCCC
C C CCCCC
C CC
C CC C
C C
CCC CC C C
CCCCC CCCCCC
B
V V P
2 3
B
C
WAL
B 1
C 2
48-2 ADINA Primer

You can view the file prob48m_0.in to see the definitions of the geometry, material,
boundary conditions, etc.
Selecting steered adaptive meshing in manual mode
Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode
to Manual and click OK. (Note, since this is the first model, the fields "Restart File from CFD
Solution" and "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" are left blank.)
First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob48m_0. Click the Data
File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob48m_0, make sure that the Run Solution
button is checked and click Save.
When ADINA CFD is finished, examine the Log Window. The message “Adaptive mesh file
….adp successfully created.” is written. As you will see, this file is used during adaptive
meshing.
Now close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing
(you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , set the “File Type” field to
“ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)”, open database file probm48_0, click the Open icon
and open porthole file prob48m_0.
We first opened the ADINA-IN database, then loaded the porthole file. We did this so that
we can use the geometry during the flux and force calculations.
We have put the commands for calculating the inlet mass flux and force on cylinders into file
prob48m1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select
the file prob48m1.plo and click Open. The results are listed in the Message Window:
Listing for point INLET_ELEDGESET

TIME FLUX
1.00000E+00 1.97932E+00

Listing for point CYLINDERS

TIME FLUID_FORCE
1.00000E+00 1.07457E+02
(you might need to use the scrollbar to see these listings). Your results might be slightly
different from ours because free-form meshing is used.
You can look at the prob48m1.plo file to see the techniques used to obtain these values. The
flux is calculated by integrating the y velocity along the element edges at the inlet (the density
is 1.0 in this problem). The element edges at the inlet are selected using the ELEDGESET
command using option LINE-EDGE (this option requires the geometry). The fluid force is
calculated by summing the reaction forces on all of the nodes on the cylinders. The cylinder
nodes are selected using the GNCOMBINATION command with EDGE selections (again,
this option requires the geometry).
First mesh refinement
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do
not open file prob48m_0.idb.
Mesh and results from previous solution: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive Mesh
Control and set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual. Set "Use Mesh in Previous
Model at Solution Time" to 1. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob48m_0.res as
follows: click ... to the right of the "Restart File from CFD Solution" field, choose file
prob48m_0 and click Open. Set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model"
to prob48m_0.adp in a similar way. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot icon to show the
mesh. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
This is the same mesh as was already used, except that the solution time is 2.0 instead of 1.0.
48-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 2.000 Z
X Y
Adaptive meshing criteria: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion and add

criterion 1. Set the Type to Element Size, the Minimum Element Size to 3 and the Preferred
Ratio to 0.8. Add criterion 2, set the Type to Variable Gradient, make sure that the Variable
Name is PRESSURE, set the Minimum Element Size to 0 and the Preferred Ratio to 0.5.
Click the Copy button, copy to criterion 3, and set the Variable Name to VORTICITY. Add
criterion 4, set the Type to Combination, and the Number of Smoothing to 2. Then edit the
Criterion # Action
1 Append Elements
2 Use Smaller Elements
(see notes at the end of this problem for an explanation of these criteria).
Remesh: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshMesh, set "Use Adaptive Mesh

Criterion" to 4, and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.

Time stepping: Choose ControlTime Step, add a row to the table so that the table appears as
follows, then click OK.

1 1.0
1 1.0
button is checked, make sure that the Maximum Memory for Solution is at least 100 MB and
click Save.
“File Type” field to “ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)”, open database file prob48m_1, click
the Open icon and open porthole file prob48m_1.
48-6 ADINA Primer

We can use the same .plo file as we used earlier to examine the results. Choose File
Open Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48m1.plo and
click Open. The results are listed in the Message Window:

TIME FLUX
2.00000E+00 2.81502E+00

TIME FLUID_FORCE
2.00000E+00 1.19571E+02
Both the flux and the fluid force have significantly increased.
Second mesh refinement
not open file prob48m_1.idb. Choose EditMemory Usage and make sure that the
ADINA-AUI memory is at least 400 MB.
Model at Solution Time" to 2. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob48m_1.res,
set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to prob48m_1.adp and click
OK. When you click the Mesh Plot icon , the graphics window should look like the
previous figure, except that the solution time is 4.0 instead of 3.0.
Adaptive meshing criteria, remeshing and time stepping: We use the same commands as
before. The instructions are repeated here for convenience.
Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion and add criterion 1. Set the Type to
Element Size, the Minimum Element Size to 3 and the Preferred Ratio to 0.8. Add criterion 2,
set the Type to Variable Gradient, make sure that the Variable Name is PRESSURE, set the
Minimum Element Size to 0 and the Preferred Ratio to 0.5. Click the Copy button, copy to
criterion 3 and set the Variable Name to VORTICITY. Add criterion 4, set the Type to
Combination, and the Number of Smoothing to 2. Then edit the table as follows and click
OK.

Criterion # Action
1 Append Elements
Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshMesh, set "Use Adaptive Mesh Criterion" to 4,

Choose ControlTime Step, add a row to the table so that the table appears as follows, then
click OK.

1 1.0
1 1.0
1 1.0
button is checked, make sure that the Maximum Memory for Solution is at least 500 MB
(preferably at least 1700 MB) and click Save.
48-8 ADINA Primer

“File Type” field to “ADINA-IN Database Files (*.idb)”, open database file prob48m_2, click
the Open icon and open porthole file prob48m_2.
We can use the same .plo file as we used earlier to examine the results. Choose File
Open Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48m1.plo and
click Open. The results are listed in the Message Window:

TIME FLUX
3.00000E+00 2.85770E+00

TIME FLUID_FORCE
3.00000E+00 1.19716E+02
Both the flux and the fluid force have increased, but not as much as between the initial mesh
and first mesh refinement.
Comparison of the meshes and solutions
We can load all three porthole files together, so that we can compare the meshes and
solutions. Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), then choose FileOpen
Porthole, select file prob48m_0.por, set “Load” to “Entire Sequence of Files starting with
Specified File” and click Open. The mesh for solution time 3.0 is displayed. Use the
Previous Solution icon , Next Solution icon and the other solution icons to examine
the other meshes.
Now click the Last Solution icon to display the last mesh. Click the Model Outline icon
, the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot variable to (Velocity: Y-VELOCITY)
and click OK. Click the Previous Solution icon twice to display the solution for time 1
(first mesh). The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next
page.

Now click the Next Solution icon twice to display the other solutions. These solutions
should look like the next two figures:
48-10 ADINA Primer

Solution using automatic mode

The setup of the first model in SAM automatic mode is the same as for SAM manual mode
except for the setup of SAM itself. Recall that the file name format in SAM automatic mode
is *_#.in. The "*" represents the problem name and the # represents the model number, with
0 for the first model, 1 for the second model, and so on.
Invoke the AUI in OCC mode (for example, using the command aui9.3 -occ on Linux
platforms) and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD.
Choose a working directory or folder in which the absolute pathname does not contain any
spaces, for example C:\temp for Windows. The solution using automatic mode will fail if
there are spaces in the absolute pathname.
Model definition
We have prepared a batch file (prob48a_0.in) that contains all of the model definition except
for the selection of the adaptive CFD feature. We see that the filename prob48a_0.in
conforms to the SAM automatic mode file naming convention for the first model.

prob48a_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
PRESCRIBED
NORMAL_TRACTION X Y
TIME 1.000
30.00
CCCCC CCCCCB
CC CC C C
C
C CCCC CC
C
C CC C C
C C C
CCC C C
C C CCCC
CCCCC C
C C
CCCCC C
CC CC CCCCCCC
C C CCCCC
C CC
C CC C
C C
CCC CC C C
CCCCC CCCCCC
B
V V P
2 3
B
C
WAL
B 1
C 2
The batch files prob48m_0.in and prob48a_0.in are identical, except that the adaptive
meshing criteria are already added to prob48a_0.in. The adaptive meshing criteria in
prob48a_0.in are exactly the same as the criteria used in the manual model analysis. You
can view these criteria by choosing MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshCriterion.
Selecting steered adaptive meshing in automatic mode
Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive MeshControl, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode
to Automatic, set the "Criterion for Automatic Steered Adaptive Mesh" to 4, set "Use Mesh in
Previous Model at Solution Time" to -1, set "Adaptive Timestep Sequence" to "Appends
Original Timestep" and click OK.
Time stepping: Choose ControlTime Step and add Time Step Name ADAPTIVE. Make
sure that the table appears as follows, then click OK.

1 1.0
Click OK to close the warning message "Timestep ADAPTIVE is not set to current."
48-12 ADINA Primer

Generating the ADINA CFD data file
First click the Save icon and save the database to file prob48a_0. Click the Data
File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob48a_0, make sure that the Run Solution
button is unchecked and click Save.
The Log Window displays the messages

Adaptive mesh file ... prob48a_0.adp successfully created.
Adaptive input file ... prob48a_adp.in successfully created.
ADINA-F data input file ... prob48a_0.dat successfully created.
Running ADINA CFD in automatic mode using the Adaptive Meshing Solution Interface
If you have only one AUI floating license, you need to exit the AUI before using the Adaptive
Meshing Solution Interface.
Choose SolutionRun Steered Adaptive and click Start. Set the file name to
prob48a_0.dat, set "Maximum Number of Adaptive Steps" to 2, set "Number of Solution
Runs" to 3, set "Memory for AUI" to 400 MB, "Max. Memory for Solution" to at least 500
MB and click Start.
ADINA CFD and the AUI are run consecutively. Eventually the message
Finished adaptive run for ... prob48a_0 to ... prob48a_2
is displayed.
(you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , and open porthole file prob48a_2.
This is the same mesh that was generated using manual SAM above.
With automatic SAM, there is no .idb file corresponding to the refined mesh. Instead the
geometry of the refined mesh can be obtained from the .res and .adp files from the refined
mesh.

We use this procedure for the post-processing of the automatic SAM results. Choose
FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob48a1.plo
and click Open. The results are listed in the Message Window:

TIME FLUX
3.00000E+00 2.85770E+00

TIME FLUID_FORCE
3.00000E+00 1.19716E+02
These are exactly the same results as obtained using manual SAM.
48-14 ADINA Primer

Additional notes
There are many adaptive meshing criteria that can be used in SAM. We use the criteria
1: Element size, minimum element size = 3, preferred ratio = 0.8

2: Variable gradient, variable PRESSURE, minimum element size = 0, preferred ratio=0.5
3: Variable gradient, variable VORTICITY, minimum element size = 0, preferred ratio=0.5
4: Combination: smoothing=2
Criterion # Action
1 Append Elements
The output of the criterion commands is a list of preferred element sizes.
The intent of the first criterion "element size" is to set the preferred element size to PREF
times the current element size. The parameter MIN=3 simply ensures that the preferred
element size is set for all elements in the model. PREF=0.8 is used to reduce all of the
preferred element sizes in the model “slightly”, so that overall there is a slight mesh
refinement (not considering the effects of the other criteria).
The intent of the second criterion "variable gradient" is to choose preferred element sizes such
that the relative variable gradient of the pressure is the same for all elements. Namely,
T average  he Fe 
hep  where he is the current element size, Fe is the norm of the
Fe
gradient of the pressure in the element, hep is the preferred element size and T is the scaling
factor PREF. Clearly elements with large pressure gradient will have smaller preferred
element sizes. The parameter MIN=0 overrides the default value of the minimum allowed
element size. Similarly, the intent of the third criterion is to choose preferred element sizes
such that the relative variable gradient of the vorticity is the same for all elements.
The intent of the fourth criterion "combination" is to combine the above criteria such that the
smallest preferred element size from each of the criteria is selected. Smooth = 2 smoothes out
the resulting mesh twice.
For more information, see the ADINA CFD Theory and Modeling Guide.

48-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 49: Analysis of a parachute using adaptive CFD
Problem description
Consider the following FSI problem:
Outlet
Axisymmetric analysis,
Slip wall, this region discretized
modeled
with
Slip wall, modeled
fixities
with fixities
CL
Parachute
Shroud lines
Velocity and turbulence

variables prescribed at inlet
The shroud lines are attached to a fixed point and the air flows upwards around the parachute.
This simulates the situation in which the parachute floats downwards through the air at a fixed
speed.
It is desired to determine the total fluid force applied to the parachute and the final shape of
the parachute.
Turbulent flow conditions are assumed and the k-  turbulence model is used. All input to
this problem is given in SI units.
The steady-state solution is determined using a transient analysis in which the loads are held
constant.
An axisymmetric analysis is performed. The shroud lines are modeled in a very approximate
manner using a truss element. The parachute is also modeled in a very approximate manner
using axisymmetric shell elements.
(We also note that we are actually modeling a “parasheet” instead of a parachute.
Additionally, our parachute model cannot wrinkle as points in the parachute move towards the
centerline; this causes nonphysical compressive hoop stresses in the parachute as the

parachute deforms.)
• Using the SAM features in manual mode to refine a fluid mesh in FSI analysis.
• Using the SAM features in automatic mode to refine a fluid mesh in FSI analysis.
• Plotting an axisymmetric mesh using mirror-imaging.
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files:
prob49m_f_0.in, prob49m_a_0.in, prob49m1_f.plo, prob49m1_a.plo

prob49a_f_0.in, prob49a_a_0.in, prob49a1_f.plo, prob49a1_a.plo
Solution using manual mode

This problem is created using ADINA-M/PS (ADINA-M with Parasolid geometry modeler).
The Open Cascade geometry modeler can also be used, but only if the input is modified.
Model definition for fluid model
We have prepared a batch file (prob49m_f_0.in) that contains all of the model definition for
the fluid model, including the selection of the adaptive CFD feature.
49-2 ADINA Primer

In this model definition, the following geometry is used:
E1
Sheet 1
E2 E5
Gap enlarged for clarity

E3 E4
E1 E5
Sheet 2
E2
E4
E3
There are several issues regarding the meshing. Because it is anticipated that the meshes near
the parachute will be remeshed during the analysis, the meshing needs to be planned to take
this remeshing into account. For this model, two sheets are used, so that the remeshing does
not create elements that cross the fluid-structure interface boundaries. Also the nodal
coincidence parameters in the meshing commands are chosen so that the remeshings can be
done in any order (e.g. sheet 2 before sheet 1).
prob49m_f_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page.
You can view the file prob49m_f_0.in to see the definitions of the geometry, material,

TIME 1.000 Z
D
D D
D PRESCRIBED
D
D D
D X Y
D
D D
D VELOCITY
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D TIME 1.000
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D 10.00
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D PRESCRIBED
D
D D
D TURBULENCE_K
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D TIME 1.000
D
D D
D
D
D D
D V V P k
D
D D
D 2 3
D
D D
D 0.3750 B
D
D D
D
D
D D
D C
D
D D
D
D
D D
D D -
D
D D
D
D
D D
D E -
D
EC
FBC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC D
D
D
D D
D F -
D
D C B D
D PRESCRIBED
D
D D
D
D
D D
D TURBULENCE
D
D D
D FSI
D
D D
D EPSILON
D
D D
D B 1
D
D D
D TIME 1.000
D
D D
D C 2
D
D D
D
D
D D
D D -
D
D D
D 0.2552
D
D D
D E 1
D D F 2
Selecting steered adaptive meshing in manual mode: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive

MeshControl, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual and click OK. (Note,
since this is the first model, the fields "Restart File from CFD Solution" and "File Containing
Geometric Data from Previous Model" are left blank.)
Generating the ADINA CFD data file: First click the Save icon and save the database to
file prob49m_f_0. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_f_0,
make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save.
Model definition for solid model
We have prepared a batch file (prob49m_a_0.in) that contains all of the model definition for
the solid model.
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), then choose FileOpen Batch,
navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob49m_a_0.in and click Open.
You can view the file prob49m_a_0.in to see the definitions of the geometry, material,
49-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
B
X Y
B
U U
2 3 1
B - -
C C - - -
C
Running ADINA-FSI, loading the porthole file
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click Start, select files prob49m_a_0.dat and

prob49m_f_0.dat (you can hold down the Ctrl key to select both files), make sure that the
Maximum Memory for Solution is at least 100 MB and click Start.
The run ends at time step 23 (time 0.5), with an error code that indicates that an element is
overlapped. The last converged step is at time 0.4.
(you can discard all changes) and open file prob49m_f_0.por.
Click the Boundary Plot icon and enlarge the region near the parachute. The graphics
Evidently the elements near the edge of the parachute (near the node marked with a C) are
becoming very deformed.

D
D
D
D
D
D D
D D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
E
F B
C
B
C
B
C D
D B
C
D
B
C
D B
C D
B
C D
D
B
C D
D
B
C D
D D
C
D
D
D
D
D
D D
D
D
D
D
D
D D
First mesh refinement
not open file prob49m_f_0.idb.
Model at Solution Time" to 0.4. Set the "Restart File from CFD Solution" to
prob49m_f_0.res using the ... button, and set the "File Containing Geometric Data from
Previous Model" to prob49m_f_0.adp in a similar way. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot
icon to show the mesh. The graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.
49-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.400 Z
X Y
This is the mesh at solution time 0.4, except that the solution time in the plot is 1.4 instead of
0.4.

criterion 1. Make sure that the Type is Element Quality and that the Solution Time is 0.4,
then set the Minimum Element Quality to 0.8, the Maximum Element Quality to 1.2 and click
OK.
(See notes at the end of this problem for an explanation of this criterion.)

Criterion" to 1, and click OK.
Redefine time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table as follows and click OK.

1 0.4
16 0.1
Click the Redraw icon and zoom to see the mesh near the parachute. The graphics

Modifying the solid model
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), set the Program Module drop-down
list to ADINA Structures, click the Open icon and open database file prob49m_a_0.idb.
Click the Coupling Options icon , set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Manual, set
"Use Mesh In Previous Model at Solution Time" to 0.4, set the "Restart File from CFD
Solution" to prob49m_f_0.res and click OK.
49-8 ADINA Primer

Generating the ADINA Structures data file: First choose FileSave As and save the database
to file prob49m_a_1. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49m_a_1,
TIME 1.000 Z
B
X Y
B
U U
2 3 1
B - -
C C - - -
C
The plot does not show the deformations of the solid model, but these deformations are
accounted for.
Choose SolutionRun ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select files prob49m_a_1.dat and
prob49m_f_1.dat, then click Start. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart
file for the solid model. Enter restart file prob49m_a_0.res and click Copy. (Notice that you
do not need to specify the restart file for the fluid model.)
The run ends at time step 16 (time 2.0).

F
E C
B B
C
C
B
C
B
D C
B
C
B
D
C
B
D B
C
B
C
D
C
D
The mesh deformations are not excessive, but the mesh quality is not very good, so it is
worthwhile to remesh again.
Second mesh refinement
prob49m_f_1.res and set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to
prob49m_f_1.adp. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot icon to show the mesh.
49-10 ADINA Primer


criterion 1. Make sure that the Type is Element Quality and that the Solution Time is 2.0,
then set the Minimum Element Quality to 0.8 and the Maximum Element Quality to 1.2 and
click OK.

Redefine time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table as follows and click OK.

1 2.0
8 1.0
window should look something like this.

Click the Coupling Options icon , make sure that the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode is
set to Manual, set the "Use Mesh In Previous Model at Solution Time" to 2.0, set the "Restart
File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_1.res and click OK.
The graphics window should look very similar to the window shown for the previous solid
models.
file for the solid model. Enter restart file prob49m_a_1.res and click Copy.
49-12 ADINA Primer

E
F B
C
B
C
C
B
C
B
D
C
B
C
B
D
C
B
D
B
C
D B
C
C
D
Use the Previous Solution icon , Next Solution icon , … to look at the mesh for
different steps. The mesh does not change very much after the first step.
As a check on the model, we will now uniformly refine the mesh and continue the analysis.
Third mesh refinement
prob49m_f_2.res and set the "File Containing Geometric Data from Previous Model" to

prob49m_f_2.adp. Click OK, then click the Mesh Plot icon to show the mesh.

criterion 1. Set the Type to Element Size and make sure that the Solution Time is 10.0, then
set the Minimum Element Size to 3.0, the Maximum Element Size to 1.0, the Preferred Ratio
to 0.5 and click OK.

Redefine time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table as follows and click OK:

1 10.0
3 10.0
49-14 ADINA Primer

Click the Coupling Options icon , make sure that the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode is
set to Manual, set the "Use Mesh In Previous Model at Solution Time" to 10.0, set the
"Restart File from CFD Solution" to prob49m_f_2.res and click OK.

file for the solid model. Enter restart file prob49m_a_2.res and click Copy.
F
E C
B C
B B
C C
B B
C C
D B
C
B
C
B
D C
B
C
B
D C
B
C
B
D C
B
B
C
D
D
C
B
D
D C
B
D
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
49-16 ADINA Primer

Use the Previous Solution icon , Next Solution icon , … to look at the solution for
different steps. Again, the solution does not change very much after the first step.
Comparison of fluid solutions
We can load all of the fluid model porthole files together, so that we can examine how the
mesh moves and changes during the analysis. We have put the necessary commands in file
prob49m1_f.plo. Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), choose File
Open Batch and open file prob49m1_f.plo. The graphics window should look something like
this:
MAXIMUM VELOCITY
90.45 TIME 40.00
NODE 8167
MINIMUM 13.07
-124.3
NODE 166
11.70
9.90
8.10
6.30
4.50
2.70
0.90
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 40.00
75.0
45.0
15.0
-15.0
-45.0
-75.0
-105.0
In this plot, we have plotted the mesh twice, once using mirror-imaging. We have plotted the
velocities in the left-hand mesh and the pressure in the right-hand mesh.
See the notes at the end of this primer problem for a description of how the mirror-imaging is
done.
Click on the right-hand mesh using the Pick icon , then click the Previous Solution icon
several times, until the topology of the mesh changes. Only the right-hand mesh and its
solution is updated. Click the Last Solution icon to display the last mesh and solution,
then click on the left-hand mesh and examine its solutions in the same way. For each of the
meshes and its solutions, there is very little change for the last few steps.

Now click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. Choose DisplayAnimate,
set the Minimum Delay if necessary and click Apply. Both meshes and their solutions are
animated.
Parachute deformed shape and force acting on parachute
We can load all of the solid model porthole files together, so that we can examine how the
parachute moves during the analysis. We have put the necessary commands in file
prob49m1_a.plo. Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), choose File
Open Batch and open file prob49m1_a.plo. The graphics window should look something like
this:
TIME 40.00
In this plot, we have plotted the mesh twice, once using mirror-imaging.
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation, then click the Animate icon
to play the animation. Both meshes are animated.
Now click the Refresh icon , then click the Batch Continue icon . The graphics
49-18 ADINA Primer

5.
4.
3.
Fluid force on parachute
2.
3
*10
1.
0.
-1.
-2.
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40.
Solution time
The graph shows the upwards force acting on the parachute for all of the solutions. Choose
GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the dialog box. The force at the last solution time is
1.80032E+03.
Although the graph shows the transient solution as well as the steady-state solution, the
transient solution is most likely inaccurate because it is obtained using remeshings. The
purpose of the transient analysis is only to obtain a steady-state solution.
Solution using automatic mode

Recall that the file name format in SAM automatic mode is *_a_#.in and *_f_#.in. The "*"
represents the problem name and the # represents the model number, with 0 for the first
model, 1 for the second model, and so on.
In this automatic mode analysis, we will start with a run in which the mesh is repaired when
mesh overlap occurs. This run proceeds to solution time 2.0. Then we will restart with an
automatic run in which the mesh is refined after every solution step.

Choose a working directory or folder in which the absolute pathname does not contain any
spaces, for example C:\temp for Windows. The solution using automatic mode will fail if
there are spaces in the absolute pathname.
Model definition for fluid model
We have prepared a batch file (prob49a_f_0.in) that contains all of the model definition for
the fluid model, including the selection of the adaptive CFD feature. This file is the same as
the batch file used for manual mode (prob49m_f_0.in), except that
1) The time stepping for automatic mode is different. We want to run to time 2.0 in the first
part of the automatic mode run.
2) There are two criteria already defined in the automatic mode file. The first criterion is the
same as used for the manual mode mesh refinements:
Element quality, minimum element quality = 0.8, maximum element quality = 1.2,
preferred quality = 1.0 (the default)
and the second criterion is a criterion for reducing the sizes of elements:
Element size, minimum element size = 3, maximum element size = 1, preferred ratio
= 0.75
We will use the first criterion for the first run (mesh repair) and the second criterion for the
second run (mesh refinement).
prob49a_f_0.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page.
Selecting steered adaptive meshing in automatic mode: Choose MeshingSteered Adaptive

MeshControl, set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Automatic, set 'Criterion for
Automatic Steered Adaptive Mesh' to 1, set 'Use Mesh in Previous Model at Solution Time' to
-1, and click OK.
file prob49a_f_0. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob49a_f_0,
49-20 ADINA Primer

TIME 2.000 PRESCRIBED Z

VELOCITY
D
D D
D
D
D D
D TIME 2.000 X Y
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D 10.00
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D PRESCRIBED
D
D D
D
D
D D
D TURBULENCE_K
D D
D
D
D D
D TIME 2.000
D
D D
D
D
D D
D
D
D D
D V V P k
D
D D
D 2 3
D
D D
D 0.3750
D
D D
D B
D
D D
D C
D
D D
D
D
D D
D D -
D
D D
D
D
D D
D E -
D
D D
D
D
E
FBC
CBC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC D
D F -
D
D D
D
D
D B
C D
D
D
D D
D PRESCRIBED
D
D D
D FSI
D
D D
D TURBULENCE
D
D D
D EPSILON
D
D D
D B 1
D
D D
D C 2
D
D D
D TIME 2.000
D
D D
D D -
D
D D
D
D
D D
D E 1
D
D D
D 0.2552
D D F 2
Model definition for solid model
We have prepared a batch file (prob49a_a_0.in) that contains all of the model definition for
the solid model. This is the same file as is used in the manual mode analysis.
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), then choose FileOpen Batch,
navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob49a_a_0.in and click Open.
Selecting steered adaptive meshing in automatic mode: Click the Coupling Options icon ,
set the Steered Adaptive Meshing Mode to Automatic, set 'Use Mesh in Previous Model at
Solution Time' to -1 and click OK.
Generating the ADINA Structures data file: First click the Save icon and save the
database to file prob49a_a_0. Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to
prob49a_a_0, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked and click Save.

TIME 1.000 Z
B
X Y
B
U U
2 3 1
B - -
C C - - -
C
Running ADINA-FSI in automatic mode using the Adaptive Meshing Solution Interface
If you have only one AUI floating license, you need to exit the AUI before using the Adaptive
Meshing Solution Interface.
Choose SolutionRun Steered Adaptive and click the Start button. Select file
prob49a_f_0.dat, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob49a_a_0.dat. The File
name field should display both files in quotes. Set "Maximum Number of Adaptive Steps" to
5, set "Number of Solution Runs " to 1, set "Memory for AUI" to 50 MB, "Max. Memory for
Solution" to 100 MB and click Start.
is displayed.
(you can discard all changes), click the Open icon , and open porthole file prob49a_f_1.
49-22 ADINA Primer

F
E C
B C
B
B
C
B
C
D B
C
B
C
D
B
C
D B
C
B
C
D
C
D
Restarting SAM automatic mode
Set the Program Module to ADINA CFD (you can discard all changes). Do not open any
database file.
At this point, we would like to continue remeshing, but using a different criterion.
Using a text editor, open file prob49a_f_adp.in. You will observe the following text:
ADP-CONTROL MESHADAP=MANUAL TSTART= -1.000000000000,

FRSFILE=prob49a_f_adp.res,
ADAPTIVE=prob49a_f_adp.adp
*
TIMESTEP DEFAULT
@CLEAR
10 0.10000000000000E-02
9 0.10000000000000E-01
19 0.10000000000000E+00
@
*

Change the commands to
ADP-CONTROL MESHADAP=MANUAL TSTART= -1.000000000000,

FRSFILE=prob49a_f_adp.res,
ADAPTIVE=prob49a_f_adp.adp,
TIMESTEP=APPEND
*
TIMESTEP DEFAULT
@CLEAR
10 0.10000000000000E-02
9 0.10000000000000E-01
19 0.10000000000000E+00
1 10.0
@
*
(the changed text is highlighted in blue and deleted text is indicated with strikethrough). Then
scroll to the bottom of the file, and change the text
ADP-MESH CRITERION= 1
to
ADP-MESH CRITERION= 2
Save the file.
Choose SolutionRun Steered Adaptive and click the Start button. Select file
prob49a_f_0.dat, then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob49a_a_0.dat. The File
name file should display both files in quotes. Set " Run Analysis from Adaptive Step" to 2,
"Maximum Number of Adaptive Steps" to 3, "Number of Solution Runs" to 3, set "Memory
for AUI" to 50 MB, "Max. Memory for Solution" to 100 MB and click Start.
is displayed.
(you can discard all changes) and open file prob49a_f_4.por.
49-24 ADINA Primer

F
E C
B C
B C
B
C
B
D B
C
C
B
D
D C
B
D C
B
B
C
D
C
B
D
D B
C
C
B
D
B
C
D
D C
B
D
C
D
Comparison of fluid solutions
We can load all of the fluid model porthole files together, so that we can examine how the
mesh moves and changes during the analysis. We have put the necessary commands in file
prob49a1_f.plo. Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), choose File
Open Batch and open file prob49a1_f.plo. The graphics window should look something like
You can animate this plot, as discussed in the manual SAM mode section above.

MAXIMUM VELOCITY
95.50 TIME 32.00
NODE 12113
MINIMUM 13.09
-156.2
NODE 265
11.70
9.90
8.10
6.30
4.50
2.70
0.90
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 32.00
72.0
36.0
0.0
-36.0
-72.0
-108.0
-144.0
Parachute deformed shape and force acting on parachute
We can load all of the solid model porthole files together, so that we can examine how the
parachute moves during the analysis. We have put the necessary commands in file
prob49a1_a.plo. Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), choose File
Open Batch and open file prob49a1_a.plo. The graphics window should look something like
In this plot, we have plotted the mesh twice, once using mirror-imaging.
49-26 ADINA Primer

TIME 32.00
You can animate this plot, as discussed in the manual SAM mode section above. Now click
the Batch Continue icon . The graphics window should look something like this:
45.
40.
35.
30.
25.
Fluid force on parachute
20.
2
15.
*10
10.
5.
0.
-5.
-10.
-15.
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35.
Solution time

The graph shows the upwards force acting on the parachute for all of the solutions. Choose
GraphList and scroll to the bottom of the dialog box. The force at the last solution time is
1.75673E+03.
Additional notes
Mesh refinements
For all but the last mesh refinement, we use the criterion
Element quality, minimum element quality = 0.8, maximum element quality = 1.2,
preferred quality = 1.0 (the default)
The intent of this criterion is to set the preferred element quality to 1.0, for those elements in
which the quality is less than 0.8 or greater than 1.2.
For the last mesh refinement in manual SAM, we use the criterion
= 0.5
This sets the preferred element size to 0.5 of the current element size. Since the maximum
element size is less than the minimum element size, all elements are affected by this
command.
For the last mesh refinement in automatic SAM, we use the criterion
= 0.75
which is similar to the one used in manual SAM, but reduces the element size more slowly.
For more information, see the AUI Commands for CFD & FSI manual and the ADINA CFD
Theory and Modeling Guide.
Mirror-imaging
The figure on the next page shows how the mirror-imaging is done. The mesh is plotted
twice, once to create the right-hand image (without mirror-imaging) and once to create the
left-hand image (with mirror-imaging). The view, meshwindow and plotarea for each mesh
are chosen as shown in the figure.
49-28 ADINA Primer

100%
Frame (with aspect ratio 4:3)
90%
Plotarea LEFT Plotarea RIGHT
10%
0%
0% 10% 40% 70% 100%
3.5 3.5
Meshwindow Meshwindow
LEFT RIGHT
-2.7 -2.7
-4.0 0.0 0.0 4.0
View LEFT View RIGHT

z z
x
y
y
x

49-30 ADINA Primer

Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam
Problem description
Consider a slender beam subjected to a concentrated force at its center:
15
1.07
y
0.71
x
30
600
All lengths in cm 1.07
E = 21000 kN/cm2 7.5
n = 0.3 Cross-section
We want to compute the large displacement post-buckling response of the beam, considering
both the force acting downwards and the force acting upwards.
Because we anticipate that the post-buckling response might have an out-of-plane component,
we allow out-of-plane motions of the model. The x rotations of the end nodes are fixed,
however.
Because the cross-section is a thin-walled open section, warping effects are important.
• Using the warping beam elements (beam elements with warping degrees of freedom)
• Performing a linearized buckling analysis
• Using the initial imperfections obtained from a linearized buckling analysis
• Using the append porthole file feature to merge the results from two runs
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob50_1.in,
prob50_1.plo, prob50_2.plo. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer
into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

Linearized buckling analysis

Model definition
We have prepared a batch file (prob50_1.in) that defines the geometry of the model, as well
as the boundary conditions, material and load. You can confirm that the load is 20 kN applied
downwards, and that this load is applied in a single time step.
prob50_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this.
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
20.00
C B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - -
C - - - -
Cross-section: We have not defined the cross-section for the beam yet. Click the Cross-
Section icon , add cross-section 1, and set the Type to I-Beam. Set Width W1 to 7.5,
Height H to 30, Width W2 to 15, Thickness T1 to 1.07, Thickness T2 to 0.71, Thickness T3 to
1.07 and click OK.
Element definition: Click the Element Groups icon , add group 1, set the Type to Beam
and click OK.
50-2 ADINA Primer

Elements: Click the Mesh Lines icon , set the Auxiliary Point to 4, enter 1 and 2 in the
first two rows of the table and click OK.
Linearized buckling analysis: We want to obtain an estimate of the first buckling load and its
associated buckling mode shape. Set the Analysis Type to Linearized Buckling and then click
the Analysis Options icon . Set the Number of Buckling Loads/Modes to 2 and click OK.
We would like to see the cross-sections. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the
to close both dialog boxes. Rotate the model until the graphics window looks something like
this:
TIME 50.00
Y
Z X
C
C
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 50.00
10.00
B
B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - -
C - - - -
Specifying beam elements with warping degrees of freedom
click Save.
The AUI displays the message "Could not open file ... prob50.dat". The Log Window displays
the message

***ALERT: Element group 1 with standard beam assumptions is used with cross-section 1
of type I
It is recommended to use the warping beam element with this cross-section.
To use the standard beam element with this cross-section,
set STANDARD=YES in the CROSS-SECTION command.
However, the results may be incorrect, see the Theory and Modeling Guide
This message is displayed because under general loading conditions, beam elements with
thin-walled open cross-sections give incorrect results unless additional warping degrees of
freedom are included in the beam element.
Therefore we need to use beam elements with additional warping degrees of freedom. (See
notes at the end of this primer problem for more information.)
Close all open dialog boxes, click the Element Groups icon , check the "Include Warping
DOF" button and click OK. When you click the Redraw icon , the graphics window
TIME 50.00
Y
Z X
C
C
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 50.00
10.00
B
B
U U U W
1 2 3 1 2 3 b
B - - -
C - - - -
Notice that there is now a Wb column in the boundary conditions code table. This column
indicates the presence of the beam warping degree of freedom. The warping degree of
freedom is free at all nodes, including the end nodes. Thus the beam is free to warp
everywhere along its length.
50-4 ADINA Primer

porthole file
click Save.
Post-processing
Click the Show Original Mesh icon , then click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the
to close both dialog boxes. Click the Load Plot icon , then rotate the model until the
MODE 1 MODE MAG 95.68 Y

LOAD FAC 3.148
TIME 1.000
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
MODE 1,
TIME 1.000
62.96
We would like to use these defaults for successive mesh plots, so click the Save Mesh Plot
Style icon and the Save View icon .

The plot shows the estimated buckling load and associated mode shape for buckling load 1.
The "LOAD FAC" is the buckling load multiplier computed by the linearized buckling load
algorithm. Notice that the estimated buckling load of 62.96 is equal to the "LOAD FAC"
multiplied by the load applied in step 1.
You can use the mouse to confirm that the neutral axis of the buckling mode shape lies in the
x-z plane.
Now click the Next Solution icon . The second estimated buckling load and mode shape
MODE 2 MODE MAG 408.9 Y

LOAD FAC 13.65
TIME 1.000
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
MODE 2,
TIME 1.000
62.96
Again, the neutral axis of the buckling mode shape lies in the x-z plane.
To view the model in the deformed configuration used for the linearized buckling analysis,
click the Clear icon , choose DefinitionsResponse, make sure that the Response Name
is DEFAULT, set the Type to Load Step and click OK. When you click the Scale
Displacements icon and the Load Plot icon , the graphics window should look
50-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 DISP MAG 63.84 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
20.00
Post-buckling response, load applied downwards

Now we will perform a collapse analysis, in which the model is perturbed by the first
buckling mode shape.
menu.
Collapse analysis: We will perform a collapse analysis using the load-displacement control
(LDC) algorithm to automatically choose the load step sizes. Set the Analysis Type to
Collapse Analysis. Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Label # field to 3, the Degree
of Freedom to Y-Translation, the Displacement field to -0.01, the Maximum Allowed
Displacement to 20, check the “Continue after First Critical Point is Reached” button and
click OK.
click OK. Choose ControlTime Function, edit time function 1 to be
Time Value
0 0
50 10
and click OK.

Initial imperfection: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsImperfection, make sure that the

Initial Condition Type is Point, and, in the first row of the table, set the Buckling Mode # to 1,
the Point # to 3, the Direction to Z-Translation and the Displacement to 0.05. Click OK to
porthole file
Click the Save icon to save the database to file prob50. Click the Data File/Solution icon
, set the file name to prob50_down, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and
click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the mode shape file from the
linearized buckling analysis. Enter mode shape file prob50 and click Copy.
open porthole file prob50_down.
Post-processing
graphics window looks something like the top figure on the next page.
The buckling mode appears to have been triggered by the load.
We want to plot the force-deflection curve. We have put the necessary commands in a batch
file (prob50_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder,
select the file prob50_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something
like the bottom figure on the next page.
The model appears to buckle at a load of around -62 kN, which is in good agreement with the
linearized buckling load estimate obtained above.
50-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 50.00 Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 50.00
66.22
0.
-10.
-20.
-30.
Force (kN)
-40.
-50.
-60.
-70.
-4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0
Y displacement (cm)

Post-buckling response, load applied upwards

Let's determine the post-buckling response, with the load applied upwards.
menu.
Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Displacement field to 0.01 and click OK.
porthole file
, set the file name to prob50_up, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and
click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the mode shape file from the
linearized buckling analysis. Enter mode shape file prob50 and click Copy.
open porthole file prob50_up.
Post-processing
Again the buckling mode appears to have been triggered.
We want to plot the force-deflection curve. We can use the same batch file that we used
before. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file
prob50_1.plo and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the bottom
50-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 50.00
Y
Z X
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 50.00
30.86
35.
30.
25.
20.
Force (kN)
15.
10.
5.
0.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
Y displacement (cm)
This time the model appears to buckle at a load of about 29 kN, which is much lower than the
linearized buckling load estimate obtained above.

We would like to plot both force-deflection curves together. To do this, we will load both
porthole files together, using the append feature.
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), then click the Open icon and open
porthole file prob50_down. Then choose FileOpen Porthole, select file prob50_up, set the
Operation to “Load/Merge (append option) into database” and click Open.
The Message Window shows some useful information. Notice the text
Loaded 50 time step solutions between times 1.00000E+00 and 5.00000E+01...
Porthole file .../prob50_down.por is completely loaded
....
Append mode: Reading of ADINA porthole file starts.
Append mode: largest time in database = 5.00000E+01
largest load step in database = 50
Shift for time = 5.10000E+01
Shift for load step = 51
...
Loaded 50 time step solutions between times 5.20000E+01 and 1.01000E+02...
Porthole file .../prob50_up.por is completely loaded
This text indicates that times 0 to 50 are associated with porthole file prob50_down,
and time steps 51 to 101 are associated with porthole file prob50_up. The solutions for
prob50_up are shifted in time by 51.0. For example, the plotted solution of time step 101 is
actually time step 50 of the prob50_up analysis.
To plot the force-deflection curve, we can use the same batch file that we used before.
Here there is an unsightly line connecting the most negative point with the origin. This line
arises when connecting the results at time 50 (end of prob50_down) with the results at time 51
(start of prob50_up).
In order to avoid the unsightly line, we need to make two force-deflection curves in the same
plot. We have put the commands in file prob50_2.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate
to the working directory or folder, select the file prob50_2.plo and click Open. The graphics
window should look something like the bottom figure on the next page.
50-12 ADINA Primer

40.
30.
20.
10.
0.
-10.
Force (kN)
-20.
-30.
-40.
-50.
-60.
-70.
-4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Y displacement (cm)
40.
30.
20.
10.
0.
-10.
Force (kN)
-20.
-30.
-40.
-50.
-60.
-70.
-4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Y displacement (cm)

Additional notes
Wagner effect
The buckling load for load acting upwards is different than the buckling load for load acting
downwards, due to the Wagner effect.
In the Wagner effect, any cross-sectional twisting causes the longitudinal stresses (from the
axial and bending loads) to create a twisting moment, proportional to the amount of the twist.
The contribution to the twisting moment from tensile longitudinal stresses is positive, the
contribution to the twisting moment from compressive longitudinal stresses is negative. When
the twisting moment is positive for positive twist, the buckling load is increased, when the
twisting moment is negative for positive twist, the buckling load is decreased.
For this problem, the cross-section is redrawn here, to show the locations of the neutral axis
and shear center (also known as the center of twist).
15
1.07 3.24 Shear center
11.8
0.71
Neutral axis
30 25.7
17.1
1.07
7.5
Cross-section Locations of neutral
dimensions axis and shear center
Because the top flange is so close to the shear center, the stresses in the top flange do not
contribute as much to the Wagner effect twisting moment as do the stresses in the bottom
flange.
When the load is applied upwards, the stresses in the top flange are tensile and the stresses in
the bottom flange are compressive. Thus the twisting moment is negative for positive twist,
and the Wagner effect tends to decrease the buckling load when the load is applied upwards.
Warping beam versus standard beam
It is important to distinguish between warping effects (which are present in all beams
undergoing twisting, with the exception of beams of circular cross-section), and warping
beam elements. The standard beam element includes warping effects, as does the warping
beam element. The difference between the standard beam element and the warping beam
element is that the warping beam element includes additional warping degrees of freedom.
50-14 ADINA Primer

In the standard beam element, the twist per unit length is assumed constant in each element,
therefore the warping effect is also constant in each element. Therefore, between adjacent
elements, the amount of warping is different in general, in other words, the warping
displacements are incompatible between adjacent elements.
In the warping beam element, the twist per unit length is not constant in each element, and the
twist per unit length is compatible between adjacent elements. Therefore the warping
displacements are also compatible between adjacent elements.
If the standard beam element is used to solve this problem, the buckling load for load applied
upwards is underestimated, due to the incompatibility of warping displacements.

50-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 51: Thermal FSI analysis of a pipe
Problem description
Consider a copper pipe containing water. Initially the water is at rest, with a pressure of
350000 Pa, and the temperature of the pipe and water is 20o C. Then water at 90o C flows into
the pipe with a pressure drop of 60 Pa.
Inlet, prescribed normal-traction = 60 Pa, relative to pressure datum

prescribed temperature = 90o C,
prescribed turbulence variables
Water in pipe, k-e model used,

m =4.7 ´ 10-4 N-s/m2
r = 980 kg/m3
k = 0.65 W/m-oC
cp = 4200 J/kg-oC
CL
Copper pipe, Initial temperature = 20o C

E = 1.1´1011 Pa Pressure datum = 350000 Pa
n = 0.3 All lengths in m
0.1
r = 8900 kg/m3
o
a = 1.7´10-5 / C
k = 390 W/m-oC
cp = 380 J/kg-oC
Convection boundary:
h = 10 W/m2-oC
qenv = 20o C
0.003
0.01
We want to compute the stresses in the pipe.
The analysis is considered to be transient in the fluid and heat transfer analysis, but static in
the stress analysis.

The pressure datum feature is used in the fluid model. In this feature, the pressure datum is
only added to the FSI stresses passed to the structure, as well as to the output. Internally, the
fluid flow does not include the pressure datum.
This problem will be solved using two-way thermal FSI (TFSI), with pressure, velocity and
temperature coupling between the fluid and the solid.
FSI
Fluid boundary Solid
model condition model
m, r, k, cp E, n, a
r, k, cp
The analysis is fully coupled. In addition to the usual pressure and displacement coupling on
the FSI boundary, the heat fluxes are also coupled on the FSI boundary.
The analysis consists of two parts:
Part 1: Analysis to obtain static initial condition
The pressure datum in the fluid is set to 350000 Pa and the inlet temperature is set to
20o C.
Part 2: Transient analysis
The inlet pressure is suddenly increased to 60 Pa (relative to the pressure datum) and the
inlet pressure is suddenly increased to 90o C. The pressure drop of 60 Pa is chosen to give
a fluid velocity on the order of 1 m/s.
Both of these analyses are performed in the same solution run. Part 1 is solved for using a
time step of 100 sec, and part 2 is solved for using 30 time steps of size 0.1 sec.
51-2 ADINA Primer

• Performing a TFSI analysis

• Using the pressure datum feature in the fluid model
• Using the corner node temperature interpolation feature in the structures model
Before you begin
900 nodes version of the ADINA System does not contain ADINA-FSI.
prob51_2.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working
Model definition - fluid model
We have prepared a batch file (prob51_1.in) that defines most of the fluid model:
► Transient analysis, FCBI-C elements, turbulence analysis, FSI analysis, iteration

tolerances.
► Geometry points, lines, surfaces.
► Material model.
► Boundary conditions.
► Initial conditions for the temperature.
► Time steps, time functions, inlet boundary conditions. The turbulence boundary
condition is defined in terms of a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a length of 0.02 m (the pipe
diameter). The normal traction boundary condition is specified as 60 Pa (inlet pressure
relative to the pressure datum).
► Element groups and meshing.
the next page.

TIME 103.0 PRESCRIBED PRESCRIBED Z

TEMPERATURE NORMAL_TRACTION
C
C B
B TIME 103.0 TIME 103.0 X Y
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C B 90.00 60.00
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C B PRESCRIBED
C
C B
B
C B TURBULENCE_K
C
C B
B
C
C B
B TIME 103.0
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C B 0.0009375
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B PRESCRIBED
C
C B
B
C
C B
B TURBULENCE
C
C B
B EPSILON
C
C B
B
C
C B
B TIME 103.0
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B 0.004784
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B V V P k
C
C B
B
2 3
C
C B
B B
C
C B
B C
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C
C B
B WAL FSI
C
C B
B
C
C B
B B - 2
C
C B
B C 1 -
C B
Thermal FSI: Choose ModelFlow Assumptions and set "Thermal Coupling" to "Through
Fluid-Structure Interface Boundary" (do not close the dialog box yet).
Pressure datum: We have not yet defined the pressure datum. In the Specify Flow
Assumptions dialog box, click the Pressure Datum... button. In the Specify Pressure Datum
dialog box, click the ... button to the right of the Time Function field. In the Define Time
Function dialog box, add time function 4, define it according to the following table and click
OK.
Time Value
0 0
100 1
1E20 1
In the Specify Pressure Datum dialog box, set “Prescribed on” to Model, the Multiplier to
350000, the Time Function to 4 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Generating the ADINA CFD data file
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob51_f. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob51_f, uncheck the Run Solution button and click Save.
51-4 ADINA Primer

Model definition - solid model
We have prepared a batch file (prob51_2.in) that defines the solid model:
► New database.
► Current FE program set to ADINA Structures.
► FSI analysis
► Transient TMC analysis with iterative coupling
► Geometry points, lines, surfaces.
► Boundary conditions, including an FSI boundary.
► Initial conditions for the temperature.
► Structural material model. An elastic material with coefficient of thermal expansion is
used.
► Thermal material model.
► Element group and meshing. 9-node elements are used in the solid model.
► Convection load
Notice that there is no time stepping information defined in the solid model.
TIME 1.000 Z
B
B
BB
BB
B
B X Y
PRESCRIBED
CONVECTION
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
20.00
U U
2 3
B
B
BB
BB
B B -
B

Corner node temperature interpolations: Because the structural analysis uses 9-node
elements, we need to use only the corner nodes of these elements for the thermal FSI analysis.
Choose ControlTMC Model and click the ... button to the right of the “Type of Solution”
field. In the Heat Transfer Analysis Control dialog box, check the “Use Corner Nodes for
Heat Flow Solution” field and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Saving thermal strains: We would like to examine the thermal strains during post-processing.
Choose ControlPortholeSelect Element Results, add Result Selection 1, set Thermal to
All, then click OK.
Choose FileSave As and save the database to file prob51_a. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob51_a, uncheck the Run Solution button and click Save.
Running ADINA-FSI
ADINA-FSI runs for 31 time steps. When ADINA-FSI is finished, close all open dialog
boxes, and set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all
changes). Click the Open icon and open porthole file prob51_f, then click the Open icon
and open porthole file prob51_a.
Post-processing - velocities
Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon .
Click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to VELOCITY and click OK.
The velocity field is fully developed, and the maximum velocity is comparable to the velocity
used in the turbulence load specifications.
Now click the First Solution icon to observe the initial velocity field. The velocities are
all zero, as expected. As you click the Next Solution icon repeatedly, you can see the
velocity field developing.
51-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 103.00 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 103.00
1.365
1.320
1.200
1.080
0.960
0.840
0.720
0.600
Post-processing - fluid pressures
Click the Last Solution icon , click the Clear Vector Plot icon , then click the Create
Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress: NODAL_PRESSURE) and click
OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
The fluid pressure includes both the pressure datum effect and the prescribed inlet normal
traction.
Now click the First Solution icon to observe the initial pressure field. The pressure in the
fluid is equal to the pressure datum. When you click the Next Solution icon , notice that
the pressure drop is immediately established, and as you continue to click the Next Solution
icon , notice that the pressure drop changes very little.

TIME 103.00 Z
X Y
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 103.00
350055.
350046.
350037.
350028.
350019.
350010.
350001.
MAXIMUM
350060.
NODE 8
MINIMUM
350000.
NODE 1102
Post-processing - temperatures
Click the Last Solution icon , click the Clear Band Plot icon , then click the Create
Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click
Since the temperatures are all near 90o, the bands do not show lower temperatures. Click the
Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table ... button, set the Minimum to 20 and click
OK twice to close both dialog boxes. When you click the First Solution icon , the
51-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 103.00 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 103.00
90.00
89.99
89.99
89.99
89.98
89.98
89.97
MAXIMUM
90.00
NODE 32
MINIMUM
89.97
NODE 221
TIME 100.00 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 100.00
85.00
75.00
65.00
55.00
45.00
35.00
25.00
MAXIMUM
20.00
NODE 10
MINIMUM
20.00
NODE 143

The fluid and structure temperatures are all 20o, as expected. When you click the Next
Solution icon repeatedly, notice that the temperatures rise rapidly in the fluid and
structure. At first, the temperature rises more rapidly in the structure (the thermal
conductivity is higher in the structure), but then the temperature rises more rapidly in the fluid
(due to convection of the fluid). For example, the solution for time 100.5 should look
TIME 100.50 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 100.50
85.00
75.00
65.00
55.00
45.00
35.00
25.00
MAXIMUM
90.00
NODE 2
MINIMUM
41.92
NODE 1102
Post-processing - displacements
Click the Last Solution icon , then click the Clear Band Plot icon and the Scale
Displacements icon . The graphics window should look something like the top figure on
the next page.
The pipe wall has moved outwards, as expected due to both the pressure and thermal effects.
Click the First Solution icon to examine the displacements due to just the pressure
effects. Clearly the pressure effects alone do not cause significant displacement of the pipe
wall. When you click the Next Solution icon repeatedly, notice that the pipe wall moves
outwards starting from the top of the model; this corresponds to the temperature rise in the
pipe wall. For example, the solution for time 100.5 should look something like the bottom
51-10 ADINA Primer

TIME 103.00 Z
X Y
DISP MAG 610.6
TIME 100.50 Z
X Y
DISP MAG 610.6

Post-processing - radial stress
Click the Last Solution icon , then click the Scale Displacements icon (to unscale the
displacements). Now click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to
(Stress: STRESS-YY) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 103.00 Z
X Y
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 103.00
-25000.
-75000.
-125000.
-175000.
-225000.
-275000.
-325000.
MAXIMUM
239.0
EG 1, EL 1, IPT 31 (-2552.)
MINIMUM
-350182.
EG 1, EL 10, IPT 11 (-344685.)
In the pipe wall, STRESS-YY varies from -350000 (at the fluid-structure boundary) to 0 (at
the outer surface), as expected. Click the First Solution icon to examine the radial stress
due to just the pressure effects. The graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page.
The radial stress field corresponding to just the pressure effects is very similar to the radial
stress field at the end of the analysis.
51-12 ADINA Primer

TIME 100.00 Z
X Y
STRESS-YY
RST CALC
TIME 100.00
-25000.
-75000.
-125000.
-175000.
-225000.
-275000.
-325000.
MAXIMUM
209.1
EG 1, EL 1, IPT 31 (-2551.)
MINIMUM
-350000.
EG 1, EL 1000, IPT 11
Post-processing - thermal strain
Click the Last Solution icon , click the Clear Band Plot icon , then click the Create
Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Strain: THERMAL_STRAIN) and click
The thermal strain is nearly constant in the pipe wall, and corresponds to the value obtained
from the formula  (  0 )  1.7  10 5 (90  20)  0.00119 .
Since the thermal strains are all near 0.00119, the bands do not show lower thermal strains.
Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table ... button, set the Minimum to 0
and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. When you click the First Solution icon ,
notice that the thermal strains are zero, then when you click the Next Solution icon
repeatedly, notice that the thermal strain rapidly increases, corresponding to the temperature
increase. For example, the solution for time 100.5 should look something like the bottom

TIME 103.00 Z
X Y
THERMAL_STRAIN
RST CALC
TIME 103.00
0.001190
0.001190
0.001190
0.001190
0.001190
0.001190
0.001190
MAXIMUM
0.001190
EG 1, EL 10, IPT 13
MINIMUM
0.001190
EG 1, EL 191, IPT 31
TIME 100.50 Z
X Y
THERMAL_STRAIN
RST CALC
TIME 100.50
0.001040
0.000880
0.000720
0.000560
0.000400
0.000240
0.000080
MAXIMUM
0.001188
EG 1, EL 10, IPT 13 (0.001187)
MINIMUM
0.0004036
EG 1, EL 200, IPT 11 (0.0004055)
51-14 ADINA Primer

Post-processing - detailed stress analysis in the pipe wall
We would now like to examine the stresses at the top of the pipe wall. Click the Last Solution
icon , the Reset Mesh Plot Style icon and the Clear icon .
Zone: Click the Display Zone icon , click the ... button to the right of the Zone Name field
and add zone name PIPE_WALL_TOP. Click the Edit button, type, in the first row of the
table:
ELEMENTS 1 TO 10 OF PROGRAM ADINA
and click OK. In the Create Mesh Plot with Specified Zone dialog box, make sure that the
Zone Name is set to PILE_WALL_TOP and click OK.
Stress vectors: Click the Quick Vector Plot icon . The graphics window should look
TIME 103.00 Z
X Y
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 103.00
+ -
1.306E+08
-9.000E+06
-2.700E+07
-4.500E+07
-6.300E+07
-8.100E+07
-9.900E+07
-1.170E+08

Evidently the stress field is dominated by compressive axial stresses, which is expected since
the pipe wall is constrained in the axial direction. When you click the First Solution icon
, the stresses are apparently much smaller. To see these stresses, click the Clear Vector
Plot icon , then click the Quick Vector Plot icon . In this view, the hoop stresses are
not visible. Use the mouse to rotate the mesh plot out-of-plane until the graphics window
TIME 100.00 Z
X Y
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 100.00
+ -
1351895.
1250000.
1000000.
750000.
500000.
250000.
0.
-250000.
Initially the stress field is dominated by the hoop stresses. When you click the Next Solution
icon repeatedly, notice that the stress field is highly influenced by the thermal effects. For
example, the solution for time 100.2 should look something like the top figure on the next
page.
Now click the Last Solution icon . The graphics window should look something like the
Comparing the steady-state solution with thermal stresses to the solution without thermal
effects, it is seen that the only difference is in the axial stresses.
51-16 ADINA Primer

TIME 100.20 Z
X Y
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 100.20
+ -
1351895.
1250000.
1000000.
750000.
500000.
250000.
0.
-250000.
TIME 103.00 Z
X Y
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 103.00
+ -
1351895.
1250000.
1000000.
750000.
500000.
250000.
0.
-250000.

Notes
1) The pressure datum feature is very useful for incompressible flow problems in which the
nominal fluid pressure is non-zero. However, the pressure datum feature cannot be used for
general compressible flows.
2) In the zone definition, it is necessary to use the string ‘OF PROGRAM ADINA’ because
both structural and fluid results are loaded. The string ‘OF PROGRAM ADINA’ specifies that
the zone contains only ADINA Structures elements. To select only ADINA CFD elements,
use the string ‘OF PROGRAM ADINA-F’.
3) The analytical thermal stresses due to only a uniform thermal expansion are  xx   yy  0 ,
 zz   E t  1.1E+11  0.00119  1.309E+08 . This is why the only difference between the
initial stress state and the steady-state thermal stress state is the axial stress. (Recall that the
stress analysis is linear, so the principle of superposition applies.)
51-18 ADINA Primer

Problem 52: Crushing of a crash tube
Problem description
Consider the crushing of a crash tube by a rigid weight:
Initial
velocity
12000 mm/sec Beveled end with varying thickness
Thickness=0.5
Thickness=1 Tube cross-section
Crash tube z 1
10 10 radius
200 80
Rigid
weight All lengths in mm
100 kg
Properties of rigid weight: Material properties,

plastic-cyclic material model:
X, Y, Z mass
= 0.1 N-s2/mm E =207000 MPa
X, Y moment of inertia n =0.3
= 2296 N-s2-mm
Z moment of inertia r =7850 kg/m3 = 7.85´10-9 N-s 2/mm4
= 427 N-s2-mm sy =225 MPa
(corresponds to a steel block with
Nonlinear kinematic hardening:
dimensions 160´160´500) h=280000 MPa
z=1300
Contact conditions: Friction coefficient = 0.2 between weight and tube,

also for tube self-contact
We want to compute the force-deflection curve for the tube. We will compute this curve
using both an implicit and an explicit analysis.

• Defining shell elements with varying thickness

• Using the plastic-cyclic material model
• Using double-sided contact
• Using the Noh-Bathe method of explicit time integration
• Using the penalty contact algorithm
Before you begin
prob52_1.plo, prob52_2.plo. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer
The figure below shows the geometry used to model the crush tube:
Point 105, with

concentrated mass
Rigid links
Surface 100 Surfaces 9 to 16
Surfaces 1 to 8 v
Vertex 2 Vertex 1
z u
x Vertex 3 Vertex 4
Local coordinate system
used for geometry surfaces
52-2 ADINA Primer

The beveled end of the tube is (approximately) modeled by reducing the shell thicknesses at
the end of the tube. In order to reduce the shell thicknesses, it is necessary to know the
orientation of the geometry surfaces coordinate system. The coordinate system of the
geometry surfaces is shown in the figure above.
Two contact groups are used. Contact group 1 models the contact between the rigid surface
and the tube, and contact group 2 models the self-contact of the tube.
Implicit time integration

Model definition
We have prepared a batch file (prob52_1.in) that defines the following items:
► Problem heading
► Control data, including solution tolerances. Note that all shell nodes are assigned local
rotational degrees of freedom (MASTER ... SHELLNDOF=5).
► Time stepping. 200 time steps of size 1E-4 are used.
► Geometry points, lines, surfaces
► Thickness for geometry surfaces 1 to 16, except for the deviations (see below)
► Boundary conditions
► Rigid links connecting geometry surface 101 to geometry point 105
► Element group 1, containing soft springs attached to all the degrees of freedom of
geometry point 5. These springs prevent the degrees of freedom in element group 5
from being deleted at the time of data file generation.
► Subdivision data for the surfaces
the next page.

TIME 0.02000 Z
X Y
B
B B
B B
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B B B - - - - - -
B
Surface thicknesses: The 8 geometry surfaces close to the top of the tube will have a varying
thickness applied to them. Choose GeometrySurfacesThickness and notice that all 16
surfaces have a thickness of 1.0, with no deviations. For surfaces 9 to 16, set both Deviation
1 and Deviation 2 to -0.5 and click OK.
Plastic-cyclic material model: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Cyclic
button. Add material 1, and click the ... button to the right of the Isotropic Hardening Rule
field. In the Define Isotropic Hardening Rule dialog box, add rule 1, make sure that the Type
is Bilinear, set the Yield Stress to 225 and click OK. In the Define Plastic-Cyclic Material
dialog box, set the Isotropic Hardening Rule to 1. Now click the ... button to the right of the
Kinematic Hardening Rule field. In the Define Kinematic Hardening Rule dialog box, add
rule 1, then, in the first row of the table, set the "Linear Constant h" to 280000 and the
"Nonlinear Constant zeta" to 1300, and click OK. In the Define Plastic-Cyclic Material
dialog box, set the Kinematic Hardening Rule to 1. Now set the Young's Modulus to 207000,
the Poisson's Ratio to 0.3, the Density to 7.85E-9, then click OK. Click Close to close the
Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Concentrated mass: Choose Model Concentrated Masses, edit the table as follows, then
click OK:
Point X- Y- Z- X- Y- Z-
Translation Translation Translation Rotation Rotation Rotation
105 0.1 0.1 0.1 2296 2296 427
52-4 ADINA Primer

Initial conditions: Choose ModelInitial ConditionsDefine, add initial condition V, and, in

the first row of the table, set the Variable to Z-VELOCITY, the Value to -12000 and click
Save. Now click the Apply... button, and, in the Apply Initial Conditions dialog box, set the
Point to 105 in the first row of the table, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Element definition: Click the Element Groups icon , add group 2, set the Type to Shell,
set the Integration Type to Trapezoidal and the Integration Order to 3. Then click the 3D-
Shell tab, check the Use 3D-Shell button and click OK. Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon
, click the Auto... button, set From to 1 and To to 16, then click OK. The Surface table
should be filled in with numbers 1 to 16. Click OK to close the Mesh Surfaces dialog box.
TIME 0.02000 Z
X Y
C C
C B C
C B B C U U U
C C 1 2 3 1 2 3
B B B - - - - - -
C C
B C C B
B U U U
1 2 3
C - - - - -
Let's check the thicknesses. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Variable to
(Thickness:THICKNESS) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like

TIME 0.02000 Z
X Y
THICKNESS
TIME 0.02000
0.9667
0.9000
MAXIMUM
1.000 0.8333
EG 2, EL 1, LN 1 0.7667
MINIMUM 0.7000
0.5000 0.6333
EG 2, EL 229, LN 1 0.5667
C C
C B C
C B B C U U U
C C 1 2 3 1 2 3
B B B - - - - - -
C C
B C C B
B U U U
1 2 3
C - - - - -
Click the Clear Band Plot icon to remove the band plot.
Contact group 1: Click the Contact Groups icon , add group 1 and set the Type to 3-D
Contact. Set the Compliance Factor to 1E-4 and the Contact Surface Offset to None. Now
click the Advanced tab, set the "Friction Contact v-Function Parameter" to 100 and click OK.
Contact surfaces for contact group 1: Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon and add
contact surface 1. Check the “Specify Orientation” button, and, in the first row of the table,
set the Surf/Face to 101, the Orientation to "Opposite to Geometry" and click Save. Add
contact surface 2, click the Auto... button, set From to 1 and To to 16, then click OK. The
table should be filled in with numbers 1 to 16. Click OK to close the Define Contact Surface
on Geometry dialog box.
We need to generate a contact segment on contact surface 1. Click the Mesh Rigid Contact
Surface icon , set the Contact Surface to 1, the Number of Nodes per Segment to 4 and
click OK.
Contact pair for contact group 1: Click the Define Contact Pairs icon , add contact pair
1, set the Contactor Surface to 2, the Coulomb Friction Coefficient to 0.2 and click OK.
52-6 ADINA Primer

Contact group 2: Click the Contact Groups icon and add group 2. Set the Compliance
Factor to 1E-3, set the Contact Surface Action to Double Side and the Contact Surface Offset
to None. Now click the Advanced tab, set the "Friction Contact v-Function Parameter" to 100
and click OK.
Contact surfaces for contact group 2: Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon and add
contact surface 1. Click the Auto... button, set From to 1 and To to 16, then click OK. The
table should be filled in with numbers 1 to 16. Click OK to close the Define Contact Surface
on Geometry dialog box.
Contact pair for contact group 2: Click the Define Contact Pairs icon , add contact pair
1, set the Coulomb Friction Coefficient to 0.2 and click OK.
porthole file
icon , set the file name to prob52_im, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked
and click Save.
ADINA Structures runs for 200 steps.
open porthole file prob52_im.
Post-processing
Deformed mesh: We have put the commands for plotting the tube with accumulated effective
plastic strains in a batch file (prob52_1.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the
working directory or folder, select the file prob52_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes
the commands in the batch file. The graphics window should look something like the figure
on the next page.

ACCUM
EFF
PLASTIC
STRAIN
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 0.02000
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
MAXIMUM
3.115
EG 2, EL 194, IPT 113 (2.075)
MINIMUM
-0.2135
EG 2, EL 194, IPT 213 (0.5280)
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation of the tube crushing. When the
animation is finished, click the Animate icon , or choose DisplayAnimate, to view the
animation. Notice that the tube absorbs all of the kinetic energy of the rigid weight, and that
the rigid weight separates from the tube at the end of the analysis.
Now click the Clear icon , click the Mesh Plot icon , click the Cut Surface icon ,
set the Type to Cutting Plane, uncheck the Display the Plane(s) button, set "Below the
Cutplane" to "Display as Usual", "Above the Cutplane" to "Do not Display" and click OK. In
the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right-click the EG2 field and choose Display, then
click the Shading icon . Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until the
The plot shows the self-contact of the tube.
Force-deflection curve: We have put the commands for plotting the force-deflection curve in
a batch file (prob52_2.plo). Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or
folder, select the file prob52_2.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the
batch file. The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on the next
page.
52-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 0.02000 Y
Z
X
12.
10.
8.
Force (N)
4
6.
*10
4.
2.
0.
0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120.
Displacement (mm)
Choose GraphList and scroll to see the first solution time for which the force returns to
zero. This should be time 1.82000E-2, with corresponding displacement 9.89701E+01 (mm).

Explicit analysis
Now we will repeat the analysis, using explicit time integration. Set the Program Module
drop-down list to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file
prob52.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Heading: Choose ControlHeading, set the Heading to "Primer problem 52: Crushing of a
tube, explicit" and click OK.
Explicit analysis: Set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Explicit and click the Analysis Options
icon . Set the Method to "Noh-Bathe", make sure that the Time Step is set to "Automatic
(Use Total Time Specified)", set the Time Step Magnitude Scaling Factor to 0.7 and click
OK.
Plastic-cyclic material model: Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Cyclic
button. Set the Stress Integration Factor (beta) to 1.0 and click OK, then Close, to close both
dialog boxes.
Contact algorithm: Click the Contact Control icon , set the Default Contact Algorithm to
Penalty and click OK.
Contact groups: Click the Contact Groups icon and choose group 1. Click the Advanced
tab, and, in the Penalty Algorithm Stiffness box, set the Normal Stiffness to "Use Specified
Value", and the value to 5000, and also set the Tangential Stiffness to "Use Specified Value",
and the value to 5000. Click Save, then choose group 2, click the Advanced tab, and set the
Normal and Tangential Stiffness to 5000 in the same way. Click OK to close the dialog box.
porthole file
icon , set the file name to prob52_ex, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked
and click Save.
ADINA Structures runs for about 12000 steps. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all
open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can
discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob52_ex.
52-10 ADINA Primer

Post-processing
Follow the instructions given above to post-process the model. We obtain the results shown
on the next page.
Choose GraphList and scroll to see the first solution time for which the force returns to
zero. This should be time 1.71010E-02, with corresponding displacement 9.33837E+01
(mm).

Deformed mesh:
ACCUM
EFF
PLASTIC
STRAIN
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 0.02000
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
MAXIMUM
74.03
EG 2, EL 194, IPT 113 (40.16)
MINIMUM
-19.06
EG 2, EL 194, IPT 213 (0.6364)
Force-deflection curve:
12.
10.
8.
Force (N)
4
6.
*10
4.
2.
0.
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. 110. 120.
Displacement (mm)
52-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block
Problem description
We determine the three dimensional static electromagnetic fields inside a conducting block, as
shown:
0.5
Prescribed voltage ϕ1 = 0
tic
ne
tic
ag
All dimensions and physical properties
ne
l m
ag
are in non-dimension.
ia d
nt e
l m
te rib
ia d
po resc
nt e
te rib
Electromagentic material:
p
po resc
Permittivity : ε = 0.5
p
1.0 Permeability: μ = 2.0
0
4.
Conductivity: σ = 1.0
0
1=
2.
A
0=
A
Prescribed voltage ϕ0 = 2.5
2.0
We will demonstrate the following topics:
 Setting up an electromagnetic model using potential formulation in ADINA EM

 Defining an electromagnetic material
 Applying potential based electromagnetic boundary conditions in ADINA EM
with the AUI.
Before you begin
This model cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there
are too many nodes in the model.
Some of the input for this problem is stored in the following file: prob53_1.plo. You need to
copy this file from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before

Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA EM.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 53: static 3D EM fields in a

conducting block” and click OK.
Analysis type: Make sure that the Analysis Type drop-down list is set to "Static".
EM analysis setting: Choose ModelAnalysis Settings, set the model type to "3D A-f
model", verify that the Analysis Type is set to STATIC, set the "Tolerance for Residuals" to
1.0E-9 and click OK.
The key geometry of the conducting block is as shown in the above sketch. It is, of course,
possible to use ADINA-M to define the geometry, but we use the native AUI geometry in this
problem.
Click the Define Points icon , enter the following points into the table (you can leave the
X1 column blank) and click OK:
Point # X1 X2 X3
1 -1.0 -0.5
2 1.0 -0.5
3 1.0 0.5
4 -1.0 0.5
Now click the Define Surfaces icon , add surface 1, set the Type to Vertex, set the Points
to 1 ,2, 3, 4 respectively, and click OK.
Now click the Define Volumes icon , add volume 1, set the Type to Extruded, set the
Initial Surface to 1, set the components of the Vector to 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, and click OK.
Click the Manage Materials icon , add material 1, set the Permittivity (Epsilon) to 0.5, the
Permeability (Mu) to 2.0, the Conductivity (Sigma) to 1.0, and click OK. These values
correspond to a non-dimensionalized material.
53-2 ADINA Primer

Note that every EM boundary condition must be applied onto boundary geometry with
continuous curvature, except the Dirichlet condition (see detailed explanation in Section 5.1.2
of the ADINA EM Theory and Modeling Guide).
Electric potential boundary conditions: Choose ModelBoundary Conditions, add boundary

condition 1 and verify that the Type is Dirichlet. Set the Variable Type to Electric Potential,
set the Real part to 2.5, verify the boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, then apply this
boundary condition 1 to surface 2. Add boundary condition 2, verify that the type is Dirichlet,
set the Variable Type to Electric Potential, set the Real part to 0, then verify the boundary
condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this boundary condition to surface 4. Click Save
(do not close the dialog box yet.)
Boundary conditions on all other surfaces for electric potential are natural boundary
conditions by default.
Magnetic potential boundary conditions: Add boundary condition 3 and verify that the Type
is Dirichlet. Set the Variable Type to Magnetic Potential, then set the Real part to 2.0, set the
Direction Type to D0 x NR, and set DX to -1. Then verify that the boundary condition is
applied to Surfaces, and apply this boundary condition to surface 5. Add boundary condition
4, verify that the type is Dirichlet, and set the Variable Type to Magnetic Potential, set the
Real part to 4.0, set the Direction Type to D0 x NR, and set DX to -1. Then verify that the
boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this boundary condition to surface 3.
Click Save (do not close the dialog box yet.)
EM Parallel boundary condition on magnetic potential: Add boundary condition 5 and set the
Type to Parallel. Set the Variable Type to Magnetic Potential, and make sure that the Real
part is 0.0. Then verify that this boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this
boundary condition to surfaces 2 and 4. Click Save (do not close the dialog box yet.)
EM Normal boundary condition on magnetic potential: Add boundary condition 6 and set the
Type to Normal. Set the Variable Type to Magnetic Potential, and make sure that the Real
part is 0.0. Then verify that this boundary condition is applied to Surfaces, and apply this
boundary condition to surfaces 1 and 6. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Electromagnetic, verify that the material is 1, and make sure that both Electric Effects and
Magnetic Effects are checked. Then click OK to close the dialog box.
Subdivision data: Choose the Subdivide Volumes icon , set the “Method” to Use Length,
set the “Element Edge Length” to 0.05 and click OK.

Meshing the volume: Now click the Mesh Volumes icon , make sure that the Element
Group is 1 and that Nodes per Element is 8, then enter Volume 1 in the first row of the table
and click OK.
Click the Boundary Plot icon and use the mouse to rearrange the graphics window until it
looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
P
OO MN N
MM MN N
MM MN
OO MMMM MM MM MM
N
MM MN N
MM MN N
OO MM
MM MM MM MM MM MMMM MM MM MN MN N
MM MN N
OO MMMM MMMM MM MM MMMM MM MM MM MM
MM MM MM MN N
MM MN MN N MN MN MN N N
P O NMM
NMNMMN NMM MM MMMM MM MM MM MM
MM MM MM MMMM MM MM MM
M
NMNMMNMNMM MM MM MM
MM MM MM MMMM MM MM MM MM M
MM MM MM MMMN MN N
MM MN
NMNMM MM
NMNMM MM MMMM MM MMMMM MM
MM MM MM MMMM MM MM MM
MN N
MM MN N
D B B B B N NMNMM NMNMM M MM
MM MM MM MM MM MM MMMM MM MM MN N
MM MN MN MN
B B B B B NMNMMM MM
NMNMM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM
MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM
N QR
N NMNMM NMNMM MM MM MM
MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM QQ
Q
D B B B B
B B B B B NMNMM MM
NMNMM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM QQ
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B
N NMNMM NMNMM MM MM MM QQ EF
B B B B B B N N N M RQ EE
D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E E EF
B B B B B B B B B B F EE E EE
D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE
E EF
B B B B B B B B B B FE EE
D B B B B B B B B B B EE
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E E EF VDI ADI ANO APA
B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE EE
D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE
B B B B B B B B B B B B E EE E EF B - - 6 -
B B B B B B B B B B B B B FE EE C - 3 - -
D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E E F
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EEE EE D - 3 6 -
B B B B B B B B B B EE
D B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B E EE EF E - 4 - -
B B B B B B B B B B EE EE
D B B B B B B B B B F E E F - 4 6 -
B B B B B B B B B B E F
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE G 1 - - 5
B B B B B B B B B B FE EE
D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EF H 1 - 6 5
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE
D B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B FE EE I 1 3 - 5
B B B B B B B B B B EE EF
B B B B B B B B B B FE E E J 1 3 6 5
B B B B B B B B B B E EE
D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE F K 1 4 - 5
B B B B B B B B B B FE EE L 1 4 6 5
D B B B B B B B B B
B B B
B B B B B EE F
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE M 2 - - 5
D B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B B B B B B FE E EE N 2 - 6 5
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EF
B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE EE O 2 3 - 5
D B B B B B B B B B B B B E EE F
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B E E E P 2 3 6 5
B B B B B B B B B B B F EE EE Q 2 4 - 5
D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE F
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EE EE R 2 4 6 5
D B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B FE E EE
B B B B B B B E F
B B B B B B B B B B B B B F EE
E EE
B B B B B B B B B B EE
D B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B E EE E F
B B B B B FE E E
D B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B E EE
B B B B B E EF
J H H H H
B B B B B
B B B B B
B B B B B FE EE
H H H H H B B B B B B B B B E E E F
B B B B B E
H H H H H B B B B B B F EE EE
H H H H H B B B B B EE KL
H H H H H B B B B B EE KK
H H H H H FE KK
H H H H H K
H H H H H KK
LK
Generating the data file, running ADINA EM, loading the porthole file
that the Max Memory for Solution is at least 30 MB, then click Save. When ADINA EM is
finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-
Processing (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file
prob53.
Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Save Mesh Plot Style icon . (We save
the mesh plot style so that we don’t have to repeat the above step for each plot.)
53-4 ADINA Primer

Electric potential plot: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to
(Electromagnetic:VPT) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
VPT
TIME 1.000
2.520
2.340
2.160
1.980
1.800
1.620
1.440
1.260
1.080
0.900
0.720
0.540
0.360
0.180
0.000
MAXIMUM
2.500
NODE 1
MINIMUM
0.000
NODE 821
Magnetic vector potential plot: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon to plot
the mesh outline. Click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to APT, and
click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
Comparison with analytical solutions
We want to compare the electric potential and magnetic vector potential with analytic
solutions along given vertical and horizontal lines. Since the mesh is mapped, it is
straightforward to define node lines corresponding to these lines. It is also straightforward to
determine the analytical solutions at points along these lines.
Thus, for the vertical line, we will define a node line VL for the nodes along the vertical line,
and we will define a user data V for the analytical electric potential along the vertical line.
For the horizontal line, we will define a node line AL for the nodes along the horizontal line,
and we will define a user data A for the magnetic potential along the horizontal line.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
APT
TIME 1.000
4.000
3.500
3.000
2.500
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
We have put the definitions of VL, AL, V and A into batch file prob53_1.plo. Choose
and click Open. You can examine the definitions of lines VL and AL by choosing
DefinitionsModel LineNode, and you can examine the definitions of V and A by
choosing GraphDefine User Data.
Analytical solution comparison for electric potential: Click the Clear icon , choose
GraphResponse Curve (Model Line), set the Model Line Name to VL, set the Y Coordinate
Variable to (Electromagnetic: VPT) and click OK. Now choose GraphPlot User Data, set
the Data Name to V and the Plot Name to PREVIOUS, then click OK. The graphics window
It is of course possible to customize the curve legends and axes labels as shown in primer
problem 2.
Analytical solution comparison for magnetic vector potential: Click the Clear icon ,
choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line), set the Model Line Name to AL, set the Y
Coordinate Variable to (Electromagnetic: APT-Z) and click OK. Now choose GraphPlot
User Data, set the Data Name to A and the Plot Name to PREVIOUS, then click OK. The
53-6 ADINA Primer

LINE GRAPH
2.5
Line VL
2.0
1.5
VPT
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
DISTANCE
LINE GRAPH
3.
Line AL
A
2.
1.
0.
APT-Z
-1.
-2.
-3.
-4.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
DISTANCE
Listing of results: Choose ListValue ListModel Line, set the Model Line Name to VL,
set the Variables to List to (Electromagnetic: VPT) and click Apply. The electric potentials
on the node line are displayed. Similarly, set the Model Line Name to AL, set the first
variable to (Electromagnetic: APT-Y) and the second variable to (Electromagnetic: APT-Z),
then click Apply. The components of magnetic potential are displayed.

53-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity
Problem description
In this problem, we analyze microwave heating in a cavity. In part 1, we analyze the harmonic
electromagnetic field resonance in a two-dimensional cavity and demonstrate the following
topics:
 Setting up a harmonic electromagnetic model in ADINA EM

 Defining an electromagnetic material
 Applying electromagnetic boundary conditions
 Setting up a three dimensional electromagnetic model in ADINA EM

 Setting up a thermal model in ADINA CFD coupled with electromagnetic fields
 Plotting the Joule heating effect caused by the harmonic electromagnetic fields
We assume that you have worked through problem 1 to 53, or have equivalent experience with
the AUI.
Before you begin
Please refer to the Icon Locator Tables chapter of the Primer for the locations of all of the AUI
icons. Please refer to the Hints chapter of the Primer for useful hints.
This model cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because there
are too many nodes in the model.
You need to allocate 400 MB to ADINA EM in the first part of the analysis, and at least 1000
MB to ADINA CFD+EM in the second part of the analysis.
Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob54a_1.in,
prob54b_1.in, prob54b_2.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer
Part 1: Resonance in a 2D cavity

Defining the model
In this part, the problem of a 2D cavity excited by an electric field is demonstrated. The model
geometry and main physical properties are shown in the figure on the next page.

0.26
All length in meters
Electromagentic material:
Permittivity: ε = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
Permeability: μ = 1.256637 x 10-6 H/m
Excitation port
Conductivity: s = 0.0
0.26 0.0867 feed with electric
field E0=1000V/m
Excitation frequency:
1.225~3.675GHz
0.0867
Perfect conducting walls
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA EM.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 54a: Electromagnetic fields in

2D resonant cavity” and click OK.
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Harmonic.
EM analysis setting: Choose ModelAnalysis Settings, set the Model Type to "2D E-H model
on magnetic plane", verify that the analysis type is set to Harmonic, set the Frequency Value to
1.53938E10, and the Frequency Time Function to 1, and also set the Tolerance for Residuals to
1E-9. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Frequency sweep time function: Choose ControlTime Function, edit the table to read as
follows, then click OK.
Time Value
0.0 0.5
20.0 1.5
54-2 ADINA Primer

Time steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK.

20 1.0
We have put the model geometry definitions into file prob54a_1.in. Choose FileOpen
Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob54a_1.in and click Open.
TIME 20.00 Z
X Y
Click the Manage Materials icon , add Material 1, set the Permittivity (Epsilon) to
8.85E-12, the Permeability (Mu) to 1.256637E-6, make sure that the Conductivity (Sigma) is
0.0, and click OK.
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add Element Group 1, verify that the Type
is 2-D Electromagnetic, the material is 1, and both Electric Effects and Magnetic Effects are
checked. Then click OK to close the dialog box.

Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , verify that the Element Group is 1, the Meshing Type
is Rule-Based, and the Nodes per Element is 4. Enter 1 to 10 in the first ten rows of the table,
then click OK to close the dialog box. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 20.00 Z
X Y
Note that every EM boundary condition must be applied onto boundary geometry with
continuous curvature, except the Dirichlet condition (see detailed explanation in Section 5.1.2
of the ADINA EM Theory and Modeling Guide).
Electric Field Intensity Dirichlet boundary conditions: Choose ModelBoundary

Conditions..., add boundary condition 1 and verify that the Type is Dirichlet. Make sure that the
Variable Type is Electric Field Intensity and set the Real part to 1000. Make sure that the
Direction Type is "VECTOR, D0", and set DX to 1. Then make sure the boundary condition is
applied to Lines, and enter 19 in the first row of the table. Click Save.
EM Parallel boundary condition on electric field intensity: We will now add the EM Parallel
boundary conditions. Add the boundary conditions in the table below, with the Type set to
Parallel, the Variable Type set to Electric Field Intensity and the Real Part set to 0.0.
Boundary Lines
condition
number
2 1, 5, 8
3 4, 13, 23
4 22, 25, 27
5 9, 26
6 18, 20
54-4 ADINA Primer

(Note that each of these boundary conditions is the same physical boundary condition, applied
to different groups of lines.)
this:
TIME 20.00 Z
C
CDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
E
C
C E
E X Y
C D D D E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C EFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFG
H
C
C G
G
C F G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C G
G
C
C FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFH
E
C
C E
E
C E F
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E
C
C E
E EDI EPA
C
C E
E
C
C E
E B - 2
C
C E
E
C
C E
E C - 3
C
C E
E
C
C E
E D - 4
C
C E
E E - 5
C
C E
E
C
C E
E F - 6
C
C E
E G 1 -
C E
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBE
C E H 1 6
B B B
Generating the data file, running ADINA EM, loading the porthole file
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob54a. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob54a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, set
the Maximum Memory for Solution to at least 400 MB, and click Save.
ADINA EM runs for 20 steps.
When ADINA EM is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down
porthole file prob54a.
Save mesh plot defaults: We will create plots of the results within the enclosure. As the
underlying mesh plots will all have the same appearance, we set the appearance of the first mesh
plot, then set the defaults to that appearance. Click the Model Outline icon , then click the
Save Mesh Plot Style icon .

First we would like to check the electric and magnetic field intensities at three frequencies
inside the resonant cavity: f  2.2, 2.45, 2.7 GHz , which correspond to time steps 8, 10 and 12
respectively (note that the angular frequency is entered in the input to this model, which equals
2 times the frequency we used here).
Electric field intensity: Use the Previous Solution and Next Solution icons ( and ) to
change the solution time to 8.0 (corresponding to frequency 2.2 GHz). Click the Create Band
Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Electromagnetic: EFI-RX) (real part of electric
field intensity in x-direction) and click OK. (In the present EM harmonic model, the imaginary
part of electric field intensity is trivial.) The graphics window should look something like this:
Then click the Next Solution icon twice to change the solution time to 10.0 (corresponding
to frequency 2.45 GHz). Notice that the band table scaling doesn't change. To rescale the band
table, click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table... button, and in the Value
Range box, set Maximum and Minimum to Automatic, then click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
54-6 ADINA Primer

to frequency 2.7 GHz). Repeat the above instructions to rescale the band table. The graphics

We can also list out the instantaneous electric field at a specific phase angle. Choose
ListValue ListZone, set the first variable to (Electromagnetic: EFI-X) and click the ...
button to the right of the Result Control field. In the Define Result Control Depiction dialog
box, set the Phase Angle (degrees) field to 45 and click OK. In the List Zone Values dialog box,
set the Response Option to Single Response and click the ... button to the right of the Response
field. In the Define Response dialog box, set the Solution time to Latest and click OK. In the
List Zone Values dialog box, click Apply. The listing displays the electric field intensity in the
x-direction over the whole domain for frequency 3.675 GHz (corresponds to solution at time
20). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Magnetic field intensity: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon , then use the
Previous Solution and Next Solution icons ( and ) to change the solution time to 8.0.
Click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI-I (imaginary part of
magnetic field intensity vector) and click OK. (In the present EM harmonic model, the real part
of magnetic field intensity is trivial.) The graphics window should look something like this:
to frequency 2.45 GHz). Notice that the vector scaling doesn't change. To replot the vectors,
click the Modify Vector Plot icon , click the Rendering... button, set the Scale Option to
Automatic and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look
54-8 ADINA Primer

Follow the same procedure to create the vector plot for HMI-I at time 12.0. The graphics

Frequency sweep movie show: It is very convenient to show the electromagnetic responses at
different frequencies in a single animation. Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon
, then use the Previous Solution and Next Solution icons ( and ) to change the
solution time to 1.0. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to
(Electromagnetic: EFI-RX) and click OK. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , and the Band
Table... button, uncheck the Freeze Range field, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create a movie showing the real part of the electric field
intensity at different times and hence at different frequencies. To play back the movie, click the
Animate icon or choose DisplayAnimate. Click the Refresh icon to clear the
animation.
Part 2: Microwave heating in a 3D cavity

In this part, we will extend the 2D cavity analysis in the previous part to 3D and include the
Joule heating effect. The sketch of this 3D model is as follows:
sample
to be heated
Cube
port for
cube electric field
excitation
Electromagentic material: 0.0867 0.0867
Permittivity: ε = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m
Permeability: μ = 1.256637 x 10-6 H/m cube
Conductivity: s = 0.0
Excitation frequency:
f=2.45GHz
oven
0.26
Choosing the finite element program
Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA EM (you can discard all changes).
54-10 ADINA Primer

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter “Problem 54b: 3D microwave heating” and
click OK.
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to "Harmonic", and set the Multiphysics
Coupling drop-down list to "with CFD".
We also need to change the analysis type for ADINA CFD. Set the Program Module
drop-down list to ADINA CFD and set the Analysis Type drop-down list to "Transient". Make
sure that the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list is set to "with EM". Now set the Program
Module drop-down list back to ADINA EM.
EM analysis settings: Choose ModelElectromagneticSettings, set the Model Type to "3D

E-H model", verify the analysis type is set to Harmonic, set the Frequency Value to
1.53938E10, set the Tolerance for Residuals to 1E-9, set the 'Electromagnetic Force Applied' to
None, and then click OK to close the dialog box. Choose ControlSolution Process, click the
Outer Iteration... button, then click the Advanced Settings... button. Set the Equation Residual
to All and the two Tolerance fields to 1E-6. Click OK three times to close all dialog boxes.
Time Steps: Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table to read as follows, then click OK.

1000 1.0
We have put the model geometry definitions into file prob54b_1.in. Choose FileOpen
Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob54b_1.in and click Open.

TIME 1000. Z
Y X
Defining the electromagnetic boundary conditions
We have put the electromagnetic boundary condition definitions into file prob54b_2.in.
prob54b_2.in and click Open. When you click the Boundary Plot icon , the graphics
TIME 1000. Z
Y X
D D
D D D
D D V V V P
1 2 3
B E B
D C
B E D
E
B E E F
B G
E H
H B B E E
EDI EPA
E B - 2
C - 3
B E D - 4
E - 5
F - 6
G - 7
H 1 -
Defining the boundary conditions on the fluid
Temperature boundary condition: Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , add
boundary condition 8 and set the Type to Heat Transfer Convection. Set the Convection
Coefficient Function Multiplier to 5.0, and set the Environment Temperature Function
Multiplier to 293.0. Then make sure that the “Apply to” field is set to Faces/Surfaces, enter 29,
54-12 ADINA Primer

50, 56, 60, 61, 62 in the first column of the table, then click OK. When you click the Redraw
TIME 1000. Z
Y X
D D
D D D
D D V V V P
1 2 3
B E B
D C
B E D
E
B E E F
B G
E H
I
H B B E E
CNV EDI EPA
E
B - - 2
B C - - 3
E D - - 4
E - - 5
F - - 6
G - - 7
H - 1 -
I 8 - -
Defining initial conditions on the fluid
Initial temperature over heating sample: Choose ModelInitial Conditions

Define, add condition TINIT, and, in the table, set the first row to TEMPERATURE, 293. Click
Save, then Apply... . In the Apply Initial Conditions dialog box, set the 'Apply to' field to
Volumes, then set the first row of the table to 14. Click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Fluid: Click the Manage Materials icon , click the Laminar button and add material 1. Set
the Viscosity to 0.1, the Density to 1120, the Thermal Conductivity to 1.381 and the Specific
Heat at Constant Pressure to 153.1. Click OK, then Close, to close both dialog boxes.
Electromagnetic: Choose ModelElectromagneticMaterial Constant, add material 1, set the

Permittivity (Epsilon) to 7.08E-11, the Permeability (Mu) to 1.256637E-6, the Conductivity
(Sigma) to 1.3, and click Save. Then add material 2, set the Permittivity(Epsilon) to 8.85E-12,
the Permeability(Mu) to 1.256637E-6, the Conductivity(Sigma) to 0.0, and click OK.
Element groups: Click the Element Groups icon , add Element Group 1, set the Type to 3-D
Fluid/EM, make sure that the default material is 1, and check both the Electric Effects and
Magnetic Effects fields. Set the Element Option to Solid, and set the Electromagnetic Material
to 1. Click Save.

Now add element group 2, verify that the Type is 3-D Fluid/EM, uncheck the Fluid Element
field and check both the Electric Effects and Magnetic Effects fields. Set the Electromagnetic
Material to 2, then click OK to close the dialog box.
Meshing: Click the Mesh Volumes icon , set the Element Group to 1, enter 14 in the first
row of the table and click Apply. Now set the Element Group to 2, input Volumes 1 to 28
except 14 into the Volumes to be Meshed table, and click OK.
TIME 1000. Z
DG
DG Y X
DD
DD DG
DG
DD
DDDD DD
DD DG
DGGG
DDDDDDDD
DD DD
DDDD
DDDD DD
DDDD
DDGG
DD
D D DDDDDDD
DDD
DD
DD DD
DD
GG
DDDDDDDDDD DDD DD
DD DD
DDDD
DDGG
DD
D D D D D D D D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDD
DDDDGG
DDDDDDGG
D D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
D D D D D D D D D DD
DD D DDDDGG V V V P
DD DDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDD DDDDDDGG 1 2 3
D D D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D D DDDD DDDDDDGG
DD D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D DD
DD DD
DD D DDDEG B
CDB DDD DDD DDD DDDDD
DDD
DDD
DDD
D
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DD D D D DDDD DDDDD EEG
CBBBDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D
DDDDDDDDDD
D D D DD DDD
DD DDEE EEG C
CBBBBBDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDEEEEEE G D
CBBBBBBBDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEE
D D D EEEEEE G
EG
CBBBBBBBBBDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEE EE
EE
EEEE EG E
CBBBBBBBBBBBDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DEEEEEEE EE EE
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEE
D D EEG F
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E G
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EG
EE
EE G
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDDDDDD D E E E E E E E E E
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEG G
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBDDDD EEEE H
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEE EEEEEE
EE EE
EE EE
EE
E EEEEEEEEEG
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEG
CBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEE EE EE EEEE EE I
C BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEE EEEE EEEE EE EEEEEEEEEG
EE
CB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEE EE EE
EEEE
EE
EEEE EE
EEEEEEEG J
IB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEE EE
EEE EEEE EEEEEE
EEEEEG
I
I HI I BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E EEEEEEEEEEE
EG
IH HHI I BBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E
EEEE
EE
EEEE
EE
EEEG
I HHHHHI I BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EE EE G
I HHHHHHHI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E EEEE
EE G CNV EDI EPA
IH HHHHHHI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEG
I HHHHHHHI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E G B - - 2
IH HHHHHHI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EG
I I HHH HHHHI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE G C - - 3
I I HHHHI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
I I HHI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE D - - 4
I I I BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
I FBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE E - - 5
FFBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
FFBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEE F - - 6
FFBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEE
FFBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEE G - - 7
FFBBBBEEEEEEE H - 1 -
FFBBEEEEE
FFEEE I - 1 2
E
J 8 - -
Generating the data file, running ADINA CFD+EM, loading the porthole file
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob54b. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob54b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked, set
the Maximum Memory for Solution to at least 1000 MB (and preferably to at least 4500 MB),
and click Save.
ADINA CFD+EM runs for 1000 steps. The first step takes most of the solution time.
When ADINA CFD+EM is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module
We want to create plots of the results within the cavity. So we will define a cutting plane, then
change the view and remove all of the cutplane interior lines.
54-14 ADINA Primer

Cutting plane: Click the Cut Surface icon . Set the Type to Cutting Plane, set “Defined
by” to Y-Plane and uncheck the Display the Plane(s) field. Then set 'Below the Cutplane' and
'Above the Cutplane' to 'Do Not Display'. Click OK to close the dialog box.
View and cutting plane interior lines: Click the XZ View icon and the Model Outline
icon .
Save mesh plot defaults: We will use this mesh plot appearance for several plots, so we save the
mesh plot defaults so that we don’t have to repeat the above steps for each plot. Click the Save
Mesh Plot Style icon .
Electric field intensity: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to
(Electromagnetic: EFI-RY) (Real part of electric field intensity in y-direction) and click OK.

Magnetic field intensity: Click the Clear Band Plot icon , then click the Create Vector Plot
icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI-R (real part of magnetic field intensity vector) and
Click the Modify Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI-I (imaginary part of
magnetic field intensity vector) and click OK. The graphics window should look something
like this:
54-16 ADINA Primer

You can also show the magnetic field intensity at a specific phase angle. Click the Modify
Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to HMI (magnetic field intensity vector) and click
the Result Control... button. In the Define Result Control dialog box, set the Phase Angle
(degrees) to 120 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should
Temperature distribution: Now click the Reset Mesh Plot Style icon , then click the Clear
icon and the Mesh Plot icon . In the Model Tree, expand the Zone entry, right-click 2.
EG1 and choose Display. We will show the temperature distribution of the heated sample.
Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot
Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look
You can see the temperature gradient over the surface of the heated sample. This is due to the
non-uniformity of the electric field distribution. You can also generate a movie for temperature
distribution over time, by clicking the Movie Load Step icon , and then the Animate icon
. Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.

Solution at node 401: First we need to define a model point at a node. Choose
DefinitionsModel PointNode, add point N401, set the Node # to 401 and click OK.
Temperature vs. time graph: We can plot the temperature at node 401 as a function of time.
Click the Clear icon , then choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Point), make sure that
the Y Coordinate Variable is TEMPERATURE and the Y Coordinate Model Point is N401,
then click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
RESPONSE GRAPH
340.
TEMPERATURE,
N401
335.
330.
325.
320.
TEMPERATURE, N401
315.
310.
305.
300.
295.
290.
0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. 450. 500. 550. 600. 650. 700. 750. 800. 850. 900. 950. 1000.
TIME
54-18 ADINA Primer

List solution at node 401: We want to list the electromagnetic and temperature solutions at node
401. Choose ListValue ListModel Point, set the Variables to List to (Temperature:
TEMPERATURE), (Electromagnetic: EFI_MAGNITUDE), (Electromagnetic:
HMI_MAGNITUDE), then click Apply. Click Close to close the dialog box.

54-20 ADINA Primer

Problem 55: Bar buckling due to axial Lorentz force
Problem description
We determine the buckling load of a bar under an axial Lorentz force. The electromagnetic
field coupled with the solid structure will exert an axial distributed load along the bar. The
bar will then buckle at some loading when we increase the electromagnetic Lorentz body
force along the bar.
10
Compressive Lorentz Force 0.2
Structure: Elastic Material Electromagentic material:

-6
Young's Modulus: E = 1.0 x 108 N/m2 Permeability: m = 1.25 x 10 H/m
Poisson Ratio: n = 0.0 Conductivity: s = 1.0 x 106 S/m
To ease the comparison of the buckling load with the analytical critical solution for
distributed axial loading, we make the electric field constant and the magnetic field vary
linearly with tiny variation along the whole bar.
In this problem solution, we use an electromagnetic model, coupled with a solid structure
model. The electromagnetic model is entered as an ADINA EM model, and the solid model
is entered as an ADINA Structures model. The analysis itself is performed as a one-way
coupled analysis between ADINA Structures and ADINA EM, similar to one-way FSI
coupling. We will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in previous
problems:
 Performing an electromagnetic-structure coupling analysis in which separate AUI

databases are used for the solid and electromagnetic models.
 Running a one-way coupling analysis between ADINA EM and ADINA Structure
models.
 Determining the bar buckling load using a load-displacement plot.
Before you begin

900 nodes version does not include ADINA Structures/EM.
Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob55_1.in, prob55_2.in.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 55: Bar buckling
under axial Lorentz body force -- Structure” and click OK.
Multiphysics coupling: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with EM".
Model definition
As this model is similar to other structural models, we put the rest of the structural model
definition into batch file prob55_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working
directory or folder, select the file prob55_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
FORCE
TIME 1.000
0.1000
B
B
B
B
B
B
U U
2 3
B - -
55-2 ADINA Primer

The load shown on the plot is a small transverse perturbation force used to trigger the
buckling.
We can confirm that the element group has electromagnetic coupling. Click the Element
Groups icon , click the Advanced tab and notice that "Includes Electromagnetic
Coupling" is checked. Click Cancel to close the dialog box.
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob55_a. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob55_a, uncheck the Run Solution button and click Save.
ADINA EM model
Choosing the finite element program
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), and set the Program Module drop-
down list to ADINA EM.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 55: Bar buckling
under axial Lorentz body force --- EM” and click OK.
Analysis assumptions: Choose ModelAnalysis Settings, set the Model Type to "2D E-H
model on electric plane", verify that the Analysis Type is Static, set the Tolerance for
Residuals to 1E-9, and click OK.
Model definition
As this model is similar to ADINA EM models shown in previous problems, we put the rest
of the EM model definition into batch file prob55_2.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate
to the working directory or folder, select the file prob55_2.in and click Open. The graphics
Generating the ADINA EM model data file
Click the Save icon and save the database to file prob55_e. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob55_e, make sure that the Run Solution button is unchecked
and click Save.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
FDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDE
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C D B
I GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGH
C B
G
EDI EPA HDI HNO

B - - - 4
C - - 3 -
D - 2 - -
E - 2 - 4
F - 2 3 -
G 1 - - -
H 1 - - 4
I 1 - 3 -
Running ADINA Structures/EM
Choose SolutionRun ADINA Structures/EM, click the Start button, select file prob55_e,
then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob55_a. The File name field should display
both file names in quotes. Set the "Run" field to "EM Only", then click Start.
The EM problem runs for 100 steps.
Click Close to close the ADINA Structures/EM dialog box.
Choose SolutionRun ADINA Structures (not SolutionRun ADINA Structures/EM), click

the Start button, select file prob55_a, set “Run” to “One-Way FSI”, then click Start.
The structural problem runs for 100 steps.
Close all open dialog boxes.
Examining the electromagnetic solution
click the Open icon and open porthole file prob55_e.
55-4 ADINA Primer

Save mesh plot defaults: Click the Model Outline icon and the Save Mesh Plot Style icon
.
Electric field: Click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to EFI and click
OK. Use the and icons to change the solution time to study in detail how the
electric field changes as a function of time. Notice that the electric field is constant within the
structure for each time. For time 0.82, the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 0.8200 EFI Z

TIME 0.8200
X Y
0.001320
0.001857
0.001571
0.001286
0.001000
0.000714
0.000429
0.000143
When you are finished using these icons, click the Last Solution icon to display the last
solution.
Magnetic field: Click the Clear Vector Plot icon , click the Create Band Plot icon , set
the variable to (Electromagnetic: HMI-X) and click OK. (HMI-X is the x component of the
magnetic field intensity.) Use the and icons to change the solution time. At time
0.82, the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.

TIME 0.8200 Z
HMI-X
X Y
TIME 0.8200
2102400.
2100600.
2098800.
2097000.
MAXIMUM
2095200. 2103200.
NODE 1010
2093400.
MINIMUM
2091600. 2090000.
NODE 1
Examining the structural solution
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open
porthole file prob55_a.
Bar structure deflection: Click the Model Outline icon , the Show Original Mesh icon
, then click the Create Band Plot icon , set the variable to (Displacement:
DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE) and click OK. The graphics window should look
The bar deformation after the buckling is caused by the electromagnetic Lorentz force in the
original axial direction of the bar, which does not change direction with deformation.
Use the icons that change the solution time (for example, the and icons) to study in
detail how the bar displaces from its original position.
Effective stress in the structure : Click the Clear Band Plot icon and then click the Quick
Band Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like the bottom figure on
the next page.
55-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
DISPLACEMENT
MAGNITUDE
TIME 1.000
10.40
8.80
7.20
5.60
4.00
2.40
0.80
MAXIMUM
11.83
NODE 51
MINIMUM
0.000
NODE 607
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
4333333.
3666667.
3000000.
2333333.
1666667.
1000000.
333333.
MAXIMUM
4633208.
EG 1, EL 1, IPT 33 (4380710.)
MINIMUM
23.09
EG 1, EL 50, IPT 13 (59.07)

Determining the buckling load
To show the buckling load, we can graph the displacement of a node at the tip of the bar.
Define model point: Choose DefinitionsModel PointNode, add model point N51, set the
node # to 51 and click OK.
Model Point displacement graph: Click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve
(Model Point), set the Y Coordinate Variable to (Displacement:
DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE), then click OK. The graphics window should look
RESPONSE GRAPH
12.
DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE,
11. N51
10.
9.
DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE, N51
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
0.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
TIME
The bar buckles around time 0.5, which corresponds to an axial distributed line loading of
104.5 (N/m). This value compares well with the analytical buckling load of 104.49.
55-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel
Problem description
We determine the fluid flow driven by an electromagnetic Lorentz force and the deformation
of a very thin flexible structure within a two-dimensional channel, as shown:
100
H = 2.0´104 A/cm at inlet

Pressure 0.05 Pressure
at inlet 30 E = 4.0´10-6 V/cm 40 at outlet
p = 0.0 p = 0.0
15
All lengths in centimeters Electromagnetic material:

-8
Permeability: m = 1.25´10 H/cm
Structure: Elastic material 5
Conductivity: s = 1.0´10 S/cm
Young’s modulus: E = 1.0´106 dyne/cm2
Poisson’s ratio: n = 0.3 Fluid material:
Viscosity: m = 0.17 g/cm-s
Density: r = 20.0 g/cm3
In this problem solution, we use an electromagnetic model, coupled with a fluid model for the
fluid in the channel, and a solid model for the cantilever structure, which in turn is coupled to
the fluid model. The electromagnetic model is entered as an ADINA EM model, the fluid
model is entered as an ADINA CFD model and the solid model is entered as an ADINA
Structures model. The analysis itself is performed as a fully coupled analysis between
ADINA Structures, ADINA CFD and ADINA EM, however, only two data files are
generated, since the ADINA CFD and ADINA EM models share the same data file.
This problem is somewhat similar to primer problem 18. Therefore we have put much of the
input for this problem into batch files. Please refer to primer problem 18 for an example in
which the user interface is used to define the input.
We will demonstrate the following topics in this problem solution:
 Performing an electromagnetics/fluid-structure-interaction (EM/FSI) analysis in which

separate AUI databases are used for the solid and fluid + electromagnetic models.
 Switching between ADINA Structures, ADINA EM and ADINA CFD models
 Setting up the sparse solver for moving mesh in FSI iteration
 Defining a slipping boundary

Before you begin
900 nodes version does not include ADINA FSI/EM.
Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following files: prob56_1.in, prob56_2.in,
prob56_3.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working

We put the entire structural model definition, including the generation of the data file, into
batch file prob56_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or
folder, select the file prob56_1.in and click Open. The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000
Z
X Y
U U
2 3
B B B - -
B
56-2 ADINA Primer

ADINA CFD/ADINA EM model
Click the New icon to create a new database (you can discard all changes). Set the
Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD.
Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, enter the heading “Problem 56:

electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel --- Fluid + EM” and click OK.
Multiphysics coupling: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with Structures &
EM". The AUI displays a warning message. Click OK to close the warning message.
Plane), uncheck the Includes Heat Transfer button and click OK.
Solution iteration: Choose ControlSolution Process, click the Outer Iteration... button, then
click the Advanced Settings... button. In the Outer Iteration Advanced Settings dialog box,
set the Equation Residual to All and verify that the Tolerance is 0.0001. Also set the
Tolerance for Variable Residual to 0.0001. Set the "Solver for Moving Mesh" to Sparse, and
also set "Maximum Iterations In Velocity-Pressure Loop within VPT Loop" to 5. Click OK
three times to close all three dialog boxes.
Fluid structure interaction: Click the Coupling Options icon , verify that the FSI Solution
Coupling is Iterative, set the "Maximum Number of Fluid-Structure Iterations" to 30, and
click OK.
Defining the ADINA CFD model
We have put much of the ADINA CFD model definition into batch file prob56_2.in:
► Specification of physical traction boundary condition

► Time stepping
► Time functions
► Model geometry
► Fluid material
► Fluid boundary conditions
► Meshing
the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
C C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C
C C C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B V V P
C C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C C C C C 2 3
C C B
C - -
D - -
FSI
B 1
C -
D 1
Element group 1 is used to model the fluid (including electromagnetic effects) and element
group 2 is used to model the electromagnetic effects in the structure. Click the Element
Groups icon and observe that element group 1 has "Fluid Element", "Electric Effects"
and "Magnetic Effects" checked, and that element group 2 has just "Electric Effects" and
"Magnetic Effects" checked.
Defining slipping boundary and leader-follower relationships
To keep good mesh quality, we want the points 2 and 3 moving along the lines 1, 2 and 3. So
we define a slipping boundary along the lines 1, 2 and 3, and then define two pairs of leader-
follower points.
Choose MeshingALE Mesh ConstraintsSlipping Boundary, add boundary # 1, enter 1, 2,

3 in the first three rows of the table and click OK. Then choose MeshingALE Mesh
ConstraintsLeader-Follower and, in the table, enter the following leader-follower point
pairs and click OK.
Label Leader Follower

Point Point
1 7 3
2 6 2
56-4 ADINA Primer

Defining the ADINA EM model
Electromagnetic assumptions: Choose ModelElectromagneticSettings, set the Model

Type to "2D E-H model on magnetic plane" and click OK.
We have put much of the ADINA EM model definition into batch file prob56_3.in:
► Electromagnetic material
► Electromagnetic boundary conditions
prob56_3.in and click Open. The boundary conditions table plotted in the graphics window
becomes much larger. Use the mouse to move the table entirely into the graphics window.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
V V P
2 3
B
C
D
E
F - -
G - -
H
C F F F F FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF F F F F F F F F F B G H - -
C
C F F F B
B I - -
C
C B
B J - -
C
C B
B
C B K - -
C
C B
B L - -
C
C B
B
C
C B
B
C B FSI EDI ENO HDI HNO HPA
C
C B
B B - - 4 - 6 -
C
C B
B C - - 4 5 - -
C
C E
E B
B D - 2 - - - 7
C
C E
E B
B E 1 - - - - -
C
C E
E B
B F - - 3 - - 7
C
C E
E B
B G - - 4 - 6 7
C
C E B H - - 4 5 - 7
K I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IIIIIE
IIIIIIIIIIIII I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I B
L
D J I - 2 - - - 7
J - 2 4 - 6 7
I D I K - 2 4 5 - 7
L 1 2 - - - 7
Generating the ADINA CFD and ADINA EM models in a single data file, saving the
ADINA-IN database
Click the Save icon and save the database file to file prob56_e. Click the Data File/
Solution icon , set the file name to prob56_e, make sure that the Run Solution button is
unchecked and click Save.

Running ADINA FSI/EM
Choose SolutionRun ADINA FSI/EM, click the Start button, select file prob56_e, then
hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob56_a. The File name field should display both file
names in quotes. Then click Start. When ADINA-FSI/EM finishes, close all open dialog
boxes.
Examining the structural solution

click the Open icon and open porthole file prob56_a.
Cantilevered structure deflection: Click the Show Original Mesh icon , then click the
Create Band Plot icon , set the Variable to (Displacement:
DISPLACEMENT_MAGNITUDE) and click OK. The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
DISPLACEMENT
MAGNITUDE
TIME 1.000
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
MAXIMUM
7.760
NODE 31
MINIMUM
0.000
NODE 1
56-6 ADINA Primer

Effective stress in the structure : Click the Show Original Mesh icon , then click the Clear
Band Plot icon and the Quick Band Plot icon . The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
EFFECTIVE
STRESS
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
3467.
2933.
2400.
1867.
1333.
800.
267.
MAXIMUM
3683.
EG 1, EL 1, IPT 22 (2249.)
MINIMUM
1.049
EG 1, EL 15, IPT 12 (2.384)
Examining the electromagnetic and fluid flow solutions
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open
porthole file prob56_e.
Electric field: Click the Model Outline icon , then click the Create Band Plot icon ,
set the variable to (Electromagnetic: EFI-X) and click OK. The electric field should be
constant.
Magnetic field: Click the Clear icon and the Mesh Plot icon . Click the Create Band
Plot icon , set the variable to (Electromagnetic: HMI_MAGNITUDE) and click OK. The
graphics window should look something like the top figure on the next page.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
HMI_MAGNITUDE
TIME 1.000
19998.
19992.
19986.
19980.
19974.
19968.
19962.
MAXIMUM
20000.
NODE 1428
MINIMUM
19960.
NODE 1021
Velocity vectors: Click the Clear icon , the Group Outline icon and the Quick Vector
Plot icon . Use the mouse to arrange the graphics until the graphics window looks
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 1.000
0.04969
0.04550
0.03850
0.03150
0.02450
0.01750
0.01050
0.00350
56-8 ADINA Primer

Pressure field: Click the Clear Vector Plot icon , then click the Quick Band Plot icon .
Use the mouse to rearrange the graphics until the graphics window looks something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
0.00267
0.00000
-0.00267
-0.00533
-0.00800
-0.01067
-0.01333
MAXIMUM
0.003410
NODE 2149
MINIMUM
-0.01454
NODE 1562

56-10 ADINA Primer

Problem 57: DCB delamination test using a 2D cohesive interface
Problem description
The figure shows a double cantilever beam (DCB) of a composite material, subjected to
displacement loads at its ends.
All lengths in mm. Not drawn to scale.

u Plane strain conditions, 20 mm thick.
b 1.5
a
1.5
-u
30
100
Material properties: Eaa =135300 N/mm2 Interface properties: GIC =0.28 N/mm
Ebb =Ecc =9000 N/mm2 t n=57 N/mm2
Gab =5200 N/mm2
nab =nac =0.24
nbc =0.46
We are interested in the force-deflection curve, considering delamination of the material.
This problem can be found in the following reference:
G. Alfano and M. A. Crisfield, "Finite element interface models for the delamination
analysis of laminated composites: mechanical and computational issues", Int. J. Num.
Meth. Engng, 2001; 50; 1701-1736.
This problem involves only mode I delamination, thus only mode I interface properties are
required.
The Poisson's ratios require some discussion. In orthotropic analysis, there are two possible
conventions used for the Poisson's ratios. These are
 ba  ba  ab
1) eb   a, 
Ea Ea Eb
 ab  ba  ab
2) eb   a, 
Ea Eb Ea

In these formulas, eb is the strain in direction b due to a uniaxial stress  a . ADINA

Structures uses convention 1). The reference does not state which convention is used, but if
convention 1) is assumed, then the constitutive matrix is not positive-definite. Therefore we
suppose that convention 2) is used in the reference. When we transform the Poisson's ratios
from convention 2) to convention 1), we obtain  ab   ac  0.016 ,  bc  0.46 , and these
values will be used in the analysis.
• Defining an orthotropic material

• Defining cohesive interfaces
• Specifying low-speed dynamics
• Setting the Rayleigh damping factors for element groups
Before you begin
prob57_1.plo. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working
Model definition
► Problem heading
► Control data, including solution tolerances. This is a large displacement analysis. The
automatic time-stepping method is used. However, low-speed dynamics is not used (we
will turn on the low-speed dynamics option later.)
► Geometry points, lines, surfaces
► Subdivisions of the lines and surfaces
► Boundary conditions
► Loads. Prescribed displacements are used to model displacement-controlled loading.
► 100 time steps of size 0.01. The full displacement of 8 mm is applied at time 1.0.
57-2 ADINA Primer

► Element group 1, which is a plane strain element group. Note that in ADINA
Structures, only unit thickness is considered in plane strain analysis. Therefore the
reaction forces corresponding to the prescribed displacements need to be multiplied by
20 to obtain the force-deflection curve for the original problem.
For future reference, we give the geometry point, line and surface numbers that will be used
below:
Crack tip
P2 Not drawn to scale
b
a
L1 L2 L3 P7 L4
prob57_1.in and click Open. Use the Zoom icon and enlarge the region near the crack
tip (geometry point 7). The graphics window should look something like this:
P17 L10 P16
L11 S3 L12
L19
S2 P12 L21 P10
L20 S4 L22
P9 L2 P8 L3 P7
L27 S10 L29
S8 P15 L28 P13
L25
L15 S9 L16
P19 L14 P18
Material properties
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Elastic Orthotropic button. Add material
1, and, in the Young's Modulus box, set a to 135300, b to 9000 and c to 9000. In the Poisson
Ratio box, set ab to 0.016, ac to 0.016 and bc to 0.46. In the Shear Modulus box, set ab to
5200, then click OK. The AUI displays a warning message concerning GAC and GBC. Click
OK to close the warning message, then click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions
dialog box.

We also need to define the directions of the orthotropic axes. Choose ModelOrthotropic
Axes SystemsDefine, add System 1, set the "Vector Aligned with Local X-Axis" to (0, 1,
0), the "Vector Lying in the Local XY-Plane" to (0, 0, 1) and click OK. Now choose
ModelOrthotropic Axes SystemsAssign (Material), edit the table so that surfaces 1 to 12
are assigned axes-system 1 and click OK.
Nodes and elements
We would like to create node 1 at geometry point 2. (This will make it easier to post-process
the model since we can then plot the results for node 1.) Choose MeshingCreate Mesh
Point, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Now click the Mesh Surfaces icon , set the Nodes per Element to 4, enter 1 to 12 in the
first 12 rows of the table (you might want to use the Auto... button) and click OK. The
P17 L10 P16
L11 S3 L12
L19
S2 P12 L21 P10
L20 S4 L22
P9 L2 P8 L3 P7
L27 S10 L29
S8 P15 L28 P13
L25
L15 S9 L16
P19 L14 P18
Let's make sure that the orthotropic axes in the elements are correctly defined. Click the
Show Material Axes icon . The graphics window should look something like this:
P17 L10 P16

L11 S3 L12
L19
S2 P12 L21 P10
L20 S4 L22
P9 L2 P8 L3 P7
L27 S10 L29
S8 P15 L28 P13
L25
L15 S9 L16
P19 L14 P18
Notice that all of the axes point in the same direction. Click the Show Material Axes icon
again to hide the material axes.
57-4 ADINA Primer

Split definition
Up to this point, the mesh is compatible along lines 1, 2, 3, 4. In other words, there is only one
node at each station along these lines. We need to split the mesh along lines 1, 2, 3, so that
there are duplicate nodes at each station.
Choose ModelCohesive InterfaceSplit Interface and add Split Interface Number 1. Enter
1, 2, 3 in the first three rows in the table and click OK.
Cohesive interface definition
We need to define a cohesive interface along geometry line 4. Choose ModelCohesive

InterfaceDefine and add Cohesive Interface Number 1. Enter 4 in the first row of the table
and click OK.
Now choose ModelCohesive InterfaceProperties and add Property Set # 1. In the

Fracture Toughness box, set Mode I and Mode II to 0.28, and in the Cohesive Strength of
Interface box, set Normal and Shear to 57. Set the Penalty Stiffness to 1e6 and click OK.
(Note, for this problem, it is not necessary to set any of the parameters in the Mixed-Mode
Interaction box because this problem only undergoes Mode I delamination.)
P17 L10 P16
L11 S3 L12
L19
S2 P12 L21 P10
L20 S4 L22
P9 L2 P8 L3 P7
L27 S10 L29
S8 P15 L28 P13
L25
L15 S9 L16
P19 L14 P18
The cohesive interface is drawn with a thick line.

porthole file
click Save.
The program stops in step 21 with messages similar to
Mesh too distorted, Jacobian determinant not positive

Porthole file updated, nodal results saved
Porthole file updated, element results saved
*** Program stopped abnormally ***
*** Please see the *.out file for details ***
Close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you
Post-processing
TIME 0.2071 Z
X Y
Delamination has started to occur.
57-6 ADINA Primer

In order to obtain the force-deflection curve, we need to plot the reaction force at node 1 vs
the displacement at node 1. We have put the commands for plotting the force-deflection curve
in file prob57_1.plo. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder,
select the file prob57_1.plo and click Open. The AUI processes the commands in the batch
file. The graphics window should look something like this:
70.
ADINA
VCC
60.
50.
40.
Force (N)
30.
20.
10.
0.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Displacement (mm)
Curve VCC contains the results from Fig 12 of the reference, for the solution using the VCC
method. The comparison is very good for the range of solutions obtained by ADINA
Structures.
Pre-processing: low-speed dynamics
In order to obtain a solution for larger prescribed displacements, we need to activate the low-
speed dynamics option of the automatic time-stepping feature.
the File menu.
Click the Analysis Options icon and click the ... button to the right of the "Use Automatic
Time Stepping (ATS)" field. Set "Use Low-Speed Dynamics" to "On Element Groups" and
click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Now choose ControlAnalysis Assumptions

Rayleigh Damping, and, in the first row of the table, set the Element Group to 1, "Factor,
Alpha" to 0 and "Factor, Beta" to 1E-4 and click OK.
(If we had used the option "Use Low-Speed Dynamics = On Whole Model", then damping
would also have been applied to the cohesive interfaces.)
porthole file
The problem now runs for all 100 steps. Each step consists of two sub-steps since the Bathe
method of implicit time integration is used in low-speed dynamics.
Post-processing
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Significant delamination has occured.
57-8 ADINA Primer

Recall that we split the mesh along geometry lines 1 to 3. The plot shows that the mesh
splitting is correctly defined, with duplicate nodes along lines 1 to 3. In addition, the plot
shows that duplicate nodes were created along the cohesive interface line (line 4). (All of
these duplicate nodes were created during generation of the .dat file.)
Cohesive normal stress
Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Variable to (Stress:
COHESIVE_NORMAL_STRESS) and click OK. Use the Mesh Zoom icon to enlarge
the region of the mesh near the largest cohesive stress. The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
MAXIMUM X Y
56.21
CI 1, SEG 34, IPT 2
MINIMUM
-7.796
CI 1, SEG 27, IPT 2
COHESIVE
NORMAL
STRESS
TIME 1.000
49.50
40.50
31.50
22.50
13.50
4.50
-4.50
We observe that the highest normal stress occurs at the current location of the crack front.
Use the icons that change the solution time to observe the crack front location for different
solution times. Then click the Last Solution icon to display the last solution.
Cohesive damage
Click the Modify Band Plot icon and set the Variable to (Failure Criterion:
COHESIVE_DAMAGE). Click the Band Table... button, and, in the Value Range box, set
the Maximum and Minimum to Automatic, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.

TIME 1.000 Z
MAXIMUM X Y
1.000
CI 1, SEG 38, IPT 2
MINIMUM COHESIVE_DAMAGE
0.000
TIME 1.000
CI 1, SEG 1, IPT 1
0.975
0.825
0.675
0.525
0.375
0.225
0.075
Undamaged material has a damage value of 0, fully damaged material has a damage value of
1.
We can plot the force-deflection curve using the same procedure used above. Choose
and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
The comparison is very good between the ADINA Structures solution and the reference.
Choose GraphList and look at the results for solution time 1.30000E-01. The displacement
is 1.04 (mm) and the corresponding reaction force is 6.30911E+01 (N). Click Close to close
the dialog box.
57-10 ADINA Primer

70.
ADINA
VCC
60.
50.
40.
Force (N)
30.
20.
10.
0.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Displacement (mm)

57-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 58: Bending of a beam into a Möbius strip using an alignment element
Problem description
Consider an initially straight beam as shown:
All lengths in mm E=207000 MPa Cross-section

t
P2
P1 P3 r
10 s
0.1
100 100
We would like to bring the free ends of the beam together to form a ring, as shown:
Initial configuration:
t
P1
z s
P2
y
t
P3
r s
Ring: (ends separated for clarity)
z
t
r
P2
rt
s
x y s
t P1
s t
s r
r
P3

Then we would like to twist the free ends of the beam to form a Möbius strip, as shown:
Möbius strip: (ends separated for clarity)

z
r t
P2 s rs
x y t
t P1
s t r
r P3
s
(Notice that the s and t axes at P1 have been rotated relative to the s and t axes at P3.)
Both of these tasks can be done using an alignment element.
• Using alignment elements

• Selecting the nonsymmetric sparse solver
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following file: prob58_1.in. You need to
If you are unfamiliar with the alignment element, we recommend that you read Section 2.12
of the ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling Guide. In particular, you should familiarize
yourself with the concept of the alignment element triads.
58-2 ADINA Primer

Forming the ring

Model definition
► Problem heading
► Control data, including solution tolerances. The ATS method is turned off (see the note
at the end of the problem description).
► Geometry points and lines
► Cross-section
► Boundary conditions. One point has both translations and rotations fixed, in order to
remove rigid-body motions.
► Element group 1, which is a large displacement Hermitian beam element group. The
element group contains 20 equally spaced beam elements.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
B 11
12
B
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
B - - - - - -

Alignment element definition
Now we will define the alignment element. The alignment element will connect the end-nodes
of the beam model (nodes 1 and 21), as shown:
t
Node 1
s
Local node 1
t nt
Node 21
leme
nte
r s Local node 2 nme
Alig
Click the Element Groups icon , add group 2 and set the Type to Alignment. Set the Save
field to Verbose and click OK.
Choose MeshingElementsElement Nodes, and, in the first row of the table, set the
Alignment Element # to 1, Node 1 to 1, Node 2 to 21 and click OK.
Plotting the alignment element triads
Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Node Depiction... button, check the A triads
field and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Then, in the Model Tree, expand the
Zone field, right-click on 3. EG2 and choose Display. The graphics window should look
The display shows the alignment element, along with the A triads of the nodes. We see that
the A triads coincide with the beam element axes (that is, the A1 direction coincides with the r
direction, the A2 direction coincides with the s direction, the A3 direction coincides with the t
direction).
Now click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Node Depiction... button, uncheck the A
triads field, check the B triads field and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The
58-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
21
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
No boundary
conditions assigned
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
21
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
No boundary
conditions assigned
Now the B triads of the nodes are displayed. The B triads coincide with the A triads by
default.

Now click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Node Depiction... button, uncheck the B
triads field, check the C triads field and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
21
U U U
1 2 3 1 2 3
No boundary
conditions assigned
Now the C triads of the nodes are displayed. The C triads coincide with the B triads by
default.
We thus have, at each alignment element local node, the following triad definitions:
t, a3, b3, c3
r, a1, b1, c1 s, a2, b2, c2
58-6 ADINA Primer

Align-translation and align-rotation definitions
Now we can specify the relative translations and rotations of the alignment element nodes.
When the ring is formed, the alignment element nodes and triads will appear as in the
following figure (triads separated for clarity):
b3, c3
b2 b1
b3
Local
b2
b1 node 1
Local
node 2
We see that the triad origins should coincide, and that the triad B axes directions should also
coincide. Of course, the triad B axes directions initially coincide, but we note that if we rotate
the triad B axes of local node 2 by 360 degrees about the c3 axis of local node 1, the triad B
axes directions will again coincide, and that the process of rotating the triad B axes will bend
the beam into a ring.
Thus, we specify the relative rotations of the alignment element nodes using an align-rotation
definition. Choose ModelAlignment PropertiesRotation Alignment, add Rotation
Alignment 1, set the Angular Unit to Degrees, enter the following information in the table and
click OK:
Time Option Angle Axis c3

1 Angle 90 1
2 Angle 180 1
3 Angle 270 1
4 Angle 360 1
Thus, for example, at time 1, we specify that the relative rotation of the triads is 90 degrees
about the axis given by components (c1, c2, c3) = (0,0,1); these components are in the c triad
system of local node 1, so, in other words, the axis of rotation is the c3 axis of local node 1.
Now, after this rotation, the triad directions are forced to coincide, but the triad origins are
still free to translate relative to each other. So we need to enforce the condition that the triad
origins coincide. This is done using an align-translation definition.
Choose ModelAlignment PropertiesTranslation Alignment, add Translation Alignment 1,

enter the following information in the table and click OK:
Time Option
5 Factor
6 Aligned

Before time 5, the translation alignment is not active. At time 5, the translation alignment is
activated with Option=Factor. Since the default Factor is 1.0, this means that the prescribed
alignment for time 5 is equal to the current alignment, whatever that alignment might be. At
time 6, the prescribed translation alignment causes the two triad origins to coincide.
Element group definition: Click the Element Groups icon , make sure that the Group
Number is 2, set the Translation Alignment to 1, the Rotation Alignment to 1 and click OK.
Time stepping: Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 6 in the first row of
porthole file
click Save.
You can ignore the "Model may be unstable" or "Stiffness matrix not positive definite"
messages that appear in the ADINA Structures window.
Post-processing
Click the Iso View 1 icon , then click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element
Depiction... button, check the Display Beam Cross Section field and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the top figure on the
next page.
Now click the First Solution icon , use the Pick icon and the mouse to resize the
mesh plot into the graphics window, click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Node
Depiction... button, check the B triads field and and click OK twice to close both dialog
58-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 6.000 Z
X Y
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
We see that at time step 1, the relative rotation of the B triads is 90 degrees.

When you examine the other solutions, you will notice that the solutions for times 4 to 6 are
nearly identical.
Listing the alignments: Let's list the alignments, to verify that the prescribed alignments are in
fact applied to the model. Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Alignment:
ALIGN_ROT_ACTUAL_MAGNITUDE), Variable 2 to (Alignment:
ALIGN_TRANS_ACTUAL-C1) and click Apply. We see that up to time 4, the actual
rotation magnitude is the prescribed value, and that at time 4, the rotation magnitude is very
small (corresponding to the directions of the triad axes coinciding). At time 5, the
translational alignment is about -1.7E-8 (mm), and at time 6, the translational alignment is
zero (corresponding to the triad origins coinciding). Click Close to close the dialog box.
Forming the Möbius strip

Now we will form the Möbius strip. Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA
Structures (you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob58.idb from the recent
file list near the bottom of the File menu.
The additional step required in forming the Möbius strip is to twist the two ends of the strip
180 degrees. In terms of the alignment element triads, this appears as follows:
b2
Local b1, c1
node 2
b3
b1 b3
Local
node 1
b2
Evidently we need to specify a relative incremental rotation of 180 degrees about the c1 axis
of local node 1.
Choose ModelAlignment PropertiesRotation Alignment, edit the table to read as follows

and click OK:
Time Option Angle Axis c1 Axis c3

1 Angle 90 1
2 Angle 180 1
3 Angle 270 1
4 Angle 360 1
6 Same as Previous
24 Incremental Angle 180 1
We see that the rotation about axis c1 occurs between times 7 and 24, so that the incremental
rotation is 10 degrees per time step.
58-10 ADINA Primer

The time 6 row is necessary for the following reason. Suppose that the time 6 row is not
entered. Then, for solution times between 4 and 24, the program interpolates data from the
time 4 and 24 rows of this table, hence an incremental rotation is already prescribed at
solution time 6. With the time 6 row entered, for solution times between 4 and 6, the program
interpolates data from the time 4 and 6 rows, and for solution times between 6 and 24, the
program interpolates data from the time 6 and 24 rows.
Time stepping: Choose ControlTime Step, set the Number of Steps to 24 in the first row of
Generating the ADINA Structures data file, running ADINA Structures
The model does not converge for step 8 (the second step in which the incremental rotation is
applied). Close all open dialog boxes.
Specifying the equation solver
We note that the incremental rotation causes torsion in the beam elements, thus the beam
elements are under combined bending and torsion. For large displacement beam elements
under combined bending and torsion, the nonsymmetric equation solver is frequently
effective.
Choose ControlSolution Process, set the Equation Solver to Nonsym. Sparse and click OK.
porthole file
This time the model runs for all 24 steps. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open
dialog boxes. Set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you can discard all

Post-processing
Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon , click the Element Depiction... button, check the
Display Beam Cross Section field, click the Advanced tab, set the # Segments for Neutral
Axis to 4 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look
TIME 24.00 Z
X Y
Evidently the incremental rotation has caused the ends of the beam to twist into the Möbius
strip shape.
Listing the alignment element forces and moments: Choose ListValue ListZone, set
Variable 1 to (Alignment: ALIGN_TRANS_FORCE-C1), Variable 2 to (Alignment:
ALIGN_TRANS_FORCE-C2), Variable 3 to (Alignment: ALIGN_TRANS_FORCE-C3) and
click Apply. We see the force needed to maintain the translational alignment increases
starting at time 7, and that at time 24, the force has components (6.85741E-02, 1.95909E-01,
3.59074E-07) (N); these components are measured in the C triad directions of local node 1.
(Your force components might have slightly different numerical values.)
Now set Variable 1 to (Alignment: ALIGN_ROT_MOMENT_MAGNITUDE) and click

Apply. At time 24, the moment has magnitude 1.44764E+01 (N-mm). Click Close to close
the dialog box.
58-12 ADINA Primer

Note
We turned off the ATS method in this problem, so that we can demonstrate the use of the
nonsymmetric sparse solver. If the ATS method is used (the default), this problem can be
solved with the default sparse solver. However the ATS method will perform cutbacks.

58-14 ADINA Primer

Problem 59: Analysis of a piezoelectric composite cantilever with 3D solid elements
Problem description
The cantilever shown below is composed of two layers: the top layer is a piezoelectric
material and the bottom layer is an elastic material. The polarization (P) of the piezoelectric
material is along the z-direction. The interface between the two layers is grounded (voltage
equals zero).
Piezoelectric layer
P
z h1
y H
h2
x L
Elastic layer W
The dimensions of the cantilever are: L  0.1 m , W  0.01 m , h1  0.001 m , h2  0.004 m .

The material properties of the bottom layer are: E  90 109 Pa ,   0.3 .
The piezoelectric material properties are:
Elastic constants: Ex  61 109 Pa , E y  61 109 Pa , Ez  53.2  109 Pa ,

 xy  0.35 ,  xz  0.38 ,  yz  0.38 ,
Gxy  22.593  109 Pa , Gxz  21.1 109 Pa , Gyz  21.1 109 Pa
Coupling constants (N/Vm): e1z  7.209 , e2 z  7.209 , e3 z  15.118 ,
e5 x  12.332 , e6 y  12.332
(where 1=x, 2=y, 3=z, 4=xy, 5=xz, 6=yz)
Dielectric constants (C/Vm):  xx  1.53  108 ,  yy  1.53  108 ,  zz  1.5  108 .
Note that the piezoelectric material properties given above shows that the polarization is along
the global z-direction.
We will perform three different analyses:
(1). Sensing analysis 1: A prescribed downward displacement 0.005 m is applied at the free
end and we investigate the voltage and electric field results. The material axes of the
piezoelectric material coincide with the global directions.

(2). Sensing analysis 2: Repeat case 1 but the material axes of the piezoelectric material do
not coincide with the global directions. The material properties are transformed accordingly,
so that the same results as in analysis (1) are obtained.
(3). Actuating analysis: A uniform voltage=100 V is applied on the top surface of the
piezoelectric layer and we investigate the induced displacement.
• Defining the 3D solid element with piezoelectric option

• Defining the piezoelectric material with different polarization direction
• Defining the electrical loading and boundary conditions
• Defining and applying an axes-system to define the material axes
• Plotting voltage and electric field results
Before you begin
This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System (there are
too many nodes in this model).
prob59_2.in, prob59_3.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer
Sensing analysis 1
Model definition
► Problem heading
► Control data, set active degrees of freedom to be X-, Y- and Z-translations. When there
is a piezoelectric material, the voltage degree of freedom is automatically activated.
► Incompatible modes formulation used.
► Geometry points, lines, surfaces and volumes. Two volumes are created: the top layer is
a piezoelectric material and the bottom one is an elastic material.
► Definition of the material properties for element group 1 (bottom layer), which is an
59-2 ADINA Primer

isotropic elastic material with E=90 GPa and =0.3.

► Subdivision data for both volumes. There are 100 subdivisions along the L direction
and 10 along the W direction for both volumes; and there are 8 and 2 subdivisions along
the H direction, respectively, for the elastic layer and the piezoelectric layer.
► Definition of element group 1.
► Mesh generation of elements in element group 1.
Choose File→Open Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
U U U
1 2 3
No boundary
conditions assigned
Piezoelectric material properties
The piezoelectric material properties are input in the material coordinate system. In this
analysis, the material coordinate system coincides with the global system. Thus we have
Elastic constants: E1  61 109 Pa , E2  61 109 Pa , E3  53.2  109 Pa ,

 12  0.35 ,  13  0.38 ,  23  0.38 ,
G12  22.593  109 Pa , G13  21.1 109 Pa , G23  21.1109 Pa
(where 1=x, 2=y, 3=z, 12=xy, 13=xz, 23=yz)

Coupling constants (N/Vm): e13  7.209 , e23  7.209 , e33  15.118 ,

e51  12.332 , e62  12.332
(where 1=x, 2=y, 3=z, 4=xy, 5=xz, 6=yz)
Dielectric constants (C/Vm): 11  1.53  108 ,  22  1.53  108 ,  33  1.5  108 .
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the Piezoelectric button to open the Define
Piezoelectric Material dialog box, and add Material Number 2. Set "Input Elastic Constants
As" to Modulus.
Fill in the Elastic Modulus Constants table as follows:
E1=61E9 E2=61E9 E3=53.2E9

NU12=0.35 NU13=0.38 NU23=0.38
G12=22.593E9 G13=21.1E9 G23=21.1E9
Fill in the Piezoelectric Coupling Constants table as follows:
k=1 k=2 k=3

j=1 -7.209
j=2 -7.209
j=3 15.118
j=4
j=5 12.332
j=6 12.332
and fill in the Dielectric Constants table as follows:
k=1 k=2 k=3

j=1 1.53E-8
j=2 1.53E-8
j=3 1.5E-8
Click OK to close the dialog box and click Close to close the Manage Material Definitions
dialog box.
Piezoelectric element group

Element group definition: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 2, set the
Type to 3-D Solid, set the Element Option to Piezoelectric, set the Default Material to 2 and
click OK.
59-4 ADINA Primer

Mesh generation: Click the Mesh Volumes icon , set the Element Group to 2, set the
Nodes per Element to 8, enter 2 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Material axis directions: We would like to make sure that the material axes directions
coincide with the global axes directions. Click the Color Element Groups icon and the
Show Material Axes icon . When you zoom to the upper-right region of the graphics
window using the Zoom icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
X Y
The triad drawn in each element shows the material axes of the element. The following
diagram shows the correspondence of axes on this triad and the material axes a, b and c.
c
a b

It is apparent that the material axes directions coincide with the global axes directions. Click
the Unzoom All icon to see the entire model and click the Show Material Axes icon
to hide the material axes triads.
Boundary conditions and loading
Structural boundary conditions and loading: We have prepared a batch file (prob59_2.in)
that defines the following items:
► Fixity of x, y and z-translations.

► Application of the above fixity to the model
► Displacement load.
► Application of the displacement load to the model.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
BBB
BBB
BBB
BB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
PRESCRIBED
DISPLACEMENT
TIME 1.000
0.005000
U U U VLT
1 2 3
B - - -
Piezoelectric boundary condition: Click the Apply Fixity icon , click the Define... button,
add fixity VOLTAGE, check the Voltage field and click OK. In the Apply Fixity dialog box,
set the "Fixity" to VOLTAGE, set the "Apply to" field to Face/Surface, enter 1 in the first row
and column of the table and click OK.
59-6 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
CCC
CCC
CCC
CC
C
D
BBC
C
BBBBB CC
C
C
C
BBB C
BB
BBB
BBB
BBBBB
BBB
BBB
BBB
BBBBB
BB PRESCRIBED
BBB DISPLACEMENT
BBB
BBBBB TIME 1.000
BBBB
B
BBBBB 0.005000
BB
BBB
BBBBB
BBB
BBB
BBB
BBBBB
BBB
BBB BBB
BBB BBB
BBB BBBBB
BBB
U U U VLT
1 2 3
B -
C - - -
D - - - -
Notice that the nodes on the boundary between the two layers are marked with a B, and that
the B boundary condition has displacements free and voltage fixed.
Output of electromagnetic results to porthole file
Choose ControlPorthole (.por)Select Element Results, add Result Selection 1, set the
Electromagnetic field to All and click OK.
porthole file
icon , set the file name to prob59a, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and
click Save. When ADINA Structures is finished, close all open dialog boxes. Set the Program

Post-processing
Voltage band plot: Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Variable to (Electromagnetic:
Voltage) and click OK. Move the band plot legends until the graphics window looks
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
VOLTAGE
TIME 1.000
-180.
-540.
-900.
-1260.
-1620.
-1980.
-2340.
MAXIMUM
0.000
NODE 1
MINIMUM
-2536.
NODE 10604
Electric field graph: We would like to graph the electric field along a line within the model.
Choose DefinitionsModel LineStress Classification Line, add line MIDLINE, set (X1,
Y1, Z1) to (0, 0.005, 0.005), (X2, Y2, Z2) to (0.1, 0.005,0.005) and click OK. Click the Clear
icon , the Show Original Mesh icon and the Show Deformed Mesh icon (to hide
the deformed mesh). Choose DisplayResult Line PlotCreate and click OK. The graphics
window should look something like the top figure on the next page:
Click the Clear icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line), make sure that the
Model Line Name is MIDLINE, set the Y Coordinate Variable to (Electromagnetic:
ELECTRIC_FIELD-Z) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like the
59-8 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
MIDLINE
LINE GRAPH
25.
Line MIDLINE
20.
ELECTRIC_FIELD-Z
15.
5
*10
10.
5.
0.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
-2
*10
DISTANCE
Choose GraphList and confirm that, at distance 2.08333E-03, the maximum value of
ELECTRIC_FIELD-Z is 2.45236E+06.

Sensing analysis 2
Now we will repeat the analysis, changing the material axes so that the material axes
directions do not coincide with the global axes directions. In this analysis, the material axes
are oriented as follows:
z, b
x, a y
The piezoelectric polarization is along the material b-direction.
menu.
Material constants: The material constants need to be transformed into the material system. In
order to keep track of the constants expressed in the different coordinate systems, we put an
overbar over the constants expressed in the global system. The calculations and results are
Elastic constants: E1  Ex  61 109 Pa , E2  Ez  53.2  109 Pa , E3  E y  61 109 Pa ,

Ey
 12   xz  0.38 ,  13   xy  0.35 ,  23   zy   yz  0.43571 ,
Ez
G12  Gxz  21.1 109 Pa , G13  Gxy  22.593  109 Pa ,
G23  Gzy  G yz  21.1 109 Pa
(where 1=a, 2=b, 3=c, 12=ab, 13=ac, 23=bc)
Coupling constants (N/Vm): e12  e13  7.209 , e22  e33  15.118 , e32  e23  7.209 ,
e41  e51  12.332 , e63  e62  12.332
(where 1=a, 2=b, 3=c, 4=ab, 5=ac, 6=bc in the unbarred
quantities; 1=x, 2=y, 3=z, 4=xy, 5=xz, 6=yz in the overbarred
quantities)
Dielectric constants (C/Vm): 11  11  1.53  108 ,  22   33  1.5  108 ,

 33   22  1.53 108 .
59-10 ADINA Primer

We have prepared a batch file (prob59_3.in) to automatically redefine the piezoelectric

material. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file
prob59_3.in and click Open. Click the Manage Materials icon and click the
Piezoelectric button. The Define Piezoelectric Material dialog box should show the following
information:
Elastic Modulus Constants:
E1=61E9 E2=53.2E9 E3=61E9

NU12=0.38 NU13=0.35 NU23=0.43571
G12=21.1E9 G13=22.593E9 G23=21.1E9
Piezoelectric Coupling Constants:
k=1 k=2 k=3

j=1 -7.209
j=2 15.118
j=3 -7.209
j=4 12.332
j=5
j=6 12.332
Dielectric Constants:
k=1 k=2 k=3

j=1 1.53E-8
j=2 1.5E-8
j=3 1.53E-8
Click Cancel, then click Close, to close both dialog boxes.
Material axes: We now need to define the material axes. We will define the material axes
using three geometry points, as shown in the figure on the next page.
Choose ModelOrthotropic Axes SystemsDefine, add System Number 1, set the "Defined
by" field to 3 Points, set Point 1 to 3, Point 2 to 4, Point 3 to 11 and click OK. Choose
ModelOrthotropic Axes SystemsAssign (Material), and, in the Assign Material Axes
System dialog box, make sure that the Axes System is set to 1. Then set the "Apply to" field
to Volume and, in the first row of the table, set the Volume to 2, then click OK.

z, b
c P11
P3
P4
x, a
Click the Show Material Axes icon to show the material axes. When you zoom to the
upper-right region of the graphics window using the Zoom icon , the graphics window
C
C
X Y
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B C
B
B
B
59-12 ADINA Primer

We can see that the local a-direction is parallel to the global x-direction and that the local b-
direction is parallel to the global z-direction.
porthole file
, set the file name to prob59b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and
and open porthole file prob59b.
Post-processing
Repeat the post-processing steps given above. The results should be exactly the same as in the
first analysis.
Actuating simulation
Now we will change the loading from prescribed displacement to prescribed voltage and
perform the actuating analysis. Set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures
(you can discard all changes) and choose database file prob59.idb from the recent file list
near the bottom of the File menu. Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to
Displacement, set the "Apply to" field to Line, click Clear and then Apply. Set the Load Type
to Voltage and click the Define... button, add Voltage Number 1, set the Magnitude to 100
and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the "Apply to" field to Surface, and, in the
first row of the table, set the Surface number to 4, then click OK. Click the Clear icon ,
the Boundary Plot icon and the Load Plot icon . The graphics window should look

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
CCC
CCC
CCC
CC
C
D
BBBC
C
C
BBBB C
B C
C
C
C
BBBB
BB
BBB
BBB
BBBBB
BBB
BBB
BBB
BBBBB
BB
BBB
BBB PRESCRIBED
BBBBB VOLTAGE
BBB
BB TIME 1.000
BBBBB
BB
BBBBB 100.0
BB
BBB
BBBBB
BB
BBB
BBB
BBB BBBBB
BBB B
BBB BBBBB
BBB U U U VLT
1 2 3
B -
C - - -
D - - - -
porthole file
, set the file name to prob59c, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and
and open porthole file prob59c.
Post-processing
Choose DefinitionsModel LineStress Classification Line, add line MIDLINE, set (X1,
Y1, Z1) to (0, 0.005, 0.005), (X2, Y2, Z2) to (0.1, 0.005,0.005) and click OK. Click the Clear
icon , choose GraphResponse Curve (Model Line), make sure that the Model Line is set
to MIDLINE, set the Y Coordinate Variable to (Displacement: Z-DISPLACEMENT) and
click OK. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the next page.
59-14 ADINA Primer

LINE GRAPH
0.
Line MIDLINE
-2.
-4.
-6.
Z-DISPLACEMENT
-8.
-6
*10
-10.
-12.
-14.
-16.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
-2
*10
DISTANCE
Choose GraphList and confirm that at distance 1.00000E-01, the z-displacement has the
value -1.53446E-05.
Exiting the AUI
Choose FileExit to exit the AUI. You can discard all changes.

59-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 60: Component mode synthesis applied to a beam model
Problem description
In this problem, we apply the component mode synthesis (CMS) technique to a simple beam
model.
0.02
0.02
2
All lengths in meters.

E = 2.07´1011 N/m2
r = 7800 kg/m3
The beam is a free-free beam.
For simplicity, we consider only motions of the beam model in the xy plane. Therefore each
beam node has three degrees of freedom: the x translation, the y translation and the z rotation.
Because the beam model that we use has 6 nodes, the total number of degrees of freedom n is
18.
In the CMS method, the degrees of freedom are divided into boundary degrees of freedom and
interior degrees of freedom. In this problem, we will assign the degrees of freedom at the two
end-nodes of the beam model to be boundary degrees of freedom. Since there are 6 degrees
of freedom total at the two end-nodes, the number of static constraint modes k is 6. We will
also set the number of fixed interface dynamic vibration modes q to 3. The resulting size of
the reduced matrices K r , M r is (k  q )  ( k  q )  9  9 .
As part of the CMS solution, we will also obtain approximations for the first 8 natural
frequencies and mode shapes.
For a review of the CMS technique, see Section 11.18 of the ADINA Structures Theory and
Modeling guide.
previous problems:
• Setting up a component mode synthesis analysis
Before you begin

Much of the input for this problem is stored in the following file: prob60_1.in. You need to
Defining the model
Model definition
► Problem heading
► Selection of master degrees of freedom, so that the beam vibrates in the xy plane.
► Geometry points and lines
► Cross-section
► Element group 1, which is a Hermitian beam element group. The element group
contains 5 equally spaced beam elements.
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
1 2 3 4 5 6
U U
1 2 3
No boundary
conditions assigned
60-2 ADINA Primer

Specifying the analysis options for the CMS method
Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Frequencies/Modes and click the Analysis Options
icon . Set the “Solution Method” to “Component Mode Synthesis (Subspace)”, set the
“Number of Frequencies/Mode Shapes” to 8, set the “Number of Mode Shapes to be Printed”
to 8, check the “Allow Rigid Body Mode” button and set the “# of Fixed Interface Modes to
3”. Then click the Boundary DOFs... button. In the Boundary DOFs for Component Mode
Synthesis dialog box, fill in the table as follows, then click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.
Node # Deg. of Freedom

1 X-Translation
1 Y-Translation
1 Z-Rotation
6 X-Translation
6 Y-Translation
6 Z-Rotation
click Save.
When ADINA Structures is finished, the Message Window should look something like this:
Initializing ... Stage 1

Allocating 32.0 MB of memory ...
Initializing ... Stage 2
Initial ADINA memory allocation - 32.0 mb (or 4.0 mw)
Starting Solution Process ...
Input phase...
Assemblage of linear matrices.
Calculate and store the load vector
Memory used by the in-core sparse solver. . : 0.2 mb (or 0.0 mw)
Total memory used by the program. . . . . . : 32.2 mb (or 4.0 mw)
Factorization completed.
Starting calculation of constraint modes...
Allocated memory without sparse solver . . . . : 32.0 mb ( 4.0 mw)
Memory used without sparse solver. . . . . . . : 0.1 mb ( 0.0 mw)
Starting calculation of fixed interface vibration modes...
Iteration number = 1 Number of initially converged eigenvalues = 0

Final number of fixed vibration interface modes = 3

Allocated memory without sparse solver . . . . : 32.0 mb ( 4.0 mw)
Memory used without sparse solver. . . . . . . : 0.1 mb ( 0.0 mw)
Starting calculation of eigenvalues for reduced system matrices
Final number of converged eigenvalues = 9
ADINA Structures has performed several operations:
1) Computed 6 static steps. Each static step corresponds to one static constraint mode (column
in Φc ). There are 6 constraint modes, because there are 6 boundary degrees of freedom.
2) Computed the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the fixed interface dynamic vibration
modes (columns in Φ n ). There are 3 fixed interface dynamic vibration modes.
3) Computed the reduced matrices K r , M r . These are 9  9 matrices.
4) Computed approximations to the first 8 natural frequencies and mode shapes of the original
analysis model.
Examining the reduced matrices
The reduced matrices are written to file prob60.out4. Use a text editor to open this file. The
first few lines of the file should look something like the printout at the top of the next page.
These are the nonzero entries of matrix K r .
The remaining lines of the file should look something like the printout at the bottom of the next
page. These are the nonzero entries of matrix M r .
File prob60.out4, beginning:
9 9 6 2KXX 1P,5E16.9
1 1 6
0.414000000E+08 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00-0.414000000E+08 0.000000000E+00
0.000000000E+00
2 1 6
0.000000000E+00 0.414000000E+04 0.414000000E+04 0.000000000E+00-0.414000000E+04
0.414000000E+04
3 1 6
0.000000000E+00 0.414000000E+04 0.552000000E+04 0.000000000E+00-0.414000000E+04
0.276000000E+04
4 1 6
-0.414000000E+08 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.414000000E+08 0.000000000E+00
0.000000000E+00
5 1 6
0.000000000E+00-0.414000000E+04-0.414000000E+04 0.000000000E+00
0.414000000E+04
60-4 ADINA Primer

-0.414000000E+04
6 1 6
0.000000000E+00 0.414000000E+04 0.276000000E+04 0.000000000E+00-0.414000000E+04
0.552000000E+04
7 7 1
0.277029313E+05
8 8 1
0.211892170E+06
9 9 1
0.830018452E+06
10 1 1
0.100000000E+01
File prob60.out4, end:
9 9 6 2MXX 1P,5E16.9
1 1 9
0.208000000E+01 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.104000000E+01 0.000000000E+00
0.000000000E+00-0.943766599E-22-0.848861047E-22-0.420545185E-22
2 1 9
0.000000000E+00 0.231777669E+01 0.653724686E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.802223314E+00
-0.386275314E+00 0.103767381E+01 0.636310159E+00 0.452186936E+00
3 1 9
0.000000000E+00 0.653724686E+00 0.237742019E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.386275314E+00
-0.178292648E+00 0.446614411E+00 0.162024226E+00 0.825873176E-01
4 1 9
0.104000000E+01 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.208000000E+01 0.000000000E+00
0.000000000E+00 0.943852467E-22 0.848122487E-22 0.424031546E-22
5 1 9
0.000000000E+00 0.802223314E+00 0.386275314E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.231777669E+01
-0.653724686E+00 0.103767381E+01-0.636310159E+00 0.452186936E+00
6 1 9
0.000000000E+00-0.386275314E+00-0.178292648E+00
0.000000000E+00-0.653724686E+00
0.237742019E+00-0.446614411E+00 0.162024226E+00-0.825873176E-01
7 1 7
-0.943766599E-22 0.103767381E+01 0.446614411E+00 0.943852467E-22 0.103767381E+01
-0.446614411E+00 0.100000000E+01
8 1 8
-0.848861047E-22 0.636310159E+00 0.162024226E+00 0.848122487E-22-0.636310159E+00
0.162024226E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.100000000E+01
9 1 9
-0.420545185E-22 0.452186936E+00 0.825873176E-01 0.424031546E-22 0.452186936E+00
-0.825873176E-01 0.000000000E+00 0.000000000E+00 0.100000000E+01
10 1 1
0.100000000E+01
Examining the approximate natural frequencies and mode shapes of the original
analysis model
(you can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob60.

Click the Next Solution icon three times to display mode 4, then click the Modify Mesh
Plot icon , click the Element Depiction... button, check the Display Beam Cross Section
field, click the Advanced tab, set the # Segments for Neutral Axis to 4 and click OK twice to
close both dialog boxes. When you click the Node Symbols icon and the Show Original
Mesh icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
MODE 4, F 26.49 MODE MAG 0.2386 Y

TIME 0.000
Z X
Click the Next Solution and Previous Solution icons to examine the other modes.
The natural frequencies should be as given in the second column of the following table:
Mode number Approximate frequency Frequency using

using CMS method (Hz) subspace method (Hz)
1 ~0 ~0
2 ~0 ~0
3 ~0 ~0
4 26.49 26.48
5 73.41 73.18
6 144.6 144.3
7 434.6 238.6
8 694.6 392.4
60-6 ADINA Primer

For comparison, we have computed the first nine natural frequencies and mode shapes of the
original beam model (using the subspace method), and the results are in the third column of
the above table. It is seen that modes 1-6 are in good agreement, but that modes 7-8 are not in
good agreement.
The accuracy of the natural frequencies and mode shapes computed using the CMS method
can be improved by using more fixed interface dynamic vibration modes. Recall that in the
above analysis, we are using only 3 fixed interface dynamic vibration modes.

60-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 61: Analysis of a gasketed assemblage
Problem description
A gasketed assemblage is shown below in an exploded view:
Bolt head
and shank Bolt 3
Cover Bolt 2
Bolt 4
Bolt 1
Gasket bead
Gasket
Base
Nut
Bolt 4 shown, bolts 1 to 3 are similar.
The figures on the top of the next page show the dimensions of the gasket and bead.
The gasket material model is used to model the gasket and bead, with the same material
properties used both for the gasket and for the bead. The gasket pressure / closure strain
response of the gasket material is shown in the figure at the bottom of the next page.

Top view
19
49 45.5
A A
65
Radius 5
65
Side view, Section A-A
0.05
1.0
All dimensions in mm, gasket thickness not drawn to scale.
7
Gasket pressure (MPa)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Closure strain
61-2 ADINA Primer

The remaining gasket material properties are:
  2  109 N-s 2 /mm 4

Etensile  20 MPa , Gtransverse  10 MPa
Ein  plane  20 MPa ,  in  plane  0.3
The analysis proceeds in two parts:
Part 1: Initial assembly and bolt tensioning. The bolt length in each bolt is reduced by 3.96
mm. (This distance is just sufficient to close up the gaps between the assemblages.)
Then the bolts are tensioned according to the following loading sequence:
Sequence number Bolt number Bolt force (N)

1 1 5000
2 3 5000
3 2 5000
4 4 5000
5 1 10000
6 3 10000
7 2 10000
8 4 10000
Because the assemblage components are initially separated at the beginning of part 1, rigid-
body modes are present; therefore low-speed dynamics with mass-proportional Rayleigh
damping is used in part 1.
Part 2: Pressure application. A restart is performed, and in the restart analysis, the low-speed
dynamics option is turned off, so that a fully static analysis is performed throughout the
remainder of the analysis. Then a pressure of 4 MPa is applied to the underside of the cover
cap.
• Importing a Nastran file

• Defining element face-sets
• Using element face-sets to define contact groups, boundary conditions and applied
pressures
• Defining contact offsets
• Defining a gasket material
• Using bolt tables to specify the sequential loading of 3D-bolt elements
• Using a different range of colors for each solution step in a band plot

Before you begin
This problem cannot be solved with the 900 nodes version of the ADINA System because this
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob61.nas, prob61_1.in, prob61_2.in.
You need to copy files prob61.nas, prob61_1.in, prob61_2.in from the folder
samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.
Invoke the AUI and choose ADINA Structures from the Program Module drop-down list.
Model definition
Nastran file import
The components are already defined in a Nastran file. Choose FileImport NASTRAN,
choose file prob61.nas and click Open. Then click the Color Element Groups icon . The
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
61-4 ADINA Primer

In the Model Tree, expand the Zone field. You should notice the following defined zones:
1. ADINA
2. EG2
3. EG203
4. EG204
5. EG401
6. EG801
7. EG802
8. EG803
9. EG804
10. WHOLE_MODEL
The element groups correspond to the different components, as shown in the following figure.
Bolt 3,
element group 803
Bolt 4, Bolt 2,
element group 804 element group 802
Bolt 1,
element group 801
Cover,
element group 401
Gasket, Gasket bead,

element group 203 element group 204
Base,
element group 2

Notice that the bolt head, shank and nut of each bolt are all incorporated into one element
group, and one element group is used for each bolt.
To display an element group, or any combination of the element groups, select the
corresponding zone names in the Model Tree, then right-click and choose Display. For
example, select zone EG203 and EG204 (hold down the Ctrl key or Shift key when selecting
the second zone, so that both zone names are selected), then right-click and choose Display.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Element face-sets
Because we imported a Nastran file, there is no underlying geometry that we can use when
defining boundary conditions, loads and contact surfaces. Instead, we will define element
face-sets, then define the boundary conditions, loads and contact surfaces using the face-sets.
61-6 ADINA Primer

Face-sets on base
First we will define the following face-sets on the base:
2: element faces Z
on top of base 5: element faces
on bolt hole 3
X Y
4: element faces
6: element faces on bolt hole 2
on bolt hole 4
7: element faces
on base hole
1: element faces
on bottom of base 3: element faces
on bolt hole 1
Using the Model Tree, display zone EG2. Then use the mouse to rotate the model until the
bottom of the base is visible. Click the Element Face Set icon , add face-set 1, set the
Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, double-click in the Face column of the table, pick one
or more faces on the bottom of the base, press the Esc key and click Save. (Do not close the
Define Element Face Set dialog box.) The graphics window should look something like the
Notice that the element faces corresponding to face-set 1 are highlighted. Now use the mouse
to rotate the model until the top of the base is visible, add face-set 2, set the Method to Auto-
Chain Element Faces, double-click in the Face column of the table, pick one or more faces on
the top of the base, press the Esc key and click Save. Again the element faces corresponding
to face-set 2 are highlighted.

TIME 1.000
Z
X
Y
Now click the Shading icon , zoom until bolt hole 1 is enlarged, add element face-set 3,
set the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, set the Face Angle to 60, double-click in the
Face column of the table, pick one or more faces within bolt hole 1, press the Esc key and
click Save. (It is easier to pick the faces in the bolt hole when the faces are shaded).
Proceed similarly to define face-set 4 for bolt hole 2, face-set 5 for bolt-hole 3, face-set 6 for
bolt hole 4 and face-set 7 for the base hole. Again, do not close the Define Element Face Set
dialog box.
Face-sets on gasket:
Now we will define face-sets on the gasket, as shown in the figure on the next page. We will
explain later on why we need face-sets 205 to 207.
Using the Model Tree, display zones EG203 and EG204. Choose EditPreferences, set
Prompt for Label to Yes and click OK. If you closed the Define Element Face Set dialog box,
click the Element Face Set icon . Add element face-set 201, set Method to "From Element
Groups", set the Element Group to 203 in the first row of the table and click Save. Choose
EditPreferences, set Prompt for Label to NO and click OK. Now add element face-set 202,
set Method to "From Element Groups", set the Element Group to 204 in the first row of the
table and click Save.
61-8 ADINA Primer

204: element faces

Z
on top of
gasket and bead
205: element faces

X Y on top of gasket
210: element faces 206: element faces
201: all element faces in gasket on bolt hole 3 on top of bead
202: all element faces in bead
207: element faces
on top of gasket,
without faces adjacent
to bead
211: element faces

on bolt hole 4 209: element faces
on bolt hole 2
203: element faces

on bottom of 208: element faces
gasket and bead on bolt hole 1
Use the mouse to rotate the model until the bottom of the gasket is visible. Add face-set 203,
set the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, double-click in the Face column of the table,
pick one or more faces on the bottom of the gasket, press the Esc key and click Save.
Use the mouse to rotate the model until the top of the gasket is visible. Add face-set 204, set
the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, double-click in the Face column of the table, pick
one or more faces on the top of the gasket, press the Esc key and click Save.
Now add face-set 205, set the Method to Intersect Sets, enter 201 and 204 in the first two
rows of the table and click Save. Notice that only the faces on the top of the gasket (but not
on the top of the bead) are highlighted.
Add face-set 206, set the Method to Intersect Sets, enter 202 and 204 in the first two rows of
the table and click Save. Notice that only the faces on the top of the bead (but not on the top
of the gasket) are highlighted.
Now we define face-set 207. Zoom so that the top of the bead and the surrounding gasket are
enlarged and, if the model is not shaded, click the Shading icon . Now copy face-set 205

to 207, double-click in the Face column of the table, hold down the S key and click on one of
the highlighted faces immediately adjacent to the bead. The face should become
unhighlighted.
Continue to unhighlight faces until the entire first ring of faces immediately adjacent to the
bead is unhighlighted. If too many faces become unhighlighted, click on an unhighlighted
face without holding down the S key to highlight the face again.
After you have unhiglighted the entire first ring of faces immediately adjacent to the bead, the
Press the Esc key, then click Save to save face-set 207.
Zoom until bolt hole 1 is enlarged, add element face-set 208, set the Method to Auto-Chain
Element Faces, set the Face Angle to 60, double-click in the Face column of the table, pick
one or more faces within bolt hole 1 (if you accidentally highlight a face on the top of the
gasket, hold down the S key and pick the face again), press the Esc key and click Save.
Proceed similarly to define face-set 209 for bolt hole 2, face-set 210 for bolt-hole 3 and face-
set 211 for bolt hole 4.
61-10 ADINA Primer

Face-sets on cover
Now we will define face-sets on the cover:
405: element faces

on bolt hole 3
402: element faces
on top of cover plate X Y

on bolt hole 4 on bolt hole 2
408: element faces

inside top of cover cap

on bottom of cover plate on bolt hole 1

inside side of cover cap inside cover cap
Using the Model Tree, display zone EG401, and use the mouse to rotate the model until the
bottom of the cover is visible. Choose EditPreferences, set Prompt for Label to Yes and
click OK. If you closed the Define Element Face Set dialog box, click the Element Face Set
icon . Add element face-set 401, set the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, double-
click in the Face column of the table, pick one or more faces on the bottom of the cover, press
the Esc key and click Save. Choose EditPreferences, set Prompt for Label to NO and click
OK.
Now use the mouse to rotate the model until the top of the cover is visible, add face-set 402,
set the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, double-click in the Face column of the table,
pick one or more faces on the top of the cover plate, press the Esc key and click Save.
Now zoom until bolt hole 1 is enlarged, add element face-set 403, set the Method to Auto-
Chain Element Faces, set the Face Angle to 60, double-click in the Face column of the table,
pick one or more faces within bolt hole 1, press the Esc key and click Save.

Proceed similarly to define face-set 404 for bolt hole 2, face-set 405 for bolt-hole 3 and face-
set 406 for bolt hole 4.
Now use the mouse to rotate the model until the underside of the cover cap is visible, add
face-set 407, set the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, double-click in the Face column
of the table, pick one or more faces on the side of the cover cap, press the Esc key and click
Save. Add face-set 408, set the Method to Auto-Chain Element Faces, double-click in the
Face column of the table, pick one or more faces on the top of the cover cap, press the Esc
key and click Save.
Now add face-set 409, set the Method to Merge Sets, set the first two rows of the table to 407,
408 and click Save. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Y
X
Z
You can now close the Define Element Face Set dialog box.
Face-sets on bolts:
Now we will define face-sets on the bolts, as shown in the figure on the next page. Since we
have already demonstrated auto-chaining, we have put the commands necessary to define the
face-sets into the file prob61_1.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, navigate to the working
directory or folder, select the file prob61_1.in and click Open.
61-12 ADINA Primer

803 for bolt 1, 806 for bolt 2



Now use the Model Tree to display element group 801, unhighlight the group if necessary (for
example, by clicking the Query icon , then clicking on the background of the graphics
window), click the Element Face Set icon and select Face Set 801. The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
You can confirm the definitions of the other face sets by displaying them on the bolt elements.
Click OK or Cancel to close the Define Element Face Set dialog box.

Contact conditions
The following diagram shows the contact conditions for the model.
Bolt 1
FS803 CS3 CS3 FS803
FS402 CS6 CS6 FS402

FS403 FS403
Cover
CS5 CS5
FS401 CS1 CS1 FS401
CS3
FS207 CS2 CS2 FS207 FS206

FS208 FS208
FS802 Gasket and bead
CS5 CS5
CS2
FS203 CS2 CS2 FS203
FS2 CS1 CS1 FS2

FS3 FS3
CS5 Base
CS5
FS1 CS4 CS4 FS1
FS801 CS1 CS1 FS801
Green, contact group 1 FS = element face-set

Blue, contact group 2 CS = contact surface
Red, contact group 3
In this diagram, the assemblage is viewed from the side, not to scale. Bolt 1 is shown. Bolts 2
to 4 are similar, but contact group 4 is used for bolt 2, contact group 5 is used for bolt 3 and
contact group 6 is used for bolt 4.
You might want to refer to this diagram during the following steps.
Frictional contact with friction coefficient of 0.1 is assumed for all contact.
61-14 ADINA Primer

Contact group 1
Click the Contact Groups icon , add group 1, set the Type to 3-D Contact, and click OK.
Choose ModelContactContact Surface (Element Set), add contact surface 1, enter 2 in
the first row and column of the table and click Save. Then add contact surface 2, enter 203 in
the first row and column of the table and click OK. Now click the Define Contact Pairs icon
, add contact pair 1, set the Target Surface to 1, the Contactor Surface to 2, set the
Coulomb Friction Coefficient to 0.1 and click OK. Use the Model Tree to display zone CG1.
When you click the Color Element Groups icon twice, the graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Contact group 2
Click the Contact Groups icon , add group 2, set the Type to 3-D Contact if necessary, and
click OK. Choose ModelContactContact Surface (Element Set), define the following
contact surfaces and click OK.
Contact surface number Element face-set (entered into the

first row and column of the table)
1 401
2 207
3 206

Now click the Define Contact Pairs icon , define the following contact pairs and click
OK.
Contact pair Target Contactor Coulomb Friction

number Surface Surface Coefficient
1 1 2 0.1
2 1 3 0.1
Finally we define a contact surface offset for surface 3 (= element face-set 206, corresponding
to the top surface of the bead). Choose ModelContactContact Surface Offset, enter 3,
0.05 in the first row of the table and click OK.
Use the Model Tree to display zone CG2. When you click the Color Element Groups icon
twice, the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Now use the Model Tree to display zones CG2_CS2, CG2_CS3, EG203 and EG204
simultaneously. When you zoom into the graphics window, the graphics window should look
something like the figure at the top of the next page.
61-16 ADINA Primer

No contact segments
along this ring of elements
Notice that contact surface 2 and contact surface 3 are separated by one ring of elements. In
this way all nodes on the top of the gasket and bead are attached to contact surfaces, and
contact surfaces 2 and 3 do not share nodes. This is the reason why we defined element face-
sets 206 and 207 above.
(If we had defined contact surface 2 as element face-set 205, then the ring of nodes on the
interface between the gasket and bead would belong to both contact surfaces 2 and 3. This
situation would then cause convergence difficulties during the analysis.)

Contact group 3
Click the Contact Groups icon , add group 3, set the Type to 3-D Contact if necessary, set
the Compliance Factor to 0.001, uncheck the "Use Continuous Contact-Segment Normal"
field and click OK. Choose ModelContactContact Surface (Element Set), define the
following contact surfaces and click OK.
Contact surface Element face-set (entered into the first row and
number column of the table unless otherwise specified)
1 801
2 802
3 803
4 1
5 3, 208, 403 (in the first three rows of the table)
6 402
Now click the Define Contact Pairs icon , define the following contact pairs and click
OK.
Contact pair Target Contactor Coulomb Friction

number Surface Surface Coefficient
1 4 1 0.1
2 5 2 0.1
3 6 3 0.1
Use the Model Tree to display zone CG3. When you click the Color Element Groups icon
twice, the graphics window should look something like the figure at the top of the next
page.
Contact groups 4 to 6
Since the contact groups for the other bolts are similar, we have put the commands necessary
to define the contact groups for the other bolts into the file prob61_2.in. Choose FileOpen
Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select the file prob61_2.in and click
Open.
You can confirm the definitions of the other contact groups by plotting their zones using the
Model Tree.
61-18 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Boundary conditions
We will fix the bottom of the base. Click the Apply Fixity icon , set the first row of the
table to 1 and click OK.
Gasket material definition
First choose EditPreferences, set Prompt for Label to Yes and click OK. Click the Manage
Materials icon , click the Gasket button and add material 201. In the Curve table, right-
click on one of the cells and choose Define. Add Gasket Loading/Unloading curve 201,
define it using the following table and click Save.
Closure Pressure
0 0
0.05 1
0.1 2.5
0.3 3
0.5 4.7
0.7 8

Now add the following additional Gasket Loading/Unloading Curves:
Curve 202:
Closure Pressure
0.175 0
0.25 1.5
0.3 3
Curve 203:
Closure Pressure
0.305 0
0.42 2.3
0.5 4.7
Curve 204:
Closure Pressure
0.365 0
0.57 4.1
0.7 8
Click OK to close the Define Gasket Loading/Unloading Curves dialog box.
In the Define Gasket Material dialog box, set the Density to 2E-9, the Yield Curve to 201, the
Yield Point Number on Curve to 3, the Transverse Shear Modulus to 10, the Tensile Young's
Modulus to 20, the In-Plane Young's Modulus to 20 and the Poisson's Ratio to 0.3. Then
enter 202, 203, 204 in the first three rows of the Loading/Unloading Curves table and click
Save. Click the Graph button. The graphics window should look something like the figure at
the top of the next page.
Click OK, then Close, to close both dialog boxes. Choose EditPreferences, set Prompt for
Label to NO and click OK.
Now click the Element Groups icon , choose Group Number 203 and set the Default
Material to 201 if necessary, then click Save. Choose Group Number 204 and set the Default
Material to 201, then click OK.
61-20 ADINA Primer

Pressure-closure curves
8. from material property data
Material 201,
gasket
7.
6.
5.
Pressure
4.
3.
2.
1.
0.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Closure strain
We would like to save all results for the gasket element groups. Choose ControlPorthole
(.por)Select Element Results, add Result Selection 1, set the Element Group to 203, set
Strain to All, set Inelastic to All, set Miscellaneous to All and click Save. Now add Result
Selection 2, set the Element Group to 204, set Strain to All, set Inelastic to All, set
Miscellaneous to All and click OK.
Bolt definitions
We need to specify that element groups 801 to 804 are bolt element groups. Click the
Element Groups icon , choose Group Number 801, set the Element Option to Bolt, set the
Bolt # to 1, set the Bolt Load to 1.0 and click Save. Repeat for groups 802, 803, 804, setting
the Bolt # to 2, 3, 4 respectively (and settting the bolt load to 1.0 for these groups), then click
OK.

Choose ModelBoltBolt Options, set the Bolt Loading Sequence Table to Yes and click
the Bolt Table ... button. In the Bolt Loading Sequence Table dialog box, add Table 1, set
“Bolt Load Interpreted As” to Bolt Shortening, enter the following information into the table
and click Save (do not close the Bolt Loading Sequence Table dialog box yet).
Seq. # Bolt # Load Factor Save Results

1 1 3.96 Yes
1 2 3.96 Yes
1 3 3.96 Yes
1 4 3.96 Yes
Now add Table 2, set the Time to 1.0, make sure that “Bolt Load Interpreted As” is set to
Tensioning Force, enter the following information into the table and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes.
Seq. # Bolt # Load Factor Save Results

1 1 5000 Yes
2 3 5000 Yes
3 2 5000 Yes
4 4 5000 Yes
5 1 10000 Yes
6 3 10000 Yes
7 2 10000 Yes
8 4 10000 Yes
(Note that bolt 3 is tightened in sequence # 2 and that bolt 2 is tightened in sequence # 3.)
Choose ControlTime Step, edit the table as follows and click OK.
Number Magnitude
of Steps
1 1.0
1 8.0
The bolt shortening starts at time 0.0 and has a duration of 1 second. The program then
performs a solution step with time step size 1 second.
Then the bolt tensioning starts at time 1.0 and has a duration of 8 seconds. Since there are
eight bolt sequences, each bolt sequence has a duration of 1 second. The program then
performs a solution step with time step size 8 seconds.
61-22 ADINA Primer

Control parameters, including low-speed dynamics
Choose ControlHeading, set the Problem Heading to 'Problem 61: Analysis of a gasketed
assemblage' and click OK.
Iterations to 999 and click OK to close the Nonlinear Iteration Settings dialog box. Now click
the Tolerances button, set the Convergence Criteria to Energy and Force, set the Reference
Force to 1.0, the Reference Moment to 1.0, the Contact Force Tolerance to 0.01, and the
Maximum Incremental Displacement in Any Iteration to 1.0. Click OK twice to close both
dialog boxes.
Click the Analysis Options icon and click the ... button to the right of the ‘Use Automatic
Time Stepping (ATS)’ field. Set 'Use Low-Speed Dynamics' to 'On Element Groups' and
click the ... button to the right of that field. In the Define Rayleigh Damping Factors dialog
box, set the default Alpha (Mass) to 1.0, then click OK to close the Define Rayleigh Damping
Factors dialog box. In the Automatic Time-Stepping (ATS) dialog box, set 'Maximum
Subdivisions Allowed' to 1000, 'Max. Factor for Accelerating Time Step' to 1.0, 'Time
Integration Method' to Newmark, 'Low-Speed Dynamics Inertia Factor' to 0, then click OK
twice to close both dialog boxes.
Generating the ADINA Structures data file, running ADINA Structures,

loading the porthole file
File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob61a, make sure that the Run Solution button
is checked and click Save.
In the ADINA Structures dialog box, in the Message window, notice the lines
...
Starting time step calculations...
Restart file created


Restart file created
We see that ADINA Structures performs a bolt step, then a solution step. This corresponds to
the first bolt table (length shrinking). Then ADINA Structures performs 8 bolt steps and
another solution step, and this corresponds to the second bolt table (force tensioning).
can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob61a.
Post-processing for the initial assembly and bolt tensioning analysis
Contact on gasket: Click the Color Element Groups icon , then use the Model Tree to
display element groups 203 and 204. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot
Variable to (Contact: NODAL_CONTACT_STATUS), then click OK . The graphics window
should look something like the figure at the top of the next page.
The entire gasket is in sticking contact.
Now click the First Solution icon to observe the state of contact after the bolts are
shortened, but before the bolts are tensioned. For solution time 1, contact is established on the
bead, and also on the edge of the gasket. Click the Next Solution icon repeatedly to
observe how contact develops as the bolts are tensioned. The gasket is in contact at the end of
bolt sequence 4 (5000 N in all bolts), and remains in contact thereafter. Click the Last
Solution icon to display the last solution.
Gasket pressure: Now click the Clear Band Plot icon , then click the Create Band Plot
icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress: GASKET_PRESSURE), then click OK . The
graphics window should look something like the figure at the bottom of the next page.
61-24 ADINA Primer

TIME 9.000 Z
X Y
NODAL
CONTACT
STATUS
TIME 9.000
STICKING
SLIPPING
CLOSED
OPEN
DEAD
MAXIMUM
STICKING
NODE 4340
MINIMUM
STICKING
NODE 4340
TIME 9.000 GASKET_PRESSURE

Z
RST CALC
TIME 9.000
X Y
2.667
2.400
2.133
1.867
1.600
1.333
1.067
MAXIMUM
2.777
EG 203, EL 2093, IPT 212 (2.769)
MINIMUM
0.9165
EG 203, EL 2468, IPT 112 (1.227)

The largest pressures are on the bead and on the four corners of the gasket. Click the First
Solution icon then click the Next Solution icon repeatedly to observe how the gasket
pressure changes as the bolts are tensioned. The gasket pressures underneath the bolts
increase, as expected. The entire gasket is under pressure at bolt tension of 5000 N, and this
pressure increases at bolt tension 10000 N. Click the Last Solution icon to display the last
solution.
Bolt forces: Choose ListValue ListZone, set Variable 1 to (Displacement: BOLT-

DISPLACEMENT), Variable 2 to (Force: BOLT-FORCE) and click Apply.
Observe that the bolt displacements for time 0.0, bolt sequence 1 are 3.96000E+00 (mm), the
bolt forces for time 0.0, bolt sequence 1 are approximately 5.6E+01 (N) and the bolt forces for
time 1.0 are nearly the same as for bolt sequence 1.
For time 1.0, bolt sequence 1, the bolt displacement for bolt 1 is 4.15678E+00 and the bolt
force is 5.00000E+03 (equal to the specified bolt force). For time 1.0, bolt sequence 2, the
bolt displacement for bolt 1 is unchanged, but the bolt force changes to 5.34709E+03. For
each of the bolt sequences in time 1, the bolt that is being tensioned has the specified bolt
force (with a changed bolt displacement) , and the remaining bolts have unchanged bolt
displacements and changed bolt forces.
The solution for time 9.0 is slightly different than the solution for time 1.0, bolt sequence 8,
due to the use of low-speed dynamics. But this change in solution is small.
Model definition for the pressure application analysis

menu.
Restart analysis, turning off low-speed dynamics
Choose ControlSolution Process, set the Analysis Mode to Restart Run, set the Solution
Start Time to 9 and click OK.
Click the Analysis Options icon and click the ... button to the right of the 'Use Automatic
Time Stepping (ATS)' field. Set 'Use Low-Speed Dynamics' to No and click OK twice to
close both dialog boxes.
61-26 ADINA Primer

Pressure loading
the Magnitude to 1 and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, make sure that the “Apply
to” field is set to Element-Face Set and, in the first two rows of the table, set the Set # to 7 and
409. Click OK to close the Apply Load dialog box.
Number Magnitude
of Steps
10 0.1
Choose ControlTime Function, edit the table as follows and click OK.
Time Value
0 0
9 0
10 4
The pressure loading starts at time 9.0, for 1 second. The pressure load is applied as a ramp in
10 equal steps of 0.1 seconds.
Now click the Clear icon , the Mesh Plot icon and the Load Plot icon . Use the
mouse to rotate the model until the graphics window looks something like the figure at the top
of the next page.

TIME 10.00
X Z Y
PRESCRIBED
PRESSURE
TIME 10.00
4.000

First click the Save icon to save the database to file prob61. Click the Data File/Solution
icon , set the file name to prob61b, make sure that the Run Solution button is checked and
click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you specify the restart file from the first
analysis. Enter restart file prob61a and click Copy.
Post-processing for the pressure application analysis
Contact on gasket: Click the Color Element Groups icon , then use the Model Tree to
display element groups 203 and 204. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot
Variable to (Contact: NODAL_CONTACT_STATUS), then click OK. The graphics window
61-28 ADINA Primer

TIME 10.00 Z
X Y
NODAL
CONTACT
STATUS
TIME 10.00
STICKING
SLIPPING
CLOSED
OPEN
DEAD
MAXIMUM
STICKING
NODE 4340
MINIMUM
OPEN
NODE 4825
Most of the gasket is in contact, but the area near the bead is beginning to open.
Click the First Solution icon , then click the Next Solution icon repeatedly to observe
the contact status as the pressure is applied. As the pressure is applied, slipping begins to
occur and the area near the bead starts to open. Click the Last Solution icon to display the
last solution.
Gasket pressure: Now click the Clear Band Plot icon , then click the Create Band Plot
icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Stress: GASKET_PRESSURE), then click OK . The

TIME 10.00 Z
X Y
MAXIMUM
2.860
EG 203, EL 2099, IPT 121 (2.850)
MINIMUM
-0.1667
EG 203, EL 1952, IPT 111 (0.01209)
GASKET_PRESSURE
RST CALC
TIME 10.00
2.700
2.250
1.800
1.350
0.900
0.450
0.000
Use the First Solution icon and Next Solution icon to observe the gasket pressures
during pressure application. As the pressure is applied, the gasket pressure decreases. Click
the Last Solution icon to display the last solution.
Gasket plastic strain: Now click the Clear Band Plot icon , then click the Create Band
Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Strain: GASKET_PLASTIC_CLOSURE_
STRAIN), then click OK . The graphics window should look something like the figure on the
next page.
61-30 ADINA Primer

TIME 10.00 Z
MAXIMUM
0.1259 X Y
EG 203, EL 2099, IPT 121 (0.1226)
MINIMUM
-0.002481
EG 203, EL 2711, IPT 212 (0.0004232)
GASKET
PLASTIC
CLOSURE
STRAIN
RST CALC
TIME 10.00
0.1170
0.0990
0.0810
0.0630
0.0450
0.0270
0.0090
Again, by examining all of the solution steps, we can observe that the gasket has already
become plastic at the bolt tension 10000 N, and the plasticity is unchanged during the
pressure application. Click the Last Solution icon to display the last solution.
Gasket pressure minus applied pressure
When the gasket pressure in the bead is greater than the applied pressure, we anticipate that
the gasket will not leak, but when the gasket pressure is less than the applied pressure, we
anticipate that the gasket will leak. So we will plot the gasket pressure minus the applied
pressure on the bead, to observe if this quantity ever becomes negative.
Click the Clear icon , then use the Model Tree to display element group 204.
Choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add resultant

GASKET_PRESS_MINUS_APP_PRESS, define the resultant as
GASKET_PRESSURE - TIME_FUNCTION_1
and click OK. Now click the Create Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to <User
Defined: GASKET_PRESS_MINUS_APP_PRESS>, then click OK. The graphics window
should look something like the figure at the top of the next page.

TIME 10.00 Z
X Y
GASKET
PRESS
MINUS
APP
PRESS
RST CALC
TIME 10.00
-3.390
-3.420
-3.450
-3.480
-3.510
-3.540
-3.570
MAXIMUM
-3.372
EG 204, EL 2989, IPT 121 (-3.390)
MINIMUM
-3.592
EG 204, EL 3000, IPT 122 (-3.584)
Since this variable is negative, we see that the gasket is leaking at the applied pressure of 4
MPa.
Now click the First Solution icon . The band plot scaling is not adjusted, so we cannot see
the results. To rescale the band plot when the solution time is changed, click the Modify Band
Plot icon , click the Band Table... button, then, in the Value Range box, set the Maximum
and Minimum to Automatic and uncheck the Freeze Range field. Click OK to close both
dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like the figure at the top of the
next page.
Now, each time you click the Next Solution icon , the band plot scaling changes. Observe
that, at time 9.4, the minimum value of the variable becomes negative, hence the gasket will
leak at that solution time. Since the applied pressure at time 9.4 is 0.4  4  1.6 MPa , the
gasket will leak at this applied pressure.
61-32 ADINA Primer

TIME 9.100 Z
X Y
GASKET
PRESS
MINUS
APP
PRESS
RST CALC
TIME 9.100
1.920
1.893
1.867
1.840
1.813
1.787
1.760
MAXIMUM
1.936
EG 204, EL 2983, IPT 211 (1.910)
MINIMUM
1.749
EG 204, EL 3000, IPT 122 (1.754)
Modeling comments
1) The .nas file used in this run is created using ADINA-M/PS. You can examine the
commented-out lines in file prob61.in in order to see the commands used for creating the
mesh and exporting the Nastran file.
2) Incompatible modes elements are used in element groups 2 and 401, since these groups
might undergo significant bending.
3) In the Nastran file, the components are defined with gaps between them, as shown in the
figure:
1 mm Cover
1 mm 0.05 mm
Gasket and bead
1 mm
Base
1 mm

It is seen that the total gap to eliminate is 3.95 mm. This gap will be eliminated during the
initial assembly analysis.
4) In the bolt element meshes, there are at least two rings of nodes in the bolt head and nut
radially outward from the shank:
Ring 1
Ring 2
If a coarser mesh is used, in which there is only one ring of nodes, the contact is much more
difficult to establish between the bolt and the base (or cover plane).
5) In the base, gasket and cover meshes, a refined mesh is used for the bolt holes. This is done
so that the contact surfaces for the bolt holes are relatively smooth. These contact surfaces are
target surfaces in contact groups 3 to 6.
6) Separate element groups are used for the gasket and the bead. In this way, separate
materials could have been used for the gasket and bead (but we used the same material in
order to simplify the problem). Also it is then easier to plot the bead by itself.
7) The extra thickness of the bead relative to the thickness of the gasket is modeled using a
contact surface offset. The element thickness in the bead is the same as the element thickness
in the gasket (1 mm).
8) We could have solved the entire model using geometry-based modeling, as in previous
primer problems, but we wanted to demonstrate the importing of Nastran files, and the use of
element face-sets.
9) In the definition of contact surfaces on the top of the gasket, it is important to make sure
that the nodes on the top boundary between the gasket and the bead do not belong to both
contact surfaces. Thus, for example, consider node 4534, which is on the top boundary
between the gasket and bead. If both contact surfaces 2 and 3 contain node 4534, then it is
possible that, during an equilibrium iteration, this node is in contact twice, once from each
contact surface. And if this situation occurs, then the same contact equation is added twice to
the system of equations, and the system therefore will contain a zero pivot.
10) Mass-proportional Rayleigh damping needs to be used in the low-speed dynamics run in
order to damp out the rigid-body modes. Stiffness-proportional Rayleigh damping does not
damp out the rigid-body modes.
61-34 ADINA Primer

11) The bolt length reduction needs to be at least 3.95 mm, in order to eliminate the gap. If
3.95 mm were used, then only the bead would be in contact at the end of the initial assembly.
However we use 3.96 mm, so that the bead and also the edges of the gasket are in contact at
the end of the initial assembly.
12) Because many nodes are coming into contact, many equilibrium iterations need to be used
in each bolt sequence step in order to obtain convergence. Once the bolts are tensioned so
that the entire gasket is in contact, then only a few equilibrium iterations are required in each
step thereafter.
13) Low-speed dynamics is used during bolt tensioning because the bolts can go out-of-
contact in the trial (non-converged) solutions during the equilibrium iterations.

61-36 ADINA Primer

Problem 62: The second Stokes problem
Periodic Periodic
boundary  1 boundary
condition 1   0.001 condition 2
v  V0 cos  t  , V0  1   
The second Stokes problem is 2D fluid flow above a plate that moves horizontally in a
harmonic manner, schematically shown in the figure above.
Due to the viscous effect, the fluid above the plate is horizontally driven by the plate, and the
velocity decreases along the vertical Z direction. The analytical solution of this problem can
be written in the following form:
v  V0 e cos  t   
w0
where v is the horizontal velocity, w is the vertical velocity, V0 is the maximum velocity
magnitude,  and  are the density and the dynamic viscosity of the fluid,  is the angular
frequency of the plate oscillation, and  is the normalized Z coordinate z  /(2  ) . For this
problem, we set V0  0.01 and    , corresponding to the period T  2 .
In this problem, we will demonstrate the following topics:
 Periodic boundary condition

 Initial condition specified with a 2D tabular spatial function
Before you begin

Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob62_1.in, prob62_1.plo. You need
to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working directory or folder before
Problem heading: Choose Control→Heading, enter the heading “Problem 62: 2D

incompressible flow driven by a horizontally oscillating plate, the Second Stokes Problem”
and click OK.
Flow assumptions: Choose Model→Flow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension field to 2D
(in YZ Plane), uncheck the “Include Heat Transfer” button, and click OK.
Analysis type: Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Transient. Then click the Analysis
Options icon , set the Integration Method to Composite and click OK. This composite
scheme has second order accuracy in time.
Element formulation: Choose ControlSolution Process, set the “Flow-Condition-Based

Interpolation Elements” to FCBI-C (do not close the dialog box yet).
Outer iteration settings: In the Solution Process dialog box, click the “Outer Iteration…”
button, then click the “Advanced Settings…” button. In the Outer Iteration Advanced Settings
dialog box, set “Equation Residual Use” to All, and the “Tolerance” to 1E-06; then set
“Variable Residual Use” to All and the “Tolerance” to 1E-06. Click OK three times to close
all three dialog boxes.
Time step setting: The period T is the characteristic time scale for this problem. Generally we
need 20 to 100 time steps in one time period to accurately capture the transient physics, see
the ADINA CFD Theory and Modeling Guide, section 13.1.3 for details. For this problem, we
use 20 time steps with a step size T / 20  0.1 .
Choose Control→Time Step, set the Number of Steps to 20 and the Magnitude to 0.1 in the
first row of the table, then click OK.
62-2 ADINA Primer

Defining geometry and materials
We have prepared a batch file (prob62_1.in) that contains the model geometry, material,
mesh, and loadings.
prob62_1.in, and click Open. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY
TIME 2.000
0.01000
The loading in this problem is the velocity on the bottom boundary. The harmonic oscillation
of this loading is achieved through time function 2.
Time function 2: Choose Control→Time Function, set the Time Function Number to 2, and
click “Graph” to see the time function. Click OK to close the dialog box.
Defining the periodic boundary conditions
In the problem, the left (line 4) and right (line 6) boundaries are set as periodic boundary
conditions so that the infinite physical domain can be represented by a finite computational
domain.
Periodic boundary conditions: Click the Special Boundary Condition icon and add
boundary condition 1. Set the “Type” to “Periodic”. Double-click in the first row and column
of the table, use the mouse to pick the left vertical line and press the Esc key to return to the
“Define Special Boundary Condition” dialog box. Line number 4 should be entered in the
table.

Now click the ... button to the right of the “Geometric Transformation” field. In the Define
Transformation dialog box, add Transformation number 1. This transformation will be used
by ADINA CFD to find the partner boundary (line 6) of the periodic boundary condition 1
(line 4). Set the “Coordinate Axes” X, Y, Z to (0, 2, 0). This is the positive coordinate
increment from line 4 to line 6. Click OK to close the “Define Transformation” dialog box. In
the “Define Special Boundary Condition” dialog box, set the “Geometric Transformation” to
1 and click Save (do not close the dialog box yet).
In the Define Special Boundary Condition dialog box, add boundary condition 2. Verify that
the “Type” is “Periodic”. Double-click in the first row and column of the table, use the mouse
to pick the right line and press the Esc key. Line number 6 should be entered in the table.
Click Save (do not close the dialog box yet).
Click the “Boundary Condition Pair…” button. In the Define Pairs of Boundary Condition
dialog box, set B.C. #1 to 1 and B.C. #2 to 2 in the first row of the table, then click OK to
close this dialog box. Click OK to close the Define Special Boundary Condition dialog box.
When you click the Boundary Plot icon , the graphic window should look something like
this:
TIME 2.000 Z
X Y
PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY
TIME 2.000
0.01000
B
B C
C
B
B
B C
C
C
B
B
B C
C
C
B
B C
C
B
B C
C
B
B
B C
C
C
B
B C
C
B
B
B C
C
C
B C
V V P
2 3
B
C
PER
B 1
C 2
62-4 ADINA Primer

Defining initial conditions
The initial condition profile of the Stokes second problem can be obtained directly from its
analytical solution at t = 0:
v  V0 e cos( )
Since this initial velocity is not constant, we need to use a spatial function to specify this
initial condition. Note: if a uniform zero velocity is used as the initial condition, we can still
get the oscillating velocity solution, but it will take a longer computational time to get the
periodic oscillating solution.
Initial Condition: Click the Surface/Face Labels icon to show the surface labels (S1 and
S2 in this problem). Choose Model→Initial Conditions→Define and add initial condition
INIT.
Enter the following information into the first two rows of the table and click Save.
Variable Value
Y-VELOCITY 0.01
Z-VELOCITY 0.0
Now click the Apply... button. In the Apply Initial Conditions dialog box, set the “Apply to”
field to Face/Surface and make sure that the “Initial Condition” is “INIT”. Enter the
following information into the first two rows of the table and click Save.
Face/Surface Body # Spatial Function

1 1
2 1
In this way, spatial function 1 is used along with initial condition INIT to determine the initial
condition for both surfaces: the magnitude of the initial velocities is given by INIT  (spatial
function 1). Click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Examining the spatial function: Choose Geometry→Spatial Functions→Surface. In the

Define Surface Function dialog box, the “Number of Grid Columns” is 3, which corresponds
to the 3 nodes in the y direction for each surface; the “Number of Grid Rows” is 201, which
corresponds to the 201 nodes in the Z direction for each surface. The surface-function
definition is contained in the file prob62_1.in.

click Save.
Open icon and open porthole file prob62.por.
did this so that we can define a model line on a geometry line; we can plot velocity profiles
along the model line later on.
Click the Show Geometry icon (to hide the geometry), the Model Outline icon and
the Quick Vector Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 2.000 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 2.000
0.01000
0.00975
0.00825
0.00675
0.00525
0.00375
0.00225
0.00075
62-6 ADINA Primer

Use the Previous Solution icon and Next Solution icon to display the other solutions
at different times.
We have prepared the commands for creating the velocity profile along geometry line 2 in file
prob62_1.plo. Choose File→Open Batch, navigate to the working directory or folder, select
10. 10.
t=0 ADINA-CFD t = 0.5 ADINA-CFD
8. 8.
Analytical solution Analytical solution
6. 6.
eta
eta
4. 4.
2. 2.
0. 0.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
v/V v/V
0 0
10. 10.
t = 1.0 ADINA-CFD t = 1.5 ADINA-CFD
8. 8.
Analytical solution Analytical solution
6. 6.
eta
eta
4. 4.
2. 2.
0. 0.
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
v/V v/V
0 0
In these four plots, the velocity profiles at four different solution times are plotted along with
the corresponding analytical solutions. In these plots, the x-axis is the normalized velocity
v / V0 , and the y-axis is the normalized z coordinate  ; the red circle symbol represents the
computational solutions and the green line represents the analytical solutions.
Exiting the AUI: Choose File→Exit (you can discard all changes).
Note
1) The surface function f  u , v  can be defined as three types: linear, quadratic and tabular.
We use tabular for this primer problem because the initial velocity profile for this problem is
not either linear or quadratic. The range of the surface function is 0  u  1 and 0  v  1 . The
details on the surface functions, such as the orientations of the surface function axes, are
available in the AUI Command Reference Manual Volume III: CFD & FSI, SURFACE-
FUNCTION command.

62-8 ADINA Primer

Problem 63: Sloshing analysis of a water tank
Problem description
A cylindrical water tank is subjected to gravity loading and ground accelerations, as shown in
the figures below:
Z
X Y
Tank walls
Water in tank
Wall CL
g=9.81 m/s2
thickness 5
0.05
Water: k = 2.1´10 9 N/m2

Tank walls:
r = 1000 kg/m 3
Steel: E= 2.07´10 11 N/m2
20 n =0.3
r = 7800 kg/m 3
All lengths in meters.

1
Wall
thickness Prescribed uniform
0.5 15
ground acceleration

Shell elements are used to model the tank walls, and potential-based fluid elements are used to
model the water in the tank.
Three analyses are performed:
Static analysis: The gravity load is applied and the fluid pressures and tank stresses are
calculated.
Frequency analysis: The gravity load is applied, then the first four hundred natural
frequencies of the fluid-structure system are calculated. The corresponding modal
participation factors for ground motions are obtained.
Dynamic time history analysis: The gravity load is applied, then a ground acceleration acting
in the x direction is applied. The ground acceleration is sinusoidal with period equal to the
period of the first sloshing mode (as determined in the frequency analysis).
• Specifying a potential interface of type free-surface

• Specifying the tolerances for phi model completion
• Performing frequency analysis with potential-based fluid elements
• Specifying mass-proportional loads of type ground acceleration for potential-based fluid
elements
Before you begin
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob63_1.in, prob63_tf.txt. You need
to copy files prob63_1.in, prob63_tf.txt from the folder samples\primer into a working
63-2 ADINA Primer

Model definition for the static analysis

Geometry and mesh definitions
The geometry and mesh definitions are stored in file prob63_1.in.
The tank wall is modeled using geometry points 1 to 5, lines 1 to 4, surfaces 1 to 4, material 1
and element group 1 (type shell).
The water is modeled using geometry points 101 to 104, surface 101, volume 101, material
101 and element group 101 (type 3D fluid).
The geometry surfaces of the tank wall and the geometry volume of the water are obtained by
revolution.
The geometry before revolution is shown in the figure below.
CL P4
5
P3
P102 P104
Geometry
separated
for clarity,
separation
20
not to scale
P101 P103
0.001 P2
P5 1
14.999 P1
15
Notice that the geometry used to mesh the tank and water is separated. As a result, the
meshing of the shell and fluid meshes is compatible, but separated slightly, with separate
nodes for the shell and fluid meshes. Later on, we will specify a tolerance used to connect
these meshes during the phi model completion phase (during creation of the .dat file).

Choose FileOpen Batch, choose file prob63_1.in and click OK. When you click the Mesh
Plot icon and the Color Element Groups icon ., the graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Now click the Wire Frame icon and the Node Symbols icon . Use the Pick icon
and the mouse to rotate the plot so that you are viewing the underside of the tank. You will
notice that the shell mesh (in green) is compatible with the fluid mesh (in red). Now click the
Node Labels icon and the Zoom icon , then enlarge the mesh so that the individual
elements and nodes are visible. You will notice that separate nodes are used for the shell and
fluid meshes. (You might find it useful to rotate the mesh using the mouse after the mesh is
enlarged, in order to visualize the mesh more easily.) Click the Clear icon , then the Mesh
Plot icon to return to the original view.
We need to specify tolerances corresponding to the mesh separation. Choose Model

Phi Model Completion, set the "Tolerance for Nodal Coincidence" to Custom, set the
"Custom Tolerances for Nodal Coincidence" to 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 and click OK. (The unit is
the length unit of the model; 0.01 m is larger than the separation of 0.001 m used in the
geometry definition, and 0.01 m is smaller than the element size.)
63-4 ADINA Primer

Free surface
It is necessary to specify that the top of the fluid is a free surface. Choose Model
Boundary ConditionsPotential Interface and add Potential Interface Number 1. Set the
Type to Free Surface, the "Apply to" field to Surfaces, enter 102 in the first row of the table
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
The thick lines on the top of the fluid mesh represent the potential interface.
Gravity load
Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Mass Proportional and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Mass-Proportional Load
dialog box, add load number 1, set the Magnitude to 9.81, make sure that the Direction is set
to (0, 0, -1) and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Time Function to 1 and click
OK.
By default, the analysis is static with constant time function and time step size equal to 1.0.


File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob63a, make sure that the Run Solution button
is checked and click Save.
can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob63a.
Post-processing for the static analysis

Fluid-structure interface elements
We would like to check the fluid-structure interfaces that were automatically generated as part
of the phi model completion process in .dat file generation.
In the Model Tree, right-click on EG101 and choose Display. The graphics window should
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Use the mouse to rotate the mesh. The entire mesh is covered by thick lines; these lines
indicate the fluid-structure interface elements.
63-6 ADINA Primer

Fluid pressures
We would like to check the static fluid pressures. Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the
Band Plot Variable to (Stress: FE_PRESSURE) and click OK. The graphics window should
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
FE_PRESSURE
RST CALC
TIME 1.000
173333.
146667.
120000.
93333.
66667.
40000.
13333.
MAXIMUM
195823.
EG 101, EL 720, IPT 111 (193750.)
MINIMUM
-367.6
EG 101, EL 5042, IPT 112 (1705.)
The fluid pressure is nearly zero at the free surface, varies linearly along the side of the tank
and is maximum at the bottom. The value of 195823 (Pa) at the bottom of the tank closely
matches the expected value p   gh  196200 Pa . (In this expression,  is, of course, the
fluid density and h is the depth of the water in the tank.)
Tank displacements and stresses
We would like to view the tank displacements and stresses. Click the Clear icon , then, in
the Model Tree, right-click on EG1 and choose Display. Click the Scale Displacements icon
, the Quick Vector Plot icon and use the mouse to rotate the mesh, until the graphics
window looks something like the figure on the next page.

X Y
STRESS
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
+ -
1.339E+08
7.500E+07
4.500E+07
1.500E+07
-1.500E+07
-4.500E+07
-7.500E+07
-1.050E+08
Above the bottom of the tank, the tank walls are primarily carrying hoop stresses. An
r
estimate for the hoop stress is  hoop  (  gh) , where r is the tank radius and t is the tank
t
wall thickness. At the base of the tank, this formula gives the value of 5.89E7 Pa.
Unfortunately it is difficult to see from the above plot if the ADINA Structures results give
this value, since the largest stresses in the tank are at the center of the tank floor.
Let's plot just the elements on the tank wall. Click the Change Zone icon , click the ...
button to the right of the Zone Name field, add zone TANK_WALLS, click the Edit button,
enter
ELEMENTS 1 TO 936 OF ELEMENT GROUP 1
in the first row of the table, then click OK to close the dialog box. In the Change Zone of
Mesh Plot dialog box, make sure that the Zone Name is set to TANK_WALLS, then click
OK.
The plot shows both tensile and compressive principal stresses. To show only the tensile
principal stresses, click the Modify Vector Plot icon , click the Rendering... button, set the
"Vector Plot of Principal Values" to Maximum and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
63-8 ADINA Primer

X Y
MAX PRINC
STRESS
RST CALC
SHELL T = 1.00
TIME 1.000
+ -
5.609E+07
5.200E+07
4.400E+07
3.600E+07
2.800E+07
2.000E+07
1.200E+07
4.000E+06
This plot shows that the maximum calculated hoop stresses are close to the estimated value
(of course the estimate does not account for the stiffening effect of the tank floor).
Model definition for the frequency analysis

menu.
Restart analysis
Choose ControlSolution Process, set the Analysis Mode to Restart Run and click OK.
Frequency / modal participation factor analysis
Set the Analysis Type to Modal Participation Factors and click the Analysis Options icon
to the right of this field. In the Modal Participation Factors dialog box, make sure that the
Type of Excitation Load is Ground Motion, then click the Settings... button. In the
Frequencies (Modes) dialog box, set the Solution Method to Lanczos Iteration, set the
Number of Frequencies / Mode Shapes to 400, set the Number of Mode Shapes to be Printed
to 400, check the "Allow Rigid Body Mode" button and click OK twice to close both dialog
boxes.

In order to reduce the amount of information written to the porthole file, we do not want to
save element results in this run. Choose ControlPortholeVolume, uncheck the
"Individual Element Results" field and click OK.
We also want to calculate the total mass of the model. Choose ControlMiscellaneous
Options, check the "Calculate Mass Properties" field and click OK. (The total mass is used to
calculate the percent modal masses in the listings below.)

Do not click the Save icon , instead choose FileSave As and save the database to file
prob63_fr.
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob63_frb, make sure that the
Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you
specify the restart file from the static analysis. Enter restart file prob63a and click Copy.
This analysis might take around 5 minutes or so to run.
When the analysis finishes, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-down
porthole file prob63_frb.
Post-processing for the frequency analysis

Error measures for the frequency solution
Choose ListExtreme ValuesZone, set the first "Variable to List" to (Frequency/Mode:

EIGENSOLUTION_ERROR_MEASURE) and click Apply. On our computer, the maximum
error measure is 3.92454E-04, corresponding to mode 147. You might get a different value,
but the error measure should also be small (less than 1E-3).
63-10 ADINA Primer

Mode shapes and natural frequencies
MODE 1, F 0.1737 MODE MAG 5643. Z

TIME 1.000
X Y
The direction of the sloshing mode might be different on your computer platform, but the
frequency should be the same.
Click the Next Solution icon to view the next mode shape. Mode 2 has the same
frequency as mode 1, as must be expected due to the symmetry of the model. Thus the first
sloshing mode is represented by both modes 1 and 2.
Notice that the free surface slips along the tank wall. This is why separate nodes are used for
the shell and fluid meshes. (The elements in the potential-based mesh appear to be
overdistorted, see comments at the end of this primer problem for an explanation.)
Repeatedly click the Next Solution icon to view more of the mode shapes. The first 269
mode shapes all involve different motions of the free surface, with very little motion of the
tank walls.

Modal participation factors and modal masses
Choose ListInfoMPF. The first table in the listing gives the modal participation factors
for each ground motion direction, the second table gives the modal masses, the third table
gives the modal masses expressed as percentages of the total mass, the fourth table gives the
accumulated modal masses and the fifth table gives the accumulated modal masses expressed
as percentages of the total mass. Scroll to the bottom of the listing. You should notice that
the accumulated modal masses for mode 400 are approximately 81.8% in the x and y
directions, and approximately 87.5% in the z direction.
Now scroll upwards to the table with heading
PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT

MODE FREQUENCY MASS(X) MASS(Y) MASS(Z)
We observe that modes 1 and 2 have frequency 1.73742E-01 (Hz) and that the sum of the x
percent modal masses for the two modes is about 26.1%. (Because the modes are repeated,
the percent modal mass for each of the modes, considered separately, will be different on
different computer platforms, but the sum of the percent masses will be the same.) The sum of
the y percent modal masses for the first two modes is equal to the sum of the x percent modal
masses, as must be expected by symmetry.
Observe that the percent modal masses for most of the remaining modes are zero. This is
because these modes are symmetric. Ground motions will not trigger these modes.
The next modes with significant modal mass are modes 316 and 317, with frequency 5.90436
(Hz).
To display mode 316, choose DefinitionsResponse, set the Response Name to

MESHPLOT00001, set the Mode Shape Number to 316 and click OK. When you click the
Redraw icon , the graphics window should look something like the figure on the next
page.
This mode involves both sloshing and structural deformation. Since this is a repeated mode,
the direction of the mode might be different on your computer platform, but the frequency
should be the same.
63-12 ADINA Primer

MODE 316, F 5.904 MODE MAG 5264. Z

TIME 1.000
X Y
Model definition for the time history analysis

and choose database file prob63.idb (not prob63_fr.idb) from the recent file list near the
Restart analysis, dynamic analysis
Choose ControlSolution Process, set the Analysis Mode to Restart Run and click OK.
Set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Implicit.
Ground acceleration
In the time history analysis, we would like to trigger the first sloshing mode. To do this, we
will input a sinusoidal ground acceleration in the x direction with period equal to the period of
the first sloshing mode. From the frequency analysis, the first sloshing mode has frequency
1.73742E-01 Hz, so the period is 5.75566 sec.
The ground acceleration time history that we will apply is shown in the figure on the next
page.

0.01
0.005
Ground
acceleration 0.0
in x direction 5 10 15 20 25
(gs)
Time from start of
-0.005 ground acceleration
-0.01
This time function is generated from the equation
t 2 t
ugx  (0.01g ) sin ,t  tp
tp tp
2 t
 (0.01g ) sin ,t  tp
tp
and t p  5.75566 sec . See the notes at the end of this primer problem for more information on
why the ground acceleration time history is not simply applied as a sinusoidal function.
The time step size is chosen to be 0.2 sec, so that there are about 30 time steps per loading
cycle.
In the dynamic analysis, we restart from time 1.0. In addition, we would like to have one
dynamic time step with zero ground acceleration. So the ground acceleration time history is
shifted by 1.2 sec, so that the ground acceleration starts at time 1.2.
To apply this ground acceleration, we will input a mass-proportional load with magnitude
0.0981 (m/s^2), acting in direction (-1,0,0), with the time function shown in the figure on the
next page.
63-14 ADINA Primer

Time 1.2,
start of ground
acceleration
1.0
0.5
Time
function 0.0
value 5 10 15 20 25
Solution time
-0.5
-1.0
Choose ControlTime Step, and, in the first row of the table, set the # of steps to 125 and the
Magnitude to 0.2, then click OK.
Choose ControlTime Function, add Time Function Number 2, click Import... and open file
prob63_tf.txt, then click OK to close the Define Time Function dialog box.
Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Mass Proportional and click the
Define... button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Mass-Proportional Load
dialog box, add load number 2, set the Magnitude to 0.0981 and set the Direction to (-1,0,0).
Also set "Interpret Loading as (for potential-based fluid element only)" to "Ground
Acceleration" and click OK. In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Load Number to 2, the
Time Function to 2 and click OK.

Do not click the Save icon , instead choose FileSave As and save the database to file
prob63_td.
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob63_tdb, make sure that the
Run Solution button is checked and click Save. The AUI opens a window in which you
specify the restart file from the static analysis. Enter restart file prob63a and click Copy.
This analysis might take around 2 minutes or so to run.

When the analysis finishes, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-down
porthole file prob63_tdb.
Post-processing for the time history analysis
TIME 26.00 Z
X Y
Click the Movie Load Step icon to animate the solution. You will observe that the free
surface moves with the shape given by mode shapes 1 and 2, and that the amplitude of the
motion increase in each cycle.
Dynamic fluid pressure
We would like to visualize the fluid pressure due to the ground acceleration. Thus we need to
subtract the static pressure (pressure from the static analysis) from the total pressure.
The static pressure itself consists of two parts, the fluid reference pressure, defined as
pref   gz , and an offset needed to set the reference pressure to zero on the free surface
(approximately at z  21 ). The variable FLUID_REFERENCE_PRESSURE gives the value
of pref , but we need to calculate the offset ourselves. The offset is approximately
63-16 ADINA Primer

(  g )(21)  206010 .
Choose DefinitionsVariableResultant, add variable DYNAMIC_PRESSURE, define it as
<FE_PRESSURE> - <FLUID_REFERENCE_PRESSURE> - 206010
and click OK.
We would also like to plot the fluid elements without the interface elements. Click the Define
Zone icon , add zone FLUID, click the Edit button, enter
ELEMENT 1 TO 100000 OF ELEMENT GROUP 101
in row 1 of the table, then click OK. (Since there are less than 100000 elements in group 101,
the above command selects all of the elements in group 101, without selecting any of the
interface elements.) Then, in the Model Tree, right click on zone FLUID and choose Display.
Now click the Create Band Plot icon , choose variable (User Defined:
DYNAMIC_PRESSURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like
this:
TIME 26.00 Z
X Y
DYNAMIC
PRESSURE
RST CALC
TIME 26.00
4800.
3200.
1600.
0.
-1600.
-3200.
-4800.
MAXIMUM
5190.
EG 101, EL 18, IPT 122 (5012.)
MINIMUM
-5925.
EG 101, EL 36, IPT 122 (-5747.)
You will notice that the plotted dynamic pressure is non-zero on the free surface, see notes at
the end of this problem for an explanation.

Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation of the dynamic pressure.
Now click the First Solution icon . Notice that the dynamic pressure is constant with value
-367.6 (Pa) at time 1.2. Recall that there is no ground acceleration applied at time 1.2. The
nonzero dynamic pressure is due to the approximate offset of 206010. This offset was
computed using the undeformed fluid height of z  21 . However, due to the fluid
compressibility and the tank compliance, the actual fluid height in the static solution is
slightly different than 21.
Click the Clear Band Plot icon to remove the band plot.
Fluid velocities
Click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to VELOCITY and click OK.
The velocity vectors should all have values very close to 0 (on our computer, all values are of
the order 1E-13). This shows that the first dynamic solution, with zero ground acceleration, is
the same as the static solution.
Now click the Last Solution icon . The velocity vectors are all very long, because the
same scale factor is used as was used in the previous plot. Click the Clear Vector Plot icon
, click the Create Vector Plot icon , set the Vector Quantity to VELOCITY and click
OK.
Unfortunately some of the vectors have the same color as the mesh plot. Click the Color
Element Groups icon to uncolor the mesh plot. The graphics window should look
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation of the fluid velocities.
63-18 ADINA Primer

TIME 26.00 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 26.00
1.441
1.300
1.100
0.900
0.700
0.500
0.300
0.100
Dynamic tank deformations
Click the Clear icon , then in the Model Tree, right click on zone EG1 and choose
Display. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon and click the Model Depiction button. Set the
"Option for Plotting Original Mesh" to "Use Configuration at Reference Time", and set the
"Reference Time for Original Mesh" to 1.0, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
When you click the Scale Displacements icon , the graphics window should look
Recall that when ground motions are applied using mass-proportional loads, the computed
displacements are relative to the ground motion.
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation of the dynamic tank deformations.

TIME 26.00 DISP MAG 14133. Z

REF TIME 1.000
X Y
Notes
1) For general information about the potential-based fluid elements, see Section 2.11 of the
ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling Guide. In particular, note that the linear potential-
based formulation is used in this analysis, and the displacements of the fluid-structure
boundary and the free surface are assumed to be small.
2) It is necessary to use separate but compatible meshes for the shell and fluid, in order that
the free surface of the fluid slip along the tank walls. For a schematic example, see Example
1 in Section 2.11.15 of the ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling Guide.
3) Surface 4, which is used for the floor of the tank, is a degenerate surface, therefore during
meshing of the shell elements, it is necessary to specify DEGENERATE=YES in the
GSURFACE command.
4) Because both the structure and fluid are linear, this is a linear analysis. In the special case
of a linear analysis, it is allowed to perform the frequency analysis immediately, without an
initial static load. We do not demonstrate this here. The sequence of analyses given in this
primer problem is applicable for both linear and nonlinear analysis.
5) In frequency analysis with potential-based fluid elements, it is a good idea to always check
the eigensolution error measures, as demonstrated in this primer problem. If, for some reason,
the error measures are large, ADINA Structures does not stop; instead ADINA Structures
outputs the (wrong) eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
63-20 ADINA Primer

6) In the fluid mesh, the vertical displacements of the nodes that are not on the free surface are
much smaller than the vertical displacements of the nodes on the free surface. This makes it
appear as if the fluid elements on the free surface are undergoing large deformations while the
remaining fluid elements are not moving. When the displacements are large enough, the
elements appear to become overdistorted.
This is normal. The motions of the fluid inside potential-based fluid elements is unrelated to
the motions (or lack of motions) of the nodes of these elements. The motions of potential-
based fluid element nodes is used only to provide displacement boundary conditions for the
potential-based elements.
7) The number of modes for motions of the free surface is approximately equal to the number
of nodes on the free surface. Since free surface motions have very low frequency, most of the
low modes are free surface motions. This is why it is necessary to compute several hundred
modes for this problem.
As the mesh is refined and the number of nodes on the free surface increases, the number of
modes for motions of the free surface also increases, and therefore the number of modes to be
computed also increases.
8) For information about modal masses, see the ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling
Guide, Section 9.1.
9) It is interesting to try the frequency analysis with more modes than are used in this
problem, in order to see that the modal masses converge to the actual mass. We obtain the
following results:
Number Highest natural Percent modal Percent modal Percent modal

of modes frequency (Hz) mass in x mass in y mass in z
direction direction direction
400 20.370 81.8 81.8 87.5
500 34.443 82.3 82.3 87.8
1000 150.558 95.6 95.6 94.8
2000 371.405 98.0 98.0 96.5
5000 733.238 98.5 98.5 97.5
10) Recall that when ground motions are applied using mass-proportional loads, the
displacements are relative to the ground motion. Also recall that the direction of the mass-
proportional load is opposite to the direction of the ground motion. See the ADINA
Structures Theory and Modeling Guide, Section 5.4.4 for more information.
11) In potential-based fluid analysis with ground motions, ADINA Structures assumes that the
ground displacement, velocity and acceleration are all zero at the start of the time history

2 t
analysis. If we had used ugx  (0.01g ) sin throughout, the average ground velocity
tp
would have been non-zero, see discussion in the ADINA Structures Theory and Modeling
Guide, Section 2.11.14.
12) The plotted dynamic pressure is non-zero at the top of the fluid mesh for the following
reason. Internally, the fluid element degrees of freedom are the potentials. The displacements
of the boundary nodes are used only to provide a coupling between the rest of the structure
and the fluid elements. The pressures within the fluid elements are computed based on the
undeformed element geometry.
Now consider node 1244, which is the node on the free surface corresponding to the
maximum plotted dynamic pressure (8601 Pa). At time 26, the z displacement of this node is
8.7677E-1 (m), so this node is above the undeformed free surface. The pressure at this
location on the undeformed free surface is (  g )(8.76711E-1)  8601 , which is the plotted
value.
There is a subtle difference between the pressures computed within the fluid elements and the
pressures computed within the fluid-structure interface elements. The pressures computed
within the fluid elements do not contain the  gu z effect due to motion of the boundary (since
this motion is assumed small). But the pressures computed within the fluid-structure interface
elements do contain the  gu z effect.
63-22 ADINA Primer

Problem 64: 2D flow around a cylinder with a flexible splitter
Problem description
This tutorial illustrates the use of ADINA for analyzing the fluid-structure interaction (FSI)
behavior of a flexible splitter behind a 2D cylinder and the surrounding fluid in a channel. The
2D model under consideration is shown schematically in the following figure.
Flexible splitter
Inlet 0.05 Outlet
0.41 Fluid
3
0.35 r = 1000 kg/m
0.2 m = 1.0 Pa-s
0.2
2.5
Not drawn to scale
0.02
E = 5.6E06 Pa
n = 0.4
Splitter r = 1000 kg/m
3
The FCBI-C element is used in the fluid part of the model.
In this tutorial, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in
previous problems.
 Performing a steady-state solution for only the fluid model of an FSI problem.
 Using the mesh split command in the fluid model.
 Using plane strain iso-beam elements to model the 2D flexible splitter.
 Mapping the steady-state solution as the initial condition for the transient analysis of
the same FSI problem.
 Performing a Fourier analysis of the FSI results to obtain the resonant frequency of the
splitter.

Before you begin
The total solution time for this FSI problem is around a couple of hours.
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob64_1.in, prob64_2.in, and
prob64_1a.in. You need to copy these files from the folder samples\primer into a working
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures. Set the
Analysis Type to "Dynamics-Implicit" and set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to
"with CFD".
Model definition for the structural model

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading, set the Problem Heading to "2D channel flow
around a cylinder with a flexible splitter" and click OK.
Analysis assumptions: We anticipate that the structural displacements will be large, but that
the strains will be small. Choose ControlAnalysis AssumptionsKinematics, set the
Displacements/Rotations field to "Large" and click OK.
Solution tolerances and maximum number of iterations: Choose Control→Solution Process,

click the Tolerances... button, set Convergence Criteria to “Energy and Force”, set “Force
(Moment) Tolerances” to 1.0E-06, the Reference Force to 1.0, the Reference Moment to 1.0
and click OK to close the Iteration Tolerances dialog box. Now click the Method... button,
set the Maximum Number of Iterations to 999 and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
64-2 ADINA Primer

Geometry definitions
The included batch file prob64_1a.in contains commands for generating the structural
model's geometry. To run this batch file, choose FileOpen Batch, select file prob64_1a.in
and click Open. Click the Mesh Plot icon . The graphics window should look something
like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Defining the splitter's material properties
Click the Manage Material icon and click the “Elastic Isotropic” button. In the Define
5.6E6, the Poisson’s Ratio to 0.4, and the Density to 1.0E3. Click OK, then click Close to
close the Manage Material Definitions dialog box.
Defining the cross-section
Click the Cross Sections icon and add Section Number 1. Make sure that the Type is set
to Rectangular, set the Width W field to 0.02 and the Height H field to 1.0. Click OK to close
the Define Cross Section dialog box.
Meshing the splitter
Element group: Click the Element Groups icon , add element group 1, set the Type to
Isobeam, set the Element Sub-Type to Plane Strain and click OK.
Subdivision data: Click the Subdivide Lines icon , set the Number of Subdivisions to 12,
then click OK.

Meshing: Click the Mesh Lines icon , make sure that the Type is set to Isobeam and that
Nodes per Element is set to 2. In the first row of the table, enter 1, and click OK to close the
Mesh Lines dialog box.
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Fixities: The left end of the splitter is fixed against the cylinder wall. Click the Apply Fixity
icon , make sure that the Fixity is set to ALL, and that the “Apply to” option is set to
Point. Enter 1 in the first row of the table and click OK to close the Apply Fixity dialog box.
Fluid-structure boundaries: Except the point at which the fixity is defined, the remainder of
the splitter is exposed to the fluid and must be defined as a fluid-structure interface. Although
the iso-beam elements lie on a single line, we need to define two FSI boundaries, one for the
top surface of the beam, and a second for the bottom surface. Choose Model→Boundary
Conditions→FSI Boundary, add Boundary Number 1, make sure that the “Apply to” field is
set to Lines, enter 1 in the first row of the table and click Save. Copy boundary 1 to boundary
2, then click OK to close the Define Fluid-Structure-Interaction Boundary dialog box.
64-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
The FSI boundaries are drawn in yellow. Click the Show Fluid Structure Boundary icon
to hide the FSI boundaries.
Generating the ADINA Structures data file and saving the AUI database
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob64_a, uncheck the “Run
Solution” button, and click Save. Now click the Save icon and save the database to file
prob64_a.
ADINA-CFD model
For this FSI problem, we will build two fluid models. The first is a steady-state model, and the
second is a transient model. The solution to the steady-state problem will be mapped as the
initial condition for the transient fluid model.
Steady-state fluid model
Click the New icon to create a new database, and set the Program Module drop-down list
to ADINA CFD.
FSI analysis: Set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with Structures".
Problem heading: Choose Control→Heading, set the Problem Heading to “2D channel flow
around a cylinder with a flexible splitter” and click OK.

Flow assumptions: Choose Model→Flow Assumptions, set Flow Dimension to 2D (in YZ

plane), make sure that the Flow Type is set to Incompressible, uncheck the “Includes Heat
Transfer” button and click OK.
FSI solution coupling: Click the Coupling Options icon , make sure that the FSI Solution
Coupling is set to Iterative, Convergence Criteria is set to “Force and Displacement”, and that
the Relative Force Tolerance and Relative Displacement Tolerance are both set to 0.01. Set
the Force Relaxation Factor to 0.1 and click OK.
Importing the geometry
The included batch file prob64_1.in contains the commands for generating the fluid model’s
geometry, element groups and associated mesh, and definitions and settings for the material.
A 2D element group is defined and a mapped, rule-based mesh is generated.
Choose File→Open Batch, select file prob64_1.in and click Open. When you click the
Mesh Plot icon , the graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Splitting the mesh
Click the Model Outline icon . Click the Line/Edge Labels icon and use the mouse to
zoom in on the area of the splitter. You will notice that there are two sets of coincident lines
that outline the splitter, as shown in the following diagram.
64-6 ADINA Primer

Because the lines are coincident, the current mesh in this area consists of one set of nodes
along the lines. To create separate top and bottom surfaces of the flexible splitter, we need to
split the mesh along these lines using the MESH-SPLIT command, which will result in an
additional set of nodes along these lines.
Choose Meshing→Nodes→Split Mesh, make sure that “At Boundary of Interface” is set to
“Split Only Nodes on External Boundary”, enter lines 29 and 26 in the first two rows of the
table, and then click OK.
To confirm that the mesh has been split, click the Show Geometry icon (to hide the
geometry). The graphics window should look something like this:

The fluid model uses two special boundary condition types: Wall (no-slip), and FSI
boundaries.
Wall boundaries: We begin by specifying the no-slip boundary conditions along the channel
walls and cylinder. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , and add Condition
Number 1. Make sure that the Type is set to Wall and that the “Apply to” option is set to
Lines. Fill in the table as follows and click Save (do not close the dialog box yet).
Line {p}
1
2
3
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Fluid-structure boundaries: Four lines of the splitter, two on the top surface and two on the
bottom surface, are exposed to the fluid and must be defined as FSI boundaries. In the Define
Special Boundary Condition dialog box, add Condition Number 2 and set the Type to Fluid-
Structure Interface. Fill in the table as follows, then click Save.
Line {p}
26
29
64-8 ADINA Primer

Add Condition Number 3, set the Fluid Structure Boundary # to 2, fill in the table as follows,
then click OK.
Line {p}
64
65
Defining loadings
Velocity loading at the channel inlet: A fully developed 2-D channel flow velocity profile is
used in this model. The parabolic velocity profile is defined through two spatial functions,
which are stored in the batch file prob64_2.in. Choose File→Open Batch, select file
prob64_2.in and click Open. When you click the Load Plot icon , the graphics window
should look something like this. The maximum velocity at the inlet is 3.0 m/s.
TIME 1.000 Z
PRESCRIBED
VELOCITY X Y
TIME 1.000
3.000
Defining the solution process
Choose Control→Solution Process and set “Flow-Condition-Based Interpolation Elements” to

FCBI-C.
Now click the Outer Iteration… button, click the Advanced Settings… button, then, in the
Equation Residual box, set Use to All, and set the Tolerance to 1E-06. In the Variable
Residual box, set the Tolerance to 1E-06. Click OK three times to close all dialog boxes.
Setting the mapping control
The steady-state fluid solution will be mapped as the initial condition for the transient
simulation. Choose Control→Mapping(.map), check "Create Mapping File” and click OK.

Generating the ADINA CFD data file, saving the AUI database
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob64_initial, uncheck “Run
Solution”, and click Save. Now click the Save icon and save the database to file
prob64_initial.
Running ADINA-FSI
The steady-state fluid model contains FSI boundaries, requiring us to run this model as an FSI
problem. However, because we need only the steady-state fluid solution, we do not want to
include the coupled fluid-structure interaction behavior.
Choose Solution→Run ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob64_initial.dat,
then hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob64_a.dat. The File name field should display
both filenames in quotes. Set Run to Fluid Only. Set Max. Memory for Solution to at least 40
MB, then click Start. The analysis will take a few minutes to run.
When the analysis is finished, close all open dialog boxes, set the Program Module drop-
porthole file prob64_initial.
Post-processing
Click the Model Outline icon and click the Quick Vector Plot icon . The graphics
This solution will be used as the initial condition for the transient model.
64-10 ADINA Primer

Building the transient fluid model
Set the Program Module drop-down list to “ADINA CFD” (you can discard all changes). We
can build the transient model using the steady-state database file as the starting point. Choose
file prob64_initial.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File menu.
Set the Analysis Type drop-down list to Transient.
Click the Analysis Options icon , set the Integration Method to Composite, and click OK.
We would also like to save the fluid vorticities, for post-processing. Choose Control→
Porthole→Select Element Results, add Result Selection Number 1, check the Vorticity button
and click OK.
Setting the initial mapping
Choose File→Initial Mapping and choose file prob64_initial.res (do not click Open yet).
Set Time to 1.0. In the Initial Variables table, set the first three rows of the table to
Y-Velocity, Z-Velocity and Pressure. Click Open. The steady-state solution is mapped onto
the transient model as the initial condition.
Setting the solution process parameters
Choose Control→Solution Process, click the Outer Iteration… button, and click the Advanced
Settings… button. In the Outer Iterations Advanced Settings dialog box, set “Space
Discretization Accuracy Order” to Second, and set “Maximum Iterations in Fluid Variable
Loop” to 10. Click OK to close all three dialog boxes.
Specifying the time steps
Choose Control→Time Step, fill in the table as follows and click OK.
# of Steps Magnitude
300 0.0125
Setting the leader-followers
As the splitter deforms due to the forces from the fluid, the fluid mesh deforms accordingly.
To maintain good mesh quality, we will use leader-follower constraints and slipping
boundaries in ADINA CFD.

Choose Meshing→ALE Mesh Constraints→Leader-Follower, fill the table as follows, then

click OK.
Label # Leader Point Follower Point

# #
1 51 15
2 51 42
3 51 20
4 51 25
5 51 47
6 51 52
7 51 44
Choose Meshing→ALE Mesh Constraints→Slipping Boundary, add Boundary # 1, fill in the

table as follows, then click OK.
Line {p}
6
7
8
9
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob64_f, uncheck “Run
Solution”, and click Save. Now choose File→Save As, and save the database to file
prob64_f.idb.
Running ADINA-FSI
Choose Solution→Run ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob64_f.dat, then
hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob64_a.dat. The File name field should display both
filenames in quotes. Set the Number of Processors to the maximum number of processors
available on your computer. Make sure that Run is set to Normal FSI, and that Max. Memory
for Solution is set to at least 40 MB. Click Start.
It may take up to 10 hours to complete the simulation. Using more processors will speed up
the simulation.
porthole file prob64_f.por. In the same way, open prob64_a.por.
64-12 ADINA Primer

Post-processing
Displacement of the splitter
In the Model Tree, expand the Zone list, right click on ADINA, and choose Display. The
TIME 3.750 Z
X Y
Click the Node Labels icon and find the node label on the right trailing edge of the
splitter. The node label is 13.
Choose Definitions→Model Point→Node, add Model Point Name N13, set the Node # to 13,
then click OK.
Click the Clear icon , then choose Graph→Response Curve (Model Point). In the X
Coordinate box, make sure that the Variable is set to Time. In the Y Coordinate box, set the
Variable to (Displacement: Z-DISPLACEMENT), set the Model Point to N13, and click OK.
The plot should like something like the top figure on the next page.

RESPONSE GRAPH
6.
Z-DISPLACEMENT,
5. N13
4.
3.
2.
Z-DISPLACEMENT, N13
1.
-2
*10
0.
-1.
-2.
-3.
-4.
-5.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8
TIME
The plot shows the trailing edge of the splitter as having a periodic behavior after 1.7 seconds.
Fourier analysis
Click the Clear icon . Choose Graph→Fourier Analysis, set the Variable to
(Displacement: Z-DISPLACEMENT) and the Model Point to N13. Click the "..." button on
the right side of the Response Range field, set Start Time to 1.7 and click OK twice to close
both dialog boxes. The resulting plot should look like the figure below:
Fourier analysis
35.
Z-DISPLACEMENT,
point N13
30.
25.
20.
Amplitude
-3
*10
15.
10.
5.
0.
0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 30. 32. 34. 36. 38. 40. 42.
Frequency (cycles/unit time)
From this plot, we can determine the resonance frequency. Choose Graph→List. From the list
dialog box, the maximum amplitude occurs at a frequency of 5.36585 (Hz), the maximum
amplitude is 3.31300E-02 (m).
64-14 ADINA Primer

Vortex shedding
We will create an animation displaying the formation of vortices in the channel. Click the
Clear icon and the Model Outline icon . Click the Create Band Plot icon , set the
Band Plot Variable to (Fluid Variable: OMEGA-X) and click OK. We will modify the band
table to emphasize the vortices. Click the Modify Band Plot icon , and click the Band
Table button. In the Value Range field, set the Maximum to 100 and the Minimum to -100.
Click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Click the Smooth Plots icon . The graphics
To animate the vorticity plot, click the Movie Load Step icon , then click the Animate
icon .
Modeling comments
1. For this FSI problem, iterative FSI coupling is selected and the FCBI-C element is used in
the fluid model. The nature of the solution process associated with the FCBI-C element is also
an iterative process: fluid equations are solved iteratively in a certain order. Due to these
iterative features, it requires that both fluid and solid solutions be fully converged for every
time step. In this problem, we demonstrate the settings for this requirement.
2. In the plane strain iso-beam, the cross-section s direction always lies in the y-z plane.
Therefore the Width of 0.02 entered into the Define Cross-Section dialog box corresponds to
the thickness of the splitter in the y-z plane.

3. Mapping an initial solution is a useful function to obtain a proper initial condition from a
model with similar geometry and boundary conditions/loadings. It saves computational time
and also improves convergence at initial solution stages.
For this first fluid model, no initial condition is explicitly given, so the default initial
conditions used by ADINA CFD are zero velocity and zero pressure. This initial condition is
far different from the final fluid solution. If this initial condition is directly used for the
transient analysis, it may take a relatively long time to develop the vortex shedding flow
pattern. To save computational time, we first perform a steady-state run to obtain a solution
that will be mapped as the initial condition for the second, transient fluid model.
4. If the FCBI-C element is used in the fluid model of a transient FSI analysis, it is necessary
to force both the fluid and solid models to convergence, by using tighter tolerances for both
models. For solid models, the Energy and Force tolerance is generally used, and the tolerance
values should be small enough to let the structural solver run at least 3 - 4 iterations per FSI
iteration. For fluid models, the Equation and Variable Residual tolerances should also be
small, typically 1.0E-06, as used here. To allow the fluid solution to converge within every
FSI iteration, the maximum iteration number in the Fluid Variable Loop field should be much
larger than unity, especially when the structural model has relatively soft materials. This helps
in obtaining convergence, and in this model 10 was used for the Fluid Variable Loop.
5. In the steady-state fluid model, first order schemes were used for both spatial discretization
and time integration, which carry large numerical dissipations and dispersions. These schemes
can dampen both numerical and physical oscillations in the fluid solutions. Second order
composite time integration, as used in the second fluid model, is highly recommended for
transient analysis. For spatial discretization, a first order scheme is generally used for fluid
models with a free-formed mesh, or with extremely large displacements due to moving
mesh/boundaries. If mapped, rule-based meshing is used, and the mesh quality does not
change significantly, as demonstrated here, a second order spatial scheme can be used.
6. In this model, some followers are defined on physical boundaries (no-slip walls), while
others are not. Follower points defined on physical boundaries can only move along those
physical boundaries. Followers not defined on physical boundaries can move in any direction
as to follow their leaders. For example, the followers defined on the channel outlet lines can
leave these lines because these are not physical boundary lines. To keep the followers along
the outlet lines as the mesh deforms, we can define the outlet lines as "slipping boundaries."
When a slipping boundary is defined, the follower is constrained to move only along that
boundary.
64-16 ADINA Primer

Problem 65: Free convection in a lightbulb
Problem description
This tutorial demonstrates the use of ADINA for analyzing the fluid flow and heat transfer in
a lightbulb using the Thermal Fluid-Structure Interaction (TFSI) features of ADINA. The 2D
model under consideration is shown schematically in the figures below.
Filament (Tungsten): Globe (Glass):
= FSI boundary
Gas (Argon):

Solid model
Convection boundary:
0.5 mm rad
Radiation boundary:
10 mm
Radiation boundary:
0.05
The internal heat generation in the filament is calculated as follows:
qB  q /V
where q is the total heat generation (in W) and V is the filament volume (in mm3). For this

problem, V   2 R   r 2  where R is the radial distance from the centerline to the center
of the filament and r is the filament radius. Substituting q  60 W and the filament
dimensions into the above gives q B  1.216 W/mm3 .
65-2 ADINA Primer

In this tutorial, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented in
previous problems.
 Specifying internal heat generation loading in the solid model.
Before you begin
TFSI is not supported in the 900 nodes version.
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob65_1a.in, prob65_2a.in,
prob65_3a.in, prob65_1f.in, and prob65_ees.txt. You need to copy these files from the
Invoke the AUI and set the Program Module drop-down list to ADINA Structures. Set the
Analysis Type to "Statics" and set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-down list to "with CFD".

Problem heading: Choose ControlHeading and set the Problem Heading to "Free
Convection in a Lightbulb" and click OK.
Thermal analysis: Choose ControlTMC Model, set the “Type of Solution” to “TMC Direct
Coupling”, click the ... button to the right of that field, check the “Use Corner Nodes for Heat
Flow Solution” button, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes.
Geometry definitions
The included batch file prob65_1a.in contains commands for generating the structural
model's geometry. To run this batch file, choose FileOpen Batch, select file prob65_1a.in
and click Open. The graphics window should look something like the figure on the top of the
next page.

Defining the material properties
Click the Manage Materials icon and click the “Elastic Isotropic” button. In the Define
Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box, add material 1. Set the Description field to
“Tungsten”, the Young’s Modulus to 4.11E5, the Poisson’s Ratio to 0.28, the Density to
0.0192, and the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion to 4.3E-06, then click Save. Add material
2, and set the Description to “Glass”. Set the Young’s Modulus to 6.5E5, the Poisson’s Ratio
to 0.22, the Density to 0.002595, and the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion to 4E-06. Click
OK to close the Define Isotropic Linear Elastic Material dialog box.
In the Manage Material Definitions dialog box, click the TMC Material button and click the
“k isotropic, c constant” button. In the Define Constant Isotropic Material dialog box, add
material 1 and set the Description to “Tungsten”. Set the Thermal Conductivity to 0.173, the
Heat Capacity/Mass to 132, and the Density to 0.0192. Click Save, add material 2 and set the
Description to “Glass”. Set the Thermal Conductivity to 0.0008, the Heat Capacity/Mass to
750 and the Density to 0.002595. Click OK, and click Close twice to close both dialog boxes.
The fixities and FSI boundary conditions are stored in the batch file prob65_2a.in. To run
this batch file, choose FileOpen Batch, select file prob65_2a.in, and click Open. The
graphics window should look something like the figure on the top of the next page.
65-4 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
C
DB
U U
2 3
B -
C -
D - -
C D
Defining loadings
We will define convection and radiation loadings on the globe, and radiation and internal heat
generation loadings on the filament.
Convection load
Click the Apply Load icon , set the Load Type to Convection and click the Define...
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Convection Load dialog box, add
Convection Number 1, set the Environment Temperature to 300, then click the ... button to the
right of the Convection Property field. In the Define Convection Property dialog box, add
Property Number 1, set the Convection Coefficient to 5E-6 and click OK. In the Define
Convection Load dialog box, set the Convection Property to 1 and click OK. Finally, in the
Apply Load dialog box, set the ‘Apply to’ field to Line, fill in the table as follows, and click
Apply (do not close the dialog box yet).
Line {p}
1
2
3
4
Radiation load on the globe
In the Apply Load dialog box, change the Load Type to Radiation, then click the Define…
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Radiation Load dialog box, add
Radiation Number 1 and set the Environment Temperature to 300, then click the … button to
the right of the Radiation Property field. In the Define Radiation Property dialog box, add
Property Number 1, set the Temperature Unit to Kelvin, the Emissivity Coefficient to 0.9, the
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant to 5.66E-14 and click OK. In the Define Radiation Load dialog
box, set the Radiation Property to 1 and click OK. Finally, in the Apply Load dialog box, set

the ‘Apply to’ field to Line, and fill in the table as follows, and click Apply (do not close the
dialog box yet):
Line {p}
1
2
3
4
Radiation load on the filament
In the Apply Load dialog box, click the Define… button to the right of the Load Number
field. In the Define Radiation Load dialog box, add Radiation Number 2 and set the
Environment Temperature to 300, then click the … button to the right of the Radiation
Property field. In the Define Radiation Property dialog box, copy Property Number 1 to
Property Number 2, set the Emissivity Coefficient to 0.05 and click OK to close the dialog
box.
In the Define Radiation Load dialog box, set the Radiation Property to 2 and click OK. In the
Apply Load dialog box, set the Load Number to 2, make sure that the ‘Apply to’ field is set to
Line, and fill in the table as follows and click Apply (do not close the dialog box yet):
Line {p}
9
10
11
12
Internal heat generation load on the filament
In the Apply Load dialog box, set the Load Type to Internal Heat and click the Define…
button to the right of the Load Number field. In the Define Internal Heat dialog box, add
Internal Heat Number 1, set the Heat Generation/Volume to 1.216 and click OK. In the Apply
Load dialog box, set the ‘Apply to’ field to Surface, fill in the table as follows and click OK.
Surface {p}
5
6
7
8
65-6 ADINA Primer

Defining element groups
Click the Element Groups icon , and add Group Number 1. Set the Type to 2-D Solid,
make sure that the Element Sub-Type is set to Axisymmetric, and make sure the Default and
Thermal Materials are set to 1. Now add Group Number 2, set the Default and Thermal
Materials to 2 and click OK.
Defining the initial conditions and mesh
The included batch file prob65_3a.in contains commands for generating the mesh and
defining the initial condition. To run this batch file, choose FileOpen Batch, select file
prob65_3a.in and click Open. Remove the highlighting of the FSI boundaries by clicking the
Show Fluid Structure Boundary icon . The graphics window should look something like
this:
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob65_a, uncheck the “Run
prob65_a.

ADINA-CFD model
Click the New icon to create a new database, and set the Program Module drop-down list
to “ADINA CFD”.
FSI analysis: Set the Analysis Type to “Transient” and set the Multiphysics Coupling drop-
down list to "with Structures".
Problem heading: Choose Control→Heading, set the Problem Heading to “Free Convection
in a Lightbulb” and click OK.
Flow assumptions: Choose Model→Flow Assumptions, set the Flow Dimension to 2D (in YZ
plane), make sure that the Flow Type is set to Incompressible, and click OK.
Model definition
The included batch file prob65_1f.in contains the commands for generating the fluid
model’s geometry, element groups and associated mesh, material settings, boundary and
initial conditions, time steps, and solution process settings. To run this batch file, choose
FileOpen Batch, select file prob65_1f.in and click Open.
65-8 ADINA Primer

Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob65_f, uncheck “Run
prob65_f.
Running ADINA-FSI
Choose Solution→Run ADINA-FSI…, click the Start button, select file prob65_f.dat, then
hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob65_a.dat. The File name field should display both
filenames in quotes. Click Start.
The ADINA FSI analysis takes 600 solution steps.
We will examine the output file as part of the post-processing for this model. Therefore you
might not want to close the ADINA FSI window yet.
When the model is finished, set the Program Module drop-down list to Post-Processing (you
can discard all changes), click the Open icon and open porthole file prob65_a. Repeat
this to open prob65_f.
Post-Processing
In the Model Tree, expand the Zone list, right click on 2. ADINA-F, and choose Display.
Click the Model Outline icon and click the Quick Vector Plot icon . The velocity
vector plot should appear as shown on the top figure on the next page.
Click the Clear icon and the Model Outline icon . Click the Create Band Plot icon
, set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The
temperature plot should appear as shown on the bottom figure on the next page.

TIME 6000.0 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 6000.0
0.3993
0.3500
0.3000
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
TIME 6000.0 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 6000.0
2700.
2340.
1980.
1620.
1260.
900.
540.
MAXIMUM
2897.
NODE 884
MINIMUM
300.2
NODE 2855
The highest temperature is at the filament (as expected), with a value of about 2897 K.
We will plot the surface temperature of the globe as a function of time. First, we need to
create an element edge set corresponding to the elements along the globe. In the Model Tree,
right click 1. ADINA and choose Display. Set the FE Model drop-down list to “ADINA
Structures.” Click the Element Edge Set icon and add element edge-set number 1. Click
Import…, select file prob65_ees.txt, then click OK. In the Define Element Edge Set dialog
65-10 ADINA Primer

box, click Save. The outer surface of the globe should be highlighted. Click OK to close the
dialog box.
Choose Definitions→Model Point (Special) →Mesh Integration. Add name

CONV_BOUND, set the “Integration Type” to Averaged, and the “Integrate Over” field to
Lines. Click OK to close the dialog box. Click the Clear icon , choose Graph→Response
Curve (Model Point). In the Display Response Curve (Model Point) dialog box, set the Y
Coordinate Variable to (Temperature:TEMPERATURE), and click OK. The graph should
RESPONSE GRAPH
420.
400.
TEMPERATURE,
TEMPERATURE, CONV_BOUND
CONV_BOUND
380.
360.
340.
320.
300.
0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 45. 50. 55. 60.
2
*10
TIME
Choose Graph→List and scroll to the bottom of the list. The temperature at the last solution
time should be 4.08695+02 (your results may be slightly different because free-form meshing
was used in the fluid domain).
Examining the heat flux into and out of the fluid domain
We will examine the ADINA FSI output file to determine the heat fluxes into and out of the
fluid domain. Click the View Output button in the ADINA FSI window, then click the
prob65_f.out tab, or open file prob65_f.out using a text editor. Scroll to the bottom of the
file and scroll backwards until you see the following text:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FORCE AND HEATFLOW ON WALL AND STRUCTURE AT TIME 0.60000000E+04
integration of <pressure> integration of <-shear><dot><n>
BC Fp = (Fpx,Fpy,Fpz) Fs = (Fsx,Fsy,Fsz)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 ( 0.0000E+00 -0.6440E-21 0.2310E-35) ( 0.0000E+00 -0.6128E-24 0.5154E-38)
1 ( 0.0000E+00 0.6247E-03 -0.8667E-04) ( 0.0000E+00 0.3939E-05 -0.1807E-05)
2 ( 0.0000E+00 -0.4451E-06 0.7042E-06) ( 0.0000E+00 -0.2278E-06 0.1064E-05)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total ( 0.0000E+00 0.6243E-03 -0.8596E-04) ( 0.0000E+00 0.3711E-05 -0.7432E-06)
--------------------------------------------------
Ft = Fp + Fs <-heatflux><dot><n>
--------------------------------------------------
( 0.0000E+00 -0.6446E-21 0.2316E-35) 0.1098E-63
( 0.0000E+00 0.6286E-03 -0.8847E-04) 0.3195E+01
( 0.0000E+00 -0.6728E-06 0.1768E-05) -0.3204E+01
--------------------------------------------------
( 0.0000E+00 0.6280E-03 -0.8671E-04) -0.8298E-02
(we have folded this output in the above so that it fits onto the page).
From this printout, we see:
 The heat flux into boundary condition 1 is 0.3195E+01 (W/radian).

 The heat flux into boundary condition 2 is -0.3204E+01 (W/radian)
Positive values correspond to heat entering the fluid domain, negative values correspond to
heat leaving the fluid domain. These values are nearly equal and opposite, indicating that
steady-state conditions are nearly reached.
Because this is an axisymmetric analysis, the dimensions of the heat flux are in W/radian,
therefore multiplying the heat flux into boundary condition 1 by 2 gives a heat flux of
20.07 W into the fluid domain.
Since the total internal heat generation in the filament is 60 W, the remainder of the heat is
seen to be transmitted by radiation directly from the filament. We can check this using the
formula for heat transfer by radiation:
q R   A  4   env
4

where   5.66  1014 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant,   0.05 is the emissivity,
A  2 R  2 r  is the filament area where R and r are defined above, and in which now
we are assuming 2 radians of the filament,  is the filament temperature and  env is the
environmental temperature. Substituting numerical data (with the filament temperature of
2897 K) gives the heat transfer by radiation equal to 39.34 W. Summing the heat flux by
radiation and the heat flux into the fluid domain, we obtain 59.41 W, which closely matches
the specified wattage (60 W) of the lightbulb.
65-12 ADINA Primer

Problem 66: FSI analysis of a piston with suction reed valve
Problem description
In this problem, we perform a fully-coupled fluid-structure interaction analysis of a piston
with a suction reed valve.
Piston motion
Piston cylinder
Reed valve
Inlet channel
In this model we consider the expansion process in a reciprocating compressor. The analysis
starts with the piston at top dead center (fully compressed fluid), and ends with the piston at
bottom dead center (fully expanded fluid).
The inlet of the inlet channel is at atmospheric pressure. As the piston moves upwards, the
pressure in the piston cylinder decreases and, when the pressure in the piston cylinder is low
enough, the reed valve opens and fluid enters the piston cylinder.
Overview of fluid model

A diagram of the fluid model is shown schematically on the next page. This diagram gives
the fluid properties. The k   turbulence model is employed with an ideal gas law.

32.6 mm
Piston (moving wall)
Piston cylinder Initial height

0.5 mm (Layer 2)
Valve (shell thickness = 0.2 mm)
Gap 0.2 mm (Layer 1)
Fluid properties:
μ = 2.18 ´ 10-8 g/(mm∙ms)
k = 4.00 ´ 10 (g∙mm)/(ms∙K)
-5
Inlet
cp = 1011 mm /(ms ∙K)
2 2
15.0 mm
channel
cv = 825 mm /(ms ∙K)
2 2
Not drawn to scale 8.0 mm
The units chosen for this problem are
length: mm
time: ms
mass: grams
temperature: degrees K
g - mm g - mm
The corresponding force unit is 2
, and 1 N = 1 . The corresponding pressure
ms ms 2
g g
unit is 2
, and 1 MPa = 1 .
mm - ms mm - ms 2
Also shown is a gap boundary condition. This gap condition separates the fluid in the inlet
channel from the fluid in the piston cylinder. As will be seen, the gap condition is controlled
by the motion of the valve; as the valve opens, the gap opens and as the valve closes, the gap
closes.
Also notice that there is a small layer of fluid directly below the valve. The geometry of this
layer changes as the valve moves, however the layer is always present, even when the valve is
closed.
66-2 ADINA Primer

Initial conditions
The next figure shows the initial conditions:
Initial conditions in piston cylinder:

2
Pressure: 1.4 g/(mm∙ms )
Temperature: 383 K
Initial conditions in inlet channel:

2
Temperature: 338 K
Inlet conditions:
2
Normal traction: 0.113 g/(mm∙ms )
Temperature: 338 K
Turbulence intensity = 0.025
Turbulence mean time-averaged velocity = 150 mm/ms
Turbulence dissipation length scale = 8 mm
It is seen that there is an unbalanced pressure acting on the valve.
If we begin the expansion process with the valve undeformed and at rest, the unbalanced
pressure dynamically deforms the valve at the same time that the expansion process begins.
This causes convergence difficulties at the start of the solution.
Therefore we solve this problem in two parts. During the first part of the solution, we apply
the initial fluid pressures to the valve using a steady-state analysis, and solve for the static
deformed shape of the valve. Then we restart with a transient analysis. This modeling
decision is discussed in more detail in the Modeling Comments at the end of this primer
problem.

Thus the initial conditions for the transient analysis are as shown in the following figure:
Initial conditions in piston cylinder:

Pressure: 1.4 g/(mm∙ms2)
Temperature: 383 K
Contact forces
Initial conditions in inlet channel:

2
Temperature: 338 K
At the beginning of the transient analysis, the valve is in static equilibrium under the initial
fluid pressures and contact forces.
Piston motion
The piston is assumed to be connected to a crankshaft rotating at 3600 rpm. The next figure
shows the piston motion as a function of time:
18.
16.
14.
Piston motion (mm)
12. Steady-
state Transient
10.
8.
6.
4.
2.
0.
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Time (ms)
66-4 ADINA Primer

During the first millisecond, the piston is motionless. (It is during this first millisecond that
the steady-state analysis is performed.) Then the piston moves upwards with a sinusoidal
motion until the piston reaches bottom dead center.
Overview of fluid boundary conditions
The next figure shows the geometry used to build the fluid model, along with the boundary
conditions applied to the fluid model. The blue geometry corresponds to the piston cylinder
and the green geometry corresponds to the inlet channel.
Gap boundary Fluid-structure Moving wall

condition boundary condition boundary condition

Overview of solid model

The following figure shows the solid element model.
Clamped E=207000 g/mm-ms 2

n=0.29
r=0.00792 g/mm3
Reed valve, modeled Thickness = 0.2 mm
with shell elements
Valve seat, modeled with

rigid contact segments Chamfer
Contact between the reed valve and valve seat prevents the valve from moving through the
bottom wall of the piston cylinder.
The valve is the contactor and the valve seat is the target. The chamfer is used so that a
contactor node that is in contact on the boundary of the hole in the target does not abruptly
change contact state as the contactor node moves slightly.
66-6 ADINA Primer

The contact offsets used are shown in more detail in the next figure.
Offset applied to
contactor surface
Valve
Fluid layer 1 0.1
0.2 mm
0.1
Valve seat
Offset surfaces separated in this figure for clarity. Offset applied to

target surface
The contactor and target offsets are used so that the fluid layer between the valve and valve
seat does not collapse when the valve is in contact with the valve seat.
Topics demonstrated
In this primer problem, we will demonstrate the following topics that have not been presented
in previous problems.
 Using low-speed compressible flow assumptions with the total energy formulation.
 Using the boundary layer tables to create boundary layers on a mesh of 2D elements.
 Using the body sweep feature to generate a 3D fluid mesh from 2D elements.
 Using the zone group feature to organize the Model Tree
 Using the mesh split feature on 3D fluid elements.
 Defining coincident FSI boundaries for use with shell elements.
 Defining a moving wall special boundary condition.
 Defining a wall special boundary condition applied to all external boundaries.
 Defining a gap special boundary condition.
 Adjusting the primary relaxation factors for the FCBI-C element.
 Using a contact surface extension factor in the structural model.
 Plotting the fluid densities.
 Calculating the mass flux and integrated mass flux through a gap boundary condition.
Before you begin

This problem might take several hours to run on your computer.
Much of the input for this problem is stored in files prob66_1.in, prob66_1.x_t,
prob66_2.in, and prob66_2.x_t. You need to copy these files from the folder
samples\primer into a working directory or folder before beginning this analysis.

Batch file prob66_1.in contains commands for defining the model control data, generating
the structural geometry and mesh, applying fixities, and setting the material properties.
Choose FileOpen Batch, select file prob66_1.in and click Open. The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
The geometry defined in this batch file is shown in the figure on the next page. We will refer
to this geometry in the following instructions.
66-8 ADINA Primer

B2
F1
F2
S20
S18 S17
S24 S25
S23 S16
S26
S19 S22
S21
S15
Defining the FSI boundary conditions
All free surfaces of the reed valve are exposed to fluid and must be defined as an FSI
boundary. We need to define two coincident FSI boundaries, one for the top surface of the
shell element group, and a second for the bottom surface of the shell element group. Choose
Model→Boundary Conditions→FSI Boundary, add Boundary Number 1 and set the Apply to
field to Faces. Fill in the table as follows and click Save. Do not close the dialog box.
Face
1
2
Click the Copy... button and copy the boundary condition to boundary condition 2, and click
OK.

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
If you click the Query icon and click repeately on one of the yellow lines, you will see
text similar to
Fsboundary 1, cell 63
...
This text shows that there are two coincident fluid-structure boundaries. (Note, if you are
using the OpenGL graphics system, you will likely only see text for Fsboundary 2. Choose
Edit→Graphics System and select either X Window or Windows GDI in order to see text for
both fsboundaries.)
Click the Show Fluid Structure Boundary icon to hide the fluid-structure boundaries.
Defining the contact conditions
Click the Contact Groups icon and add contact group 1. Set the type to 3-D Contact. Set
the Compliance Factor to 1E-4, set the “Offset Distance from Defined Surface” to 0.1 and
click OK.
66-10 ADINA Primer

Click the Define Contact Surfaces icon , add contact surface 1, and set the Description to
"Reed valve". Set “Defined on” to “Faces on Body #” and set the Body # to 2. Check the
“Specify Orientation” field. Fill in the table as follows and click Save. (Do not close the
dialog box yet.)
Face Body # Orientation

1 Opposite to Geometry
2 Opposite to Geometry
Add contact surface 2 and set the Description to "Valve seat". Set “Defined on” to
“Surfaces”, fill in the table as follows and click OK.
Surface
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Click the Define Contact Pairs icon , add contact pair 1, set the Target Surface to 2 and
the Contactor Surface to 1, then click OK.
Click the Mesh Rigid Contact Surface icon , set the Contact Surface to 2 and click OK.
After you click the Color Element Groups icon , the graphics window should look

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
To verify that the contact surface orientations are correct, display zone CG1 using the Model
Tree, then click the Show Segment Normals icon . The graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
66-12 ADINA Primer

All of the magenta arrows should point upwards and all of the cyan arrows should point
downwards.
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob66_aa, uncheck the “Run
prob66_a.
ADINA-CFD model
Click the New icon to create a new database (you can discard all changes), and set the
Program Module drop-down list to ADINA CFD.
Importing the geometry
We will start from an initial 2D geometry that has already been defined. Click the Import
Parasolid Model icon , choose prob66_2.x_t, and click Open. The graphics window
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X

Building the fluid mesh geometry, overview
The following figures show the steps that we will follow in building the fluid mesh geometry.
Predefined geometry
This figure shows the faces and edges of geometry body 1 (which is the body that we just
imported). This geometry body is at the base of the piston cylinder.
E21
E6
E7
E11 E20
E8
E17 E10
E5 F2
E15
E9
E4 E23
E12
E1 E24
F4
F3 F1 E13
E14
E22
E18 E3 E2
E16
E19
Inlet channel, below base of piston cylinder
Faces 1 and 4 of body 1 are swept downwards to form the inlet channel. The resulting bodies
are shown in the top figure on the next page (shown in exploded view).
66-14 ADINA Primer

F4
B1 F1
B3
B2
F5
F5
Face 5 of body 2 and face 5 of body 3 are at the inlet.
Inlet channel, above base of piston cylinder
Faces 1 and 4 of body 1 are swept upwards to form the fluid region in the inlet channel that is
just below the valve, as shown in the next figure.
F4
F3
B5
F3 F5
F5
F2
F4
F1
B4
F4
B1 F1
B3
B2
Faces 1, 3, 4 of body 4 and faces 2, 3, 4 of body 5 are used for the gap boundary condition.

Face 5 of body 4 and face 5 of body 5 will be used in a subsequent sweep operation.
Piston cylinder, below valve
Faces 2 and 3 of body 1 are swept upwards to form the rest of the piston cylinder below the
valve, as shown in the next figure.
F15
B6 F16
F17
F18
B7
F3
F2
B1
B3
B2
Piston cylinder, above valve
Face 5 of body 4, face 5 of body 5, face 17 of body 6 and face 15 of body 7 are swept
upwards to form the piston cylinder above the valve, as shown in the figure on the next page.
66-16 ADINA Primer

F17
B11
F15 F5
B10 F5
B8
B9
F17
B6
F15
B7 F5
F5
B5
B4
B1
B3
B2
The shaded faces are the faces at the top of the piston cylinder. A moving wall boundary
condition will be prescribed at these faces.

Building the fluid mesh
Meshing geometry body 1
Before performing the body sweep operations described above, we will mesh geometry body
1. In order to create thin elements near the walls, we will use boundary layer tables.
Choose Meshing→Mesh Density→Complete Model, set the Subdivision Mode to Use

Length, set the Element Edge Length to 1.25 and click OK.
Click the Subdivide Edges icon , set the Edge Number to 1, set the Element Edge Length
to 1.8, enter 12, 13, 14, 22, 23 in the first five rows of the table and click Save. Now set the
Edge Number to 24, set the Method to Use Number of Divisions, set the Number of
Subdivisions to 5 and click OK.
Click the Mesh Faces icon and click the + to the right of the Element Group text. The
Element Group number should be 1. Then click the ... button to the right of the Boundary
Layer Table field. In the Define Boundary Layer Table dialog box, add table 1, set the
Number of Layers to 3, the Default Settings to “Generate on All Edges Except Those
Specified in Table”, the Thickness of First Layer to 0.5, the Total Thickness to 2, enter the
following information into the table and click OK.
Edge Body # 1st Layer Thickness

24 1 0
In the Mesh Faces dialog box, make sure that the Boundary Layer Table is set to 1, enter the
Face Body #
1 1
4 1
66-18 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
Click the Mesh Faces icon , then click the ... button to the right of the Boundary Layer
Table field. In the Define Boundary Layer Table dialog box, add table 2, set the Number of
Layers to 3, the Default Settings to “Generate on All Edges Except Those Specified in Table”,
the Thickness of First Layer to 0.15, the Total Thickness to 1.25, enter the following
information into the table and click OK.
Edge Body # 1st Layer Thickness

1 1 0
2 1 0
3 1 0
4 1 0
5 1 0
9 1 0
10 1 0
11 1 0
12 1 0
13 1 0
14 1 0
22 1 0
23 1 0

In the Mesh Faces dialog box, make sure that the Boundary Layer Table is set to 2, enter the
Face Body #
2 1
3 1
TIME 1.000 Y
Z X
Meshing the inlet channel below the piston cylinder (geometry bodies 2 and 3)
Click the Body Sweep icon , set the Vector Direction to (0, 0, -15), check the “Generate
3-D Mesh from 2-D mesh on Face” button and click the + button to the right of the 3-D
Element Group field. The 3-D Element Group number should be 2. Then make sure that the
“Action on 2-D Mesh” is set to “Delete elements + group”, set the “# of Elements in Swept
Direction” to 15 and the Last/First Element Size Ratio to 5. Fill in the table as follows and
click Apply (we do not want to close the dialog box yet).
Face Body #
1 1
4 1
66-20 ADINA Primer

Move the dialog box out of the way of the graphics window. When you click the Iso View 1
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Use the Model Tree to plot just zone EG1. The graphics window should look something like
this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y

Notice that the elements in element group 1 that were used for the sweep operation have been
deleted.
To return to the previous view, use the Model Tree to plot the WHOLE_MODEL zone.
Meshing the inlet channel above the piston cylinder (geometry bodies 4 and 5)
In the Body Sweep dialog box, set the Vector Direction to (0, 0, 0.2), make sure that the
“Generate 3-D Mesh from 2-D mesh on Face” button is checked and make sure that the 3-D
Element Group is set to 2. Set the “# of Elements in Swept Direction” to 5 and the Last/First
Element Size Ratio to 1. Fill in the table as follows and click Apply (we do not want to close
the dialog box yet).
Face Body #
6 2
6 3
Use the Zoom icon to enlarge the region near the inlet channel. The graphics window
Inlet channel above

bottom of cylinder
Use the Unzoom All icon to return to the previous view.
66-22 ADINA Primer

Meshing the piston cylinder below the valve (geometry bodies 6 and 7)
In the Body Sweep dialog box, make sure that the Vector Direction is set to (0, 0, 0.2), make
sure that the “Generate 3-D Mesh from 2-D mesh on Face” button is checked and click the +
button to the right of the 3-D Element Group field. The 3-D Element Group number should
be 3. Then make sure that “# of Elements in Swept Direction” is set to 5, fill in the table as
follows and click Apply (we do not want to close the dialog box yet).
Face Body #
2 1
3 1
After you click the Color Element Groups icon , the graphics window should look
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Notice that element group 1 and zone EG1 have been removed from the Model Tree. This is
because the last body sweep operation used all of the remaining elements in element group 1,
and the body sweep operation by default removes the element group when all of the elements
are swept.

Meshing the piston cylinder above the valve (geometry bodies 8 to 11)
In the Body Sweep dialog box,, set the Vector Direction to (0, 0, 0.5), make sure that the
“Generate 3-D Mesh from 2-D mesh on Face” button is checked and make sure that the 3-D
Element Group is set to 3. Then set the “# of Elements in Swept Direction” to 10, fill in the
Face Body #
5 4
5 5
17 6
15 7
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Zone groups
We will use zone groups to organize the Model Tree. We will create one zone group
containing the geometry and elements in the inlet channel and another zone group containing
the geometry and elements in the piston cylinder.
In the Model Tree, right-click on EG2, choose Move to→New, enter name
INLET_CHANNEL and click OK. Notice that the Model Tree now contains
INLET_CHANNEL. Click the + to the left of INLET_CHANNEL to expand it, and notice
that INLET_CHANNEL is defined by EG2. Now right-click on GB2 and choose Move to→
66-24 ADINA Primer

INLET_CHANNEL, then right click on GB3 and choose Move to→INLET_CHANNEL.

When you click the + to the left of INLET_CHANNEL, notice that INLET_CHANNEL is
defined by zones EG2, GB2 and GB3.
Proceed similarly to define zone group PISTON_CYLINDER using EG3 and GB4 through
GB11. Notice that you can move the entire range of zones from GB4 through GB11 by
selecting these zones, before moving them all to zone group PISTON_CYLINDER.
When you right-click zone group INLET_CHANNEL and choose Display, the graphics
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
When you right-click zone group PISTON_CYLINDER and choose Display, the graphics

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
Splitting the mesh
We need to split the fluid mesh in the region corresponding to the valve. Use the Model Tree
to display zones GB8, GB9, GB11, then rotate the model so that the underside of these bodies
are visible. You should be able to verify that the faces that correspond to the valve are face 6
of body 8, face 6 of body 9 and face 18 of body 11.
Choose Meshing→Nodes→Split Mesh. Set “Split Interface Defined By” to Surfaces/Faces

and make sure that “At Boundary of Interface” is set to “Split Only Nodes on External
Boundary”. Fill in the table as follows, and click OK to close the dialog box.
Face/Surf Body #
6 8
6 9
18 11
Display element group 3 using the Model Tree, then click the Shading icon , the Cull
Front Faces icon and the Model Outline icon . The graphics window should look
66-26 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
As you rotate the mesh using the mouse, you can see the outline of the valve.
Face-links
It is necessary to face-link the body faces due to the gap condition that we will specify later
on. Choose Geometry→Faces→Face Link, add Face Link Number 1, set the “Create” field to
“Links for All Faces/Surfaces”, then click OK to close the dialog box.
Leader-followers
As the valve moves, we would like the corresponding points on the cylinder wall to move.
Use the Model Tree to display zone GB7 (body 7), then click the Point Labels icon . The

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
P50
P35
P8
P44
P12
P38 P49
P39 P43
P11
P45
P20
P42 P48
P18
P40
P41
P46
P21 P47
P19
Geometry points 39 to 44 are on the boundary of the valve, and geometry points 45 to 50 are
corresponding points on the cylinder wall.
Choose Meshing→ALE Mesh Constraints→Leader-Follower, enter the following information

into the table and click OK.
Label # Leader Point # Follower Point #

1 39 45
2 40 46
3 41 47
4 42 48
5 43 49
6 44 50
Defining the model control parameters, loads and initial conditions
Flow assumptions: Choose Model→Flow Assumptions, set the Flow Model to Turbulent K-
Epsilon, set the Flow Type to Low Speed Compressible, set the Temperature Equation to
Total Energy, and click OK.
FSI analysis: Set the Multiphysics Coupling field to “with Structures”
66-28 ADINA Primer

Outer-iteration primary relaxation factors: Choose Control→Solution Process and set Flow-
Condition-Based Interpolation Elements to FCBI-C. Then click the Outer Iteration button and
set the Primary Relaxation Factors as follows: Velocity to 0.65, Temperaure to 0.95,
Turbulence-K to 0.92 and Turbulence-Epsilon to 0.92. Click OK to close both dialog boxes.
Remaining model control parameters, material properties, loads, initial conditions: We have
put the commands for the remaining model control parameters, material properties, loads and
initial conditions into file prob66_2.in. Choose FileOpen Batch, select file prob66_2.in
and click Open.
Defining the special boundary conditions
The fluid model uses four special boundary condition types: moving wall, wall, FSI and gap
boundaries.
Moving wall boundaries: We begin by specifying the moving wall boundary conditions on the
top surface of the piston cylinder. These faces displace in the z-direction according to a time
function. Click the Special Boundary Conditions icon , and add Condition Number 1. Set
the type to Moving Wall, and make sure the Apply to field is set to Faces/Surfaces. In the
“Time Functions for Displacement” box, set Z to 2. Fill in the table as follows and click Save
(do not close the dialog box yet).
Face/Surf Body #
5 8
5 9
15 10
17 11
FSI boundaries: Add Condition Number 2 and set the Type to Fluid-Structure Interface. Make
sure that the Fluid-Structure Boundary # is set to 1. Fill in the table as follows, and click Save
(do not close the dialog box yet).
Face/Surf Body #
6 8
6 9
18 11
The faces in this table correspond to fluid above the valve.

Now add Condition Number 3 and make sure that the Type is set to Fluid-Structure Interface.
Set the Fluid-Structure Boundary # to 2. Fill in the table as follows, and click Save (do not
close the dialog box yet).
Face/Surf Body #
5 4
5 5
17 6
The faces in this table correspond to fluid below the valve.
Wall boundaries: Add Condition Number 4 and set the Type to Wall. Set the field
immediately below the “Apply to” field to “Apply to All Free External Boundaries”, then
click Save (do not close the dialog box yet).
Gap boundaries: The following diagram shows the bodies used to define the gap boundary
conditions.
4
F4
F3
F3
B5
0.2
B4
F2
F4
F1
The total surface area of the gap is 2 (4)(0.2)  5.026544 , so the surface area of the gap for
each of the bodies is 5.026544 / 2  2.51327 . Based on this surface area, we will set the gap
closed value to 2.5 and the gap open value to 2.75 (about 10% higher than the gap closed
value).
Add Condition Number 5 and set the Type to Gap. Make sure the Apply to field is set to
Faces, set the Body # to 4 and set “Gap Open-Close Condition Controlled by” to “Gap Size”.
Set the Gap-Open Value to 2.75, and set the Gap-Closed Value to 2.5. Fill in the table as
follows, then click Save (do not close the dialog box yet).
Face Orientation
1 Follow Geometry
3 Follow Geometry
4 Follow Geometry
66-30 ADINA Primer

Click Copy… to copy the condition to condition 6. Set the Body # to 5, fill in the table as
follows, then click OK to close the dialog box.
Face Orientation
2 Follow Geometry
3 Follow Geometry
4 Follow Geometry
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob66_fa, uncheck “Run
prob66_f.
Running ADINA-FSI - Steady-state analysis

Choose Solution→Run ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob66_aa.dat, then
hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob66_fa.dat. The File name field should display
both filenames in quotes. Set Max. Memory for Solution to at least 50 MB, then click Start.
The analysis takes one solution step.
porthole file prob66_aa.por.

Post-processing - Steady-state analysis

When you click the Color Element Groups icon and the Scale Displacements icon ,
the graphics window should look something like this:
X Y
The unbalanced pressure causes the valve to deform into the inlet channel.
ADINA CFD model
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes and continue), then click the Open icon
and open porthole file prob66_fa.por. Click the Cut Surface icon , set the Type to
Cutting Plane, uncheck the Display the Plane(s) button and click OK. After you click the
Color Element Groups icon , the Group Outline icon and the Quick Band Plot icon
, the graphics window shold look something like the top figure on the next page.
66-32 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 1.000
1.260
1.080
0.900
0.720
0.540
0.360
0.180
MAXIMUM
1.400
NODE 14673
MINIMUM
0.1130
NODE 8
This plot shows that the fluid pressures are the same as the initial fluid pressures. Now click
the Modify Band Plot icon , set the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature:
TEMPERATURE) and click OK. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.000 Z
X Y
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.000
380.0
373.3
366.7
360.0
353.3
346.7
340.0
MAXIMUM
383.0
NODE 6295
MINIMUM
338.0
NODE 8

This plot shows that the fluid temperatures are the same as the initial fluid temperatures.
Model definition for the transient analysis

Set the Program Module to ADINA Structures (you can discard all changes and continue),
and choose database file prob66_a.idb from the recent file list near the bottom of the File
menu.
Restart analysis, switching to dynamics
Choose Control→Solution Process, set the Analysis Mode to Restart Run, set the Solution
Start Time to 1.0 and click OK.
Set the Analysis Type to Dynamics-Implicit.
Selecting the time steps for which results are saved
Because the model uses a large number of time steps, we will specify that element and nodal
results are saved every 5 time steps. Choose Control→Porthole (.por)→Time Steps (Element
Results). Set the “Copy Time Step Blocks to Nodal Results” field to “Copy Over if it is
Empty”. Fill in the table as follows, and click OK.
Block Initial Time Step Final Time Step Increment

1 5 10000 5
Creating the data file
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob66_ab, uncheck “Run
Solution”, and click Save. Click the Save icon to save the updated database.
ADINA CFD model
Click the New icon (you can discard all changes and continue), set the Program Module
to ADINA CFD and choose database file prob66_f.idb from the recent file list near the
66-34 ADINA Primer

Restart analysis, switching to a transient solution
Choose Control→Solution Process, set the Solution Start Time to 1.0, check the Restart
Analysis button and click OK.
Set the Analysis Type to Transient. Then click the Analysis Options icon , set the
Integration Method to Composite and click OK.
Time stepping
Number Magnitude
of Steps
4166 0.002
Selecting the time steps for which results are saved
Choose Control→Porthole (.por)→Time Steps (Element Results). Set the “Copy Time Step
Blocks to Nodal Results” field to “Copy Over if it is Empty”. Fill in the table as follows, and
click OK.
Block Initial Time Step Final Time Step Increment

1 5 10000 5
Creating the data file
Click the Data File/Solution icon , set the file name to prob66_fb, uncheck “Run
Solution”, and click Save. Click the Save icon to save the updated database.
Running ADINA-FSI - Transient analysis

Choose Solution→Run ADINA-FSI, click the Start button, select file prob66_ab.dat, then
hold down the Ctrl key and select file prob66_fb.dat. The File name field should display
both filenames in quotes. Set Max. Memory for Solution to at least 50 MB, then click Start.
The AUI displays two “Specify the Restart File” dialog boxes sequentially, one dialog box for
the fluid model and one dialog box for the structural model. The order in which the dialog
boxes are displayed depends on the order in which the file names appear in the preceding
“Start an ADINA FSI job” dialog box.

(Hint, if you forget which restart file to enter, the title of the dialog box displays the filename.
So if the structural model filename is displayed, enter the structural model restart file, and if
the fluid model filename is displayed, enter the fluid model restart file.)
Linux: We selected file prob66_ab.dat before selecting file prob66_fb.dat, and the File
name field reads “prob66_ab.dat” “prob66_fb.dat”, therefore the first dialog box
displayed is for the structural model.
In the first Specify the Restart File dialog box, verify that the filename in the dialog box
title is ...prob66_ab.dat , enter restart file prob66_aa.res, then click Copy.
In the second Specify the Restart File dialog box, , verify that the filename in the dialog
box title is ...prob66_fb.dat , enter restart file prob66_fa.res, then click Copy.
Windows: We selected file prob66_ab.dat before selecting file prob66_fb.dat, and the
File name field reads “prob66_fb.dat” “prob66_ab.dat”, therefore the first dialog box
displayed is for the fluid model.
In the first Specify the Restart File dialog box, verify that the filename in the dialog box
title is ...prob66_fb.dat , enter restart file prob66_fa.res, then click Copy.
In the second Specify the Restart File dialog box, , verify that the filename in the dialog
box title is ...prob66_ab.dat , enter restart file prob66_aa.res, then click Copy.
The analysis takes 4166 solution steps. It takes four hours for this model to run on our
computer, so it might take a similar amount of time for this model to run on your computer.
porthole file prob66_fb.por.
Post-Processing
Overall motion of fluid mesh
Click the Model Outline icon and the Wire Frame icon . The graphics window
Now click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation, then the Animate icon
to play back the animation. You can see the valve opening, then closing and reopening.
Click the Refresh icon to clear the animation.
66-36 ADINA Primer

TIME 9.3300 Z
X Y
Fluid velocity vectors
Click the Quick Vector Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 9.3300 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 9.3300
21.41
19.50
16.50
13.50
10.50
7.50
4.50
1.50

Now click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. The valve opens about
solution time 4 and the velocity vectors immediately become very large. In order to reduce
the length of the velocity vectors, use the Solution Time icons ( ... ) to set the solution
time to 4.3, then click the Clear Vector Plot icon and the Quick Vector Plot icon .
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation.
Particle traces
We will now visualize the motion using the particle trace feature. We will inject particles into
the flow field at the inlet, starting at a solution time just before the valve opens.
Click the Clear Vector Plot icon and use the Solution Time icons ( ... ) to set the
solution time to 4.0.
Now choose Display→Particle Trace Plot→Create and click the ... button to the right of the
Trace Plot Style field. Click the ... button to the right of the Trace Rake field, and, in the
Define Trace Rake dialog box, set the Type to Grids. Enter the following information into the
first row of the table and click OK three times to close all three dialog boxes.

Length Length
0 8.7 66 Z-Plane Rectangular 12 10 12 10
Now choose Display→Particle Trace Plot→Modify. Click the ... button to the right of the
Trace Type field, set the Particle Size to 1 and click OK. Now click the ... button to the right
of the Trace Calculation field, set the “Time Interval between Particle Emission” to 0.1 and
click OK. Click the ... button to the right of the Trace Rendering field, uncheck the “Display
Symbols at Injector Locations” button and click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. Click
the Next Solution icon . The graphics window should look something like the bottom
66-38 ADINA Primer

TIME 4.0000 Z
PARTICLE TRACE X Y
START TIME = 4.0000
TIME 4.0100 Z
PARTICLE TRACE X Y
START TIME = 4.0000
Notice that the particle injectors that are outside of the fluid domain are ignored.

Let’s draw the mesh outline in a less obtrusive color. Click the Modify Mesh Plot icon
and click the Element Depiction... button. Set the Appearence of Deformed Mesh to
GRAY_50, then click OK twice to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should
TIME 4.0100 Z
PARTICLE TRACE X Y
START TIME = 4.0000
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. The particles move through the
inlet channel and enter the piston cylinder. The graphics window should look something like
You can observe the particle traces from different views. For example, click the YZ view
icon and create another animation. It is easier to visualize the motion of the particles
through the valve in this view.
66-40 ADINA Primer

TIME 9.3300 Z
X Y
PARTICLE TRACE
START TIME = 4.0000
Velocities in the X plane
Click the Clear Trace Plot icon , click the Cut Surface icon , set the Type to Cutting
Plane, set Defined by to X-Plane, uncheck the Display the Plane(s) button and click OK.
Now use the Solution Time icons ( ... ) to set the solution time to 4.3 and click the
Quick Vector Plot icon . The graphics window should look something like the figure on
the next page.
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation.

TIME 4.3000 Z
X Y
VELOCITY
TIME 4.3000
129.3
117.0
99.0
81.0
63.0
45.0
27.0
9.0
Pressure distribution in the X plane
Click the Clear Vector Plot icon and use the Solution Time icons ( ... ) to set the
solution time to the first solution time (1.01). Now click the Quick Band Plot icon . The
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. The pressure in the cylinder
drops to slightly below the inlet pressure when the gap opens. Because the scaling does not
change in the animation, we cannot see more detail in the pressure distribution.
66-42 ADINA Primer

TIME 1.010 Z
X Y
MAXIMUM
1.400
NODE 14656
MINIMUM
0.1130
NODE 2111
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 1.010
1.260
1.080
0.900
0.720
0.540
0.360
0.180
Click the Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table... button, uncheck the Freeze
Range button and click OK to close both dialog boxes. Click the Movie Load Step icon
to create an animation. Ths time the band scaling is reset based on the maximum and
minimum pressures in each time step. For example, at time 5.6, the graphics window looks
TIME 5.6000 Z
X Y
MAXIMUM
0.1217
NODE 2144
MINIMUM
0.1130
NODE 1114
NODAL_PRESSURE
TIME 5.6000
0.1213
0.1200
0.1187
0.1173
0.1160
0.1147
0.1133

It is easier to see the pressure drop in the inlet channel and the increased pressure just below
the valve.
Click the Last Solution icon to show the pressure at the end of the solution. By eye, we
can estimate that the average pressure in the cylinder at the end of the solution is about 0.115
MPa.
Temperature distribution in the X plane
Click the Clear Band Plot icon and use the Solution Time icons ( ... ) to set the
solution time to the first solution time (1.01). Now click the Create Band Plot icon , set
the Band Plot Variable to (Temperature: TEMPERATURE) and click OK. Click the Modify
Band Plot icon , click the Band Table... button, uncheck the Freeze Range button and
click OK to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like this:
TIME 1.010 Z
X Y
MAXIMUM
383.0
NODE 14685
MINIMUM
338.0
NODE 2144
TEMPERATURE
TIME 1.010
380.0
373.3
366.7
360.0
353.3
346.7
340.0
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. The temperature in the cylinder
drops to about 230 K by the time the gap opens. Then the warmer fluid in the inlet channel
circulates within the piston cylinder. For example, at the end of the solution, the graphics
66-44 ADINA Primer

TIME 9.3300 Z
X Y
MAXIMUM
344.8
NODE 82
MINIMUM
288.7
NODE 6323
TEMPERATURE
TIME 9.3300
340.0
332.0
324.0
316.0
308.0
300.0
292.0
By eye, we can estimate that the average temperature in the cylinder at the end of the solution
is about 300 K.
Density distribution in the X plane
Click the Clear Band Plot icon and use the Solution Time icons ( ... ) to set the
solution time to the first solution time (1.01). Now click the Create Band Plot icon , set
the Band Plot Variable to (Fluid Variable: NODAL_DENSITY) and click OK. Click the
Modify Band Plot icon , click the Band Table... button, uncheck the Freeze Range button
and click OK to close both dialog boxes. The graphics window should look something like
From this plot, we see that the initial density of the fluid in the cylinder is 1.965E-5 (g/mm3)
and the initial density of the fluid in the inlet channel is 1.797E-6 (g/mm3).
Click the Movie Load Step icon to create an animation. The density in the cylinder drops
to about 2.3E-6 by the time the gap opens, which is still denser than the fluid in the inlet
channel. Then the less dense fluid in the inlet channel circulates within the piston cylinder.
For example, at the end of the solution, the graphics window should look something like the

TIME 1.010 Z
X Y
NODAL_DENSITY
TIME 1.010
1.867E-05
1.600E-05
1.333E-05
1.067E-05
8.000E-06
5.333E-06
2.667E-06
MAXIMUM
1.965E-05
NODE 14656
MINIMUM
1.797E-06
NODE 2113
TIME 9.3300 Z
X Y
NODAL_DENSITY
TIME 9.3300
2.125E-06
2.075E-06
2.025E-06
1.975E-06
1.925E-06
1.875E-06
1.825E-06
MAXIMUM
2.144E-06
NODE 6323
MINIMUM
1.793E-06
NODE 256 (1.794E-06)
By eye, we can estimate that the average density in the cylinder at the end of the solution is
about is 2E-6 (g/mm3).
66-46 ADINA Primer

Mass flux through the gap
Click the Clear icon , then display zone EG3 using the Model Tree. Click the Last
Solution icon , the Model Outline icon and the Wire Frame icon . The graphics
window should look something like this:.
TIME 9.3300 Z
X Y
We now need to determine the element face-sets corresponding to the gap. Since there are
two gap boundary conditions, there are four element face-sets for the gap, two element face-
sets for the upstream side of the gap and two element face-sets for the downstream side of the
gap. We will use the downstream face-sets because we want the mass flux to be positive
when there is flow into the cylinder.
Click the Element Face Set icon , choose Element Face Set 34 and move the dialog box
out of the way of the mesh plot. You will notice that the Description is “GAP
(DOWNSTREAM) CONDITION OF LABEL 5” and the elements corresponding to this gap
are highlighted. Now choose Element Face Set 35. You will notice that the Description is
“GAP (DOWNSTREAM) CONDITION OF LABEL 6” and the elements corresponding to
this gap are highlighted.
We would like to determine the mass flux through both of these gaps. Add Element Face Set
40, set the Method to Merge Sets, enter 34, 35 in the first two rows of the table and click
Save. The entire gap is highlighted. Click OK to close the dialog box. Then choose
Definitions→Model Point→Element Face Set, add Model Point Name GAP, set the Element

Face Set # to 40 and click OK.
Click the Clear icon , then choose Graph→Response Curve (Model Point), set the Y
Coordinate Variable to (Flux: MASS_FLUX_ELFACE) and click OK. The graphics window
RESPONSE GRAPH
10.
MASS_FLUX_ELFACE,
GAP
8.
MASS_FLUX_ELFACE, GAP
6.
4.
-3
*10
2.
0.
-2.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
TIME
Evidently the gap opens just after solution time 4, then briefly closes near time 7.5. Near the
end of the solution, the gap is open, however the net flow is reversed so that fluid is flowing
from the cylinder into the inlet chamber.
We would like to determine the total mass of fluid that flows into the cylinder during the
entire solution process. We can do this by integrating (in time) the mass flux time history.
Choose Definitions→Response, add Response Name TIME_INTEGRAL, set the Type to
Envelope and the Type of Envelope Values to Time Integral, then click OK. Now choose
List→Value List→Model Point, set the Response Option to Single Response, the Response to
TIME_INTEGRAL, Variable 1 to (Flux: MASS_FLUX_ELFACE) and click Apply. The
result is 1.98276E-02 (g).
At the end of this primer problem, we have performed a hand check of the results, and it is
seen that this time-integrated mass flux is very reasonable.
66-48 ADINA Primer

Modeling comments
1) In the model solution, we first solve for the static deformed shape of the valve using a
steady-state analysis, then restart to a transient analysis. Here we give an explanation for
using for the static deformed shape of the valve as the structural initial condition in the
transient analysis.
Consider the exhaust process of the preceding compression - expansion cycle. During the
exhaust process, the piston cylinder is at high pressure and the discharge valve is open, so that
the cylinder pressure is (approximately) constant in time during the exhaust process. During
that time the suction reed valve is subjected to an unbalanced pressure.
Therefore at the beginning of the expansion cycle, it is reasonable to assume that the
deformed shape of the suction reed valve is approximately equal to the static deformed shape
obtained using the unbalanced pressure during the exhaust phase of the preceding
compression cycle.
2) Since there is no actual flow during the steady-state solution, there is no reason to specify
initial conditions for the turbulence variables.
3) Even though the valve is closed initially, the initial fluid pressure for fluid in the cylinder
underneath the valve is specified to be the same as the initial fluid pressure in the rest of the
cylinder (at high presssure).
4) The inlet turbulence quantities are calculated based on a velocity of 150 mm/ms. In the
solution, we observe that the fluid velocities are of this order of magnitude.
5) If we perform the transient analysis without the steady-state analysis first, the valve is
immediately subjected to an unbalanced pressure and begins to respond dynamically to this
pressure. Convergence is more difficult and a smaller time step needs to be used.
6) If the heat transfer temperature equation for low-speed compressible flow is used instead of
the total energy temperature equation, the computed temperatures are inaccurate in this
problem.
Hand check of results

Let’s see if the results obtained are reasonable. We will focus on the fluid in the cylinder.
Confirmation of the mass balance
At the start of the solution, we know that the pressure is p  1.4 MPa and the temperature is

T  383 K . Using the relation p   RT , in which R  c p  cv  186 mm 2 / ms 2 -K , the 

density at the start of the solution is   1.97E-5 g/mm 3 . This density agrees well with the
value that we observed in the ADINA CFD results at the start of the solution.
We also know that the cylinder diameter is 32.6 mm and the initial cylinder height is
h  0.7 mm , therefore the cylinder volume at the beginning of the solution is
V    32.6 / 2   0.7  584 mm 3 . The total mass of fluid in the cylinder, at the start of the
2
solution is therefore M  (1.97E-5)(584)=1.15E-2 g .
According to the ADINA-FSI results obtained above, at the end of the solution, the presssure
in the cylinder is approximately p  0.115 MPa and the temperature is approximately
T  300 K . Again using p   RT , or from examining the density of the fluid in the cylinder
at the end of the solution, the density at the end of the solution is approximately
  2E-6 g/mm 3 . The final cylinder height is 18.7 mm , so the final cylinder volume is
V    32.6 / 2   18.7  15600 mm 3 , and the total mass of fluid in the cylinder, at the end of
2
the solution is M  (2E-6)(15600)=3.12E-2 g .
Therefore the change in the fluid mass is M  3.12E-2  1.15E-2 = 1.97E-2 g , which
agrees very well with the time-integrated mass flux 1.98276E-02 given above.
Confirmation that the expansion process is isentropic
We also can confirm that the expansion process is isentropic (adiabatic), up to the point when
 
p2  V1   h1  cp
the valve opens. The relevant equation is       , where    1.23 . The
p1  V2   h2  cv
valve opens at solution time 4.06, corresponding to a piston motion of 5.35 mm, and at
0.099
solution time 4.06, the average pressure in the cylinder is about 0.099 MPa. Therefore
1.4
1.23
 0.7 
should be close to   , and in fact both quantities are close to 0.07 .
 0.7  5.35 
66-50 ADINA Primer

Primer 93 PDF

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Primer 93 PDF

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

UTOMATIC

ADINA 9.3 January 2017

ADINA R & D, Inc.

ADINA System 9.3

ADINA R&D, Inc.

tel. (617) 926-5199

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

ADINA is a registered trademark of K.J. Bathe / ADINA R & D, Inc.

© ADINA R & D, Inc. 1996 - 2017

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam ........................................................................................ 1-1

ADINA R & D, Inc. iii

Problem 1: Deflection of a beam. We introduce the geometry-based modeling features of

Problem 6: Square wall-driven cavity. We introduce two-dimensional fluid flow modeling

Problem 7: Contact between a block and a rigid cylinder. We demonstrate modeling of

Problem 8: Analysis of a shell corner. We demonstrate modeling of a simple shell

Problem 9: Thermal stress analysis of a cylinder. We demonstrate thermal analysis with

ADINA R & D, Inc. Intro-1

Problem 10: Beam subjected to impact load. We demonstrate setting up a dynamic

Problem 12: Beam subjected to earthquake load. We demonstrate setting up a response

Problem 15: Acoustic analysis of a monopole. We demonstrate the ADINA Structures

Problem 16: Analysis of a shaft-shaft intersection with ADINA-M/PS: We demonstrate the

Problem 20: Natural convection and specular radiation within an enclosure. We

Intro-2 ADINA Primer

Problem 29: Analysis of a shell-shell intersection with ADINA-M/PS and ADINA-M/OC.

Problem 30: Analysis of fluid-structure interaction within a pipe constriction. We

Problem 31: Analysis of a laminar step-wall diffuser. We demonstrate the input of a

ADINA R & D, Inc. Intro-3

Problem 33: U-bending of a metal sheet – static-implicit and dynamic-explicit analysis.

Problem 34: Thermo-mechanical-coupling analysis of a disc braking system. We

Problem 39: Thermal FSI analysis of a heated hemispherical dome. We demonstrate

Problem 41: Analysis of a screwdriver with ADINA-M/PS. We demonstrate importing of a

Problem 45: Large displacement bending of a plate by an applied moment. We

Intro-4 ADINA Primer

Problem 50: Post-buckling response of a slender beam. We demonstrate linearized

Problem 53: Static 3D EM-fields in a conducting block. We demonstrate the potential-

Problem 54: Microwave heating by harmonic EM fields in a cavity. We demonstrate

Problem 56: Electromagnetic driven flow over a cantilever in a channel. We demonstrate

ADINA R & D, Inc. Intro-5

Problem 59: Analysis of a piezoelectric composite cantilever with 3D solid elements. We

Problem 61: Analysis of a gasketed assemblage. We demonstrate some modeling

Intro-6 ADINA Primer

Revisions in this printing

New problems in this printing:

Revised problems in this printing:

ADINA User Interface Command Reference Manual

Volume I: ADINA Solids & Structures Model Definition

Volume II: ADINA Thermal Model Definition

ADINA R & D, Inc. Intro-7

Volume III: ADINA CFD & FSI Model Definition

Volume IV: ADINA EM Model Definition

Volume V: Display Processing

Theory and Modeling Guide

Volume I: ADINA Solids & Structures

Volume II: ADINA Thermal

Volume III: ADINA CFD&FSI

Volume IV: ADINA EM

ADINA Verification Manual

ADINA-Nastran Interface Manual

TRANSOR for I-DEAS Users Guide

Intro-8 ADINA Primer

TRANSOR for Femap Users Guide

ADINA System 9.3 Release Notes

You will also find the following book useful: