José Raúl Capablanca

José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 November 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a
José Raúl Capablanca
Cuban chess player who was world chess champion from 1921 to 1927. A chess
prodigy, he is considered by many as one of the greatest players of all time, widely
renowned for his exceptionalendgame skill and speed of play.

Born in Havana, he beat Cuban championJuan Corzo in a match two days before his
thirteenth birthday on 17 November 1901.[1][2] His victory over Frank Marshall in a
match in 1909 earned him an invitation to the1911 San Sebastian tournament, which
he won ahead of players such as Akiba Rubinstein, Aron Nimzowitsch and Siegbert
Tarrasch. During the next several years, Capablanca had a strong series of
tournament results. After several unsuccessful attempts to arrange a match with the
then world champion Emanuel Lasker, Capablanca finally won the title from Lasker
in 1921. Capablanca was undefeated for eight years from 10 February 1916 to 21
March 1924, a period which included the world championship match with Lasker
.

Capablanca lost the title in 1927 to Alexander Alekhine, who had never beaten
Capablanca before the match. Following unsuccessful attempts to arrange a return
Capablanca in 1931
match over many years, relations between them became bitter
. Capablanca continued
Full name José Raúl Capablanca
his excellent tournament results in this period but withdrew from serious chess in
y Graupera
1931. He made a comeback in 1934, with some good results, but also showed
symptoms of high blood pressure. He died in 1942 of "a cerebral hemorrhage Country Cuba
provoked by hypertension". Born 19 November 1888
Havana, Cuba, Spain
Capablanca excelled in simple positions and endgames; Bobby Fischer described
him as possessing a "real light touch". He could play tactical chess when necessary, Died 8 March 1942
and had good defensive technique. He wrote several chess books during his career, (aged 53)
of which Chess Fundamentals was regarded by Mikhail Botvinnik as the best chess New York City, New
book ever written. Capablanca preferred not to present detailed analysis but focused York, U.S.
on critical moments in a game. His style of chess was influential in the play of future World 1921–1927
world champions Bobby Fischer and Anatoly Karpov. Champion

Contents
Biography and career
Childhood
Early adult career
World title contender
During World War I
World Champion
Losing the title
Post-championship and partial retirement
Return to competitive chess
Death
Tributes

Assessment
 Playing strength and style
Influence on the game
Personality
Capablanca Chess
Writings
Tournament results
Match results
Notable games
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Biography and career

Childhood
José Raúl Capablanca, the second surviving son of a Spanish army officer,[3] was born in Havana on November 19, 1888.[4]
According to Capablanca, he learned the rules of the game at the age of four by watching his father play with friends, pointed out an
illegal move by his father, and then beat his father. At the age of eight he was taken to Havana Chess Club, which had hosted many
important contests, but on the advice of a doctor he was not allowed to play frequently. Between November and December 1901, he
narrowly beat the Cuban Chess Champion, Juan Corzo, in a match.[4][5][6] However, in April 1902 he only came in fourth out of six
in the National Championship, losing both his games against Corzo.[6] In 1905 Capablanca passed the entrance examinations with
ease for Columbia University in New York City, where he wished to play for Columbia's strong baseball team, and soon was selected
as shortstop on the freshman team.[5] In the same year he joined the Manhattan Chess Club, and was soon recognized as the club's
strongest player.[4] He was particularly dominant in rapid chess, winning a tournament ahead of the reigning World Chess Champion,
Emanuel Lasker, in 1906.[4] He represented Columbia on top board in intercollegiate team chess.[7] In 1908 he left the university to
concentrate on chess.[4][5]

According to Columbia University, Capablanca enrolled at Columbia's School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry in September,
1910, to study chemical engineering.[8] Later, his financial support was withdrawn because he preferred playing chess to studying
engineering. He left Columbia after one semester to devote himself to chess full-time.

Early adult career

Capablanca's skill in rapid chess lent itself to simultaneous exhibitions, and his increasing reputation in these events led to a US-wide
tour in 1909.[9] Playing 602 games in 27 cities, he scored 96.4% – a much higher percentage than, for example, Géza Maróczy's 88%
and Frank Marshall's 86% in 1906. This performance gained him sponsorship for an exhibition match that year against Marshall, the
US champion,[10] who had won the 1904 Cambridge Springs tournament ahead of World Champion Emanuel Lasker and Dawid
Janowski, and whom Chessmetrics ranks as one of the world's top three players at his peak.[11] Capablanca beat Marshall by 15–8
(8 wins, 1 loss, 14 draws) – a margin comparable to what Emanuel Lasker achieved against Marshall (8 wins, no losses, 7 draws) in
winning his 1907 World Championship match. After the match, Capablanca said that he had never opened a book on chess
openings.[4][12] Following this match, Chessmetrics rates Capablanca the world's third strongest player for most of the period from
1909 through 1912.[13]

Capablanca won six games and drew one in the 1910 New York State Championship. Both Capablanca and Charles Jaffe won their
four games in the knock-out preliminaries and met in a match to decide the winner, who would be the first to win two games. The
first game was drawn and Capablanca won the second and third game. After another gruelling series of simultaneous exhibitions,[9]
 Capablanca placed second, with 9½ out of 12, in the 1911 National Tournament at
New York, half a point behind Marshall, and half a point ahead of Charles Jaffe and
Oscar Chajes.[14][15] Marshall, invited to play in a tournament at San Sebastián,
Spain, in 1911, insisted that Capablanca also be allowed to play.[16]

According to David Hooper and Ken Whyld, San Sebastián 1911 was "one of the
strongest five tournaments held up to that time", as all the world's leading players
competed except the World Champion, Lasker.[17][18] At the beginning of the
tournament, Ossip Bernstein and Aron Nimzowitsch objected to Capablanca's
participation because he had not fulfilled the entry condition of winning at least third
prize in two master tournaments.[4] Capablanca won brilliantly against Bernstein in
the very first round, more simply against Nimzowitsch,[9] and astounded the chess
world by taking first place, with a score of six wins, one loss and seven draws, ahead
of Akiba Rubinstein, Milan Vidmar, Marshall, Carl Schlechter and Siegbert
Capablanca in 1919 Tarrasch, et al.[4] His loss, against Rubinstein, was one of the most brilliant
achievements of the latter's career.[19] Some European critics grumbled that
Capablanca's style was rather cautious, though he conceded fewer draws than any of
[9]
the next six finishers in the event. Capablanca was now recognized as a serious contender for the world championship.

World title contender

In 1911, Capablanca challenged Emanuel Lasker for the World Chess Championship. Lasker accepted his challenge while proposing
17 conditions for the match. Capablanca objected to some of the conditions, which favored Lasker, and the match did not take
place.[20][21]

In 1913, Capablanca won a tournament in New York with 11/13, half a point ahead of Marshall.[14][22] Capablanca then finished
second to Marshall in Capablanca's hometown, Havana, scoring 10 out of 14, and losing one of their individual games.[14][23] The
[23][24] In a further tournament
600 spectators naturally favored their native hero, but sportingly gave Marshall "thunderous applause".
in New York in 1913, at the Rice Chess Club, Capablanca won all thirteen games.[9][14]

fice,[4] which made him financially secure for life.[18] Hooper

In September 1913, Capablanca accepted a job in the Cuban Foreign Of
and Whyld write that, "He had no specific duties, but was expected to act as a kind of ambassador-at-large, a well-known figure who
[25] His first instructions were to go to Saint Petersburg, where he was due to play
would put Cuba on the map wherever he travelled."
in a major tournament.[9] On his way, he gave simultaneous exhibitionsin London, Paris and Berlin, where he also played two-game
matches against Richard Teichmann and Jacques Mieses, winning all four games.[4][9] In Saint Petersburg, he played similar matches
against Alexander Alekhine, Eugene Znosko-Borovsky and Fyodor Duz-Chotimirsky, losing one game to Znosko-Borovsky and
winning the rest.[4]

The St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament was the first in which Capablanca confronted Lasker under tournament conditions.[9] This
event was arranged in an unusual way: after a preliminary single round-robin tournament involving 11 players, the top five were to
play a second stage in double round-robin format, with total scores from the preliminary tournament carried forward to the second
contest.[9] Capablanca placed first in the preliminary tournament, 1½ points ahead of Lasker, who was out of practice and had made a
shaky start. Despite a determined effort by Lasker, Capablanca still seemed on course for ultimate victory. However, in their second
game of the final, Lasker reduced Capablanca to a helpless position and Capablanca was so shaken by this that he blundered away his
next game to Siegbert Tarrasch.[9] Lasker then won his final game, against Marshall, thus finishing half a point ahead of Capablanca
and 3½ ahead of Alekhine.[4][26] Alekhine commented:

His real, incomparable gifts first began to make themselves known at the time of St. Petersburg, 1914, when I too
came to know him personally. Neither before nor afterwards have I seen – and I cannot imagine as well – such a
flabbergasting quickness of chess comprehension as that possessed by the Capablanca of that epoch. Enough to say
 that he gave all the St. Petersburg masters the odds of 5–1 in quick games – and won! With all this he was always
good-humoured, the darling of the ladies, and enjoyed wonderful good health – really a dazzling appearance. That he
.[27]
came second to Lasker must be entirely ascribed to his youthful levity – he was already playing as well as Lasker

After the breakdown of his attempt to negotiate a title match in 1911, Capablanca drafted rules for the conduct of future challenges,
which were agreed by the other top players at the 1914 Saint Petersburg tournament, including Lasker, and approved at the
Mannheim Congress later that year. The main points were: the champion must be prepared to defend his title once a year; the match
should be won by the first player to win six or eight games, whichever the champion preferred; and the stake should be at least
[28] ).[21]
£1,000 (worth about £26,000 or $44,000 in 2013 terms

During World War I

World War I began in midsummer 1914, bringing international chess to a virtual halt for more than four years.[9] Capablanca won
tournaments in New York in 1914, 1915, 1916 (with preliminary and final round-robin stages) and 1918, losing only one game in this
sequence.[29] In the 1918 event Marshall, playing Black against Capablanca, unleashed a complicated counterattack, later known as
the Marshall Attack, against the Ruy Lopez opening. It is often said that Marshall had kept this secret for use against Capablanca
since his defeat in their 1909 match;[30] however, Edward Winter discovered several games between 1910 and 1918 where Marshall
passed up opportunities to use the Marshall Attack against Capablanca; and an 1893 game that used a similar line.[31] This gambit is
so complex that Garry Kasparov used to avoid it,[32] and Marshall had the advantage of using a prepared variation. Nevertheless,
Capablanca found a way through the complications and won.[18] Capablanca was challenged to a match in 1919 by Borislav Kostić,
who had come through the 1918 tournament undefeated to take second place. The match was to go to the first player to win eight
games, but Kostić resigned the match after losing the first five games.[4][33] Capablanca considered that he was at his strongest
around this time.[9][34]

World Champion
The Hastings Victory tournament of 1919 was the first international competition on
Allied soil since 1914. The field was not strong,[9] and Capablanca won with 10½
points out of 11, one point ahead of Kostić.[29]

In January 1920, Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca signed an agreement to play a

World Championship match in 1921, noting that Capablanca was not free to play in
1920. Because of the delay, Lasker insisted that if he resigned the title, then
Capablanca should become World Champion. Lasker had previously included in his
agreement before World War I to play Akiba Rubinstein for the title a similar clause
that if he resigned the title, it should become Rubinstein's.[35] Lasker then resigned
the title to Capablanca on June 27, 1920, saying, "You have earned the title not by
the formality of a challenge, but by your brilliant mastery." When Cuban enthusiasts
raised $20,000 to fund the match provided it was played inHavana, Lasker agreed in
August 1920 to play there, but insisted that he was the challenger as Capablanca was
now the champion. Capablanca signed an agreement that accepted this point, and
soon afterwards published a letter confirming it.[35] Capablanca in 1920

The match was played in March–April 1921; Lasker resigned it after fourteen
games, having lost four games and won none.[35] Reuben Fine and Harry Golombek attributed the one-sided result to Lasker's being
in mysteriously poor form.[29][36] Fred Reinfeld mentioned speculations that Havana's humid climate weakened Lasker and that he
was depressed about the outcome of World War I, especially as he had lost his life savings.[9] On the other hand, Vladimir Kramnik
thought that Lasker played quite well and the match was an "even and fascinating fight" until Lasker blundered in the last game.
Kramnik explained that Capablanca was twenty years younger, a slightly stronger player, and had more recent competitive
practice.[37]
Edward Winter, after a lengthy summary of the facts, concludes that, "The press was dismissive of Lasker's wish to confer the title on
Capablanca, even questioning the legality of such an initiative, and in 1921 it regarded the Cuban as having become world champion
by dint of defeating Lasker over the board."[35] Reference works invariably give Capablanca's reign as titleholder as beginning in
1921, not 1920.[38][39][40] The two challengers beside Capablanca to win the title without losing a game are Kramnik, in the
Classical World Chess Championship 2000against Garry Kasparov,[41] and Magnus Carlsen in the World Chess Championship 2013
against Viswanathan Anand.

Capablanca won the London tournament of 1922 with 13 points from 15 games with no
losses, ahead of Alexander Alekhine on 11½, Milan Vidmar (11), and Akiba Rubinstein
(10½).[42] During this event, Capablanca proposed the "London Rules" to regulate future
World Championship negotiations: the first player to win six games would win the match;
playing sessions would be limited to 5 hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in 2½ hours;
the champion must defend his title within one year of receiving a challenge from a recognized
master; the champion would decide the date of the match; the champion was not obliged to
accept a challenge for a purse of less than US $10,000 (worth about $260,000 in 2006
terms[43] ); 20% of the purse was to be paid to the title holder and the remainder divided, 60%
going to the winner of the match, and 40% to the loser; the highest purse bid must be
accepted.[44] Alekhine, Efim Bogoljubow, Géza Maróczy, Richard Réti, Rubinstein,
Tartakower and Vidmar promptly signed them.[45] Between 1921 and 1923 Alekhine,

The score sheet of
Capablanca's defeat by
Richard Réti in the New York
1924 chess tournament, his
first loss in eight years
Rubinstein and Nimzowitsch all challenged Capablanca, but only Alekhine could raise the
money, in 1927.[46]
In 1922, Capablanca also gave a simultaneous exhibition in Cleveland against 103 opponents,
the largest in history up to that time, winning 102 and drawing one – setting a record for the
best winning percentage ever in a large simultaneous exhibition.[47]

After beginning with four draws, followed by a loss,[9] Capablanca placed second at the New York 1924 chess tournament with the
score of 14/20 (+10−1=9), 1½ points behind Emanuel Lasker, and 2 ahead of third-placed Alekhine.[42] Capablanca's defeat at the
hands of Richard Réti in the fifth round was his first in serious competition in eight years.[14][48] He made another bad start at the
Moscow 1925 chess tournament,[9] and could only fight back to third place, two points behind Bogoljubow and ½ point behind
Emanuel Lasker. Capablanca won at Lake Hopatcong, 1926 with 6 points out of 8, ahead of Abraham Kupchik (5) and Maroczy
(4½).[49]

A group of Argentinian businessmen, backed by a guarantee from the president of Argentina, promised the funds for a World
Championship match between Capablanca and Alekhine in 1927.[50] Since Nimzowitsch had challenged before Alekhine,
Capablanca gave Nimzowitsch until January 1, 1927 to provide a deposit in order to arrange a match.[51] When this did not
materialize, a Capablanca–Alekhine matchwas agreed, to begin in September 1927.[52]

In the New York 1927 chess tournament, played from February 19 to March 23, 1927,[53][54] six of the world's strongest masters
played a quadruple round-robin, with the others being Alekhine, Rudolf Spielmann, Milan Vidmar, Nimzowitsch and Marshall,[49]
with Bogoljubow and Emanuel Lasker not present.[18] Before the tournament, Capablanca wrote that he had "more experience but
less power" than in 1911, that he had peaked in 1919 and that some of his competitors had become stronger in the meantime;[9]
however, he finished undefeated, winning the mini-matches with each of his rivals, 2½ points ahead of second-place Alekhine, and
[49]
won the "best game" prize for a win over Spielmann.

In December 1921, shortly after becoming World Champion, Capablanca married Gloria Simoni Betancourt. They had a son, José
Raúl Jr., in 1923 and a daughter, Gloria, in 1925.[55] According to Capablanca's second wife, Olga, his first marriage broke down
fairly soon, and he and Gloria hadaffairs.[56] Both his parents died during his reign, his father in 1923 and mother in 1926.
[55]

Losing the title

Since Capablanca had won the New York 1927 chess tournament overwhelmingly
and had never lost a game to Alekhine, the Cuban was regarded by most pundits as
the clear favorite in their World Chess Championship 1927 match.[9] However,
Alekhine won the match, played from September to November 1927 at Buenos
Aires, by 6 wins, 3 losses, and 25 draws[51] – the longest formal World
Championship match until the contest in 1984–85 between Anatoly Karpov and
Garry Kasparov.[57] Alekhine's victory surprised almost the entire chess world.[51]
Alekhine vs. Capablanca
After Capablanca's death, Alekhine expressed surprise at his own victory, since in
1927 he had not thought he was superior to Capablanca, and he suggested that
Capablanca had been overconfident.[27] Capablanca entered the match with no technical or physical preparation,[4][9] while Alekhine
got himself into good physical condition,[58] and had thoroughly studied Capablanca's play.[59] According to Kasparov, Alekhine's
research uncovered many small inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was unwilling to concentrate intensely.[60]
Vladimir Kramnik commented that this was the first contest in which Capablanca had no easy wins.[37] Luděk Pachman suggested
that Capablanca, who was unaccustomed to losing games or to any other type of setback, became depressed over his unnecessary loss
of the eleventh game, a long, grueling endgame, featuring errors by both players.[61][62] The match became somewhat notorious for
its extremely lopsided use of the Queen's Gambit Declinedopening; all games after the first two used this opening, and Capablanca's
defeat has been partially attributed to his unwillingness to attempt any other openings.

Immediately after winning the match, Alekhine announced that he was willing to give Capablanca a return match, on the same terms
that Capablanca had required as champion – the challenger must provide a stake of US $10,000, of which more than half would go to
the defending champion even if he was defeated.[63] Alekhine had challenged Capablanca in the early 1920s, but Alekhine could not
raise the money until 1927.[46] After Capablanca's death, Alekhine wrote that Capablanca's demand for a $10,000 stake was an
attempt to avoid challenges.[27] Negotiations dragged on for several years, often breaking down when agreement seemed in sight.
Their relationship became bitter, and Alekhine demanded much higher appearance fees for tournaments in which Capablanca also
played.[58][64]

Post-championship and partial retirement

After losing the World Championship in late 1927, Capablanca played more often in
tournaments, hoping to strengthen his claim for a rematch.[65] From 1928 through
1931, he won six first prizes, also finishing second twice and one joint second.[14]
His competitors included rising stars such as Max Euwe and Isaac Kashdan,[66][67]
as well as players who had been established in the 1920s, but Capablanca and
Alekhine never played in the same tournament during this period, and would next
meet only at the Nottingham, 1936 tournament, after Alekhine had lost the world
title to Euwe the preceding year.[65][68][69] In late 1931, Capablanca also won a
Giving a simultaneous display on
match (+2−0=8) against Euwe,[14][69] whom Chessmetrics ranks sixth in the world
thirty boards in Berlin, June 1929
at the time.[70]

Despite these excellent results, Capablanca's play showed signs of decline: his play
slowed from the speed of his youth, with occasional time trouble;[18] although he continued to produce many superb games, he also
made some gross blunders.[9][18][69] Chessmetrics nonetheless ranks Capablanca as the second strongest player in the world (after
[13]
Alekhine) from his loss of the title through to autumn 1932, except for a brief appearance in the top place.

Alekhine's offer to play Capablanca in a rematch if $10,000 could be raised came to naught thanks to the Great Depression. After
winning an event at New York in 1931, he withdrew from serious chess,[14] perhaps disheartened by his inability to secure a return
match against Alekhine,[69] and played only less serious games at the Manhattan Chess Club and simultaneous displays.[71] On 6
December 1933, Capablanca won all 9 of his games in one of the club's weekly rapid chess tournaments, finishing 2 points ahead of
Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine and Milton Hanauer.[71]
It is from this period that the only surviving voiced film footage survives. He is with Max Euwe and Dutch radio sports journalist
Han Hollander. Hollander asks Capablanca for his views on the upcoming world Championship match between Euwe and Alekhine
in October of that year (1935). Capablanca replies: "Dr. Alekhine's game is 20% bluff. Dr. Euwe's game is clear and straightforward.
Dr. Euwe's game—not so strong as Alekhine's in some respects—is more evenly balanced." Then Euwe gives his assessment in
Dutch, explaining that his feelings alternated from optimism to pessimism, but in the previous ten years, their score had been evenly
matched at 7–7.[72]

Return to competitive chess

At first Capablanca did not divorce his first wife, as he had not intended to remarry. Olga, Capablanca's second wife, wrote that she
met him in the late spring of 1934; by late October the pair were deeply in love, and Capablanca recovered his ambition to prove he
was the world's best player.[56] In 1938 he divorced his first wife and then married Olga on October 20, 1938,[56] about a month
before the AVRO tournament.[73]

Starting his comeback at the Hastings tournament of 1934–35, Capablanca finished fourth, although coming ahead of Mikhail
Botvinnik and Andor Lilienthal.[74] He placed second by ½ point in the Margate tournaments of 1935 and 1936. At Moscow 1935
Capablanca finished fourth, 1 point behind the joint winners,[74] while Emanuel Lasker's third place at the age of 66 was hailed as "a
biological miracle."[75] The following year, Capablanca won an even stronger tournament in Moscow, one point ahead of Botvinnik
and 3½ ahead of Salo Flohr, who took third place;[74] A month later, he shared first place with Botvinnik at Nottingham, with a score
of (+5−1=8), losing only to Flohr. The loss to Flohr was because of being disturbed while in time trouble by the bystander Max
Euwe.[76] Alekhine placed sixth, only one point behind the joint winners.[74] These tournaments of 1936 were the last two that
Lasker played,[77] and the only ones in which Capablanca finished ahead of Lasker, now 67.[78] During these triumphs Capablanca
began to suffer symptoms of high blood pressure.[34] He tied for second place at Semmering in 1937, then could only finish seventh
of the eight players at the 1938 AVRO tournament,[79] an élite contest designed to select a challenger for Alekhine's world
title.[80][81]

Capablanca's high blood pressure was not correctly diagnosed and treated until after the AVRO tournament, and caused him to lose
his train of thought towards the end of playing sessions.[34] In 1940, Capablanca was found to have extremely dangerous
hypertension of 210 systolic/180 diastolic (hypertensive crisis is 180/120 or above, and even after treatment Capablanca had
180/130).[82]

After winning at Paris in 1938 and placing second in a slightly stronger tournament at Margate in 1939, Capablanca played for Cuba
in the 8th Chess Olympiad, held in Buenos Aires, and won the gold medal for the best performance on the top board.[83] While
Capablanca and Alekhine were both representing their countries in Buenos Aires, Capablanca made a final attempt to arrange a
World Championship match. Alekhine declined, saying he was obliged to be available to defend his adopted homeland, France, as
World War II had just broken out.[84] Capablanca announced in advance that he would not play Alekhine if their teams met.
[85]

Death
Not long before his death, his familial hypertension had shot up to the ultra-
hazardous 200–240/160+. The day before his fatal stroke, his vascular specialist Dr
A. Schwarzer strongly advised him that his life was endangered unless he totally
relaxed, but Capablanca said that he couldn't because his ex-wife and children had
started court proceedings against him. The doctor blamed his death on "his troubles
and aggravation".[86] Capablanca's great rival Emanuel Lasker had died in the same
hospital only a year earlier.[87] Capablanca was given a public funeral in Havana's
Colón Cemetery on March 15, 1942.[86]
Capablanca's grave atColón
Cemetery
On 7 March 1942, Capablanca was observing a skittles game and chatting with
friends at the Manhattan Chess Club in New York City, when he asked for help
removing his coat, and collapsed shortly afterward. Eminent physician Dr Eli Moschcowitz administered first aid then arranged an
ambulance. He was taken to Mount Sinai Hospital, where he died at 6:00 AM the next day. The cause of death was given as "a
cerebral hemorrhage provoked by hypertension", in particular a hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage. The hospital admissions report
stated:

When admitted to Mt. Sinai Hospital, the examination showed: Patient critically ill in deep coma, unreceptive to
nocioceptive stimuli, unequal pupils with the left one dilated (fixed and unresponsive to light), left facial palsy, left
hemiplegia, globally depressed tendinous reflexes and arterial tension 280/140. A lumbar puncture was performed
.[88]
which showed hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with a pressure of 500 mm of water

The full autopsy, by Drs Moschcowitz, Prill, and Levin, showed that the right thalamus was almost totally destroyed, and in its place
was a hematoma 2 inches wide and 2 inches high. The whole ventricular system and cisterna magna were flooded with blood. The
gyri were flattened and sulci narrowed, consistent with years of extreme hypertension. His heart was enlarged, 575 g instead of the
normal 300–350 g, including 3 cm hypertrophy of left ventricle wall. This wall had a number of subendiocardial hemorrhages, which
was later proved to be common in patients with severe intercranial hypertension. This caused the release of a large amount of
vasoactive substances into the bloodstream, includingacetylcholine and noradrenaline that caused these hemorrhages.[89],[90]

The lumbar puncture was a bad idea, as intracranial hypertension is now a well-known contraindication because it releases the
pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid counteracting the herniating force of the hypertension. However, present-day Cuban neurosurgeon
Dr Orlando Hernández-Meilán(1948– ) has stated that it made no difference, as Capablanca could not have been revived even if the
best modern medicine had been available.[88]

Tributes
His old rival Alekhine wrote in a tribute to Capablanca: "... Capablanca was snatched from the chess world much too soon. With his
death, we have lost a very great chess genius whose like we shall never see again."[27] Emanuel Lasker once said: "I have known
many chess players, but only one chess genius: Capablanca."

[91]
An annual Capablanca Memorial tournament has been held in Cuba, most often in Havana, since 1962.

Assessment

Playing strength and style

As an adult, Capablanca lost only 34 serious games.[87] He was undefeated from February 10, 1916, when he lost to Oscar Chajes in
the New York 1916 tournament, to March 21, 1924, when he lost to Richard Réti in the New York International tournament. During
this streak, which included his 1921 World Championship match against Lasker, Capablanca played 63 games, winning 40 and
drawing 23.[48][92] In fact, only Marshall, Lasker, Alekhine and Rudolf Spielmann won two or more serious games from the mature
Capablanca, though in each case, their overall lifetime scores were minus (Capablanca beat Marshall +20−2=28, Lasker +6−2=16,
Alekhine +9−7=33), except for Spielmann who was level (+2−2=8). Of top players, only Keres had a narrow plus score against him
(+1−0=5).[93] Keres' win was at the AVRO 1938 chess tournament, during which tournament Capablanca turned 50, while Keres was
22.[94]

Statistical ranking systems place Capablanca high among the greatest players of all time. Nathan Divinsky and Raymond Keene's
book Warriors of the Mind (1989) ranks him fifth, behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer and Mikhail Botvinnik –
and immediately ahead of Emanuel Lasker.[95] In his 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present, Arpad Elo gave
retrospective ratings to players based on their performance over the best five-year span of their career. He concluded that Capablanca
was the strongest of those surveyed, with Lasker and Botvinnik sharing second place.[96] Chessmetrics (2005) is rather sensitive to
the length of the periods being compared, and ranks Capablanca between third and fourth strongest of all time for peak periods
ranging in length from one to fifteen years.[97] Its author, the statistician Jeff Sonas, concluded that Capablanca had more years in the
top three than anyone except Lasker, Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov – although Alexander Alekhine had more years in the top
two positions.[98] A 2006 study stated that Capablanca was the most accurate of all the World Champions when compared with
computer analysis of World Championship match games.[99][100] However, this analysis was criticized for using a second-rank chess
program, Crafty, modified to limit its calculations to six moves by each side, and for favoring players whose style matched that of the
program.[101] A 2011 computer analysis by Bratko and Guid using Rybka 2 and Rybka 3 found similar results to the 2006 Crafty
analysis for Capablanca.[102]

Boris Spassky, World Champion from 1969 to 1972, considered Capablanca the best player of all time.[103] Bobby Fischer, who held
the title from 1972 to 1975, admired Capablanca's "light touch" and ability to see the right move very quickly. Fischer reported that in
the 1950s, older members of theManhattan Chess Clubspoke of Capablanca's performances with awe.[104]

Capablanca excelled in simple positions and endgames, and his positional judgment was outstanding, so much so that most attempts
to attack him came to grief without any apparent defensive efforts on his part. However, he could play great tactical chess when
necessary – most famously in the 1918 Manhattan Chess Club Championship tournament (in New York) where Marshall sprang a
deeply analyzed prepared variation on him, which he refuted while playing under the normal time limit (although ways have since
been found to strengthen the Marshall Attack).[18][105] He was also capable of using aggressive tactical play to drive home a
positional advantage, provided he considered it safe and the most efficient way to win, for example against Spielmann in the 1927
New York tournament.[106][107]

Influence on the game

Capablanca founded no school per se, but his style was very influential in the games of two world champions: Fischer and Anatoly
Karpov. Botvinnik also wrote how much he learned from Capablanca, and pointed out that Alekhine had received much schooling
from him in positional play, before their fight for the world title made them bitter enemies.

As a chess writer, Capablanca did not present large amounts of detailed analysis, instead focusing on the critical moments in a game.
His writing style was plain and easy to understand.[108] Botvinnik regarded Capablanca's bookChess Fundamentals as the best chess
book ever written.[108] Capablanca in a lecture and in his book A Primer of Chess pointed out that while the bishop was usually
stronger than the knight, queen and knight was usually better than queen and bishop, especially in endings – the bishop merely
mimics the queen's diagonal move, while the knight can immediately reach squares the queen cannot.[109][110] Research is divided
over Capablanca's conclusion: in 2007, Glenn Flear found little difference,[111] while in 1999, Larry Kaufman, analysing a large
database of games, concluded that results very slightly favored queen plus knight.[112] John Watson wrote in 1998 that an unusually
large proportion of queen and knight versus queen and bishop endings are drawn, and that most decisive games are characterized by
[113]
the winning side having one or more obvious advantages in that specific game.

Personality
Early in his chess career, Capablanca had received some criticism, mainly in Britain, for the allegedly conceited description of his
accomplishments in his first book, My Chess Career. He therefore took the unprecedented step of including virtually all of his
tournament and match defeats up to that time in Chess Fundamentals, together with an instructive group of his victories.
Nevertheless, his preface to the 1934 edition of Chess Fundamentals is confident that the "reader may therefore go over the contents
of the book with the assurance that there is in it everything he needs."[108] However Julius du Mont wrote that he knew Capablanca
well and could vouch that he was not conceited. In du Mont's opinion critics should understand the difference between the merely
gifted and the towering genius of Capablanca, and the contrast between the British tendency towards modesty and the Latin and
American tendency to say "I played this game as well as it could be played" if he honestly thought that it was correct.[4] Capablanca
himself said, in his author's note prefacing My Chess Career: "Conceit I consider a foolish thing, but more foolish still is the false
modesty that vainly attempts to conceal which all facts tend to prove." Fischer also admired this frankness.[104] Du Mont also said
that Capablanca was rather sensitive to criticism,[4] and chess historian Edward Winter documented a number of examples of self-
criticism in My Chess Career.[108]
Despite his achievements Capablanca appeared more interested in baseball than in chess, which he described as "not a difficult game
to learn and it is an enjoyable game to play."[114] His second wife, Olga, thought he resented the way in which chess had dominated
[56]
his life, and wished he could have studied music or medicine.

Capablanca Chess
In an interview in 1925 Capablanca denied reports that he thought
a b c d e f g h i j
chess had already currently reached its limit because it was easy for
8 8
top players to obtain a draw. However he was concerned that the
accelerating development of chess technique and opening knowledge 7 7

might cause such stagnation in 50 years' time. Hence he suggested the 6 6

adoption of a 10×8 board with two extra pieces per side:
5 5

4 4
a chancellor that moves as both a rook and a knight;
3 3
an archbishop that moves as both a bishop and a
2 2
knight. This piece would be able to delivercheckmate on
its own, which none of the conventional pieces can do; 1 1
however, checkmate cannot be forced without the help of a b c d e f g h i j
its own king. He thought this would prevent technical
knowledge from becoming such a dominant factor , at least Capablanca Chess. The archbishops
for a few centuries.[116] (bishop+knight compounds) are placed on c1/c8;
the chancellors (rook+knight compounds), on
Capablanca and Edward Lasker experimented with 10×10 and 10×8
h1/h8.[115]
boards, using the same expanded set of pieces. They preferred the 8-
rank version as it encouraged combat to start earlier, and their games
typically lasted 20 to 25 moves.[115] Contrary to the claims of some critics, Capablanca proposed this variant while he was world
champion, not as sour grapes after losing his title.[117]

Similar 10×8 variants had previously been described in 1617 by Pietro Carrera and in 1874 by Henry Bird, differing only in how the
new pieces were placed in each side's back row. Subsequent variants inspired by Capablanca's experimentation have been proposed,
including Grand Chess (which uses a 10×10 board and has pawns on the third rank), Gothic Chess, and Embassy Chess (the Grand
Chess setup on a 10×8 board).

Writings
Havana 1913, by José Raúl Capablanca. This is the only tournament book he wrote. It was originally published in
Spanish in 1913 in Havana.ISBN 4871877531 Edward Winter translated it into English, and it appeared as aBritish
Chess Magazine reprint, Quarterly #18, in 1976.
A Primer of Chess by José Raúl Capablanca (preface byBenjamin Anderson). Originally published by Harcourt,
Brace and Company in 1935. Republished in 2002 by Harvest Books,ISBN 0-15-602807-7.
Chess Fundamentals by José Raúl Capablanca (Originally published in 1921. Republished by Everyman Chess,
1994, ISBN 4871878414. Revised and updated byNick de Firmian in 2006, ISBN 0-8129-3681-7.)
Fundamentos del Ajedrezby José Raúl Capablanca,ISBN 4871878422
My Chess Career by José Raúl Capablanca (Originally published by G. Bell and Sons, Ltd. of London, and The
Macmillan Company in New York in 1920. Republished by Dover in 1966. Republished by Hardinge Simpole Limited,
2003, ISBN 1-84382-091-9.)
The World's Championship Chess Match between José Raul Capablanca and Dr . Emanuel Lasker, with an
introduction, the scores of all the games annotated by the champion, together with statistical matter and the
biographies of the two masters, 1921by José Raul Capablanca. (Republished in 1977 by Dover , together with a
book on the 1927 match with annotations byFrederick Yates and William Winter, as World's Championship Matches,
1921 and 1927 by José Raúl Capablanca.ISBN 0-486-23189-5.)
Last Lectures by José Raúl Capablanca (Simon and Schuster , January 1966, ASIN B0007DZW6W)
ISBN 4871877574

Tournament results
The following table gives Capablanca's placings and scores in tournaments.[14][29][42][49][65][68][69][74][79][118] The first "Score"
column gives the number of points out of the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games,
"−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.
Date Location Place Score Notes
Capablanca won six games and drew one in the 1910 New
York State Championship. Both Capablancaand Charles
New York Jaffe won their four games in the knock-out preliminaries
1910 1st 6½/7 +6−0=1
State and met in a match to decide the winner, who would be the
first to win two games. The first game was drawn and
Capablanca won the second and third game.
New York 2nd 9½/12 +8−1=3 Marshall was 1st ahead of Capablanca.
Ahead of Akiba Rubinstein and Milan Vidmar (9), Frank
1911 James Marshall (8½)[118] and 11 other world-class
San Sebastián
(Spain)
1st 9½/14 +6−1=7 players.[17] His only loss was to Rubinstein, and his win
against Ossip Bernstein was awarded the brilliancy
prize.[118]
Ahead of Marshall (10½),Charles Jaffe (9½) and Dawid
New York 1st 11/13 +10−1=2
Janowski (9)[118]
1913 Behind Marshall (10½); ahead of Janowski (9) and five
Havana 2nd 10/14 +8−2=4
others.[118]
New York 1st 13/13 +13−0=0 Ahead of Oldřich Duras
Behind Emanuel Lasker (13½); ahead of Alexander
Alekhine (10), Siegbert Tarrasch (8½) and Marshall (8).
This tournament had an unusual structure: there was a
preliminary tournament in which eleven players played
each other player once; the top five players then played a
separate final tournament in which each player who made
the "cut" played the other finalists twice; but their scores
1914 St. Petersburg 2nd 13/18 +10−2=6
from the preliminary tournament were carried forward.
Even the preliminary tournament would now be considered
a "super-tournament". Capablanca "won" the preliminary
tournament by 1½ points without losing a game, but
Lasker achieved a plus score against all his opponents in
the final tournament and finished with a combined score ½
point ahead of Capablanca's.[118]

1915 New York 1st 13/14 +12−0=2 Ahead of Marshall (12) and six others.[29]
Ahead of Janowski (11) and 11 others. The structure was
1916 New York 1st 14/17 +12−1=4
similar to that of St. Petersburg 1914.[29]
1918 New York 1st 10½/12 +9−0=3 Ahead of Boris Kostić (9), Marshall (7), and four others
Ahead of Kostić (9½), Sir George Thomas (7), Frederick
1919 Hastings 1st 10½/11 +10−0=1
Yates (7) and eight others[29]
Ahead of Alekhine (11½), Vidmar (11), Rubinstein (10½),
1922 London 1st 13/15 +11−0=4 Efim Bogoljubow (9), and 11 other players, mostly very
strong[42]
Behind Lasker (16); ahead of Alekhine (12), Marshall (11),
1924 New York 2nd 14½/20 +10−1=9
Richard Réti (10½) and six others, mostly very strong[42]
Behind Bogojubow (15½) and Lasker (14); ahead of
1925 Moscow 3rd 13½/20 +9−2=9 Marshall (12½) and a mixture of strong international
players and rising Soviet players[49]

Lake Ahead of Abraham Kupchik (5), Géza Maróczy (4½),

1926 1st 6/8 +4−0=4
Hopatcong Marshall (3) and Edward Lasker (1½)[49]
Ahead of Alekhine (11½),Aron Nimzowitsch (10½),
1927 New York 1st 14/20 +8−0=12
Vidmar (10), Rudolf Spielmann (8) and Marshall (6).[49]
1928 Behind Bogojubow (8); ahead ofMax Euwe (6½),
Bad Kissingen 2nd 7/11 +4−1=6 Rubinstein (6½), Nimzowitsch (6) and seven other strong
masters[65]
Budapest 1st 7/9 +5−0=4 Ahead of Marshall (6),Hans Kmoch (5), Spielmann (5) and
[65]
 six others[65]
Ahead of Nimzowitsch (7), Spielmann (6½) and four other
Berlin 1st 8½/12 +5−0=7
very strong players[65]
Ahead of Vera Menchik (5), Rubinstein (5), and four
Ramsgate 1st 5½/7 +4−0=3
others[68]
Behind Nimzowitsch (15); tied with Spielmann; ahead of
Carlsbad 2nd= 14½/21 +10−2=9 [68]
1929 Rubinstein (13½) and 18 others, mostly very strong
Ahead of Rubinstein (9½),Savielly Tartakower (8) and 11
Budapest 1st 10½/13 +8−0=5
others[68]

Barcelona 1st 13½/14 +13−0=1 Ahead of Tartakower (11½) and 13 others[68]

1929– [119]
Hastings 1st 6½/9 +4-0=5
30
1930–
Hastings 2nd 6½/9 +5−1=3 Behind Euwe (7); ahead of eight others[69]
31

1931 New York 1st 10/11 +9−0=2 Ahead of Isaac Kashdan (8½) and 10 others[69]
Behind Thomas, (6½), Euwe (6½) andSalo Flohr (6½);
1934–
Hastings 4th 5½/9 +4−2=3 ahead Mikhail Botvinnik (5), Andor Lilienthal (5) and four
35
others[74]
Behind Botvinnik (13), Flohr (13) and Lasker (12½); ahead
Moscow 4th 12/19 +7−2=10 [74]
1935 of Spielmann (11) and 15 others, mainly Soviet players

Margate 2nd 7/9 +6−1=2 Behind Samuel Reshevsky (7½); ahead of eight others.[74]
Behind Flohr (7½); ahead ofGideon Ståhlberg and eight
Margate 2nd 7/9 +5−0=4
others.[74]
Ahead of Botvinnik (12), Flohr (9½), Lilienthal (9),
Moscow 1st 13/18 +8−0=10
1936 Viacheslav Ragozin (8½), Lasker (8) and four others[74]
Tied with Botvinnik; ahead of Euwe (9½),Reuben Fine
Nottingham 1st= 10/14 +7−1=6 (9½), Reshevsky (9½), Alekhine (9), Flohr (8½), Lasker
(8½) and seven other strong opponents[74]
Behind Paul Keres (9), Fine (8); tied with Reshevsky;
1937 Semmering 3rd= 7½/14 +2−1=11 ahead of Flohr (7), Erich Eliskases (6), Ragozin (6) and
Vladimirs Petrovs (5)[79]

Paris 1st= 8/10 +6−0=4 [79]

Ahead of Nicolas Rossolimo (7½) and four others
AVRO
1938 Behind Keres (8½), Fine (8½), Botvinnik (7½), Alekhine
tournament, at
7th 6/14 +2-4=8 [79]
ten cities in the (7), Euwe (7) and Reshevsky (7); ahead of Flohr (4½)
Netherlands
Behind Keres (7½); tied with Flohr; ahead of seven
1939 Margate 2nd= 6½/9 +4−0=5
others[79]

[79]
At the 1939 Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires, Capablanca took the medal for best performance on a country's first board.

Match results
Here are Capablanca's results in matches.[14] The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second
"Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.
Date Opponent Result Location Score Notes
1901 Juan Corzo Won Havana 7–6 +4−3=6 Corzo was the reigning champion of Cuba.
Frank James
1909 Won New York 15–8 +8−1=14
Marshall
2½–
1912 Charles Jaffe Won New York +2−0=1
½
1912 Oscar Chajes Won New York 1-0 +1−0=0
Richard
1913 Won Berlin 2–0 +2−0=0
Teichmann
1913 Jacques Mieses Won Berlin 2–0 +2−0=0

Eugene Znosko- St. The three matches against Russian

1913 Drawn 1–1 +1−1=0 masters were played for stakes.
Borovsky Petersburg
Besides the stake-money there was a gold
cup to be awarded for the series,
Alexander St.
1913 Won 2–0 +2−0=0 either to Capablanca if he won all his
Alekhine Petersburg
games,
or to the player who made the best score
Fedor Duz- St. against him.
1913 Won 2–0 +2−0=0
Khotimirsky Petersburg The cup went to Znosko-Borovsky.
1½–
1914 Ossip Bernstein Won Moscow +1−0=1
½
Savielly 1½–
1914 Won Vienna +1−0=1
Tartakower ½
1914 Arnold Aurbach Won Paris 2–0 +2−0=0
1919 Boris Kostić Won Havana 5–0 +5−0=0
1921 Emanuel Lasker Won Havana 9–5 +4−0=10 For the World Chess Championship.
Alexander Buenos 15½–
1927 Lost +3−6=25 For the World Chess Championship.
Alekhine Aires 18½
Euwe became World Champion 1935–
1931 Max Euwe Won Netherlands 6–4 +2−0=8
1937.[120]

Notable games
Jose Raul Capablanca vs L Molina, Buenos Aires 1911, Queen's Gambit Declined: Modern. Knight Defense (D52),
1–0 This game features Greco's sacrifice.
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Frank James Marshall, ch Manhattan CC, Nework Y 1918, Spanish Game: Marshall
Attack. Original Marshall Attack (C89), 1–0One of the most famous games of Capablanca. That Marshall unveiled
this attack after having kept it secret for years is a myth.[121] Capablanca defends against an extremely aggressive
attack.
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Professor Marc Fonarof f, New York 1918, Spanish Game: Berlin Defense. Hedgehog
Variation (C62), 1–0 Capablanca wins quickly with some precise play .
Emanuel Lasker vs Jose Raul Capablanca, Lasker–Capablanca W orld Championship Match, Havana 1921. Queen's
Gambit Declined: Orthodox Defense. Rubinstein V ariation (D61), 0–1
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Savielly T artakower, New York 1924, Dutch Defense, Horwitz Variation: General (A80), 1–
0 This game concludes with one of the most revered endgames in chess history .
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Rudolf Spielmann, New Y ork 1927, Queen's Gambit Declined: Barmen V ariation (D37), 1–
0 A tactical game that earned the Brilliancy Prize for Capablanca.
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Andor Lilienthal, Moscow 1936, Reti Opening: Anglo-Slav . Bogoljubow Variation (A12), 1–
0 Pawn play utilizing space against material advantage.
Ilia Abramovich Kan vs Jose Raul Capablanca, Moscow 1936, iV enna Game: Anderssen Defense (C25), 0–1This
game contains one of Capablanca's most famous endgames.

See also
 Botvinnik versus Capablanca
Chess Fever – a 1925 film starring Capablanca
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s – 7 December 1925
Capablanca Memorial

References
1. http://www.chessgames.com/perl/nph-chesspgn?text=1&gid=1228468
2. Miguel A. Sánchez (2015) Jose Raul Capablanca: A Chess Biography
. pg 77 ISBN 9781476614991
3. "Jose Capablanca" (http://www.chess-poster.com/english/great_players/jose_capablanca.htm)
. Retrieved
2015-02-19.
4. Du Mont, J. (1959). "Memoir of Capablanca". In Golombek, H.Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell
& Sons. pp. 1–18.
5. Reynolds, Q. (March 2, 1935)."One Man's Mind" (http://www.chessarch.com/excavations/0017_capablanca/capabla
nca.shtml). Collier's Weekly. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
6. Hooper, D.; Brandreth, D.A. (1994). "The Corzo Match". The Unknown Capablanca(https://books.google.com/book
s?id=rIrb_zLiVd4C&pg=PA116&dq=capablanca+corzo#PPP7,M1). Courier Dover Publications. pp. 116–140.
ISBN 0486276147. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
7. The Bobby Fischer I Knew And Other Stories, by Arnold Denker and Larry Parr, Hypermodern, San Francisco, 1995,
p.5
8. Columbia University: José Raúl Capablanca(http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbian
s/jose_raul_capablanca.html)(C250 Celebrates Columbians Ahead of Their Time).
9. Reinfeld, F. (1990) [1942]. "Biography".The Immortal Games of Capablanca(https://books.google.com/books?id=bU
dw5Zc1diEC&pg=PA1). Courier Dover Publications. pp. 1–13.ISBN 0-486-26333-9.
10. Hooper, D.; Brandreth, D.A. (1994). "Simultaneous Exhibitions". The Unknown Capablanca(https://books.google.co
m/books?id=rIrb_zLiVd4C&pg=PA116). Courier Dover Publications. p. 141.ISBN 0-486-27614-7.
11. "Chessmetrics Player Profile: Frank Marshall"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510
SSSSS3S081701000000111000000000018610100) . Retrieved 2009-01-02.
12. Kasparov, Garry (2003). My Great Predecessors, part I. Everyman Chess. p. 232. ISBN 1-85744-330-6.
13. Sonas, J. "Chessmetrics Player Profile: José Capablanca"(http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Para
ms=199510SSSSS3S019593000000131000000000000010100) . Retrieved 2009-06-01. (select the "Career Details"
option)
14. Golombek, H. (1959). "List of Tournaments and Matches". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G. Bell &
Sons. pp. 19–20.. Note: Edward Winter gives a list of errors in Golombek's book Chesshistory
: document by Edward
Winter (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/golombek_capa.pdf)
15. "New York 1910" (http://xoomer.alice.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/tornei/1900-49/1910ny.htm). Retrieved
2009-01-02.
16. "Chessville vignettes: José Raoul Capablanca y Graupera"(http://www.chessville.com/vignettes/Capablanca.htm).
Retrieved 2009-01-02.
17. David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld (1992). The Oxford Companion to Chess(2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
p. 67. ISBN 0-19-866164-9.
18. Fine, R. (1952). "José Raúl Capablanca".The World's Great Chess Games. André Deutsch (now as paperback from
Dover). pp. 109–121.
19. Kmoch, H. (1960). Rubinstein's Chess Masterpieces. Dover. pp. 65–67. ISBN 0-486-20617-3.
20. Hooper & Whyld 1992, pp. 67–68.
21. "1921 World Chess Championship"(https://web.archive.org/web/20050120165616/http://members.aol.com/graemec
ree/chesschamps/world/world1921.htm). January 20, 2005. Archived fromthe original (http://members.aol.com/grae
mecree/chesschamps/world/world1921.htm)on 2005-01-20. Retrieved 2008-11-21. This cites: a report of Lasker's
concerns about the location and duration of the match, inNew York Evening Post. March 15, 1911; Capablanca's
letter of December 20, 1911 to Lasker, stating his objections to Lasker's proposal; Lasker's letter to Capablanca,
breaking off negotiations; Lasker's letter of April 27, 1921 to Alberto Ponce of the Havana Chess Club, proposing to
resign the 1921 match; and Ponce's reply , accepting the resignation.
22. Hooper, D.; Brandreth, D. The Unknown Capablanca. R.H.M. Press. p. 170.ISBN 0890582076.
23. Marshall, F.J. (1960). Frank J. Marshall's Best Games of Chess. Dover. pp. 19–20. ISBN 0-486-20604-1. Page 19:
"My two 1913 tournaments took a curious course. At New oYrk, Capa beat me out by half a point, but a month later I
reversed the procedure at Havana." P . 20: Marshall thought the crowd were "after my blood for defeating their idol
and asked for an escort to my hotel. It turned out, however
, that the good Cubans were just showing their
sportsmanship and were cheeringme!"
24. Winter, E.G. (1989). "Rapid ascent".Capablanca chess. McFarland. ISBN 0-89950-455-8.
25. Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 68.
26. Soltis, A. (1975). The Great Chess Tournaments and Their Stories. Chilton Book Company. pp. 96–103. ISBN 0-
8019-6138-6.
27. Alekhine, A.; Winter, E.G. (1980). 107 Great Chess Battles'(https://books.google.com/books?id=ErJqoQ8oZ3wC&pg
=PA157&dq=Capablanca+%22london+rules%22#PPA157,M1). Dover. pp. 157–158. ISBN 0-486-27104-8. Retrieved
2009-06-02.
28. Using average incomes for the conversion; if average prices are used, the result is about £66,000.
"Five Ways to
Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound Amount, 1830–2006" (http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/resu
lt.php). Retrieved 2008-06-09.
29. Golombek, H. (1959). "On the Way to the World Championship". Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. G.
Bell & Sons. pp. 59–86.
30. "The Total Marshall" (http://www.scottishcca.co.uk/books/marshall.html). 15 April 2002. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
31. Winter, E.G. "The Marshall Gambit" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/marshallgambit.html). Retrieved
2009-06-01.
32. Silman, J. (2004). "Marshall Attack" (http://www.jeremysilman.com/book_reviews_js/js_marshall_attack.html).
Retrieved 2009-06-01.
33. Winter, E. (1981). World Chess Champions. Pergamon Press. p. 58.ISBN 0-08-024094-1.
34. Winter, Edward (1939). "Capablanca Interviewed"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca11.html). El
Gráfico. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
35. Winter, Edward. "How Capablanca Became World Champion" (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablanca
2.html). ChessHistory. Retrieved 2008-06-05.. Winter cites: American Chess Bulletin(July–August 1920 issue) for
Lasker's resignation of the title, theACB's theory about Lasker's real motive and Havana's of fer of $20,000; Amos
Burn in The Field of 3 July 1920, the British Chess Magazineof August 1920 and other sources for protestations that
Lasker had no right to nominate a successor;Amos Burn in The Field of 3 July 1920 and E.S. Tinsley in The Times
(London) of 26 June 1920 for criticism of the conditions Lasker set for the defense of the title; American Chess
Bulletin September–October 1920 for Lasker's and Capablanca's statements that Capablanca was the champion
and Lasker the challenger, for Capablanca's statement that Lasker's contract with Rubinstein had contained a clause
allowing him to abdicate in favor of Rubinstein, for Lasker's intention to resign the title if he beat Capablanca and his
support for an international organization, preferably based in the Americas, to manage international chess. Winter
says that before Lasker's abdication, some chess correspondents had been calling for Lasker to be stripped of the
title. For a very detailed account given by Capablanca after the match, see Capablanca, J.R. (October 1922).
"Capablanca's Reply to Lasker"(http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/capablancalasker.html). British Chess
Magazine. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
36. Fine, R. (1976). "The Age of Capablanca".The World's Great Chess Games(2nd ed.). Dover (first edition published
by André Deutsch in 1952). p. 109.
37. Vladimir Kramnik. "Kramnik Interview: From Steinitz to Kasparov"(http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getintervie
w.aspx?id=61). Kramnik.com. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
38. Hooper, D.; Whyld, K. (1992). The Oxford Companion to Chess(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67, 217.
ISBN 0-19-866164-9.
39. Golombek, H., ed. (1977). Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess. Crown Publishers. pp. 58, 172.ISBN 0-517-53146-1.
40. B. M. Kazić (1974). International Championship Chess: A Complete Record of FIDE Events
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Further reading
Harold Schonberg (1973). Grandmasters of Chess. New York: W W Norton & Co Inc.
Edward Winter (1981). World Chess Champions. London, UK: Pergamon Press.
Irving Chernev (1982). Capablanca's Best Chess Endings. New York: Dover Publications.
Harry Golombek (1947). Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess. London, UK: Bell.
Fred Reinfeld (1990). The Immortal Games of Capablanca. New York: Dover Publications.
Dale Brandreth & David Hooper (1993). The Unknown Capablanca. New York: Dover Publications.
Chernev, Irving (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. New York: Dover. pp. 181–212. ISBN 0-
486-28674-6.
Edward Winter (1989).Capablanca: A Compendium of Games, Notes, Articles, Correspondence, Illustrations and
Other Rare Archival Materials on the Cuban Chess Genius José Raúl Capablanca, 1888–1942 . Jefferson, North
Carolina: McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0899504551.
Garry Kasparov (2003). My Great Predecessors: part 1. Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-330-6.
Isaak Linder and Vladimir Linder (2009).José Raúl Capablanca: Third World Chess Champion . Russell Enterprises,
ISBN 978-1-888690-56-9.
Miguel Angel Sánchez (2015).José Raúl Capablanca: A Chess Biography, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland &
Company, ISBN 978-0786470044.

External links
José Raúl Capablancaplayer profile and games atChessgames.com
Biography on Chesscorner.com
Lasker's Chess Magazine (Feb 1905) recognizes Capablanca at age 16
Capablanca biography
Capablanca's Chess – a program implementation.
The Genius and the Princessby Edward Winter (1999), with considerable input by Capablanca's widow Olga on his
life.
Edward Winter, List of Books About Capablanca and Alekhine
Works by José Raúl Capablancaat Project Gutenberg
Works by or about José Raúl Capablancaat Internet Archive
Chess Fundamentals available at Gutenberg.org in multiple formats
Chess Fundamentals work in progress transcription with animated diagrams
 Awards and achievements
Preceded by World Chess Champion Succeeded by
Emanuel Lasker 1921–27 Alexander Alekhine

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