IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 12 | May 2017

ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Graph Database: A Complete GDBMS Survey

Anubhav Boshat Manish Malik
Student Student
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering
Engineering Pune (411043) Pune (411043)

Raghav Agarwal Prof. R.S Patil

Student Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering
Engineering Pune (411043) Pune (411043)

Prof. N.R Patil

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering Pune (411043)

Abstract
Mumbai-Pune is the India’s first expressway, which passes from the mountainous regions of the Deccan Trap. It has suffered
from a large number of rockfall and landslides during 2003-2004. A very large number of accidents have occurred on the
Mumbai-Pune expressway. On the basis of frequency and magnitude of the recorded incidences of rockfall on the expressway. It
have been taken in need of investigations and mitigation. Based on the geological and geotechnical investigations, various causes
for rockfall and location at this location have been established.
Keywords: Expressway, Landslides, Rockfall, Deccan Traps
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION

Mumbai is the commercial capital of India. Its growing rate is significantly high in size and population. Pune is the cultural
capital of Maharashtra. It is also growing into a major industrial and commercial center. Hence, the importance of the Mumbai-
Pune road has increased enormously in the last 8–10 years. According to one estimate, 450 people are killed due to accidental
events on the existing Mumbai-Pune National Highway each year.
For these reasons, the government deemed it necessary to construct a new, separate expressway. The expressway is 95 km in
length. It was inaugurated on March 1, 2002.The expressway has reduced the distance between Mumbai and Pune. By routing
through this expressway there is reduction in travel time by 2 hours. The expressway has a very high traffic rate that is 1,00,000
vehicles passes from the expressway per day. During 2003 and 2004, the expressway experienced a very large amount of
rockfalls and landslides. Investigations have been carried out from various aspects like geologically and geotechnically.

II. OBJECTIVE

 To carry out various Geotechnical tests on the soils of various areas of Deccan traps on Mumbai – Pune expressway and
finding out the nature of soils present there.
 To find out the main reason for rockfall and landslides and determine the geotechnical and geological reasons responsible
for it.

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 Graph Database: A Complete GDBMS Survey
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III. ROCKFALLS AND LANDSLIDES

A rockfall or rock-fall refers to quantities of rock falling from a very high cliff face. If the roof or walls of quarry mine gets
collapsed it can also be termed as rockfall. A rockfall is a downward movement of fragments of rock (a block) that are falling
along the slope under the influence of gravitational force. In other words "rockfall is the naturally downward movement of a
detached block or series of blocks involving free falling, bouncing, rolling, and sliding".
A landslide is a rapid, gravity caused events that results in falling of rocks, boulders soil masses. Basically landslides is a
disaster in which the whole land area along the slope collapses and slide down. Landslides can also be known as slope failure.
Landslides that can occur in underwater are known as submarine landslide.
Gravitational force is the major driving element apart from that there are various other causes which are also responsible for
landslides to occur like overloading slopes, removal of vegetation, seepage of water, vibrations caused by earthquake etc.

Geotechnical Investigations: -
Geotechnical investigations include the evaluation of type of soil near the Mumbai-Pune expressway. This includes the following
tests that were carried in the laboratory. There are 4 samples that were collected from the various areas of expressway.
Followings test were conducted on these samples: -
 Moisture Content
 Specific Gravity
 Sieve Analysis
 Liquid Limit
 Plastic Limit

Table – 1
Picture of soil samples from right to left (A,B,C,D)
Sample Location Moisture Content (%) Specific Gravity
A Khopoli 3.96 3.22
B Near Kamshet Tunnel 2.48 1.65
C Khandala ( West to Monkey Point) 3.07 2.17
D Kusgaon along Pune- Mumbai side 1.76 2.34

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 Graph Database: A Complete GDBMS Survey
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 035)

Moisture Content: -

From the following results it is observed that the moisture content present in the soil is quite less that depicts the low
absorbance of water by the soil.
Specific Gravity:
Samples Soil Type
A Contain heavy substances i.e lateritic soil (G > 3)
B Porous particles & Organic matter are present (G < 2)
C Organic & Clayey ( G between 2-3)
D Organic & Clayey ( G between 2-3)
Sieve Analysis:
Gradation of soil
Samples Location Type
Cc CU
A Khopoli 0.9 12 Well graded sandy soil
B Near Kamshet Tunnel 2.2 9 Well graded sandy soil
C Khandala (West to Monkey Point) 1.1 8.2 Well graded sandy soil
D Kusgaon near Pune-Mumbai Expressway 1 6.1 Well graded sandy soil

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 Graph Database: A Complete GDBMS Survey
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 035)

Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index

Samples Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Plasticity Index Type
A 12.55% 6.66% 6.19% Low plastic
B 13.4% 8.33% 5.07% Low Plastic
C 14.9% 7.14% 7.78% Medium Plastic
D 7.8% 7.1% 0.7% Non Plastic

SAMPLE - A
14
13.8
Water Content (%)

13.6
13.4
13.2
13 Series1
12.8
12.6
12.4
1 5 25 125
Number of Blows

SAMPLE-B
14.4
14.2
14
Water Content (%)

13.8
13.6
13.4
13.2 Series1
13
12.8
12.6
12.4
1 5 25 125
Number of Blows

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 Graph Database: A Complete GDBMS Survey
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 035)

SAMPLE - C
16
15.5
Water Content (%)

15
14.5
14 Series1

13.5
13
1 5 25 125
Number of blows

SAMPLE - D
10
9
8
7
Water Content (%)

6
5
4 Series1
3
2
1
0
1 5 25 125
Number of Blows

Geological Investigations: -
The area is made up of basaltic rocks and basaltic rocks are classified into 4 types.
1) Compact Basalts
2) Amygdaloidal Basalts
3) Tachylitic Basalts
4) Volcanic Breccias
Compact and Amygdaloidal basalts are separated by a thin layer of disintegrated material which is formed by weathering of
basaltic rocks. Sometimes these two are separated by tachylitic basalt rocks which on exposure to atmosphere disintegrate
forming boles which disturbs the middle layer of compact and amygdaloidal basalt causing rockfalls.
As in the following picture there is a layer of red tachylitic basalt which is in between the two basaltic rocks and the tachylitic
basalt is disintegrating and falling down.

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 Graph Database: A Complete GDBMS Survey
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 12/ 035)

Also there is seepage of water from the joints and fractures which are slowly falling down making the slope susceptible to fail.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

1) Soil samples are of low to medium plastic nature due to which they do not have sufficient cohesive strength to have a stable
slope which results in landslides.
2) The soil present is well graded but they are sand and some amount of silt present in it.
3) The soil samples are lateritic soil that are formed because of the humid climatic conditions. Apart from that some soil had
organic matter present in them and other soil was porous in nature which results in seepage of water.
4) The seepage of water through joints and fractures made the slope weak which results in falling of rocks.
5) The joints were inclined instead of being horizontal.
6) The soil present does not have enough cohesive strength to prevent the slipping of rock masses along the inclined joints
which are dipping towards the expressway.
7) The rocks are detaching from the joints present in them.

REFERENCES
[1] M. K. Ansari, M. Ahmad, T. N. Singh “Rockfall Risk Assessment along Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Maharashtra, India”.
[2] Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering by B.C Punmia
[3] IS: 2720 Part 2- 1969
[4] IS: 2720 Part 3 1980
[5] IS: 2720 (Part 4) – 1985
[6] IS: 2720 (Part 5) – 1985

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