Particulate Fillers for

Polymers

Professor R.N. Rothon

(Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University)

ISBN: 1-85957-310-X
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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and
ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714
from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection
moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the
variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time
observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated
that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing Abstract
very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time
during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments
indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the
heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase
separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could
not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.
The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied
with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897

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Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,
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Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,
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Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s
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Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,
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Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.
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Goodyear Technical Center.
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D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.
Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites,
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Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory
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Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &
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University of Texas at Austin.

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Y. Wang, Tunghai University.
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R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie
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University of Surrey. Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.
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Volume 11 Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,
University of Nottingham.

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials,
I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.
Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings and
Processes, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.
Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National Research
Council Canada.
Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,
University of Exeter.
Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR,
H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.
Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert and
F.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.
Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau,
Lucent Technologies.
Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,
D.C. Wright.
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D.C. Wright.
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Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner,
Clariant Huningue SA.

Titles Available in the Current Volume

Volume 12
Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection
Moulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.
Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,
J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.
Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.
Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.
Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie
GmbH.
Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear,
Khon Kaen University.
Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds and
Products, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance,
M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.
 Particulate Fillers for
Polymers

Professor R.N. Rothon

(Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University)

ISBN: 1-85957-310-X
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3

2. Filler Characteristics ............................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Cost ................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Chemical Composition ................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Specific Gravity .............................................................................................................................. 4
2.4 Hardness .......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Thermal Properties .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.5.1 Specific Heat ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.5.2 Thermal Conductivity ......................................................................................................... 5
2.5.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ..................................................................................... 5
2.5.4 Thermal Stability ................................................................................................................ 5
2.6 Optical Properties ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.7 Morphology (Particle Size and Shape) ........................................................................................... 6
2.7.1 Particle Size ........................................................................................................................ 7
2.7.2 Specific Surface Area (SSA) .............................................................................................. 8
2.7.3 Particle Shape ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.7.4 Oil Absorption and Particle Packing .................................................................................. 9
3. Principal Filler Types ............................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Mineral Fillers Produced Directly from Natural Sources ............................................................ 10
3.1.1 Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3 ................................................................................................................................................. 10
3.1.2 Dolomite, CaCO3.MgCO3 .................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.3 Clay ....................................................................................................................................11
3.1.4 Nano-Clays ........................................................................................................................11
3.1.5 Talc, Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.6 Mica .................................................................................................................................. 12
3.1.7 Wollastonite ...................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.8 Crystalline Silicas ............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.9 Calcium Sulphate ............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.10 Huntite/Hydromagnesite Mixtures ................................................................................... 13
3.2 Synthetic Fillers ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.2.1 Carbon Black .................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.2 Synthetic Silicas ............................................................................................................... 15
3.2.3 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) ........................................................................... 16
3.2.4 Calcium Sulphate ............................................................................................................. 16
3.2.5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) ............................................................................................... 16
3.2.6 Magnesium Hydroxide ..................................................................................................... 17
4. Filler Surface Modification ................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Principal Reasons for Using Surface Modifiers ........................................................................... 17
4.1.1 Improved Filler Production .............................................................................................. 17
4.1.2 Protection of the Filler ...................................................................................................... 17
4.1.3 Improved Powder Flow .................................................................................................... 17
4.1.4 Improved Compounding ................................................................................................... 17

1
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

4.1.5 Reduction in the Adsorption of Expensive Ingredients ................................................... 17

4.1.6 Improved Composite Properties ....................................................................................... 18
4.2 The Main Types of Modifier ......................................................................................................... 18
4.2.1 Non-Coupling Modifiers .................................................................................................. 18
4.2.2 Coupling Modifiers (Coupling Agents) ........................................................................... 19
4.3 Other Approaches ......................................................................................................................... 20
4.4 Methods of Using Surface Modifiers ........................................................................................... 20
4.5 Treatment Levels .......................................................................................................................... 21
4.6 The Crossover Effect .................................................................................................................... 21

5. The Use of Fillers in Polymers .............................................................................................................. 21

5.1 Molecular Weight .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) ............................................................................................... 22
5.3 Crystallinity .................................................................................................................................. 22
5.4 Second Phase Toughening ............................................................................................................ 22
5.5 Other Changes in the Polymer Due to the Presence of Filler ....................................................... 22
5.6 Other Filler Effects ....................................................................................................................... 23

6. Use of Fillers in Different Polymer Types ........................................................................................... 23

6.1 Elastomers ..................................................................................................................................... 23
6.2 Thermoplastics .............................................................................................................................. 26
6.2.1 PVC .................................................................................................................................. 26
6.2.2 Polyethylene (PE) ............................................................................................................. 27
6.2.3 Polypropylene (PP)........................................................................................................... 27
6.2.4 Polyamides (Nylons) ........................................................................................................ 28
6.3 Thermosets .................................................................................................................................... 30

7. Nanocomposites ..................................................................................................................................... 31

Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 32

Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 32

References from the Rapra Abstracts Database ........................................................................................ 33

Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 141

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Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or
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2
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
1 Introduction
From the earliest days, particulate fillers have played
a vital role in the development of commercial uses
for polymers. Originally, they were mainly seen as
cheap diluents, hence the name filler. However, their
ability to beneficially modify many properties soon
began to be realised, and they are used for many
purposes today. The term functional filler is often
used to describe materials that do more than provide
cost reduction. Examples of functional fillers include
carbon black and precipitated silica reinforcements
in tyre treads, aluminium and magnesium hydroxide
flame retardant additives for many polymer types,
and calcined clay and wollastonite reinforcement of
some thermoplastics.
Some of the main reasons for using particulate
fillers are:
• Cost reduction
• Improved processing
• Density control
• Optical effects, such as translucency
• Thermal conductivity
• Control of thermal expansion
• Electrical properties, e.g., antistatic
• Magnetic properties
• Flame retardancy
• Improved mechanical properties, notably hardness,
stiffness, abrasion and tear resistance.
Of course, no single filler provides all of these benefits.
Each type improves some properties while having no,
or even a detrimental, effect on others. The magnitude
and even the direction of the effects observed are not
only a function of the filler composition; they are
strongly influenced by particle size and shape and by
surface chemistry.
Thus, a great deal of care has to go into optimising
filler performance for a particular application and a
multidisciplinary approach is required if one is to
master the subject.
It is the aim of this review to provide an introduction
to this fascinating area, including the latest views on
the main scientific principles and current trends in filler
technology and applications.
2 Filler Characteristics
This section covers the main characteristics that are
important in choosing fillers for use in polymer
applications.
2.1 Cost
The cost of fillers varies enormously, with the crudest
clays and carbonates costing under 50 Euro/tonne,
while specialist types may well cost over 100 times as
much. Large price variations can also be expected
within one filler type, such as calcium carbonate,
depending on factors such as colour, purity, particle
size and shape and surface treatment. With the lower
cost fillers, transport costs can also be very significant
and may well determine the choice of filler type and
supplier.
In considering potential cost savings from use of fillers,
one must bear in mind that they are generally
considerably denser (2-3 fold) than the host polymer.
Filler prices are generally quoted on a weight basis,
but most applications are based on volume and hence
a significant correction has to be performed for a fair
comparison to be made. A simplified view of the
relative volume costs of fillers and polymers is
presented in Table 1.
Factors other than the raw material cost also have to be
taken into account in assessing whether cost savings will
be obtained. Some of the important considerations are:
(1) Effects on processing. In general the use of fillers
increases processing costs, due to the need for
different equipment and higher energy costs and/
or lower throughput. Against this, their use can give
better heat transfer, speeding up cooling and
reducing cycle times.
(2) Effects on other ingredients. Some of these, notably
antioxidants and curatives, are a significant part
of the raw material cost. One would generally
expect a reduction in the use of these per unit
volume when filler is replacing some polymer. On
the other hand, some fillers can negatively impact
on polymer stability and also deactivate
antioxidants and curatives, leading to the opposite
effect. As with so much in this field, one has to
consider each case on its own merits.
Despite the above, there are still significant areas
where fillers are used principally because they give
3
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
Table 1. Approximate relative volume costs of some common fillers and polymers
Filler or Polymer
Ground calcium carbonates (GCC)
Coated GCC
General purpose clays
Polymer grade talcs
Calcined clays
Coated calcined clays
Precipitated calcium carbonates
Precipitated silicas
Common carbon blacks
Polyolefins
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Common elastomers (styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR))
Common thermosets (unsaturated polyester, epoxy)
Engineering thermoplastics
Note: Commodity polymer and carbon black prices are very much influenced by oil prices and can be very volatile,
so the above relationships must be treated with caution.
useful cost savings. These will particularly be where
suitable compounding is already taking place to
introduce other additives, as is the case with polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), elastomers and most thermosets, and
where relatively expensive polymers, such as
polyamides, are being used.
2.2 Chemical Composition
While the bulk chemical composition of fillers
determines many of their physical properties (density,
refractive index, thermal conductivity, etc.), it is
usually of little direct importance for the final
composite properties, which are more affected by
particle size and shape. The main considerations are
that the filler should be insoluble and inert to the
conditions met with in use, and not cause degradation
of the polymer matrix.
Indeed, while generally desirable, high purity is not
always essential, or achieved, in many filler
applications. Some impurities can, however, be
detrimental, even at trace levels. Possible impurity
problems include:
4
Approximate relative volume cost
0.15-0.30
0.25-0.50
0.25-0.50
1.0-1.4
1.2-1.6
2.2-2.6
1.7-2.0
2.0-3.0
1.6-2.2
0.9-1.1
1.3-1.6
0.9-1.2
1.4-2.6
3.0-5.0
• An adverse effect on composite appearance. An
example is the presence of coloured organic
residues in aluminium hydroxide.
• Increased abrasiveness. Quartz is a common hard
particle contaminant in mineral fillers.
• Increased water adsorption and reduction in
electrical properties. This is often the result of the
presence of traces of soluble salts.
• Reduction in the heat and light stability of the
polymer matrix. Trace levels of certain transition
elements, notably copper, nickel and iron, can cause
this sort of problem.
• Health hazards. Examples are the concern over the
possible presence of traces of asbestos or crystalline
silica in fillers of mineral origin.
2.3 Specific Gravity
Most polymers have specific gravities in the range 0.9-
1.4. Most particulate fillers have considerably higher
specific gravities in the range 2.3-2.8 and their
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
incorporation at typical levels can increase the specific
gravity of the composite quite considerably. This is
often a disadvantage, but there are some instances
where fillers are used to control density. Typical
examples are the use of high density fillers in sound
deadening compositions and of lightweight fillers (e.g.,
hollow glass beads) in buoyancy aids.
2.4 Hardness
The hardness of mineral fillers is of considerable
importance in polymer applications. In general soft
fillers are preferred, as the harder ones tend to cause
wear of compounding machinery and can lead to
degradation of fibre length when used in conjunction
with glass fibre reinforcements. Hard fillers, such as
crystalline silicas, are often used when high abrasion
resistance is required, particularly in thermosets. It is
also believed that fillers that are too soft can themselves
fracture or delaminate under stress and can act as
critical flaws in some cases, notably in rigid thermosets.
Hardness is generally measured according to the Moh
scale, as used in mineralogy. The scale goes from talc
(softest) with a hardness of 1, to diamond with a
hardness of 10. In using this scale it must be
remembered that it is approximately logarithmic. Most
fillers have a Moh hardness below 4.
2.5 Thermal Properties
The principal thermal properties of importance in the
present context are specific heat, thermal conductivity,
coefficient of expansion and stability.
2.5.1 Specific Heat
On a volume basis, the specific heat of most fillers and
polymers is similar and there is little effect on this
property of composites.
2.5.2 Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity of most mineral fillers is
about one order of magnitude higher than that of
polymers. Their incorporation can thus considerably
increase the conductivity of a composite and this can
have a beneficial effect on processing, through reduced
cycle times (364).
2.5.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
The coefficients of thermal expansion of most mineral
fillers are considerably less than those of polymers.
Thus their incorporation can significantly reduce the
coefficient of expansion of a composite material, an
effect that is usually beneficial. Some speciality fillers
have been designed to have very low coefficients of
expansion (509).
On the other hand, high aspect ratio (the ratio of length
to diameter) fillers, especially when aligned by
processing, will often give rise to anisotropic effects,
leading to problems of warpage (364).
2.5.4 Thermal Stability
Particulate fillers need to be stable at the temperatures
experienced in processing polymers, which can be as
high as 350 °C. As most fillers are stable at much higher
temperatures this is not usually an issue.
The main exception is with flame retardant fillers.
These function by decomposing endothermically,
releasing inert gasses such as water and carbon dioxide,
at or near to the temperature at which the polymer itself
begins to decompose and release flammable volatiles.
Both the filler endotherm and the accompanying inert
gasses contribute to the flame retardant effect (366,
400). Such fillers decompose at temperatures in the
range 200-350 °C and therefore they must be carefully
selected to avoid problems during compounding. The
two most commonly used fire retardant fillers are
aluminium and magnesium hydroxides. As shown in
Figure 1, magnesium hydroxide has the higher
decomposition temperature and this is important for
many thermoplastics applications.
2.6 Optical Properties
Colour and refractive index are the most important
optical properties for fillers. Most fillers are chosen to
be colourless, or white, but traces of impurities can
have significant deleterious effects on this. Colour
problems may not be picked up in the filler powder,
and may only become apparent in the final composite.
This may be due to the high refractive index difference
between filler and air maximising scattering and hiding
absorption effects. Some impurities (notably organics)
may also only become obvious as a result of thermal
decomposition during polymer processing, while others
may induce degradation in the polymer itself.
5
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
Figure 1
An illustration of the relative thermal stabilities of aluminium and magnesium hydroxides
The refractive indices of most common fillers and
polymers are similar and, as the light scattering power
of a filler depends mainly on the refractive index
difference between itself and the surrounding medium,
they frequently have only a small pigmentary effect,
which is sometimes used to produce translucent articles.
As a result of the low scattering, deleterious colour
effects are often enhanced. Many fillers have more than
one refractive index and this can also give rise to
complex and undesirable interference effects (a.1).
Such effects are absent with amorphous fillers, such
as glass and precipitated silica. The scattering power
also depends on the filler particle size, with the position
of maximum scattering moving to larger particle sizes
as the difference in refractive index between filler and
polymer decreases.
2.7 Morphology (Particle Size and Shape)
Particle size and shape are key factors determining the
performance of particulate fillers in all polymers types.
Although these seem to be simple concepts, their
adequate measurement and description provides
significant challenges.
This mainly arises because, except for rare instances,
such as monomodal glass spheres, one is dealing with
a complex distribution of both size and shape.
6
There are several terms that need to be defined in
relation to morphology. Perhaps the most confusion
arises with primary particles, aggregates and
agglomerates. The term, primary particle, normally
refers to the smallest unit that the filler can be sensibly
thought to be composed of. Assemblies of these primary
particles are referred to as aggregates or agglomerates,
depending on the strength of interaction. In filler
technology, it is usual to call very strong assemblies
(usually with some intergrowth) aggregates, and
weaker ones, agglomerates, although care must be
taken, as the reverse terminology sometimes occurs.
These concepts are illustrated in Figure 2. It is
important to realise that, depending on the severity of
the processing conditions, aggregates (sometimes even
agglomerates) may not be fully broken down and
dispersed. Carbon black provides a good example, with
the actual particle (for most purposes) being a very
strong aggregate formed by fusion of primary particles.
On the other hand, primary particles themselves may
be broken down, as in the case of hollow glass spheres.
The concept of the effective particle is also a very
important one. Most measurements are made on the
powdered filler before use, but composite properties
depend on the particle morphology in the final
composite when the compounding and moulding
procedures frequently give rise to changes in size and
shape. The amount of particle modification that occurs
will depend on the filler itself and on the processing
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
Figure 2
Primary particles, aggregates and agglomerates
conditions, which will vary from system to system.
Ideally, morphology determination should use
measuring conditions that give an answer appropriate
to the application, but this is not usually attempted and
caution should be used with published values. This is
especially true for the finer synthetic fillers and for
acicular (needle-shaped) fillers, where the problem
tends to be most acute. As discussed later, the use of
crushed, oil absorption values in the carbon black
industry is an attempt to address this issue.
The measurement and application of the parameters
most often used by the filler industry are discussed in
more detail below.
2.7.1 Particle Size
This is the most widely used parameter for filler
morphology. The irregular shape of most particles
Figure 3
Two particles of different shape, but similar
equivalent spherical diameters
means that a single number cannot accurately
describe size. In order to overcome this, most sizing
methods use the concept of equivalent spherical
diameter (esd), which is the diameter of a sphere
having the same volume as that of the particle. As
shown in Figure 3, very different particles can have
the same esd. To add to the complexity, the
information given in data sheets and many technical
publications is often just an average value. This
average value is usually defined on a mass or weight
basis, but can sometimes be on a number of particles
basis, in which case a very different value will be
obtained. In the first case 50% of particles by mass
will be above and below the average, while in the
second case this will be 50% by number of particles.
These two cases are very different, with small
particles being more important in the number case
than in the mass one. In consequence, and depending
on the particle size distribution, number average
sizes can be much smaller than mass averages. As
shown in Figure 4, two very different size
distributions can give rise to the same average value
for particle size. Sometimes some idea of the size
distribution is also given, generally by providing a
top and bottom size value.
Very small amounts of certain sized particles
(generally, but not always, on the high side) can be
particularly important in some applications and they
are not always detected by the standard sizing
methods. Where these are important they can be
measured and specified separately, and phrases such
as ‘less than 0.05% w/w above 50 microns’, are
frequently used.
The results presented in Table 2 provide a good
example of how the apparent particle size of
precipitated calcium carbonate can vary with the
measuring method. This filler is described as having
a particle size of 0.07 micron, but this will only
usually be reached after extensive, very high shear,
processing.
7
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Figure 4
Two different particle size distributions with the same average particle diameter

Table 2. The effect of measuring conditions on the apparent particle size of a coated precipitated
calcium carbonate
Average particle
Measuring method Comments
size (microns)
Laser diffraction of liquid 20 Detecting agglomerate dispersion using very
weak ultrasonics
As above, but stronger ultrasonics 4 Detecting the basic aggregates
As above, but with very strong ultrasonics 0.2 Detecting some very strong aggregates
Electron microscopy 0.07 Detecting primary crystallites
X-ray line broadening 0.07 Detecting primary aggregates

2.7.2 Specific Surface Area (SSA)
SSA is the area of surface present in unit weight of the
filler and is frequently used as a measure of filler
particle size. In some cases this information is
calculated from the particle size information, assuming
a particular particle shape (usually spherical), but today
it is more usually measured by techniques such as gas
adsorption (a.2) or dye adsorption (a.3). The most
rigorous method is the BET procedure, using nitrogen,
as the adsorbing molecule. This is a very reproducible
procedure, but requires relatively expensive equipment
not always possessed by filler producers. As nitrogen
is a very small molecule, it can access surface present
in small pores and crevices that may not be accessible
to larger molecules. Thus it may give an overestimate
of the area accessible to polymers. This is where larger
molecules, such as dyes, absorbed from solution can
be more useful. The carbon black industry uses a
surfactant (CTAB, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide)
for this purpose.
The SSA is determined before compounding and, as
mentioned earlier, it must be remembered that particle
breakdown, generating additional surface, may occur
during processing. Precipitated calcium carbonates
provide a good example of this. A rubber grade
product will disperse to an ultimate size of about 0.07
microns, the calculated SSA of which is about twice
that which can be measured on the filler before
compounding (20 m2/g).
The specific surface area is obviously related to the
particle size distribution of the filler and with materials
of the same density and shape, a higher specific surface
area means a smaller particle size.

8
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
2.7.3 Particle Shape
Shape is an important factor in the use of fillers in
polymers, affecting processing and composite
properties. Typical particulate filler shapes are
illustrated in Figure 5. Anisotropy, or aspect ratio, is
particularly important, being valuable in improving
factors such as stiffness and heat distortion temperature.
Despite this, shape is poorly described in the literature
and specifications. This is due to the difficulty of
carrying out meaningful measurements, especially as
aspect ratio is often significantly affected (reduced) by
processing conditions.
Figure 5
Idealised shapes of typical fillers
The difference in the measured SSA from that
calculated from the size distribution, assuming a
spherical shape, can sometimes be used as an indication
of anisotropy or porosity.
It is reported that some light scattering methods
currently used for particle size measurement can be
adapted to give shape information directly (a.4). The
use of fractal analysis is now beginning to be explored
by the filler industry, especially for carbon blacks (a.5)
and may ultimately allow particle shape to be measured
and specified in a more useful way.
2.7.4 Oil Absorption and Particle Packing
The ability of particles to fill space by packing together
is obviously related to their morphology and plays a
very important role in determining the properties of
filled polymers, especially at high filler loadings.
The concept of maximum packing fraction (MPF or
Pf) is most important, being the maximum amount of
filler particles that can be incorporated into a system
before particle to particle contact becomes inevitable.
While there is a theoretical MPF for any system based
on geometric considerations, this is rarely achieved
in real systems where dispersion and randomisation
factors come into play. This is most easily exemplified
for monomodal spherical particles. By careful
placement of these, an MPF of 74% can be achieved.
This will not be reached by pouring them into a
container, however, when randomisation effects will
give a maximum result of 60%-65%.
Oil absorption is a very simple technique which, when
carefully applied, can give a useful guide to the
packing ability of fillers (a.6). This determines the
amount of a selected oil that is needed to just form a
continuous phase between the filler particles when
they are subjected to a certain mixing procedure. It is
a good guide to the maximum packing fraction of filler
that is likely to be achievable in a polymer matrix,
especially if the oil used is chosen to have a similar
polarity to that of the polymer to be used.
In practice, many composite properties start to
deteriorate before the actual MPF is reached, and it is
generally reckoned that the practical limit for most
purposes is about 90% of the MPF. One particular
exception is for electrical conductivity, where particle
to particle interaction is needed. The MPF is
incorporated into many of the predictive equations
for the effect of fillers on composite properties.
Where high filler loadings are needed, the filler shape
and size can be controlled to facilitate this. This is
usually done by having a size distribution with just
enough of the correctly sized fine particles to fit into
the interstitial spaces between the larger ones. A
simple example of this is given in Figure 6. An
excellent description of particle packing theory has
been given by German (a.7).
9
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
Figure 6
An illustration of particle packing principles
3 Principal Filler Types
A very wide variety of particulate material is used as
fillers in polymer applications, ranging from
apparently simple clays, chalks and limestones, to rare
earth magnetic powders. The production, properties
and uses of the main types are discussed in this
section. Some of the lower cost products are mainly
restricted to certain geographic areas, close to where
they are found, rather than being in widespread use
throughout the world.
3.1 Mineral Fillers Produced Directly from
Natural Sources
A mineral is a pure, usually crystalline, naturally
occurring material, with a definite chemical
composition. Minerals are generally found in nature
as rocks or ores, which can vary from relatively pure
minerals to complex mixtures.
Several minerals fulfil the requirements for use in
polymer applications, i.e., they are abundant, low cost,
colourless, inert and readily produced with the required
particle sizes and shapes. Fillers are produced from
these natural mineral sources by mining, followed by
a variety of processes such as comminution (dry or
wet), purification (beneficiation), classification,
calcination, surface treatment and drying. The
various processes used have been well described by
Wills (a.8).
The main mineral fillers of natural origin used by the
polymer industry are briefly described below. Further
details can be found on these and other minerals in
10
the work by Katz and Milewski (a.9). It should be
pointed out that, while these types of fillers are
discussed here as if they were pure materials, the
commercial forms may still contain significant
quantities of other minerals. These other constituents
are often not deleterious to the intended application.
3.1.1 Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
Calcium carbonate occurs widely in nature and,
having many suitable properties, is extensively used
as a filler. It is often referred to as ground calcium
carbonate (GCC). The main applications for GCC are
in PVC, polypropylene (PP), elastomers and
unsaturated polyesters. Filler grade GCC is frequently
surface treated with fatty acids.
There are three crystal forms of calcium carbonate,
but only the commonest, calcite, is used to any
extent. Calcite has a specific gravity of 2.7, Moh
hardness of 3 and is birefringent, with refractive
indices of 1.65 and 1.48. Calcitic fillers can be
produced from three distinctly different mineral
sources; chalk, limestone and marble and this has a
significant bearing on their properties.
Chalk deposits are usually the purest of the three, and
are the sedimentary remains of the shells and skeletons
of marine organisms. These deposits are relatively soft
and consist of loosely bonded, fairly uniform, crystals
about 3 microns in size. Milling readily breaks chalk
down into the basic crystals, but further size reduction
requires the breaking of the crystals themselves and
considerably more energy. Fillers produced from
chalk are often known as whiting.
Limestone can be thought of as chalk deposits which
have been modified by consolidation effects. This
results in considerable modification of the crystal
structure and increased hardness. More energy is
required to mill limestone.
Marble is limestone which has been recrystallised into
a coarse grained rock and is the hardest form of the
three, requiring even more milling energy.
3.1.2 Dolomite, CaCO3.MgCO3
This mineral is also widespread in nature. It has a
specific gravity of 2.85 and Moh hardness of 3.5,
with refractive indices of 1.5 and 1.68. Although
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
used in polymers, it is not as popular as GCC. This
is probably because it is generally harder to mill and
tends to be less white.
3.1.3 Clay
Clay is a rather loose term, which is used to describe
a variety of widely occurring hydrous alumino-
silicate minerals produced by the weathering of
granite. These all have sheet structures with
variously arranged layers of alumina and silica, and
are found as stacks of these layers.
The main clay mineral used in the polymer industry
is kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO 2.2H2O), usually known as
kaolin or china clay. The specific gravity is 2.6, Moh
hardness is between 2.5 and 3 and the refractive
index is 1.56. Kaolinite is what is known as a 1:1
clay, with alternate layers of alumina and silica. Its
main uses are in elastomers, with more restricted use
in other types of polymer. For elastomer applications
it is classed as hard or soft. This refers to its effect
on rubber hardness, which results from its particle
size and hence reinforcing ability.
While kaolinite is the main constituent of filler clays,
significant quantities of other minerals can often be
present, particularly in the cheaper grades. The
particle shape is the most important characteristic
of kaolinite for polymer applications. It exists in
stacks, or books of thin, hexagonal, plates. The platy
nature means that clay fillers have a greater effect
on properties such as viscosity, stiffness and strength,
than do more isotropic fillers like calcium carbonate.
The aspect ratio of the clay filler grades is very much
dependent on the conditions used in extraction and
processing.
For some applications the clay is converted into
special forms by heating. The main types for the
polymer industry are metakaolin and calcined kaolin.
Intermediate temperatures lead to the metakaolin,
which is more chemically reactive than the starting
material. Metakaolin has an especially beneficial
effect on the electrical resistivity of plasticised PVC
and is mainly used in PVC cable insulation
formulations. Fully calcined kaolin is very inert and
used in a variety of polymer applications.
3.1.4 Nano-Clays
There is growing interest in nanocomposites, in which a
nanosized filler is dispersed in a suitable polymer matrix.
Much of the present interest in this area is directed at
so-called nano-clays (44). These are clays in which the
silicate stacks have been deliberately separated down to
extremely thin crystal sheets, with a thickness of a few
angstroms, and aspect ratios of several hundred. Such
fillers can produce composites with high stiffness and
heat distortion temperature at loadings of only a few
percent. Gas barrier properties are also much improved,
and there are reports that high levels of flame retardancy
can be obtained (128).
Delamination of the crystal stacks is generally
carried out by chemical means. The most suitable
clays for this purpose are the 2:1 layered clays, such
as montmorillonite. This type of clay has an
octahedrally arranged alumina sheet, sandwiched
between two tetrahedral silica sheets. There is some
substitution of the aluminium by divalent cations
such as magnesium. This gives the layers a net
negative charge, which is balanced by hydrated
mono and divalent cations sitting in the spaces
(known as galleries) between the layers.
These gallery cations can be ion exchanged, and if
this is done using suitable large cations, then the
layer spacing can be increased to a point where the
layers can be separated by some physical method
(e.g., milling). Long chain, quaternary ammonium
salts are especially useful for this purpose.
Extensive processing is usually involved in
producing these clays, as a high degree of
purification as well as delamination has to be
achieved.
Nanocomposites are formed by dispersing the nano-
clays in appropriate polymers, and two forms of
structure can be distinguished, intercalated and
exfoliated. With the intercalated structures, the
polymer chains penetrate into the gallery spaces, but
the stacking of the sheets is preserved to some extent.
In the exfoliated form, the thin sheets are completely
dispersed in the polymer. These different structures
are shown schematically in Figure 7.
The nature of the chains on the quaternary additives is
important in achieving good dispersion and
compatibility with the host polymer. The specific
surface area of these clays is very high (hundreds of
m2/g) and large quantities of the modifiers are needed.
There is a more general discussion of nanocomposites
in Section 7.
11
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
Figure 7
Idealised structures for different clay-polymer
composites
3.1.5 Talc, Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2
While talc is a specific mineral, the term is also used
generically to cover a variety of similar minerals and
also for mixed products. The pure mineral consists of
magnesium hydroxide sheets sandwiched between two
silica sheets. There is only weak bonding between the
resulting three sheet layers and hence pure talc is the
softest known mineral with a value of 1 on the Moh
scale (where it is used as the standard). The specific
gravity is 2.8 and there are three indices of refraction
(two equal) of 1.54, 1.59 and 1.59.
Some of the properties of talc vary widely, according
to the nature of the deposit from which it is obtained,
and on the processing that is used. Thus the crystal
form can be lamellar, foliated, fibrous or massive.
Platy talcs are the form most exploited for filler
applications and processing is usually geared to
12
achieving a fine size and a high aspect ratio. The largest
use for talcs is as a semi-reinforcing filler in
thermoplastics, especially PP. In addition to
morphology, colour and the presence of prodegradant
impurities are important considerations.
It is generally held that the talc surface (except for plate
edges) is very inert and that it does not respond well to
surface modifiers, especially organosilanes. Some
additives, such as maleated PP, are reported as giving
useful effects, however.
3.1.6 Mica
The term mica is used to describe a group of silicate
minerals, with the general formula: KM(AlSi3O10) (OH)2,
where M = Al, Fe or Mg. Micas have a layered crystal
structure, but with stronger bonding between the layers
than with talc. Their main uses in polymers are based
on their ability to produce high aspect ratio plates,
which leads to good reinforcement and on their
excellent electrical properties. Micas have specific
gravities in the range 2.7-2.9, Moh hardness of 2.0-2.5
and are strongly birefringent, with refractive indices
of 1.56-1.57 and 1.60-1.62.
The production processes are aimed at achieving
purification and size reduction, while generating high
aspect ratio particles. Surface modification is widely used,
with organosilanes being used in many applications.
3.1.7 Wollastonite
Wollastonite is a form of calcium silicate, and is a white,
needle-like mineral with a specific gravity of 2.9 and a
Moh hardness of 4.5. The refractive index is in the range
1.63-1.67. Although it is widely distributed in nature, only
a few deposits are pure and large enough for economic
working and so it tends to be more commonly utilised in
certain regions of the world, such as the United States.
The main polymer applications are based on the
acicularity (needle-shape), and low water adsorption,
allowing it to be used as a partial substitute for glass
fibre. The needles are quite fragile, and great care has
to be taken in production and use, if a useful degree of
acicularity is to be retained. The aspect ratio of
commercial products for the polymer industries ranges
from about 8:1, up to about 20:1, with the higher ratio
products being the more reinforcing and expensive. The
main uses are in PP and polyamides and in thermosets
such as unsaturated polyesters, epoxies and phenolics.
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
It appears to respond well to conventional surface
treatments, especially silanes, which is important in
realising the benefits of the acicular shape.
3.1.8 Crystalline Silicas
Crystalline silica is the most ubiquitous mineral on
earth, being found as a component in most other mineral
deposits. There are many crystal phases, but only a few
have commercial significance in the polymer industry,
the main ones being quartz, novacite and crystobalite.
Quartz is the most common and has a specific gravity
of 2.6, Moh hardness of 7 and refractive index of 1.54-
1.55. Values for novacite and crystobalite are similar.
Polymer uses are based on the high hardness, chemical
inertness, heat resistance, low coefficient of thermal
expansion and good electrical insulation properties.
Crystalline silicas also respond well to silane coupling
agents. The main uses are in thermosets such as epoxies,
unsaturated polyesters and polymethylmethacrylate.
Some forms can also be used as semi-reinforcing fillers
in silicone elastomers. There are toxicity concerns
surrounding crystalline silicas and this tends to limit
their usefulness.
3.1.9 Calcium Sulphate
Calcium sulphate occurs naturally as the dihydrate
(gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O). Gypsum can also be a by-
product of various manufacturing processes. By
controlled calcination it is possible to produce a hemi-
hydrate and an anhydrous form. The dihydrate is the
most widely used form for polymer applications, where
it is mainly used in unsaturated polyesters. The
dihydrate has a specific gravity of 2.32, Moh hardness
of 2 and refractive index of 1.52-1.53.
3.1.10 Huntite/Hydromagnesite Mixtures
The minerals huntite (CaCO 3 .3MgCO 3 ) and
hydromagnesite (3MgCO3. Mg(OH)2.3H2O) tend to occur
together in workable deposits in certain parts of the world
and these mixtures have some useful filler properties. Most
commercial products have approximately equal amounts
of the two minerals present.
Suitable deposits have a high whiteness and are readily
milled to sizes suitable for polymer use. The huntite
phase tends to be quite platy, while the hydromagnesite
is of relatively low aspect ratio. The main application in
polymers is as a fire retardant filler, with a mechanism
of endothermic decomposition with the release of water
and carbon dioxide. The hydromagnesite is probably a
more effective flame retardant than the huntite and grades
richest in this phase would be expected to be most
effective in this respect.
3.2 Synthetic Fillers
Several fillers are produced by chemical synthesis. This
is generally used where the desired mineral is not
readily available in nature and/or when high purity,
special shapes, or finer sizes than obtainable from
comminution are required. The main synthetic
processes used involve precipitation from a solution
or gas phase. In a few cases the filler may be a by-
product from another process.
3.2.1 Carbon Black
Carbon blacks are very important fillers, especially in
the rubber industry. A brief description of their
preparation and properties follows. More details can
be found in the excellent book by Donnet, Bansal and
Wang (a.10) and (220, 456).
Carbon blacks are, essentially, soots produced by
incomplete combustion of volatile organic materials,
generally oil and gas, and have been made and used as
pigments for centuries. Their ready availability, fine
particle size and compatibility with organic materials
made them obvious candidates for use as fillers when
polymer development began. Indeed they are the most
widely used filler for elastomer applications, having
developed with this technology. They have achieved their
strong position because they are chemically inert, have
a relatively low cost and are easy to prepare in the fine
sizes and shapes required. Most importantly, they
naturally possess a surface that is able to form acceptably
strong attachments to elastomer molecules, without the
need for expensive coupling agent treatments.
The very fine size of carbon blacks makes them ideal
for elastomer applications, but is one factor limiting
their use in other polymer types, cost and colour being
others. Their main non-elastomer polymer uses are as
pigments and to impart electrical conductivity.
A number of different manufacturing routes were used
in the past, notably furnace, channel, thermal and lamp
processes. These all give rise to products with different
characteristics.
13
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
The furnace process predominates today, accounting
for well over 90% of all carbon black production. This
is based on the partial combustion of gas or oil in a
special furnace. The ratio of air to fuel is carefully
controlled and this, plus the turbulence in the furnace,
largely controls the product morphology (size and
shape). Additives can also be introduced into the flame
to help with morphology control. The type of fuel also
plays a role, with natural gas giving smaller particles
than oil. Residence time in the chamber is short. The
off gases are cooled by a water spray and the carbon
black particles are isolated by various procedures,
including electrostatic precipitation and the use of
cyclones and filters.
The mechanism by which furnace blacks are formed is
complex, but can be briefly described as the initial
formation, by gas phase nucleation, of tiny liquid
droplets, which get more viscous as pyrolysis
continues, until they reach the final largely
carbonaceous form. While they are undergoing these
changes, the droplets collide with each other and can
partially fuse together to form larger particles. This
process is illustrated in Figure 8. The term primary
particles is used to refer to the basic building block
droplets and the term aggregate is used for the
collections of fused particles, which can contain tens
(or even hundreds) of primary particles. The amount
of coalescence between primary particles, and hence
the strength of the aggregates can vary markedly.
Figure 8
Schematic of the steps in carbon black production
14
This process naturally produces fluffy, low bulk density
powders that are difficult to transport and handle. They
are thus commonly formed into high bulk density, but
still free flowing, powders using a wet pelletising process.
This is a critical process and must be controlled so that
the pellets are strong enough to survive transport and
handling, but weak enough to break down easily in their
final application. Binders, especially ones that are soluble
in the final matrix, may be used to help with this.
The main other type of process still in use is the thermal
black one. This is a batch process in which methane, or a
similar gaseous fuel, is decomposed to carbon and
hydrogen in a special furnace at about 1,300 °C. This
process is less economic than the furnace black one, but
gives larger, less structured particles, which have important
niche applications. The reinforcing ability of the thermal
blacks is much lower than the furnace ones, but they can
be incorporated at higher levels.
The use of modern analytical techniques, especially atomic
force microscopy, has led to significant advances in
understanding the details of carbon black growth and
structure. In particular, there is strong evidence that carbon
cage structures, known as fullerenes, play a significant role.
3.2.1.1 Size and Shape
Carbon black primary particle size can be determined
by electron microscopy. Specific surface area
measurement is also widely used, but carbon blacks can
have considerable porosity. Hence the BET specific
surface area value using nitrogen adsorption can be
misleading. The CTAB value is more commonly used,
because CTAB is a larger adsorbent molecule and thus
gives a much better indication of the area available for
contact with the polymer.
Oil absorption is widely used as a measure of persistent
structure with dibutyl phthalate (DBP) used as the oil. A
crushed value can be used as a guide to the likely value
once the filler is incorporated into the elastomer.
Typical properties of furnace and thermal blacks for use
as polymer fillers are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Typical properties of filler grade
carbon blacks
Furnace Thermal
Primary particle size (nm) 20-65 200-300
BET SSA (m2/g) 40-155 10-20
DBP absorption (ml/100 g) 50-150 30-40
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
3.2.1.2 Surface Chemistry
The question of surface reactivity is very complex and
can only be treated in outline here. The important fact
is that, due to the manufacturing process, carbon black
particle surfaces are far from inert and can form
relatively strong interactions with elastomer molecules.
The surface is very heterogeneous and contains sites
covering a wide spectrum of interaction ability. The
full details of the origins of the surface activity are still
being unravelled, but it is thought that it comes from a
combination of the presence of reactive chemical
groups, and from physical effects due to exposed edges
of crystallite planes. In the early days the chemical
contributions were thought to dominate, but the
physical ones are thought to be more important today.
Many attempts have been made to beneficially alter
the surface chemistry of carbon blacks by the use of
modifiers. Historically these have been largely
unsuccessful, but have received recent impetus by the
competition from silica in some tyre formulations.
Progress has now been reported, including polymer
grafting of the surface. A related development is the
dual phase blacks where silica has been introduced into
the structure (54, 109).
More success has been achieved in increasing the extent
and strength of physical adsorption. This has been
achieved by modifying the production process to
increase the surface roughness and the amount of
exposed crystallite edges. These blacks are known as
nanostructure blacks (164).
3.2.2 Synthetic Silicas
Synthetic silica can be made with many of the
morphological features of carbon blacks and two forms
are widely used in elastomer technology, these are
fumed or pyrolytic silica and precipitated silica. A
detailed description of their production and properties
can be found in the work by Katz and Milewski (a.9).
Fumed silica is made by controlled combustion of a
volatile silica containing compound, such as silicon
tetrachloride. This process is very similar to the carbon
black techniques and it is easy to see how similar particle
morphologies can arise. The products are, however,
significantly more expensive than carbon blacks or
precipitated silicas, and their use in polymers is largely
restricted to the special area of silicone elastomers.
Precipitated silicas are less expensive and have been
used in rubber applications for many years. Their
technology has recently received a boost, with growing
importance of this type of filler in what is known as
green tyre technology (432).
Precipitated silicas are generally made by acidifying
solutions of sodium silicate, which can be readily
obtained by methods such as digesting sand with
sodium hydroxide. The product is isolated by filtration,
washing, drying and de-agglomeration. For various
reasons, complete drying is not achieved and
commercial products usually contain several percent
of strongly adsorbed water.
Like all precipitation processes, the production of
precipitated silica is complex, but the conditions can
be controlled to encourage the formation of very small
primary particles and to encourage these to grow into
each other to form aggregates in a similar fashion to
the way carbon black aggregates form. Thus,
precipitated silicas can have similar morphological
features to carbon blacks. Traditionally silica aggregate
structure has not been as well controlled as that of the
carbon blacks, and this has resulted in poorer dispersion
characteristics. Considerable improvements have
recently been made in this respect (121). Typical ranges
for the properties of rubber grade products are presented
in Table 4.
Table 4. Typical property ranges for
precipitated silicas
Primary particle size (nm) 15-30
BET SSA (m2/g) 100-250
DBP absorption (ml/100 g) 150-250
The surface of precipitated silica is highly
hydroxylated, and thus very reactive. Unfortunately,
unlike carbon black, this surface is not very compatible
with hydrocarbon polymers and the reactivity is also
not suitable for coupling into such polymers. The
surface also has a tendency to retard cure, by adsorbing
accelerators. In elastomers, the solution for the second
problem is to use an additive, such as a glycol, which
will preferentially adsorb on the surface and prevent
adsorption of accelerators.
The solution for the lack of strong bonding is to use a
chemical treatment, or coupling agent, to alter the
reactivity. Organosilanes are ideal for this purpose. The
alkoxy silane functionality readily reacts with the
surface silanols to form a bound layer of silane
containing suitably reactive groups to participate in
15
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
crosslinking reactions. The main difficulty with this
technology is cost. Prices of carbon blacks and
precipitated silicas are competitive, but the high
specific surface areas involved means that significant
amounts of organosilane are required to completely
treat the silicas (5%-10%) and thus maximise their
performance. At this level of treatment, the cost of the
silane approaches that of the silica, and makes their
use significantly more costly than carbon blacks.
Recent developments in precipitated silica technology
include (121):
• Better dispersing silicas
• Improved balance between particle size/surface
area and structure.
3.2.3 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC)
Reducing the particle size of calcium carbonate by
grinding becomes more and more energy intensive as
the ultimate size decreases. Eventually, a point is
reached where it is more practical to achieve the very
fine sizes by precipitation, and this is widely used to
produce products for the PVC and elastomer industries.
The commonest process in use today is precipitation
by carbonation of a calcium hydroxide slurry (milk of
lime). The process starts with limestone, which is
calcined to produce lime and carbon dioxide. The lime
is hydrated in water to obtain the slurry and then reacted
with the recovered carbon dioxide to bring about the
precipitation. The reaction scheme is summed up in
the following equations. Overall there is no apparent
change, but chemical processes are being used to obtain
purification and morphology control.
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
CaO + H2O
Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O
OVERALL CaCO3
CaCO3
Crystal phase, particle size and shape can all be
controlled by the reaction conditions and by the use of
additives. The most common products for polymer
applications contain rhombic calcite crystals with an
ultimate size of 0.05-0.10 micron and a specific surface
area in the range 10-30 m2/g. A significant portion is
fatty acid treated during production. This helps to reduce
the formation of hard, poorly dispersing lumps on drying,
as well as improving compatibility with polymers.
16
3.2.4 Calcium Sulphate
As well as occurring naturally, calcium sulphate in all
its hydrated forms can be readily produced
synthetically. This allows more control of purity and
particle form. A needle-like form (also known as
Franklin Fibre) has been of some interest as a
reinforcing filler (510, 511).
3.2.5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH)
ATH is a relatively white, soft, material with a specific
gravity of 2.4. It is relatively soft with Moh hardness
of 3. It has a refractive index of 1.58. Although
generally known as alumina trihydrate, this material is
chemically aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3. It is widely
used in elastomers, thermosets and thermoplastics. Its
main uses are as an environmentally friendly, flame
retardant, but it also has significant application because
of its ability to produce refurbishable, stain resistant,
composites with desirable aesthetics. The flame
retardant effect arises from its ability to undergo
endothermic decomposition with the release of water
at about 200 °C.
Although ATH is widely distributed in nature as the
mineral gibbsite, there is little or no use of the natural
form, virtually all of the commercial products being
produced synthetically from gibbsite containing rocks,
mainly bauxite.
ATH fillers are generally divided into two types, milled,
ground Bayer hydrate and precipitated hydrate. In
reality all the grades are of precipitate origin.
Products of the first type are all derived from the
Bayer process used to produce alumina and aluminium
from bauxite. This process is carried out on a vast
scale in which ATH is precipitated as an intermediate
product and hence it is economically attractive to use
as a source of filler material. In the Bayer process
bauxite is digested with sodium hydroxide to form a
hot solution of sodium aluminate. This is then seeded
with crystals of gibbsite and cooled, the ATH crystals
precipitate as aggregates of 60-80 micron in diameter
and can be filtered off. These aggregates are too large
for most polymer applications and they are milled to
finer sizes, a process which usually results in platy
particles. Products derived from the Bayer process
tend to have a significant sodium content, which can
affect the water pick up and electrical and dimensional
stability of composites. They also tend to have quite
a significant organic content, which can affect
properties such as colour.
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
The second type consists of products which are
specially precipitated to produce a higher quality
product for polymer applications. While the chemical
steps are similar to the Bayer process, purer reagents
are used and the precipitation conditions are adjusted
to control particle size and shape. This removes the
need for milling in most instances, with the retention
of more rounded shapes.
ATH is amphoteric and thus can respond as both a base
and as an acid. This means that a wide range of surface
treatments are effective. Organosilanes and fatty acids
are most commonly used.
More details can be found in the work by Hancock and
Rothon (368).
3.2.6 Magnesium Hydroxide
This is another flame retardant filler. Magnesium
hydroxide’s main advantage over ATH is that the
decomposition temperature is about 100 °C higher,
allowing use in polymers such as PP and polyamides,
which are processed at temperatures where ATH
decomposition could be a problem.
Magnesium hydroxide occurs in nature as the mineral
brucite and there are workable deposits, which are
starting to be commercially exploited.
Until recently, most filler grade product was produced
synthetically and this is still the main production
method. The synthetic processes generally go through
a solution stage, which allows purification to be carried
out. The purified solution is then treated by a variety
of methods to precipitate and grow magnesium
hydroxide particles of controlled shape and size.
Various surface treatments are used including fatty
acids and organosilanes.
More information can be found in reference (368).
4 Filler Surface Modification
Most particulate fillers are inorganic and polar in nature.
As a result, their surfaces have poor compatibility with
hydrocarbon polymers. Among other effects, this can
result in processing problems such as long wetting times
and high viscosities, and poor dispersion and poor
mechanical properties. Surface modification has long
been used to alleviate these problems and is a very
important weapon in the formulator’s armoury. A brief
description of this topic follows, more detail can be found
in references (367, a.11).
4.1 Principal Reasons for Using Surface
Modifiers
Fillers are surface treated for a variety of reasons, the
main ones being:
4.1.1 Improved Filler Production
Surface modifiers are sometimes used to improve
grinding efficiency, improve filtration and most
importantly, to prevent the formation of hard, poorly
dispersing lumps on drying. One example of the latter
is the use of fatty acids to treat precipitated calcium
carbonate.
4.1.2 Protection of the Filler
Many fillers are hydrophilic and will pick up water
while others, such as magnesium hydroxide, can react
with atmospheric carbon dioxide, and metallic fillers
can rust. The appropriate surface modifier can
overcome these problems, which can occur both prior
to use and in the final composite.
4.1.3 Improved Powder Flow
Surface modifiers usually affect filler bulk density,
dustiness and flow properties. These effects can be both
beneficial and detrimental, but are sometimes exploited.
4.1.4 Improved Compounding
One of the key uses of modifiers is to improve
processing by reducing incorporation time, reducing
power consumption and improving the rate of
dispersion. Fatty acid treatments are widely used for
this purpose.
4.1.5 Reduction in the Adsorption of Expensive
Ingredients
Particulate fillers, especially those with high surface
areas, or particularly active surfaces, can adsorb and
17
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

deactivate significant amounts of curatives, stabilisers,

lubricants and antioxidants. Surface modifiers can limit
this, a particular example being the use of glycols with
precipitated silicas in elastomer applications.

4.1.6 Improved Composite Properties

The appropriate surface modifier can have a profound

effect on composite properties. This can arise from
improved dispersion, or from control of the filler-
polymer interaction. Some of the properties that can
be affected are:

• Stiffness and heat distortion temperature

• Tensile and flex strength
• Hardness
• Abrasion and tear resistance
• Impact strength
• Flame retardancy
• Electrical
• Optical.
Figure 9
While these properties can be changed by the use of a
modifier, they will not always all change in the desired The two main types of filler surface modifier
direction. The challenge for the formulator is to find a
modifier that gives the best balance of properties for
the application. 4.2.1 Non-Coupling Modifiers

Many modifiers can also improve property stability,
especially in adverse environmental conditions and this,
as much as their effect on initial properties, is a key
reason for their use.
4.2 The Main Types of Modifier
Non-coupling modifiers are widely used, as they are
generally low cost and can provide many desirable
benefits. Saturated fatty acids are the predominant
materials used for this purpose. Their carboxylic acid
group is capable of forming a strong attachment to the
surface of many fillers, through the formation of a metal
salt, while the hydrocarbon tail provides compatibility
with many organic polymers.

Two main classes of filler surface modifier can be
recognised, non-coupling and coupling. These are
illustrated in Figure 9.
The non-coupling type has a strong interaction with
the filler surface but, although compatible with the
polymer matrix, has no strong bond to it. Fatty acid
treatments are typical of this class of modifier.
The coupling type has a strong interaction with both
the filler surface and the polymer matrix.
Organosilanes and functionalised polymers are
examples of this class.
Fatty acids can improve filler production and stability,
aid compounding and dispersion and reduce the
adsorption of other compounding ingredients.
Composite mechanical properties are generally aided
by the improved dispersion. On the other hand, the
relatively weak filler to polymer bond tends to decrease
strength, but can increase toughness.
Being natural products, the cheapest sources of fatty
acids are blends of various components, rather than
pure compounds, and these are what are used by the
filler industry. The commonest blends in use have a
composition approximating to stearic acid (C18H36O2).

18
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
The properties of the non-stearic acid constituents,
such as chain length and the presence of unsaturation
can be important in some applications.
Fatty acids are mainly used with basic or amphoteric
fillers, where they can form strong surface
attachments. These include calcium carbonates and
aluminium and magnesium hydroxides. They can be
applied to fillers by dry coating with the acid or from
aqueous solution of a salt.
Fatty acids do not form strong bonds with most
siliceous fillers, including clays, glass and silicas.
For this purpose hydrocarbon tailed organosilanes
are available, but are considerably more expensive.
4.2.2 Coupling Modifiers (Coupling Agents)
4.2.2.1 Organosilanes
Organosilanes are the classic coupling agents for use
with glass fibres and many particulate fillers. They have
the generic formula:
X (CH2)n Si (OR) 3
where X is a reactive group capable of providing
bonding to the host polymer and OR is an alkoxy
group which, through hydrolysis and condensation,
provides bonding to the filler.
The alkoxy silane group provides the means of
bonding to the filler surface by hydrolysing to a
silanol group and then condensing with surface metal
hydroxyls. The organic tail carries a reactive group
X, which can provide bonding with the polymer
matrix. Silanols can also condense with those on
adjacent silane molecules leading to complex three
dimensional surface structures.
The nature of the alkoxy group should not be
overlooked, as it is important in determining
volatility and flash point, rate of surface reaction and
toxicity.
There are scores of functional organosilanes
available today. The polymer reactive group is
chosen to match the polymer matrix and any cure
system, for example:
Reactive group Main polymer applications
Mercapto Sulphur cured elastomers
Polysulphide Sulphur cured elastomers
Vinyl Most peroxide cured systems
Methacryloxy Used in peroxide cures, where a
more reactive group than vinyl is
required. Also in polyolefins.
Primary amine Polyamides, ethylene-vinyl
acetate copolymer (EVA)
Glycidoxy Epoxy
The organosilanes react successfully with the surface
of most acidic and amphoteric fillers and are widely
used with glass, silica, silicates (including mica and
wollastonite), ATH and magnesium hydroxide. They
do not work well with fillers like carbon black and
calcium carbonate, but there are reports that the latter
filler can be successfully treated by using a physical
encapsulation approach (261, 287, 508).
Pre-treatment of particulate fillers is usually carried
out in a high speed mixer, with precautions being taken
due to the evolution of significant quantities of
flammable alcohol.
4.2.2.2 Functionalised Polymers
In some cases a group reactive to filler surfaces can be
usefully pre-reacted onto molecules similar to the
intended matrix polymer, producing what is known as
a functionalised polymer. Typical backbone polymers
are polybutadienes, polypropylenes and polyethylenes
(PE). By far the most common filler reactive groups
are carboxylic acids and anhydrides, although alkoxy
silanes are used with polybutadienes. The filler reactive
groups can be introduced by copolymerisation or
grafting. Where the filler does not respond to the acid
group, it can be pretreated with an aminosilane, which
can then form an amide linkage with the acid
functionality (508). Indeed this is reported to be state
of the art for coupling glass fibre to PP.
Important features of these additives are their
molecular weight, the level of functionalisation and
the presence of any monomers. In favourable
instances the functionalised polymer can co-cure with
the matrix, although in most cases it has to rely on
entanglement, pinning and possibly co-crystallisation
for bonding with the matrix polymer. Typical
commercial products are presented in Table 5.
19
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Table 5. Properties of the most commonly used functionalised polymer additives

Functionalised polymer
Acid functional polybutadiene
Alkoxysilylated polybutadiene
Acid functional polypropylene
Acid functional polyethylene
Description
Molecular weight usually 3,000-25,000. Functionality usually grafted acid
anhydride at up to 25% w/w. The high grafting level allows water solubility if
needed for coating purposes. Can co-cure with various elastomers and also with
polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate. Mainly used with calcium carbonates.
Generally similar to the acid functional polybutadienes, but no water solubility.
To be used with silane responsive fillers, notably glass, clays and silicas.
Acid and anhydride functionality possible. Functionality levels normally under
1%, but levels up to 6% are possible. Homopolymer and copolymer forms
available for PP. Used directly with acid responsive fillers and in conjunction
with amino silanes with other filler types.
Similar to the acid functional PP, but for use in PE composites. EVA forms are
available for use in that copolymer.

4.2.2.3 Titanates and Zirconates
These interesting materials are included in this section
as they are often referred to as coupling agents. There
is a great deal of controversy over how they function
and whether they are true coupling agents, but there is
no doubt that they can give valuable effects in the right
circumstances.
The original concept seems to have been to produce
products analogous to organosilanes, but with titanium
replacing silicon. Problems with stably attaching
organic groups to titanium and due to the activity of
the titanium itself, have led to a considerable departure
from such a simple approach. The zirconates have been
introduced for application where the activity of the
titanium is a problem.
More details can be found in manufacturer’s literature
(e.g., a.12, (14)).
coupling agent into these systems. The possible
encapsulation of calcium carbonate by some
organosilanes has been referred to above.
This encapsulation approach is very dependent for
success on tight control of the processing conditions
to ensure that the additives reach and cure at the filler/
polymer interface and that the filler is properly
dispersed before encapsulation.
4.4 Methods of Using Surface Modifiers
Two distinct approaches can be distinguished, filler pre-
coating and the in situ process in which the matrix
polymer is in essence used as the coating solvent and
coating takes place during compounding. Various pre-
coating methods can be used, including:
• Addition during comminution

• Addition to a filler slurry before filtration

4.3 Other Approaches
The main other approach to improving the performance
of particulate filled polymers can be loosely described
as encapsulation. In essence this relies on forming a
thin shell of toughened polymer around filler particles
without any strong bond between this shell and the
particle. This approach has been mainly pursued with
thermoplastics such as polyolefins, where
polyfunctional low molecular weight additives such as
polyacrylates have been reportedly used, often in
conjunction with peroxides. It would appear however
that better results can be obtained by incorporating a
• Addition during drying
• Addition to the filler dispersed in a high speed
mixer.
The appropriate method will vary with the physical
and chemical nature of the additive and the filler
processing methods being used. The additive may be
used in neat form, diluted with a suitable solvent, or as
an aqueous solution. With some additives, heating may
be necessary to melt them and/or to drive off reaction
products such as moisture.

20
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Table 6. A comparison of the pre-coating and in situ methods of filler treatment

Pre-coating
Usually requires an expensive additional step, but is
claimed to give more efficient use of the additive
Volatile by-products such as alcohols are easily dealt with Volatile by-products can be a problem
Essential where improved filler processing and stability
are sought
Surface reaction and coverage can be strictly controlled
No interference from other compounding additives
Unable to treat fresh surface generated during
compounding.
Interpenetration of coating and matrix may be limited
Limited flexibility for adjusting the formulation
In situ
Usually less expensive, but may require higher additive
levels
Surface reaction is very much at the mercy of processing
conditions, including competition from other additives
Residual, unreacted, additive more likely to be present
and may cause problems
Opportunity to treat fresh surface generated during
compounding
Greater opportunity for coating/matrix interpenetration
Greater formulation freedom

Both pre-coating and the in situ methods are widely used

in industry. They both have advantages and limitations
as set out in Table 6. In some cases, a combination of
the two methods can give optimum results.

4.5 Treatment Levels

Controlling the amount of additive can be very

important for a number of reasons. Cost is the most
obvious, with some additives adding 100% or more to
the cost of the filler. Excess additive can also cause
detrimental effects, such as blooming, poor heat ageing
and mould sticking and fouling.

For most purposes, an additive level that just allows Figure 10

for complete coverage of the filler surface, is seen as
adequate, and lower levels are sometimes sufficient. A simplified view of the crossover effect
This level, often referred to as the monolayer level,
can be determined by theoretical methods (providing
the accessible surface area of the filler and the covering crossing over as the filler loading increases (a.13). This
power of the additive are known), or by a number of is illustrated in Figure 10 and is thought to be due to the
relatively easy laboratory tests. In all cases final product interphase becoming the continuous phase, as the filler
trials are necessary to confirm the optimum level, which approaches its maximum packing fraction.
can be influenced by a number of factors, including
loss of additive during filler treatment or processing.

5 The Use of Fillers in Polymers

4.6 The Crossover Effect
There is some evidence that the optimum filler treatment
for any given system may depend on the filler loading,
with the relative performance of different treatments
The incorporation of particulate fillers alters most
properties of polymers, some beneficially, others
detrimentally. Some of the properties, such as density,
can be predicted from the simple laws of mixing, and

21
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
(with rare exceptions) do not depend on particle shape
or surface chemistry. There are predictive equations for
many of the others, such as modulus, strength, etc. These
are most accurate for well-dispersed, spherical particles
at loadings where there is no particle to particle
interaction. Various modifications are introduced into
these equations to allow for the effects of particle size,
shape and surface activity and also for particle to particle
interactions at higher filler loadings. Even with these
modifications the equations are not always exact.
In considering the overall effects of fillers, it is not
sufficient just to think of the polymer in general terms
(e.g., PP, PE, etc.). There are many differentiating aspects
of the polymer matrix, which need to be taken into account.
These include the molecular weight, glass transition
temperature (Tg), crystallinity, crosslink density, the
presence of second phases and the strength of interaction
with the filler surface. Some of these are discussed below.
5.1 Molecular Weight
It is generally found that properties such as impact
strength are less degraded when the polymer molecular
weight is high, providing this does not lead to
compounding problems. Filled composites made with
very high molecular weight polyolefins by the
‘polymerisation filling’ process are a good example
(320). It is also important to recognise that fillers can
lead to molecular weight reduction during processing,
due to mechanochemical means, or cure inhibition, and
this can distort their effect.
5.2 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
Below their Tg polymers are usually brittle and respond
differently to fillers than they do when above their Tg.
Some common polymers, such as PVC and polystyrene
Table 7. The calculated effect of surface layers on the apparent volume of various sized cubic particles
Particle size % Volume increase for a layer thickness of
(microns) 1 nm
0.1 6 73
0.5 1.2
1.0 0.6
5.0 < 0.1
10.0 < 0.1
22
have Tgs above room temperature. Plasticisers will reduce
the Tg, generally favouring filler incorporation.
Polyamides are a special case, as water is a good plasticiser
for them. It is readily picked up from the atmosphere and
can reduce the Tg from above to below room temperature.
For this reason filled polyamides should be tested both
equilibrated with water vapour and dry.
5.3 Crystallinity
Some polymers, notably polyolefins and polyamides,
are semi-crystalline in nature. Others, such as natural
rubber, crystallise on extension. Fillers will
predominantly be located in the amorphous phase and
so effective loadings and particle to particle interaction
can be much higher than anticipated. The level and type
of crystallinity can be influenced by both the filler
particles and their surface chemistry, with knock on
effects on composite properties.
5.4 Second Phase Toughening
Rubbery phases are often used to improve the toughness
of thermoplastics and thermosets, especially at low
temperatures. This rubbery phase can be significantly
modified by the presence of fillers, with consequent
effects on properties.
5.5 Other Changes in the Polymer Due to the
Presence of Filler
It has been well documented that fillers can change
the nature of the polymer close to their surface. The
main effect is to lead to immobilisation of the polymer,
making it stiffer and less soluble. Overall this can be
thought of as increasing the effective volume of filler
10 nm 100 nm 1000 nm
2600 -
12 174 -
6 73 2600
1.2 12 174
0.6 6 73
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

present, by an amount dependent on the thickness of
this layer. Such a layer is usually only a few nanometers
thick, so the effect only becomes noticeable at quite
high filler loadings and with very small particles that
have a relatively large surface area. This is illustrated
in Table 7. The effect is most noticeable in polymers
that are themselves very flexible, such as elastomers,
and least so in rigid ones.
The main uses for fillers are for cost reduction, or for
increasing properties such as modulus, tensile and tear
strength, and abrasion resistance. Because elastomers
are frequently used in dynamic applications, properties
such as hysteresis and fatigue resistance are also often
of great importance. Fillers are generally divided into
two types, reinforcing and non-reinforcing. Reinforcing
types are those that increase stiffness and increase, or
at least maintain, strength.

5.6 Other Filler Effects
Poorly dispersed filler agglomerates can act as flaws
in the structure, especially in the more brittle matrices.
Some fillers, notably ATH and mica, readily cleave and
can also act as flaws under certain conditions. Finally,
the distribution and orientation of fillers may not be
uniform throughout a composite. The most often
encountered consequence of this is the presence of a
filler depleted surface layer, or skin, an effect that
increases with filler size. The surface layers have a
major influence on some properties, especially flexural
ones, and this can result in an unexpected particle size
effect on these properties.
6 Use of Fillers in Different Polymer
Types
The reasons for using fillers, the types used, and their
effects differ quite significantly between the various
polymer types. A brief summary of the main features
of each polymer class is set out in this section, although
each would need a review of its own. The extensive
literature section should be consulted for more details.
The structure of the rubber is a very important factor in
determining the effects of particulate fillers. First, there
is the presence of the crosslinks, which can be crudely
thought of as forming a cage structure, the size of which
will vary with the crosslink density. It is thought that
filler particles have to be smaller than this cage size, if
they are to have reinforcing qualities and not disrupt the
network. Secondly, there is the question of rubber
crystallisation. Some rubbers, notably natural rubber,
reversibly form polymer crystallites on elongation, and
these act as extra crosslinks, giving rise to a significant
increase in strength. Most bulk synthetic rubbers such
as styrene-butadiene (SBR) do not undergo such
crystallisation and are inherently much weaker. The role
of fillers in the two types of rubber is somewhat different.
The strain crystallising rubbers are inherently strong,
and it is important that the filler does not interfere with
the crystallisation processes. The other rubbers are
inherently much weaker, and here correctly chosen fillers
(most importantly those with strong filler to rubber
attachment) can act in place of the crystallites and
provide a major increase in strength. These concepts are
illustrated further by the idealised stress-strain curves
presented in Figure 11.

6.1 Elastomers

Fillers and filler surface modifiers are very important

in the field of elastomers. Overall the market is
dominated by tyre applications, which mainly use
carbon blacks and silicas, but fillers are widely used in
all types of application. The main fillers in use are:

• Carbon blacks
• Precipitated silicas
• Clays
• Natural calcium carbonates Figure 11
• Precipitated calcium carbonates. Idealised stress-strain curves for elastomer systems

23
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Table 8. A comparison of the reinforcing effects of an uncoated precipitated calcium carbonate

(0.07 micron) at 100 phr in a sulphur cured emulsion SBR and a similar solution SBR with
two levels of added stearic acid
Solution SBR with 1 phr Solution SBR with 6 phr
Property Emulsion SBR
stearic acid stearic acid
Tensile strength (MPa) 6.2 7.3 4.2
300% Modulus (MPa) 2.4 6.7 1.5
Tear strength (N/mm) 17 27 13
Bound SBR (%) Nil 24 Nil

Particle size, shape and ability to bond with the polymer

matrix are all important factors in determining filler
performance. Reinforcement is only exhibited with
particles significantly less than a micron in size and
preferably less than 0.1 micron. Thus fine particles
dominate in this industry. The high elongations
involved makes strong filler to polymer attachment
vital for maximum reinforcement. The strength of
interaction of many mineral fillers with rubbers can be
markedly influenced by the presence of non-rubber
species. A good example is the presence of surfactants
from the manufacturing process, which can lead to
significantly lower interaction in emulsion polymerised
rubbers than in solution polymerised ones. Stearic acid,
often added with sulphur cures, can also significantly
reduce interaction. Some of these effects are illustrated
in Table 8.
Particle shape is another very important factor, but has
some special considerations, not so prominent in other
polymer applications. The main shape descriptor of
interest, structure, has developed from the carbon black
industry. In this context, structure refers to shape factors
which allow a particle to partially shield some of the
polymer matrix from deformation forces. This allows
the filler to behave as though it has a higher loading
under some circumstances and this can improve the
overall balance of properties. It is also believed that
highly structured particles disperse more readily. The
structure concept is further illustrated in Figure 12.
Oil absorption is used as a convenient measure of structure.
High structure particles are particularly fragile and quite
a lot of degradation can occur in processing. A test has
thus been developed in which the filler is subjected to
compression before measuring the oil absorption in order
to allow for this. This is known as the 24M4 test.
The ability of a filler to form strong bonds with the
polymer is also an important factor in reinforcement.
Figure 12
A schematic illustration of the concept of filler
structure
This is particularly true for the non-crystallising
rubbers, where the filler particle must remain attached
to the polymer at high elongations, if it is to fulfil the
same role as a crystallite. Carbon blacks have a
naturally reactive surface and so readily form such
strong attachments. Mineral fillers generally need some
form of coupling agent if they are to achieve the same
effect. Organosilanes are very effective for this purpose
when used with fillers such as silicas and clays. Special
sulphur functional silanes such as the mercapto- and
tetrasulphide have been developed for sulphur cures,
while vinyl silanes are commonly used in peroxide and
other cures. Carboxylated polybutadienes fulfil a
similar coupling role with fillers such as calcium
carbonate, and appear to be suitable for both sulphur
and radical cures.
Bound rubber formation is often used as measure of
the strength of filler to polymer interaction. This is
based on the observation that, after compounding with
a filler, but before vulcanisation, some of the rubber
becomes insoluble in a good solvent. Many factors,
other than actual bonding, can contribute to bound
rubber and so it should be used as an indicator only.

24
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Crosslinking of rubber (curing) is a vital part of the

production process and plays a major role in determining
the final properties. It is a very complex subject, but it is
known that filler surfaces can have a detrimental effect
on the cure systems in use with elastomers. Basic
surfaces can retard sulphur cures, while acidic ones can
have the same effect on peroxide cures. The curing
system often has to be modified to correct for these
effects. In some instances additives can be introduced
which block the surface, without producing any
detrimental effects. An example is the use of glycols in
sulphur cures containing precipitated silicas. Obviously,
the filler surface modifiers themselves can also have
effects. A prime example is the mercapto-silane coupling
agent which can promote sulphur cures so much that it
can cause problems of scorch.
Figure 13
With the use of fine fillers, dispersion becomes a very
important factor in optimising filler performance. A great The stress softening, or Mullins, effect
deal of effort goes into producing fillers which disperse
easily, and significant advances in this area recently
occurred with precipitated silicas, prompted by the needs on the second cycle. This is shown in Figure 13. Stress
of the tyre industry. The fine fillers can also have problems softening is much enhanced by reinforcing fillers and
of low bulk density and dustiness. Pelletisation is often is believed to be due to a number of factors. Two
used to overcome this (particularly with carbon blacks), important ones are slippage of surface attachments and
but care must be taken to maintain ease of dispersion. disruption of filler to filler interactions.

A large number of properties are important in elastomer
applications and they are all affected in different ways
by filler size, shape, interaction and dispersion. A very
generalised description of the trends is presented in
Table 9.
Because of the dynamic aspects of many applications,
filler network formation and the phenomenon of stress
softening is important. Stress softening is also referred
to as the ‘Mullins effect’, it is the phenomenon whereby
the stress needed to reach a given extension is lower
Finally, brief mention should be made about the use of
fillers in automotive tyre treads, as this is large market
and is undergoing considerable change at present,
leading to some very significant advances in filler
technology. Tread formulations have to achieve a
delicate balance between three factors; grip, abrasion
resistance (tread wear) and rolling resistance (fuel
consumption). This is usually referred to as the magic
triangle. Until recently, specially developed carbon
blacks dominated this market, but precipitated silicas
are now making a very significant impact, especially

Table 9. Generalised effects of filler characteristics on the properties of elastomers

Particle size Structure Dispersion Interaction
Property
decrease increase increase increase
300% Modulus + ++ little ++
Tensile strength ++ little + +
Hardness ++ ++ - +
Elongation at break - - ++ -
Tear resistance ++ little little little
Hysteresis ++ + - -
Abrasion resistance ++ + ++ ++

25
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
in Europe. This is because they appear to be able, when
correctly formulated, to reduce rolling resistance,
without compromising the other properties. These tyres
are usually referred to as green tyres or energy tyres.
The Mullins effect is important in this context. Strong
filler to polymer bonding is necessary and high levels of
expensive sulphur functional silanes have to be used with
the silica. Dispersion is also very important. As a result
of the activity in this market, we are seeing the
development of a much better understanding of the effects
of fillers on the dynamic behaviour of elastomers and
significant advances in coupling agents, silica and carbon
black fillers. In particular, silicas have been developed
which disperse more readily and which require less
coupling agent. Carbon black technology has responded
with blacks which have a more reactive surface, and with
dual structure blacks containing silica. Significant effort
is also going into other fillers, notably clays, for this
application. Further details on the green tyre issue can be
found in a number of references (121, 123, 159, 187).
More details on the use of fillers in elastomers can be
found in a number of works (365, 428, a.14, a.15).
6.2 Thermoplastics
While a lot of thermoplastics are used unfilled, the use
of fillers is still very considerable. There are a large
number of filler/polymer combinations in use, but the
main polymers using fillers are PVC, PE and PP. The
main fillers in use are:
• Natural calcium carbonate
• Precipitated calcium carbonate
• Talc.
Other fillers of significance include: wollastonite, mica,
ATH, brucite and magnesium hydroxide.
Useful works on the topic include those by Hancock
(364) and Jancar (a.16).
The applications and principles involved are too diverse
to allow generalisation, and so each of the main
polymers has to be considered separately.
6.2.1 PVC
PVC is a large consumer of fillers, predominantly
natural and synthetic calcium carbonates. One reason
26
for the widespread use of fillers is that this polymer
has to be compounded to introduce processing aids and
stabilisers, and hence fillers can be incorporated
without much extra cost.
The nature of PVC has some important consequences.
It is relatively unstable, and hence cannot be fully
melted for processing, a process of fusion being used
instead. Shear forces also have to be limited. As a result
of the above, dispersion is not as readily achieved as
in some other polymers and the effect of the filler on
heat transfer and the fusion process is important.
Coupling agents are little used for fillers in PVC, but
surface treatment with fatty acids is widely practiced,
as this aids fusion and dispersion. Fatty acids and their
salts are also widely used as additives for processing
and other purposes. Thus uncoated fillers will
effectively become surface treated, but higher levels
of additive are then needed to allow for filler adsorption.
The two forms of PVC, plasticised (flexible) and
unplasticised (rigid), have different applications and
filler response.
Flexible PVC incorporates considerable amounts of
plasticiser. In most applications this is a material like
dioctyl phthalate (DOP), but this increases the
flammability and thus more expensive phosphate
plasticisers are used where this is important. In addition
to providing flexibility, the plasticiser aids in the fusion
process. It is possible to incorporate relatively high
filler levels (over 100 phr) into flexible PVC. Because
of the plasticiser, the filler has little effect on processing.
The mechanical properties are generally relatively
insensitive to particle size, within sensible limits,
although some properties such as gloss, stress
whitening and scratch resistance are much improved
by the use of very fine grades, particularly precipitated
calcium carbonates (PCCs). The shape of the particles
is important, especially as it affects the plasticiser
absorption of the filler. This effect is related to structure
in carbon blacks and is measured by oil absorption,
using a common plasticiser, DOP, as the oil.
Cable sheathing and insulation are large volume
applications for flexible PVC, and electrical and fire
properties are important here. There is growing use of
ATH as a fire retardant/smoke suppressant in this type
of application. Metakaolinite is also often used as a
filler where better electrical stability is required.
The Tg of rigid PVC is above room temperature and
lower filler levels (normally up to 20 phr) are generally
used, although levels as high as 100 phr are found in
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
Figure 14
Illustration of the effects of a coated calcium carbonate on the properties of unplasticised PVC
some applications. There is more effect of the filler on
processing behaviour and on mechanical properties than
in flexible PVC. The presence of a filler and its surface
treatment affects the fusion processes in a complex way
and there is a strong link between the efficiency of fusion
and mechanical properties, especially impact strength.
The best mechanical properties, especially impact
strength, are given by relatively fine filler particles. Fatty
acid coated products with a top cut of 10 micron and an
average particle size of 1 micron are most common.
Colour stability is very important in many of the bulk
applications, such as window and door profiles and
cladding. This a complex issue, but can be very much
affected by the quality of the fatty acid and by impurity
levels. Typical effects for a stearate coated filler in
unplasticised PVC are presented in Figure 14.
6.2.2 Polyethylene (PE)
A considerable amount of PE is used in film
applications, where filler usefulness is somewhat
different to that in bulk applications. Two types of filler
can be recognised for film use, anti-blocking and
general purpose. True anti-blocking agents are used at
very low levels (0.1%-1.0%) and they act by providing
a rough surface to the film. Calcined clay is widely
used for this purpose, as it gives high transparency.
General purpose fillers are used at levels up to about
20% for a variety of purposes, with ground calcium
carbonate dominating. Cost reduction is a primary
consideration, but the filler can also improve properties
such as cooling rate, level of fusion, printability,
pigment dispersion and surface hardness as well as
acting as an anti-block.
Agricultural film is a major application for calcined
clay, making use of its strong near infrared absorption
properties.
6.2.3 Polypropylene (PP)
Large quantities of fillers are used in PP compounds
for a wide number of applications, the main fillers in
use are natural calcium carbonate and talc.
The structure of PP has some important consequences
for incorporating fillers, particularly its semi-crystalline
nature, the use of rubber toughening and the instability
caused by the tertiary carbon. These can only be
discussed in general terms here, as the implications for
filled compounds are far from being fully resolved to
date. These factors are often the cause for deviations
from expected performance.
PP is a semi-crystalline polymer, with the type of
crystallinity having a major impact on many properties.
27
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
The level of crystallinity, the type of crystal structure
and the size of the crystallites are all important factors
and are influenced by the melting and cooling
conditions during processing. Indeed they can go on
changing for some time after moulding, leading to
property drift. This property drift can be more
significant in highly filled systems. Fillers can also
significantly affect the nature of the crystallinity due
to a variety of factors and some, such as fine talc, are
deliberately used because of their ability to act as
nucleating agents, leading to faster cycle times.
Low temperature impact strength is a particular
problem with PP, due to a relatively high Tg. The
toughness of PP polymers can be much improved by
copolymerisation with ethylene, or by incorporation
of a suitable rubber, such as ethylene-propylene. The
toughening from these processes is generally due to
phase separated rubbery domains. The incorporation
of fillers can radically interfere with the phase
separation processes. Surface treatment of a filler can
control its affinity for the two phases and it is claimed
that least property degradation is observed when the
rubbery phase encapsulates the filler.
The presence of the tertiary carbon in PP introduces
significant instability into the polymer chain and
stabilisers are generally needed for most applications.
Fillers can both promote degradation (usually due to
impurities) and absorb and deactivate stabilisers.
Considerable polymer chain scission and oxidation can
occur during processing and the shear increase that
fillers cause can significantly enhance these processes.
Such effects can be used to give bonding with certain
unsaturated or basic surface modifiers, but are very
much influenced by the processing conditions and so
are hard to control.
Apart from reducing costs, the main reasons for using
fillers in PP are to increase the modulus and heat
distortion temperature. Other benefits include reduced
shrinkage and increased thermal conductivity (thus
reducing cycle times). Impact strength, especially at low
temperatures, is a very important consideration with PP
and fillers can have a very significant effect on this.
Indeed, the balance between stiffness and toughness is
a very important consideration in many PP applications.
For instance, the use of a copolymer to increase
toughness will normally also reduce stiffness.
Stiffness is little affected by filler particle size over
the normal range, and is largely controlled by filler
loading and aspect ratio. Natural calcium carbonates
have a low aspect ratio and, although (as will be
discussed later) they can increase toughness up to a
28
certain loading level, there is a limit to the stiffness
that can be achieved with them. Although there will be
some loss in toughness, the platy nature of talc allows
higher modulus composites to be made and this
explains its widespread use in PP compounds.
The most widely used type of surface treatment for
fillers in PP is probably the non-coupling fatty acid
type (see Section 4.2.1). This can significantly reduce
viscosity and hence improve processing. It also
promotes voiding due to filler/polymer separation under
deformation. This results in stress whitening, and a loss
in tensile strength, but can also lead to significant
improvements in impact strength and elongation at
break under the right circumstances.
Fatty acid treated natural calcium carbonate has a
special ability to increase the impact strength of PP
homopolymer, with the filler particle size, level of
coating and filler loading all being important. This
effect is believed to be due to a crack pinning
mechanism. The best results seem to be at about 1%
coating level and a mean particle size of 1-2 micron.
The optimum coating level appears to be close to
monolayer surface coverage (Figure 15).
Coupling agent type surface modifiers (Section 4.2.2)
are also widely used in PP, with maleinised
polypropylenes being the commonest of this type in
use today. Aminosilanes are frequently used in
conjunction with them, to promote bonding to fillers
that cannot directly bond with the acid anhydride
functionality.
Figure 16 illustrates the effects of particle size and
coating level on a number of properties of calcium
carbonate filled PP. Further details on these systems
can be found in (384) and (396).
6.2.4 Polyamides (Nylons)
Nylons are expensive polymers and mineral fillers are
widely used, often in conjunction with glass fibre. The
main fillers in use are calcium carbonate, calcined clay,
wollastonite and talc. Organosilane coupling agents are
frequently used on the silicate fillers. As mentioned
earlier, the properties of nylons are very much affected
by humidity and tests should be made on both dry and
conditioned samples.
It seems to be particularly easy to prepare clay based
nanocomposites based on polyamides (75, 87). As a
result, they were the first to be commercialised and
remain the main nanocomposites in use today.
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Figures 15
An illustration of the effect of stearate coating of filler on some properties of homopolymer PP containing 50%
w/w of a fine calcium carbonate

Figure 16
An illustration of the effect of filler particle size on some properties of homopolymer PP containing 50% w/w of
a stearate coated fine calcium carbonate

29
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers
6.3 Thermosets
Although often overlooked, large quantities of fillers
are used in thermosetting polymers, particularly
unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and certain forms
of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). A good
description of the scientific principles has been
provided by Jackson and Orton (363).
The main reasons for using fillers in these polymers are:
• Cost savings
• Increased modulus
• Reduced coefficient of expansion
• Exotherm reduction and shrinkage control during cure
• Improved surface hardness and abrasion
resistance
• Improved aesthetics
• Fire retardancy.
In UPR, cost savings, modulus, hardness and fire
retardancy are the main reasons for using fillers,
the main ones in use are ground silica, ground
calcium carbonates, calcium sulphate and ATH.
Fillers are often used in conjunction with glass fibre
reinforcement. However, there is considerable use
without glass fibre, important examples being:
ground silica in polymer concretes, where particle
size is optimised for high loadings, ATH in
synthetic onyx and ground calcium carbonate in
synthetic marble.
The main applications for filled PMMA are in solid
surfaces and sinks for kitchens and bathrooms and
the main fillers in use are ATH and crystalline silica,
which are used without glass fibre. The crystalline
silica is used where high abrasion resistance is
needed (e.g., kitchen sinks). ATH is used as much
for its aesthetic, non-staining and refurbishable
qualities, as for its fire retardancy.
The liquid nature of the thermoset resins makes it
important to have easy filler dispersion and good
control of the rheology of the filled resin. High filler
loadings are frequently used, especially where high
levels of fire retardancy are required. Control of
particle size distribution is often used to give
products with low viscosity and high loadings. Oil
absorption is again a good guide to this, with a low
value indicating higher loading ability.
30
Fillers are generally used in the uncoated form,
although various dispersants and coupling agents are
often dissolved in the resin.
Flexural properties are of particular interest in
thermosets. These are very much influenced by the
surface layers of the composite and, as noted earlier,
these layers can be filler deficient.
As most thermosets are used below their Tg, they
are inherently brittle materials and the effect of fillers
on toughness can be very important, especially when
there is no glass fibre present. Factors such as filler
loading, particle size and shape, particle strength and
bonding to the matrix all affect toughness. Contrary
to most people’s expectations, suitable rigid filler
particles can increase toughness, acting by a crack
pinning mechanism. This effect shows a maximum
at a certain filler loading, after which it declines. It
has been found that fillers such as ATH, which can
cleave, do not give as much crack pinning and hence
toughening, as stronger particles. Strong filler to
polymer bonding, such as obtained with coupling
agents, usually improves toughness, but can
sometimes reduce it. Various additives are often
incorporated to improve toughness (rubbers, soft
blocks, etc.) and these can have an effect on the
action of fillers.
Because of their brittle nature, thermosets are more
successfully treated by fracture mechanics
approaches than are other polymers.
While impact strength measurements are still of great
importance, the concepts of fracture toughness and
fracture energy are of more fundamental
significance. These describe the resistance of the
composite to crack growth and the energy required
to form new surfaces, respectively. Rigid particulate
fillers affect both of these properties. In general,
crack growth resistance increases with filler loading,
while fracture energy goes through a maximum and
then decreases. Overall toughness is determined by
a combination of these two properties, their relative
contributions depending on the exact circumstances.
The various impact tests have been devised to
measure toughness under conditions relevant to
certain applications and hence can give widely
differing results.
Some examples of the effect of fillers on the
flexural properties of thermoset polymers are given
in Figure 17.
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Figure 17
An illustration of the effect of ATH filler loading on flexural modulus and strength of an unsaturated polyester
sheet moulding compound

7 Nanocomposites impression on the market place. Traditionally, the

It is appropriate to end this overview with a brief
discussion of nanocomposite technology, as this is
currently receiving a great deal of attention, both
academically and commercially.
Nanocomposites are composed of a very fine filler,
in which at least one dimension is a few nanometers
in size, dispersed in a polymer matrix. The filler is
usually a very fine precipitate, especially silica, or a
delaminated layer mineral such as a clay. Clay based
products have already been referred to in Section
3.1.4. In principle, all types of polymer can be used
as the matrix material. The main problem in
preparing such composites is achieving good
dispersion of the fine filler, which is more readily
achieved in some polymers than in others. One
approach is to precipitate, or delaminate the filler
directly in the polymer, or its monomer.
main attraction of nanocomposites has been seen as
their ability to achieve high levels of rigidity and
heat distortion at much lower loadings than is
possible with conventional particulate fillers. This
can lead to composites with lower specific gravity
and better impact strength for a given stiffness or
heat distortion temperature. However, in many of
these instances, the mechanical properties appear to
be similar to those obtainable with similar levels of
glass fibre. The choice then seems to come down to
the relative cost in use of these two systems, although
there are claims that the nanoclays may still win out
where density is the prime concern (a.17, a.18).
Some of the nanofillers, especially the platy clays,
have potentially unique effects on properties such
as gas permeability and fire retardancy, and this is
now becoming a more important aspect driving the
development of filler based nanocomposites.

Despite a great deal of interest and activity, filler Useful further reading includes (44, 47, 50, 58, 64,
based nanocomposites have still not made a great 74, 95, 96).

31
 Particulate Fillers for Polymers

Additional References a.15 B.B. Boonstra in Rubber Technology and

Manufacture, Ed. C.M. Blow, Newnes-
Butterworth, London, 1975, Chapter 7.
a.1 T.H. Ferrigno in Handbook of Fillers for
Plastics, Eds., H.S. Katz and J.V. Milewski, a.16 J. Jancar, Mineral Fillers in Thermoplastics I,
van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987, 25. Springer, Berlin, 1999.
a.2 S. Brunauer, P.H. Emmet and E. Teller, J Am a.17 M.K. Akkapeddi, Proceedings of Functional
Chem Soc, 1938, 60, 309. Fillers and Reinforcements ’99, Intertech,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Paper 15.
a.3 J.W. Mullin et al., Ind Eng Chem Res, 1989,
28, 1725. a.18 U. Wagenknecht, Proceedings of Functional
Effect Fillers 2000, Intertech, Berlin, Germany,
a.4 G. Baudet, M. Bizi and J.P. Rona, Part Sci Paper 18.
Technol, 1993, 11, 73.

a.5 C.R. Herd, G.C. McDonald and W.M. Hess,

Rubber Chem Technol, 1992, 65, 107.
Abbreviations
a.6 H.F. Huisman, J Coat Technol, 1984, 56, 65.
ATH alumina trihydrate
a.7 R.M. German, Particle Packing, Metal Powder
Industries Federation, New York, 1989. CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
DBP dibutyl phthalate
a.8 B.A. Wills, Mineral Processing Technology,
DOP dioctyl phthalate
Pergamon, Oxford, 1992.
esd equivalent spherical diameter
a.9 H.S. Katz and J.V. Milewski, Handbook of EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
Fillers for Plastics, van Nostrand Reinhold,
GCC ground calcium carbonate
New York, 1987.
MPF maximum packing fraction
a.10 J-B. Donnet, R.C. Bansal and M-J Wang, NR natural rubber
Carbon Black, Dekker, New York, 1993.
PCC precipitated calcium carbonate
a.11 R.N. Rothon, The Coupling Agent Index, PE polyethylene
Intertech, Portland, USA, 2000. Pf maximum packing fraction
a.12 S.J. Monte, Ken-React Reference Manual, PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc., 104, East 22nd PP polypropylene
Street, Bayonne, New Jersey, 1993.
PVC polyvinyl chloride
a.13 C.M. Liauw, Plastics Rubber and Composites SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
Processing and Applications, 1995, 24, 5, 249. SSA specific surface area
a.14 G. Kraus, Reinforcement of Elastomers, Tg glass transition temperature
Interscience, New York, 1965. UPR unsaturated polyester resin

32
 References and Abstracts
References from the Rapra Abstracts Database
Item 1
Plastiques Flash
No.316, Feb./March 2001, p.49
French
WHAT ARE NANOCOMPOSITES?
An examination is made of the properties, processing and
applications of nanocomposites in which submicron
silicate particles are dispersed in a polymer matrix.
Developments by a number of companies in polyamide,
polyolefin and polyacetal matrix nanocomposites are
reviewed, and reference is made to the imminent
appearance of the first nanocomposites based on PETP.
Trends in the world market for such materials are also
briefly considered.
TOYOTA; UBE; ALLIEDSIGNAL; GENERAL
ELECTRIC; HONEYWELL INC.; BAYER AG;
BASELL; MONTELL; GENERAL MOTORS CORP.;
SHOWA DENKO
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD
Accession no.828693
Item 2
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
78, No.792, Feb.2001, p.64
French
CARBON BLACK: OVERVIEW OF THE THIRD
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Gossot J
A brief review is presented of topics discussed at the third
international conference on carbon black which was held
in Mulhouse, France. Particular attention is paid to reports
of studies which confirm the presence of fullerenes in
the particle structure of industrial carbon blacks, and of
research into the production of carbon black and hydrogen
by the cracking of hydrocarbons using plasma arc
technology.
CNRS; PARIS,ECOLE DES MINES; INSTITUT DE
CHIMIE DES SURFACES ET INTERFACES;
MULHOUSE,ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE
DE CHIMIE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.828644
Item 3
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
74, No.2, May/June 2001, p.221-35
RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES: MORPHOLOGY
AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BR AND
SBR VULCANIZATES REINFORCED BY
ORGANOPHILIC LAYERED SILICATES
Ganter M; Gronski W; Reichert P; Muelhaupt R
Freiburg Materialsforschungszentrum
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Rubber compounds based on polybutadiene or SBR
containing organophilic layered silicates were prepared.
Organophilic silicates were swollen in a rubber/toluene
solution. Matrix-filler reactive bonding was performed
by adding bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphane(TESPT)
during swelling. Good dispersion of organoclay
nanofillers in rubber matrices was demonstrated by TEM
and atomic force microscopy exhibiting intercalated and
partially exfoliated silicate layers. Matrix-filler interfacial
coupling by TESPT led to reduced strain at break and
reduced hysteresis for both organoclay and silica-based
vulcanisates as expected for successful matrix/filler
coupling. Organoclay vulcanisates exhibited enhanced
hysteresis when compared with silica compounds. This
was related to orientation and sliding of anisotropic
silicate layers, as determined by on-line wide-angle X-
ray scattering measurements during cyclic tensile testing.
16 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.827613
Item 4
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 499
PROCESSABILITY STUDIES OF SILANE
TREATED SILICAS AND CARBON BLACKS IN
EPDM MATRIX
Kim K-J; White J L
Akron,University
(SPE)
Silica, treated with silane coupling agents of varying chain
lengths, was compounded with ethylene-propylene-diene
terpolymer at 100 C for time periods of 60-900 s, using
an internal mixer, and the silica filled systems compared
with carbon black filled systems. Agglomerate particle
sizes in the prepared materials were determined using
scanning electron microscopy. Shear viscosities were
measured, and extrusion characteristics were evaluated
by determining the die swell on extrusion through a 1.5
mm capillary die. Treated silica systems exhibited lower
viscosity, smaller agglomerate sizes and reduced swell
compared with untreated silica systems. The silane with
the shortest aliphatic chain length gave the smallest
agglomerate size. Treated silica systems had higher
agglomerate sizes and viscosities compared with carbon
black filled systems. 18 refs.
USA
Accession no.827229
Item 5
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 434
33
 References and Abstracts
NANO-EFFECT IN IN SITU NYLON-6
NANOCOMPOSITES
Liang Y; Omachinski S; Logsdon J; Cho J W; Lan T
Nanocor Inc.
(SPE)
Nanocomposites of polyamide-6 and 12-amino-
dodecanoic acid-modified montmorillonite, containing up
to 8 wt% clay, were prepared by in-situ polymerisation.
Exfoliation of the clay was confirmed by X-ray
diffraction. The nanocomposites were characterised by
measurement of mechanical properties, heat distortion
temperature, moisture absorption and oxygen
transmission rate. The clay additions gave an increase in
flexural and tensile moduli of 110%, and an increase in
heat distortion temperature under load of 175%. Oxygen
transmission rates reduced with increasing clay content,
giving a reduction of approximately 80% for a clay
addition of 8 wt%. Moisture absorption was also reduced,
enhancing the polymer performance in high humidity
conditions. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.827061
Item 6
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 431
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF
POLYPROPYLENE NANO-COMPOSITES
Wang H; Zeng C; Svoboda P; Lee L J
Ohio,State University
(SPE)
Nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending
polypropylene with modified montmorillonite, with
additions of maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene (PP-
MA) to assist clay dispersion. The partial substitution of
PP-MA by polyamide-6 (PA-6), to reduce material cost,
was also investigated. The nanocomposites were
characterised by measurement of the clay basal spacing by
X-ray diffraction, morphology studies by scanning electron
microscopy, and measurement of tensile and impact
properties. Low molecular weight and high maleic
anhydride content of the PP-MA enhanced clay dispersion
but reduced the mechanical properties of the
nanocomposites. PA-6 additions increased the basal spacing
of the clay, but also reduced mechanical properties. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.827058
Item 7
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 419
DISPERSION OF NANOPARTICLES IN HIGH
PERFORMANCE POLYMERS USING
THERMOSETTING RESINS
Jana S C; Jain S
Akron,University
34
(SPE)
Nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing fumed silica
in low molecular weight epoxy resin, which was then melt
mixed with poly(ether sulphone) (PES). The epoxy acted
as a reactive solvent, reducing the processing temperature
of the PES by as much as 100 C, and due to its polar
nature, it also facilitated the dispersion of the silica
particles. Towards the end of the mixing cycle an epoxy
curing agent was added. The nanocomposites were
characterised by measurement of: solvent uptake by
exposure to methylene chloride vapour; tensile and impact
properties; and heat deflection temperature. The
nanocomposites exhibited enhanced impact strengths and
heat deflection temperatures, and only slightly reduced
tensile strengths, compared with pure PES. 19 refs.
USA
Accession no.827046
Item 8
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 415
PVC/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
Trlica J; Kalendova A; Malac Z; Simonik J; Pospisil L
Aliachem JC; Brno,Technical University;
Brno,Polymer Institute
(SPE)
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/montmorillonite nano-
composites were prepared by blending organoclays of
varying levels of hydrophilicity with PVC and
dioctylphthalate plasticiser, using a kneader or a counter-
rotating twin-screw extruder. The degree of clay
intercalation was determined by Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the
nanocomposites was dependent upon the type of
organoclay, and thermal stability problems experienced
during compounding were eliminated by pre-treating the
organoclay with the plasticiser, so creating a barrier
between the polymer and the quaternary amine. The
simultaneous co-intercalation of the plasticiser facilitated
exfoliation. The nanoclay additions enhanced dimensional
stability and barrier properties. 4 refs.
CZECH REPUBLIC
Accession no.827042
Item 9
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 410
STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN
POLYAMIDE BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Bagrodia S; Germinario L T; Gilmer J W; Tant M R
Eastman Chemical Co.
(SPE)
Nanocomposites were prepared by the addition of small
quantities of organo-montmorillonite clay to polyamide,
and co-injected with poly(ethylene terephthalate) to form
the middle layer in trilayer preforms, which were used to
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
form 500 ml bottles by stretch blow moulding. The
nanocomposite middle layer was peeled from the bottles
and characterised by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, atomic
force microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron
microscopy. Whole bottle oxygen transmission rates and
sidewall permeabilities were determined. The clay
particles exhibited extensive exfoliation and the platelets
aligned themselves parallel to the film surface during blow
moulding. The clay particles provided a more tortuous
path for oxygen diffusion, resulting in a 6-fold increase
in barrier properties. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.827037
Item 10
Plastics Additives & Compounding
3, No.7/8, July/Aug. 2001, p.10
NEW WOLLASTONITE GRADE INTRODUCED
FOR POLYOLEFIN APPLICATIONS
Performance characteristics are briefly described for a
new ultrafine high aspect ratio grade of wollastonite from
Nyco for polyolefin applications. Nyglos M3 is reported
to offer improved mar, scratch and gouge resistance, as
well as lower coefficient of linear thermal expansion,
improved impact resistance, and comparable stiffness
compared with plate-type mineral reinforcements.
Available in uncoated and surface modified forms, Nyglos
M3 is claimed to meet the demands of PP automotive
interior and exterior applications.
NYCO MINERALS INC.
Accession no.825847
Item 11
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
64, No.2, 2001, p.467-75
CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC
MODIFIED MONTMORILLONITE AND ITS
FILLED PMMA NANOCOMPOSITE
Gao Z; Xie W; Hwu J M; Wells L; Pan W P
Western Kentucky,University
TGA and FTIR spectroscopy results for commercial
montmorillonite were compared with results for that
exchanged with trimethyloctadecyl quaternary ammonium
chloride (SCPX2048), both treated up to 500C. The time
of flight mass spectrometer results for SCPX2048 trapped
under 300 and 500C were compared with that of N,N,N-
trimethyl-1-dodecylammonium chloride trapped under 200
and 300C. A degradation mechanism for organic-modified
montmorillonite was proposed. PMMA-clay
nanocomposite was synthesised using an intercalation
method and its properties were examined by both TGA
and DSC techniques. The thermal stability and Tg of
montmorillonite-filled PMMA increased in comparison
with that of the pure PMMA. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.825036
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 12
159th ACS RUBBER DIVISION MEETING -
SPRING 2001. Held Rhode Island. 24th-27th April
2001.
Akron,Oh., 2001, Paper No.60, pp.18. 012
EFFECT OF SILANE COUPLING AGENT ON
NATURAL RUBBER FILLED WITH SILICA
GENERATED IN SITU
Kohjiya S; Murakami K; Iio S; Ikeda Y; Ito H;
Tosaka M
Kyoto,University; Tokai Rubber Industries Ltd.;
Kyoto,Institute of Technology; Japan,Heian Jogakuin
College
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The effect of silane coupling agent was investigated for
in-situ silica filling to the NR matrix. The silica was
generated in-situ by the sol-gel reaction of
tetraethoxysilane in the NR matrix before its crosslinking.
gamma-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane(gamma-MPS)
significantly prevented the delay of sulphur curing and
increased the wettability of NR onto in-situ silica, which
resulted in the increase of reinforcement effect for the
NR vulcanisate. gamma-MPS decreased the interaction
between the in-situ silica particles followed by dispersing
the in-situ silica particles homogeneously and decreasing
the hardness, compression set, hysteresis loss and storage
modulus at the rubbery state of in-situ silica-filled NR
vulcanisate. The NR/in-situ silica composite with gamma-
MPS was shown to be a promising material for a high
performance rubber product. 30 refs.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.824973
Item 13
159th ACS RUBBER DIVISION MEETING -
SPRING 2001. Held Rhode Island. 24th-27th April
2001.
Akron,Oh., 2001, Paper No.54, pp.31. 012
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECONDARY
STRUCTURE OF FILLERS AND THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA
FILLED RUBBER SYSTEMS
Yatsuyanagi F; Kaidou H; Suzuki N; Ito M
Yokohama Rubber Co.Ltd.; Tokyo,Science University
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The mechanical properties of silica-filled SBR systems
were studied in relation to the secondary structure of silica
particles which could be controlled by the surface
chemistry of silica and to the rubber-to-filler bonds which
could be controlled by the introduction of bifunctional
organosilane. The results obtained indicated that the
stress-strain behaviour of filled vulcanisate was influenced
by the secondary structure of the fillers and the
interactions between filler and rubber matrix. 25 refs.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.824967
35
 References and Abstracts
Item 14
159th ACS RUBBER DIVISION MEETING -
SPRING 2001. Held Rhode Island. 24th-27th April
2001..
Akron,Oh., 2001, Paper No.16, pp.84. 012
APPLICATIONS OF TITANATE AND
ZIRCONATE COUPLING AGENTS IN
THERMOPLASTICS AND THERMOSET
ELASTOMERS - 2001
Monte S J
Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Current applications of titanate and zirconate coupling
agents in filled and unfilled thermoplastics and thermoset
elastomers are reviewed and discussed. Polymer
modification as a result of filler coupling and single site
neoalkoxy titanate and zirconate catalysis effects are
shown to have significant benefits in processing and
properties. Results of ACS CAS searches for Ti or Zr
coupling agents conducted from 1974 to December 31st,
2000 provided large numbers of patent and literature
references and abstracts of those from December 22nd,
1998 to July 31st, 2000 are included. 54 refs.
USA
Accession no.824935
Item 15
Rubber World
224, No.4, July 2001, p.34-9
MIXING OF SILICA COMPOUNDS FROM THE
VIEW OF A MIXER SUPPLIER
Berkemeier D; Haeder W; Rinker M; Heiss G
Krupp Elastomertechnik GmbH; Krupp Rubber
Machinery Inc.
Trends in the use of silica in tyre formulations as a
coupling agent are discussed with reference to
developments in mixing machinery to best process the
compounds. Because of the chemical reaction during the
mixing process, the internal mixer acts as a chemical
reactor in which the batch temperature control must be
very accurate. In addition to the dispersion of filler in the
compound, the reaction must be achieved. An overview
is presented of current mixing available mixing equipment
for producing silica compounds and the different demands
placed on the mixing process are examined. Different
mixer systems are compared and further requirements of
the mixer itself and the control system are discussed. 12
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.824399
Item 16
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
24, No.4, 2001, p.234
36
IN-SITU SILICA REINFORCING EPDM BY SOL-
GEL METHOD
Xianjian D; Shemao W; Rongdong Z; Liqun Z
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
The preparation of composites of EPDM and silica by in
situ polymerisation of tetraethoxysilane in EPDM is reported.
The dynamic mechanical properties of the in-situ silica/
EPDM composites are presented and discussed. 1 ref.
CHINA
Accession no.824007
Item 17
Polymer
42, No.15, 2001, p.6545-6556
REINFORCEMENT OF
POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) NETWORKS BY
MICA FLAKES
Osman M A; Atallah A; Muller M; Suter U W
ETH Zurich
Spherical and plate-like particles are used to reinforce a
poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) network. Laser
diffraction, gas adsorption, cation exchange and scanning
electron microscopy were used to examine the shape, size
distribution, aspect ratio and surface area of the particles.
The mechanical properties were measured of networks
prepared with different crosslinker concentration in order
to ascertain the optimal ratio of crosslinker to PDMS.
Homogeneous distribution of the filler in the polymer
matrix as well as complete dispersion of the particles are
prerequisites for studying the influence of other
parameters on the mechanical properties of composites.
The elastic modulus of the PDMS dramatically increased
by the addition of mica. The modulus rose with increasing
diameter and aspect ratio as well as with the volume
fraction of the particles. The plate-like particles enhanced
the ultimate strength of the composite better than spheres.
The strength enhancement was less dramatic and
dependence on particle size was reversed compared to
that of the modulus. The ultimate elongation of the mica
composites was comparable to that of glass spheres. The
polymer chains did not intercalate the aluminosilicate
layers of mica, as expected. 32 refs.
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.823577
Item 18
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 173
INJECTION/STRETCH BLOW MOULDING OF
POLYMER/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
Garcia-Rejon A; Simard Y; DeGrandpre C
Canada,National Research Council
(SPE)
Nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending 3 wt%
of montmorillonite-based organoclay with a poly(ethylene
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
terephthalate) and polypropylene (PP), and 5 wt% with a
modified PP. The nanocomposites were used to produce
375 ml bottles using a one-step injection stretch blow
moulding machine. The influence of the clay content on
top load, hot filling ability and oxygen barrier properties
was determined. The top load resistance increased and
oxygen permeability decreased, and hot filling tests
indicated that the bottles maintained better dimensional
stability, in comparison with bottles made without the clay
additions. 11 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.823385
Item 19
Tire Technology International
June 2001, p.23-5
CALL REINFORCEMENTS
Scarlett M
The latest technology in tyre reinforcement is examined,
paying particular attention to the situation with regard to
carbon black and silica and reinforcing filler trends within
the tyre industry.
USA
Accession no.823037
Item 20
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol. 169, May 2001, p.103-7
NEW DISPERSION PROCESS FOR
SUBMICRONIC FILLERS IN
THERMOPLASTICS
Dupuy C; Bussi P
Elf Atochem
Problems associated with the dispersibility of small-sized
fillers in thermoplastics and the resultant loss of impact
resistance, have been overcome, it is claimed, by the use
of a patented process in which a slurry of the filler is
used instead of a dry form in an extrusion compounding
process. The originality of the process is said to lie in the
optimisation of the deagglomeration of the filler before
its feeding into the extruder. As an example, PP/
submicronic calcium carbonate compounds are produced,
which demonstrate a joint gain in stiffness and impact
resistance, while the traditional process of dry
compounding in which fillers are fed in the melt, is shown
to lead to a loss in impact resistance. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.822650
Item 21
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol. 169, May 2001, p.19-34
ESTIMATION OF THE LATERAL TO BASAL
SURFACE RATIO OF TALC BY INVERSE GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Comard M-P; Calvet R; Del-Confetto S; Dodds J A;
Balard H
Ecole des Mines d’Albi Carmaux; Institut de Chimie
des Surfaces et Interfaces
Inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution was used
to investigate the evolution of surface properties of talc
which was subjected to impregnation with increasing
concentrations of polyethylene glycol of molecular
weight, 20,000. By means of combining inverse
chromatography with infinite dilution conditions, and
controlled modification of talc by PEG impregnation, a
new method is proposed for the estimation of the lateral
to basal surface ratio of talc crystals. 13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.822642
Item 22
Industria della Gomma
44, No.8, Oct.2000, p.53-8
Italian
INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVES IN COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
Volpi A
Pirelli Pneumatici SpA
An examination is made of materials used in tyre
construction, with particular reference to silica and carbon
black fillers and their influence on mechanical properties,
and the possibility of using nanocomposite technology
in tyre production is discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.821968
Item 23
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.3, 18th July 2001, p.625-36
POLYPROPYLENE/MICA COMPOSITES
MODIFIED BY SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE-
GRAFTED ATACTIC POLYPROPYLENE: A
THERMAL AND MECHANICAL STUDY UNDER
DYNAMIC CONDITIONS
Garcia-Martinez J M; Laguna O; Areso S; Collar E P
Madrid,Instituto de Ciencia y Tec.de Polim.
The performance of polypropylene/mineral composites
can theoretically be improved by including interfacial
modifiers acting on the polymer. The thermal and
mechanical properties of polypropylene/mica composites
were evaluated under dynamic conditions to evaluate the
changes induced by the presence of succinic anhydride
grafted atactic polypropylene with differing degrees of
grafting. The induced interfacial changes were evaluated
using mechanical testing, differential scanning
calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis techniques.
The results from all techniques confirmed that changes
in the interfacial activity had occurred as a result of the
37
 References and Abstracts
substitution of very small amounts of the polypropylene
matrix by the interfacial modifier at differing grafting
levels. Full details of the experimental procedures, a
comprehensive theoretical review and test results are
included. 39 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.821944
Item 24
Journal of Microencapsulation
18, No.4, July/Aug.2001, p.533-43
ENCAPSULATION OF ALUMINIUM
HYDROXIDE FILLERS WITH POLYMETHYL-
METHACRYLATE
Geurts F L S; Van Herk A M; German A L
Eindhoven,University of Technology
A process was developed for the microencapsulation of
inorganic filler particles with PMMA with the aim of
increasing the interaction between the hydrophilic filler
particles and the polymer matrix. The filler used was
aluminium hydroxide with an average diameter of 1.9
micrometres and a specific surface area of 5 sq m/g. The
process included a surface modification in which a
monolayer of isopropoxy titanium isostearate was
chemically bound to the surface to render it hydrophobic
and to ensure a chemical bond between the filler and the
organic phase. An encapsulation reaction was then carried
out by means of an emulsion-like polymerisation process
under monomer starved conditions. The modified particles
were stabilised in water with sodium dodecyl sulphate. A
redox system consisting of cumene hydroperoxide in
combination with sodium-formaldehyde-sulphoxylate and
iron(II) salt was applied for the initiation of the
polymerisation. 18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.820565
Item 25
Adhesives Age
44, No.5, May 2001, p.41/4
AN OLD FRIEND FINDS A NEW HOME
Budman M
Superior Materials Inc.
A review of the literature on the use of kaolin clays in
adhesives and sealants is presented. The wide selection
of kaolin clays currently available is considered,
applications in aqueous and non-aqueous applications are
described and product development is outlined. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.820531
Item 26
Journal of Materials Science
36, No.7, 1st April 2001, p.1641-51
38
ANALYSIS OF FAILURE MECHANISMS IN
PLATELET-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Wyser Y; Leterrier Y; Manson J-A E
Lausanne,Ecole Polytechnique Federale
The short-term mechanical strength of silicon oxide
platelet-reinforced PETP composites was modelled using
classical two-dimensional stress-transfer analysis. The
stress field in the platelet and at the platelet/matrix
interface was described in the presence of a matrix crack
perpendicular to the interface. Modelling takes into
account the tensile strength of the platelet, its adhesion to
the matrix, and also considers the internal stress state
resulting from processing. Compression moulded and
injection moulded composites were prepared and tested.
53 refs.
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.819920
Item 27
Polymer International
50, No.6, June 2001, p.707-13
COMPARISON OF WHITE RICE HUSK ASH
AND SILICA AS FILLERS IN ETHYLENE-
PROPYLENE-DIENE TERPOLYMER
VULCANIZATES
Siriwardina S; Ismail H; Ishiaku U S
Sains Malaysia,University
The curing characteristics and physical properties of
silica- and white rice husk ash (WRHA)-filled EPDM
vulcanisates were studied with respect to the filler loading
and the filler type. The filler loading varied from 0-50
phr. The curing rate was enhanced with increased WRHA
loading, whereas the opposite effect was observed for
silica-filled vulcanisates. WRHA also showed processing
advantages over silica because WRHA-filled vulcanisates
showed shorter cure time, lower maximum torque and
lower Mooney viscosity. At each filler loading, silica
showed higher physical properties than WRHA, indicating
its reinforcing ability. The results showed that WRHA
could be used as a diluent filler for EPDM rubber and
silica can be used as a reinforcing filler. 18 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.819216
Item 28
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
40, No.3, 2001, p.235-47
IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF
POLYPROPYLENE THROUGH COMBINED USE
OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND
METALLOCENE-PRODUCED IMPACT
MODIFIER
Premphet K; Horanont P
Mahidol University
PP composites containing calcium carbonate filler and/
or impact modifiers were prepared and investigated as a
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
function of composition. The effects of surface treatment
of filler particles and type of impact modifiers were
studied. Characterisation of composite microstructure in
relation to mechanical properties showed that a balance
of modulus and impact strength could be achieved through
use of low-cost calcium carbonate filler and impact
modifiers. The use of stearic acid-coated filler and
metallocene-prepared ethylene-octene copolymer(EOR)
impact modifier was found to give the best balance. The
composite containing 20% of coated calcium carbonate
and 20% of EIR exhibited comparable modulus and,
significantly, 20 times higher impact strength than the
unfilled PP. Cavitation around the filler particles and
plastic yielding were important mechanisms for energy
dissipation in the composite. 13 refs.
THAILAND
Accession no.817770
Item 29
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.1, 5th July 2001, p.215-22
ORIENTATIONAL EFFECT OF MICA IN FUMED
SILICA REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Bokobza L; Nugay N
Laboratoire de Physicochimie Struct.et Macromol.;
Bogazici,University
Mica filler was added to fumed silica-reinforced PDMS
at loading levels of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 phr and the networks
were crosslinked with dicumyl peroxide. the stress-strain
properteis of the composite did not seem to be affected
by the presence of the mica, but the swelling and
orientational results showed interaction of the polymer
chains with the filler particles. This produced additional
crosslinks into the system and thus increased the network
chain density. These interactions were not shown in the
stress-strain curves, probably because the mica particles
tended to orientate along the direction of stretch, thereby
decreasing the viscosity of the system. 19 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
TURKEY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.817666
Item 30
Polymer Composites
22, No.2, April 2001, p.312-25
INTERFACE EFFECTS IN ELASTOMERS
REINFORCED BY MODIFIED PRECIPITATED
SILICA
Alberola N D; Benzarti K; Bas C; Bomal Y
Savoie,Universite; Rhodia
The influence of ‘interface effects’ on the overall
viscoelastic behaviour of SBR reinforced by precipitated
silica modified by model sizing agents was evaluated by
using micromechanical models in a reverse mode.
Depending on the nature of the coupling agent, two types
of ‘interface effects’ could be distinguished, i.e. an overall
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
change in the viscoelastic behaviour of the polymer
matrix, when the sizing agent was a chemical promoter
acting as additional ties of the SBR network, and the
formation of an actual mesophase, when direct
interactions between SBR chains and silica could occur,
as, for example, when the coating agent of silica was an
organosilane based on short aliphatic chains. With
increasing length of the aliphatic chains of the coating
agent (LOS agent), some plasticising effect of the polymer
was detected by DSC. It could affect either the entire
polymer matrix or a confined region at the close vicinity
of silica aggregates. According to this assumption, the
bimodal viscoelastic behaviour of the LOS mesophase
revealed by the modelling indicated that, in addition to a
local plasticising effect induced by this agent, some direct
interactions could occur between silica surface and SBR,
constraining the mobility of rubber molecules. 37 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.817564
Item 31
Patent Number: US 6180710 B1 20010130
ADDITION OF SALTS TO IMPROVE THE
INTERACTION OF SILICA WITH RUBBER
Hergenrother W L; Oziomek J; Cole W M
Bridgestone Corp.
Incorporation of neutral water soluble inorganic salts into
a precipitated silica improves filler dispersion in a
compounded rubber, reduces rolling resistance
(hysteresis) and improves processability. These properties
are achieved without loss of the expected reinforcement
effect due to the substitution of inorganic salt for SiO2 in
the silica. The properties are seen when a variety of silanes
and processing aids are added to the silica.
USA
Accession no.816385
Item 32
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
22, No.5, 26th March 2001, p.329-34
POLYETHYLENE NANOCOMPOSITE
PREPARED VIA IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION
Rong J; Jing Z; Li H; Sheng M
Beijing,Research Institute of Petroleum Processing;
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
Details are given of the preparation of an organic/
inorganic nanocomposite of PE by in-situ coordination
polymerisation. The Ziegler-Natta catalyst was first
supported on the surface of silicate nanowhiskers to
subsequently initiate the polymerisation of ethylene on
the surface of these nanowhiskers. Interactions between
the nanowhiskers and the resin matrix are discussed.
34 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.816185
39
 References and Abstracts
Item 33
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
54, No.4, 2001, p.177-80
SILICA REINFORCEMENT OF STYRENE-
BUTADIENE RUBBERS
Bokobza L; Gaulliard V; Ladouce L
ESPCI
This paper reports on recent investigations of silica-filled
SBR rubbers, with respect to mechanical properties. It is
shown that a better insight can be obtained into the
reinforcement mechanism of elastomers by combining
different experimental techniques. As such, in addition
to infrared and birefringence measurements to characterise
the orientational behaviour of silica-filled styrene
butadiene copolymers, mechanical properties testing,
carried out at low and large strains are discussed. Results
of equilibrium swelling experiments are also reported and
correlated with the orientational data. 20 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.815361
Item 34
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
80, No.11, 13th June 2001, p.2105-12
EFFECT OF TALC/MMA IN SITU
POLYMERIZATION ON MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF PVC-MATRIX COMPOSITES
Xie X L; Li B G; Pan Z R; Li R K Y; Tjong S C
Huazhong,University of Science & Technology;
Hangzhou,Zhejiang University; Hong Kong,City
University
Poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated talc was produced by
in-situ polymerisation of methyl methacrylate using both
batch and semicontinuous emulsion processes. The
polymerisation kinetics, particle size and particle size
distribution, the grafting efficiency and the particle
morphology were studied. The polymerisation was not
influenced by the talc particles. A more uniform size
distribution was obtained by semicontinuous
polymerisation. The coated talc was used as a filler in
poly(vinyl chloride), the coating enhancing the talc
dispersion and the interfacial adhesion. The mechanical
properties of the composites, particularly the impact
strength, were improved by the use of the coated talc. 37
refs.
CHINA
Accession no.814364
Item 35
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
80, No.11, 13th June 2001, p.2093-104
ADVANCED TORSIONAL DYNAMIC METHODS
TO STUDY THE MORPHOLOGY OF UNCURED
FILLED RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Leblanc J L; Cartault M
40
Paris,Universite Pierre et Marie Curie
The morphology of carbon black and silica-filled styrene-
butadiene rubbers was investigated using dynamic torsion
testing. Strain sweep tests at constant frequency showed
that the materials had no or only a low linear viscoelastic
domain. The results from frequency sweep tests, either at
the lowest strain, or within the linear range at several
temperatures, were processed by time-temperature
superposition to obtain the shear storage modulus and the
loss modulus master curves at a reference temperature of
100 C. Further studies were made using the morphology
damaging test, consisting of alternating low strain and
increasingly higher strain testing, and using the damaged
morphology recovery test, in which the dynamic
properties were measured at low strain, a large strain
applied to damage the morphology, followed by low strain
measurements. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.814363
Item 36
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
80, No.11, 13th June 2001, p.2067-72
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF
ORGANOSOLUBLE POLYIMIDE/CLAY
HYBRIDS
Sheng-Huei Hsiao; Guey-Sheng Liou; Li-Ming Chang
Tatung,University; I-Shou University
A soluble polyimide was prepared from 7,7'-bis(4-
aminophenoxy)-4,4,4',4'-tetramethyl-2,2'-spirobichroman
and 4,4'-hexafluoroisopropylidenediphthalic anhydride,
and mixed with organo-modified montmorillonite or
synthetic mica in N,N-dimethylacetamide. Transparent,
flexible, and tough films were cast from the solutions and
characterised by wide-angle X-ray scattering,
transmission electron microscopy, thermomechanical
analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and differential
scanning calorimetry. The montmorillonite was more
homogeneously dispersed than the mica. Both minerals
gave a a reduction in thermal expansion coefficient and a
slight increase in thermal stability. 14 refs.
TAIWAN
Accession no.814360
Item 37
Polymer Testing
20, No.4, 2001, p.357-61
USE OF PYROLYSED OIL SHALE AS FILLER IN
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
Barbosa R V; Baumhardt-Neto R; Mauler R S; Perez
Gorgia C J
Rio Grande do Sul,Universidade Federal
A comparison was made of additions of pyrolysed oil shale
and calcium carbonate in high density polyethylene. As
expected the behaviour of the fillers was related to the particle
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
size and concentration. Smaller particle size materials having
the least effect on mechanical properties. Calorimetry and
microscopy results were also discussed. 9 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.814096
Item 38
Polymer
42, No.12, 2001, p.5415-23
FILLED ELASTOMERS; A NEW APPROACH
BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF CHAIN
ORIENTATION
Bokobza L
ESPCI
Rubber compounds based on SBR and filled with silica
at two different levels (27 and 55 parts per hundred
rubber), both with and without silane coupling agents,
were studied using infrared and birefringence techniques
to determine orientational behaviour of the filled polymer
network. Correlation of the results with equilibrium stress-
strain measurements and swelling in cyclohexane was
carried out with good correlation reported between
swelling and birefringence measurements. 26 refs
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.814062
Item 39
Polymer Testing
20, No.3, 2001, p.269-73
PVC AND AGALMATOLITE COMPOSITE
CHARACTERISATION
Pedro B M A; Monteiro E E C; Dweck J
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and
measurements of glass transitional temperature and other
mechanical properties were used to characterise
composites of PVC and agalmatolite compared with
similar composites of PVC and calcium carbonate. In both
cases, the filler content tested was 10, 20, 30 and 40 phr,
with the basic composition being PVC, DOP plasticiser
and Barrostab, a Ba/Cd/Zn stabilizer. The glass transition
temperature fell with higher agalmatolite content, but
remained stable with all levels of calcium carbonate filler.
Compared with the results for the calcium carbonate filler,
composites with agalmatolite exhibited slightly higher
Young’s modulus and elongation at break indicating an
enhancement of plasticity and resistance to elastic
deformation. 11 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.813853
Item 40
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
80, No.13, 24th June 2001, p.2617-23
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND FRACTURE
MORPHOLOGY OF AL(OH)3/
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES MODIFIED
BY PP GRAFTING WITH ACRYLIC ACID
Kancheng Mai; Zhengjun Li; Yuxin Qiu; Hanmin Zeng
Zhongshan,University
The tensile, flexural and impact properties of blends of
polypropylene (PP), polypropylene-graft-poly(acrylic
acid) and aluminium hydroxide were determined, and
the fracture morphology of the samples was studied by
scanning electron microscopy. Additions of Al(OH)3
reduced the mechanical properties of PP, whilst the
addition of the graft copolymer to the PP/Al(OH)3
composites enhanced the mechanical properties. This
was attributed to improve dispersion of the Al(OH)3 and
to interfacial interaction between the filler and the
matrix. The mechanical properties improved with
increased copolymer content and degree of grafting. 35
refs.
CHINA
Accession no.813699
Item 41
Polymer International
50, No.5, April 2001, p.524-30
INFLUENCE OF SILICA CONTENT ON
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR AND CURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICA-FILLED
STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Choi S-S
Kumho R & D Center
Rheological behaviour and cure characteristics of silica-
filled SBR compounds and SBR compounds filled with
both silica and carbon black with different silica contents
are investigated. Rheocurves of the time versus the
torque of the compounds show specific trends with the
silica content. For the compounds with low silica content
(less than 50 phr), torque decreases immediately after
the steep increase at the initial point of the rheocurve
and then increases very slowly. For compounds with high
silica content (more than 50 phr), the rheographs show
two minimum torque points; the torque decreases
immediately after the steep increase at the start point of
the rheocurve and then increases sharply before reaching
the second minimum point. This can be explained by
the strong filler-filler interaction of silica. The minimum
torque of the compound increases slightly with an
increase of the silica content up to 50 phr silica content
and then increases appreciably. For the silica-filled
compounds, cure times of the t02, t40 and t90 become
shorter with an increase of the filler content. For the
compounds filled with both silica and carbon black (total
filler content of 80 phr), cure times become longer with
increase in silica content ratio. 14 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.810968
41
 References and Abstracts
Item 42
Kobunshi Ronbunshu
58, No.3, 2001, p.99-104
Japanese
EFFECT OF BLENDING METHOD ON IMPACT
RESISTANCE
Imanishi H; Yamaguchi T; Fukuda N
Aichi,Industrial Research Institute
The impact properties of PVC could be improved by the
addition of finely powdered calcium carbonate (CC), and
the factors such as kind of stabiliser, molecular weight of
PVC, amount of plasticiser, blending temperature and
blending process by a heat twin roller are investigated
for the improvement. The impact properties are improved
by use of fatty acid salts as stabiliser. The higher the
molecular weight of PVC and the larger the mixed amount
of plasticiser to PVC, the more excellent the impact
resistance. Blending temperature and blending process
by a heat twin roller are also significant factors. In
particular, pre-blending process at low temperatures
shows remarkable effects. Observations by SEM reveal
that the sufficient dispersion of powdery CC, whose
particle size is from 0.01 to 0.3 mu m, in the PVC matrix
lead to remarkable improvement in impact resistance. 11
refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.810923
Item 43
Rubber Technology International
2000, p.27-9
SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC OXIDE
Hillmer J; Henschel D; Rothmann H; Berghofer J
Continental; ContiTech; Brueggemann KG
The special properties of zinc oxide RAC produced by
Brueggemann, were compared with those of zinc oxide
French Process in a lightly filled NBR compound
containing a small quantity of plasticiser. The properties
studied included the viscosity of the compounds, torque
measurements, crosslink density, vulcanisation time,
reversion stability, mechanical properties (hardness,
elasticity, tensile strength, elongation at break and
compression set), ageing and the results of flexometer
tests (flowing and heat build-up). No refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807884
Item 44
2000 TAPPI Polymers, Laminations & Coatings
Conference: Volume 3. Conference proceedings.
Chicago, Il, 27th-31st Aug.2000, p.1063-7
INTRODUCTION TO LAYERED SILICATE
NANOCOMPOSITES
Lopez G A
Southern Clay Composites
42
(TAPPI)
Layered silicates can be incorporated into high gas barrier
resins to improve performance. The use of organically
modified montmorillonite clays (nanoclays) to improve
physical properties of key resins has been a technology
of future promise with little commercial activity at present.
The technology is introduced and its commercial viability
is demonstrated. Some of the geology associated with
selecting a nanoclay is explored and nanocomposite
processing and surface chemistry are reviewed. The
mechanism for barrier improvement is discussed. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.807616
Item 45
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
39, No.4, 15th Feb.2001, p.446-50
PP/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES: A STUDY OF
CRYSTALLIZATION AND DYNAMIC
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
Hambir S; Bulakh N; Kodgire P; Kalgaonkar R; Jog J P
Pune,National Chemical Laboratory
The crystallisation and dynamic mechanical properties
of PP/clay nanocomposites were investigated. The
composites exhibited disordered structures, as evidenced
by the X-ray diffraction patterns. The thermal degradation
temp. increased from 270 to about 330C on addition of
the filler. DMA showed a significant improvement in the
storage modulus. The intensity of the loss modulus peak
was reduced, showing weak cooperative relaxations of
PP in the PP/clay composites. A dramatic change in the
crystalline morphology was observed in the PP/clay
composites. The composites crystallised at a high temp.
exhibited fibrous structures that grew with time. 13 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.807384
Item 46
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
21, No.1, 2001, p.1-9
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYURETHANES
CONTAINING DIFFERENT SILICAS
Torro-Palau A M; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-
Barcelo A C; Martin-Martinez J M
INESCOP; Alicante,University
Four silicas, two fumed (one hydrophilic and one
hydrophobic) and two precipitated (one hydrophilic and
one hydrophobic), were added to a thermoplastic PU. The
rheological, mechanical and adhesion properties of the
PU-silica composites were investigated. The addition of
silica generally increased the viscosity, storage modulus
and loss modulus of the PU-silica composites in solution
but only the hydrophilic fumed silica imparted
pseudoplasticity and thixotropy. Addition of silica did not
modify the Tg but increased the softening temp. of PU
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
composites. The immediate (green) T-peel strength of
SBR/PU composite joints, either roughened or roughened
+ chlorinated with 2 wt % trichloroisocyanuric acid
solutions in 2-butanone), on the other hand, was markedly
improved if the PU contained silica, particularly fumed
silica. Similar T-peel strength, 72 h after bond formation,
was found in the joints produced with PU composites with
and without silica. 12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.807263
Item 47
World Plastics Technology
2000, p.27
COMPOUNDED NANOCOMPOSITES ARRIVE
Property enhancements achieved by the use of nanofillers
are examined, with reference to applications in automotive
and packaging applications, and the recent development
of compounded nanocomposites with properties similar
to those of their reactor-produced equivalents is
announced. The major obstacle has been treating the
surface of the clay particles to allow them to mix in with
the polymer molecules. However, a new nanoclay has
been developed which can be blended into nylons in twin-
screw or kneading extruders, with results 90% as good as
the reactor version.
Accession no.806021
Item 48
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 723
CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLED
POLYBUTYLENETEREPHTHALATES
Sardast M; Choi K-J
Tennessee,Technological University; AAF International
(SPE)
Poly(butylene terephthalate), containing 0-15 wt%
calcium carbonate, was characterised by measurements
of rheological properties, thermal properties by
differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile properties.
The introduction of calcium carbonate did not
significantly influenced the rheological and thermal
properties, but the elongation at break reduced, and the
tensile modulus increased, with increasing filler content.
3 refs.
USA
Accession no.805731
Item 49
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 714
MIXING CHARACTERISTICS AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
POLYPROPYLENE-CLAY COMPOSITES
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Kyu-Nam Kim; Hyung-Su Kim; Jae-Wook Lee
Dankook,University; Sogang,University
(SPE)
Polypropylenes with different melt viscosities, and
polypropylene-graft-poly(maleic anhydride)s were
blended with organically modified montmorillonites using
an intensive mixer, and the prepared nanocomposites
characterised by transmission electron microscopy, wide
angle X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analysis.
The dispersion of clay agglomerates in the homopolymer-
based nanocomposites was dependent upon the polymer
viscosity, particularly when the clay was able to
compensate for the entropy loss of the confined polymer
chains by having an appropriate initial interlayer height
and packing density. These limitations did not effect the
graft copolymer-based nanocomposites due to interaction
of the silicate layers of the clay with maleic anhydride. It
was concluded that the final morphology was determined
by both thermodynamic and rheological factors. 6 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.805722
Item 50
European Chemical News
74, No.1946, 26th.Feb.-4th.March 2001, p.28
NEXT BIG THING
Robinson S
The use of nano-additives in nanocomposites is examined.
Key nano-additives are naturally occurring clays such as
smectite and synthetic materials such as hydrotalcite,
nanotubes, nanofibres and nanochemicals. They are used
in very low doses, do not affect the density of the
composite, and improve barrier properties and impart
stiffness. Their growth is discussed in terms of end-use
applications, growth-rates and market shares, and
advantages of their use are examined.
Accession no.804743
Item 51
Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting
16, No.2, April 2000, p.155-68
NEW HIGHLY EFFICIENT SILICA ANTI-
BLOCKING AIDS FOR PE AND PP FILMS
van Essche G; Kromminga T; Schmidt A
Grace Davison
Details are given of the preparation of a new synthetic
silica to provide increased anti-blocking efficiency.
Experiments involving the use of this silica in LDPE and
PP films are presented. The effect of the additive on
discolouration and scratch resistance are also discussed.
2 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.804076
43
 References and Abstracts
Item 52
Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting
16, No.2, April 2000, p.134-40
EFFECT OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
PROPERTIES ON THE REINFORCEMENT OF
HMW-HDPE FILM
Ruiz F A
Heritage Plastics Inc.
Details are given of the preparation of calcium carbonate-
filled HDPE. Neck height and blow-up ratios were varied
to determine how the addition of calcium carbonate
affected film property response to variations in processing.
11 refs.
USA
Accession no.804074
Item 53
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
79, No.526, April 2000, p.449-56
Spanish
NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE MINERAL
FILLERS FOR PVC COMPOUNDS
Hidalgo M; Sanchez M
Yesos Ibericos
The properties of PVC compounds filled with Oparex 15
calcined calcium sulphate (Yesos Ibericos) were
investigated and compared with those of compounds
containing calcium carbonate as filler. For plasticised
compounds, studies were made of abrasion resistance and
of hardness before and after heat and chemical ageing. In
the case of rigid compounds, the influence of filler type
and content on impact strength, tensile properties, Vicat
softening temperature, rheological behaviour, colour and
resistance to heat ageing was determined. 1 ref.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803913
Item 54
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
79, No.526, April 2000, p.441-8
Spanish
USE OF THE CARBON-SILICA DUAL PHASE
FILLER IN TRUCK TYRE COMPOUNDS
Hardy D; Moneypenny H; Vicario P
Cabot Leiden Technical Centre; Cabot SA
Ecoblack CRX 2000 and 2002 carbon-silica dual phase
fillers (Cabot) were evaluated in NR truck tyre compounds
in comparison with conventional carbon black grades.
Studies were made of the cure characteristics of the
compounds, viscoelastic properties, heat generation, wear
resistance, rolling resistance, and adhesion of NR to steel
cords before and after exposure to different ageing
conditions. 13 refs.
CABOT CORP.; BEKAERT NV SA; MALAYSIAN
RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH ASSN.
44
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; SPAIN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.803912
Item 55
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 556
EFFECTS OF COMPATIBILIZERS,
POLYAMIDE-6 GRADE, AND FILLER TYPE ON
THE PROPERTIES OF TPO/POLYAMIDE-6
BLENDS
Saggese L; Barry C M F; Orroth S A
Massachusetts,University
(SPE)
The influence of compatibilisers, grade of polyamide-6,
wollastonite filler and injection moulding speed on the
properties of thermoplastic polyolefin (propylene
copolymer with 30% ethylene-propylene comonomer)
(TPO)/polyamide-6 blends, with a blend ratio of 90:10,
was investigated. The addition of polyamide to TPO
increased the tensile and flexural moduli, and hence the
deflection temperature under load and the scratch
resistance, but reduced the impact strength. A di-
terminated polyamide gave superior properties compared
with a non-terminated polymer. The addition of
wollastonite had the greatest influence on the blend
properties. The major influences of the compatibilisers
were on the elongation, impact strength and scratch
resistance. High injection speeds increased the impact
strength and scratch resistance. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.803853
Item 56
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 552
IMPROVED PROCESSING OF HIGHLY FILLED
CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOUNDS
Fulmer M; vander Kooi J; Koss E K
Struktol Co.of America
(SPE)
Calcium carbonate fillers, with and without surface
treatment, were mixed with three different fatty acid
derivatives and two polypropylenes (PP) in the ratio
40:60, prior to melt blending at 180 C. The blends were
characterised by torque measurements during blending,
differential scanning calorimetry, and by measurement
of colour, thermal stability (aged at 150 C for 158 h),
flexural properties and impact testing on samples aged
for 72 h at 150 C. it was concluded that the addition of 1-
2% of the derivatives at compounding was an economic
alternative to the use of pre-treated calcium carbonate.
The physical and properties matched or exceeded those
of PP containing pre-treated filler, with significant
reductions in blending time and viscosity, and enhanced
dispersion. The colour and stability were superior to those
of PP containing untreated filler. 4 refs.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
USA
Accession no.803849
Item 57
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
24, No.1, 2001, p.43
REINFORCING ACTION OF PMMA-SIO2
HYBRID MATERIAL ON NR
Ming Z; Changhao Y; Yourong L; Lanxiang Z;
Guanming Q; Shinichi I; Hiroshi O
Yangzhou,University; Changchun College of Optics &
Fine Mechanics
A method is described of filling natural rubber
vulcanisates with silicone dioxide of high dispersivity,
using cheap water glass as raw material, in order to
improve the mechanical properties. Active silanol solution
was prepared using tetrahydrofuran as solvent to extract
acidised water glass. Following esterification, radical
copolymerisation with MMA monomer was carried out
to obtain PMMA-SiO2 hybrid material. It was found that
the material had notable reinforcing action on the
mechanical properties of vulcanisates after it was milled
and cured with NR with differing mass ratios.
CHINA; JAPAN
Accession no.803121
Item 58
ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.
Volume 75. Conference Proceedings.
Orlando, FL., Fall 1996, p.46-7. 012
POLYMER-LAYERED SILICATE
NANOCOMPOSITES
Krishnamoorti R; Giannelis E P
Cornell University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
The rheological properties of polymer-layered silicate
nanocomposites are discussed. An important class of
nanocomposites is obtained by in situ polymerisation of
the monomer with the initiating species being tethered to
the silicate surface. Because of the high grafting density
(the surface area available per chain is - 0.7 square
nanometres) these hybrids represent model polymer brush
systems. The linear and non-linear viscoelastic response
of these nanocomposites was studied. Measurements of
linear viscoelastic response of a silicate end-tethered
polycaprolactone was nanocomposite were taken. In
addition, application of prolonged large-amplitude
oscillatory shear was carried out, as well as strain sweeps
of fixed frequencies and temperature on aligned sampled.
An increase in viscosity with increasing strain amplitude
was recorded. The features of this were that it is reversible,
that there is a critical strain amplitude for the transition,
and that the elastic components to the rheological response
becomes more important with increasing strain amplitude.
These features indicate that beyond a critical strain
amplitude the chains can only stretch in response to the
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
applied shear and this results in the experimentally
observed increase in elasticity and viscosity. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.803041
Item 59
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.59-60
POLYMER LAYERED SILICATE
NANOCOMPOSITES: THERMAL STABILITY OF
ORGANIC CATIONIC TREATMENTS
Gilman J W; Morgan A B; Harris R H; Trulove P C; De
Long H C; Sutto T E
US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology; US,Air
Force,Office of Scientific Research; US,Naval
Research Laboratory
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Nanocomposites result from the combination of materials
with vastly different properties at the nanometer scale.
Some examples of these include polymers combined with
layered-silicate, polymers combined with nano-silica,
hybrid materials prepared by sol-gel methods and POSS
nanocomposites. All these materials exhibit many unique
properties, such as improved thermal stability, reduced
flammability, improved mechanical properties, etc.
However, for successful preparation of nanocomposites,
and for their subsequent incorporation into end-products,
nanocomposites must maintain their unique chemical and
physical properties during processing. Improved thermal
stability is shown for new organic cationic treatments used
to compatibilise layered silicates with polymers and
monomers. 18 refs.
USA
Accession no.802820
Item 60
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.
Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.55
RECENT STUDIES ON THERMAL STABILITY
AND FLAME RETARDANCY OF
POLYSTYRENE-MONTMORILLONITE
NANOCOMPOSITES (PMN)
Zhu J; Lamelas F; Wilkie C A
Marquette,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Nanocomposites based on layered inorganics exhibit new
and improved properties due to their nanometer
dimension. They show increased stiffness and strength
and enhanced thermal stability without sacrificing impact
resistance. A recent report shows that nanocomposites also
exhibit better flame retardancy than the pure polymers.
Two approaches have been used for the formation of
nanocomposites: blending and in-situ polymerisation.
Melt-blending is based on melt intercalation of the
45
 References and Abstracts
polymer and involves annealing a mixture of polymer and
clay above the Tg of the polymer. In-situ polymerisation
is based on polymerisation of monomers in the presence
of clay. Since small molecules can easily insert the
galleries of the clay, in-situ polymerisation can produce
well-dispersed materials. Recent studies on the thermal
properties and flammability of PS-clay nanocomposites
are reviewed. These nanocomposites are prepared by in-
situ polymerisation. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.802817
Item 61
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
39, No.5, 2000, p.875-85
REINFORCEMENT OF THE AROMATIC
POLYAMIDE
POLYTRIMETHYLHEXAMETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALAMIDE: COMPARISONS
AMONG BLENDED EX SITU SILICA WITH AND
WITHOUT A BONDING AGENT AND IN SITU
GENERATED SILICA
Park Y W; Mark J E
Cincinnati,University
Samples of polytrimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide
are first blended with separately prepared fumed silica in
the absence of a coupling agent, and their mechanical
properties measured in continuous extension. The
reinforcement obtained in this ex situ approach is
qualitatively similar to that obtained by in situ generation
of silica in sol-gel hydrolysis and condensation of
tetraethoxysilane. The increase of ultimate (tensile)
strength, however, is only 10%, compared to the 25%
obtained in the in situ approach. Adding 20 or 40 mol.%
of an epoxysilane coupling agent to the ex situ samples
gives increases in tensile strength up to 50%. Scanning
electron microscopy shows interesting differences in the
structures of these various fillers. For example the fumed
silica particles without the coupling agent shows a
tendency to form heterogeneous aggregates in a spherical
texture. The particles coated with the coupling agent show
little aggregation and evidence of good adhesion to the
polyamide matrix. Concentrations up to a 20 mol.%
coupling agent also yield spherical textures, but 40 mol.%
gives an unusual fibrous structure. 23 refs.
USA
Accession no.802537
Item 62
Iranian Polymer Journal
9, No.3, July 2000, p.153-62
REINFORCING EFFECTS OF PRECIPITATED
SILICAS ON PROPERTIES OF SOME
VULCANISATES OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER
Ansariiifar M A; Chugh J P; Haghighat S
Loughborough,University
46
The tear strengths of some conventional accelerated-
sulphur vulcanisates of SBR with a sulphur to accelerator
ratio of approximately 1.8, containing no filler, 10, 30 or
50 pphr precipitated amorphous white silica filler type
VN3 are measured. Tear tests are performed at different
rates ranging from 0.017 to 8.33 mm/s at an angle of 180
deg. and at an ambient temperature (approximately
23deg.C). The tear strengths of the vulcanisates improve
progressively and quite substantially with silica, a trend
which continues strongly when the amount of silica in
the formulation is increased to 50 pphr, but remains mostly
unaffected by changes in the rate of tear. For instance,
the tearing energy rises by almost two orders of
magnitude, from approximately 1.5 to approximately 100
kJ/sq.m at a tear rate of 0.017 mm/s, when 50 pphr silica
is loaded into the rubber. Likewise, the hardness of the
vulcanisates which is measured at 24.5 deg.C and a 15 s
instant, is enhanced significantly from approximately 35
to approximately 65 Shore A, when silica is added and
then increases progressively to its full amount in the
rubbers. 17 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.802520
Item 63
Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
proceedings.
Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.422-5
FABRICATION OF POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES
USING WOOD FLOUR
Valduga D M; Zattera A J; Freire E; Carvalho G;
Zeni M
Caxias do Sul,Universidade
Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
(EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
Chemical treatment of wood flour in polyolefin
composites is shown to give good results in terms of
mechanical properties, and the addition of calcium
carbonate gives better homogeneity to the composition
and, as a result, better mechanical properties. 8 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.802313
Item 64
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 484
MELT PROCESSED POLYMER-CLAY
NANOCOMPOSITES: PROPERTIES AND
APPLICATIONS
Dahman S J
RTP Co.
(SPE)
Nanocomposites were prepared by the melt compounding
of polyamide-6 and nanoclays using a twin screw extruder.
Intercalation, exfoliation, and clay dispersion were
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
evaluated using X-ray diffraction and transmission
electron microscopy. Samples prepared by injection
moulding were used for the measurement of tensile,
flexural, and impact strength, and for heat deflection
temperature. Oxygen transmission rates and rheological
properties were determined. The addition of nanoclays
resulted in significant property improvements, resulting
in properties comparable to those obtained by 20-30 wt%
mineral additions. A four-fold improvement in oxygen
barrier properties was observed. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.802014
Item 65
International Journal of Polymeric Materials
47, No.1, 2000, p.117-37
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON
LAYER ALUMINIUM-SILICATES
Ruban L; Lomakin S; Zaikov G E
Semenov N.N.,Institute of Chemical Physics; Russian
Academy of Sciences
An overview is presented of the current technical and
scientific background relating to polymer nanocomposites
based on aluminosilicates. 32 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.800210
Item 66
Focus on Plastics Additives
No.31, Oct.2000, p.10
T IS FOR... TALC
This informative article introduces talc - the most common
mineral filler. It explains how the filler affects the
mechanical properties of a thermoplastic, and provides
information on uses of talc other than as a filler, the
location of talc deposits, its properties and particle shape,
and finally, US production and demand.
LUZENAC; SPECIALTY MINERALS INC.; ZEMEX;
BARRETT’S MINERALS; DAL MINERALS;
GOUVERNEUR TALC
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Accession no.800009
Item 67
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 446
EFFECTS OF ASPECT RATIO ON
PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF MICA
REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE AND NYLON
Canova L A
Oglebay Norton Specialty Minerals
(SPE)
Four micas with significantly different aspect ratios, as
determined by a laser particle size analyser, were blended
with polypropylene (PP) and polyamide-6 (PA-6), and
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
tensile, flexural and impact test specimens prepared from
the blends by injection moulding. A fixed mica addition
of 30 wt% was used for all trials. The use of higher aspect
ratio mica increased the flexural modulus by 55% and
47%, and decreased the unnotched Izod impact strength
by 66% and 29%, in PP and PA-6, respectively. Mould
shrinkage decreased by 31% and 40% in PP and PA-6,
respectively, with increasing aspect ratio. Increasing
aspect ratio also increased the heat deflection temperature
of PP and PA-6 by 22% and 7.7%, respectively. Only slight
changes in tensile and flexural strength were observed. 4
refs.
USA
Accession no.799961
Item 68
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 220
RHEOLOGY OF HIGHLY INTERACTIVE
POLYMER-FILLER MIXTURES
Havet G; Isayev A I
Akron,University
(SPE)
The dynamic properties of polystyrene containing
different concentrations of fumed silica with an average
particle size of 20 nm were studied as functions of
frequency and strain. There was an abrupt change in the
viscoelastic properties at silica concentrations in excess
of 1 vol%. Scanning electron microscopy observations
revealed a 3D network of silica particles bridged by the
adsorbed polymer. The rheological behaviour was
simulated using a double network created by the entangled
polymer matrix and the adsorbed polymer, both networks
being represented by a Giesekus viscoelastic constitutive
equation. The dependence of the rheological properties
on filler concentration was accounted for by considering
the density of polymer-filler interactions and a
hydrodynamic reinforcement. The relative contributions
of the two networks was determined through the energy
balance consistent with the thermodynamics of the
chemical interactions and fluid mechanics. 25 refs.
USA
Accession no.799740
Item 69
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
23,No.3,2000,p.148-52
Chinese
IN-SITU SILICA REINFORCING RUBBER BY
SOL-GEL METHOD
Duan Xianjian; Zhang Liqun; Wu Shemao; Wang
Yizhong
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
The use of the sol-gel process for the reinforcement of
rubber using in situ silica nanoparticles is reviewed. There
are three variations of the technique: (i) preparing in situ
47
 References and Abstracts
silica in rubber after curing; (ii) preparing in situ silica in
rubber before curing; and (iii) preparing in situ silica
during curing. The mechanism and the effect factors of
this technique are also discussed. Structure features (sizes,
size distributions, dispersion and interface conditions) of
the in situ silica-reinforced rubber composites and their
mechanical properties are summarised. Advantages and
disadvantages, as well as prospects in the rubber industry,
are analysed. 27 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.799116
Item 70
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
73, No.4, Sept./Oct. 2000, p.647-65
REINFORCEMENT OF SILICONE
ELASTOMERS WITH TREATED SILICA
XEROGELS: SILICA-SILICONE IPNS
Deng Q; Hahn J R; Stasser J; Preston J D; Burns G T
Dow Corning Corp.
The study of the effect of filling silicone elastomer with
silylated xerogel, using different filler levels and degrees
of surface treatment of the filler, indicates that these
materials produce better reinforcement than using other
treated fillers. The method of preparation and
characterisation of the xerogels, and the vinyl treated
xerogels, made from sodium silicate are described.
Compounding of the xerogel into the silicone elastomer
on a Haake rheocord is described, and methods of
evaluation of the resulting compounds are given.
Reduction of the size of the Xerogel during compounding
is thought to be due to fracture of the macroporous region,
leaving the mesoporous regions uniformly dispersed in
the polymer. Bound rubber measurements indicate that
reinforcement is by an interpenetrating network between
the silica of the xerogel and the silicone, which gives rise
to the good physical properties of the vulcanised
compound. 46 refs.
USA
Accession no.798621
Item 71
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 282
INFLUENCE OF MICA AND TALC FILLERS ON
THE PROPERTIES OF ROTATIONALLY
MOULDED LLDPE
Robert A; Orr J F; Crawford R J
Belfast,Queen’s University; Auckland,University
(SPE)
Linear low density polyethylene was mixed with different
grades of mica and talc (5, 10 and 15 wt%), maleic anhydride-
modified high density polyethylene coupling agent (3 and 5
wt%), and titanate coupling agent, and compounded using a
single screw extruder. Cube shapes were produced using a
rotational moulding machine with an oven temperature of
350 C and a peak internal air temperature of 220 C. The
48
finer grades of talc and mica improved the impact strength
of the moulded parts, and the use of maleic anhydride-
modified PE gave superior mechanical properties compared
with the titanate coupling agent. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NEW
ZEALAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.798564
Item 72
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 304
SURFACE DAMAGE RESISTANCE OF
AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS
Ryntz R A
Visteon Automotive Systems
(SPE)
Surface damage, including scratching, chipping and
gouging of injection moulded automotive components is
discussed in terms of polymer composition and
processing. Blends of 80 wt% polypropylene and 20 wt%
elastomer, with and without 10 wt% filler (talc and
wollastonite), were prepared and characterised by
measurement of work of fracture, flexural modulus, Izod
impact strength, indentation hardness, and scratch
resistance, and by optical and scanning electron
microscopy. The paint damage resistance of painted
samples was determined using proprietary equipment.
Gouging resistance increased with increasing tensile
strength, which increased with increasing boundary layer
thickness. The gouge resistance also increased with
increasing surface hardness, and with decreasing filler
size. The scratch and chip resistances decreased with
increasing surface hardness. 21 refs.
USA
Accession no.798486
Item 73
Polymer
42, No.3, 2001, p.1143-56
DESCRIPTION OF THE TENSILE STRESS-
STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF FILLER-
REINFORCED RUBBER-LIKE NETWORKS
USING A LANGEVIN-THEORY-BASED
APPROACH PART II
Meissner B; Matejka L
Czech Republic,Academy of Sciences
The modified equation presented in previous papers by the
authors was shown to represent the experimental stress-strain
dependences up to break of filler-reinforced elastomers when
the concept of a strain-dependent finite extensibility parameter
is used. The equation was a combination of Langevin-theory-
based James-Guth with the phenomenological term C2 of the
Mooney-Rivlin equation modified by introducing an additional
empirical parameter. 18 refs.
CZECH REPUBLIC
Accession no.798387
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 74
Polymer
42, No.3, 2001, p.879-87
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
EPOXY COMPOSITES FILLED WITH
FUNCTIONALIZED NANOSILICA PARTICLES
OBTAINED VIA SOL-GEL PROCESS
Kang S; Hong S I; Choe C R; Park M; Rim S; Kim J
Seoul,National University; Korea,Institute of Science
& Technology
Various modification techniques were used to establish
the interfacial effects of the addition of uniform sized
silica particles prepared by sol-gel reaction on the
properties of epoxy composites. The particle dispersion
and the interface were found to be considerably affected
by the type of functional group of the silica. The
composites were characterised. 23 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.798361
Item 75
Plastics Additives & Compounding
2, No.5, May 2000, p.30-2
NANOCOMPOSITES - IT’S A QUESTION OF
PICKING THE WINNERS
Murphy J
Trends in the development of nanocomposites are
reviewed and discussed. Claims of improved mechanical
properties, stiffness, high barrier properties and inherent
flame retardancy are examined. Out of all the potential
prospects for nanocomposites, it is argued that only around
five are practicable and perhaps only two will be fully
commercialised. Recent developments have seen the
commercialisation of a nylon film with high barrier
properties from nanoparticles, and a nylon moulding
compound with optimised mechanical properties. GM is
reported to have been working with Montell on a
thermoplastic olefin elastomer with 5% smectite clay
which gives stiffness equivalent to a 23-35% talc
reinforcement. Research is reported into methods for the
incorporation of ultra-fine fillers, the production of nano-
sized carbon and fullerene tubes, and the use of conductive
reinforcements in automotive bodywork panels which can
be electrostatically painted.
Accession no.798275
Item 76
Macromolecules
33, No.23, 14th Nov.2000, p.8858-64
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
OF FILLER EFFECT ON STRESS-
DEFORMATION-SEGMENTAL ORIENTATION
RELATIONS FOR POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE
NETWORKS
Bokobza L; Erman B
ESPCI; Sabanci,University
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Results of stress-strain, IR dichroism, and birefringence
experiments on silica-filled PDMS networks are
discussed. The end-to-end distributions of different length
PDMS chains were characterised by Monte Carlo isomeric
state calculations and derived stress-deformation-
orientation relations for networks made of these chains
by employing the three-chain network model. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
TURKEY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.798212
Item 77
European Plastics News
27, No.11, Nov.2000, p.27
NANOCOMPOSITE TPO MAKES IT TO
MARKET
Basell has commercialised Hifax DX 277, the
nanocomposite thermoplastic polyolefin that it has been
jointly developing with Southern Clay Products. The TPO
is now being used by General Motors and its Tier One
suppliers. During the testing phase, GM made prototype
rear quarter and exterior door panels. Meanwhile, RTP is
working on more polyolefin-based nanoclay compounds
and a range of grades that use nanotubes, including PEEK,
PEI and polycarbonate. Nanotubes impart electrical
conductivity to the base material. Honeywell has revealed
details of a polymerised nylon 6 nanocomposite resin,
for use mainly in packaging films. The film will have
three to four times the barrier properties of unfilled nylon.
BASELL; SOUTHERN CLAY PRODUCTS INC.
USA
Accession no.795144
Item 78
158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000.
Conference preprints.
Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 57
EFFECT OF HIGH DISPERSIBLE-HIGH
STRUCTURE SILICA ON RUBBER
PROPERTIES
Gatti L
Huber J.M.,Corp.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Highly dispersible silicas (HDS) were evaluated in six
model formulations and the results reported. Comparisons
were made with similar surface area silicas to compare the
differences between HDS and classical silica. The
formulations contained various silica loading levels and
two of them used silane coupling agents to bond the silica
to the rubber matrix. Dispersion photographs are included.
Applications studied included a nitrile roll compound, an
EPDM Linesman blanket compound, Neoprene V-belt
tensile gum compound, an earthmover tyre tread
compound, passenger tyre tread compound, and a
passenger/light truck steel skim adhesion compound. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.794162
49
 References and Abstracts
Item 79
158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000.
Conference preprints.
Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 56
DESIGNING REINFORCING FILLERS FOR
ELASTOMERS. II. EFFECT OF IONIC
STRENGTH
Chen C; Schaefer D W; Yang A J-M; DeAngelis A P;
Retzinger S; Jemian P; Ilavsky J
Cincinnati,University; CYBER Center; US,National
Inst.of Standards & Technology
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
An investigation is carried out to prepare reinforcing
powders with hard aggregates and soft agglomerates by
using a modified silica powder as filler. Silicic acid is
used to neutralise sodium silicate to synthesise silica
powders with reduced ionic strength and novel
structures. In-situ light scattering shows that loose
agglomerates are formed at low ionic strength. The
decrease of ionic strength enhances the repulsive forces
between colloidal aggregates, leading to the suppression
of chemical bonding. In the absence of chemical bonding
between the aggregates, soft agglomerates are formed
allowing interpenetration between aggregates during
drying, leading to increased bulk density. The extent of
interpenetration depends of ionic strength. Soft
agglomerates can facilitate dispersion, which, in turn,
can improve rubber reinforcement performance. The
increase in tensile modulus, tensile strength and
toughness of rubbers filled with silicic acid-modified
silica is shown to be consistent with better dispersion.
The slurries are also characterised by light scattering
and ultra small-angle x-ray scattering to show that the
slurries evolve differently depending on the
neutralisation scheme. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.794161
Item 80
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 75
NANOCOMPOSITES: THE IMPORTANCE OF
PROCESSING
Dennis H R; Hunter D L; Chang D; Kim S; White J L;
Cho J W; Paul D R
Southern Clay Products Inc.; Akron,University;
Texas,University at Austin
(SPE)
Nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending
polyamide-6 with montmorillonite-based organoclays,
using several combinations of extruder and screw
configurations. The degrees of delamination and
dispersion, studied using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and
transmission electron microscopy, were dependent upon
both processing and clay chemical treatment, and were
influenced by factors other than the residence time. The
tensile modulus, tensile yield strength, elongation and
50
impact properties were determined for the prepared
nanocomposites. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.793806
Item 81
Kobunshi Ronbunshu
57, No.9, 2000, p.590-5
Japanese
IMPROVEMENT OF IMPACT RESISTANT
PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
FILLED WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
Imanishi H; Yamaguchi T; Fukuda N
Japan,Industrial Products Research Institute
The effect of the addition of finely powdered calcium
carbonate on the impact resistance of PVC was
investigated. The influence of stabiliser, blending time,
temperature, solvent and ultrasonication were examined.
8 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.792504
Item 82
Polymer International
49, No.11, Nov. 2000, p.1389-94
STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE AND IPP/
TALC BLENDS FUNCTIONALIZED BY
ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION
Lu D; Guan R
Hubei,University
The structure and mechanical properties of isotactic PP
functionalised by electron beam irradiation were
investigated by DSC, X-ray diffraction, thermo-
gravimetry, thermomechanical analysis, melt index, and
mechanical measurements. The effect of increasing dose
on degree of crystallinity, thermal degradation
temperature and dimensional stability is discussed. 28
refs.
CHINA
Accession no.791553
Item 83
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 39
BREAKING BARRIERS TO HIGHER OUTPUT
RATES WITH DENSIFIED ULTRAFINE TALC
DURING MELTING COMPOUNDING ON THE
COROTATING INTERMESHING TWIN SCREW
EXTRUDER
Radosta J A; Beecher E
Specialty Minerals Inc.; Krupp Werner & Pfleiderer Corp.
(SPE)
The melt compounding of densified and non-densified
ultrafine talc (20 and 40% additions) into a propylene
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
copolymer was studied using a 40 mm co-rotating twin
screw extruder, using 11 alternative barrels and 2 alternative
screws. Samples of the copolymer were then injection
moulded and subjected to falling weight impact, notched
Izod, and flexural strength testing. Compounding of the
non-densified talc was limited by the volume which could
be fed into the machine, whilst densified talc compounding
was limited by the maximum torque loading on the screw.
The use of densified talc permitted the use of all the
available power capacity, giving 300% higher output rates
at 40% loading, and 50% higher rates at 20% loading,
compared with the use of non-densified talc. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.791351
Item 84
Patent Number: US 6011087 A 20000104
MODIFIED MINERAL FILLER FOR
THERMOSETS
Marshall C J; Lynch T J; Freeman G M
Huber J.M.,Corp.
These fillers, derived from either a coarse particle kaolin
clay or a coarse particle ATH, have excellent utility in
thermosets as low paste viscosity fillers. The method of
treatment involves the use of specific weight ratio
combinations of a silane and a long chain aliphatic
alcohol. The treatment of clay can also involve the
auxiliary use of a surfactant in small amounts, which is
utilised to emulsify the silane and aliphatic alcohol
treatment components in water either individually or as a
co-emulsion blend prior to their addition to the clay. The
surfactant aids in uniformly treating all the clay particle
surfaces with the silane/alcohol treatment combination.
Coarse particle clays used have an average Stokes
equivalent particle diameter of at least 3 microns, while
ATH fillers have a BET surface area value less than 5.0
sq.m/g. The low viscosity characteristic of these treated
clays or ATH allows the treated mineral products to be
used at high loadings in various thermoset compounds,
as fillers or extenders, which is advantageous in terms of
reducing cost and/or gaining certain performance
properties, such as physical reinforcement, composite
surface smoothness or flame retardancy.
USA
Accession no.789602
Item 85
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
78, No.5, 31st Oct.2000 p.1130-3
COLLISION-INDUCED DISPERSION OF
AGGLOMERATE SUSPENSIONS IN A SHEAR
FLOW
Seyvet O; Navard P
Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Paris
Agglomerates suspended in a polymer fluid have been
known to disperse in a flow through two mechanisms:
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
rupture and erosion. Using silica agglomerates, it is
demonstrated that a third mechanism can occur, i.e.,
detachment of fragments due to agglomerate collision.
This mechanism requires a much lower overall stress than
erosion (and rupture, which occurs at even larger stresses
than erosion). The fragment concentration produced by
collision at a given time is proportional to the square of
the applied shear rate. 6 refs.
Accession no.789077
Item 86
Polymer Engineering and Science
40, No.9, Sept.2000, p.1953-68
POLYETHYLENE COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
MINERAL FILLERS MODIFIED BY ACID
COATINGS. I. CHARACTERIZATION AND
PROCESSING
Haworth B; Raymond C L; Sutherland I
Loughborough,University
The effect of filler coatings on the processing properties
of MDPE modified by an ultrafine grade of flame-
retardant magnesium hydroxide filler was investigated.
Selected filler coatings were acid-group terminated and
were of varying aliphatic chain length. The filler dry-
coating process was optimised by characterising the
reaction between filler surface and the acid group, using
spectroscopic techniques including FTIR and X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy. Using immersion
calorimetry, the interactions between the fillers and the
polyolefin matrix were shown to decrease on addition of
a fatty acid coating. Compounding torque and specific
energy data were related to filler dispersion, while
qualitative analysis demonstrated the way in which the
coatings provided a reduction in both size and number of
particle agglomerates. MDPE compound processability
was examined by capillary rheometry and wall slip was
demonstrated in compounds containing uncoated
magnesium hydroxide filler. The development of
molecular orientation of the polymer during injection
mould filling, quantified by a reversion analysis, was
modified by the effects of filler coating chain length and
addition level. 32 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.788868
Item 87
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1852, 1st Sept.2000, p.6
MORE MEAT ON YOUR PLATELET
Lee M
The technology of adding specially treated nano-scale clay
particles to a variety of plastics, creating nanocomposites,
has the potential to dramatically improve the heat
resistance, barrier properties, strength, stiffness and flame
retardancy of the plastics. Target applications range from
51
 References and Abstracts

food packaging to automotive body panels. In April last Wulin Qiu; Kancheng Mai; Hanmin Zeng
year, RTP launched a clay/polyamide nanocomposite with Zhongshan,University; China,Key Laboratory of
a 3-5% loading of organically treated clay. This composite Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials
is made by melt processing. RTP’s most recent
Talc-filled PP composites coupled with vinyltrimethoxy
introduction is a polyamide 6 nanocomposite for extruded
silane-grafted PP(PP-g-Si) were prepared. The effect of
film and sheet applications. Bayer’s Durethan LPDU 601
PP-g-Si on the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural
grades are transparent with gas barrier properties.
and impact), crystallisation and melting behaviour of PP
Durethan products are made at the polymerisation stage.
composites was investigated. Compared with the
The TNO group has successfully made nanocomposites
uncoupled compositions, the mechanical properties of
of PA, PE, PP, PS, PMMA and PU using Planomer
talc/PP composites coupled with a small amount of PP-
technology, which is based on the concept of modifying
g-Si were increased to some extent. Meanwhile, PP-g-Si
the clay with a block copolymer that incorporates clay-
could promote crystallisation rate and increase
compatible and resin matrix-compatible parts.
crystallisation temp. of PP in the composites. 25 refs.
WORLD
CHINA
Accession no.787986
Accession no.786227

Item 88
Item 90
Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference.
Plastics, Rubber and Composites
Volume 2. Conference proceedings.
28, No.1, 1999, p.11-9
Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.893-6
EFFECT OF COAGENT IN REACTIVE
EFFECT OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
SURFACE TREATMENT FOR CALCIUM
PROPERTIES ON THE REINFORCEMENT OF
CARBONATE FILLER IN POLYPROPYLENE
HMW-HDPE FILM
Tabtiang A; Venables R A
Ruiz F A
Mahidol University
Heritage Plastics Inc.
(TAPPI) A factorial experiment to study the reactions of a reactive
coupling system comprising dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and
LLDPE-based pelleted concentrates are used to add 0,
acrylic acid (AA) with the addition of a multifunctional
7.5 and 15 wt.% of different fine-ground, surface-treated
coagent used as a degradation limiter, trimethylpropane
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals to a high-molecular
trimethacrylate (TMP), in the compounding of calcium
HDPE film resin. These dry blends are extruded into film
carbonate into polypropylene is described.
on a 50 mm, 18/1L/D grooved-feed extruder fitted with a
Characterisation to determine the effects of these additives
100 mm die and 0.9 mm die gap. Neck height and blow-
included both processing information from the twin screw
up ratios (BUR) are also varied to determine how the
compounding unit, studies of the treated filler, shrinkage
addition of CaCO3 affected film property response to
data from sample moulding, electron micrographic study
variation in these process conditions. Mineral addition
of tensile rupture surfaces and compound crystallisation
yields output rate increases of 5% at 7.5% CaCO3 and
data. Evidence of competing reactions involving AA and
10% at 15% CaCO3, while simultaneously decreasing
TMP initiated with DCP was found, with AA grafting
melt pressure and motor load (current). Depending upon
mainly to the polymer when DCP and TMP concentrations
calcium carbonate grade, mineral loading and processing
were low. TMP only had a significant effect on the system
conditions, increases in dart impact strength and/or tensile
when both DCP and TMP concentrations were high.
yield stiffness are achieved. Calcium carbonate mineral
17refs.
grades also exhibit differences in the level of extrusion
THAILAND
and bubble stability. Mineral reinforcement of HMW-
HDPE films increases film coefficient of friction, which Accession no.786034
improves stacking of liners or merchandise bags. 11 refs.
USA Item 91
Accession no.786987 Plastics, Rubber and Composites
28, No.1, 1999, p.1-10
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF FLY ASH -
Item 89
CHARACTERISATION AND EVALUATION AS
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
REINFORCING FILLER IN POLYISOPRENE
77, No.13, 23rd Sept.2000, p.2974-7
Garde K; McGill W J; Woolard C D
EFFECT OF SILANE-GRAFTED
Port Elizabeth,University
POLYPROPYLENE ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES AND CRYSTALLIZATION An investigation into the use of fly ash, a silica-rich by-
BEHAVIOR OF TALC/POLYPROPYLENE product from coal burning in power stations, as a filler in
COMPOSITES polyisoprene is described. Reinforcement with the use of

52 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
a coupling agent (bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphane)
(TESPT) at different levels was investigated, as was the
use of acid and base modified fly ash. Results were
compared to the use of silica with and without the same
coupling agent. The fly ash and modified fly ash particles
were examined before and after addition to the
polyisoprene using scanning electron microscopy.
Unmodified fly ash gave negligable reinforcement with
the acid-base treated material only a little better. Addition
of TESPT improved bound rubber formation slightly, but
in comparison to silica reinforcement the results were very
inferior. Similarly green strength of compounds filled with
fly ash was poor. 19 refs.
SOUTH AFRICA
Accession no.786033
Item 92
International Polymer Science and Technology
27, No.6, 2000, p.T/70-T/72. (Translation of
Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 1999, p.14)
PHYSICOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
COMPOSITES FILLED WITH MODIFIED
TRAVERTINE
Gukasyan S Z
Erevan,Architectural & Civil Engineering Institute
The substitution of whiting as a filler in plasticised PVC
linoleum by surface modified travertine, is examined.
Stone milling waste, with its carbonate nature may be
used as a cheap mineral filler for PVC, but its
incorporation is shown to have a considerable negative
effect on the physicomechanical properties, especially
flexibility, which prevents its use in linoleum production.
To improve these properties, travertine modified with
stearic acid was investigated. Surface modification of
articles by hydrophobisation was carried out, and property
improvements and production costs are noted. 2 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.785613
Item 93
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science &
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume
82.Conference proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.400-1
SURFACE DEPTH-PROFILING OF
THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS USING STEP-
SCAN PHOTOACOUSTIC FT-IR
SPECTROSCOPY
Kiland B R; Urban M W; Ryntz R A
Southern Mississippi,University; Visteon Automotive
Systems
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Injection moulded polypropylene (PP) samples,
containing 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% talc filler, were studied
using photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
spectroscopy, the composition of the samples being
determined as a function of depth. The talc exhibited a
greater tendency to migrate towards the surface, and the
first 3 micrometre below the surface of compositions
containing 15 wt% talc were saturated with talc, whilst
in compositions containing more than 15 wt% talc, the
talc increased at a higher rate at depths below this layer,
displacing PP. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.784760
Item 94
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
32, No.3, July 2000, p.211-30
INNOVATIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE FILLERS.
II. CARBON BLACK, SILICA AND CARBON
BLACK/SILICA BLENDS - FUNCTIONAL
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FILLER
PARAMETERS AND COMPOUND PROPERTIES
AT CONSTANT LOADING
Patel A C
Engineered Carbons Inc.
Rubber compound properties are evaluated, at variable
loading of carbon black and silica, as a function of total
volume and total surface area. The results clarify the
importance of volume fraction and delineate a transition
point at which abrupt changes occur in compound
properties. These three parameters are inseparable and in
conjunction totally influence compound properties. The
effects of fundamental properties of fillers on compound
performance properties are more noticeable at constant
loading. Hence, the functional relationship between
fundamental properties of fillers, the added volume and
surface area, with their functional relationship to rubber
properties, should be elucidated. The results show
significant differences between and within grades of
carbon black and silica samples from the same source.
Furthermore, the theory of total volume and total surface
area are utilised to create precise blends of silica/carbon
black by manipulating volume fraction in conjunction
with colloidal properties of the fillers, to reduce hysteresis
of a carbon black compound and also match silica
compound performance properties utilising precise blends
of silica and carbon black. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.784052
Item 95
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science &
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume
82.Conference proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.228-9
MORPHOLOGY, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
AND MECHANISM OF REINFORCEMENT OF
RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES
Ganter M; Reichert P; Mulhaupt R; Gronski W
53
 References and Abstracts
Freiburg,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
The influence of montmorillonite filler, modified with
dimethyl distearylammonium chloride, on the properties
of rubber (cis-1,4-polybutadiene and poly(styrene-co-
butadiene)) was investigated. The montmorillonite was
swollen in toluene with rubber and a reactive coupling
agent (bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulphan), followed
by solvent evaporation. Samples of rubbers were
prepared containing 30 phr untreated organoclay, 30 phr
rubber swollen organoclay, and 30 phr organoclay
swollen with rubber plus 3 phr coupling agent. Samples
of pure rubber and samples containing precipitated silica,
with and without the coupling agent, were also prepared.
Sample morphology was studied using transmission
electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.
Tensile properties were determined, using in-situ wide-
angle X-ray spectroscopy to monitor the orientation of
the silicate layers. The montmorillonite exhibited good
dispersability, and the rubbers had slightly improved
reinforcement compared with those containing
precipitated silica, but the hysteresis was significantly
higher. The coupling agent affected both fillers similarly,
giving a lower stress at break and reduced hysteresis.
The reinforcement mechanism was one of orientation
of the silicate layers with elongation/retraction and a
chain slip process along the silicate layers or filler
aggregates. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.783130
Item 96
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science &
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume
82.Conference proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.220-1
COMPOSITE PROPERTY ENHANCEMENT
WITH NANOSCALE INORGANIC FILLERS
Anderson D P; Tolle T B
Dayton,University; US,Air Force Research Laboratory
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
The influence of fumed silica filler, surface-treated by a
variety of silane coupling agents, on the mechanical
properties of epoxy resin was investigated. Samples were
studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, the
measurement of strength, modulus and strain to failure
under three-point flexure, and fracture toughness using a
notched tensile specimen. Significant improvements in
fracture toughness were observed for low volume silica
additions, but the fracture toughness was very sensitive
to morphology, processing and effective filler dispersion.
The addition of silane coupling agents also improved the
mechanical properties. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.783127
54
Item 97
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science &
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume
82.Conference proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.217
PREDICTING PHASE DIAGRAMS OF
POLYMER/CLAY COMPOSITES: THE ROLE OF
GRAFTED ORGANIC MODIFIERS
Ginzburg V V; Singh C; Balazs A C
Pittsburgh,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
The description of the phase behaviour of polymer-clay
mixtures requires the determination of polymer-mediated
interactions between the clay sheets, and the calculation
of the phase diagram from the knowledge of these
interactions. The development of a model to describe the
phase diagram for systems of clay discs with grafted
organic modifiers (surfactants) dispersed in a polymer
melt is described. When the polymer-surfactant interaction
is attractive, the effective interaction between the clay
sheets becomes repulsive and intercalation can occur,
whilst when a repulsive interaction between the polymer
and surfactant exists, clay-clay interaction becomes
attractive and the system moves towards phase separation
between polymer and clay. Phase diagrams for several
values of surfactant grafting density and length were
obtained by varying the clay volume fraction and the
strength of the polymer-surfactant interaction. 8 refs.
USA
Accession no.783124
Item 98
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
77, No.784, March 2000, p.58-9
French
FILLED MATERIALS: THE PLUSES OF
MISTRON TALC
Meli G
Talc de Luzenac
An examination is made of the characteristics of Mistron
talcs and Mistrobond surface treated talcs (Talc de
Luzenac) and their advantages as fillers in rubber
compounds. Data are presented for the mechanical
properties of EPDM and nitrile rubber compounds
containing these and other mineral fillers.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.783040
Item 99
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
279, No.6, June 2000, p.34-41
ROLE OF M-
PHENYLENEBISMALEIMIDE(BMI) IN
REACTIVE PROCESSING OF
POLY(PROPYLENE)/MAGNESIUM
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
HYDROXIDE COMPOSITES. III. ANALYSIS OF
INTERPHASE STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Liauw C M; Khunova V; Lees G C; Rothon R N
Manchester,Metropolitan University; Slovak,Technical
University
The interactions of m-phenylenebismaleimide(BMI) with
PP matrix and filler during the preparation of PP/
magnesium hydroxide composites were studied. The
interaction of BMI with the filler was shown to occur via
an amide carboxylate, together with possible
polymerisation at the filler surface. The formation of PP
macroradicals, produced by thermomechanical
degradation of the maleimide double bonds, was observed.
A greater crosslink density than that in the bulk material
existed in the interfacial region, which was thought to
lead to lower crystallinity in this region. This was
manifested as a significant improvement in composite
toughness relative to the equivalent unmodified
composite. 17 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SLOVAK
REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.782667
Item 100
Polymer Engineering and Science
40, No.7, July 2000, p.1529-33
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND
INTERFACIAL INTERACTION OF CACO3
FILLED HDPE COMPATIBILISED WITH HDPE
FUNCTIONALISED BY ULTRAVIOLET
IRRADIATION
Lei J; Zhou R
Sichuan,University
A study was made of the mechanical properties of calcium
carbonate-filled HDPE compatibilised with UV irradiated
HDPE and the interfacial interactions between calcium
carbonate and the polyethylenes. Scanning electron
microscopy, the Molau test and ESCA were used to
provide information on interfacial interactions. It was
found that addition of a small amount of irradiated HDPE
to the filled HDPE resulted in improved tensile and impact
strengths and that chemical reactions between the
irradiated HDPE and filler promoted interactions between
the HDPE and filler. 12 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.781415
Item 101
Kobunshi Ronbunshu
57, No.4, 2000, p.220-7
Japanese
PHASE STRUCTURE AND THERMAL AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY/
SILICA HYBRIDS
Takahashi R; Wakita M; Ochi M
Osaka,Kansai University
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Details are given of the synthesis of organic-inorganic
hybrids from epoxy resin and several silane alkoxides
using a sol-gel process. The hybrids were studied with
regard to their phase structure, mechanical properties and
thermal properties. Silica dispersion was examined using
TEM. 19 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.781135
Item 102
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
73, No.1, March/April 2000, p.47-55
FTIR INVESTIGATION OF THE MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE AT THE CRACK INTERFACE IN
UNFILLED AND SILICA FILLED
POLYISOPRENE
Glime J; Koenig J L
Case Western Reserve University
Unfilled and silica-filled polyisoprenes were stretched
until cracking was initiated. The crack interface was then
studied using FTIR to investigate the changes in the
molecular structure induced by crack formation. DSC was
used to determine the crystallinity of the rubber after it
was stretched. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.781124
Item 103
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
73, No.1, March/April 2000, p.19-24
BOUND RUBBER IN SILICONE RUBBER
FILLED WITH MODIFIED ULTRAFINE
MINERAL POWDER
Wu J; Shen Z; Hu D; Huang J; Chen N
Fuzhou,University
The influence of organic base on bound rubber content
was investigated. The relation between bound rubber
content and mechanical properties of silicone rubber filled
with mineral powder was studied. Interactions between
silicone rubber matrix and filler particles are discussed.
9 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.781121
Item 104
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
60, No.2, 2000, p.401-7
EFFECT OF CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE
AS A SURFACE MODIFIER ON
CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLYPROPYLENE
Janigova I; Chodak I
Slovak Academy of Sciences
The effect of addition of silica on the parameters of
isothermal crystallisation of PP was investigated. It was
found that covering of the silica surface by a layer of
55
 References and Abstracts
LDPE led to a deactivation of the filler with regard to the
positive effect on the PP crystallisation rate parameters.
Crosslinking of the surface PE layer resulted in a stronger
attachment of the modifying polymer to the filler surface
and the deactivation effect of the silica surface
modification was more marked. 15 refs.
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.781089
Item 105
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
38, No.11, 1st June 2000, p.1564-74
THERMAL AND MECHANICAL STUDY UNDER
DYNAMICAL CONDITIONS OF
POLYPROPYLENE/MICA COMPOSITES
CONTAINING ATACTIC POLYPROPYLENE
WITH SUCCINIL-FLUORESCEINE GRAFTED
GROUPS AS INTERFACIAL MODIFIER FROM
THE MATRIX SIDE
Garcia-Martinez J M; Laguna O; Areso S; Collar E P
CSIC
The dynamic thermal and mechanical behaviour of PP/
mica composites, which had improved properties induced
by the presence of succinyl fluorescein groups grafted
onto atactic PP with different grafting levels, was studied.
These properties were also correlated with the
macroscopic mechanical performance of the composite
materials. The atactic PPS containing succinyl fluorescein
grafted groups were previously obtained in the authors’
laboratories by chemical modification of a by-product of
industrial polymerisation reactors. The interfacial
modifications induced by replacing a small amount of
polymer matrix in the composite material by the grafted
atactic PP was clearly demonstrated either from a
microscopic or macroscopic viewpoint. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.781030
Item 106
ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering Fall
Meeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings.
New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.444-5
MODELLING ADHESION AT THE POLYIMIDE-
SILICA INTERFACE
Walsh T R; Harkins C G; Sutton A P
Oxford,University; Hewlett-Packard Co.
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
A total strategy for modelling adhesion at polyamide-ceramic
interfaces is outlined. It is reasoned that this strategy requires
the linking of many different length scales and time scales.
The various calculations necessary to investigate the smallest
length scale, that of polyimides chemisorbing to the ceramic
surface, are described. The computational methods used to
study the flexibility of two polyimides are described, and
accurate estimates of the rotational energetics of these
56
molecules are reported. A model of the amorphous silica
surface is described, and a strategy for checking this model
against ab initio calculations is presented. Finally, fixture
calculations to estimate the interaction energy between
polyimide fragments and the hydrolysed silica surface are
outlined. 15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.780788
Item 107
ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering Fall
Meeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings.
New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.157-8
HYBRID REINFORCEMENT IN
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE COMPOSITES
Kahraman M; Nagay N
Bogazici,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Addition of filler materials to improve the mechanical,
electrical, thermal, optical and processing properties of
polymers while reducing their cost is a popular field of
research. The initial results of a study of
polydimethylsiloxane composites having silica fume and
mica fillers in different compositions as spherical/platelet
type hybrid reinforcement are reported. The effect the degree
of loading on both static-dynamic mechanical and swelling
behaviour of resultant composites are discussed. 5 refs.
TURKEY
Accession no.780625
Item 108
China Rubber Industry
47, No.6, 2000, p.331-4
Chinese
EFFECT OF TMTD ON HEAT AND OXYGEN
AGEING OF CLAY-FILLED NR COMPOUND
Yang D; Ao N; Yang S
Zhanjiang,Ocean University; South China,Tropical
Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute;
South China,Teachers’ Training University
The effect is examined of tetramethyl thiuram disulphide
(TMTD) on the heat ageing and oxidation of clay-filled
NR, with reference to the plasticity retention index of
NR, using thermal analysis and scanning electron
microscopy test methods. The results showed that heat
and oxygen resistant properties could be obtained when
the clay-filled natural rubber compound was cured by
semi-effective or effective curing systems, with 1.5 phr
or 3.0 phr of TMTD. 3 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.778522
Item 109
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
38, No.9, 1st May 2000, p.1240-9
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
CARBON-SILICA DUAL-PHASE FILLER, A
NEW GENERATION REINFORCING AGENT
FOR RUBBER. PART VI. TIME-TEMPERATURE
SUPERPOSITION OF DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
OF CARBON-SILICA-DUAL-PHASE-FILLER-
FILLED VULCANIZATES
Meng-Jiao Wang; Lu S X; Mahmud K
Cabot Corp.
The temperature-frequency dependence of the dynamic
mechanical properties of vulcanisates of styrene-
butadiene rubber/polybutadiene blends filled with carbon
black, silica and carbon-silica dual phase filler (CSDPF)
was studied. Master curves could be obtained by the
horizontal shifting of the storage modulus along the
frequency axis, but they showed feather-like features in
most of the temperature range. With the same shift factors,
master curves could also be obtained for the loss modulus
and tan delta. Discontinuity occurred on both curves at
very high frequency. The features of the master curves
were governed by the filler-filler and filler-polymer
interactions. With only a small amount of silica in the
aggregate, CSDPF gave overall dynamic properties very
similar to those of the silica-filled compound. Compared
with carbon black, CSDPF had a low tan delta at low
frequency and a high tan delta at high frequency. 31 refs.
USA
Accession no.777878
Item 110
Chemistry of Materials
12, No.5, May 2000, p.1260-7
GENERAL APPROACH TO NANOCOMPOSITE
PREPARATION
Ishida H; Campbell S; Blackwell J
Case Western Reserve University
Twenty four polymers were examined for their ability to
intercalate or exfoliate clay to become nanocomposites.
The polymers varied in their solubility, molecular weight
and polarity. The evidence of nanocomposite structure
was provided by X-ray diffraction. 25 refs.
USA
Accession no.777695
Item 111
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
78, No.522, Dec.1999, p.699-708
Spanish
NEW MINERAL FILLERS FOR COMPOUNDS
USED IN THE INSULATION OF ELECTRIC
CABLES
Hidalgo M; Sanchez M
Yesos Ibericos
Oparex 15 calcined calcium sulphate (Yesos Ibericos) was
evaluated as a filler in plasticised PVC cable insulation
compounds in comparison with two grades of calcium
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
carbonate. Improvements were observed in tensile,
electrical and low temperature properties, flammability
and heat ageing characteristics and chemical resistance
for calcium sulphate filled compounds, while no
significant differences in water absorption and hydrolysis
were noted. Studies of rheological properties showed
improved processability in mixing and extrusion trials.
URALITA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.776778
Item 112
Macromolecular Symposia
151, Feb.2000, p.575-80
COMPOSITES BASED ON CARBOXYLATED
POLYSTYRENE-CO-BUTADIENE REINFORCED
WITH KAOLIN FILLERS AS STUDIED BY
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
Ttrejo-O’Reilly J A; Hernandez-Hernandez A; Dichtel
C; Cavaille J Y
Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo Tecnologico;
UMR CNRS-INSA
Composite materials are made with styrene-butadiene
latex and kaolin fillers in aqueous suspensions. The
mechanical properties of the different composite materials
are measured with a dynamic mechanical analyser using
a cantilever geometry at 1 Hz in the temperature range (-
120 deg.C, 120 deg.C). The fillers vol.% is chosen
between 0 and 36 (up to 90 w.%). The maximum filler
amount is limited to about 36 vol.% due to the too high
brittleness of the materials obtained above this value. The
Halpin-Kardos (HK) equation will have to be modified
to account for the viscoelastic behaviour of the composite
material above the percolation threshold as expected from
previous works. The HK equation under-estimates the
storage modulus. In order to quantify the deviation from
experimental data, an adjustable parameter should be
included. However, the mechanical response of these
composite materials does not follow a classical
percolation theory where the particles are supposed to
form a rigid skeleton. In this case, the increment of
stiffness comes from a flexible skeleton of particles in
contact, but without moment transfer. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
MEXICO; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.776743
Item 113
Journal of Materials Science
35, No.9, 1st May 2000, p.2319-23
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF PP/CASO4
COMPOSITE. III. EFFECT OF THE FILLER
GRADE ON PROPERTIES
Saujanya C; Radhakrishnan S
India,National Chemical Laboratory
57
 References and Abstracts
Details are given of the mechanical properties of PP
containing two different types of calcium sulphate. The
impact and tensile properties were correlated with the
structure and morphology of the composites. 19 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.776451
Item 114
Journal of Materials Science
35, No.9, 1st May 2000, p.2115-20
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HDPE/
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE COMPOSITES
Ulutan S; Gilbert M
Ege,University; Loughborough,University
Details are given of the use of coated or uncoated
magnesium hydroxide as filler in HDPE. Tensile and
flexural properties were measured. Experimental results
were compared with various mathematical models. 16
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; TURKEY; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.776443
Item 115
Tire Technology International
June 2000, p.43-5
HIGHLY DISPERSIBLE SILICAS IN TYRES
Cochet P
Rhodia Silica
In 1989, Rhodia launched Zeosil 1165 MP (micropearl)
into the marketplace as the first highly dispersible silica
(HDS). Fuel-saving tyres based on HDS are now sold by
most tyre manufacturers. Zeosil 1165 MP gives the best
compromise between wear resistance/rolling resistance/
wet traction, required for fuel saving tyres. The company
is introducing a new generation of HDS Zeosil MPS which
has been designed to show an increased reactivity towards
the coupling agent used in the formulation.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.775777
Item 116
Polymer Engineering and Science
40, No.4, April 2000, p.944-55
SCRATCH RESISTANCE OF MINERAL-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE MATERIALS
Chu J; Xiang C; Sue H-J; Hollis R D
Visteon Automotive Systems; Texas,A & M University;
Eastman Chemical Co.
The scratch resistance of a range of pigmented mineral-
filled polypropylenes (PP), for automotive interior
applications, was determined by drawing pins, under
applied loads of 0.6-7 N, across the surface. A hardened
steel ball of 1 mm diameter was attached to the end of
58
each pin. The resulting damage was quantified using
an image analysis system, which determined the grey
scale value of the scratch. There was a correlation
between the scratch visibility and hardness as measured
by interferometer. Two mineral fillers were evaluated:
talc with a median particle size of 3 micron, and
wollastonite with a median particle size of 8 micron.
The wollastonite filler gave the higher scratch
resistance, and further scratch resistance improvements
were obtained by the addition of an interface modifier
and a lubricant. Talc-filled PP had poor scratch
resistance, irrespective of the addition of modifiers and
lubricants. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.775663
Item 117
Journal of Macromolecular Science B
B38, Nos.5 & 6, 1999, p.885-99.
AGGREGATION, FRACTURE INITIATION, AND
STRENGTH OF PP/CACO3 COMPOSITES
Fekete E; Molnar S Z; Kim G-M; Michler G H;
Pukansky B
Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest,Technical
University; Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat
A range of polypropylene/calcium carbonate
composites were prepared using a twin-screw
compounder and the products injection moulded.
Mechanical properties were determined and each
sample characterised by light and electron microscopy.
Failure initiation and propagation were studied using
in-situ high voltage electron microscopy. Large filler
particles debonded and small particles caused crack
initiation and propagation. 29 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
UNION; GERMANY; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.773123
Item 118
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
31A, No.4, 2000, p.353-9
CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLED
POLYETHYLENE; CORRELATION OF
HARDNESS AND YIELD STRESS
Suwanprateeb J
Thailand,Ministry of Science,Technology &
Environment
The validity of the correlation between hardness and yield
stress of particulate-filled polyethylene composite
materials is investigated. Vickers hardness and monotonic
tensile and compression tests are carried out at varying
testing speeds, and Tabor’s relation is applied to the
results. 15 refs.
THAILAND
Accession no.773088
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 119
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
39, No.1, 2000, p.83-94
INSTRUMENTED IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF
PARTICULATE-FILLED COMPOSITES
Suwanprateeb J
Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology Center
A study of the influence of calcium carbonate on impact
energy of CaC03/HDPE composites is conducted.
Composites with calcium carbonate in the range of 0-
40% are produced by twin-screw extrusion followed by
compression moulding. Notched Izod impact tests of
composites are carried out using an instrumented impact
tester. It is found that increasing the calcium carbonate
content decreases impact resistance. Transition in total
impact energy with filler content is observed at 20% filler
volume fraction, similar to propagation energy. In the case
of the initiation energy, the transition is found at a different
level, 10% filler volume fraction. The impact fracture
process of PE is seen to be initiated by crazing, followed
by brittle failure, whereas composites are initiated by
microvoid nucleation from interfacial failure between the
filler and matrix and are propagated via microvoid
coalescence. 13 refs.
THAILAND
Accession no.772195
Item 120
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
76, No.7, 16th May 2000, p.1019-27
EFFECT OF COUPLING AGENT AND
CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON RICE HUSK ASH-
FILLED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITE
Da Costa H M; Visconte L L Y; Nunes R C R; Furtado
CRG
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Rio de
Janeiro,Universidade do Estado
A study was made of the use of rice husk ash as a filler in
a natural rubber compound. Various levels of both milled
husk ash (MHA), prepared by milling husk ash and sieving
through a 250 mesh sieve, and treated husk ash (THA),
prepared by chemical treatment of the milled husk ash,
were studied and compared to both a carbon black filled
and a silica filled compound. Silane treatment of the husk
ash was also examined, with less effect than was expected.
Both physical testing of vulcanisates, and electron
microscopy studies on the fracture surface of the tensile
specimens were used in this study, with an initial
examination of the filler by infra-red spectroscopy to
determine the presence of precipitated silica groups in
both MHA and THA. Physical results were generally
lower than is obtained with carbon black or silica,
although quite respectable results were obtained at low
to medium loading. 13 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.771966
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 121
157th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2000.
Preprints.
Dallas, Tex., 4th-6th April 2000, paper 32
DEVELOPMENT OF HD SILICAS FOR TYRES -
PROCESSES, PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE
Blume A; Uhrlandt S
Degussa-Huls AG
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Simultaneous improvements of seemingly
contradictory tyre properties, e.g. rolling resistance,
wet grip, service life and winter performance are the
major requirements from the automotive industry
especially for original equipment (OE) passenger car
tyres. In the beginning of the 1990s, these demands
could be met using tread compounds with special
polymer and high loading of silicas with silanes as
coupling agents as a partial replacement for carbon
black. It is found out that the use of special S-SBR
polymers together with high dispersible (HD) silicas
leads to the best improvement of rolling resistance and
additionally wet traction without any compromise in
tread wear. The development of HD silicas for tyres
requires detailed knowledge about the different process
steps of the silica production and the influence of each
process step on the silica properties, e.g. structure of
the silica. Different methods are developed and
discussed to investigate conventional, semi HD and
new HD silicas with different surface areas and
structures and their high potential of HD silicas in
different parts of passenger and truck tyres.17 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.771669
Item 122
Rubber World
222, No.1, April 2000, p.43-9
EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK ON DYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
Lamba R
Columbian Chemicals Co.
The use and benefits of carbon black as a reinforcing
filler for elastomers are described, and an overview is
presented of the mechanisms of reinforcement. The
effect of the addition of carbon black on rubber
compound properties is measured using a wide range
of physical tests, and a review is presented of the
dynamic properties of carbon black reinforced rubbers.
These explain the effect of carbon black on the dynamic
properties of elastomers, provide an understanding of
dynamic properties and their measurement, and
illustrate the effect of test conditions on the measured
properties. 13 refs.
USA
Accession no.771115
59
 References and Abstracts
Item 123
Rubber World
222, No.1, April 2000, p.32-8
SILICA/SILANE - A WINNING
REINFORCEMENT FORMULA
Schwaiger B; Blume A
Degussa-Huels AG
The silica/silane filler system for tyre tread compounds
is discussed with reference to its use in green tyres. With
this filler system, simultaneous improvements of
seemingly contradictory tyre products such as wet grip
and rolling resistance are achieved, whilst maintaining
the service life. Degussa-Huels offers a tailor-made silica
product for improved dispersibility, a precondition for
treadwear. Tests to determine dispersion behaviour are
discussed. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.771113
Item 124
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
76, No.5, 2nd May 2000, p.642-7
EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACIDS ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC
RESIN COMPOSITES
Hong K C; Ravasi M; Keil N; Vigeant B; Yunshang Ma
Saint-Gobain Corp.
The effect of salicylic acid and its derivatives on the
properties of novolac and resole phenolic resin composites
was evaluated. The composites were reinforced with
aluminium oxide particles in both solid and hollow forms.
DSC studies showed that the reaction rate of phenolic
resin was accelerated by salicylic acid, but was not
affected by the other compounds. Salicylic acid also
reduced the flexural strengths of the phenolic resin
composites. The strength was decreased by more than
30% in comparison with that with no acid added. Two
derivatives of this acid (sodium salicylate and 4-
hydroxybenzoic acid), however, had minimal effect on
the flexural strengths of the composites. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.770650
Item 125
Kobunshi Ronbunshu
57, No.1, Jan.2000, p.53-8
FLEXURAL FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF MICA-
REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Kumagai Y; Kemmochi K
Japan,National Institute for Materials & Chemical
Research
The lifetime of mica-reinforced PP composites was
investigated by flexural testing. Comparison was made
with composites filled with glass flakes and short glass
60
fibres. Test pieces were prepared by injection moulding
using a film gate. Static mechanical and dynamic fatigue
properties were measured using test pieces prepared from
sections taken both parallel and perpendicular to the melt
flow direction of the injected resin. Composites containing
mica and glass flakes showed isotropic fatigue behaviour,
while those containing glass fibres showed anisotropic
behaviour. Similar results were observed for the static
mechanical properties. A good correlation was identified
between the fatigue limit stress and the modulus of the
composites. 11 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.770646
Item 126
Polymer Composites
21, No.2, April 2000, p.238-44
RATE-DEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE
CORRELATION BETWEEN HARDNESS AND
YIELD STRESS OF POLYETHYLENE
COMPOSITES
Suwanprateeb J
Thailand,Ministry of Science,Technology &
Environment
Composites consisting of high density polyethylene
containing 10-40 vol% calcium carbonate filler were
produced by twin screw extrusion and characterised by
Vickers hardness measurements, and by compression
testing using crosshead speeds in the range 0.2-50 mm/
min. Both hardness and yield stress increased with
increasing filler content, the compressive yield stress
increasing with increasing crosshead speed. The
correlation between hardness and yield stress was
independent of filler content when the deformation rate
employed in both tests was similar. Reasonable agreement
was obtained between the experimental results and the
predictions of a modification of Tabor’s equation to
account for the rate-dependent behaviour of the
composites. 13 refs.
THAILAND
Accession no.770545
Item 127
Polymer Composites
21, No.2, April 2000, p.175-86
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
SYNTHESIZED ACRYLIC ACID GRAFTED
POLYPROPYLENE WITHIN CACO3/
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Rahma F; Fellahi S
Algerian Institute of Petroleum
The influence of peroxide, acrylic acid monomer content,
temperature, and mixer speed on the grafting of acrylic
acid onto polypropylene was investigated using Fourier
transform infrared and UV spectroscopy, differential
scanning calorimetry, and melt flow index determinations.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
The mechanical properties of a composite consisting of
polypropylene filled with 30 wt% calcium carbonate,
containing the graft copolymer as a coupling agent, were
investigated. Maximum impact and tensile properties were
achieved using a 15 wt% addition, a threefold increase in
the Izod impact test being observed for both notched and
un-notched specimens. Strong interactions between filler
and matrix in the presence of the graft copolymer were
observed using scanning electron microscopy. 32 refs.
ALGERIA
Accession no.770539
Item 128
Fire & Materials
24, No.1, Jan./Feb.2000, p.45-52
NANOCOMPOSITE FIRE RETARDANTS - A
REVIEW
Porter D; Metcalfe E; Thomas M J K
Greenwich,University
Most fire retardant nanocomposites are made from layered
silicates and organic polymers, a variety of methods are
used in their synthesis. The mechanism for the fire
retardancy of these composites is generally considered
to be due to the structure of the char formed during
combustion, which enables the char to thermally insulate
the polymer and inhibit the formation and escape of
volatiles during combustion. Fire retardant
nanocomposites require relatively low concentrations of
silicates for activity, resulting in low additional costs and
weight. Improvements in the bulk physical properties of
the polymer can be additional advantages over traditional
fire retardants. 39 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.770447
Item 129
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
75, No.12, 21st March 2000, p.1503-13
BINARY AND TERNARY PARTICULATED
COMPOSITES: UHMWPE/CACO3/HDPE
Suwanprateeb J
Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology
Center
The effect of using UHMWPE on the toughness of
calcium carbonate/HDPE composites was studied. Binary
and ternary HDPE-based composites with calcium
carbonate in the range 0 to 40% and UHMWPE in the
range 0 to 50% were produced by twin-screw extrusion
followed by compression moulding. From tensile and
impact tests, it was found that increasing calcium
carbonate content increased tensile modulus, but
decreased TS, strain at break and impact resistance. The
addition of UHMWPE helped to increase the strain at
break and impact resistance of composites moderately
without decreasing modulus or strength. The degree of
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
toughening was found to increase with increasing
UHMWPE content but to decrease as the filler volume
fraction was increased. 22 refs.
THAILAND
Accession no.770367
Item 130
Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.
Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.32-7
USE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE TO ENHANCE
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RIGID VINYL
PRODUCTS
Callhoun A; Bradshaw R W; Mobley G; Prince J
ECC International Inc.
(SPE,Vinyl Div.)
Historically, the use of calcium carbonate in PVC
applications has been driven by a desire to cut formulation
costs. The concept of calcium carbonate as a filler is still
strongly held by many purchasers of carbonate. However,
the leaders in the mineral industry have shifted their focus
from supplying standard products as fillers to supplying
functional additives engineered to meet customer needs.
In working to meet this goal a great deal of energy has
been exerted to identify what effects calcium carbonate
has on the final properties of rigid vinyl products. It is
discovered that two application properties are integrally
dependent on the form of the calcium carbonate: impact
strength and fusion time/torque.
USA
Accession no.769493
Item 131
Rubberchem ’99. Conference proceedings.
Antwerp, Belgium, 22nd-23rd Nov.1999, paper 18
IMPROVED PROCESSING OF CARBON/SILICA
DUAL PHASE FILLER IN ‘GREEN TYRE’
TREAD FORMULATIONS
Hensel M; Menting K-H
Schill & Seilacher GmbH
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
In 1991 the concept of using highly dispersible silica as
the sole filler, together with a silane coupling agent, for
the tread compound of low rolling resistance tyres was
patented by Michelin. Since it found great interest in the
tyre industry, carbon black manufacturers developed
various concepts to match the performance of silica with
new types of carbon blacks. One interesting approach is
the joint combustion of mineral oil and a silicon
compound in a modified furnace process which results in
particles having silica domains dispersed in the carbon
phase. Several grades with varying silica content have
since been made available. The performance of these
Ecoblack fillers is very close to that of the new grades of
highly dispersible silicas. Unfortunately these silicas show
some disadvantages in processing like high compound
viscosities, storage hardening and extrusion difficulties
61
 References and Abstracts
like high pressure and temperature, scorch and poor
surface quality, especially at the edges of the treads. It
has previously been shown how selected processing
promotors help to overcome these disadvantages without
any negative influence on the final physical properties.
The aim is to find out whether the processing of the
Ecoblack materials shows similar trends, and if yes,
whether or not processing promoters being efficient in
silica also improve the processing. 5 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.769260
Item 132
Macromolecules
33, No.3, Feb.2000, p.1089-99
THEORETICAL PHASE DIAGRAMS OF
POLYMER/CLAY COMPOSITES. THE ROLE OF
GRAFTED ORGANIC MODIFIERS
Ginzburg V V; Singh C; Balazs A C
Pittsburgh,University
A density functional theory was combined with a self-
consistent field model to calculate the phase behaviour
of thin, oblate particles that are coated with surfactants
and dispersed in a polymer melt. The effect of the
surfactants characteristics and the polymer-surfactant
interaction energy on the polymer-clay phase diagram was
investigated. 64 refs.
USA
Accession no.769012
Item 133
Journal of Materials Science Letters
19, No.3, 1st Feb.2000, p.179-82
EFFECTS OF TESTING SPEED AND HEAT
TREATMENT ON THE FRACTURE OF KAOLIN-
REINFORCED HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
Wetherhold R C; Mouzakis D E; Fiedrich K
New York,State University; Institut fuer
Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH
The effects of test speed and heat treatment on the fracture
of kaolin-filled HDPE were investigated using the
essential work of fracture (EWF) testing technique. A
comparison is made of data obtained using the J-integral
and EWF techniques and an attempt made to find the
source of anisotropy of mechanical properties observed
in fibre-reinforced composites. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.766691
Item 134
Polymer Composites
21, No.1, Feb.2000, p.1-12
EFFECT OF VOLUME LOADING AND
62
SURFACE TREATMENT ON THE
THIXOTROPIC BEHAVIOUR OF PP FILLED
WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
Wang Y; Yu M-J
Tunghai,University
The rheological properties of calcium carbonate-filled PP
were examined using a Rheometrics dynamic analyser.
The study included steady shear test, transient stress
growth test with sequential deformation history, and two-
step dynamic oscillatory shear flow. 38 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.766424
Item 135
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.3-14
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ON THE
CARCINOGENICITY OF SILICA: FACTORS IN
SCIENTIFIC JUDGEMENT
Soutar C A; Robertson A; Miller B G; Searl A; Bignon
J
Edinburgh,Institute of Occupational Medicine;
Paris,Val de Marne University
In view of the extended debate and differing opinions on
whether crystalline silica is a human carcinogen, a
selection of epidemiological reports is reviewed to
identify areas of uncertainty and disagreement. The papers
which in a recent review were considered to provide the
least confounded examinations of an association between
silica exposure and cancer risk are selected. A study of
the mortality of coalminers very recently reported is also
discussed. It is found that parts of the evidence are
coherent but there are contradictions. On examination this
resolves mostly into differences between types of studies.
The three types of epidemiological study included are:
exposure-response studies, the most powerful for the
confirmation of a relationship between a specific exposure
and a health effect; (descriptive studies in which incidence
of disease in an exposed population is compared with that
in a reference population; and studies of incidence of
disease in subjects on silicosis case-registers. 69 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.765048
Item 136
Polimeri
20, No.4, 1999, p.197-209
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF
COMPOSITE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
Kovacevic V; Lucic S; Leskovac M; Packham D
Zagreb,University; Bath,University
Several models have been proposed to quantify the effect
of various fillers such as calcite, silica and kaolin on
interfacial properties in PVAC. The effects on the
composite interface of the filler particle size, chemical
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
structure and filler surface pre-treatment were also
examined. 19 refs.
CROATIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.764752
Item 137
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
32, No.1, Jan.2000, p.33-45
EFFECT OF PALM OIL FATTY ACID ADDITIVE
(POFA) ON CURING CHARACTERISTICS AND
VULCANIZATE PROPERTIES OF SILICA
FILLED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Ismail H
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Silica filled natural rubber compounds are improved by
the addition of palm oil fatty acid additives. The beneficial
effects include better filler dispersion, cure rate
improvement, and state of cure. There is also an
improvement in reversion resistance of silica filled
compounds. 12 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.763888
Item 138
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
72, No.2, May-June 1999, p.430-48
ROLE OF FILLER NETWORKING IN DYNAMIC
PROPERTIES OF FILLED RUBBER
Meng-Jiao Wang
Cabot Corp.
A study of four fillers (N234 carbon black, precipitated
silica, carbon-silica dual phase filler (CSPDF) and a CSPDF
with 3% bis(3-triethoxy-silylpropyl-)tetrasulphane
(TESPT)) each at various levels in a styrene butadiene,
sulphur cured, rubber compound was used to examine the
effect of the network of the filler on the dynamic properties
of the rubber. It was found that the effective volume of the
filler was increased by the amount of rubber bound in the
agglomerates of the filler network and that the amount of
bound rubber could be estimated using Van der Poel theory.
Both temperature and strain have an effect on the amount
of rubber bound into the filler network, increased strain
reducing the amount of trapped rubber. The importance of
the effect of the filler network on the modulus and the
hysteresis of a rubber compound is discussed and it is shown
that whilst precipitated silica gives higher modulus and
lower hysteresis at low temperature, CSPDF treated with
TESPT gives higher hysteresis at low temperature.
(Originally presented to ACS meeting, Indianapolis, May
5-8, 1998, revised Dec.98). 23 refs.
USA
Accession no.763835
Item 139
International Polymer Science and Technology
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
26, No.6, 1999, p.T/19-T/27. (Translation of Nippon
Gomu Kyokaishi, No.6, 1998, p.315)
SOLUTION-POLYMERISED STYRENE-
BUTADIENE RUBBER
Saito A
The compounding of solution SBR with carbon black and
silica fillers is discussed, and some examples are shown
of improvements in the mechanical properties of tyre tread
compounds by means of the use of tin-based coupling
agents. Other examples are reviewed of ways in which
mutually conflicting performance requirements can be
balanced by the use of a wide range of techniques to
improve tyre tread performance without loss of
processability. 19 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.762032
Item 140
Patent Number: US 5972494 A 19991026
FILLED FLUOROPOLYMER COMPOSITION
FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE
Janssens R
DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.
Compositions of fluoropolymer containing a first filler
component such as mica and a second filler component
such as talc are resistant to permeation by water and
aqueous acid and provide useful coatings for such items
as chemical equipment. The composition can be used as
coatings which can be applied by electrostatic spray of
dry powder.
USA
Accession no.761688
Item 141
Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings.
Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.181-6
USE OF PHYSICAL MODIFICATION TO
TOUGHEN HIGH TEMPERATURE ADHESIVES
Taylor A C; Kinloch A J
Imperial College of Science,Technology & Medicine
(IOM Communications Ltd.)
The toughening effect of mica, wollastonite, hollow glass
spheres, PTFE powder and PEEK powder and fibres on a
cyanate ester resin high temperature adhesive was
investigated by a fracture mechanics approach. Fracture
energies were measured at temperatures of -55, 23 and
150C, and significant increases were observed for samples
filled with mica and PEEK fibres. 4 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.761644
Item 142
Composite Structures
48, Nos.1-3, Jan.-Mar.2000, p.49-58
63
 References and Abstracts
MECHANICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF POLYOLEFIN BLENDS IN THE
PRESENCE OF CACO3
Albano C; Gonzalez J; Ichazo M; Rosales C; de
Navarro C U; Parra C
Venezuela,Universidad Central; Simon
Bolivar,Universidad
The properties of blends of PP with virgin and recycled
HDPE, functionalised and non-functionalised EPR and
calcium carbonate (untreated or treated with 1 wt %
titanate coupling agent) were studied. The mechanical
behaviour of PP/HDPE/EPR blends showed that
functionalisation was not effective. When blends of PP/
HDPE/EPR with treated or untreated filler were compared
with the equivalent ones, but with recycled HDPE and
untreated filler, a slight increase was observed in EB and
a decrease in Young’s modulus and impact strength. This
behaviour could indicate that recycled HDPE and EPR
together acted as a plasticiser in these blends. It was also
found that the use of treated calcium carbonate did not
result in better mechanical properties. From these results,
it was concluded that it was possible to recycle HDPE in
blends with PP and non-functionalised EPR, using
untreated calcium carbonate as a filler, and that this offered
economic advantages and produced a material with
mechanical properties comparable with those of the
compounds of PP with filler. 17 refs. (2nd International
Conference on Composite Science & Technology, Durban,
South Africa, June 1998)
VENEZUELA
Accession no.761303
Item 143
Polymer Testing
19, No.1, 2000, p.93-103
POLYMER-FILLER INTERACTIONS AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER
Nunes R C R; Fonseca J L C; Pereira M R
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Rio Grande do
Norte,Universidade Federal
Films of a polyester-based PU, containing two different
types of precipitated silica with different densities of
silanol groups on the silica surface, and containing silica
particles in a concentration range of 1-20 phr, were
prepared from THF solutions. Young’s modulus and
hardness increased with increasing silica concentration,
but compositions with silica with a low density of silanol
groups did not show significant changes in modulus or
hardness. Although compositions with silica with a high
occurrence of silanol groups showed quite large changes
in modulus and hardness, the final deformation was almost
the same as for the pure PU. The decrease in tensile
strength observed in compositions with non-treated silica
at concentrations higher than 1 phr was explained in terms
of increasing system heterogeneity. The reinforcement
mechanism was discussed with reference to interactions
64
between the silanol groups and hard or soft segments of
the PU chains. 18 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.760941
Item 144
Polymer
41, No.4, 2000, p.1529-39
IMPACT FRACTURE STUDY OF
MULTICOMPONENT POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Molnar Sz; Pukanszky B; Hammer C O; Maurer F H J
Budapest,Technical University; Hungarian Academy of
Sciences; Chalmers University of Technology
The impact resistance and fracture mechanics
characteristics of a variety of three-component
polypropylene-barium sulphate-elastomer composites and
reference materials were determined and related to
composition, dispersed phase structure and filler particle
size. The effects of structure on all characteristics were
similar, and it also influenced the temperature dependence
of impact resistance. The influence of functionalised
polymers on the structure was investigated, the degree of
filler particle encapsulation being determined using the
Lewis-Nielsen model. Impact resistance increased with
increasing encapsulation, but it was concluded that the
crucial factor controlling toughness was the micro-
mechanical deformation process and the deforming
volume. Separate distribution of the components and weak
adhesion of the filler to the matrix gave better impact
resistance than significant encapsulation. Although
stiffness was determined by the extent of embedding, the
relationship between toughness and structure was more
complex. 53 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY;
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.760714
Item 145
Polymer
41, No.4, 2000, p.1449-59
REINFORCEMENT OF CROSSLINKED
RUBBERY EPOXIES BY IN-SITU FORMED
SILICA
Matejka L; Dukh O; Kolarik J
Czech Republic,Academy of Sciences
A crosslinked epoxide was reinforced using silica-
siloxane structures formed in-situ from tetraethoxysilane
by sol-gel processing. Different structures were obtained
by employing different polymerisation procedures,
including simultaneous or sequential formation of the
epoxide network and the silica. The prepared materials
were characterised using dynamic mechanical analysis,
electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. An
increase in modulus of two orders of magnitude was
obtained with silica contents of less than 10 vol%. The
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
temperature dependency of the storage modulus and loss
factors were used to determine the phase structure and
the interaction between the epoxy and the silica phases.
Microphase separation was observed. The efficiency of
the reinforcement was dependent upon the reaction
conditions. Acid catalysis of the sol-gel process was
proposed to promote grafting between the epoxide and
silica phases, giving a more uniform and finer structure
with smaller silica domains. Fitting the mechanical data
to theoretical models showed that the composite consisted
of co-continuous epoxy and silica phases. 41 refs.
CZECH REPUBLIC
Accession no.760705
Item 146
Polymer Engineering and Science
39, No.10, Oct.1999, p.1993-7
EFFECT OF NATURAL ZEOLITE ON THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY
MATRIX
Lee J-Y; Shim M-J; Kim S-W
Seoul,University
The effects of addition of three natural zeolites to epoxy
systems was studied, with respect to filler content level
and particle size. Mechanical properties were found to
be linked to the particle size of the zeolites, giving
increased properties with smaller particle size. Surface
morphology of fractured samples showed increased
complexity with increased addition levels. 21 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.760453
Item 147
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
74, No.14, 27th Dec.1999, p.3359-64
PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE-CLAY
HYBRIDS
Hasegawa N; Okamoto H; Kawasumi M; Usuki A
Toyota Central R & D Laboratories Inc.
PS-clay hybrids were prepared by melt blending a styrene-
vinyloxazoline copolymer with organophilic clay. In the
hybrids, the silicate layers of the clay were delaminated
and dispersed homogeneously to the nanometer level. The
moduli of the hybrids were higher that that of the PS
copolymer. The tensile modulus of the hybrid with 5 wt
% clay, for example, was 1.4 times higher that that of the
PS copolymer. 19 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.759985
Item 148
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
13, No.12, 1999, p.1481-93
MODIFICATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
SURFACE PROPERTIES: MACROSCOPIC AND
MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS
Chamerois M; Francois M; Villieras F; Yvon J
Laboratoire Environnement et Mineralurgie
Non-porous calcium carbonate powders were coated with
increasing amounts of a water-repellent organosiloxane
molecule and the solid-liquid interface was characterised
using water vapour, nitrogen and argon adsorption. It was
found that the degree of hydrophobicity was dependent
on the method used to investigate the surface energetic
properties. Wettability and immersion enthalpy
measurements revealed that saturation of the carbonate
surface by the surfactant molecules was not necessary
for obtaining maximum hydrophobicity. It was concluded
that wettability was not only linked to the availability of
surface sites for water molecules. 26 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759943
Item 149
Journal of Materials Science
34, No.23, 1st Dec.1999, p.5927-36
EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON
FLEXURAL CREEP AND FATIGUE STRENGTH
OF A SILICA PARTICLE FILLED EPOXY RESIN
McMurray M K; Amagi S
Hitachi Ltd.
The results are reported of a study of the time and
temperature dependence of flexural strength carried out
using creep and fatigue testing. Flexural creep tests were
performed at various temperatures below Tg and flexural
fatigue tests were carried out at various stress ratios,
temperatures below Tg and two different frequencies. A
method, which is based on the static strength master curve
and cumulative damage law, is proposed for predicting
flexural creep strength. 32 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.759934
Item 150
Journal of Materials Science
34, No.23, 1st Dec.1999, p.5911-8
CONTROL OF THE STRUCTURE AND
PROPERTIES OF BARIUM SULPHATE-FILLED
BLENDS OF POLYPROPYLENE AND
ETHYLENE PROPYLENE COPOLYMERS
Hammer C O; Maurer F H J; Molnar S; Pukanszky B
Chalmers,University of Technology;
Budapest,Technical University
The structure and properties of PP and EPM blends filled
with barium sulphate were investigated in detail. The
aspect of structure control concerned was the separate
dispersion of filler and rubber in the matrix or
encapsulation of the filler in the maleated rubber phase.
It was found that filler particle size was an important
65
 References and Abstracts
factor, becoming a dominant factor below a certain
particle size aggregation. Extensive aggregation resulted
in a deterioration of all mechanical properties, especially
impact strength. 29 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY;
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759933
Item 151
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 121
SOLID STATE NMR TO CHARACTERISE
SILICA
Mansencal R L; Evans L R
Huber J.M.,Corp.,Engineered Minerals Div.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
NMR spectroscopy is shown to be a valuable tool to
investigate the surface chemistry of amorphous
precipitated silica. The surfaces of two different highly
dispersible silicas are shown to differ in the number and
distribution of their hydroxyl groups. Z8715 presents a
higher hydroxyl content and more geminal hydroxyl
concentration than Z8745. NMR is been shown to be a
reliable technique to investigate the reaction of two model
silane molecules with the hydroxyls on a silica surface.
The reactivity of the two silanes differ with TCMS
showing a higher affinity for reaction with isolated
silanols than does MTCS. Additionally, techniques of x-
ray scattering, SMS and USAXS, show that HDS silica
differs in the aggregation pattern from classical
precipitated silica. These differences in fractal geometry
and the differences in surface chemistry provide important
clues to the different behaviour of new generations of
precipitated silicas performance in rubber compounds. 20
refs.
USA
Accession no.759711
Item 152
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 95
PRECIPITATED SILICA BENCHMARKING IN
SILICONE HEAT CURED RUBBER
Holleran L
Rhodia Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Rhodia is an international producer of precipitated silica.
The product has historically been used in the tyre and
agrofeed markets. In January 1998, Rhodia Tire & Rubber
began a research and development programme to assess
the feasibility of implementing Rhodia silica in silicone
rubber applications. A collection of precipitated silica
grades is obtained and analytical characteristics of the
various grades are determined. The silica samples are
66
subsequently compounded into heat cured silicone rubber
masterbatches. These masterbatches are subjected to a
series of standard tests in order to obtain information
regarding the relative performances of the silica.
Commercial and experimental Rhodia precipitated silicas
are compared to other commercially available precipitated
silicas. The Rhodia silicas performing the best in silicone
heat cured rubber applications are identified. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.759688
Item 153
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 93
SILICA-PDMS INTERACTIONS - A NEW VIEW
OF AN OLD QUESTION
Barthel H
Wacker-Chemie GmbH
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Fumed silica is an amorphous synthetic silicon dioxide
used in a variety of technical applications. Besides free
flow of powders and thickening of liquids, the
reinforcement of silicone elastomers is of main
importance. Mechanisms of reinforcement are still an
issue of scientific discussions. However, it has been settled
that interactions between the silica surface and the
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)chain segments play a
major role. Recent efforts to understand those interactions,
both on a molecular and an atom scale level, are reviewed.
Hydroxylated and silylated silicas with defined degree
of silylation are investigated. As an experimental
adsorption technique, inverse gas chromatography, in an
infinite dilution and a finite concentration mode, is used.
Adsorption of linear oligomers of dimethylsiloxy units
reveal that steric factors dominate the energy of
adsorption. On an atom-scale level, a series of
computational studies together with experimental
vibration spectroscopy is performed. Semi-empirical
quantum chemical techniques, basing on AM1 and PM3
parameters, are used to study nanoscale surface facets.
Unspecific, dispersion forces together with induced
dipole-dipole interactions control the adsorption of
PDMS- on fumed silica, and discrete H-bonding are of
minor importance. A review on various results of
structures and interaction energies from different methods
is presented. 35 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.759686
Item 154
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 78
PHYSICAL AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF
GLT FLUOROELASTOMER REINFORCED
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
WITH SILICA FILLERS
Morris M D; Wen J; Stevens R D
Cabot Corp.; DuPont Dow Elastomers
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
There is considerable interest in improving physical
properties of fluoroelastomers, especially hot tear strength,
through the use of fillers. Reinforcement of peroxide cured,
low-temperature fluoroelastomer specifically is an area of
concern given the growth in this type of FKM polymer.
The impact of filler on the dynamic properties of this rubber
is also of interest. The impact of silica fillers on the physical
and dynamic properties of fluoroelastomers is discussed.
It is found that compared to carbon black at 20 phr loading,
all samples with low density silica fillers based on fumed
silica and aerogels show a much more pronounced Payne
effect, indicating stronger filler networks. It is also found
that compared to other fillers such as carbon black, blanc
fixe (barium sulphate) and Wollastonite (calcium
metasilicate), silica fillers can offer better tensile and tear
strength but higher hardness and poorer compression set.
However, when used at 5 to 10 phr loadings together with
other fillers, silica fillers can improve the physical
properties with only small increases in hardness and
compression set. Some of the silica fillers tested are in a
dense form and are easily dispersed in the rubber, thus
reducing the dispersion problem commonly associated with
fumed silica fillers. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.759673
Item 155
International Polymer Processing
14, No.3, Sept.1999, p.234-40
EFFECT OF TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER DESIGN
AND PROCESS CONDITIONS ON ULTRAFINE
CALCIUM CARBONATE DISPERSION INTO PP
Bories M; Huneault M A; Lafleur P G
Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Canada,Industrial
Materials Institute
An intermeshing corotating twin-screw extruder was used
to mix high filler contents (60 wt.%) of untreated ground
calcium carbonate (particle size 0.7 micrometres) into PP
of melt flow index 12g/10 min (SM 6100 from Montell).
The effect of screw configuration, rotation speed, flow rate,
filler feed port position, and barrel temperature on
dispersion was investigated. A method based on image
analysis of optical transmission micrographs obtained from
25 micron thick films was found to be quick and reliable
for evaluating the state of dispersion in the filled systems.
The dispersion state affected the mechanical performance
of the systems. In particular, falling weight and unnotched
Izod impact resistance decreased significantly as dispersion
deteriorated. Mechanical properties (TS, EB and tensile
modulus) were correlated with the relative volume
concentration of agglomerates in the blend. 28 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.758486
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 156
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 36
DISPERSION AID FOR SILICA FILLER IN
RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Jividen D; Kaufman H
Western Reserve Chemical Corp.; Polymer Process
Technologies
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
PPT-HDI, a new dispersion aid for silica fillers, is
described. It is a polar material acting on the surface of
silica fillers to break up agglomerates and improve
dispersion in rubber compounds. It also has a positive
influence on dynamic properties that relate to easier
processing and provides an improvement in the dissipation
of static charges. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.758333
Item 157
International Polymer Science and Technology
26, No.3, 1999, p.26-33
ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
POLYMER AND FILLER - CARBON BLACK
Nishi T
Published information on the interaction between
polymers and surfaces, and particularly the surface of
carbon black is briefly reviewed. Various computational
models have been developed for the conformation of the
polymer molecule, which is believed to form loops and
tails. When uncured rubber which contains dispersed
carbon black is immersed in a good solvent, the mixture
swells forming a carbon gel. A structural model is
proposed, in which a bound rubber layer forms around
the carbon particles. The variation in thickness of the
bound layer for different rubbers, and the use of pulsed
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with these
systems, are discussed. 30 refs. Translation of Nippon
Gomu Kyokaishi, No.9, 1998, p.541.
Accession no.756155
Item 158
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
269, Aug.1999, p.78-83
ROLE OF M-PHENYLENEDIMALEIMIDE IN
REACTIVE PROCESSING OF
POLY(PROPYLENE)/MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
COMPOSITES. I. EFFECT OF PROCESSING
TEMPERATURE AND COMPOSITE
FORMULATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Khunova V; Liauw C M; Alexy P; Sain M M
Slovak,Technical University; Quebec,University;
Manchester,Metropolitan University
A three-factorial experimental design was used to
investigate the simultaneous effect of interface modifier,
67
 References and Abstracts
lubricant and processing temperature on the mechanical
properties of poly(propylene)/magnesium hydroxide
composites produced by reactive processing using m-
phenylene dimaleimide interface modifier, and a lubricant
consisting of a mixture of fatty acid amides and esters.
All the variables significantly influenced the properties
of the composites. Up to 100% improvement in yield
stress was gained from the use of the reactive modifier,
whilst the addition of the lubricant, employing careful
formulation, was not overly detrimental to mechanical
properties. The effect of temperature was complex, being
strongly influenced by the modifier content. The optimum
processing temperature was 220C. 21 refs.
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.756149
Item 159
European Rubber Journal
181, No.12, Dec.1999, p.26-30
GREEN TYRE USE PULLS SILICA FORWARD
GLOBALLY
White E
Demand for silica for tyres has been ‘pulling the whole
industry for several years’, and silica use in OE car tyre
treads in Europe is now standard, with this market at near
saturation, according to the president of tyre and rubber
chemicals for Rhodia SA. Use of silica has developed so
that now some 100 ktpa of silica is used in this application,
much of it in Europe. Silica use is so great in OE tyres in
Europe, as the tax pressure on fuel is so high that car
makers have a ‘big incentive’ to reduce fuel consumption.
This in turn puts pressure on the tyre makers to develop
green tyres for low rolling resistance and low fuel
consumption. These rules are now ‘so tight that no new
car can be homologated without green tyres’. Details are
given.
PPG INDUSTRIES INC.; SMITHERS SCIENTIFIC
SERVICES; RHODIA SA
WORLD
Accession no.754387
Item 160
European Rubber Journal
181, No.12, Dec.1999, p.20-1
SILICA TO RISE IN US TRUCK TYRES AS
EUROPE GETS MATURE
White E
Truck tyres in the USA are seen as the next big market
for silica to conquer - as long as coupling agents can be
developed to provide interaction between silica and the
natural rubber used in truck tyres. The main question
appears to be how much time the rest of the tyre business
will take to convert to silica use in treads. Replacement
tyres and truck tyres are two big sectors for silica still to
conquer in Europe, as are the US and Asian tyre markets.
68
Trucking companies in the US are big enough and well-
enough organised to see distinct fuel savings from the
lower rolling resistance given by silica treads on their
tyres. A review of recent developments in this area is
presented.
RHODIA SA; RHONE-POULENC SA; PPG
INDUSTRIES INC.; DEGUSSA-HULS
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
Accession no.754385
Item 161
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
72, No.1, March-April 1999, p.119-129
SILICA AND SILANE COUPLING AGENT FOR
IN SITU REINFORCEMENT OF
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER
Murakami K; Osanai S; Shigekuni S; Tanahashi H;
Kohjiya S; Ikeda Y
Tokai Rubber Industries Ltd.; Kyoto University;
Kyoto,Institute of Technology
A sol-gel reaction performed using tetraethoxysilane
(TEOS) to swell an NBR vulcanisate filled with silica
and commercial silane coupling agent, and treatment with
ethylenediamine resulted in improved reinforcement of
the vulcanisate compared to untreated samples.
Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the
proportion of bound silica, and both scanning and
transmission electron microscopy were used to examine
the filler network formation. Confirmation of the
improved reinforcement of the vulcanisate was given by
both tensile measurement and measurement of hysteresis
loss in dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanism of
the improved reinforcement is discussed. 24 refs
JAPAN
Accession no.753127
Item 162
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
38, No.4, 1999, p.659-73
INFLUENCE OF CHARGING MATERIALS ON
THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE MELTS
Petraru F; Popa M; Tudose R
CEPROPLAST; Asachi G.,Technical University
The results of experimental studies on the rheological
behaviour of HDPE filled with calcium carbonate (25-
125%) treated with surface activating agents (a sort of
HDPE with low molecular weight). Treating of the charge
surface is realised by mixing (rapid Henschel mixer, 2 h,
60 deg.C); then the obtained recipes are submitted to
granulation (KoBuss PR 40 type granulation installation).
The rheological study is performed on a laboratory single-
screw extruder especially equipped with a rheological
nozzle having a measuring ring with four interchangeable
bypasses. Six obtained recipes are processed in 28 regimes
of shear rates, at a rotation speed ranging between 25 and
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
85 rpm and a temperature of 195 deg.C. The influence of
the filler on HDPE melts is investigated; it is established
that the filler intensifies the viscous component, and for
concentrations over 25%, it modifies the elastic component
of the polymer substantially. The surface treating of the
filler modifies the comportment of the matrix substantially:
The tension threshold is reduced to elimination and the
elastic component is strongly modified. 11 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA
Accession no.752291
Item 163
Chemical Engineering
106, No.11, Oct.1999, p.85/88
RESHAPING CLAY
Shanley A; Crabb C; Armesto C; D’Aquino R
Niche polymer applications are reported to be driving
demand for kaolin and other clays. Demand for functional
fillers and high performance coatings is increasing the
demand for clays at the expense of silica, talc, polymeric
fillers and cellulosic and polyurethane thickeners. The
kaolin and other clays industry has been affected by
changes in the paper making industry, which once
accounted for over half its total consumption, and
although kaolin still dominates the paper coatings market,
tight specifications have increased production costs.
Developments in kaolin production are described.
WORLD
Accession no.751831
Item 164
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
52, No.10, Oct.1999, p.670-6
NANO-STRUCTURE BLACKS. A NEW CARBON
BLACK FAMILY DESIGNED TO MEET TRUCK
TIRE PERFORMANCE DEMANDS
Niedermeier W; Freund B
Degussa AG
Nanostructure carbon blacks called Ecorex are characterised
by a rough surface and enhanced filler-polymer interaction.
Consequently, the slippage of the polymer molecules along
the rough nanostructure surface which is the major hysteresis
mechanism in rubber compounds is hindered and hysteresis
is significantly reduced. It was demonstrated that aggregate
size distribution (ASD) does not directly correlate with
hysteresis. Hence narrow ASD carbon blacks with strong
polymer interaction have been achieved, and their value in
improving treadwear in truck tyre formulations is proven.
23 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.751761
Item 165
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
74, No.6, 7th Nov.1999, p.1361-5
MICA AS A FILLER FOR ABS/
POLYCARBONATE BLENDS
Pastorini M T; Nunes R C R
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal
Blends of ABS/polycarbonate:65/35 were prepared
incorporating mica. A silane treatment of the mica surface
was performed to improve the polymer/filler interaction.
Mechanical properties, rheology and flame retardancy
were studied. The best properties and efficiency in
reducing the rate of burning was obtained for a
composition with 30 phr of mica. 16 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.751562
Item 166
Polyolefins XI. Conference proceedings.
Houston, Tx., 21st-24th Feb.1999, p.72939
MICA AND ITS EFFECT IN POLYOLEFIN
COMPOUNDS
Usifer D; Fajardo W
Engelhard Corp.
(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic
Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &
Additives Div.)
Mineral-based products are used in plastic applications,
especially polyolefins, to obtain a performance property
that can usually not be obtained by the resin itself. Mica,
with its very high aspect ratio, is an excellent mineral for
improving flexural modulus, heat deflection temperature
and warpage. The key features of mica, and how they
affect the mechanical properties of both PE and PP
composites, are reviewed. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.751148
Item 167
Patent Number: US 5936006 A 19990810
FILLED AND POLYMERIZABLE DENTAL
MATERIAL
Rheinberger V; Moszner; Fischer U K
Ivoclar AG
A filler and polymerisable dental material is described
which contains a sol of SiO2 particles in a liquid, organic
dispersion agent, the SiO2 particles being organically
surface modified, having an average size of 10 to 100 nm
and being non-agglomerated.
LIECHTENSTEIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.750887
Item 168
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999.
Conference Preprints.
Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 73, pp.26
ANALYTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA: A KEY
69
 References and Abstracts
FOR UNDERSTANDING SILICA
REINFORCEMENT
Blume A
Degussa-Huels AG
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A number of silicas were characterised for particle size
distribution, specific silanol group density, surface activity
and dispersion coefficient, and relationships between
these filler properties and the performance of tyre tread
compounds were investigated. Effects on rheological and
mechanical properties and cure rate were examined, and
parameters for the improvement of dispersion, dynamic
stiffness and vulcanisation behaviour were identified. 15
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.749885
Item 169
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999.
Conference Preprints.
Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 27, pp.19
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON DYNAMIC
PROPERTIES OF NBR AND XNBR
VULCANIZATES
Stockdale M; Altman M
Goodyear Chemicals
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The mechanical behaviour of vulcanisates based on blends
of nitrile rubber (NBR) and carboxylated NBR (XNBR)
filled with silica or carbon black were investigated by a
series of transient and dynamic measurements. Stress-
strain measurements were performed to determine
Young’s modulus at different strains, and the dynamic
mechanical response was studied by DMA over a wide
temperature and frequency range. A rubber process
analyser was used to study the effects of strain and
frequency, and DMA to evaluate the effects of
temperature. The samples showed greatly varying
properties over a wide range of conditions. The data
generated suggested a strong interaction between silica
and XNBR, but such interactions were not evident in
carbon black filled compounds. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.749844
Item 170
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999.
Conference Preprints.
Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 14, pp.34
REINFORCEMENT OF GENERAL PURPOSE
GRADE RUBBERS BY SILICA GENERATED IN-
SITU
Kohjiya S; Ikeda Y
Kyoto,University; Kyoto,Institute of Technology
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
70
The use of the sol-gel process for the in-situ generation
of silica in rubber matrices is examined, and results are
presented of research into the sol-gel reactions of
tetraethoxysilane as a precursor of silica particles in
polybutadiene, SBR and epoxidised NR vulcanisates. The
dispersion and particle size distribution of the silica
formed and its effects on the tensile and dynamic
mechanical properties of vulcanisates were investigated.
Silane coupling agents improved the dispersion and
reduced the particle size of the silica. 43 refs.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.749831
Item 171
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
73, No.13, 23rd Sep.1999, p.2657-70
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME
FILLED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)
COMPOSITIONS
Saad A L G; Sayed W M; Ahmed M G M; Hassan A M
Cairo,National Research Centre; Egyptian Petroleum
Research Institute
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites were prepared,
consisting of: PVC; a polar plasticiser mixture of
dioctylphthalate and chlorinated paraffin; epoxidised
soybean oil heat stabiliser; sandorin red pigment; and a
variety of white fillers including barytes, calcium
carbonate, kaolin, quartz, and talc; a conducting filler,
carbon black; and hydrated fillers, aluminium hydroxide,
magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. The
prepared materials were characterised using electrical and
mechanical measurements. The white fillers gave a
plasticised PVC with good electrical insulation, whilst
the carbon black-containing material had some electrical
conductivity. Both had good mechanical properties. Of
the hydrated fillers which were used, aluminium
hydroxide gave the best fire retardancy in combination
with good electrical properties. 33 refs.
EGYPT
Accession no.747720
Item 172
Polymers & Polymer Composites
7, No.3, 1999, p.177-86
EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SHAPE, SIZE AND
INTERFACIAL ADHESION ON THE FRACTURE
STRENGTH OF SILICA-FILLED EPOXY RESIN
Nakamura Y; Okabe S; Iida T
Osaka,Institute of Technology
The above effects were investigated using Epikote 828
bisphenol-A-type epoxy resin and four types of irregular-
shaped silica particles, untreated or surface-treated with
silane coupling and decoupling agents. Surface-treated
particle-filled resins were compared with untreated
particle-filled resins. The flexural strength was found to
increase with an decrease in particle size in both the
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
untreated and the well-adhered systems, whereas it was
independent of size in the poorly adhered system. SEM
observations of fractured surfaces indicated that the
fracture strength of particle-filled brittle polymers was
affected by the number, size and sharpness of the defects
in the material derived from particle fracture or interfacial
debonding. 16 refs.
YUKA SHELL EPOXY
JAPAN
Accession no.744917
Item 173
Polymer Degradation and Stability
65, No.1, July 1999, p.47-51
THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MICA-
FILLED THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE
COMPOSITES
Baral D; De P P; Nando G B
Indian Institute of Technology
Thermoplastic PU(Estane 58311)-Muscovite mica
composites were prepared in a Brabender Plasticorder at
180C by melt mixing and their thermal properties were
studied by DSC and TGA. The thermal stability of the
thermoplastic PU was shown to improve marginally on
incorporation of mica, which shifted the decomposition
temp. of the composite to a higher level, thus delaying
the degradation. 6 refs.
GOODRICH B.F.
INDIA
Accession no.744060
Item 174
Tire Technology International
Annual Review, 1999, p.14/9
EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT IN SBR/BR
BLENDS
Nakamura M
Nippon Zeon Co.Ltd.
Depending on the severity of the test, different
compounds perform in different ways. Blending silica
and carbon black is said to give the best overall abrasion
performance. In recent years, a considerable number of
studies has been conducted on silica compounds. A
change of viscoelastic properties in SBR/NR blends has
been reported; this change is said to have been caused
by the microstructure of the polymers, the silane
coupling agent and the surface area of the silica. Oil-
extended SBR/BR blend systems have been adopted in
Europe. It has been reported that green tyres are made
of oil-extended SBR, BR, silica and a coupling agent.
Tyre performance, measured as abrasion, viscoelastic
and tensile properties, is studied in three reinforcing
systems: carbon black; carbon and silica; and silica, with
various SBRs blended with a high-cis BR. 2 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.743846
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 175
Patent Number: EP 936241 A1 19990818
CONTROL OF RHEOLOGICAL AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICONE
ELASTOMERS CONTAINING SILICA FILLER
Degroot J V
Dow Corning Corp.
A sufficient volume fraction of reinforcing silica filler is
added to the curable silicone composition to provide the
desired property. The volume fraction is determined using
a regression analysis equation relating volume fraction,
Carman surface area and Burnauer-Emmet-Teller surface
area of the filler to the desired property.
USA
Accession no.742274
Item 176
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
37, No.13, 1st July 1999, p.1421-7
DEPENDENCE OF SILICA PARTICLE SIZES ON
NETWORK CHAIN LENGTHS, SILICA
CONTENTS, AND CATALYST
CONCENTRATIONS IN IN-SITU REINFORCED
POLYSILOXANE ELASTOMERS
Breiner J M; Mark J E; Beaucage G
Cincinnati,University
Molecular composites were produced by in-situ sol-gel
reactions on tetraethoxysilane swelled into
polydimethylsiloxane networks. Small-angle X-ray
scattering was employed to investigate the dependence
of silica particle size on network chain length, silica
content and catalyst concentration. It was found that silica
particle sizes were smallest for the smallest values of mesh
size of the network and that structural changes occurred
with increasing filler concentration, the continual
formation of new particle nuclei gradually being replaced
by coalescence of already formed species into
considerably larger aggregates. 42 refs.
USA
Accession no.742208
Item 177
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
60, No.3, 1st May 1999, p.396-402
ISSUES AND CONTROVERSY: THE
MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA;
REVIEW PAPERS ON ANALYTICAL METHODS
Miles W J
Bentonite Performance Materials
The analytical methods for crystalline silica polymorphs are
reviewed and promising techniques for compliance with
health-related regulations are summarised. X-ray diffraction
analysis appears to be the most promising method of
determining quartz and cristobalite content at this threshold
in many bulk mineral and chemical systems. Other analytical
techniques can be used in some mineral and chemical
71
 References and Abstracts
assemblages, but usually lack polymorph specificity or
sensitivity. All analytical methods benefit from concentration
techniques that do not alter crystalline properties of silicas.
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) Analytical Method 7601, as written, suffers from
destruction of the mineral residue containing crystalline silica
polymorphs after dissolution of many silicate minerals in
phosphoric acid and may also include digestion-resistant
minerals, but it is a promising concentration method for other
analytical methods such as NIOSH Analytical Method 7500
(X-ray diffraction). 48 refs.
USA
Accession no.742010
Item 178
ACS Polymeric Materials Science &
Engineering.Volume 80.Conference proceedings.
Anaheim, Ca., Spring 1999, p.378-9.012
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Deanin R D; Paul P P
Massachusetts,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Research work at Massachusetts University related to
polypropylene (PP) composites is summarised. The topics
covered include: the influence of calcium carbonate on
melt viscosity and vibration damping as a function of
temperature; the melt viscosity of silicon carbide-filled
foams; the influence of mica additions on the mechanical
and thermal properties; melt viscosity, mechanical
properties, vibration damping, and fibre degradation
during processing of glass fibre-reinforced PP. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.738946
Item 179
Polymer Composites
20, No.3, June 1999, p.392-405
PERFORMANCE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
FILLED, RANDOM FIBRE COMPOSITES
Steenkamer D A; Sullivan J L
Ford Motor Co.
An investigation into the performance of calcium carbonate-
filled random fibre reinforced composites is described. A
series of composite plaques is fabricated by resin transfer
moulding (RTM) a calcium carbonate filled, unsaturated
polyester resin with either an A-glass continuous strand mat
(CSM) or an E-glass CSM preform. The influence of fibre
type and calcium carbonate filler loading level are evaluated
through a combination of experiments and micromechanics
based modelling. The results of these studies indicate that
the use of the E-glass reinforcement leads to better
mechanical properties relative to their A-glass counterpart.
In addition, the composite moduli increase as the calcium
carbonate filler level increases; however, the composite
strengths are insensitive to filler loading level. Finally, a
previously developed micromechanics based model is
72
extended to consider the presence of the filler within the
resin matrix. This model is used to predict the tensile moduli
and strength as well as the overall shape of the stress-strain
curves. Good agreement is found between the model
predictions and the experimental results, which suggests that
this model could be used as a preliminary design tool to
examine the effect of constituent composition on structural
performance. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.738683
Item 180
Polymer
40, No.19, 1999, p.5345-53
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF
INJECTION-MOULDED DISCS OF
POLYPROPYLENE AND UNTREATED AND
SILANE-TREATED TALC-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Diez-Gutierrez S; Rodriguez-Perez M A; De Saja J A;
Velasco J I
Valladolid,Universidad; Catalunya,Universidad
Politecnica
DMA was used to study the dynamic mechanical properties
of injection-moulded discs of PP, talc-filled PP composites
and silane-treated talc-filled PP composites. Silane addition
at a very low level improved the adhesion between the filler
and the polymer and enabled composites to be used where
otherwise they could not. Thus, on the one hand, the
composites had different properties due to the filler and
the coupling agent and on the other hand the injection
processing induced a structure, resulting in inhomogeneity
and anisotropy for the moulded discs. SEM, DSC and wide-
angle X-ray diffraction techniques were used to help
examine the microscopic structure and verify the
macroscopic properties measured with DMA. 28 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.738417
Item 181
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
72, No.8, 23rd May 1999, p.1031-8
STUDIES ON SAND/CLAY UNSATURATED
POLYESTER COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Ismail M R; Ali M A M; El-Milligy A A; Afifi M S
Egypt,National Centre for Radiation Res.& Technol.;
Al-Azhar University
The effect of a radiation-initiated unsaturated polyester
(with varying styrene content) on the physicomechanical
properties of a sand/clay-polyester composite was
investigated. The composite contained from 10 to 70 wt
% sand/clay and polymerisation was conducted using
gamma-irradiation at 50 kGy. Different particle sizes of
clay were used. The compressive strength, apparent
porosity and water absorption were studied, together with
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
the IR spectra. Results obtained indicated that the
compressive strength decreased with an increase in sand/
clay content, as well as in the styrene content in the
unsaturated polyester, whereas the apparent porosity and
water absorption of the composite samples increased. IR
spectra showed the appearance of new bands, which
indicated a chemical reaction between polyester and clay
constituents. 21 refs.
EGYPT
Accession no.736585
Item 182
Plast’ 21
Nos.77/8, Jan./Feb.1998, p.64-5
Spanish
DISPERSING AGENTS FOR FILLERS IN
POLYOLEFINS
John V; Puckett D
Dow Corning Corp.
Results are presented of a study of the effectiveness of
two lubricants in the dispersion of additives in LDPE.
The lubricants examined and compared were calcium
stearate and Dow Corning’s MB50-002 high molecular
weight siloxane masterbatch, and the additives were a
calcium carbonate filler and an aluminium trihydroxide
flame retardant.
MANCHESTER,METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.736316
Item 183
Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres
50, No.8, Nov.1998, p.40-5
French
INFLUENCE OF FORMULATION ON DYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
Bouchereau M N
IFOCA
The dynamic mechanical properties of a number of
rubbers are examined, and the influence of carbon black
and silica fillers, extender oils and vulcanisation
parameters on these properties is discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.736246
Item 184
China Rubber Industry
46, No.5, 1999, p.273-6
Chinese
EFFECT OF METAL COMPONENT IN CLAY ON
AGEING PROPERTIES OF CLAY-FILLED NR
COMPOUND
Ningjian A; Ying C; Mei C; Shaoxiong W; Huiling Z;
Chen W; Honglian Q
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
South China,Tropical Agricultural Product Processing
Research Institute
The thermooxidative ageing properties were determined
on the NR vulcanisates filled with three types of clay
which were treated by reductant and strong acid and
different metal compounds were added in. The results
showed that the ageing properties of clay-filled
vulcanisates were influenced by the metal components
in clay in order of Co greater than Cu greater than Fe
greater than Mn; the change of iron content in a certain
range did not have significant effect on the ageing
properties of clay-filled vulcanisates; and the ageing
properties of clay-filled vulcanisates were not in
correspondence with the content of harmful metals in clay
because the metal components in clay existed in different
forms. 9 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.735592
Item 185
Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May, 1999, p.1478-81.012
EFFECT OF FILLERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF
ROTATIONALLY MOULDED POLYETHYLENE
Robert A; Crawford R J
Belfast,Queen’s University
(SPE)
The influence of talc and mica fillers on the properties of
rotationally moulded medium density polyethylene was
investigated. Adhesion between the filler and the matrix
was enhanced by using maleic anhydride modified
polyethylene. An increase in the modulus, and with some
compositions an improvement in the tensile strength, was
observed. However, there was a decrease in the elongation
and impact properties. Shrinkage was reduced, and a
reduction in cycle time was observed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.735499
Item 186
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
72, No.1, 1999, p.37-42
Japanese
OBSERVATION OF THE DISPERSION OF
SILICA IN SILICONE RUBBER
Kobayashi Y; Hori Y; Aoki T
Tokuyama Corp.
Specimens of silica-dispersed silicone rubber were
prepared by modified freeze fracture, and scanning
electron microscopy was applied for observation of the
dispersion of the silica. 7 refs. Articles from this journal
can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
JAPAN
Accession no.735066
73
 References and Abstracts
Item 187
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology
15, No.1, 1999, p.1-27
ADVANCES IN PRECIPITATED SILICAS FOR
PASSENGER AND TRUCK TYRE TREADS
Okel T A; Patkar S D; Bice J-A E
PPG Industries Inc.
Amorphous precipitated silica has emerged as a major
contributor to the reduction of tyre tread rolling resistance.
The challenge of obtaining a low rolling resistance, energy
efficient compound with minimal compromise in traction
and tread wear has been addressed by emerging silica/
coupling agent technology. Because of the increasing use
of silica in tread applications, there has been greater
emphasis on the mechanistic understanding of silica-
elastomer viscoelastic properties in addition to compound
optimisation. Composite model formulations are
developed from a review of the recent patent literature
pertaining to NR truck tread and SBR/BR passenger tread
formulations. An attempt is made to: quantify the effects
of silica area and silica loading in perturbing the cure
system of the truck tread of formulation; determine the
effect of silane coupling agent on compound cure, physical
and dynamic properties both in the absence and presence
of compensation for this cure perturbation with additional
accelerator; and evaluate the effects of coupling agent,
silica loading and silica surface area on the dynamic
properties of a model SBR/BR tread under varying strain
and temperature conditions. 20 refs.
USA
Accession no.734807
Item 188
Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3147-51. 012
EFFECT OF PP-GMA ON PROPERTIES OF
TALC FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
Godfroy P G; Huneault M A; Lafleur P G
Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Canada,Industrial
Materials Institute
(SPE)
Glycidyl methacrylate grafted PP (PP-GMA) is used as a
coupling agent in a PP/talc blend. Two coupling agents
with GMA grafting levels of around 0.34 %wt. and
different molecular weights are used. It is found that the
use of PP-GMA at concentrations between 1 and 10 %wt.
increases the tensile strength and impact resistance of PP/
talc composites. The performance of the PP-GMA is
comparable to commercial PP-MAH modifiers. The
chemical or physical effect of the coupling agent are
discussed. 13 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.734317
Item 189
Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.
74
New York City, 2nd-6th May, 1999, p.892-6.012
INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
CONTENT ON THE STRESS-STRAIN AND
CREEP RESPONSE OF UNSATURATED
POLYESTER
Theriault R P; Kabelka J; Ehrenstein G W
Erlangen-Nurnberg,University
(SPE)
A model was developed to relate the stress-strain and creep
properties of unsaturated polyester composite resins to
the concentration of calcium carbonate filler. The
procedure required the experimental determination of the
tensile modulus and creep of the resin without filler. The
model predictions were confirmed experimentally. 13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.734063
Item 190
Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3966-8. 012
POLYMER-LAYERED SILICATE
NANOCOMPOSITES: EMERGING SCIENTIFIC
AND COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES
Giannelis E P
Cornell University
(SPE)
Polymer nanocomposites represent a radical alternative
to conventionally (macroscopically) filled polymers.
Because of their nanometer-size dispersion, the
nanocomposites exhibit markedly improved properties
when compared to the pure polymers or conventional
composites. These include increased modulus and
strength, outstanding barrier properties, increased solvent
and heat resistance and decreased flammability. The
physical and mechanical properties of nanocomposites
are reviewed, and discussed in terms of their static
(neutron scattering and computer simulations) and
dynamic (including NMR and dielectric relaxation)
properties.
USA
Accession no.734044
Item 191
European Rubber Journal
181, No.6, June 1999, p.28-33
CARBON BLACK MEETING FOCUSES ON
SILICA IN TYRES
White L
Better consultation between the tyre makers and the filler
suppliers would allow better planning of silica capacity
expansions, it is claimed. Predictions for silica use in tyres
range from 120 to 800 ktpa by 2005. The silica suppliers’
achievements in developing silane-coupled, highly
dispersible materials for the green tyre means that silica
is now displacing more and more carbon black in car tyre
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
treads. ASTM type carbon blacks still dominate in tyre
bodies and in truck tyres.
WORLD
Accession no.732542
Item 192
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
38, No.2, 1999, p.351-69
STUDIES ON SAND-UNSATURATED
POLYESTER COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Ismail M R; Ali M A M; Afifi M S; El-Miligy A A
Al-Azhar University
The influence of unsaturated polyester resin to sand ratios
as well as gamma-irradiation on the physicomechanical
properties of the sand-polyester composite is investigated.
The samples are prepared at different ratios ranging from
5% to 30% of unsaturated polyester to sand, then subjected
to gamma-irradiation between 10 and 100 kGy. The effect
on the compressive strength, total porosity and water
absorption, in addition to IR spectroscopy and
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are studied. The results
indicate that the compressive strength increases with the
increase of unsaturated polyester resin and the gamma-
irradiated dose, whereas the total porosity and water
absorption values are decreased. These are attributed to
adhesion between the sand and unsaturated polyester under
the effect of gamma-irradiation. IR spectra show the
appearance of new bands as a result of the formation of the
Si-C bond. TGA shows that thermal stability of the composite
increases with the increase of exposure dose. 20 refs.
EGYPT
Accession no.732335
Item 193
China Rubber Industry
46, No.4, 1999, p.195-200
Chinese
STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF EPDM
COMPOUND. II. SILICA-REINFORCED EPDM
COMPOUND
Lu Yonglai; Zhang Liqun; Liu Li; Feng Yuxing; Tian
Ming; Wu Youping; Wu Shemao
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
The influence of the silica kind, level and surface
treatment as well as the level of silane coupling agent
Si69 on the static and dynamic properties of silica-
reinforced EPDM was studied; the abrasion surface from
Akron test was analysed by SEM and the relationship
between the abrasion surface morphology and the tensile
properties was described; the mechanism and the process
of the silica modification with silane coupling agent were
discussed; and the temperature in the core of the rubber
test piece under dynamic conditions was measured by
improved Goodrich compression fatigue tester. 2 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.731469
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 194
Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.350-4 .012
EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING CONDITIONS ON
THE DISPERSION OF HIGHLY FILLED
CALCIUM CARBONATE/PP COMPOUNDS IN
TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDERS
Bories M; Huneault M A; Lafleur P G
Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Industrial Materials Institute
(SPE)
Highly filled polypropylene, containing up to 60wt%
calcium carbonate, was compounded using an intermeshing
co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The effects of screw
configuration and operating conditions, including screw
speed, flow rate, filler feed position, and temperature were
investigated. The prepared polymer was characterised using
impact and tensile tests. It was established that the modulus,
yield stress, yield strain, and toughness were very sensitive
to the filler dispersion, correlating to the compounding
conditions and to a dispersion index determined by image
analysis obtained using optical microscopy. 14 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.731018
Item 195
Polymer Science Series A
41, No.2, Feb.1999, p.218-24
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
PROPERTIES OF PP FILLED WITH SHUNGITE
Dubnikova I L; Kedrina N F; Soloveva A B; Rozhkova
N N; Chmutin I A; Ponomarenko A T; Baranov A O;
Lyapunova M A
Russian Academy of Sciences
The influence of the content and type of shungite filler
on the mechanical and electrical properties of PP-based
compositions was investigated. The existence of adhesive
interaction between shungite and PP was confirmed by
electron microscopy. 28 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.729152
Item 196
Polymer Engineering and Science
39, No.3, March 1999, p.500-7
EFFECTS OF DISPERSING AGENTS ON
DISPERSITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF CARBON BLACK/PETP
Kim D-J; Seo K-H; Hong K-H; Kim S-Y
Korea,Kyungpook National University; Kolon
Industries Inc.
Details are given of the effect of polymeric dispersing
agents on the mechanical properties of carbon black filled
PETP. The effect of mixing time, shearing speed, and
concentration of dispersing agent are discussed. 20 refs.
KOREA
Accession no.729130
75
 References and Abstracts
Item 197
Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition
37, No.8, 15th April 1999, p.847-57
OXYGEN BARRIER PROPERTIES OF
CRYSTALLIZED AND TALC-FILLED
POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)
Sekelik D J; Stepanov E V; Nazarenko S; Schiraldi D;
Hiltner A; Baer E
Case Western Reserve University; Hoechst Corp.
The improvement of the oxygen barrier properties of
PETP on incorporation of an impermeable phase such as
a crystalline phase or talc platelets was examined.
Crystallinity was induced by crystallisation from the
glassy state (cold crystallisation). Microlayering was used
to create talc-filled structures with controlled layer
structure. The reduction of permeability in crystallised
and talc-filled PETP was well described by Nielsen’s
model. Changes in permeability of crystalline PETP could
not be ascribed to the filler effect of crystallites alone.
Data on solubility, obtained from measurements of oxygen
transport coefficients, confirmed a previous finding that
the amorphous phase density of PETP decreased upon
crystallisation. The data were amenable to interpretation
by free volume theory. Talc-filled materials processed by
different methods showed the same permeability. Much
better mechanical properties were, however, achieved by
microlayering. 34 refs.
USA
Accession no.727122
Item 198
Journal of Materials Science
34, No.3, 1st Feb.1999, p.535-44
EFFECT OF ELASTOMER INTERFACIAL
AGENTS ON TENSILE AND IMPACT
PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
FILLED HDPE
Sahnoune F; Lopez-Cuesta J M; Crespy A
Ales,Ecole des Mines
Details are given of the modification of the tensile yield
strength of calcium carbonate filled HDPE by the
incorporation of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene
triblock copolymer elastomers. The influence of the
interfacial area and the volume fraction of filler were
studied. 30 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.726774
Item 199
Journal of Materials Science
34, No.3, 1st Feb.1999, p.497-508
COMPOSITION-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES OF
PE/KAOLIN COMPOSITES. II.
THERMOELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF BLOW-
MOULDED SAMPLES
76
Privalko V P; Balta Calleja F J; Sukhorukov D I;
Privalko E G; Walter R; Friedrich K
CSIC; Ukraine,National Academy of Sciences;
Kaiserslautern,University
Blow moulded HDPE filled with kaolin were
characterised by wide-angle X-ray scattering,
microhardness and stretching calorimetry. The
thermoelastic behaviour of all samples below the apparent
yield point was quantitatively described by classic
equations for elastic solids. Thermoelastic parameters of
the boundary interphase are discussed interms of
predictions of the step-by-step averaging approach. 21
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
SPAIN; UKRAINE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.726772
Item 200
Iranian Polymer Journal
7, No.4, Oct.1998, p.255-61
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SILICA BY
WHITE RICE HUSK ASH IN NR COMPOUNDS:
EFFECTS OF BONDING AGENTS
Ismael H; Chung F L
Penang,Universiti Sains Malaysia
The effects of bonding agents on the partial replacement
of silica by white rice husk ash in NR compounds were
studied. Data are given for curing, hardness, elongation
at break, tensile properties, and tear strength. 22 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.726695
Item 201
Polymers & Polymer Composites
7, No.1, 1999, p.33-40
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL
CHLORIDE) FILLED WITH SILICA PARTICLES
Nakamura Y; Okabe S; Iida T; Nagata K; Nigo H
Osaka,Institute of Technology; Okayama Prefecture
Industrial Technology Centre
The effects of particle shape, size and content and changes
in the adhesion of particle/matrix interfaces on the yield
stress were investigated qualitatively in silica particle-
filled PVC. Spherical and irregular-shaped silica particles
having different mean sizes were incorporated. 27 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.726507
Item 202
Chimica e l’industria
80, No.5, June 1998, p.623-8
Italian
HYBRID ORGANIC-INORGANIC MATERIALS:
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS AND PROPERTIES
Mascia L
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Loughborough,University
Processes for the preparation of organic-inorganic
composites (ceramers or nanocomposites) combining
polymeric and silica phases are described, with particular
reference to studies carried out by Loughborough
University. An examination is also made of significant
properties of these materials, including thermal expansion,
elastic modulus, thermooxidative stability, porosity and
water vapour permeability. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.726252
Item 203
ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.
Fall Meeting 1997. Volume 77. Conference
proceedings.
Washington, D.C., 1997, p.491-2 .012
TEAR STRENGTHS OF
POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) NETWORKS
REINFORCED WITH SILICA
Kumudinie C; Mark J E
Cincinnati,University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
Polydimethylsiloxane networks, in-situ filled with silica,
were characterised using transmission electron
microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and tearing
measurements. The filled materials exhibited some
instability at higher tearing rates, but the minimum
observed values were significantly higher than those of
the unfilled material. Tear strength increased with
increasing silica content, with only slight increases being
observed above 10 wt% silica. The silica particles were
observed to be well dispersed, unagglomerated, and to
be of sizes typical of those of the in-situ process. The
onset of degradation, in a nitrogen atmosphere, increased
with increasing silica content. 15 refs.
USA
Accession no.726137
Item 204
China Rubber Industry
46, No.3, 1999, p.146-51
Chinese
CHARACTERISTICS OF NANO-CALCIUM
CARBONATE AND ITS APPLICATION
Wu Shaoyin; Lian Ensheng
South China,University of Technology; Guangping
Chemical Industry Co.Ltd.
The reinforcing effect of Calcene CC in NR, SBR or
polybutadiene(BR) was studied. The results obtained
showed that the TS of BR or SBR compounds increased
significantly as the level of Calcene CC increased. The
TS of NR compound increased slowly at first as the level
of Calcene C increased, but started to decrease
significantly as the level of Calcene C increased to 60
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
phr. The tear strength of NR compound improved more
significantly that that of SBR or BR compounds. The cure
cycle shortened significantly as the level of Calcene C in
SBR or BR compounds increased. Nano-calcium
carbonate could be used as reinforcing filler as a partial
replacement for carbon black or silica. It exhibited higher
loading levels, better reinforcing and whitening effects
and was suitable for use in light-coloured rubber products.
3 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.725242
Item 205
Modern Plastics International
29, No.4, April 1999, p.50-5
FILLERS, FIBRES AND BLENDS REMAKE PP
Leaversuch R D
PP’s versatility is vastly extended by today’s diverse
extender-reinforcers, such as glass, minerals and natural
fibres. However, the most momentous development in
PP compounds is a novel group of base resins. These are
high-crystallinity PP, nucleated PP and metallocene PP,
all with enhanced properties that allow typical filler levels
to be cut by as much as 50%. The trend to these grades is
strongest in Europe and most visible in appliances and
bumper fascia.
WORLD
Accession no.724570
Item 206
Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres
50, No.5, June/July 1998, p.18-9
French
TALCS FOR IMPROVING THE FIRE
RESISTANCE OF PP
Lopez-Cuesta J M; Jouffret F
Ales,Ecole des Mines; Talc de Luzenac
Four different grades of talc were used in combination
with brominated trimethylphenylindane and antimony
trioxide flame retardants in a propylene-ethylene
copolymer. Studies of flammability and mechanical
properties showed that combinations of these flame
retardants with pure, fine particle size, highly lamellar
talcs optimised these properties and limited the emission
of corrosive combustion products.
DEAD SEA BROMINE CO.LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.721716
Item 207
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
13, No.3, 1999, p.393-415
HYDRATED SILICAS MODIFIED BY
NONSILANE PRO-ADHESION COMPOUNDS
77
 References and Abstracts
Krysztafkiewicz A; Rager B
Poznan,Technical University
The surface modification of hydrated silicas, precipitated
from a solution of sodium metasilicate and gaseous carbon
dioxide, was carried out in three ways (modification with
evaporation of the solvent, heating of the silica-modifying
compound solution system in a reflux condenser, and
surface modification in a vacuum evaporator), using
various amounts of pro-adhesion compounds, dissolved
in organic solvents or in water. The extent of modification
was established on the basis of heats of immersion of
silica in water and benzene, by estimating a loss of silica
surface silanol groups in reaction with functional groups
of pro-adhesion compounds, and by testing the
agglomerability of primary silica particles by electron
microscopy. The modified silicas were used as fillers in
rubber mixtures based on SBR rubber. The effects of
modifying agents were studied by measuring the
physicomechanical properties of vulcanisates filled with
the modified silicas. 20 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.721336
Item 208
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
52, No.1, Jan.1999, p.21-5
REINFORCEMENT OF SBS BY
ORGANOPHILIC CLAY FILLERS
Galanti A; Laus M; Fiorini M
A series of composites based on a commercial PS-block-
polybutadiene-block-PS (SBS) copolymer sample and
clays is prepared using isopropyl tristearoyl titanate
(TTS), a coupling agent. The composites with the surface
modified clays present lower temperature of mixing and
torque than the analogous composites prepared without
coupling agent. No side reactions are observed after
processing and the thermoplastic and mechanical
properties of the unmodified SIBS are retained after
compounding with the surface modified inorganic fillers.
In addition, elongation at break and heat deflection
temperature increase with respect to the starting SBS.
Flexible and efficient modelling of the material properties
for on-demand technical requirements is suggested. 20
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.719215
Item 209
Polymer Degradation and Stability
63, No.2, Feb.1999, p.253-60
MINERAL FILLER INFLUENCE ON THE
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE: I. ACCELERATED UV
CHAMBER EXPOSURE TEST
Valadez-Gonzalez A; Cervantes-Uc J M; Veleva L
78
Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan;
Yucatan,Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados
del IPN
The photo-oxidation of HDPE (unfilled and calcium
carbonate filled), after accelerated irradiation in a UV
weathering chamber, was studied using FTIR, DSC and
viscometry. It was found that unfilled HDPE degrades in
three stages following a free-radical chain mechanism.
The addition of calcium carbonate serves as a protective
barrier to the penetration of UV light, and acts by
inhibiting the formation of the gamma-lactone group and
slowing carbonyl and hydroperoxide functional group
formation. Scanning electron microscopy of degraded
specimens show a significant difference in surface
topography between unfilled and mineral filled HDPE.
22 refs.
MEXICO
Accession no.718255
Item 210
Plastverarbeiter
46, No.4, April 1995, p.18-24
German
DIRECT EXTRUSION: COMPOUNDING AND
PROCESSING IN ONE STEP, PART II
Berghaus U
Examples of the use of direct extrusion in a wide range
of applications for e.g. dispersion of additives and filling
and reinforcement of polyolefins are given. Information
is tabulated on the change in thermal, mechanical and
acoustic properties of polyolefins with the use of fillers
(whiting, talc, barium sulphate and wood flour) and
reinforcing agent (glass fibre), and the economics of
production of pipes from different materials (HDPE, PVC,
filled and unfilled PP) are considered. Articles from this
journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to
the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and
Technology.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.716840
Item 211
Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe
43, Nos. 7-8, 1998, p.465-70
Polish
INTERFACE INTERACTIONS IN
ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES
Zaborski M; Slusarski L
Lodz,Polytechnic
Elastomers in most cases are used in the form of
composites with isotropic fillers having a high degree of
dispersion or with fibrous fillers, which have a reinforcing
effect. Using an example of a system consisting of a silica
plus ethylene-propylene copolymer, results are presented
of studies into the interactions between fillers and
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

elastomer medium at the interface. It is found that fillers The reinforcing effect of talc particles on PP was analysed
generally have a greater dispersion component of the by studying tensile properties as a function of filler content
surface energy than the elastomers. Increase in this (0-40% by wt.), strain rate and the presence or absence
component causes a stronger reinforcing action by the of silane treatment of the filler particles. Experimental
filler. 24 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested values of Young’s modulus and tensile strength were
for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced obtained by tensile tests on injection moulded specimens,
International Polymer Science and Technology. and these were compared with the predictions of
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND theoretical and semi-empirical models derived for
Accession no.716766 composites. 28 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 212 Accession no.715852
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
71, No.9, 1998, p.541-8
Japanese Item 215
ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics
POLYMER AND FILLER - CARBON BLACK 200, No.1, Jan.1999, p.206-20
Nishi T REINFORCEMENT OF PDMS NETWORKS BY
Tokyo,University BLENDED AND IN SITU GENERATED SILICA
FILLERS HAVING VARIOUS SIZES, SIZE
The author discusses the interface between polymers and DISTRIBUTIONS, AND MODIFIED SURFACES
other materials, and reviews the analysis of interaction Yuan Q W; Mark J E
between polymers (using natural rubber) and carbon black Cincinnati,University
using pulse nuclear magnetic resonance and other
methods. 30 refs. Articles from this journal can be Details are given of the reinforcement of elastomeric
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra networks of PDMS with silica particles. X-ray scattering
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. and electron microscopy were used to characterise the
JAPAN particles and their dispersion within the PDMS matrix.
The composites were also characterised with regard to
Accession no.716741
their mechanical properties in elongation. 62 refs.
USA
Item 213 Accession no.714405
Polymer Engineering and Science
39, No.1, Jan.1999, p.190-8
SHEAR YIELD BEHAVIOUR OF CALCIUM Item 216
CARBONATE-FILLED PP Polymer
Wang Y; Wang J-J 40, No.9, April 1999, p.2347-65
Tunghai,University TOUGHNESS MECHANISM IN SEMI-
CRYSTALLINE POLYMER BLENDS. I. HDPE
Details are given of the rheological properties of calcium TOUGHENED WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
carbonate filled PP. The study included a steady shear FILLER PARTICLES
test, a transient stress growth test, and a dynamic Bartczak Z; Argon A S; Cohen R E; Weinberg M
oscillatory shear flow. Results are interpreted in terms of Massachusetts,Institute of Technology; DuPont de
a system forming a filler network due to weak interparticle Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc.
forces. 37 refs.
CHINA HDPE was modified by rigid particulate fillers consisting
of three different sizes of calcium carbonate. Mechanical
Accession no.716321
properties including notched impact energy of the
extrusion blended, injection moulded samples were
Item 214 examined as a function of filler particle size and filler
Revista de Plasticos Modernos volume fraction. 36 refs.
75, No.501, March 1998, p.265-70 USA
Spanish Accession no.714318
EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL
REINFORCING EFFECT OF TALC IN
INJECTION MOULDED POLYPROPYLENE Item 217
COMPOSITES Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
Velasco J I; Morhain C; Arencon D; Sanchez M; 70, No.7, 1997, p.378-85
Martinez A B Japanese
Catalunya,Universitat Politecnica; Centre Catala del Plastic NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GRAFTING OF

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 79

 References and Abstracts
POLYMERS ON TO CARBON BLACK
SURFACES
Tsubokawa N
Niigata,University
The functionalisation of the surface of carbon black,
initiation of cationic polymerisation by carboxyl groups,
the reactivity of condensed aromatic rings, control of the
molecular weight of grafted chains, grafting of branched
chains onto particle surfaces, and the control of the
function of carbon black by grafted chains are discussed.
40 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
International Polymer Science and Technology.
JAPAN
Accession no.714235
Item 218
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.5, July 1998, p.287-94
QUARTZ HAZARD: A VARIABLE ENTITY
Donaldson K; Borm P J A
Napier,University; Maastricht,University
An attempt is made to place the apparently conflicting
findings of cancer incidence in quartz-exposed industries
into a unifying thesis, based on mechanistic studies. These
mechanistic studies have enabled the events leading from
deposition of quartz to silicosis and cancer to be partially
elucidated and have shown that the biological effects of
quartz can be understood in terms of surface reactivity.
Particular attention is paid to the ability of quartz to
generate free radicals and cause oxidative stress and the
fact that this can be modified by a range of substances
that affect the quartz surface. It is, therefore, proposed
that the hazard posed by quartz is not a constant entity,
but one that may vary dramatically depending on the
origin of the silica sample or its contact with other
chemicals/minerals within its complex constitution. 57
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713785
Item 219
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
42, No.8, Nov.1998, p.521-30
SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND QUARTZ HAZARD
Fubini B
Torino,Universita
Based on data in the literature, surface chemical
properties were associated with the subsequent stages
reported by Donaldson and Borm in the mechanistic
model proposed for quartz carcinogenicity. Surface
radicals and iron-derived reactive oxygen species were
implicated in oxidative stress, considered to be the key
event in the development of fibrosis and lung cancer.
Other chemical functionalities related to cytotoxicity,
80
however, modulated the overall pathogenicity by
regulating transport and clearance. The chemical features
resulting from the intrinsic characteristics of a silica dust
as well as those generated by external factors are
discussed in relation to their possible role in the
pathogenic mechanism. 65 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.713719
Item 220
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
70, No.10, 1997, p.564-73
Japanese
INTRODUCTION TO CARBON BLACK
Misono S
Tokai Carbon Co.
The different types of carbon black, their structural
properties and methods of manufacture are described, and
information is given on the effect of carbon black on the
physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber and
butyl rubber. 19 refs. Articles from this journal can be
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
JAPAN
Accession no.713639
Item 221
Kobunshi Ronbunshu
55, No.11, 1998, p.715-22
Japanese
FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF
PHENOLIC RESIN/SILICA HYBRID
MATERIALS
Haraguchi K; Usami Y
Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Inc.
Uniform samples of the above hybrid materials were
prepared by in-situ polymerisation of silicon alkoxide in
phenolic resin. The materials exhibited low friction and
low wear characteristics over a wide range of high PV
conditions (about 100 to 6000 kg/sq cm.m/min) compared
with those of phenolic resin. At lower PV values (PV less
than 100), however, the hybrids and phenolic resin
exhibited quite similar frictional behaviours in both wet
and dry conditions. When PV was greater than 1000, the
friction coefficient of the hybrid fell below 0.1. In
addition, an almost 2.5-fold increase in the limiting PV
value, coupled with a significant decrease in the wear
rate, was observed for the hybrid. Furthermore, the hybrid
exhibited good thermal stability during the friction
measurements. These significant improvements in the
tribological properties were attributed to the effect of the
incorporated silica homogeneously dispersed in the
hybrid. 12 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.713481
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 222
Advances in Polymer Science
No.139, 1999, p.67-107
MINERAL FILLERS IN THERMOPLASTICS:
FILLER MANUFACTURE AND
CHARACTERISATION
Rothon R N
Manchester,Metropolitan University
The principle mineral fillers used in thermoplastics and
the reasons for using them are identified, together with
those features that have to be controlled in order to achieve
the optimum results and to avoid associated deleterious
effects. General methods of filler production are outlined.
Emphasis is given to the methods that need to be used to
adequately characterise a filler for use in thermoplastic
applications. 109 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.710862
Item 223
Muanyag es Gumi
34, No.2, Feb.1997, p.41-5
Hungarian
MODIFICATION OF THE OIL ADSORPTION
CAPACITY OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRES
USING ZEOLITE AND CLAY MINERAL
FILLERS
Tohl A; Marosi Gy; Anna P; Bertalan Gy; Jancso E
Budapest,Technical University
The application of polypropylene split film fibres filled
with zeolite and clay mineral for removing oil from oil
spills on water is described. The inorganic fibres modify
the adsorption properties of the fibres in two different
ways. The adsorption capacity is determined by the
specific surface area of the fibres, which is controlled by
the degree of splitting. The inorganic fillers help the
splitting not only mechanically but through the increased
degree of crystallinity. 15 refs. Articles from this journal
can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.710779
Item 224
IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.359-60. 012
French
STUDY OF NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOUR (PAYNE
EFFECT) IN SILICA FILLED SILICONE
ELASTOMERS
Clement F; Bokobza L; Monnerie L; Varlet J
ESPCI; Rhone-Poulenc Industrialisation
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
A study was made of the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour
of silica filled polydimethylsiloxanes, and effects of
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
temperature and filler dispersion were investigated. The
experimental results were compared with two theoretical
models developed to explain the Payne effect, one
interpreting the phenomenon on the basis of
agglomeration and deagglomeration of aggregates and the
other in terms of adsorption and desorption of polymer
chains on particle surfaces.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.710630
Item 225
IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.357-8. 012
French
AFM STUDY OF SILICA DISPERSION IN
FILLED ELASTOMERS UNDER
DEFORMATION
Lapra A; Bokobza L; Monnerie L; Silberzan P
ESPCI
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
Results are presented of tapping mode atomic force
microscopy studies of filler dispersion in stretched and
unstretched samples of silica filled SBR.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.710629
Item 226
Plasticheskie Massy (USSR)
No.3, 1997, p.36-8
Russian
EFFECT OF FILLERS ON CROSSLINKING
PROCESSES AND ON THE PROPERTIES OF
EPOXYAMINE COMPOSITIONS
Yakovleva R A; Podgornaya L F; Obizhenko T N
A study is described of the effect of fine-particle fillers
on the curing of epoxy-bisphenol-A oligomer ED-20
modified with glycidyl ether of polyoxypropylene triol
cured with monocyanoethyldiethylenetriamine. The fillers
employed were marshallite, electrostatically precipitated
chamotte and titanium dioxide. Results are given of tests
of the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of
the materials. 7 refs. Articles from this journal can be
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
RUSSIA
Accession no.710459
Item 227
Plasticheskie Massy (USSR)
No.2, 1997, p.27-31
Russian
POLYPROPYLENE AND TALC-FILLED
COMPOSITIONS BASED ON IT
Sirotkina E E; Mityshkina S Yu; Borilo A V
81
 References and Abstracts

The theory of polymer reinforcement and the interaction EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
between polymers and fillers are discussed, and the WESTERN EUROPE
advantages of talc as a filler for polypropylene in various Accession no.709091
applications are described. 106 refs. Articles from this
journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to Item 230
the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Composite Interfaces
Technology. 5, No.6, 1998, p.529-42
RUSSIA EPOXY RESIN AS SURFACE TREATMENTS
Accession no.710442 FOR MICA FLAKES IN PROPYLENE-
ETHYLENE COPOLYMER COMPOSITES
Bergeret A; Binda N; Crespy A
Item 228
Ales,Ecole des Mines
Iranian Journal of Polymer Science & Technology
11, No.2, 1998, p.11-20 The use of epoxy resins as surface treatments for mica
Persian flakes in polyolefin composites was studied in comparison
STUDY ON CALCIUM CARBONATE-FILLED with silane coupling agents. The nature of the curing agent
PP: EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND SURFACE used to harden the epoxy prepolymer, the deposition
MODIFICATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE process, the amount of coating, the ratio between the
ON IMPACT STRENGTH OF THE PP/CALCIUM epoxy prepolymer and the curing agent and the curing
CARBONATE COMPOSITE temperature were investigated. 17 refs.
Mehrabzadeh M; Morshedian J; Naderpoor N EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Iran Polymer Institute WESTERN EUROPE

The effect of amount, particle size and particle size Accession no.709054
distribution of calcium carbonate particles and of surface
modification of the filler on the impact strength of PP Item 231
was studied. The best samples obtained contained calcium Composite Interfaces
carbonate with small mean diameter which was surface- 5, No.6, 1998, p.515-28
modified with stearic acid. 16 refs. INFLUENCE OF SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
IRAN MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE ON THE
Accession no.709667 PROCESSING AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES OF
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE AND AN EVAC
Item 229 COPOLYMER
Second International Conference on Carbon Black. Schofield W C E; Hurst S J; Lees G C; Liauw C M;
Conference proceedings. Rothon R N
Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.101-14. 51B Manchester,Metropolitan University
SOME ASPECTS OF THE SURFACE
CHEMISTRY OF CARBON BLACKS Details are given of the use of magnesium hydroxide as a
Boehm H P flame retardant in an EVAC copolymer. The effect of
Munich,University surface treated magnesium hydroxide on the processing,
(Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; Haute- mechanical properties and flame retardant properties were
Alsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse; determined together with characterisation of the
Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse) interaction between filler and polymer. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Carbon blacks consist of spheroidal particles with a WESTERN EUROPE
pronounced ordering of the carbon layers (graphene
Accession no.709053
layers). The layers are wrapped around a very disordered
nucleus with a preferential orientation parallel to the
particle surface. High-resolution TEM has shown that the Item 232
layers are bent and curved, following the surface. They Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
are larger, therefore, than the crystallite dimension La of 49, No.8, 1996, p.620-4
1.5-2.5 nm as determined from line broadening in X-ray German
diffraction. The spherical primary particles are fused to NEUBURG SILICA EARTHS - NATURAL
branched chain-like structures by deposition of such FUNCTIONAL FILLERS
layers. The surface properties of carbon blacks and other Mushack R; Bachmann W
types of carbon are influenced to a large extent by the Franz Hoffmann & Soehne KG
foreign elements fixed on the surface, in particular by The geological origin, categorisation and industrial
oxygen. This also affects the behaviour of carbon blacks applications (car industry, building, engineering, cables,
in practical applications. 59 refs. and pharmaceuticals) of Neuburg silica earths, consisting

82 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

 References and Abstracts
of an agglomerate of corpuscular quartz and lamellar
kaolin, are described. Use of these materials for improving
the properties, particularly mechanical and vulcanisation
properties of elastomers, is described. Articles from this
journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to
the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and
Technology.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.707980
Item 233
Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
49, No.7, July 1996, p.542-6
German
CALCIUM CARBONATE AND KAOLIN: TWO
LIGHT FILLERS FOR PLASTICS AND RUBBER
Vink D A
ECC International Verkauf GmbH
The applications of calcium carbonate as a filler with
plasticised and unplasticised PVC and unsaturated
polyester, and the applications of kaolin as a filler in EP
rubber and EPDM cable insulation, ethylene-vinyl acetate
copolymer, pharmaceutical closures, PE and PET sheets
and in polyamide, PET and PBT compounds are
described. Articles from this journal can be requested for
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
International Polymer Science and Technology.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.707874
Item 234
Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
49, No.5, May 1996, p.372-73
German
TALC, A FUNCTIONAL FILLER FOR RUBBER
The advantages of Mistron Vapor RP6 and Mistrobond,
two types of talc, as reinforcing fillers and processing
agents in rubber are described. Their effect is to increase
tear resistance and improve the permeation properties of
vulcanisates. 5 refs. Articles from this journal can be
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.706652
Item 235
Polymer Degradation and Stability
62, No.3, 1998, p.587-97
THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOUR OF
RADIATION VULCANIZED EPDM/ALUMINA
COMPOSITES
Abdel-Aziz M M; Gwaily S E; Madani M
Egypt,National Centre for Radiation Res.& Technol.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
The thermal degradation, thermal and electrical properties
of gamma-radiation-vulcanised composites of EPDM
rubber and alumina (of various particle sizes) were
investigated. The effect of adding ethylene glycol
dimethacrylate(EGDM) as radiation sensitiser to the system
was also investigated. TGA and derivative TGA were used
to study the thermal degradation at temps. ranging from
25 to 800C. The effects of temps. in the range 25 to 150C
on the thermal and electrical properties of these composites
were also studied. The addition of alumina led to increase
in the values of thermal diffusivity coefficient and the
dielectric constant and decrease in the values of the specific
heat for composites in the presence or the absence of the
radiation sensitiser. The thermal and electrical properties
of the composites depended on the particle size of the
incorporated filler, apart from the irradiation dose of
vulcanisation. Furthermore, these properties were slightly
changed with temp. The addition of EGDM decreased the
dielectric constant of EGDM containing alumina fillers.
Degradation predominated for all samples at radiation doses
of 150 kGy or more. 16 refs.
EGYPT
Accession no.706591
Item 236
Polymer Bulletin
41, No.5, Nov.1998, p.615-22
LOW-RATE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE BLOCK COPOLYMER
Velasco J I; Morhain C; Arencon D; Santana O O;
Maspoch M L
Catalunya,Universitat Politecnica; Spain,Centre Catala
del Plastic
The fracture behaviour of injection-moulded magnesium
hydroxide-filled PP block copolymer (Isplen PB140) was
studied as a function of the filler content and compared
with that of the unfilled PP. The J-integral concept was
applied from tests carried out on single edge notched bend
specimens according to the European Structural Integrity
Society protocol for plastics. The results showed lower
fracture toughness as the filler content increased in the
composite, which was explained on the basis of
morphological data. 14 refs.
REPSOL QUIMICA SA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.706477
Item 237
IRC ’98. Conference proceedings.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.127-8. 012
INTERACTION OF SILICA WITH STYRENE
BUTADIENE RUBBER
Lazic N; Adnadevic B; Plavsci M; Vucelic D
Belgrade,Institute of General & Physical Chemistry;
Belgrade,University
83
 References and Abstracts
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
Precipitated and fumed silicas, as well as carbon black,
have been used as active fillers for rubber reinforcement,
making their own networks within the rubber matrix. In
parallel with filler networking, polymer adsorption on
active filler surfaces is of high importance. A general model
including all of these phenomenon is not yet developed.
Mathematical criteria representing contribution of
particular phenomenon to rubber properties are a significant
step forward in that direction. The development of these
criteria is described. Morphological and surface properties
of silicas can be modified by systematic variation of
production parameters and also by the thermal and
hydrothermal treatment of the finished product. Silica
morphological and surface properties are varied by
hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave in the temperature
range from 120 to 220 deg.C, which keeps the number of
hydroxyl group per nm2 approximately the same. A model
of reinforcement of SBR with silica is proposed. 6 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; YUGOSLAVIA
Accession no.706208
Item 238
IRC ’98. Conference proceedings.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.361-2. 012
REINFORCING EFFECT OF CACO3 -
PRECIPITATE MODIFIED WITH DERIVATIVES
OF HIGH FAT ACID
Nedev M L; Ivanova D
Sofia,University of Chemical Technology & Metallurgy
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
Calcium carbonate precipitate is a mineral filler whose
particles, after finishing the carbonisation process of lime
suspension, are being treated with stearic acid /SA/ on an
industrial scale as early as 1936 by the Japanese company
Hakuenka. At UCTM-Sofia, systematical studies have
been carried out on the reinforcing effect of this filler,
surface-modified with high fat carboxylic acid/HFCA/
derivatives: aminoundecane acid/AUA/ and aminostearic
acid/ASA/. This study specifically follows the reinforcing
effect of this filler, the particles of which are treated with
chlorohydroxy-derivatives of HFCA. 3 refs.
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
Accession no.706008
Item 239
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
68, No.9, 1995, p.605-15
Japanese
LINKAGE OF FRICTION (VIBRATION) AND
FRACTURE IN RUBBER ABRASION: A
DISCUSSION OF MECHANISMS
Fukahori Y
Bridgestone Industries Ltd.
A discussion is presented of the relation between fracture
and abrasion, covering the main points in the theory of
84
abrasion, problems relating to vibrations arising during
friction contact (the possibility of controlling stick-slip
vibration and the effect of external conditions on high-
frequency vibrations), questions relating to the formation
of abrasion patterns (how the initial pattern is formed,
how it is propagated, why the spaces in the abrasion
patterns expand, why abrasion is uniform over the
abrasion surface), the mechanism of carbon black
reinforcement on the abrasion surface, the question of
developing the material theory of rubber abrasion, and
the degree of accuracy of experimental abrasion rate
formulas. Articles from this journal can be requested for
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
International Polymer Science and Technology.
JAPAN
Accession no.705418
Item 240
Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
48, No.9, Sept.1995, p.634-39
German
CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS
Roth S; Mair H J
Stuttgart,Max Planck Institut
The physics of electrically conductive compounds
consisting of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene
and the more expensive polyetherketones filled with carbon
black or silver particles or steel or carbon fibres, and the
physics of intrinsically conducting polymers containing
conjugated double bonds which can be oxidised or reduced
to produce a free electron are explained. Examples of the
latter quoted are polyacetylene, polyphenylene,
polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and poly-
(phenylenevinylene). Applications of conductive
compounds (antistatic packaging, electromagnetic
shielding of electronic units and electrical equipment, self-
regulating heating devices, pressure-sensitive sensors and
switches, modern bonding in electronics) and of
intrinsically conducting compounds (electrolyte
condensers, electromagnetic shielding, electrostatic
dissipation, polymer batteries, corrosion protection,
microwave welding, electrochromic glazing, plastic solar
cells) are described. 42 refs. Articles from this journal can
be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.705384
Item 241
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
68, No.11, 1995, p.802-7
Japanese
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PVC-TALC
BINARY COMPOSITE SYSTEMS: EFFECTS OF
ADDING AMIDE COMPOUNDS ON YIELD
STRENGTH
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Shimomura O; Sato T; Honjo H; Goto K
General Sekiyu KK; Osaka,Institute of Technology
The effects of adding several aliphatic amides with
different alkyl chains on PVC-talc binary composite
systems was examined. Increasing yield strength was
found with increase in the number of carbons of the amide
added. The effects of adding coupling agents to these
systems were also examined. The largest reinforcing effect
on yield strength was found with (3-(2-aminoethyl)
aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl)
trimethoxysilane. 17 refs. Articles from this journal can
be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
JAPAN
Accession no.705036
Item 242
Journal of Composite Materials
32, No.20, 1998, p.1836-64
THE EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE
ON THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF A SILICA
PARTICLE FILLED EPOXY RESIN
McMurray M K; Amagi S
Hitachi Ltd.
Composite materials using an epoxy as a matrix resin have
superior mechanical properties but these materials exhibit
time and temperature behaviour when used for long periods
and under high temperatures. This time and temperature
behaviour has not been fully explained. An attempt is made
to further describe this time and temperature behaviour,
thereby increasing the reliability of these types of composite
materials. The time and temperature dependence of flexural
strength is examined by flexural static and fatigue testing.
Initially, the neat resin’s viscoelastic mechanical behaviour
is determined experimentally to be later compared to the
composites. Static tests are carried out at various constant
deflection rates and temperatures below the glass transition
temperature of the epoxy resin. It is shown that the time-
temperature superposition principle is applicable for the
flexural static strength. Comparison of the neat resin and
the composite results show that the neat resin is a major
influence on the time and temperature behaviour of the
composite materials static strength behaviour. Fatigue tests
are carried out at several stress ratios and various
temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the
matrix resin. It is shown that the time-temperature
superposition principle is applicable for the initial flexural
fatigue strength by using the time-temperature behaviour
of the matrix resin. As temperature and stress ratio increase,
the creep influence increases in both the flexural strength
and the modulus. 29 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.704252
Item 243
Kunststoffe Plast Europe
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
85, No.6, June 1995, p.23-5
RECYCLING OF CHALK-FILLED PVC
Braun D; Kramer K
German Plastics Institute
An investigation was carried out to determine the
influence of chalk content on the reprocessing of
reclaimed PVC in terms of thermal degradation. In order
to influence the thermal degradation of PVC, suitable
fillers should be able to absorb the hydrogen chloride that
is released during processing, and a discussion is
presented on whether calcium carbonate may stabilise the
dehydrochlorination of PVC, and thus influence the
resulting property changes. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.703624
Item 244
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
70, No.9, 28th Nov.1998, p.1717-24
ROLE OF FILLER VOLUME FRACTION IN THE
STRAIN-RATE DEPENDENCE OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE-REINFORCED PE
Suwanprateeb J; Tiemprateeb S; Kangwantrakool S;
Hemachandra K
Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology
Center; Chulalongkorn,University
Details are given of the influence of filler volume fraction
on the strain rate dependence of calcium carbonate-
reinforced PE. Tensile tests were carried out at different
strain rates with varying amounts of filler. 19 refs.
THAILAND
Accession no.702882
Item 245
Polymer Science Series A
40, No.7, July 1998, p.658-62
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF
POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES WITH
NATURAL ZEOLITES
Ushakova T M; Meshkova I N; Guruli N T; Kovaleva
N Y; Gul’tseva N M; Grinev V G; Novokshonova L A
Russian Academy of Sciences
Catalytic complexes for ethylene polymerisation,
composed of anchored alkylaluminoxanes and vanadium
oxytrichloride and the anchored compounds of vanadium
and aluminium triisobutyl or diethylaluminium chloride
on a zeolite surface, were studied. The kinetics of
ethylene polymerisation were investigated and the
polymerisation-filled composites based on UHMWPE
and natural zeolites were found to combine enhanced
wear resistance with a low friction coefficient and high
impact strength. 17 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.701949
85
 References and Abstracts
Item 246
154th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1998.
Conference preprints.
Nashville, Tn., 29th Sept.-2nd Oct.1998, paper 11. 012
REINFORCEMENT OF
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE NETWORKS BY
BLENDED AND IN SITU GENERATED SILICA
FILLERS HAVING VARIOUS SIZES, SIZE
DISTRIBUTIONS AND MODIFIED SURFACES
Mark J E; Yuan Q W
Cincinnati,University; National Starch & Chemical Co.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Elastomeric networks of PDMS are reinforced with silica
particles introduced in two rather different ways. The first
is by the simple blending of separately-prepared particles
into hydroxyl-terminated PDMS chains that are
subsequently end linked, and the second is by in-situ
precipitation through the catalysed ‘sol-gel’ hydrolysis
and condensation of an tetra-alkoxysilane. Both
approaches permit control of particle sizes and particle
size distributions. Strongly bimodal size distributions in
which there are equal weights of small and large particles
are of particular interest, and are achieved in the in-situ
approach by using two consecutive steps for generating
the two sizes of particles. In addition, some in-situ
generated particles are treated to make their surfaces made
more hydrophobic using co-hydrolyses of a di-
alkoxysilanes with the tetra-alkoxysilane. X-ray scattering
measurements and electron microscopy are used to
characterise the particles and their dispersion within the
PDMS matrix. In the in-situ approach, an increased
amount of catalyst gives larger particles, but in smaller
amounts. It also gives better dispersions, both with regard
to the particles within the matrix in general, and in the
mixing of the two sizes of particles amongst themselves.
The resulting composites are also characterised with
regard to their mechanical properties in elongation, both
in continuous extension and in near-equilibrium
measurements. 62 refs.
USA
Accession no.701850
Item 247
Elastomery
1, No.7, 1997, p.10-16
Polish
SILICAS, SODIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATES
AND PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATES
- FILLERS OF SBR RUBBERS
Krysztafkiewicz A; Jesionowski T; Dui J; Domka L
Poznan,Polytechnic School; STOMIL;
Poznan,University
The use of highly dispersed silicas, silicates and calcium
carbonates as fillers in the tyre industry is discussed, with
particular reference to modified fillers which exhibit
increased additivity to the rubber functional groups. The
preparation of hydrated silica, sodium aluminium silicate
86
and precipitated calcium carbonate with defined degree
of dispersion and physicochemical properties is described.
The hydrophilic fillers obtained are subjected to surface
modification using coupling agents (silane and titanate)
as well as adhesion promoters (stearic acid and
surfactants). Modified and unmodified fillers are tested
in SBR rubber. The physical properties of SBR vulcaniates
are estimated. 20 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.699080
Item 248
Enercomp ’95 International Conference on Composite
Materials and Energy. Conference proceedings.
Montreal, Canada, 8th-10th May 1995, p.33-9. 627-
63Ene
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SAND-
REINFORCED LOW DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
Kandeil a U; Zahran R R
Arab Academy for Science & Technology;
Qatar,University
(Canadian Association for Composite Structures &
Materials)
Sand-reinforced LDPE samples are prepared using
injection moulding. The effect of some processing and
structural parameters on the tensile properties of the
prepared samples is investigated. The processing
parameters are melt and die temperatures. The
investigated structural parameters are sand content and
sand particle size. The studied tensile properties are
modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, ductility and
toughness. The obtained results are thoroughly analysed
and interpreted as structure-property relationships. 6 refs.
EGYPT; QATAR
Accession no.698280
Item 249
Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition
36, No.13, 30th Sept.1998, p.2259-65
MOISTURE-ABSORPTION, DIELECTRIC
RELAXATION, AND THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES OF POLYMER
COMPOSITES
Xin Lu; Gu Xu; Hofstra P G; Bajcar R C
McMaster University; Luxell Technologies Inc.
Silicone/boron nitride powders, polyurethane/alumina
powders, and polyurethane/carbon fibre polymer
composites were synthesised, and the kinetics of moisture
absorption, thermal conductivity, and the dielectric loss
at different humidities were investigated. Water was not
only absorbed by the polymer matrix, but also at the
matrix-filler interface, and the peak in the dielectric
relaxation spectra of all the materials at 175-200K was
attributed to the absorbed water. The silicone/boron nitride
samples showed the least moisture absorption. Taking the
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
thermal conductivity data into account, it was concluded
that the silicone/boron nitride composite was the best for
use as the coating of electronic devices which require heat
dissipation and moisture resistance, in addition to
electrical insulation. 18 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.698257
Item 250
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
29A, Nos.9-10, 1998, p.1313-8
EFFECT OF SILANE-BASED FILLER SURFACE
TREATMENT FORMULATION ON THE
INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES OF IMPACT
MODIFIED PP/MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
COMPOSITES
Liauw C M; Lees G C; Hurst S J; Rothon R N; Ali S
Manchester,Metropolitan University
Magnesium hydroxide was treated with combinations of
vinyltriethoxysilane, dicumyl peroxide and
trimethylolpropane triacrylate and blended with an impact
modified PP. Data are given for the encapsulation of the
filler particles by the elastomeric phase of the matrix. A
proposed mechanism for this encapsulation effect is
discussed. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.697500
Item 251
Tyretech ’98. Conference proceedings.
London, 15th-16th June 1998, paper 8. 6T1
FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF SILICA FILLED
VULCANISATES OF NATURAL RUBBER AND
STYRENE-BUTADIENE POLYMERS
Ansarifar M A; Chugh J P
Loughborough,University
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
The tear strengths of some conventional accelerated-
sulphur vulcanisates of NR and SBR containing,
respectively, no filler, 10, 30, or 50 parts per hundred
rubber by weight amorphous precipitated silica filler are
studied. The strength of the SBR vulcanisate improves
quite substantially with silica; a trend which continues
strongly when the amount of silica in the formulation is
increased to 50 parts, but remains mostly unaffected by
changes in the tear rate. Similar measurements for the
NR vulcanisate show little or no improvement in the
strength of the rubber containing up to 30 parts silica;
however, when the amount of the filler is increased to 50
parts, a noticeable enhancement in the strength of the
vulcanisate is observed. The tear strength of only the
vulcanisate containing 50 parts silica is affected by
changes in the tear rate. As expected, long curing times
are recorded for the silica filled compounds, but
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
surprisingly increases in the amount of silica in the
formulations affect the curing times differently in different
compounds. Moreover, the cure rates for the compounds,
calculated from the cure rate index, are found to decrease
substantially as the silica content is increased to 50 parts.
12 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.697369
Item 252
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
70, No.2, 10th Oct.1998, p.311-6
TENSILE TEST OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
FILLED WITH GROUND CALCIUM
CARBONATE PARTICLES
Nakamura Y; Fukuoka Y; Iida T
Osaka,Institute of Technology
The fracture behaviour of PVC filled with ground calcium
carbonate particles, prepared by crushing natural raw
crystalline limestone, during a tensile test was
investigated. Ten to 15 parts of the particles having two
different mean sizes (2 and 8 micrometres) without further
surface treatment were mixed with 100 parts of PVC and
3 parts of lead stearate as a stabiliser using a mixing roll.
A tensile test was carried out using a dumbbell specimen.
The yield stress was found to decrease with increase in
particle content, but there was no significant influence of
particle size. SEM observations of the specimen’s surfaces
during the tensile test showed that the particle/matrix
interfaces were delaminated and formed voids around the
particles when the applied stress approached the yield
stress, i.e. the particles acted as voids and the matrix
around the voids was plastically deformed effectively.
These observations appeared to be the reason for the
decrease of yield stress by the incorporation of particles.
19 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.696863
Item 253
Polymer
39, No.20, 1998, p.4773-83
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES PF PLASTICIZED
POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE): EFFECT OF
DRAWING AND FILLER ORIENTATION
Fras I; Boudeulle M; Cassagnau P; Michel A
CNRS; Lyon,Universite Claude Bernard
X-ray diffraction measurements were used to determine
the orientation of talc and lead carboxylate fillers in
plasticised PVC extrudates. Correlations between the
extrusion conditions (draw ratio and temperature), the
development of filler particle orientation and the tensile
properties of the plasticised PVC were studied. The
presence of fillers enhanced Young’s modulus and this
was predicted well by the model developed by Halpin
87
 References and Abstracts
and Tsai. The extrudates were stretched above and below
the “gel-liquid” transition temperature of PVC (about
205C). Above this temperature, the PVC could be
stretched more and the tensile results indicated that the
crystallites which were surrounded by more flexible
chains were more oriented. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.696562
Item 254
Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.35036. 012
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF PP/HDPE/EPR
BLENDS WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
Ichazo M N; Gonzalez J; Albano C; Rosales C; Perera
R; Navas R
Simon Bolivar,Universidad; Venezuela,Universidad
Central
(SPE)
80/20/5 wt.% PP/HDPE/ethylene-propylene copolymer
blends are produced and 20, 30 y 40,wt. % calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) is incorporated with and without titanate type
coupling agent, LICA 12. The polymers are processed using
a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Optimisation of blending
in only one step as well as homogeneity in the filler
incorporation is achieved. The blends with and without filler
show better mechanical properties than the virgin PP with
and without filler. The filler treatment is only effective for
virgin PP. Impact strength of the blends is remarkably
improved with the addition of EPR. A blend with recycled
HDPE (rHDPE) is prepared, and slight variations are
obtained in the mechanical properties compared with the
virgin HDPE blend. 11 refs.
VENEZUELA
Accession no.693722
Item 255
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
69, No.11, 12th Sept.1998, p.2229-34
EFFECT OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON A
VINYL ESTER RESIN AND ITS HIGHLY FILLED
PARTICULATE QUARTZ COMPOSITES
Sagi-Mana D; Narkis M; Siegmann A; Joseph R;
Dodiuk H
Israel,Institute of Technology; Israel,Armament
Development Authority
The accelerated effects of immersion in seawater at 60C,
in comparison to distilled water, on a vinyl ester resin
and on its quartz particles highly filled system is shown.
The studied resin was cured at room temperature for 48 h
and postcured at 100C for 12 h, and the filled system
contained 93 wt% quartz particles of wide size
distribution, either as received or silane-treated. 16 refs.
ISRAEL
Accession no.692996
88
Item 256
Journal of Polymer Engineering
17, No.4, 1997/1998. p.269-80
PP/TALC COMPOSITES: INTERFACIAL
MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY CHEMICALLY
MODIFIED ATACTIC PE FROM INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. TENSILE BEHAVIOUR
Garcia-Martinez J M; Laguna O; Collar E P
Madrid,Instituto de Ciencia y Tec.de Polim.
The tensile behaviour of talc filled PP is discussed on the
basis of the interfacial changes that are caused by using a
chemically modified atactic polymer as an interfacial
modifier. Succinic anhydride or succinyl-fluoresceine
groups were grafted onto PP for use as the interfacial
agent. A comparison with a commercial product is also
shown. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.689568
Item 257
Journal of Macromolecular Science A
A35, Nos.7&8, 1998, p.1079-91
MODIFICATION OF PE WITH ACTIVATED
NATURAL ZEOLITE
Padareva V; Touleshkov N; Kirov G
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Zeo Products Ltd.
Details are given of the modification of HDPE with
natural zeolite in an attempt to improve physical and
mechanical properties. Comparisons were made with pure
HDPE. 12 refs.
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
Accession no.689377
Item 258
Composites Science & Technology
58, No.5, May 1998, p.747-52
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
CONTAINING FINE MINERAL FILLER:
EFFECT OF FILLER SURFACE TREATMENT
Mareri P; Bastide S; Binda N; Crespy A
Ales,Ecole des Mines
The effect of two surface treatments on the mechanical
properties of PP/ultrafine kaolin composites was studied.
The first treatment involved use of stearic acid on dry
powder and the second involved cationic treatment with
quaternary ammonium in suspension. An improvement
in the impact strength was found when the second agent
was used. This could be explained from both macroscopic
and microscopic viewpoints. A better particle dispersion
in the matrix was observed and thermal analysis indicated
that the crystalline structure of these materials was finer.
Tensile tests carried out on matrix/agent blends showed
that a soft interface around each particle could act as a
shock absorber during an impact test. 15 refs.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; was treated with two surfactants and an aminosilane
WESTERN EUROPE coupling agent. Interaction was quantitatively
Accession no.688683 characterised and compared with fracture resistance.
Fracture resistance was characterised by linear elastic
Item 259 fracture mechanics quantities. 33 refs.
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
7, No.2, April/June 1997, p.30-9 Accession no.685233
Portuguese
ELECTRICAL AND PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISATION OF COMPOSITES OF Item 262
VULCANISED EPDM AND ALUMINIUM Tire Technology International
TRIHYDROXIDE 1998, p.18/24
Zanin M; Giacometti J A SURFACE-TREATED MINERAL
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Sao Carlos,Instituto PERFORMANCE IN ELASTOMERS
de Fisica; Sao Paulo,University Lackey W O; Cooper C; Lynch T J
Huber J.M.,Corp.
A study was made of the mechanical and electrical
properties of electrical insulation materials consisting of Recent advances in the chemistry and processing of kaolin
a vulcanised ethylidene norbornene based EPDM and clay additives have led to the development of surface-
different amounts of aluminium trihydroxide (ATH). The modified clay additives that are approaching the
vulcanisation characteristics and the tensile and tear performance of highly reinforcing additives such as
strength of vulcanisates were examined as a function of carbon black and precipitated silicas in elastomeric
ATH content, and electrical conductivity was investigated applications. These developments allow the formulator
as a function of applied voltage, temperature and types to consider partially or completely replacing these
of metal electrodes. The results showed a linear traditional additives in elastomers. This comprehensive
dependence of conductivity on the square root of the article supplies results of applications studies of advanced
electric field. The conduction mechanisms were analysed clay additives, particularly in comparison to carbon black
using the Poole-Frenkel and Schottky models. 19 refs. in elastomers including tyre components and outlines their
BRAZIL advantages and benefits. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.686315
Accession no.685053
Item 260
Polymer Item 263
39, No.18, 1998, p.4243-8 Informacion Tecnologica
INTERFACIALLY INDUCED 9, No.3, 1998, p.213-8
MICROMECHANICAL TRANSITIONS IN Spanish
BARIUM SULPHATE-FILLED SAN INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Hammer C O; Maurer F H J CONTENT ON THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR
Chalmers University of Technology OF PP COMPOSITES
Details are given of how a styrene-ethylene oxide graft Velasco J I; Maspoch M L; Morhain C
copolymer affects the dynamic mechanical properties of an Catalunya,University
SAN filled with barium sulphate. Measured properties are Details are given of a fracture mechanics analysis of PP
compared with calculations using an interlayer model. 34 refs. and magnesium hydroxide filled PP composites. The
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE analysis was based on the J-integral concept and carried
Accession no.686030 out on three-point flexion specimens. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
Item 261 WESTERN EUROPE
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie Accession no.684936
No.256, April 1998, p.61-8
FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF PARTICULATE Item 264
FILLED POLYPROPENE. EFFECT OF SURFACE Journal of Applied Polymer Science
TREATMENT 69, No.3, 18th July 1998, p.589-98
Bezeredi A; Demjen Z; Pukanszky B TREMOLITE-REINFORCED NYLON 66
Budapest,Technical University; Hungarian Academy of COMPOSITES: MECHANICAL AND
Sciences RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Fracture resistance of PP/calcium carbonate composites Guoqing Zhuang; Yu Gui; Yuming Yang; Binyao Li;
was studied as a function of interfacial adhesion. The filler Jiaxue Zhang

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 89

 References and Abstracts
Changchun,Institute of Applied Chemistry; China,Jilin
Province Institute of Geology
Tremolite, an acicular inorganic filler, was added to nylon
66, and the influence of the filler particle size on the
mechanical properties of the composites was investigated.
The dynamic mechanical and rheological properties were
measured. Silane and an unsaturated polyester were used
to treat the surface of the tremolite to improve the interface
between it and the matrix. The composites’ morphologies
were investigated using scanning electron microscopy.
18 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.684075
Item 265
Symposium on the Technology and End Uses of
Natural Rubber. Conference proceedings.
Beruwela, Sri Lanka, 5th-8th Nov.1996, p.119-22.
41C1
USING MODIFIED SILICAS IN THE RUBBER
INDUSTRY
Na-Ranong N; Kajornchaiyakul V
Thailand,Rubber Research Institute
(International Rubber R & D Board)
Modified silicas, prepared by the process of in situ
polymerisation of monomers, are used as the
reinforcement in NR compounds. Styrene-butadiene and
styrene-isoprene copolymers are obtained from such a
process. The physical properties of rubber compounds
mixed with various surface modified precipitated silicas
are compared with a silane-modified silica using
unmodified precipitated silica as the control. The results
suggest that the silicas modified by in rubber
performance than the silane coupling agent and the
control. However, silane modified silica gives higher
flex cracking resistance than the silicas modified by in
situ polymerisation. 6 refs.
THAILAND
Accession no.683857
Item 266
International Polymer Processing
13, No.1, March 1998, p.58-66
PROCESSING/STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS
OF MICA-FILLED PE FILMS WITH LOW
OXYGEN PERMEABILITY
Xanthos M; Faridi N; Li Y
Hoboken,Polymer Processing Institute; New
Jersey,Institute of Technology
Mica flakes were used as oxygen barrier materials in films
produced in a blown film extrusion line. Both HDPE and
LDPE and their blends were used as matrices. Oxygen
permeability data are discussed. 47 refs.
USA
Accession no.682684
90
Item 267
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
72, No.483, Sept.1996, p.288-95
Spanish
MINERAL FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOUNDS: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
PROPERTIES OF TECHNOLOGICAL INTEREST
Espi E
Repsol SA
A study was made of the mechanical and thermal
properties of talc and calcium carbonate filled PP
specimens. A statistical analysis based on a multiple
regression method was used to determine correlations
between different properties, including impact strength,
flexural and tensile modulus, heat deflection
temperature and Vicat softening temperature. The
results gave good correlations between Izod impact
strength measured by different standard procedures, but
not between different test methods (Charpy and Izod)
nor between notched and unnotched specimens. The
flexural modulus measured for test specimens of
different dimensions appeared to be identical, and a
linear relationship was found between flexural and
tensile modulus. Non-linear relationships were found
between the thermal properties measured under
different loads. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.682281
Item 268
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
68, No.11, 13th June 1998, p.1821-8
INFLUENCE OF SILICA CONTENT ON
MIGRATION OF ANTIDEGRADANTS TO THE
SURFACE IN NR VULCANIZATES
Choi S-S
Kumho R&D Center
The migration of antidegradants to the surface in silica-
filled natural rubber (NR) vulcanisates was studied with
migration-generating equipment using a vacuum
technique. The antidegradants studied were 2,6-di-t-
butyl-4-methyl phenol (BHT), N-phenyl-N-isopropyl-
p-phenylene-diamine (IPPD), N-phenyl-n-(1,3-
dimethylbutyl-p-phenylenediamine (HPPD) and wax.
The migration rate was dependent upon the silica
content, the rates for BHT, IPPD and HPPD decreasing
with increasing silica content over the range of 30 to 70
phr. IPPD migrated faster than BHT and HPPD, whilst
BHT migrated faster than HPPD at 60 and 80C, but
slower than HPPD at 100C. The lower molecular weight
waxes migrated faster than those of higher molecular
weight. The activation energies for surface migration
were calculated. 14 refs.
SOUTH KOREA
Accession no.680612
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 269
Plastics Engineering
54, No.4, April 1998, p.43
PUTTING TOUGHNESS TO THE TEST
It is briefly reported that the DDI/TE from Atlas Electric
Devices is a total energy system option for the DDI dart
drop impact tester. This comprehensive laboratory
instrument measures loss of kinetic energy to determine
the impact toughness of materials such as polymer films,
packaging, construction materials and coated paper.
ATLAS ELECTRIC DEVICES CO.
USA
Accession no.679994
Item 270
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition.
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.289-355. 51B
CARBON BLACK REINFORCEMENT OF
ELASTOMERS
Wolff S; Wang M-J
Degussa AG
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
(Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;
Panjab,University; Degussa AG)
Soon after carbon black was discovered to be an active
filler in rubber at the beginning of this century, it became
one of the most important components in the manufacture
of rubber products, with a consumption second only to
rubber itself. This situation will probably continue into
the next century and there is no indication of carbon black
being replaced completely by other materials. Carbon
blacks have held their position mainly thanks to their
unique ability to enhance the physical properties of
elastomers. This phenomenon, termed reinforcement, has
a profound effect on today’s tyre and rubber industry. The
main parameters of carbon blacks which govern their
reinforcing ability in rubber are described. These
parameters play a role in rubber reinforcement through
different mechanisms, such as interfacial interaction
between rubber and carbon black, occlusion of the
polymer in the internal voids of the aggregate and the
agglomeration of carbon black aggregates in the polymer
matrix. 219 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679944
Item 271
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition.
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.221-7. 51B
CARBON BLACK SURFACE STUDIED BY
SCANNING TUNNELLING MICROSCOPY
Donnet J-B; Custodero E
CNRS; Ecole National Superieure de Chimie de
Mulhouse
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
(Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;
Panjab,University; Degussa AG)
Scanning tunnelling microscopy is now recognised as the
technique of choice for studying the surface of conductive
solid materials, particularly at the atomic scale. Perfect
graphite, such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
(HOPG), which is a good electrical conductor and which
shows flat surfaces at atomic scale, has rapidly become a
reference material and is commonly used to calibrate
scanning tunnelling microscopes. Some studies of either
carbon, amorphous carbon or carbon fibres surfaces have
shown their actual atomic surface. Such rare studies
emphasise how difficult it is to prepare STM-observable
samples when a surface is not in the form of a macroscopic
solid. The physicochemistry of carbon black has been
studied for several decades. Recently, STM has been
applied to the systematic study of the carbon black surface.
Earlier, transmission electron microscopy had indicated
that, morphologically, carbon black exists as aggregates
of spherical particles. Generally, these particles are
regarded as a concentric organisation of small graphitic
crystallites; the crystallographic dimensions are
determined by X-ray diffraction. These studies allow the
construction of a surface pattern consisting of crystallites
and amorphous areas. The function groups bonded to
carbon atoms are localised at the amorphous areas. It is
this generally accepted model that is verified by STM.
13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679940
Item 272
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition.
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.175-220. 51B
SURFACE GROUPS ON CARBON BLACKS
Bansal R C; Donnet J-B
Panjab,University; CNRS
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
(Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;
Panjab,University; Degussa AG)
Carbon blacks are invariably associated with varying
amounts of oxygen and hydrogen. In addition they may
be associated with atoms of chlorine, nitrogen and sulphur.
These atoms are introduced into the carbon black sample
during the manufacturing process because of their
presence in the feedstock, reactor furnace, post-reactor
chamber and become a part of the chemical structure.
They may also become chemically bonded to the surface
during subsequent treatments or during storage. Carbon
blacks typically contain about 90-99% elemental carbon
with oxygen and hydrogen as the other major constituents.
In general, channel blacks contain the largest amount of
oxygen (varying between 3-8%) and hydrogen (less than
1%) and the thermal blacks contain the smallest amounts
of both oxygen and hydrogen. The sulphur in carbon
blacks originates from the feedstock. Sulphur contents of
91
 References and Abstracts
0.6% are common in furnace blacks while thermal black
are almost sulphur free. The larger content of oxygen in
colour blacks is due to the fact that they are exposed to
air at about 400 deg.C, the temperature which is optimum
for the formation of oxygen surface groups. The
characterisation of surface groups is described. 139 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679939
Item 273
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition.
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.89-173. 51B
MICROSTRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY AND
GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Hess W M; Herd C R
Columbian Chemicals Co.
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
(Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;
Panjab,University; Degussa AG)
The physical properties of carbon black have received
considerable attention over the past 70 years or more, as
the reinforcement of elastomers, the protection of plastics
from UV degradation, and the blackness and tint
properties of paint and ink coatings are all highly
dependent on particle size and other aspects of carbon
black morphology and microstructure. All of these
properties have been the subject of extensive reviews.
Each of these reviews provide additional information in
the specific areas cited. 269 refs.
USA
Accession no.679938
Item 274
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition.
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.67-88. 51B
MECHANISM OF CARBON BLACK
FORMATION
Bansal R C; Donnet J-B
Panjab,University; CNRS
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
(Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;
Panjab,University; Degussa AG)
Carbon particulate can be obtained from hydrocarbons
either by pyrolysis or by incomplete combustion. In the
former case the hydrocarbon and air are mixed before
leaving the burner, while in the latter, oxygen diffuses
into the gaseous hydrocarbon stream after leaving the
burner. The hydrocarbons produce two types of carbons.
The first type is formed by the deposition on the walls of
the reactor and is known as pyrocarbon while the second
type is formed in the bulk of the gaseous phase. The
gaseous phase particulate matter could be termed carbon
black or soot. Pyrolysis and combustion has been the field
of study by a large number of investigators for almost a
century but still no clear picture for the conversion of a
92
hydrocarbon into more or less spherical particles has
emerged although the process appears to be quite well
understood. Several theories have been proposed for the
formation of particulate carbon but no one mechanism
can explain the formation from all flames, regardless of
their nature or the type of fuel. However, it is now agreed
that the formation of carbon black involves three different
stages. Out of these three stages of carbon black formation,
the nucleation stage is the most interesting chemically
and probably the least understood stage of the whole
process. A review of the important work carried out in
the nucleation process is presented, followed by a
discussion of theories of carbon black formation. 95 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.679937
Item 275
TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings
Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2.
Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.471-7. 012
EVALUATION OF COATED GROUND CALCIUM
CARBONATE IN LINEAR LOW DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE FILM
Johnson S L; Ahsan T
ECC International Inc.
(TAPPI)
The effects of high levels of Filmlink 400 (ECC
International), a film grade surface treated wet ground
calcium carbonate, on the properties of linear LDPE
blown films were investigated. The addition of 20-25%
of this additive gave improvements in properties such as
impact and tear strength, puncture resistance and
coefficient of friction, while reduced tensile strength and
some adverse effects on optical properties were observed.
4 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.679008
Item 276
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
21, No.2, 1998, p.80-3
Chinese
COMPOSITE OF CALCIUM SULPHATE
WHISKER/EPDM/PP BLENDING
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER
Zhang L; Geng H; Liu Y; Wu S; Feng Y; Zhu Y
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
The mechanical properties, heat resistance, heat ageing
properties, rheology, and anisotropy of calcium sulphate
whisker reinforced EPDM/PP thermoplastic elastomer
blend were studied. The effects of filler amount, interfacial
characteristics, elastic modulus of matrix on composite
mechanical properties are discussed. 5 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.676874
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 277
International Polymer Science and Technology
24, No.9, 1997, p.T/29-34
PP AND TALC-FILLED COMPOSITES BASED
ON IT
Sirotkina E E; Mityushkina S Y; Borilo A V
A brief review is given of the physicochemical,
physicomechanical and processing properties of talc-filled
PP. 106 refs. Translated from Plast.Massy, No.2, 1997,
p.27
RUSSIA
Accession no.676852
Item 278
Polymers & Polymer Composites
6, No.1, 1998, p.7-13
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL
CHLORIDE) FILLED WITH PRECIPITATED
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Nakamura Y; Azuma F; Iida T
Osaka,Institute of Technology
Tensile properties of PVC filled with precipitated calcium
carbonate particles having two different mean sizes were
studied. The particles were porous agglomerates of
spherical primary particles. 10-50 parts of the particles
were mixed with 100 parts PVC and 3 parts lead stearate
using a mixing roll. Tensile tests were carried out using
dumbbell test specimens. 20 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.676447
Item 279
Polyolefins X. Conference proceedings.
Houston, Tx., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.145-72. 42C1
HOW TO INCREASE PERFORMANCE
PROPERTIES OF MICA-REINFORCED
POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES
Canova L A
Franklin Industrial Minerals
(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic
Materials & Foams Div.)
Reinforcement of polyolefins with mica provides
outstanding flexural modulus, heat deflection temperature
and dimensional stability. Use of mica in polyolefins,
however, tends to decrease impact properties significantly.
A study is made to determine the effects of a variety of
additives on composite properties. The focus is primarily
on improvement of the impact-stiffness balance, but trends
of other performance properties are also determined. The
effects of sixteen different additives in PP homopolymer,
propylene copolymer and a TPO system are studied. Some
additives produce very significant changes in impact-
stiffness balance and also strongly affected other
properties such as heat deflection temperature, flexural
strength and tensile strength. With 30% mica in PP
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
homopolymer, one additive gives a six-fold increase in
notched Izod impact strength and a three-fold increase in
Gardner impact strength. Use of this additive decreases
the flexural modulus by only 13%. The information
presented should enable compounders to greatly improve
the impact-stiffness balance of their mica reinforced
polyolefin products. 15 refs.
USA
Accession no.674873
Item 280
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
37, No.1, 1998, p.115-26
MECHANOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF
CALCIUM CARBONATE FOR REDUCING
HYDROPHILICITY
Popa M; Popa A A
Jassy,Technical University; Jassy,Institute of
Macromolecular Chemistry
The modification of calcium carbonate hydrophilicity by
mechanochemical methods is discussed, in view of its
compatibilisation with non-polar hydrophobic polymeric
matrices. The treatment’s efficiency depended on two
process parameters: duration and monomer/charge ratio.
6 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA
Accession no.674756
Item 281
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.126, Jan.1998, p.223-36
APPLICATION OF CATIONIC
POLYMERIZATION TO GRAFTING AND
COATING OF SILICA PARTICLES
Spange S; Eismann U; Hoehne S; Langhammer E
Chemnitz-Zwickau,Technical University
The cationic polymerisation of electron-rich monomers
such as vinyl ethers, cyclopentadiene or 2-vinyl furan on
silica particles was used for silica surface modification.
An irreversible and thus stable linkage of the polymer to
the surface was achieved by formation of covalent Si-O-
C bonds and of polymer networks on the surface. The
reaction conditions need to be optimised for each single
monomer/initiator/silica combination in order to obtain
satisfactory grafting or coating degrees. NMR
spectroscopy of the reaction suspensions and of the solid
products was shown to be the best method for
investigation of the bonding conditions at the polymer/
silica interface. The combination of solution state cross-
polarisation/magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy and
FTIR spectroscopy was investigated. 21 refs. (6th Dresden
Polymer Discussion - Surface Modification, Meissen,
Dresden, Germany, April 1997)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.673746
93
 References and Abstracts
Item 282
Polymer
39, No.10, 1998, p.1863-8
EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGY ON THE BRITTLE
DUCTILE TRANSITION OF POLYMER BLENDS.
V. ROLE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN HIGH
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/CALCIUM
CARBONATE COMPOSITES
Liu Z H; Zhu X G; Li Q; Qi Z N; Wang F S
Academia Sinica
The effect of particle size distribution on the brittle ductile
transition of HDPE/calcium carbonate composites was
studied. The critical matrix ligament thickness criterion
proposed by Wu was shown to be valid for the brittle
ductile transition of HDPE/calcium carbonate composites
when the effect of particle size distribution on matrix
ligament transition was considered. The relations of
critical particle size and of critical particle volume fraction
at brittle ductile transition to particle size distribution were
analysed, respectively. A narrow particle size distribution
was favourable to the enhancement of the toughness of
polymer composites. 46 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.671968
Item 283
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
71, No.479, May 1996, p.467-75
Spanish
EFFECT OF THE INTERFACE ON THE
FRACTURE OF POLYPROPYLENE-TALC
COMPOSITES
Velasco J I; de Saja J A; Martinez A B
Cataluna,Universidad Politecnica;
Valladolid,Universidad
The fracture behaviour of PP-talc composites was studied
as a function of filler content (0-40%) and filler surface
treatment with a silane coupling agent. Instrumented
impact tests were undertaken on single edge notched
injection moulded samples, and linear elastic fracture
mechanics were used to determine the fracture parameters.
The addition of moderate amounts of talc to the PP matrix
increased the fracture toughness of the composites
independent of surface treatment. This was attributed to
the orientation of the talc particles in the samples. The
fracture behaviour was also studied at low strain rates by
J-integral tests on samples of the same geometry. Under
these conditions of ductile fracture, composites with silane
treated talc showed poor fracture resistance in comparison
with samples containing untreated talc. 20 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.670776
Item 284
Advances in Polymer Technology
94
17, No.1, Spring 1998, p.53-62
INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
MORPHOLOGY ON THE CRYSTALLINITY AND
PROPERTIES OF FILLED PP
Cook M; Harper J F
Loughborough,University
Two magnesium hydroxide fillers of different morphology
were incorporated in PP to assess their nucleation
properties. The effect of filler loading level on
crystallisation initiation, growth and final crystallinity
levels is discussed. The influence of matrix morphology
on mechanical properties was investigated. 16 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.669484
Item 285
Journal of Materials Science
33, No.2, 15th Jan.1998, p.453-61
INFLUENCE OF A FINE TALC ON THE
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES WITH HIGH
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE AND
POLYETHYLENE/POLYSTYRENE BLENDS
Karrad S; Lopez Cuesta J M; Crespy A
Ales,Ecole des Mines
Fine talc-filled HDPE and HDPE/PS blends were extruded,
injection moulded and characterised. Some of the mechanical
properties of the talc-filled HDPE and talc-filled 75/25
HDPE/PS blend were deduced from stress-strain
measurements. A comparison between the effect of the talc
on the properties of the filled HDPE and filled 75/25 HDPE/
PS blend showed that the mineral filler had the same effect
on both systems, provided that its array in the organic matrix
was almost the same in both cases. The rheological results,
in fact, proved that the dispersion of talc in the HDPE matrix
was not really affected by the presence of PS. Particular
attention was paid to the effect of talc on the ultimate TS of
the filled HDPE and that of the filled blend. The brittle nature
of PS neutralised, to a certain extent, the degrading effect of
talc on this property. Furthermore, both PS and talc had a
complementary effect on the stiffness and the resilience of
HDPE/PS/talc blend composites. 35 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.667773
Item 286
Industria della Gomma
40, No.3, April 1996, p.40-3
Italian
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FUTURE OF
REINFORCING FILLERS
Giuliani G P
Pirelli Coordinamento Pneumatici SpA
The advantages and disadvantages of using silica fillers
in place of carbon black in tyre treads are discussed.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Effects on dynamic mechanical properties and rolling
resistance are examined.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.666916
Item 287
Polymer Composites
18, No.6, Dec.1997, p.741-7
EFFECT OF SURFACE COVERAGE OF SILANE
TREATED CALCIUM CARBONATE ON THE
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PP COMPOSITES
Demjen Z; Pukanszky B
Budapest,Technical University
Details are given of the preparation of PP composites with
a constant volume fraction of calcium carbonate filler
which was treated with eight trialkoxy functional silane
coupling agents and stearic acid. Tensile properties were
determined as a function of surface coverage and the
chemical composition of the coupling agent. 37 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.666691
Item 288
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
3, No.4, Dec.1997, p.274-8
INCREASING FILLER CONCENTRATIONS IN
PVC COMPOUNDS USING CPE
Ventresca D A; Berard M T
Dow Chemical Canada; DuPont Dow Elastomers LLC
Details are given of the filler acceptance properties of
chlorinated PE in PVC and the effect of increasing calcium
carbonate concentration in impact strength and processing
performance. Measurements were made using SEM,
extrusion and impact properties. 2 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.666643
Item 289
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
67, No.1, 3rd Jan.1998, p.87-92
PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE-CLAY
HYBRIDS USING A MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-
MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE OLIGOMER
Hasegawa N; Kawasumi M; Kato M; Usuki A; Okada
A Macromolecules
Toyota Central R & D Laboratories Inc.
PP-clay hybrids(PPCHs) were prepared using a maleic
anhydride-modified PP(PP-MA) oligomer as a
compatibiliser. PP was melt-blended with organophilic
clay which was intercalated with PP-MA. In these PPCHs,
the particles of silicate layers were dispersed at the
nanometer level. The particles became smaller and were
dispersed more uniformly, as the ratio of PP-MA to the
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
clay was increased. The dynamic storage moduli of the
PPCHs were higher than that of PP up to 130C. The
modulus of the PPCH with 5 wt % clay and 22 wt % PP-
MA, for example, was 1.8 times higher than that of PP at
80C. As the dispersibility of the clays was improved, the
reinforcement effect of the clays increased. 13 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.664533
Item 290
Journal of Cellular Plastics
33, No.6, Nov/Dec.1997, p.587-605
FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF MICA FILLED
POLYURETHANE FOAMS
Vaidya N Y; Khakhar D V
Indian Institute of Technology
The effect of mica on flexural properties of integral skin
PU foams was studied and correlated with foam structure.
The theory for the prediction of flexural properties and
experimental details are presented, together with
conclusions. 16 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.660934
Item 291
152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 127, pp.15.
012
SILICA WET MASTERBATCH: A NEW
PROCESS FOR PRE-DISPERSION OF SILICA IN
EMULSION POLYMERS
Lightsey J W; Kneiling D J; Long J M
DSM Copolymer Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A process for the efficient silane treatment and uniform
incorporation of precipitated silica slurry into wet SBR
and other rubber latex masterbatches is described. Results
of compounding studies show significant reductions in
mixing time and energy, equivalent cure characteristics
and superior stress-strain properties compared with free
mixed compounds. 24 refs.
USA
Accession no.659567
Item 292
30, No.20, 6th Oct.1997, p.6333-8
PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE-CLAY
HYBRIDS
Kawasumi M; Hasegawa N; Kato M; Usuki A; Okada A
Toyota Central R & D Laboratories Inc.
PP-clay hybrids(PPCH) were prepared by simple melt-
mixing of three components, i.e. PP, maleic anhydride-
95
 References and Abstracts
modified PP oligomers(PP-MA) and clays intercalated
with stearylammonium. The dispersibility of 10A thick
silicate layers of the clays in the hybrids was investigated
by TEM and X-ray diffraction. It was found that there
were two important factors in achieving exfoliated and
homogeneous dispersion of the layers in the hybrids, i.e.
the intercalation capability of the oligomers in the layers
and the miscibility of the oligomers with PP. Almost
complete hybrids were obtained in the case where the
PP-MA had both intercalation capability and miscibility.
The hybrids exhibited higher storage moduli compared
with those of PP, especially in the temp. range from Tg to
90C. The highest relative storage modulus at 80C of the
hybrid based on a mica and the miscible PP-MA was as
high as 2.0 to that of PP and was 2.4 to that of the PP/PP-
MA mixture, which was considered to be the matrix of
the PPCH. The effects of the types of clay and oligomers
on the dynamic moduli are discussed. 13 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.658751
Item 293
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
66, No.4, 24th Oct.1997, p.683-93
EFFECT OF MODIFIED CARBON BLACK ON
THE PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER
VULCANISATE
Ghosh A K; Maiti S; Adhikari B; Ray G S; Mustafi S K
Indian Institute of Technology; Birla Tyres
Rubber-grade carbon black filler HAF (N330) was modified
with a plant product (long aliphatic chain substituted
phenols), a proprietary item under patent application, in the
presence of hexamine or dicumyl peroxide to put a flexible
moiety between the carbon black and the elastomer chain to
improve some of its processing and reinforcement
characteristics in NR. The modified carbon black was
characterised and evaluated for its processability as well as
reinforcing characteristics in the NR vulcanisate. 53 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.657110
Item 294
Polymer Engineering and Science
37, No.8, Aug.1997, p.1301-13
DEBONDING AND FRACTURE OF
PARTICULATE-FILLED ISOTACTIC PP
Dubnikova I L; Muravin D K; Oshmyan V G
Russian Academy of Sciences
Data on particulate-filled PP rupture are presented. PP as
a host and aluminium hydroxide particles without or with
anti-adhesive treatment were used. Debonding
micromechanisms are discussed. A theoretical description
of the transition between microhomogeneous and craze-
like mechanisms is proposed. 31 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.656146
96
Item 295
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
17, No.3, 1997, p.239-45
INFLUENCE OF FILLER SURFACE PRE-
TREATMENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF COMPOSITES
Kovacevic V; Lucic S; Cerovecki Z
Zagreb,University; Tanin
Polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) composites in the form of films
are prepared with CaCO3 fillers of different specific
surface area. The fillers are commercially surface-treated
with stearic acid. Acid-base interactions are found to exert
a dominant influence on calcite dispersions in the PVAC
matrix. The mechanical properties of these composites
vary with the acid-base forces acting at matrix/filler
contacts. The relationship between interfacial interaction
and composite mechanical properties is analysed by an
equation describing the composition dependence of the
tensile stress. Attention is focused on the elongation at
break and the tensile strength, where the effect of surface
conditioning becomes important. Mechanical property
modifications are functions not only of the quantity of
filler added, but also of the dispersion quality and adhesion
at polymer/filler interfaces. 16 refs.
CROATIA; SLOVENIA
Accession no.654438
Item 296
Neuburg (Donau), 1996, pp.20. 30cms. 8/7/97
FUNCTIONAL FILLERS FOR ELASTOMERS
Hoffmann Mineral GmbH
Information is presented on the range of silica fillers for
elastomers available from Hoffmann Mineral. Details are
given of the structure and mineralogical composition of
the fillers, together with physical property data for the
Sillitin series and information on the Aktisil range. The
advantages of using silica fillers in elastomers, such as
high curing rate and high electrical resistance, are listed.
Applications for silica filled elastomers are also noted,
including construction materials, automotive components,
cables and machinery parts.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.653524
Item 297
Modern Plastics International
27, No.10, Oct.1997, p.32-3
ENGINEERED CALCIUM CARBONATE CUTS
CYCLE TIMES, BOOSTS PERFORMANCE
Graff G
ECC International has introduced two new groups of
calcium carbonate concentrates that are claimed to shorten
process cycle times by 15-40% and boost physical
properties of polyolefins. The novel concentrates are being
marketed as “functional additives”. Zytocal consists of
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
pellets of 90% by weight calcium carbonate and 10%
binder. The pellets are said to conduct process heat some
20 times faster than polyolefins, allowing faster part
cooling. FilmLink is aimed at polyolefin films and is
claimed to provide a dramatic increase in film impact
strength, stiffness and tear strength.
ECC INTERNATIONAL LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.652331
Item 298
Journal of Materials Chemistry
7, No.8, Aug.1997, p.1655-9
SURFACE-MODIFIED MICROPOROUS TALCS
AS FILLERS OF POLYMERS AND PIGMENTS
Krysztafkiewicz A; Domka L
Poznan,Technical University; Mickiewicza
A.,University
Four modification methods are presented for previously
micronised Korean talcs using surfactants,
polyoxyethylene glycols, silane and titanate coupling
agents. The modifications provide an increase of activity
of the tale towards polymers. After the modifications, the
wettability of the tales in water and benzene are measured
by a calorimetric technique. A correlation between the
heat of immersion and the coverage of the tale surface is
determined. Attempts are made to apply the modified
Korean talcs in rubber mixtures (with SBR), in PVC and
in highly dispersed pigments. 16 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Accession no.651640
Item 299
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
71, No.477, March 1996, p.271-8
Spanish
INFLUENCE OF THE FUNCTIONALISATION
OF TALC ON THE CRYSTALLISATION OF
POLYPROPYLENE-TALC COMPOSITES
Velasco J I; de Saja J A; Martinez A B
Cataluna,Universidad Politecnica;
Valladolid,Universidad
A study was made of the crystallisation behaviour of PP/
talc composites prepared by extrusion and containing up to
40 wt% of talc, either unmodified or functionalised with
silane coupling agents. DSC studies of injection moulded
specimens revealed a pronounced effect of filler content and
surface modification on crystallisation. The experimental
results indicated that a talc content of 2 wt% strongly affected
the non-isothermal crystallisation process, particularly for
silane treated talc. Isothermal crystallisation experiments on
samples with low filler contents showed a marked increase
in nucleation activity of the silane treated talc. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.649945
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 300
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1705, 26th Sept.1997, p.18
FILLERS STILL SHOW PROMISE
Griffiths J
Industrial Minerals
Mineral fillers are incorporated in more than 20 different
resin types, but just two, PVC and PP, account for over
95% of mineral filler usage. Minerals are generally added
to plastics at the compounding stage as low cost fillers,
extenders or reinforcement fillers. Minerals often undergo
some form of surface treatment to make the surfaces of
the mineral and polymer compatible to optimise
processability and performance.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.649872
Item 301
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
36, No.4, 1997, p.489-500
STUDIES ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE COMPOSITES
Mishra S; Perumal G B; Naik J B
North Maharashtra University; Superseal Industries
The mechanical properties of PVC/EVA blends filled with
stearic acid-coated calcium carbonate (Forcal-S) were
studied. Both impact strength and stiffness of the
composites were optimised by varying EVA and filler
contents. The results showed that the stiffness of the filled
PVC was a function of the concentration of the filler. The
impact strength of the PVC/EVA blend depended only on
the concentration of EVA. The TS of the filled composites
depended strongly on the degree of interfacial adhesion
developed between the polymer and the filler. The
interfacial bond strength depended on the effectiveness of
the coupling agents. The inherent properties of filled PVC/
EVA blends depended on the concentration of filler and
strength of the polymer-filler interface. 10 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.647730
Item 302
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.248, June 1997, p.73-83
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PP FILLED
WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE OF VARIOUS
SHAPES
Mitsuishi K
Okayama Prefecture Industrial Technology Center
Calcium carbonate of various particles shapes and treated
with alkyl dihydrogen phosphate ester and PP were mixed
on a two roll mill. The effect of carbon number of alkyl
dihydrogen phosphate ester on the mechanical properties
and adhesion between the PP matrix and various calcium
carbonates were investigated. 14 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.647110
97
 References and Abstracts
Item 303
Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings.
Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.334-42. 43C6
SILICA ADDITIVE SYSTEMS FOR
POLYURETHANE AND POLYISOCYANURATE
FOAMS
Okoroafor M O; McDonald W H; Wang A E; Kresta J
E; Tabakovic R; Yao X; Ashida K; Frisch K C
PPG Industries Inc.; Detroit,Mercy University
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
Silica/surfactant combinations were evaluated as additives
in the preparation of rigid PU and polyisocyanurate foams
using HCFC-141b or pentane, cyclopentane, isopentane
and mixtures thereof as blowing agents. Effects on thermal
conductivity before and after ageing and on density, closed
cell content, compression strength and dimensional
stability were investigated. 7 refs.
USA
Accession no.643073
Item 304
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
17, No.2, May 1997, p.111-9
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF SEPIOLITE
(NATURAL MAGNESIUM SILICATE) BY
THERMAL TREATMENT: EFFECT ON THE
PROPERTIES OF POLYURETHANE
ADHESIVES
Torro-Palau A; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-Barcelo
A C; Pastor-Blas M M; Martin-Martinez J M
INESCOP; Alicante,University
The addition of untreated sepiolite to PU adhesives was
shown to improve their rheological, crystallisation,
viscoelastic and adhesion properties as a result of an
interaction between the filler and the PU chains. This
interaction appeared to modify the degree of phase
separation between hard and soft segments in the PU as a
consequence of a nucleating action of the sepiolite. The
improved properties were maintained if the sepiolite was
treated at high temp., but in a reduced degree. Thermal
treatment of the sepiolite above 550C altered its structure
and surface chemistry, giving reduced properties and less
effective interactions with the PU. The addition of
sepiolite to PU adhesive, on the other hand, improved
the immediate adhesion to physically- or chemically-
treated rubber joints, but the adhesion 72 h after bond
formation was similar to that obtained with a PU adhesive
without filler. The same trend was obtained in the
adhesives which contained treated sepiolites, although the
improvement in immediate adhesion was less noticeable
as the treatment temp. increased. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.641441
Item 305
Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
98
Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2991-5. 012
WEATHERABILITY OF POLYPROPYLENE
CONTAINING TALC NUCLEATING AGENT
Rabello M S; White J R
Paraiba,Universidad Federal; Newcastle-upon-
Tyne,University
(SPE)
The effect of including 0.5 wt% finely divided talc on the
photo-degradation of injection mouldings made from PP
is investigated using laboratory UV irradiation exposures
up to 24 weeks. Gel permeation chromatography and
Fourier transform IR analysis do not indicate any
significant modification to chemical degradation but PP
bars containing talc show significantly inferior mechanical
properties after 6 weeks exposure. The properties recover
somewhat on extending the exposure and this vulnerable
state may not be detected by artificial weathering tests
conducted using large exposure intervals. The structural
changes are studied using X-ray diffraction, differential
scanning calorimetry and light microscopy. The fractional
crystallinity measured by X-ray diffraction is considerably
greater in nucleated PP but changes in crystallinity caused
by photo-oxidation are very similar in the talc-free and
talc-nucleated samples. 11 refs.
BRAZIL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.640457
Item 306
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
64, No.8, 23rd May 1997, p.1525-30
STUDY OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
PARTICULATE COMPOSITE POLYETHYLENE-
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Barta S; Bielek J; Dieska P
Bratislava,Slovak Technical University
Starting from the formulae for effective parameters of
the particulate composite derived within the average field
approximation, the formula for the percolation threshold
was derived. The maximum value of the percolation was
one-third in the case of the isotropic granules of globular
shape. The experimental data obtained from the
measurement of effective thermal conductivity and elastic
shear modulus of the particulate composite PE-calcium
carbonate could not be interpreted in the framework of
the average field approximation. 11 refs.
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.639325
Item 307
Antec 97. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2086-90. 012
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR AND EXTRUSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF TALC-
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOUNDS
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Kim K J; White J L
Akron,University
(SPE)
A study of the shear viscosity of talc-PS compounds shows
that they exhibit yield values, i.e. they have critical stresses
below which there is no flow. Furthermore, the talc
particles in compression moulding and extrusion through
slit dies are oriented parallel to the mould and die surfaces.
This is shown by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and
scanning electron microscopy. In dies with circular and
rectangular cross-sections, more complex particle patterns
are observed. These vary with particle loading and
extrusion rate. 24 refs.
USA
Accession no.638346
Item 308
European Polymer Journal
33, No.3, March 1997, p.255-62
CONSTRAINED CRYSTALLIZATION AND
ACTIVITY OF FILLER IN SURFACE-MODIFIED
TALC POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Alonso M; Velasco J I; de Saja J A
Valladolid,Universidad; Cataluna,Universidad
Politecnica
Two series of talc-PP composites containing between 0
and 40 wt % talc were prepared by extrusion. In one of
the series, the talc was surface-modified with silane
coupling agents in order to improve the affinity relation
between the filler and the PP matrix. Using X-ray
diffraction and DSC techniques, the configuration of the
PP crystalline phase and the nucleating activity of the
mineral were determined. 18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.636531
Item 309
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 40, pp.37. 012
EFFECT OF SILICA ON THE VISCOELASTIC
PROPERTIES OF A MODEL TREAD
COMPOUND
Patkar S D; Bice J A E; Okel T A
PPG Industries Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the effects of silica/carbon black
content, bistriethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulphane coupling
agent content and silica surface area on the dynamic
viscoelastic properties of a model SBR/polybutadiene tyre
tread compound. While silica nitrogen-BET surface area
did not correlate with tan delta, the CTAB and micropore
surface areas correlated with both tan delta at 60C and
the difference between tan delta at 0 and 60C. Coupling
agent and silica content and silica micropore surface area
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
were inversely correlated with tan delta at 60C. Silica
CTAB surface area directly correlated with tan delta at
60C. The silica filled compounds had a greater impact in
reducing tan delta at 60C than tan delta at 0C compared
to a low hysteresis carbon black filled control. 24 refs.
USA
Accession no.636048
Item 310
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 39, pp.19. 012
SURFACE TREATED MINERAL
PERFORMANCE IN ELASTOMERS
Lackey W O; Cooper C; Lynch T J
Huber J.M.,Corp.,Engineered Minerals Div.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Nucap 290 and Nucap MX surface treated clay fillers
(J.M. Huber) were evaluated as replacements for carbon
black in a polyisoprene compound and in NR and SBR
tyre, EPDM radiator hose and EPDM/butyl rubber inner
tube compounds and for carbon black and silica in a
polychloroprene V-belt compound. Studies of mechanical
properties suggested that complete substitution of higher
particle size carbon blacks and substantial substitution of
smaller particle size carbon blacks was possible. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.636047
Item 311
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 37, pp.23. 012
TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS WITH SILICA/
CARBON BLACK BLENDS
Fultz W C; Evans L R
Huber J.M.,Corp.,Chemicals Div.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the effects of different types of silica
(highly dispersible, easy dispersing and conventional)
combined with carbon black on the processability, cure
characteristics and mechanical properties of passenger
tyre tread compounds based on blends of solution SBR
and polybutadiene and blends of emulsion SBR,
polybutadiene and NR. In solution SBR blends the highly
dispersible silica gave higher tensile and tear strength,
modulus and elongation at break and lower tan delta at
all levels of replacement for carbon black. These
advantages were believed to be due to specific interactions
between silica particles which were enhanced by the larger
number and smaller average size of particles generated
by mixing the highly dispersible silica. Evidence for
specific interactions of this magnitude was not found for
emulsion SBR blends. 42 refs.
USA
Accession no.636045
99
 References and Abstracts
Item 312
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 25, pp.63. 012
CARBON-SILICA DUAL PHASE FILLER: A NEW
GENERATION REINFORCING AGENT FOR
RUBBER. II. APPLICATION OF CARBON-
SILICA DUAL PHASE FILLER TO TIRE TREAD
COMPOUNDS
Wang M J; Patterson W J; Brown T A; Moneypenny H G
Cabot Corp.; Cabot Leiden Technical Centre
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Carbon-silica dual phase fillers, consisting of a carbon phase
with a finely divided silica phase dispersed therein, were
evaluated in NR, SBR and polybutadiene tyre tread
compounds. Studies of mixing techniques and compounding
design showed that, with proper mixing and compound
formulation, the new fillers could give a much improved
balance of hysteresis in terms of higher or comparable tan
delta at low temperature and lower tan delta at higher
temperature, as well as increased abrasion resistance,
compared to carbon black and silica filled compounds. The
use of the dual phase fillers made it possible to significantly
reduce rolling resistance while also giving advantages in
treadwear resistance and traction. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.636036
Item 313
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 15, pp.24. 012
TRUCK TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS WITH
HIGHLY-DISPERSIBLE SILICA
Evans L R; Fultz W C
Huber J.M.,Corp.,Chemicals Div.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the effects of blends of different silicas
as the sole filler or their blends with carbon blacks on the
mechanical properties, such as modulus, tear strength,
hysteresis and abrasion resistance, of low rolling resistance
model NR truck tyre tread compounds. Silica surface area
and dispersion type (highly dispersible, easy dispersing and
conventional) were varied, and silicas and carbon blacks
of differing surface area and structure were blended.
Interactions with silane coupling agent level were
investigated in the model truck tyre tread compound and
compared to results for model passenger tyre tread
compounds. The advantages of highly dispersible silicas
were evidenced, with particular reference to abrasion
resistance and tensile and tear strength. Optimisation
designs were completed to determine silica type and level
to produce compounds with low rolling resistance and high
modulus and abrasion resistance at reduced cost. 43 refs.
USA
Accession no.636029
100
Item 314
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 9, pp.16. 012
NOVEL PROCESSING AGENTS FOR SILICA
FILLED RUBBER
Ishikawa K; Yatsuyanagi F; Kaidou H
Yokohama Rubber Co.Ltd.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Reactive polysiloxane derivatives having ethoxysilyl
moieties were synthesised and evaluated as processing
aids in tyre tread compounds based on silica filled SBR
and NR/SBR blends. The effects on compound viscosity,
cure rate and scorch time and on the abrasion resistance
and dynamic mechanical properties of vulcanisates were
investigated. Improved properties were achieved with
reduced amounts of silane coupling agent by using
polyethoxymethylsiloxane as the processing aid. This
reacted with silanol groups on the silica surface to give a
hydrophobic silica, and reactivity between the coupling
agent and silica was increased. 4 refs.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.636023
Item 315
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
11, No.4, 1997, p.471-93
ROLE OF ADHESION IN THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF FILLED POLYMER
COMPOSITES
Harding P H; Berg J C
Washington,University
Filled polymer composites were prepared in which the
energies of the filler surfaces were systematically varied
to investigate the dependence of the mechanical properties
of the composite on interfacial strength as predicted by
the thermodynamic work of adhesion at the filler-matrix
interface. A high purity silica filler was used, treated with
three different organofunctional silane coupling agents
(two alkylsilanes and an aminosilane) to varying degrees
from zero to complete coverage. The surface energies of
the modified fillers were characterised by both inverse
gas chromatography and dynamic contact analysis. Highly
filled polymer composites were prepared by dispersing
the variously treated fillers into the amorphous
thermoplastic polymers: PMMA and polyvinyl butyral.
Specimens of the composites were tested mechanically
to determine the yield stress. The difference in behaviour
between the two types of coupling agent was explained
in terms of acid-base effects. 46 refs.
USA
Accession no.635968
Item 316
Polymer Degradation and Stability
56, No.2, 1997, p.125-39
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
ENTRAPMENT OF STABILISERS IN SILICA. I.
CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ADDITIVES
DURING PP DEGRADATION
Allen N S; Edge M; Corrales T; Childs A; Liauw C;
Catalina F; Peinado C; Minihan A
Manchester,Metropolitan University; CSIC; Unilever
Research
Antioxidants and hindered amine light stabilisers were
adsorbed onto silicas prior to blending and processing in
PP films. Laser light scattering was used to demonstrate
that silica enhances polymer crystallinity during ageing
by acting as a nucleating agent, but is moderated when
the stabilisers are bound to silica. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.635414
Item 317
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
64, No.7, 16th May 1997, p.1275-81
TOUGHENING AND REINFORCEMENT OF
HDPE/CALCIUM CARBONATE BLENDS BY
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATION-INTERFACIAL
INTERACTION
Wang Y; Lu J; Wang G
Academia Sinica; Chengdu,University of Science &
Technology
Details are given of the mechanical properties and
molecular structure of a composite made up of HDPE,
carboxylated PE, and calcium carbonate filler grafted with
acrylamide. Improvements in tensile and impact strength
are attributed to a series of chemical and physico-chemical
interactions taking place between the two components
during blending. 8 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.635394
Item 318
Polymer Composites
18, No.2, April 1997, p.232-6
EFFECT OF A FILLER ON THE LONG-TERM
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF AN EPOXY
MATRIX/MINERAL PARTICLE COMPOSITE
Hristova J; Minster J
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Czech
Republic,Academy of Sciences
An analysis was conducted of the continuous relaxation
and retardation spectra of epoxy resin matrix composites
filled with different amounts with marble microparticles.
The particle size distribution was characterised by the
diameter sampling medium d50 of 13 micrometres and
the sampling quantile d97 of 80 micrometres. The
concentration of this filler was 10, 29 and 44.5 vol %.
The creep compliance and the relaxation modulus were
determined from the experimental results. Alfrey’s method
was used to define the continuous spectra from these long-
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
term (1000 days) creep and stress relaxation data. A
polynomial approximation was applied to the analytical
form of the results. The influence of the filler fraction on
the spectra’s distribution and on the equilibrium values
of relaxation moduli and creep compliances was
examined. The application of discrete relaxation and
retardation spectra and the mutual transition between them
were demonstrated using a Laplace transform. 7 refs.
BULGARIA; CZECH REPUBLIC; EASTERN EUROPE
Accession no.635212
Item 319
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
3, No.1, March 1997, p.89-95
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND IMPACT
TOUGHNESS OF TALC-FILLED BETA-
CRYSTALLINE PHASE POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Tjong S C; Li R K Y
Hong Kong,City University
Injection-moulded beta-crystalline phase PP composites
containing 5-40 wt % talc filler were studied by X-ray
diffraction, SEM, static tensile and falling drop weight
impact tests. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that
the talc filler suppressed the formation of beta-form PP
significantly. As a result, the beta-PP composites
containing 20 wt % talc or more consisted mainly of the
alpha-form PP phase. Tensile tests showed that the
addition of talc up to 40 wt % led to an increase in Young’s
modulus, whereas little effect was observed on the yield
strength of composites with the addition of talc up to 30
wt %. This behaviour could be attributed to the load
bearing effect of talc particles with a plate-like structure
and to good interfacial adhesion between the matrix and
filler. Impact tests revealed that the critical strain energy
release rate of the beta-PP appeared to increase initially
with the addition of 5 wt % talc and then to decrease
significantly with increasing talc content. 27 refs.
HONG KONG
Accession no.634641
Item 320
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
64, No.3, 18th April 1997, p.423-38
POLYMERIZATION-FILLED COMPOSITES
PREPARED WITH HIGHLY ACTIVE FILLER-
SUPPORTED AL/TI/MG CATALYSTS. I.
SYNTHESIS OF HOMOGENEOUS
POLYETHYLENE-BASED COMPOSITES
Hindryckx F; Dubois P; Jerome R; Teyssie P; Marti M G
Liege,University; Dow Benelux NV
When attached to the surface of an inorganic filler
(kaolin, barite), the titanium tetrabutoxide/butyloctyl
magnesium/ethylaluminium dichloride/
triethylaluminium system was shown to be an effective
catalyst for the production of high-performance PE-
101
 References and Abstracts
based composites. The surface concentration of the
hydroxyl groups, the Al/Ti/Mg ratio and the purity of
the reagents had a significant effect on the catalyst
efficiency and molec.wt., crystallinity and physico-
mechanical properties of the final composite. Under
about 4 bar partial pressure of ethylene in heptane at
60C, the optimum Al/Ti/Mg catalyst concentration was
120/0.75/10, the efficiency of which was as high as 300
kgPE (gTi x h) in the presence of kaolin particles. The
effect of transfer agents, such as hydrogen and 1-octene,
and the purity of the alpha-olefin were investigated. The
catalyst efficiency was improved in the presence of both
hydrogen and octene. 64 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.632477
Item 321
Journal of Materials Science
32, No.6, 15th March 1997, p.1613-22
MECHANISMS OF PARTICULATE FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE FINITE PLASTIC
DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE
Dubnikova I L; Oshmyan V G; Gorenberg A Ya
Russian Academy of Sciences
Plastic deformation and fracture of aluminium hydroxide
filled PP was investigated to clarify the mechanisms and
explain the observed transitions with the change of filler
content and size. Narrow filler fractions of different mean
diameters were used. Correlations between the debonding
micro processes and the characteristics of the composites
macroscopic yielding were clarified. The structure of the
composites in both the unstressed and deformed state was
observed by SEM. The supermolecular structure of the
polymer in the composites was investigated by SEM and
wide-angle X-ray diffraction. 12 refs.
RUSSIA
Accession no.632420
Item 322
Polymer Engineering and Science
37, No.2, Feb.1997, p.355-62
NOVEL STRUCTURES BY MICROLAYER
COEXTRUSION: TALC FILLED PP, PC/SAN
AND HDPE/LLDPE
Mueller C D; Nazarenko S; Ebeling T; Schuman T L;
Hiltner A; Baer E
Case Western Reserve University
The application of microlayer coextrusion technology in
the manufacture of films or sheets with up to thousands
of alternating layers is examined, and results are presented
of studies of the properties of a number of coextruded
structures. These include studies of the mechanical
properties of structures consisting entirely of talc filled
PP layers and of alternating layers of talc filled and
unfilled PP, mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion
102
of polycarbonate/SAN structures, and interdiffusion in
HDPE/linear LDPE structures. 17 refs.
USA
Accession no.632347
Item 323
Composite Interfaces
4, No.4, 1997, p.223-37
INTERFACIAL ENHANCEMENT OF FLEXIBLE
PVC-SILICA COMPOSITES BY SILANE
COUPLING AGENTS
Ulutan S; Balkose D
Ege,University
Enhancement of a flexible PVC-silica composite interface
was studied by the application of gamma-
aminopropyltrimethoxysilane on silane. Composites
containing silica and silanised silica up to 25.6 phr and
prepared by sol-gel technology were subjected to water
and water vapour attacks similar to that in their daily use.
Silane application resulted in diminishing liquid water
and water vapour sorption by about 24.0% and 11.9%,
respectively. Inhibition of dioctyl phthalate migration
from composites by silane application was also
determined as 24% using UV measurements. 20 refs.
TURKEY
Accession no.632126
Item 324
Polymer Engineering and Science
37, No.1, Jan.1997, p.205-18
EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON WELD LINE
STRENGTH IN FIVE THERMOPLASTICS
Selden R
Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research
Weld line strength was measured for injection moulded
specimens of ABS, polyphenylene oxide (PPO), talc filled
PP and glass fibre-reinforced nylon-6 and polyphenylene
sulphide. Flexural, impact and (for PPO) tensile tests were
undertaken, and fracture surfaces were examined by SEM.
The effects of holding pressure, injection velocity, melt
temperature and mould temperature on weld line strength
were studied using experimental design. For each
parameter setting the weld line strength was measured
and compared with the bulk strength via a weld line (WL)
factor, defined as strength of specimens with weld line/
strength of specimens without weld line. The highest WL
factors were obtained for unfilled materials moulded using
high melt temperature and holding pressure and low
mould temperature. 33 refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.629164
Item 325
Polymer Engineering and Science
37, No.1, Jan.1997, p.166-72
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE PARTICULATE-FILLED BETA-
CRYSTALLINE PHASE POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITES
Tjong S C; Li R K Y; Cheung T
Hong Kong,City University
Beta-crystalline phase PP composites containing 5-40%
by weight of calcium carbonate filler were prepared by
injection moulding. The beta-form PP was produced by
adding a bicomponent beta-nucleator consisting of equal
amounts of pimelic acid and calcium stearate. The
morphological, static tensile and impact properties of the
composites were studied. SEM observations showed that
the beta-spherulites of PP exhibited curved lamellae and
sheaf-like structures. The fillers were dispersed within
the interlamellar spacings of a composite containing 10%
filler, but the particles tended to link together to form
larger aggregates when the filler content reached 20%.
The elastic modulus increased and the yield strength and
impact toughness decreased with increasing filler content.
28 refs.
HONG KONG
Accession no.629158
Item 326
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
69, No. 4, Sept.-Oct.1996, p.637-47
INTERACTION BETWEEN CARBOXYLATED
NITRILE RUBBER AND PRECIPITATED
SILICA: ROLE OF (3-
AMINOPROPYL)TRIETHOXYSILANE
Bandyopadhyay S; De P P; Tripathy D K; De S K
Indian Institute of Technology
The role of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane in the
interaction between carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR)
and silica was studied using techniques such as Monsanto
rheometry, dynamic mechanical testing and IR
spectroscopy. The XNBR used contained 7 % carboxyl
group and had a 28 % acrylonitrile content. Results
showed that a strong rubber-filler interaction occurs
between the XNBR and the precipitated silica filler.
During moulding, XNBR was found to be crosslinked by
the filler surface through the formation of primary bonds.
The coupling agent, namely (3-aminopropyl)
triethoxysilane facilitates the formation of rubber-filler
bonds at the expense of filler-filler networks, leading to
improved dispersion and an enhanced degree of
crosslinking. 32 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.628827
Item 327
China Rubber Industry
44, No.2, 1997, p.75-9
Chinese
HALOGENLESS, LOW-FUME AND FLAME-
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
RETARDANT VAMAC CABLE COMPOUND
FILLED WITH MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Li Yuhua; Li Chenchen
China’s General Shipping Corp.
The levels of loading of the main filler, magnesium
hydroxide, and its surface-treating agent, zinc stearate,
were shown to be the most important factor in halogen-
free, low-fume and flame-retardant VAMAC cable
compound. Particular attention should be paid to the
curing system. The optimised compounding formulation
was found to be VAMAC 100 parts, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-
bis(tert-peroxy)hexane 3.0-3.3, N,N’-m-phenylene
bismaleimide and trimethylol propane trimethacrylate 0.8-
1.0, clay treated with zinc stearate and LEE slippery white
powder 50-60, processing aids 12-14, zinc stearate 12-
1.4, magnesium hydroxide 43-47, other additives 6-7. The
resultant compound exhibited flame retardance, low fume
and good physical properties. The finished cable passed
GN112666-90 Burning Test and was in accordance with
the requirements of IEC 502 (1994).
CHINA
Accession no.626115
Item 328
Polymer International
42, No.2, Feb.1997, p.195-202
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASMA
SURFACE-MODIFIED CALCIUM CARBONATE
COMPOSITES
Akovali G; Akman M A
Middle East,Technical University
Calcium carbonate was surface modified by plasma
polymerised acetylene and the effect of surface
modification on the mechanical properties of calcium
carbonate-PP composites was investigated. Two different
plasma polymerisation conditions were selected and
applied. Chemical structures of plasma-polymerised
acetylene products were identified. Mechanical and
thermal properties of the prepared composites were
evaluated and the effects of surface modification on the
extent of adhesion of the filler to the matrix, as well as on
polymer phase, were investigated using SEM. 23 refs.
TURKEY
Accession no.625727
Item 329
Polymer Engineering and Science
36, No.24, Dec.1996, p.2905-20
CERAMIC-REINFORCED POLYMERS AND
POLYMER-MODIFIED CERAMICS
Mark J E
Cincinnati,University
Composites were prepared using techniques similar to
those used in the sol-gel approach to ceramics.
Organometallics such as silicates, titanates and aluminates
103
 References and Abstracts
were hydrolysed in the presence of polymer chains (e.g.
polysiloxanes and polyimides) that typically contained
hydroxyl or amino groups. The functional groups were
used to bond the polymer chains onto the silica, titania,
or alumina being formed in the hydrolysis, thus forming
organic-inorganic composites. When the polymer chains
were present in excess, they constituted the continuous
phase, with the ceramic-type material appearing as
reinforcing particles. When present in smaller amounts,
the polymer was dispersed in the continuous ceramic
phase, to give a polymer-modified ceramic. Under some
conditions, bicontinuous systems were obtained. The
composites thus prepared were characterised by electron
microscopy, X-ray and neutron scattering intensities,
density determinations, and stress-strain and impact
strength measurements. 384 refs.
USA
Accession no.625093
Item 330
European Polymer Journal
33, No.1, Jan.1997, p.1-6
EFFECTS OF A CATIONIC SURFACTANT
(FATTY DIAMINE) AND A COMMERCIAL
SILANE COUPLING AGENT ON THE
PROPERTIES OF A SILICA FILLED NATURAL
RUBBER COMPOUND
Ismail H; Ishiaku U S; Ishak Z A M; Freakley P K
Sains Malaysia,University; Loughborough,University
of Technology
The effects of a fatty diamine, termed a multifunctional
additive (MFA), and a commercial silane coupling agent
on the properties of a silica filled NR compound were
studied. MFA can function in its own right to improve
mechanical properties. Together with the silane coupling
agent, a greater improvement in properties can be obtained
and their effects are, to some extent, additive. Swelling
tests and dispersion measurements showed that the use
of MFA and silane coupling agent not only contributed to
a better silica-elastomer adherence but also improves
dispersion, which resulted in a lower hysteresis. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MALAYSIA;
UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.622330
Item 331
SPO ’96. Conference proceedings.
Houston, Tx., 25th-27th Sept.1996, p.387-406. 42C1
MAXIMISING POLYOLEFIN HIGH
TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE WITH
COMBINED ADDITION OF ULTRAFINE TALC
AND METALLOCENE IMPACT MODIFIERS
Radosta J A
Specialty Minerals Inc.
(Schotland Business Research Inc.)
It has previously been demonstrated how ultra-fine talc
delivers the critical balance of impact strength and
104
stiffness that is required for automotive TPOs and high
performance polyolefins. Formulators are now looking
to satisfy more demanding applications that are calling
for better elevated temperature performance as well. There
are many potential PP end-use applications (e.g.
automotive under-the-hood and interior components) that
would require greater resistance to deformation while
under load at elevated temperature. Examples of how
superior elevated temperature performance can be
achieved through the use of ultra-fine tale in combination
with metallocene impact modifiers and high modulus PP
are shown. 2 refs.
USA
Accession no.621854
Item 332
International Polymer Science and Technology
23, No.9, 1996, p.T/28-35
FRICTION AND TREAD WEAR PROPERTIES
OF CARBON BLACK FILLED RUBBER
COMPOUNDS
Soeda M; Kurata Y
The effects are reviewed of basic properties, morphology
and surface chemistry of carbon black on the friction and
wear of rubber compounds with reference to recent
research literature. 27 refs. Translation of Nippon Gomu
Kyokaishi, No.9, 1995, p.616
JAPAN
Accession no.619860
Item 333
Polymer Degradation and Stability
54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.383-5
FLAME RETARDANT EFFECTS OF
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Rothon R N; Hornsby P R
Manchester,Metropolitan University; Brunel University
The suitability of magnesium hydroxide for use as a flame
retardant filler was investigated. High levels of flame
retardance were achieved in several polymers including
ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, PP and polyamides.
Until recently, use of magnesium hydroxide was restricted
to niche applications because of the high cost of producing
suitable crystal forms. However, new production methods
now offer the prospect of improved economics and better
control of particle morphology. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.617629
Item 334
Masterbatch ’95. Conference proceedings.
Basel, 20th-22nd June 1995, Paper 10
HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR
THERMOPLASTIC COMPOUNDS-NEW
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
PRODUCTS BASED ON ATH AND MAGNESIUM
HYDROXIDE OFFER OPPORTUNITIES IN THE
MARKET PLACE
Kirschbaum G
Martinswerk GmbH
(Applied Market Information)
An overview of the function and advantages of halogen
free flame retardants based on aluminium hydroxide
(ATH) and magnesium hydroxide is presented. The flame
retardancy of halogen and non halogen products are
compared and the influence of filler parameters (e.g.
filling level, particle size and shape) for ATH and Mg
hydroxides discussed. A variety of applications are then
mentioned which demonstrate the versatility of such
“active” fillers. Due to very intensive research and
development unbelievable progress has been made in
areas that seemed to be closed for compounds with filler
loadings as high as 120 phr and higher. Applications cited
include; wire and cable industry, automotive industry,
public transport and electrical and electronics industry.
BENELUX; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
FRANCE; GERMANY; SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
Accession no.616322
Item 335
Polymer Composites
17, No.5, Oct.1996, p.691-704
PHOTODEGRADATION OF TALC-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE
Rabello M S; White J R
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,University
Injection moulded talc-filled PP composites have been
exposed to UV radiation in the laboratory for periods
up to 26 weeks. The extent of chemical degradation has
been assessed by means of Fourier Transform IR
spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation
chromatography (GPC), and the results correlated with
the mechanical properties. In the early stages of
exposure, the photo-oxidation is faster in the talc-filled
composites than in the unfilled polymer, but this trend
is reversed for exposures longer than 12 weeks. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) inspection has revealed that
surface cracks caused by photodegradation in the filled
PP occur in the surface exposed to the LJV source only,
resulting in much less deterioration in tensile properties
when compared with the unfilled polymer which
degrades significantly at the unexposed surface also.
Measurements of melt temperatures by differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) gave a consistent picture
of degradation with that obtained by FTIR and GPC
studies. DSC analyses have also shown that an increase
in the melt enthalpy for both the unfilled and filled grades
occurs during exposure. 49 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.615680
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 336
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
2, No.3, Sept.1996, p.248-52
EFFECTS OF FILLERS ON PERMEABILITY
AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HDPE
BLOWN FILM
Gill T S; Xanthos M
Wirsbo Co.; New Jersey,Institute of Technology
HDPE compounds containing various amounts of rigid
and deformable oxygen barrier components were blended
in a twin-screw extruder and processed into thin films by
blown film extrusion. The films were tested for oxygen
permeability and mechanical properties and analysed for
morphology. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.614212
Item 337
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
2, No.3, Sept.1996, p.187-9
PERFORMANCE OF ULTRAFINE TALC IN
RIGID PVC
Wiebking H E
Specialty Minerals Inc.
Details are given of how ultrafine talc can be used in a
rigid PVC formulation to design a compound with
increased stiffness and high impact strength. Correlations
between the impact stiffness balance and the shape and
particle size of the talc were examined. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.614199
Item 338
150th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1996.
Conference Preprints.
Louisville, Ky., 8th-11th Oct.1996, Paper 80, pp.16. 012
EFFECTS OF FILLER ON COMPATIBILITY OF
NATURAL RUBBER
Nakamura M; Takagishi Y; Noguchi K
Nippon Zeon Co.Ltd.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the effects of silica and carbon black
fillers on the compatibility of NR with SBR. It was found
that the compatibility of blends reinforced with carbon
black was different to that of silica reinforced blends, and
that compatibility was closely related to SBR
microstructure. The thermal, rheological and mechanical
properties of the blends and the effects of blend ratio and
silane coupling agents were investigated. 9 refs.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.611836
Item 339
150th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1996.
Conference Preprints.
105
 References and Abstracts
Louisville, Ky., 8th-11th Oct.1996, Paper 75, pp.19. 012
EFFECT OF POLYSULPHIDIC SILANE
SULPHUR CONTENT ON PROPERTIES OF A
LOW ROLLING RESISTANCE SILICA FILLED
TREAD COMPOUND
Cruse R W; Hofstetter M H; Panzer L M; Pickwell R J
Witco Corp.,OSi Specialties Group
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The effects of silane coupling agents of various sulphur
ranks on the viscosity, curing characteristics and
mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of low
rolling resistance silica filled SBR/polybutadiene tyre
tread compounds were investigated. The effect of holding
the total sulphur level of the formulation constant by the
addition of elemental sulphur to silanes containing lower
average sulphur ranks was also determined. The
processing and property changes depended on whether
the sulphur was added in the mixer or in the curing
package. The influence of silica moisture content, type
of SBR and mixing times and temperatures was also
examined. 4 refs.
OSI SPECIALTIES INC.
USA
Accession no.611832
Item 340
Polymer Engineering and Science
36, No.17, Mid-Sept.1996 p.2188-97
PARTICLE AND POLYMER CHAIN
ORIENTATION DEVELOPMENT IN
THERMOFORMED TALC-FILLED
THERMOPLASTICS
Suh C H; White J L
Akron,University
Neat and talc-filled HDPE, PP, and PPS were fabricated
by thermoforming compression moulded sheets. The
orientation of talc particles and polymer chains were
investigated using wide-angle X-ray diffraction. 24 refs.
USA
Accession no.611337
Item 341
Rubber Technology International
1996, p. 183-6
CARBON BLACK HANDLING AND BATCHING
Solinas M; Mazzoleni F
Govoni Sim Bianca,Gruppo Cifa Progetti
This comprehensive article highlights the advantages of
carbon black as the main filler used to improve the
mechanical characteristics of elastomers, within the
rubber industry. The article also describes the problems,
and the optimised techniques developed to deal with the
handling, storage and proportioning of carbon black.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.610822
106
Item 342
Rubber Technology International
1996, p.78-81
THERMAL BLACK IN ELASTOMERS
Buchholz R W
Cancarb Ltd.
This comprehensive article describes the wide variety of
grades of carbon black and outlines the criteria that should
be taken into account for selection purposes, such as
understanding the influence of carbon black on
elastomeric properties and the physico-chemical
differences between the types of carbon black available
and their effect on the compound.
CANADA
Accession no.610800
Item 343
Rubber Technology International
1996, p.74-6
COMPRESSION VOLUME INDEX
Thompson J
Titan Specialities Inc.
This comprehensive article supplies a detailed explanation
and analysis of a new carbon black structure test known
as the Compression Volume Index. The article includes
information on the development of the test together with
several advantageous features offered by the new method.
USA
Accession no.610799
Item 344
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
69, No.3, July-Aug.1996, p.325-46
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF RUBBER
REINFORCEMENT BY FILLERS
Wolff S
Degussa AG
Topics reviewed include the question of whether bound
rubber is a physical or a chemical phenomenon, the true
reinforcing potential of silicas and the effects of covalent
silica-to-rubber bonds on reinforcement. The application
of the information reviewed to the development of tyre
compounds and tyres with improved performance is
discussed. 62 refs. (ACS Rubber Division, 149th Meeting,
Montreal, Canada, May 1996)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.610689
Item 345
IRC ’96. International Rubber Conference. Conference
proceedings.
Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 28. 012
INFLUENCE OF PRECIPITATED SILICA
CHARACTERISTICS ON THE PROPERTIES OF
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
A TRUCK TYRE TREAD
Bomal Y; Cochet P; Dejean B; Gelling I R
Rhone-Poulenc Recherches; Rubber Consultants
(Institute of Materials)
Improved fuel economy is a primary concern for trucks,
especially in motorway traffic. Amorphous precipitated
silicas are now commonly used as a reinforcing filler in
passenger tyre tread to enhance rolling resistance.
Precipitated silica is also used in rubber to improve tear
resistance or to reduce heat build-up. This could be especially
useful for truck tyre treads, if wear and traction are maintained
or improved. However, laboratory results indicate that wet
traction and abrasion resistance could be lowered, but silica
characteristics are not unimportant. Key reinforcement
parameters are a high effective contact area of the filler within
the rubber, low particle-particle interactions and high silica-
rubber bonding efficiency. One of the main features of the
new passenger tyre tread compound technology is the use
of a Rhone-Poulenc high dispersibility precipitated silica.
Usage of NR, a low rolling resistance rubber, also remains
dominant in radial truck tyres. Details are given of a study
carried out to investigate the influence of precipitated silica
characteristics on the properties of an NR truck tyre tread.
In-laboratory and on-the-field precipitated silicas having
different specific surface areas and/or dispersibilities are
compared. The influence of a coupling agent on the tyre
properties are also assessed. 11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.610044
Item 346
China Synthetic Rubber Industry
19, No.5, 1996, p.295-6
Chinese
PROPERTIES IMPROVEMENT OF SILICONE
RUBBER USING HIGH REINFORCING SILICA
Dong H; Li S
Shenyang,Rubber Industry Products Research Institute
Details are given of improvements in mechanical
properties of silicone rubber by the addition of high
reinforcing silica. Optimum compounding ratio of silica,
vulcanisates and mixing conditions are discussed.
CHINA
Accession no.609949
Item 347
Antec ’96. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.3545-9
EFFECTS OF EXTRA COARSE FILLER IN
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOUNDS
Johnson K C
Lowell,Massachusetts University
(SPE)
The possibility of using a coarse calcium carbonate filler
in PP is investigated. This filler was the by-product of an
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
ultra-fine grinding process used for tile production of
typical calcium carbonate fillers. The mean particle size
of this relatively coarse filler was 75 microns. The calcium
carbonate was blended, at 0, 10, 20 and 40 wt.% with PP
in a twin-screw extruder. Test specimens were injection
moulded from die compounded blends. Tensile properties,
flexural stiffness, melt index and dynamic mechanical
properties of the formulations were determined according
to the appropriate ASTM standards. The coarse filler
behaved much like the finer calcium carbonate fillers.
With increasing filler content, tensile strength and
elongation decreased while flexural stiffness increased.
Melt index decreased sharply when any filler was added
to the PP, but this did not reflect processing conditions.
Dynamic mechanical properties, specifically viscosity,
showed a much greater increase at 40% filler loading.
This correlated well with increases in head pressure and
injection pressure seen during twin screw compounding
and injection moulding, respectively. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.608847
Item 348
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
62, No.4, 24th Oct.1996, p.639-46
PP/ELASTOMER/FILLER HYBRIDS. II.
MORPHOLOGIES AND FRACTURE
Long Y; Shanks R A
Melbourne,Royal Institute of Technology
Three microstructures of PP/elastomer/filler hybrids were
obtained by processing control and elastomer or PP
surface modification. Morphologies and fracture were
studied by SEM. The relationship between morphology
and mechanical properties is discussed with emphasis
given to the brittle-toughness transition. DSC was used
to confirm the difference of microstructures,
crystallisation behaviour and compatibility. 7 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.608447
Item 349
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
49, No.9, Sept.1996, p.589/96
SYNTHETIC AMORPHOUS SILICAS IN FINE
POWDER FORM: DEFINITIONS, PROPERTIES
AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Ferch H; Toussaint H E
An in-depth review is presented of the three major classes
of finely divided synthetic amorphous silicas, the
precipitated silicas, silica gels, and pyrogenic silicas. Each
are shown to have inherent differences in their
morphological characteristics, surface chemistry, and
purity levels. Efforts are made to clearly define each type
of material with descriptions of pertinent manufacturing
processes, inherent product properties and performance
parameters. 74 refs.
107
 References and Abstracts
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.607111
Item 350
European Rubber Journal
178, No.8, Sept.1996, p.46/52
SILICA IN TYRES: WHERE TO NOW?
White L
Wider use of silica instead of carbon black as a filler in
tyre treads has been prompted by the need to combine
high wear resistance with high wet grip and low rolling
resistance. The breakthrough in the use of precipitated
silica came with the development of bifunctional
organosilanes, used to promote bonding between the silica
and rubber surfaces. The consensus seems to be that silica
will be restricted to a special-purpose filler in tread
applications, usually in blends with carbon black. It may
be used on its own in certain winter tyre treads and some
high performance tyres. New carbon black types
developed for better rolling resistance and processing aids
used to improve the processability of silica compounds
are discussed.
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.599585
Item 351
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
61, No.1, 5th July 1996, p.125-32
CRYSTALLISATION BEHAVIOUR OF
POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH SURFACE-
MODIFIED TALC
Velasco J I; De Saja J A; Martinez A B
Catalunya,Universitat Politecnica;
Valladolid,Universidad
Talc-filled PP composites were prepared by extrusion in
a wide composition range. To improve the affinity relation
between the talc and the PP matrix, the talc surface was
modified with silane coupling agents. DSC investigations
on test samples, prepared by injection moulding, revealed
that the talc content and its surface modification had a
pronounced effect on the crystallisation behaviour of the
filled PP composites. Isothermal crystallisation
experiments on samples with minimum amounts of talc
(2 wt%) revealed an improved nucleation activity with
silane-treated talc. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.595613
Item 352
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.108, May 1996, p.183-202
PARTICLE-FILLED POLYOLEFINS WITH HIGH
STIFFNESS AND TOUGHNESS, AS USED FOR
LOAD BEARING COMPONENTS
108
Savadori A; Scapin M; Walter R
EniChem; Kaiserslautern,University
Mineral fillers have often been used in the past to improve
the elastic modulus and heat resistance of polyolefins,
but they are known to have a detrimental effect on impact
resistance. It was found recently that good fracture
toughness could be achieved if an appropriate mechanism
was stimulated and good bonding of the filler particles to
the matrix was guaranteed. Some results obtained with
HDPE and kaolin are presented and discussed. Particular
attention is paid to the effect of filler content and of matrix-
filler adhesion. Comparison is also made with literature
data relating to filled polyolefins (HDPE and PP). 23 refs.
(EUROFILLERS 95, Joint Meeting of MOFFIS and
FILPLAS on Fillers and Filled Polymers, Mulhouse,
France, Sept.1995)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.594229
Item 353
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.108, May 1996, p.55-61
SOME PECULIARITIES OF THE SURFACE
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF THE HIGH-
DISPERSED SILICA FILLERS
Tertykh V A
Ukraine,Academy of Sciences
The surface chemical modification of highly-dispersed
silica fillers is discussed with reference to methods for
preparation of dense hydrophobic coverings on the silica
surface. Analysis of the experimental data is shown to
permit optimisation of the selection of modifying reagents
and catalysts for the surface reactions. The possibility of
using solid-phase hydrosilylation reactions for this
purpose is examined. 24 refs. (EUROFILLERS 95, Joint
Meeting of MOFFIS and FILPLAS on Fillers and Filled
Polymers, Mulhouse, France, Sept.1995)
UKRAINE
Accession no.594219
Item 354
Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.108, May 1996, p.13-8
TALC PRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW
Robert J F; Fragnier P
Luzenac Europe
A report is presented on the Luzenac Group, which
currently produces and markets more than 1 million tons
of talc p.a. Talc mineralogy is outlined, talc processing is
discussed and the constant search for a better relationship
between the very specific talc properties obtained from
its various deposits and the application of talc in very
different industrial fields is considered. (EUROFILLERS
95, Joint Meeting of MOFFIS and FILPLAS on Fillers
and Filled Polymers, Mulhouse, France, Sept.1995)
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.594217
Item 355
1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference.
Conference Proceedings.
Nashville, Tn., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.1994, p.89-95. 012
MINERAL ENHANCEMENT OF EXTRUSION
COATED POLYETHYLENE
Ruiz F A
Heritage Plastics Inc.
(TAPPI)
A study was made of the advantages obtained by the
addition of untreated and stearic acid treated calcium
carbonates to LDPE and linear LDPE resins in the
extrusion coating of kraft paper. Mineral addition
increased extrusion output and line speed at constant
screw speed and coating weight. Surface treated fillers
yielded these improvements with minimal increases in
melt pressure and motor current. The addition of mineral
concentrate also improved the drawdown of the LDPE
base resin. The coefficient of friction of the coatings was
reduced due to a slight roughening of the polymer surface,
and slight improvements were observed in the Elmendorf
tear strength of coated papers. Mineral addition gave no
significant changes in the adhesion of coatings to paper,
and minor improvements were noted in the hot tack and
seal strength of linear LDPE coatings. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.592138
Item 356
International Polymer Processing
11, No.1, March 1996, p.3-13
35 YEARS OF STUDIES OF MIXING OF
RUBBER AND VISCOELASTICITY
Nakajima N
Akron,University
A review is given of the mixing of rubber with reinforcing
fillers with emphasis given to the viscoelastic nature of
rubber. The relationship between the mill processability
to the elongation and failure behaviour of gum rubber is
discussed. Interaction between rubber and carbon black
and material and internal mixer is mentioned. A method
of constructing viscoelastic master-curves from the tensile
stress-strain data is presented. 30 refs.
USA
Accession no.591923
Item 357
149th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996.
Conference preprints.
Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996, paper 34, pp.37. 012
APPLICATION OF THE RUBBER PROCESS
ANALYSER IN CHARACTERISING THE
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
EFFECTS OF SILICA ON UNCURED AND
CURED COMPOUND PROPERTIES
Dick J S; Pawlowski H
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
There is an increased interest in the use of precipitated
hydrated silica because of the special properties it imparts
to cured tyre tread compounds. The RPA 2000 Rubber
Process Analyser RPA is used to study the special effects
of silica. The compound effects from different types of silica
are studied in the uncured state, while curing, and in the
cured state. In the uncured state, the effects of variations in
silica loading, particle size and structure on the formation
of networks are studied with the Rubber Process Analyser.
Comparisons are made with the formation of carbon black
networks. Silica loading effects on the critical strain are
also studied. The non-Newtonian and thixotropic nature
of silica loaded compounds are also investigated. The RPA
is used to study the effects of heat treatment and the addition
of an organosilane coupling agent on the mixing process
for silica loaded compounds and their resulting processing
and scorch properties as well as effects on cured dynamic
properties at lower temperatures. Finally, the effects of silica
on thermal conductivity and its implications for variable
temperature cure are reviewed. 49 refs.
FLEXSYS AMERICA LP
USA
Accession no.591675
Item 358
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
60, No.11, 13th June 1996, p.1779-91
SINGLE SCREW EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING
OF PARTICULATE FILLED THERMOPLASTICS:
STATE OF DISPERSION AND ITS INFLUENCE
ON IMPACT PROPERTIES
Yeh Wang; Jiang-Shen Huang
Tunghai,University
Compounding of calcium carbonate-filled PP was
examined with a single-screw extruder and variants of
mixing sections. The mixing section on the screw was
exchangeable and two dispersive mixing elements, namely
the Zorro and the Maddock elements, were used. The
impact strength was measured by a notched Izod impact
tester with specimens having a U-shaped sharp notch. The
fracture toughnesses for the PP homopolymer and the filled
composites were determined using fracture mechanics
principles. The results were correlated with the state of
dispersion of the filler. The effects of filler concentration
and surface treatment were also examined. Correlation
between state of dispersion and impact properties for
calcium carbonate-filled PP was obtained. The effect of
various mixing elements on the state of dispersion was also
investigated. The experimental results indicated that good
dispersion would improve the impact properties of the
polymer matrix, but only at moderate filler loading. 36 refs.
CHINA; TAIWAN
Accession no.591362
109
 References and Abstracts
Item 359
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
60, No.7, 16th May 1996, p.981-90
TOUGHENED BLENDS OF PS AND BR FILLED
WITH CHALK
Braun D; Klein M; Hellmann G P
Darmstadt,Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut
The behaviour of PS/BR blends filled with chalk is
discussed. Comparisons were made with commercial
high-impact PS produced by in situ polymerisation.
Stress-strain properties and morphology are discussed.
14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.589144
Item 360
Polymer Degradation and Stability
51, No.3, 1996, p.235-49
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOUR OF
POLYAMIDE FIRE-RETARDANT
COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING MAGNESIUM
HYDROXIDE FILLER
Hornsby P R; Wang J; Rothon R; Jackson G; Wilkinson
G; Cossick K
Brunel University; ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd.;
DuPont de Nemours International SA
The thermal analysis of polyamides modified with
magnesium hydroxide fire retardant filler is studied. Using
combined TGA, DSC, EGA, and on-line FTIR techniques,
it is shown that on thermal breakdown magnesium
hydroxide exerts a significant pro-degradative action on
polyamides, attributed to water release and resulting
hydrolysis of the polymer chain. Evolved gases released
are shown to be water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
ammonia and various hydrocarbon fragments. Similar
results are obtained for both filled and unfilled PA
compositions. In the case of nylon 66, however, polymer
degradation occurs before magnesium hydroxide
breakdown, whereas there is much greater overlap
between thermal decomposition of nylon 6 and the fire
retardant filler. 16 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SWITZERLAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.588332
Item 361
European Rubber Journal
178, No.5, May 1996, p.30
BLACK MAY BE CARCINOGENIC
It is briefly reported that carbon black has been reclassified
as group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans, following
a review by the International Agency for Research into
Cancer in October 1995. The group accepted that there is
still insufficient evidence of the effects on human
populations, but it had taken note of some research on
110
rats, which appeared to show that massive doses of carbon
black can cause a form of non-malignant lung cancer in
male rats. The carbon black industry should now place a
high priority on proving that the response is rat-specific
and is therefore irrelevant to humans.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON
CANCER
WORLD
Accession no.587266
Item 362
Annals of Occupational Hygiene
40, No.1, Feb.1996, p.65-77
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON
BLACK IN ITS MANUFACTURE: DATA FROM
1987 TO 1992
Gardiner K; Calvert I A; van Tongeren M J A;
Harrington J M
Birmingham,University
This paper describes the exposure to carbon black dust in the
first and second phase of a large multi-national epidemiological
study investigating the magnitude of exposure-related effects
such as respiratory morbidity. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.587194
Item 363
Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.317-70. 51
FILLED THERMOSETS
Jackson G V; Orton M L
ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd.; Lancaster,University
Edited by: Rothon R N
(Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
Consultants)
Following a review of the chemistry of thermosetting
resins, the effects of fillers on the mechanical and thermal
properties, curing and shrinkage of these resins are
examined. The use of fillers as processing aids which
reduce air entrapment is also discussed. 70 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586700
Item 364
Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.279-316. 51
FILLED THERMOPLASTICS
Hancock M
ECC International Ltd.
Edited by: Rothon R N
(Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon Consultants)
The influence of fillers on the density, permeability,
rigidity, impact strength, toughness, colour, and thermal,
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
surface, tensile and electrical properties of thermoplastics
is examined. Applications of fillers in a number of
polymers including PVC, PP, PE, polyamides, PBTP,
PETP, PS, ABS, polyacetals, polyphenylene oxide,
polyphenylene sulphide and liquid crystal polymers are
described. 102 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586699
Item 365
Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.235-78. 51
PARTICULATE FILLERS IN ELASTOMERS
Skelhorn D
ECC International Inc.
Edited by: Rothon R N
(Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
Consultants)
Types of fillers used in rubbers are reviewed, and their
effects on compounding, vulcanisation, processing and
polymer properties such as permanent set, gas
permeability, flammability, colour, resistance to liquids,
and electrical and dynamic properties are discussed.
Fillers examined in particular detail include carbon blacks,
silicas, silicates, clays, talcs, calcium carbonates, alumina
trihydrate and barium sulphate. 52 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586698
Item 366
Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.207-34. 51
EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE FILLERS ON
FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES OF
COMPOSITES
Rothon R N
Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
Consultants
Edited by: Rothon R N
(Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
Consultants)
The flame retardant and smoke suppressant effects of
fillers in polymers are examined, with particular emphasis
on metal hydroxides and carbonates. Tests for the
flammability and smoke and gas emission of filled
polymers are described and illustrated by reference to a
number of scientific studies. Mechanistic studies
involving modelling of the oxygen index test and the
application of thermal analysis techniques are also
reviewed. 36 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586697
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 367
Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.123-63. 51
SURFACE MODIFICATION AND SURFACE
MODIFIERS
Rothon R N
Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
Consultants
Edited by: Rothon R N
(Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
Consultants)
A survey is made of coatings and coupling agents used in
the surface modification of fillers for polymers, including
fatty acids, polymers such as maleinised polybutadiene,
silanes, organotitanates, zirconates, aluminates,
zircoaluminates, phosphates and borates. Surface
modification methods and analytical techniques for
determining the properties of coated fillers are examined.
69 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586695
Item 368
Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.47-87. 51
PRINCIPAL TYPES OF PARTICULATE FILLERS
Hancock M; Rothon R N
ECC International Ltd.; Manchester,Metropolitan
University; Rothon Consultants
Edited by: Rothon R N
(Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
Consultants)
A survey is made of the production, properties, surface
modification and applications of a range of particulate
fillers used in polymers. Materials examined include
mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, dolomite, clays,
mica, talc, montmorillonite, barium and calcium
sulphates, wollastonite and crystalline silicas, carbon
blacks, and flame retardant fillers including aluminium
and magnesium hydroxides, magnesium carbonate and
its mixtures with huntite, sodium aluminium
hydroxycarbonate and antimony oxides. 50 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586693
Item 369
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
68, No.5, Nov-Dec.1995, p.815-23
CHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN
CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE
AND SILICA - EFFECT OF SURFACE
MODIFICATIONS OF SILICA
Roychoudhury A; De P P; Roychoudhury N; Vidal A
Indian Institute of Technology; Centre de Recherches
sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.
111
 References and Abstracts
The surface of precipitated silica was modified by heat
treatment at 800C for 4 h and hexadecanol treatment.
Diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopic measurements
showed that the modification of the silica surface reduced
the silanol content. Heat treatment caused the
condensation of the silanol groups forming siloxane
linkages, while hexadecanol treatment caused
esterification, thereby shielding the free silanol groups.
As a result, the modified silicas exhibited much less
interaction with polar molecules, e.g. water, chloroform,
than the unreacted silica. Bound rubber formation in the
chlorosulphonated PE/silica system was also adversely
affected by the modification of the filler surface. Upon
heat treatment at 180C for 1 h, chlorosulphonated PE lost
-SO2Cl groups and the modified polymer lacked its ability
to form bound rubber. It was therefore believed that the
rubber-filler interaction occurred between the silanol
groups of the silica and sulphonyl chloride groups of the
polymer. 19 refs. (ACS Rubber Div., Spring Meeting,
Philadelphia, May 1995)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586558
Item 370
IRC ’95 Kobe International Rubber Conference.
Conference proceedings.
Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.492-5. 012
EFFECT OF PRECIPITATED SILICA
PROPERTIES ON PERFORMANCE OF HIGH
TEAR STRENGTH SILICONE RUBBER
Okel T A; Waddell W H
PPG Industries Inc.
(Japan,Society of Rubber Industry)
Surface area is a highly accurate predictor of the physical
performance of precipitated silica-filled organic rubber.
The effect of vinyl concentration and silica physical
properties on the performance of a high tear strength
silicone rubber is presented. Silica properties evaluated
include surface area, structure, agglomerate size, pH and
bound water. Silicone rubber performance properties
include processing, curing, reinforcement, resiliency,
colour and clarity. A combination of silicone vinyl
concentration and silica physical properties are needed
to provide optimum performance in a high-tear strength,
high consistency silicone rubber. 10 refs.
USA
Accession no.586252
Item 371
IRC ’95 Kobe International Rubber Conference.
Conference proceedings.
Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.484-7. 012
DETERMINATION OF CARBON BLACK
DISPERSION-METHODS, LIMITATIONS AND
IMPROVEMENTS
Lovgren P; Persson S; Andersson L O
112
Optigrade AB
(Japan,Society of Rubber Industry)
In order to make it possible to quantify carbon black
dispersion quickly and reliably, OptiGarde has developed
a new range of DisperGrader instruments. A short review
is presented of existing methods for the characterisation
of carbon black dispersion with special emphasis on the
series of DisperGrader instruments and how they can be
used for a quick and reliable determination and
documentation of carbon black dispersion in rubber. 9
refs.
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.586250
Item 372
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.235, Feb.1996, p.193-203
EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE ON THE
CRYSTALLISATION BEHAVIOUR OF
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE FILLED
POLYPROPYLENES
Liauw C M; Lees G C; Hurst S J; Rothon R N; Dobson
DC
Manchester,Metropolitan University; ICI Surfactants
Composites based on PP (homopolymer and impact
modified copolymers) and surface modified aluminium
hydroxide were studied using DSC and X-ray diffraction.
Filler surface modifiers used included 2-dodecen-1-yl
succinic anhydride as a dispersant and a commercial silane
based coupling agent system (BA Chemicals S21). 18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.585975
Item 373
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
68, No.462, Dec.1994, p.530-9
Spanish
SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE
TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
POLYPROPYLENE/TALC COMPOSITES
Espi E; Fontecha A; Garriga A
Repsol Quimica SA
A study was made of the melt flow index (MFI), flexural,
tensile and impact properties, heat deflection temperature
(HDT) and Vicat softening temperature of 20 talc filled PP
composites. A statistical analysis based on a multiple
regression method was carried out in order to determine
correlations between compositional parameters (weight %
of talc and ethylene comonomer and MFI of the PP matrix)
and the measured properties. Good linear models were
obtained for the MFI of the composites, flexural modulus,
tensile properties at the yield point, unnotched impact
strength, HDT and Vicat. The results were poorer for notched
impact strength and tensile properties at break. 7 refs.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.583098
Item 374
SPI Composite Institute 50th Annual Conference.
Conference Proceedings.
Cincinnati, Oh., 30th Jan-1st Feb.1995, paper 1D. 627
ALUMINIUM TRIHYDROXIDE (ATH) AS A
FILLER FOR POLYMER COMPOSITES:
IMPROVEMENTS IN THERMAL STABILITY BY
CONTROLLED PRECIPITATION
Dando N R; Pearson A; Stinson J M; Kolek P L; Martin
E S; Cleaver T R
Akron Technical Center; Alcoa Industrial Chemicals
Division
(SPI,Composites Institute)
Ground and precipitated aluminium trihydroxide fillers
were investigated using TGA, DSC and FTIR, in concert,
to show that the low temperature stability of aluminium
trihydroxide can be substantially improved by appropriate
choice and optimisation of the filler manufacturing
process (precipitation grinding) as well as the ultimate
particle size employed. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.582924
Item 375
SPI Composite Institute 50th Annual Conference.
Conference Proceedings.
Cincinnati, Oh., 30th Jan-1st Feb.1995, paper 1A. 627
EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFIED ALUMINA
TRIHYDRATE ON PHYSICAL, CORROSION
AND FIRE PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF A
VINYL ESTER RESIN
Green D W; Chen P; Herzog D J
Huber J.M.,Corp.; Interplastic Corp.
(SPI,Composites Institute)
The effects of surface-modified alumina trihydrate on the
performance properties of a vinyl ester resin commonly
used in applications such as gratings, ducting, tanks, pipes,
and flooring, were studied. The change in viscosity of a
vinylester resin was examined when either a treated or
non-treated alumina trihydrate product was mixed into
the resin. ASTM C-581 composite panels were prepared
from which test specimens were cut to measure physical,
flame and smoke, and corrosion-resistant properties of
the composites. 5 refs.
USA
Accession no.582921
Item 376
Journal of Polymer Research
2, No.3, July 1995, p.163-70
IMPACT FRACTURE MECHANISMS
INVESTIGATION OF MICA-FILLED
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
POLYURETHANE/UREA REACTION
INJECTION MOULDING(RIM) COMPOSITES
Sue H J; Wang K J
Texas A & M University; Dow Chemical Co.
The impact fracture behaviour of commercially-available RIM
PU/urea(PUU) systems was studied using a double-notch four-
point-bend Charpy impact (DN-4PB-CI) test, followed by
microscopy investigations. It was found that the PUU matrix
was capable of large scale plastic deformation under mode-I
DN-4PB-CI fracture. When mica filler was added, however,
the PUU matrix began to fail in a brittle manner. No sign of
matrix plastic flow was observed. Furthermore, as mica filler
is flake-like in shape, the orientation of mica, which could be
strongly influenced by the processing conditions as well as
processing direction, appeared to affect the Charpy impact
fracture toughness of the mica-filled PUU system. Methods
for manufacturing impact damage-tolerant PUU-RIM systems
are discussed. 13 refs.
USA
Accession no.582892
Item 377
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
59, No.11, 14th March 1996, p.1741-50
COMPARISON OF RUBBER REINFORCEMENT
USING VARIOUS SURFACE-MODIFIED
PRECIPITATED SILICAS
Thammathadanukul V; O’Haver J H; Harwell J H;
Osuwan S; Na-Ranong N; Waddell W H
Chulalongkorn,University; Oklahoma,University;
Thailand,Rubber Research Institute; PPG Industries
The reinforcement of a NR compound by various surface-
modified precipitated silicas was compared. Compound
physical properties were determined for two silicas differing
in surface area and were used as controls to evaluate these
silicas after surface modification by using either a
bifunctional organosilane coupling agent (gamma-
mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane) or by a surface
modification process based on the in situ polymerisation of
organic monomers solubilised inside surfactant bilayers that
were adsorbed onto the silica surface to give silicas modified
with styrene-butadiene and styrene-isoprene copolymers.
Both surface modification processes gave materials that
significantly increased the compound cure rate, thus
markedly reducing T90 cure times, while also improving
tensile properties, tear strength, abrasion resistance and
compression set of the cured compound. The silane-modified
silica gave higher flex-cracking resistance than did silicas
modified by the in situ polymerisation of organic monomers,
whereas these latter silicas significantly increased rebound
resilience and offered greater overall improvements in rubber
compound performance. The rubber compound physical
properties obtained using the modified, higher surface area
Hi-Sil 255 silica were generally improved relative to those
obtained using the modified Hi-Sil 233 silica. 23 refs.
THAILAND; USA
Accession no.582878
113
 References and Abstracts
Item 378
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
59, No.11, 14th March 1996, p.1709-14
INFLUENCE OF ELECTRON-BEAM-
CROSSLINKING ON BARRIER PROPERTIES
OF HDPE-MICA COMPOSITES
Sodergard A; Ekman K; Stenlund B; Lassas A C
Abo,Akademi University
HDPE was compounded with untreated and surface-
treated mica (10, 20, 40 wt %) and the composites were
injection-moulded. The composites were radiation
crosslinked (100, 300, 700 kGy) and hydrocarbon
permeability, tensile impact strength and TS at 25 and
80C were examined. The permeability of HDPE decreased
from 7 to 3.6 g/(d x sq m) by compounding the polymer
with 20 wt % mica and the permeability was further
reduced to 1.3 g/(d x sq m) on irradiation of the
compounds (700 kGy). When surface-treated mica was
used, the permeability of the composite further decreased
to about 1.0 g/(d x sq m). Upon irradiation, the elastic
modulus measured at 25C increased 5% when the dose
was 300 kGy. At 80C, the corresponding increase was
40%. The tensile impact strength of an unfilled polymer
increased more than three fold with an irradiation dose
of 700 kGy and, for a polymer with 10 wt % mica, the
tensile impact strength was twice the level of that of an
unirradiated composite. 17 refs.
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.582874
Item 379
Tyretech ’95. 21st Century Technology: Evolution or
Revolution? Conference proceedings.
Turin, 16th-17th Oct.1995, paper 16, pp.8. 6T
DEVELOPMENTS IN SILICA USE
Bomal Y; Touzet S; Barruel P; Cochet Ph; Dejean B
Rhone-Poulenc Recherches
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
Information is presented in some detail on the use of
precipitated silica for improvement of rolling resistance
and other performance criteria in tyre compounds. It is
reported that potential applications for silica compounds
include radial truck, earthmover, and all weather tyres as
well as passenger car tyres. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.580913
Item 380
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 77, pp.18.
012
CARBON BLACK AND SILICA: A TECHNICAL
AND AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH
Freund B; Forster F; Lotz R
114
Degussa AG
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Results are presented of comparative studies of the wet
traction, wear and rolling resistance of tyre tread
compounds filled with silica, carbon black and
combinations thereof, and of the ecological effects of
using silica and carbon black in tyres. 15 refs.
VOLKSWAGEN AG; STUTTGART,UNIVERSITY;
CONTINENTAL AG; PE PRODUCT ENGINEERING
GMBH
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.580260
Item 381
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 74, pp.20.
012
PRECIPITATED SILICA IN TYRE TREAD
Cochet P; Barriquand L; Bomal Y; Touzet S
Rhone-Poulenc Chimie; Rhone-Poulenc Recherches
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A high dispersibility precipitated silica filler was used in
combination with a silane coupling agent in SBR/
polybutadiene tyre tread compounds. Compounds
containing a solution vinyl SBR showed improved rolling
resistance, tread wear and wet traction characteristics
compared to similar compounds filled with carbon black
or conventional silicas. 17 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.580257
Item 382
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 63, pp.32.
012
REINFORCING FILLERS, VISCOELASTIC
PROPERTIES AND TYRE PERFORMANCE
Moneypenny H G; Harris J; Laube S
Cabot Leiden Technical Centre; MERL Ltd.; Cabot
Corp.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the viscoelastic properties of SBR/
polybutadiene tyre tread compounds filled with
combinations of carbon black and silica and with silica
only. A silica filled compound showed a significant
increase in maximum tan delta as a function of strain at
60C and in tan delta over the 0 to -10C temperature range
after the application of a high strain. Poorer rolling
resistance and improved wet traction as a consequence
of higher hysteresis were inferred for treads subjected to
high stresses or strains. After the application of a high
dynamic strain, compounds containing different carbon
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
blacks and silica gave a tan delta at 60C lower than or
equal to that observed in the silica filled compound.
Although this would indicate equal or lower rolling
resistance for blends containing both fillers, the silica
filled compound had a higher tan delta at lower
temperature, and would thus be expected to exhibit better
wet traction. 18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.580246
Item 383
Polymat ’94 - Toughening of Plastics III. Conference
proceedings.
London, 19th-22nd Sept.1994, p.644-7. 627
J INTEGRAL FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AN
TOUGHENING MECHANISM OF TOUGHENED
POLYPROPYLENE/CACO3 COMPOSITES
Deng X; Zhu X; Li G; Qi Z; Choy C L
Academia Sinica,Institute of Chemistry
(Institute of Materials)
Toughened PP/CaCO3 composites are obtained by design
interface of composite. Three methods are used to
determine the Jc values of PP and the toughened PP/
CaCO3 composites. The results from the first two methods
agree reasonably, but the Jc values obtained from the
single specimen are significantly higher. The addition of
CaCO3 gives rise to substantial increases in both the
Young’s modulus and notched Izod impact strength, a
slight increase in Jc and a sharp rise in the crack
propagation resistance. It is proposed that the criterion
for toughening in a particulate-filled polymer is that the
composite has a higher Jh value than the polymer. 6 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.579737
Item 384
Polymat ’94 - Toughening of Plastics III. Conference
proceedings.
London, 19th-22nd Sept.1994, p.628-38. 627
TOUGHENING OF POLYPROPYLENE BY
CACO3: EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND
SURFACE COATING
Taylor D A; Paynter C D
ECC International Ltd.
(Institute of Materials)
The toughening of PP by rigid particulate fillers, such as
calcium carbonate, is widely reported. The effect of sub-
micron particle size fillers on the impact properties of PP
and propylene copolymer are discussed. The surface
treatment of carbonate fillers also influences the toughness
of composites. The role of commercially important
hydrophobic coatings is outlined. Firstly, hydro-phobisation
of the filler facilitates dispersion thereby reducing aggregate
size and population. This topic is illustrated by examples
of good and bad dispersion. Secondly, the filler coating
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
directly influences impact properties by modification of
the polymer-filler interphase. Characterisation of the
coating and polymer-filler interaction by a number of
methods is discussed in relation to the impact properties of
PP composites. 14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.579734
Item 385
Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.4112-6. 012
PERFORMANCE OF ULTRAFINE TALC IN
RIGID PVC
Wiebking H E
Specialty Minerals Inc.
(SPE)
The role of talc in PVC has been limited; it is used in a
few applications to increase flexural modulus (stiffness),
but this stiffness is usually accompanied by a severe
decrease in impact strength. The particle size of the
mineral filler in a rigid PVC formulation has been found
to have a significant effect on the impact strength of the
final product. Advances in fine particle technology have
made it possible to produce mineral fillers with average
particle sizes below one micron. The performance of an
ultrafine talc product with an average particle size of 0.9
microns is evaluated. The primary goal is to determine
how this filler could be used to expand the performance
range of rigid PVC compounds. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.577937
Item 386
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
68, No.4, Sept/Oct.1995, p.623-51
FRACTAL STRUCTURES IN CARBON BLACK
REINFORCED RUBBERS
Klueppel M; Heinrich G
Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie eV;
Continental AG
The fractal nature of primary and secondary carbon black
aggregates in rubber were considered together with
implications for the mechanical and electrical properties
of rubber goods. In particular, the effects of dispersion
and primary aggregate breakup during mixing was
investigated. Based on recent studies of the disordered
growth processes of colloids, a model concerning
formation, structure and properties of tenuous secondary
carbon black aggregates (clusters) in rubber was
formulated. Predicted properties of carbon black filled
rubbers were discussed in the framework of experimental
results taken from different authors. 74 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.577593
115
 References and Abstracts
Item 387
Journal of Materials Science
31, No.2, 15th Jan.1996, p.281-9
CHARACTERISATION OF DISPERSION STATE
OF FILLER AND POLYMER-FILLER
INTERACTIONS IN RUBBER-CARBON BLACK
COMPOSITES
Karasek L; Sumita M
Tokyo,Institute of Technology
Several experimental techniques and approaches for
characterisation of the dispersion state of filler in rubber-
carbon black composites are reviewed and an investigation
of polymer-filler interactions is reported. Particular
attention is paid to dispersion state characterisation,
electrical conductivity measurements, bound rubber
evaluations, mechanical property measurements, carbon
black surface property studies, small-angle X-ray scattering
and NMR spectroscopy. 109 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.576697
Item 388
European Polymer Journal
32, No.1, Jan.1996, p.35-41
EFFECTS OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE
ON BOUND RUBBER IN CARBON BLACK AND
SILICA FILLED NATURAL RUBBERS
Sheng E; Sutherland I; Bradley R H; Freakley P K
Loughborough,University of Technology
The effects of a multifunctional additive, i.e. a diamine
salt of carboxylic acid, on the bound rubber in carbon
black and silica filled NR compounds in o-xylene, were
studied. The effects of ozone oxidation of the carbon black
on the bound rubber were also investigated. 13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.573601
Item 389
Polymer Degradation and Stability
50, No.1, 1995, p.13-9
EFFECT OF THE CHEMICAL STABILISATION
SYSTEM ON THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF PP
CONTAINING TALC AND CARBON BLACK
Chinelatto M A; Agnelli J A M
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal
The effect of different chemical stabilisation systems on
the photooxidation of PP modified with talc and carbon
black was studied by changes in mechanical properties,
multiple internal reflection IR spectroscopy and SEM after
accelerated weathering exposure. The effect of epoxy
resin concentration, used as surface treatment of talc
particles, was also investigated. 17 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.569408
116
Item 390
Antec ’95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings.
Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.1758-64. 012
INVESTIGATION OF IMPACT FRACTURE
MECHANISMS OF POLYURETHANE-UREA
BUMPER FASCIA SYSTEMS
Wang K J; Sue H J
Dow Chemical Co.
(SPE)
The impact fracture mechanisms of reaction injection
moulded polyurethane-urea (PUU) bumper fascia
systems, with and without mica filler, were investigated
by a double-notch four-point bending method and SEM
and transmission optical microscopy techniques. The roles
of microvoids and filler and the effects due to notch tip
radius and filler orientation were studied. The neat PUU
was capable of large scale plastic deformation, but this
was suppressed in the presence of mica and the impact
fracture toughness was reduced. The filled and unfilled
systems appeared to be quite notch radius sensitive. Mica
orientation gave an effect on the fracture mechanisms only
in the blunt crack condition. 11 refs.
USA
Accession no.568168
Item 391
Journal of Materials Science
30, No.21, 1st Nov.1995, p.5347-55
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATION OF
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES FILLED
WITH MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Hornsby P R; Watson C L
Brunel University
The mechanical properties of PP composites containing
magnesium hydroxide were studied with reference to the
influence of filler surface modification on properties. It
was found that, compared with composites containing
untreated filler, mechanical properties could be markedly
affected by the chemical nature and amount of surface
treatment applied. In particular, highly significant
improvements in toughness were obtained using
sufficiently high levels of magnesium stearate to ensure
complete coverage of the magnesium hydroxide surface.
The results are discussed in terms of the observed
deformation mechanism in the polymer matrix. 16 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.566663
Item 392
Polymer Degradation and Stability
49, No.2, 1995, p.263-73
THERMAL ANALYSIS AND DEGRADATION
MECHANISMS OF BLENDS OF LDPE,
POLYETHYL ACRYLATE AND ETHYLENE-
ETHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER WITH
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
CALCIUM CARBONATE
McNeill I C; Mohammed M H
Glasgow,University
The thermal stability of blends of LDPE and polyethyl
acrylate with whiting type coated calcium carbonate was
investigated in inert atmosphere. Ethylene-ethyl acrylate
copolymer was investigated with different types of
calcium carbonate by the same techniques and also by
DSC. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.565748
Item 393
Plastics & Rubber & Composites Processing &
Applications
24, No.3, 1995, p.131-7
MORPHOLOGY AND TENSILE PROPERTIES
OF COMPRESSION-MOULDED TALC-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE
Alonso M; Gonzalez A; de Saja J A
Valladolid,Universidad
Reinforced PP-based composites were prepared with two
different types of talcs, to study the variations of tensile
properties with filler content, over a range of 0-40 wt%.
The measured mechanical properties are correlated with
the observed structural characteristics of both talcs and
PP in an attempt to understand the role of filler and matrix
properties in the final product. Attention is given to the
importance of the orientation of the talc flakes
(predominantly lying in the compression plane), the
nucleating effect of the filler, and to the configuration of
the PP crystallisation phase. 26 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.563060
Item 394
Polymer Science Series B
37, Nos.5-6, May-June 1995, p.316-8
THERMAL SHRINKAGE OF ULTRA HIGH
MOLECULAR MASS POLYETHYLENE AND
POLYMERISATION-FILLED POLYETHYLENE
COMPOSITES
Beloshenko V A; Kozlov G V; Slobodina V G; Prut E
V; Grinev V G
Ukraine,Academy of Sciences; Semenov N.N.,Institute
of Chemical Physics
Samples of UHMWPE and polymerisation-filled
composites of UHMWPE-aluminium and UHMWPE-
bauxite were studied. The size of the filler particles were
about 10 micrometres and filler contents were 70 and 45
wt.%. The samples were prepared by solid-phase
extrusion. Extrusion draw ratios were varied by using dies
with different diameters. Thermal shrinkage was
measured using cylindrical samples with a diameter of 5-
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
12 mm and a length of about 15 mm. They were heated
in glycerol and kept at each test temperature for 15
minutes. Shrinkage was calculated from the diameter
change. X-ray analysis showed that as the extrusion draw
ratio increased, there was a marked increase in the degree
of crystallinity. Elastic modulus was measured under
three-point bending and plotted against molecular draw
ratio. Results are compared with previous ones for LDPE
and HDPE. Thermal shrinkage is shown to be primarily
dependent upon the melting of crystallites produced by
orientation crystallisation. The difference in behaviour
between the UHMWPE and its composites is explained
in terms of interaction with fillers. 10 refs.
RUSSIA; UKRAINE
Accession no.562458
Item 395
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
proceedings.
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 17, pp.2. 51
EFFECTS OF FILLER SURFACE CHEMISTRY
AND SURFACTANT ON FILLED RUBBER
COMPOUNDS
Sheng E
Loughborough,University of Technology
(Loughborough,University of Technology)
Fairly brief information is presented on how filler surface
chemistry and surfactant affects rubber compounds
containing carbon black and silica fillers. Effects on
properties of the carbon black-filled rubber compounds
by ozone oxidation, and the interfacial effects of diamine
salts of carboxylic acid are discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560962
Item 396
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
proceedings.
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 16, pp.2. 51
CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLERS FOR
POLYPROPYLENE: THE EFFECT OF SURFACE
TREATMENT AND PARTICLE SIZE ON
IMPACT PROPERTIES
Taylor D A; Paynter C D
ECC International Ltd.
(Loughborough,University of Technology)
This fairly brief paper looks at how impact properties of
PP are modified by calcium carbonate fillers, with
particular reference to particle size and surface treatment.
It is reported that by coating the surface of the filler with
a hydrophobising agent such as stearic acid facilitates the
dispersion. 3 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560961
117
 References and Abstracts
Item 397
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
proceedings.
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 15, pp.3. 51
FUNCTIONALISED POLYETHYLENE AS A
COATING FOR FILLERS IN POLYOLEFINS
Birchenough C L
Loughborough,University of Technology
(Loughborough,University of Technology)
Information is presented in some detail on the effect of
aliphatic chain length of a functionalised PE coating on
the mechanical and physical properties of magnesium
hydroxide (DP393)-filled medium density PE (BP
Chemicals’ experimental grade XP9091). It is reported
that the tensile properties of the filled MDPE are affected
by the aliphatic chain length and amount of coating
applied to the magnesium hydroxide filler. Stronger, stiffer
compounds are said to be produced by the longer coatings.
BP CHEMICALS LTD.; PREMIER PERICLASE
LTD.; ALLIED-SIGNAL CORP.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560960
Item 398
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
proceedings.
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 12, pp.2. 51
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TALC
FILLED POLYPROPYLENE - EFFECT OF
PHOSPHATE COATING
Gilbert M; Liu Z
Loughborough,University of Technology
(Loughborough,University of Technology)
Fairly brief information is presented on the results of
coating a talc filler (Lembalel 2SG 891/1) with various
concentrations of Phospholan PNP9 phosphate in PP
(Isplen PP.070) mouldings. The results are reported to
show that compounds with higher modulus and similar
impact strength to unfilled PP can be produced using these
phosphate coatings. 2 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560957
Item 399
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
proceedings.
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 3, pp.6. 51
MICA-FILLED PP IN AUTOMOTIVE
COMPOSITES
Song Y C; Gilbert M; Edge G J; Hollingbery L;
Murfitt P S
Loughborough,University of Technology; Microfine
Minerals Ltd.
(Loughborough,University of Technology)
118
This paper discusses properties of mica-filled PP for use
in the manufacture of composites for automotive
applications in some detail. Information is presented on
mechanical properties and surface properties i.e. surface
gloss and scratch resistance.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560948
Item 400
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
proceedings.
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 1, pp.6. 51
MINERAL FILLERS AS FLAME RETARDANTS
Rothon R N
Rothon Consultants; Manchester,Metropolitan
University
(Loughborough,University of Technology)
The effects of mineral fillers on the flammability of
polymers is examined in some detail. Fillers discussed in
this paper include alumina trihydrate, magnesium
hydroxide and precipitated calcium carbonate.
Information is presented on mechanisms involved in flame
retardancy, smoke generation, afterglow, and surface
chemistry and modification. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560946
Item 401
Journal of Materials Science
30, No.16, 15th Aug.1995, p.4171-8
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN PARTICULATE
FILLED COMPOSITES AND ITS EFFECT ON
MICROMECHANICAL DEFORMATION
Voros G; Pukanszky
Budapest,Eotvos Lorand University; Hungarian
Academy of Sciences
A model was developed which assumes the spontaneous
formation of an interphase around the inclusions in
particulate filled composites. Using first order
perturbation calculations an approximate analytical
solution was given for the distribution of displacements
and stresses around the inclusions. Comparisons are given
between the theoretical model and experimental data for
filled PP, PVC, and LDPE. 29 refs.
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.560556
Item 402
Journal of Polymer Engineering
14, No.4, 1995, p.237-52
IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF MODIFIED TALC
FILLED PP/LDPE BLENDS
Arroyo-Ramos M; Lopez-Manchado M A
CSIC
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
The effect of a titanate coupling agent modified talc on
the impact properties of PP/LDPE blends was studied.
The organophilisation of the talc was examined by SEM.
11 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560546
Item 403
European Polymer Journal
31, No.9, Sept.1995, p.885-93
APPLICATION OF RICE HUSK ASH AS
FILLERS IN PP: EFFECT OF TITANATE,
ZIRCONATE AND SILANE COUPLING AGENTS
Faud M Y A; Ismail Z; Ishak Z A M; Omar A K M
Malaysia,Industrial Research Institute
The effects of applying titanate, zirconate, and silanes
and coupling agents to rice husk ash in PP composites
are described. PP composites of 10 to 40 %wt filler
loadings were compounded using a Brabender twin screw
extruder. Mechanical properties of the composites were
compared to PP composites filled with commercial fumed
silica and talc. 35 refs.
MALAYSIA
Accession no.560510
Item 404
Rubbercon ’95. Conference Preprints.
Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper C6, pp.24. 012
REINFORCING FILLERS, VISCOELASTIC
BEHAVIOUR AND TYRE ROLLING
RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE
Moneypenny H G; Harris J; Laube S; Brown T A
Cabot Leiden Technical Centre; Materials Engineering
Research Laboratory Ltd.; Cabot Corp.
(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)
A study was made of the hysteretic properties of SBR/
polybutadiene tyre tread formulations reinforced entirely
with silica and with different combinations of carbon
black and silica. An all silica filled compound showed a
significant increase in tan delta max at 60C after
application of a high strain of 40%, inferring that poorer
rolling resistance of tread elements would result from the
application of high stresses or strains. A lower tan delta
at 60C after the application of a high dynamic strain was
observed for a 75/25 SBR/polybutadiene blend containing
40-45 phr carbon black in conjunction with 25 phr silica.
14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.560427
Item 405
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
57, No.10, 6th Sept.1995, p.1245-50
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE USED FOR POLYPROPYLENE
BLENDING WITH DIMERIC ALUMINATES
Liao K; Chen X; Zheng C
Zhongshan,University
Three types of dimeric aluminates (2DH-306, 2DH-324 and
2DH-335) were used for surface modification of calcium
carbonate particles. The dimeric aluminates were shown by
mechanical property studies and SEM observations to have
a marked coupling effect at the interfaces between the light
calcium carbonate and PP in the blends. In the 2DH-306
modified light calcium carbonate/PP (25/75) system, the
impact strength exceeded that of the non-modified system
by more than 30 kJ/sq m. X-ray study showed that the dimeric
aluminates had a synergistic effect with light calcium
carbonate on the formation of PP beta-crystal, which would
exert an important influence on the EB for the light calcium
carbonate/PP blends. 6 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.559671
Item 406
Popular Plastics and Packaging
40, No.2, Feb.1995, p.41-2
MICA AS FUNCTIONAL FILLER
Balchandani N
Weltex Engineers (Pvt.) Ltd.
The article supplies a comprehensive assessment of the
use of Mica as a filler. Mica is an excellent electrical
insulator, ideal for electrical and electronic equipment.
The article includes information on factors affecting the
processability of mica, its properties, and the preparation
of mica for filling in the resin system.
INDIA
Accession no.556095
Item 407
Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.III, p.2766-
9. 012
EFFECTS OF POLYMERIC AND PARTICULATE
VARIABLES ON THE MINERAL
REINFORCEMENT OF POLYETHYLENE FILM
AND BAGS
Ruiz F A
Heritage Plastics Inc.
(SPE)
Results are presented of a study of the improvements in
extrusion efficiency and mechanical properties resulting
from the calcium carbonate reinforcement of HDPE and
linear LDPE blown films and linear medium-density PE
cast films. A comparison was also made of the reinforcing
characteristics of calcium carbonate and talc in linear
LDPE blown films. 5 refs.
HERITAGE BAG CO.
119
 References and Abstracts
USA
Accession no.555614
Item 408
Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.III, p.2756-
60. 012
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
ORGANOFUNCTIONAL WATER-BORNE
SILANES AS COUPLANTS IN NYLON 66
COMPOSITES
Zolotnitsky M; Steinmetz J R
Huls America Inc.
(SPE)
Organofunctional water-borne silanes were evaluated as
coupling agents for various mineral fillers (kaolin, talc,
wollastonite and mica) in nylon 66 in comparison with
conventional silanes. In addition to eliminating alcohol
emission during deposition, the water-borne coupling
agents gave filler dispersion and mechanical properties
equal or superior to those obtained with the use of
conventional silanes. 4 refs.
USA
Accession no.555612
Item 409
Polymer
36, No.12, 1995, p.2397-401
POLYETHYLENE TOUGHENED BY CALCIUM
CARBONATE PARTICLES: INTERFACE
BEHAVIOUR AND FRACTURE MECHANISM IN
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/CALCIUM
CARBONATE BLENDS
Fu Q; Wang G; Liu C
Chengdu,University of Science & Technology
The tensile properties and impact force-time curves of
HDPE/calcium carbonate blends were studied. The results
showed that a flexible interfacial area with lower stiffness
than the matrix could exist. The concept of yielding in
the interfacial area was proposed to explain the fracture
mechanism of HDPE/calcium carbonate blends. Three
types of fracture behaviour were assumed to be dependent
on the surface-to-surface interparticle distance, i.e.
cavitation and crazing, coexistence of cavitation and
yielding in the interfacial area, and interfacial area
yielding and matrix yielding. Based on the results, the
interface conditions for brittle-ductile transition and core-
shell morphology of calcium carbonate particles are
discussed. 20 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.555186
Item 410
Polymer Bulletin
34, No.5/6, May/June 1995, p.627-33
120
SBR-MICA-SILICA COMPOSITIONS AND
THEIR PHYSICO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
Furtado C R G; Nunes R C R; de Siqueira Filho A S
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Brazil,Instituto
Nacional de Tecnologia
Brazilian muscovite mica was used as filler in vulcanised
compositions of styrene-butadiene rubber in partial
replacement of silica. Filler content was kept at 40 phr
with the mica/silica ratio ranging from 0/0 to 40/0.
Physico-mechanical properties of the compositions, e.g.
TS, tear strength, 100% modulus, EB, hardness, abrasion
loss and resilience were studied. Results show that it is
possible to partially replace silica by mica, without
remarkable changes in some properties. Mica caused a
moderate increase in resilience and a pronounced decrease
in hardness. Relationships between mechanical behaviour
and structure were examined with the aid of SEM
micrographs of tensile fracture surfaces. 12 refs.
BRAZIL
Accession no.555167
Item 411
International Polymer Science and Technology
22, No.1, 1995, p.T/91-3
INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE OF THE
SURFACE AND CONTENT OF KAOLIN ON THE
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ISOTACTIC PP
Baranovskii V M; Bondarenko S I; Kachanovskaya L
D; Zelenev Y V; Makarov V G; Ovcharenko F D
Details are given of the effect of surface-modified kaolin
on the thermophysical properties of isotactic PP. The
modifiers were a cation-active surfactant and a cadmium-
containing compound. 9 refs.
Accession no.553959
Item 412
International Polymer Science and Technology
22, No.1, 1995, p.T/50-1
FATIGUE STRENGTH OF RUBBERS
CONTAINING NEW MINERAL FILLERS
Kim A B; Tsoi S D; Allaerov E S; Dzhalilov A T
Details are given of the effect of new mineral carbonate
fillers on the properties of vulcanisates under conditions
similar to service conditions, in particular repeated
elongation. Data are given for polyisoprene, SBR, and
butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers. 6 refs.
Accession no.553950
Item 413
Polymers & Polymer Composites
3, No.2, 1995, p.71-7
ROLE OF PARTICLE STRENGTH AND FILLER
VOLUME FRACTION IN THE FRACTURE OF
ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE FILLED EPOXY RESINS
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Phipps M A; Pritchard G; Abou-Torabi A
Kingston,University
The critical strain energy release rate and the critical stress
intensity factor or fracture toughness of alumina trihydrate
filled epoxy resin were determined as a function of filler
volume fraction, using tapered double cantilever beam
and single edge notch geometries respectively. The value
of the breakaway parameter in the crack pinning model
of Green was estimated in terms of the particle size. 19
refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.553578
Item 414
Journal of Materials Science
30, No.9, 1st May 1995, p.2438-45
FAILURE MECHANICS IN TERNARY
COMPOSITES OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH
INORGANIC FILLERS AND ELASTOMER
INCLUSIONS. II. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
Jancar J; Dibenedetto A T
Connecticut,University
The effect of phase morphology, interfacial adhesion and
filler particle shape and volume fraction on the fracture
toughness of PP filled with calcium carbonate or
magnesium hydroxide and EPDM were investigated.
Separation of the inorganic filler and elastomer particles
was achieved using maleic anhydride-grafted PP to
enhance the inorganic filler-matrix adhesion.
Encapsulation of the rigid filler by the elastomer was
achieved by using maleic anhydride grafted EPR to
increase the filler-elastomer adhesion. 28 refs.
USA
Accession no.551601
Item 415
Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.II, p.2488-
93. 012
EFFECTS OF COMPONENT BEHAVIOUR AND
CONCENTRATION ON FILLED
THERMOPLASTICS PROPERTIES
Shi G Z H; Nedea C
DOMCO Industries Ltd.
(SPE)
The effects of calcium carbonate, talc and clay fillers on
the flexural, impact, dynamic mechanical and
morphological properties of PP, EVA and blends of the
two polymers were investigated. 11 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.549490
Item 416
Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings.
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.II, p.1710-2.
012
IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITES OF
POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH HYBRID
CALCIUM CARBONATE/MICA FILLER
Jancar J; DiBenedetto A T
Connecticut,University
(SPE)
Charpy notched impact strength and tensile impact
strength were studied for composites based on isotactic
PP or maleated isotactic PP filled with muscovite or
phlogopite mica flakes and calcium carbonate. The impact
behaviour could be analysed using the concept of mixed
failure mode controlled by small scale yielding at the crack
tip. It was shown that the result of a single impact test did
not provide sufficient information on structure-toughness
relationships in these materials. 12 refs.
USA
Accession no.546492
Item 417
Journal of Polymer Engineering
13, No.4, 1994, p.287-304
POLYPROPYLENE/TALC COMPOSITES:
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATIONS BY SURFACE
TREATMENTS ON THE SOLID PARTICLES
Taranco J; Martinez J M G; Laguna O; Collar E P
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
Changes in mechanical properties of PP/talc composites
induced by different interfacial modifications of the
surface particle based on analytical characterisation of
the talc samples is discussed. The results are in good
agreement with the macroscopic behaviour, i.e. variations
found in the mechanical properties of the composites.
Much better performance is obtained from this point of
view in the modified system as compared with the
unmodified one. 20 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.544839
Item 418
Science & Engineering of Composite Materials
3, No.4, 1994, p.217-26
EFFECT OF ADHESION AND FILLER
COMPOSITION ON THE MECHANICAL
RESPONSE OF A POLYPROPYLENE/(CALCIUM
CARBONATE/MICA) COMPOSITE
Jancar J; DiBenedetto A T
Connecticut,University
The effects of matrix-filler adhesion and filler composition
on the tensile elastic modulus, yield strength and strain
of (calcium carbonate/mica) filled isotactic PP were
investigated at a constant total filler volume fraction of
0.2. Muscovite mica with flakes of 80 and 280
micrometers initial size were used. Maleic anhydride
121
 References and Abstracts
grafted PP was utilised to promote interfacial adhesion.
Composite models and linear elastic fracture mechanics
were used to analyse the mechanical response. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.543616
Item 419
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.224, Jan.1995, p.97-108
German
SURFACE CHEMISTRY BEHAVIOUR OF
MODIFIED CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLERS
Luehr J; Janowski F
Institut fuer Technische und Makromol.Chemie;
Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat;
Weimar,Materialforschungs-und Pruefanstalt
The adsorption of stearic acid on calcium carbonate filling
materials is of the multilayer type, whereby the monolayer
thickness is proportional to the surface area of the filling
material and it is also firmly attached. At modifier
concentrations exceeding those needed for the formation
of the monolayer the hydrophilicity increases, due to a
head-tail orientation of the modifier. The adsorption of
isopropyl triisostearoyl titanate on calcium carbonate
filling materials is of the monolayer type, whereupon a
proportionality to the filling materials surface area is
observed. With an increasing modifier concentration the
hydrophobicity increases. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.542139
Item 420
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.224, Jan.1995, p.9-20
OPTIMISATION OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH
OF REINFORCED COMPOSITES. I. STUDY ON
THE EFFECT OF REACTIVE BISMALEIMIDE
ON THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF
CALCIUM CARBONATE-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE
Khunova V; Sain M M
Slovak Technical University; Quebec,University
The effect of 3-phenylene bismaleimide on the mechanical
performance of an inorganic filler-based PP composite
was studied. The selection of processing temperature
played a significant role in the preparation of such
composites. A positive effect of the bismaleimide
compound was obtained for a processing temperature
above the decomposition temperature of bismaleimide.
The chemical composition of the modified composite was
correlated to its mechanical strength by experimentation
involving a rotatable design. An interaction between
polymer and calcium carbonate has been proposed based
on ESCA analysis. 13 refs.
CANADA; SLOVAKIA
Accession no.542131
122
Item 421
Macromolecules
28, No.1, 2nd Jan.1995, p.396-8
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF TWO GLASS
TRANSITIONS IN SILICA-FILLED POLYMERS.
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MORPHOLOGY OF
RANDOM IONOMERS
Tsagaropoulos G; Eisenberg A
McGill University
Dynamic mechanical properties were measured for PVAc,
PS, PMMA and poly(4-vinylpyridine) homopolymers
filled with silica particles. The Tg and its activation energy
were determined. In the case of samples filled with 10%
of very fine (diameter 7 nm) silica, the peak was smaller
and another higher Tg with a high activation energy
indicative of restricted mobility was observed. This
behaviour is compared with that of ionomers containing
ionic clusters. A short review of unusual Tg phenomena
at polymer-filler interfaces is included. 18 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.541636
Item 422
New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp.xviii, 461.
10ins. 12/7/93. 51B
CARBON BLACK SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY. 2ND EDITION
Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;
Panjab,University; Degussa AG
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
The revised and expanded second edition of this practical
reference text comprises 14 chapters covering carbon
black manufacture, the mechanism of its formation, its
microstructure, morphology, physical and other
properties, the chemical structure of carbon black surface,
its fractal geometry and the role of carbon black in
elastomers, plastics and xerographic toners. Individual
chapters deal with STM, surface energy, conductivity, and
health effects of carbon black.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
GERMANY; INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.539313
Item 423
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
No.1570, 27th Jan.1995, p.8
NEW ATH HELPS WITH PROCESSING
It is briefly reported that Alcan has introduced four new
aluminium trihydrate grades aimed at the epoxy, polyester
and acrylic resin thermosetting markets. Unlike traditional
materials which are ground, the new precipitated FRF
grades have rounded surfaces. This results in particles with
smaller surface areas than ground. Resin viscosity and
absorption are lower than they would be with equivalent
ground grades, it is claimed. Higher filler loadings of ATH
are possible, with improved flame retardance. All of the
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
grades have a Mohs Hardness between 2.5 and 3.5. The
specific gravity of the grades is 2.42.
ALCAN CHEMICALS LTD.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.539268
Item 424
Tyretech ’94. Conference proceedings.
Munich, 24th-25th Oct.1994, paper 11. 6T1
ULTRA-HIGH REINFORCING PRECIPITATED
SILICA FOR TYRE AND RUBBER
APPLICATIONS
Evans L R; Waddell W H
PPG Industries Inc.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
Physical properties of a silica-filled model tyre
compound containing a high surface area precipitated
silica are consistent with predictions based only on
silica surface area. Further evaluation in patented tyre
tread formulations again show that the performance of
a high surface area silica is consistent with predictions
based on surface area only. However, the use of an
experimental high surface area and fine particle
precipitated silica afforded higher than predicted
dynamic properties (G’ and G”) with a somewhat lower
tangent delta value. Using temperature seep data of
Rheometrics testing and analysis based upon published
equations predictive of tyre performance, the
experimental silica was determined to be uniquely
reinforcing. The predicted tyre cornering coefficient
is ca. 15% higher than using carbon black only or using
a conventional silica. Based on a series of designed
experiments to optimise the properties of tread
compounds, the use of the experimental silica may not
require the use of a silane coupling agent. 29 refs.
USA
Accession no.538962
Item 425
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
47, No.12, Dec.1994, p.873-84
SURFACE ENERGY OF FILLERS AND ITS
EFFECT ON RUBBER REINFORCEMENT. II.
Wolff S; Wang M J; Tan E H
Degussa AG
A study is presented of the influence of different filler
loadings of a range of commercially available carbon
blacks, a precipitated silica and its hexadecyl-
triethoxysilane-modified counterpart on the hysteresis
properties of standard SBR and NR. The elastic modulus
and loss tangent were used as the criteria for the
evaluation. 51 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.538520
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 426
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
67, No.4, Sept-Oct.1994, p.602-9
PENETRATION OF SILICONE POLYMERS
INTO SILICA AGGLOMERATES AND ITS
INFLUENCE ON DISPERSION MECHANISM
Bohin F; Manas-Zloczower I; Feke D L
Case Western Reserve University
The dispersion of silica agglomerates suspended in silicone
fluids undergoing simple shear flows was studied. Two
different break-up mechanisms, ‘rupture’ and ‘erosion’, were
observed. These two break-up modes produced significantly
different fragment size distributions. Penetration of the
suspending fluid into the silica agglomerate was found to
affect the mode and the conditions necessary for dispersion
of the agglomerate. Silica agglomerates totally penetrated
by silicone fluids resisted dispersion much better than the
unpenetrated agglomerates. The kinetics of matrix
penetration were modelled on the basis of capillary forces
driving the penetration and viscous effects resisting it.
Agreement of this model with experimental observations
was very good. 6 refs.
USA
Accession no.538231
Item 427
Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.I, p.513-7.
012
SHRINKAGE ANALYSIS OF INJECTION
MOULDED POLYPROPYLENE PARTS
Mamat A; Trochu F; Sanschagrin B
Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique
(SPE)
The effects of specific processing parameters on the
shrinkage of rectangular plaques injection moulded in
unfilled and calcium carbonate filled PP were studied.
The parameters examined included holding pressure and
time, melt temperature, mould temperature and distance
from the gate. The experimental measurements were used
to develop shrinkage models. 8 refs.
CANADA; USA
Accession no.538012
Item 428
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1994, pp.142. 12ins.
10/1/94. Rapra Review Rept.no.7, vol.7, 1994. 5
RUBBER COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS -
NEED, THEORY AND INNOVATION, PART 1
Hepburn C
Ulster,University
Edited by: Dolbey R
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
Rapra Review Report No.79
Vulcanising systems, antidegradants and particulate fillers
are examined in their roles of compounding ingredients
123
 References and Abstracts
for rubbers. The primary functions of rubber compounding
ingredients are discussed, and the method of calculating
cost over density relationships in compounding is
demonstrated. 309 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.537710
Item 429
Chinese Journal of Polymer Science
12, No.4, 1994, p.309-15
EFFECT OF MATRIX TOUGHNESS ON THE
BRITTLE-DUCTILE TRANSITION OF HDPE/
CALCIUM CARBONATE BLENDS
Fu Qiang; Zhang Yulin; Wang Guiheng
Chengdu,University of Science & Technology
The effects of HDPE matrix toughness on the brittle-
ductile transition of HDPE/calcium carbonate blends were
investigated. Not all HDPE can be toughened by calcium
carbonate particles. The ability of the matrix to yield plays
a fundamental role in determining whether HDPE can
not be toughened or not. There exists a critical matrix
toughness below which HDPE cannot be toughened
observably by calcium carbonate particle at given average
size, and above which the critical matrix ligament
thickness is proportional to matrix impact strength. 8 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.536925
Item 430
146th Meeting, Fall 1994, Conference Proceedings.
Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.1994, Paper 65, pp.44. 012
IMPROVING SILICA REINFORCEMENT
Hewitt N L
PPG Industries Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the use of various compounding
ingredients for modifying properties such as cure rate,
viscosity, compression set and ageing in silica reinforced
SBR, polybutadiene, EPDM, NR and nitrile rubber
formulations vulcanised with soluble zinc-free curing
systems, without loss of abrasion resistance. In particular,
the effects of hexamethylene tetramine, insoluble zinc
oxide, mercaptosilane coupling agents, antioxidants,
accelerators and silica surface area are reported. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.535539
Item 431
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
33, No.6, 1994, p.769-79
TOUGHENING AND REINFORCEMENT OF
HDPE/CALCIUM CARBONATE BLENDS BY
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATION. I.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND
MORPHOLOGY
124
Wang Y; Li R; Wang G
Chengdu,University of Science & Technology
A kind of modifier consisting mainly of carboxylated PE
and calcium carbonate grafted with acrylamide were used
to improve the mechanical properties and interfacial
structure of HDPE/calcium carbonate composites. Tensile
and impact properties and improvements in interfacial
adhesion are discussed. 6 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.532653
Item 432
Rubber and Plastics News
24, No.4, 19th Sept.1994, p.44-6
TRACTION/ROLLING RESISTANCE RIDDLE
SOLVED. TYRE MAKERS TURN TO SILICA
Davis B
The use is described of precipitated silica as a reinforcing
agent in tyre compounds in place of or in combination
with carbon black, in order to improve the rolling
resistance/wet grip performance balance of passenger
tyres. It is estimated that around 14% of a car’s fuel
consumption results from rolling resistance, and hence
the trend towards the development of ‘green’ tyres is
shown to be underway. Earlier problems concerning the
dispersibility of silica have been overcome, and blends
of these new generation silicas with recently developed
solution SBRs and polybutadienes are discussed.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
GERMANY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.531796
Item 433
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
47, No.9, Sept.1994, p.628-32
FIFTY YEARS OF RESEARCH AND PROGRESS
ON CARBON BLACK
Donnet J B
Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chemie Surf.Sol.
A report is presented on studies on carbon black over the
last fifty years, carried out by means of electron and X-
ray microscopy, surface chemistry analysis, inverse gas
chromatography, and scanning tunnelling microscopy. 63
refs. (2nd International Conference on Carbon Black,
Mulhouse, France, Sept.1993)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.531217
Item 434
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
54, No.2, 10th Oct.1994, p.177-89
RUBBERY AND RIGID PARTICLE
TOUGHENING OF EPOXY RESINS
Geisler B; Kelley F N
Akron,University
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Four types of materials were evaluated, i.e. neat epoxy
resins of differing initial molecular mass (DER 661 and
DER 664), and their rubbery particle-filled (Paraloid
KM330 core-shell particles), rigid particle-filled (A-4000
SG alumina), and hybrid particle-filled counterparts. Both
rubbery and rigid particle-filled epoxies exhibited fracture
energies greater than the neat resins. Cured resins prepared
with an optimum loading of both rubbery and rigid
particles gave fracture energy values greater than those
from rubbery or rigid particles alone (approximately
sixteen-fold increase over the neat resins). Rigid particle
composites were toughened by means of a crack front
impedance mechanism. In hybrid particle composites,
rigid particles enhanced localised plastic deformation
ahead of the crack front. Results are given for DMTA,
double torsion fracture, three-point bending and plane
strain compression tests. 42 refs.
USA
Accession no.531079
Item 435
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
53, No.13, 26th Sept.1994, p.1723-9
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC-
INORGANIC PU ELASTOMERS. I. ALUMINIUM
HYDROXIDE-PU COMPOSITES BASED ON PPG
Furukawa M; Yokoyama T
Nagasaki,University
Aluminium hydroxide was used as a reactive filler to
elastomers prepared from PPG, TDI, and butane diol.
Mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties,
and thermal properties were measured. Morphologies
were observed using X-ray diffraction and SEM. 12 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.528248
Item 436
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
47, No.7, July 1994, p.485-92
EFFECT OF FILLER SURFACE ENERGY ON
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
Wolff S; Tan E-H; Donnet J-B
Degussa AG; Centre de Recherches sur Physico-
Chemie Surf.Sol.
Details are given of the role of filler surface energy in
determining the dynamic properties of filled SBR and NR
through its effect on polymer-filler and filler-filler
interactions. Fillers used were carbon black and silica.
39 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.524574
Item 437
Plastics & Rubber & Composites Processing &
Applications
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
22, No.2, 1994, p.105-13
INFLUENCE OF WELD-LINES ON THE
TENSILE STRENGTH OF SHORT GLASS
FIBRE- AND TALC-FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
Hashemi S; Gara G; Stanworth B
North London,University
Two commercial PP materials, one containing 30 wt %
short glass fibres and the other containing 20 wt % talc,
were injection-moulded using several cavity moulds in
order to study the influence of the weld-lines on TS. Weld-
lines were produced by joining of parallel melt fronts
either resulting from double-gated cavity or flow around
inserts and by impinging melt fronts from two gates
located on opposite ends of the dumbbell-shaped mould.
It was found that the effect of variables such as distance
of flow, insert shape and size on the weld-line strength
was not significant. Furthermore, the presence of short
glass fibres had a more adverse effect on weld-line
strength than that of the talc-filled grade. The effect was
more pronounced for the weld-lines produced by
impinging flow fronts than those produced by joining two
parallel melt fronts. 10 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.524214
Item 438
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
67, No.2, May-June 1994, p.217-36
SILICA PROPERTIES/RUBBER
PERFORMANCE CORRELATION. CARBON
BLACK-FILLED RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Okel T A; Waddell W H
PPG Industries Inc.
The effectiveness of predicting rubber performance based
on measured silica physical properties in silica- and
carbon black-filled compounds was examined for three
rubber formulations, an off-the-road tyre tread, a wire coat
stock and a V-belt. Correlation and regression analyses
were performed using Statistical Analysis System
software for sixteen physical properties of thirteen
precipitated silicas and sixteen rubber compound
performance characteristics of the three compounds. Silica
physical properties studied included various
measurements of surface area and structure, particle size,
pH and impurities. Rubber performance characteristics
studied included cure properties and physical properties
such as stress/strain, tear strength, cut growth resistance,
abrasion resistance and heat build-up. 32 refs. (ACS
Rubber Division Meeting, Denver, May 1993)
USA
Accession no.523867
Item 439
Rubber and Plastics News
23, No.19, 25th April 1994, p.15-8
125
 References and Abstracts
CORRELATION OF SILICA-FILLED
COMPOUNDS
Evans L R; Waddell W H
PPG Industries Inc.
This comprehensive article supplies a detailed analysis
of the relationship of silica physical properties with rubber
performance properties. The effectiveness of predicting
rubber performance based on measured physical
properties of precipitated silica used in non-carbon black-
filled compounds is presented for two rubber
formulations: a silica-filled natural rubber/styrene-
butadiene rubber compound representing a modified
compression shoe sole and a silica-filled styrene-
butadiene evaluation rubber control.
USA
Accession no.521241
Item 440
Rheologica Acta
33, No.3, May/June 1994, p.203-9
LONG-TERM BEHAVIOUR OF MINERAL-
FILLED POLYMER COMPOSITES MODELLED
BY DISCRETE SPECTRA
Minster J; Hristova J
Prague,Institute of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics;
Sofia,Central Laboratory of Physical-Chemical
Mechanics
A discrete spectra transformation technique was used for
the processing and analysis of long-term stress relaxation
and creep compliance data of mineral-filled polymer
composites. Comparisons of experimental and calculated
data are given for an epoxy resin with a filler of marble
powder. 8 refs.
BULGARIA; CZECH REPUBLIC; EASTERN EUROPE
Accession no.521158
Item 441
Antec ’93. Conference Proceedings.
New Orleans, La., 9th-13th May 1993, Vol.II, p.1943-9.
012
EFFECTS OF MICA PARTICLE SIZE AND
LOADING AMOUNT ON PROPERTIES OF PBTP
AND NYLON COMPOSITES
Canova L A
KMG Minerals Inc.
(SPE)
Results are presented of a study of the relationship
between the particle size and content of HiMod mica
fillers (KMG Minerals) and the flexural strength and
modulus, tensile strength, impact properties and heat
deflection temperature of PBTP and nylon 66 composites.
11 refs.
USA
Accession no.520540
126
Item 442
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
53, No.3, 18th July 1994, p.283-9
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN RHEOLOGICAL
AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERAL FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOUNDS
Gahleitner M; Bernreitner K; Neissl W
PCD Polymere GmbH
A comparative study of rheological and mechanical
properties of PP compounds with talc as a mineral filler
is presented. The main factors determining the
mechanical behaviour, namely filler concentration, filler
particle size, and degree of dispersion, influence the
linear viscoelastic properties also. Thus, a quick method
for estimating compound properties from melt rheology
is established. 38 refs.
AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.518776
Item 443
Antec ’93. Conference Proceedings.
New Orleans, La., 9th-13th May 1993, Vol.II, p.1698-
700. 012
MECHANICAL RESPONSE OF TERNARY
COMPOSITES OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH
INORGANIC FILLERS AND ELASTOMERIC
INCLUSIONS
Jancar J; Di Benedetto A T
Connecticut,University
(SPE)
Ternary composites were prepared consisting of a matrix
of PP and maleated PP, calcium carbonate and magnesium
hydroxide fillers and inclusions of EPM and maleated
EPM. Analytical models and finite element analysis were
used to determine the upper and lower limits of the
concentration dependence of elastic modulus, and
experimental data on stiffness and Charpy notched impact
strength were obtained to describe the conditions under
which an increase in both stiffness and toughness could
be achieved. 13 refs.
USA
Accession no.516982
Item 444
Science & Engineering of Composite Materials
3, No.1, 1994, p.61-6
FAILURE OF HIGHLY FILLED QUARTZ/
POLYESTER PARTICULATE COMPOSITES AS
A FUNCTION OF COUPLING AGENT CONTENT
Kominar V; Narkis M; Siegmann A; Breuer O
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Caesarea
Marble & Tiles
Quartz filled unsaturated polyester particulate
composites coupled with a silane coupling agent were
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
studied in fracture toughness, bending and
compression loading modes. Original and water boiled
specimens were investigated to elucidate the coupling
agent effect. Optimal coupling agent content was
established. Optical microscopy of fracture surfaces
showed a significant particle splitting for the coupled
composites. In the uncoupled composites cracks
propagated through the matrix and through particle/
matrix interfaces. 6 refs.
ISRAEL
Accession no.515654
Item 445
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
67, No.1, March-April 1994, p.1-16
UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES IN FILLER-LOADED
RUBBERS
Kilian H G; Strauss M; Hamm W
Ulm,University
Application of the van der Waals network model to stress-
strain cycles in filled rubbers is explained theoretically
with considerable reference to the literature and
augmented with data for SBR filled with silica (VN3)
and carbon black (Corax N330). The importance of filler-
to-matrix contacts is emphasised. 43 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.514111
Item 446
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
52, No.2, 11th April 1994, p.243-54
DUCTILITY OF FILLED POLYMERS
Bazhenov S; Li J X; Hiltner A; Baer E
Case Western Reserve University
The ductility of a calcium carbonate-filled amorphous
copolyester (Kodar 6763 from Eastman Kodak) in a
uniaxial tensile test was examined as a function of the
filler volume fraction. A ductile-to-quasi-brittle
transition occurred as the volume fraction of filler
increased. This transition was from propagation of a
stable neck through the entire gauge length of the
specimen to fracture in the neck without propagation.
The draw stress (lower yield stress) was not dependent
on the filler content and was equal to the draw stress of
the unfilled polymer. It was, therefore, possible to use a
simple model to predict the dependence of the fracture
strain on the filler volume fraction. It was suggested that,
when the fracture strain decreased to the draw strain of
the polymer, the fracture mechanism changed and the
fracture strain decreased sharply. The critical filler
content at which the fracture mode changed was
determined primarily by the degree of strain-hardening
of the polymer. 20 refs.
EASTMAN KODAK CO.
USA
Accession no.509615
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 447
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
52, No.1, 4th April 1994, p.107-18
USE OF MICA FLAKES FOR REDUCING
INTERNAL STRESS IN CURED EPOXY RESIN
Gupta V B; Brahatheeswaran C
Indian Institute of Technology
Mica flakes were mixed with a difunctional epoxy resin
to the extent of 10 to 50 parts by weight of the resin. A
tetrafunctional curing agent was added to the mixture
which was then subjected to two curing cycles. Internal
stresses were examined. Mechanical and electrical
properties of the samples are discussed. 16 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.509032
Item 448
Frankfurt, c.1992, pp.40. 11ins. 4/1/94. 51B
WHAT IS CARBON BLACK?
Degussa AG,Inorganic Chemical Products Div.
The various types of carbon blacks are described and their
specific applications. Included are details of the
manufacturing process, raw materials, thermal-oxidative
processes, and processes for the production of lampblack,
gas black, and channel black and acetylene black. Also
included is the history of carbon black manufacture.
Properties, measurement of properties, handling and
applications are also considered.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.507999
Item 449
IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 162, pp.43. 012
DISPERSIBILITY MEASUREMENTS OF
PRECIPITATED SILICAS: INFLUENCE OF
DISPERSION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Cochet P; Barruel P; Barriquand L; Grobert J; Bomal
Y; Prat E
Rhone-Poulenc Chimie; Rhone-Poulenc Recherches
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The dispersibility in rubber of precipitated silicas in
powder, micropearl and granular form was studied by an
ultrasonic method and by viscosity measurement of
ground silica suspended in dioctyl phthalate. The
influence of silica dispersion on mechanical properties
was investigated for EPDM, SBR and NR vulcanisates.
15 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.505725
Item 450
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.214, Jan.1994, p.91-9
127
 References and Abstracts
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TALC-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE: INFLUENCE OF FILLER
CONTENT, FILLER PARTICLE SIZE AND
QUALITY OF DISPERSION
Svehlova V; Poloucek E
Czech Republic,Res.Inst.of Macromol.Chemistry
Mechanical properties of four types of PP-talc composites
were measured as a function of talc concentration up to
40 wt%. The influence of the talc content was investigated.
The influence of the filler particle size and dispersion
degree on the toughness of filled PP was measured. This
influence becomes significant if rubber particles in the
matrix are present. 17 refs.
CZECH REPUBLIC
Accession no.504977
Item 451
International Polymer Science and Technology
20, No.11, 1993, p.T/99-104
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF SILICA AND ITS
ACTIVITY IN ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
RUBBER
Zaborski M; Slusarski L; Vidal A
Surfaces of precipitated silica (Zeosil 175) were esterified by
methyl, propyl, allyl and hexadecyl alcohols or modified by
3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or vinyl-tri(2-
methoxyethoxy)silane. Surface energies for the modified
silicas are presented. They were used as fillers in peroxide-
cured EPM (Dutral Co 054) vulcanisates. Effects of the various
filler treatments on tensile properties, relaxation rate, Mullins
effect and hysteresis losses are shown. Some treatments caused
properties to deteriorate, while others brought about
improvement. Brief explanations are given. 26 refs. (Transl.
from Polim. Tworz. Wielk., No. 6, 1993, p.263).
Accession no.503963
Item 452
Compounding ’93. Conference Proceedings.
Brussels, 4th-5th Feb.1993, paper 10, pp.15. 813
FORWARD THRUST OF MINERAL ADDITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Goodman R
ECC International Ltd.
(Corporate Development Consultants)
After a general introduction, trends in the use of mineral
fillers are discussed with particular reference to cutting costs
by direct filling, cutting costs with cheaper polymers,
properties of fillers in films and substitution of white mineral
fillers for expensive titanium dioxide pigments. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.503209
Item 453
Journal of Materials Science
28, No.24, 15th Dec.1993, p.6605-10
INFLUENCE OF INTERACTIONS ON THE
128
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF POLYSTYRENE
FILLED WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
Godard P; Bomal Y; Biebuyck J J
Louvain,Universite Catholique
A study was made of the effect of polymer-filler interactions
on the tensile properties of PS containing calcium carbonate
fillers subjected to different surface modification processes.
From the analysis of tensile strength at break as a function
of particle volume fraction, a semi-empirical model was
developed allowing the calculation of dewetting angles
which were a good representation of the level of filler-
matrix adhesion. 58 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.501075
Item 454
Journal of Materials Science
28, No.24, 15th Dec.1993, p.6531-9
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN IMAGE-
ANALYSED MORPHOLOGY AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM
CARBONATE FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
Herzig R; Baker W E
Queen’s University at Kingston
Calcium carbonate filled PP composites were processed
on two different high-intensity mixing devices, and the
resulting relationships between morphology, processing
conditions and mechanical properties were studied using
an electron microscope with an image analysis system
and impact and tensile testing. Only under more extreme
conditions did a turbine mixer give as good a dispersion
as a classical Banbury mixer. Relatively small additions
of filler resulted in small increases in absorbed impact
energy. Semi-quantitative information about the
randomness achieved in the mixing process was obtained
using a dilation/counting procedure and computer derived
spatial images. Object-specific parameters such as the
percentage of particles and agglomerates larger than a
certain size gave good correlation with the mechanical
properties of the mixture. 20 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.501073
Item 455
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
66, No.10, 1993, p.724-30
Japanese
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-
TALC BINARY COMPOSITE SYSTEMS:
EFFECTS OF ADDING FATTY ACID AMIDES
Shimomura O; Goto K; Takai Y; Sawada M; Takahashi S;
Osaka,Institute of Technology; Osaka,University
The addition of behenamide was found to provide a high
degree of reinforcing effect on the mechanical properties
of PVC-talc binary composite systems. The optimum
quantities of behenamide were examined. The addition
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
of acetamide or N,N-dimethylbehenamide did not provide
such a reinforcing effect on PVC-talc systems. It was
considered that the N-H protons and the long alkyl chain
of behenamide played an important role in increasing the
yield strength. The effectiveness of the addition of
aliphatic amides with long alkyl chains was also
investigated for PE-talc, plasticised PVC-talc and PU-
talc binary systems. The PE-talc system did not show
increasing mechanical properties, whereas plasticised
PVC-talc and PU-talc systems showed a high degree of
increase in mechanical properties such as moduli. 3 refs.
Articles from this journal can be requested for translation
by subscribers to the Rapra produced International
Polymer Science and Technology.
JAPAN
Accession no.500507
Item 456
Paris, 1993, pp.416. 12ins. 8/11/93. 51B
SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
CARBON BLACK. EXTENDED ABSTRACTS
FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF A
CONFERENCE HELD MULHOUSE, 27TH-30TH
SEPT.1993
Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; Haute-
Alsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse;
Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse
This publication provides eighty-eight extended abstracts
from papers presented at an international carbon black
conference. An opening paper reviews fifty years of
research and progress in this field, while subsequent
sessions cover the following aspects: carbon black
formation; carbon black texture and adsorption; carbon
black surface chemistry; electrical properties of carbon
blacks and carbon black filled polymers; and
reinforcement by carbon blacks.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.498002
Item 457
Polymer Engineering and Science
33, No.16, Aug.1993, p.1027-32
INTERFACIAL STRESS CONCENTRATION AND
THE EFFECT OF RESIDUAL MICROSTRESS
ON TENSILE FRACTURE IN FILLED EPOXY
RESINS
Hong-Bing Wang; Shan-Jun Li; Tong-Yin Yu
Fudan,University
Interfacial stress concentrations in rubber-filled epoxy
resin and glass bead-filled epoxy resin systems were
studied by a photoelastic method. It was found that the
stress concentration is independent of the applied stress
and particle size, but decreases with increasing chemical
bonding at the interface between rubber and matrix. For
the rubber-filled system, stress concentration is present
at the equator of particles, while for either the untreated
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
or treated glass bead-filled system, it is on the two poles.
The effect of interfacial residual microstress on tensile
fracture was studied, and results showed that the function
of residual microstress is limited as tensile elongation
increases. 15 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.494233
Item 458
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
49, No.11, 15th Sept.1993, p.1985-8
EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGY ON BRITTLE-
DUCTILE TRANSITION OF HDPE/CALCIUM
CARBONATE BLENDS
Fu Q; Wang G
Chengdu,University of Science & Technology
The effect of filler particle morphology on the brittle-
ductile transition of calcium carbonate filled HDPE was
investigated. The results showed that the critical ligament
thickness increased with increasing matrix toughness. The
interphase adhesion and fine dispersion of filler particles
had an important effect on toughness. Small particles and
uniform particle size were more effective than large
particles and heterogeneous particle size. Particle
aggregation reduced the toughening efficiency. It was
proposed that polymers with higher modulus and
toughness would be obtained by appropriate control of
the morphology. 9 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.492825
Item 459
Journal of Materials Science Letters
12, No.17, 1st Sept.1993, p.1344-5
EFFECT OF FILLER SIZE AND SURFACE
TREATMENT ON IMPACT AND
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
WOLLASTONITE-POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITE
Shen J; Ji G; Hu B; Huang Y
Nanjing,University
Results are presented of an investigation of the effect of
wollastonite filler size and polymer encapsulation surface
modification on the notched impact strength and
rheological properties (melt flow rate) of wollastonite-
filled PP compounds. 5 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.491800
Item 460
Polymer
34, No.16, 1993, p.3446-55
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FAILURE
MECHANISMS IN SILICA-FILLED EPOXY
RESIN COMPOSITES: EFFECTS OF
129
 References and Abstracts
TEMPERATURE AND LOADING RATE
Sung-Wi Koh; Jang-Kyo Kim; Yiu-Wing Mai
Sydney,University
Fracture toughness and failure mechanisms of epoxy resin
composites filled with silica particulates were investigated
in the temperature range -50 to 80C and at two loading
rates. There are significant effects of temperature and
loading rate on impact fracture toughness, which shows
a peak at ambient temperature and decreases as
temperature is reduced or raised. Fracture toughness under
static loading is slightly lower than that of impact loading
with similar dependence on temperature. Failure
mechanisms are characterised based on SEM
examination, which is correlated with the measured
fracture toughness, the damage zone size developed at
the advancing crack tip, and the residual stresses arising
from differential thermal contraction between matrix and
particles upon cooling from the cure temperature. 28 refs.
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.491672
Item 461
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
49, No.8, 20th Aug.1993, p.1483-9
CHARACTERISATION OF SPINEL AND
HYDRATED SPINEL-FILLED ABS:
ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT AND STRENGTH
PROPERTIES
Cousin P; Magdzinski L
Domtar Research Centre
Differential thermal analyses were conducted on spinel-
filled and hydrated spinel-filled ABS terpolymer. Spinel
and hydrated spinel displayed antioxidising properties in
the ABS composite. Enthalpies of oxidation for ABS,
spinel-filled ABS and hydrated spinel-filled ABS were
130, 15 and 0 J/g respectively. Mechanical property
measurements show that hydrated spinel reinforcing
properties equal that of precipitated calcium carbonate
treated with zinc stearate. 19 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.491646
Item 462
Antec ’92. Plastics: Shaping the Future. Volume 2.
Conference Proceedings.
Detroit, Mi., 3rd-7th May 1992, p.2297-301. 012
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ABRASIVENESS
OF FILLED RIGID PVC DRYBLENDS
Augustyn E J; Leonard J
Omya Inc.
(SPE)
The effect of calcium carbonate property variables, such
as particle size distribution and impurities, on the abrasion
of rigid PVC during dryblending was investigated. It was
found that abrasion from high speed mixing was a function
130
of mixing conditions and type and level of calcium
carbonate used. Abrasion was greatly minimised by the
use of calcium carbonate of finer particle size and higher
surface area with low levels of magnesium carbonate and
acid insolubility. 3 refs.
USA
Accession no.487547
Item 463
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
32, No.4, 1993, p.311-20
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF REACTIVE
POLYPROPYLENE ON THE PROPERTIES OF
FILLED POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES. III.
EFFECT OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE GRAFTED
POLYPROPYLENE ON THE NATURE OF
POLYOLEFIN MATRIX
Khunova V; Sain M M; Bronovska Z
Bratislava,Slovak Technical University
The effect of incorporation of maleic anhydride grafted
PP on the properties of composites based on separately
filled PP and ethylene-propylene copolymer was studied.
The tensile strength and impact resistance of talc-filled
PP composite can be improved by optimising the additive
concentrations. On the other hand, the impact resistance
of talc-filled ethylene-propylene copolymer composite
hardly shows any positive effect due to the addition of
maleic anhydride grafted PP. The determination of melt
flow index for both composite systems studied, however,
indicates that addition of maleic anhydride grafted PP
lowers the melt viscosity of highly loaded composites. 5
refs.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EASTERN EUROPE
Accession no.487368
Item 464
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
32, No.4, 1993, p.299-309
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF REACTIVE
POLYPROPYLENE ON THE PROPERTIES OF
FILLED POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES. II.
OPTIMISATION OF PRODUCT COMPOSITION
AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Khunova V; Sain M M; Simek I
Bratislava,Slovak Technical University
The mechanical properties of PP composites based on
inorganic fillers can be significantly improved if a small
part of the added PP is chemically modified by maleic
anhydride. The effect of addition of maleic anhydride
modified PP in calcium carbonate- as well as in zeolite-
filled PP composites is to increase tensile strength and
impact resistance. The ultimate properties of the
composites, however, are determined by both filler and
modifier concentrations. This paper reports the design and
execution of a planned experiment using a statistical
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
method to study the complex dependence of product
composition on the ultimate composite properties. 8 refs.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EASTERN EUROPE
Accession no.487367
Item 465
International Polymer Processing
8, No.2, June 1993, p.99-103
ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF MIXING
Malkin A Y; Baranov A V; Viculencova M E;
Prokhorova L N; Sivetskii V I
Moscow,Research Institute of Plastics; Moscow,State
Academy of Gas & Oil; Moscow,Tyre Research
Institute; Kiev,Polytechnic Institute
A brief review is given on works relating the quality of
mixing to the work done or the energy consumed. Quality
of mixing is defined as either the average degree of
dispersion or the coefficient of heterogeneity. Results are
given on mixing experiments with PE compounds
containing various fillers (kaolin plates, chalk spheres,
blue pigment spheres and talc scales) and a rubber
compound containing carbon black. Degree of mixing is
correlated with energy consumption and with properties
of the resulting compound, e.g. TS and EB. 14 refs.
RUSSIA; UKRAINE
Accession no.486509
Item 466
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
49, No.4, 20th July 1993, p.673-7
POLYETHYLENE TOUGHENED BY CALCIUM
CARBONATE PARTICLES: BRITTLE-DUCTILE
TRANSITION OF A CALCIUM CARBONATE
TOUGHENED HDPE
Fu Q; Wang G; Shen J
Chengdu,University of Science & Technology
The effects of filler particle concentration and size on the
notched Izod impact strength of calcium carbonate filled
HDPE were investigated. A brittle-ductile transition
(BDT) occurred when the filler volume fraction increased
to a critical value. A BDT master curve could be
constructed by using the matrix ligament thickness. The
impact strength varied considerably with filler particle
size. The BDT corresponded to the transition of cavitation-
craze fracture to shear-yielding fracture. 7 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.486027
Item 467
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
49, No.4, 20th July 1993, p.617-21
ELASTIC MODULUS OF FILLED POLYMER
COMPOSITES
He D; Jiang B
Changchun,Institute of Applied Chemistry
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
The elastic modulus of polyepichlorohydrin filled with
glass beads and wollastonite was studied. It was found
that elastic modulus depended not only on the volume
fraction of the fillers but also on their particle size.
Percolation theory was used to explain the results. 10 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.486023
Item 468
Antec ’92. Plastics: Shaping the Future. Volume 1.
Conference Proceedings.
Detroit, Mi., 3rd-7th May 1992, p.1673-6. 012
HIGH INTENSITY COMPOUNDING OF
CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLED
THERMOPLASTICS: DISPERSION-
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CORRELATION
Herzig R; Baker W E
Queen’s University at Kingston
(SPE)
The effect of the state of dispersion on the tensile strength
and notched Izod and falling weight impact strengths of
a PP copolymer filled with calcium carbonate was
investigated. The composites were produced on a high-
speed turbine and a Banbury-type mixer and their state
of dispersion and distribution evaluated by image analysis.
The mechanical properties of the high-speed mixed
composites showed superiority only at low filler loadings.
Good mechanical properties correlated inversely with the
number of agglomerates greater than 1 micrometer. 15
refs.
CANADA
Accession no.485775
Item 469
Antec ’92. Plastics: Shaping the Future. Volume 1.
Conference Proceedings.
Detroit, Mi., 3rd-7th May 1992, p.1685-8. 012
NEW GENERATION OF ULTRAFINE TALC FOR
USE IN HIGH IMPACT POLYOLEFINS
Steen W P; Sevy W R
Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co.,Talc Div.
(SPE)
The effect of ultrafine talc on the impact strength and
stiffness of various grades of high-impact PP was
investigated and the properties of talc reinforced PP
compared with those of typical ABS and PBTP resins.
The influence of particle size and top size of the talc on
impact strength and the effect of surface modification of
the talc on impact strength were also examined.
USA
Accession no.485744
Item 470
Die Makromolekulare Chemie- Macromolecular
symposia
131
 References and Abstracts
No.70/71, May 1993, p.213-23
INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS IN
PARTICULATE FILLED THERMOPLASTICS.
MECHANISM, STRENGTH, PROPERTIES
Pukanszky B
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Stress concentration around particles was analysed. It was
shown that interfacial interactions influenced shear yielding
and crazing only slightly, but had a significant effect on
dewetting. Interactions could be modified by surface
treatment. Types and mechanisms of surface treatment are
discussed. A model describing the composition dependence
of tensile properties made it possible to quantitatively
evaluate interaction. The importance is emphasised of
composite structural factors, i.e aggregation, orientation
of anisotropic particles, and nucleating effect of the filler,
all of which can change the properties of the composite.
Data refers to PP filled with calcium carbonate. 26 refs.
(Presented at IUPAC Macromol. Div., 34th Int. Symp. on
Macromolecules, (MACRO 92), Prague, Czechoslovakia,
13th-18th July 1992).
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.484541
Item 471
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
49, No.1, 5th July 1993, p.143-50
MICROPOROUS PP SHEETS CONTAINING
CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLER
Nakamura S; Kaneko S; Mizutani Y
Tokuyama Soda Co.Ltd.
The dependency of various properties of microporous PP
sheets containing calcium carbonate on stretching degree
is discussed. 14 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.484259
Item 472
Polymer Engineering and Science
33, No.9, Mid-May 1993, p.559-63
EFFECT OF ADHESION ON THE FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE-
FILLED PP
Jancar J; Dibenedetto A T; Dianselmo A
Connecticut,University
The effect of adhesion on the strain energy release rate and
Charpy notched impact strength of calcium carbonate-filled
PP at room temperature was investigated over a wide interval
of particulate filler volume fractions. The concentration
dependence of strain energy release rate and Charpy notched
impact strength are discussed in terms of competition
between the effects of increasing stiffness, decreasing
effective matrix cross section, and the transition from a plane
strain to a plane stress mode of failure. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.482702
132
Item 473
Macplas
17, No.143, Nov.1992, p.92-3
Italian
INFLUENCE OF FILLERS IN POLYETHYLENE
Schlumpf H P
Pluess-Staufer AG; Omya GmbH
Consideration is given to the influence of the particle size,
surface area, surface energy, surface treatment and content
of calcium carbonate fillers on the mechanical, thermal
and surface properties of PE films.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.481453
Item 474
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
66, No.1, March/April 1993, p.38-47
FAILURE PROPERTIES OF SILICA-FILLED
EVA MICROCELLULAR RUBBER
Mukhopadhyay K; Tripathy D K; De S K
Indian Institute of Technology
Results of mechanical properties are presented for
microcellular EVA rubber with specific reference to the
effects of concentration of blowing agent and precipitated
silica filler on its failure properties. The theoretically
predicted flaw sizes were compared to pore diameters
observed by SEM. 28 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.480686
Item 475
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
45, No.10, Oct.1992, p.852-5
EFFECT OF SILICA ON MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES AND DEGRADATION OF
NATURAL RUBBER/ETHYLENE-
VINYLACETATE COPOLYMER BLENDS
Koshy A T; Kuriakose B; Thomas S; Varghese S
Mahatma Gandhi,University; Rubber Research Institute
of India
Blends of NR and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
(EVA) with different proportions of the components were
prepared and the mechanical properties of their
vulcanisates were studied. The effect of precipitated
silica on the mechanical properties and degradation of
the blends was studied at different loadings. Results
indicated that precipitated silica improved tear strength
and did not affect tensile strength of blends with a higher
proportion of NR. Silica adversely affected most of the
mechanical properties, except compression set, of the
EVA-rich blends, but improved the resistance to
degradation by gamma radiation and ozone of the NR/
EVA blends. 14 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.480362
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
Item 476
143rd Meeting, Spring 1993. Conference Proceedings.
Denver, Co., 18th-21st May 1993, Paper 53, pp.35. 012
FILLER-ELASTOMER INTERACTIONS. X.
EFFECT OF FILLER-ELASTOMER AND
FILLER-FILLER INTERACTION ON RUBBER
REINFORCEMENT
Wolff S; Wang M J; Tan E H
Degussa AG,Inorganic Chemical Products Div.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The effect of polymer-filler and filler-filler interactions
on rubber reinforcement was investigated in NR
compounds using unmodified and bi- and monofunctional
silane modified silicas. Comparisons were made with
carbon black with a surface area and structure similar to
those of silica. Properties of the silica filled rubber were
influenced by weak polymer-filler interaction and strong
filler-filler interaction, i.e. the formation of a strong filler
network. Treatment of the silica surface with a
bifunctional silane reduced filler networking due to a
drastic decrease in higher specific component of surface
energy. Polymer-filler interaction, on the other hand, was
greatly strengthened by the introduction of covalent bonds
between filler surface and polymer chains, thereby
improving most of the rubber properties. Silica treatment
with a monofunctional silane also reduced filler
networking, but the lack of polymer-filler interaction
resulted in a low modulus at high strain and poor failure
properties. 29 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.480202
Item 477
143rd Meeting, Spring 1993. Conference Proceedings.
Denver, Co., 18th-21st May 1993, Paper 39, pp.36. 012
INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA
AND QUANTITY OF PRECIPITATED SILICA ON
THE PROPERTIES OF A PRECIPITATED SILICA
FILLED NATURAL RUBBER
Bomal Y; Cochet P; Dejean B
Rhone-Poulenc Recherches; Rhone-Poulenc Chimie
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the effect of filler content and total
contact area on the vulcanisate properties of NR filled
with precipitated silicas having different specific surface
areas. Differences in vulcanisate properties were observed
with different types and levels of filler. A high specific
surface area silica was advantageous for abrasion and tear
resistance, while a low specific surface area silica was
advantageous for fatigue resistance. Some properties of
particular relevance to tyre tread performance were
investigated. 21 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.480192
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Item 478
143rd Meeting, Spring 1993. Conference Proceedings.
Denver, Co., 18th-21st May 1993, Paper 25, pp.12. 012
BLACK AND WHITE FILLERS TODAY: FROM
FILLERS TO SURFACE ACTIVE COMPOUND
PARTNERS
Donnet J B
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Centre
de Recherches sur la Physico-Chimie...
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Recent trends in surface research on silica and carbon
black fillers are reviewed. The application of scanning
tunnelling microscopy to the study of the surface structure
of carbon black is discussed, and a new carbon black
particle model is introduced. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.480180
Item 479
Filplas 92. Conference Proceedings.
Manchester, 19th-20th May 1992, Paper 13. 51
COATED WOLLASTONITE AS A PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT FOR GLASS FIBRE IN
INJECTION MOULDED COMPOSITES
Beckett S A
Edited by: Croxton & Garry Ltd.
(BPF; PRI)
The particle dimensions and mechanical properties of
Wollastonite 4000 are described and the use of silane
coated versions of Wollastonite 4000 as partial
replacements for glass fibre in unsaturated polyester DMC
and nylon 66 evaluated. The mechanical properties of
these composites containing Snowfort 4000 F75 and
Snowfort 4000 C50 and cost benefits achievable by the
above replacements are detailed. 2 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.476531
Item 480
Filplas 92. Conference Proceedings.
Manchester, 19th-20th May 1992, Paper 7. 51
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF PS FILLED WITH
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Godard P; Bomal Y
Louvain,Universite Catholique
(BPF; PRI)
The effect of polymer-filler interaction on the tensile
behaviour of calcium carbonate filled PS was investigated.
From an analysis of the tensile strength at break as a
function of particle volume fraction, a semi-empirical
model was developed and an attempt made to determine
the parameters of the model and validate the physical
significance of the parameters using SEM and DSC. In
order to take into account the effects of matrix-filler
interactions, contact angle measurements were carried out
133
 References and Abstracts
and interpreted using the Lee unified theory of adhesion.
58 refs.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.476131
Item 481
Journal of Materials Science
28, No.7, 1st April 1993, p.1856-66
MULTISTAGE WET GRINDING OF TALC:
RELATION BETWEEN PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PARAMETERS OF THE FILLER AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLED
POLYPROPYLENES
Michot L J; Villieras F; Yvon J; Fourty G
Laboratoire Environnement et Mineralurgie; Talcs de
Luzenac SA
Three talc samples of different mineralogical composition
were wet-ground with an increasing number of grinding
cycles and particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, IR
spectroscopy and nitrogen absorption measurements were
made on each sample. In parallel, three mechanical
properties of talc-filled PPs were determined. A statistical
analysis based on normalised principal component analysis
and multiple partial linear regression was then carried out
in order to determine correlations between the
physicochemical parameters of the filler and the mechanical
properties of PP composites. The results showed that this
approach was valid only if the samples were separated
according to their mineralogical compositions. An
‘industrial’ model based on easily-obtainable parameters
was proposed on the basis of this preliminary analysis. For
more chloritic ores, some other parameters should be
measured to enhance the quality of the model. 18 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.474798
Item 482
Polypropylene in Automotive Applications. Conference
Proceedings.
Birmingham, 12th-13th May 1992, Paper 12. 63Tr.Ro
POLYMER COATED FILLERS IMPROVE PP
SCRATCH PERFORMANCE
Higgs R P; Taylor D A; Paynter C D; Sambells P N
ECC International Ltd.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.)
The development of a range of materials based on a fine
china clay in the form of free flowing beads, coated with
a polymer and black pigment, for enhancing the scratch/
mark performance of PP is reported. Tests carried out on
an EPDM-modified propylene block copolymer are
detailed. Profilometry was used to characterise mark
depth/surface disturbance. Factors influencing scratch
marking performance are identified and the advantages
of the clay products summarised. 6 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.474160
134
Item 483
Compounding ’92. Conference Proceedings.
Brussels, 19th-20th Feb.1992, Paper 10. 813
IMPROVED SURFACE FINISH WITH MINERAL
ADDITIVES
Ferris A
ECC International Ltd.
(Corporate Development Consultants)
EEC International has developed a new technology for
the surface treatment of minerals (Polarites) which are
shown to give enhanced properties to polymer composites.
A discussion is presented on enhanced surface properties
achieved using grades of Polarite in PP, unsaturated
polyester and polyamides.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.474144
Item 484
Journal of Polymer Engineering
11,No.4,1992,p.359-77
SURFACE MODIFICATIONS IN TALC IN
ORDER TO OBTAIN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
BASED ON POLYPROPYLENE. A COMPOSITE
STUDY BETWEEN ELASTIC MODULI IN
TENSILE TESTS
Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
A study on modification procedures of chlorination and
silanisation of the surface talc mineral to obtain composite
materials with PP is presented. The elastic moduli of the
PP/(25%) talc system and several interfacial modifications
are then discussed to show the effectiveness of the
chlorination modification method proposed as an
interfacial modification procedure from the mineral
particle side for the composite materials. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.469497
Item 485
Journal of Polymer Engineering
11,No.4,1992,p.345-58
IMPACT TEST PARAMETERS AS
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE INTERFACIAL
MODIFICATIONS ON THE MATRIX SIDE IN
POLYPROPYLENE/TALC COMPOSITES
Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
A study was done to determine the optimum percentage
of functionalised PP as an interfacial modifier on the
matrix side in PP/talc thermoplastic composites. The
results show the effective modification induced by the
minimum presence of the functionalised PP on the
composites and are in accordance with tensile and flexural
properties studied in other papers. The interfacial
modification studied here will be combined with an
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

original surface modification on the talc side to be reinforcement effect of lamellar particles from the talc
published. 8 refs. mineral. At the same time, a very good agreement is shown
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE between the results of both of the two tests. 11 refs.
Accession no.469496 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.469493
Item 486
Journal of Polymer Engineering Item 489
11,No.4,1992,p.335-43 Plastics Compounding
STUDY OF THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF 15,No.7,Nov/Dec.1992,p.37/42
THE POLYPROPYLENE/TALC SYSTEM WITH COATED CALCIUM CARBONATE OFFERS
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATIONS FROM THE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS
MATRIX SIDE Skelhorn D
Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P ECC International Ltd.
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
In thermoplastics such as PP and PVC, stearate coatings
A central, rotatory and composite experimental design was are said to be able to facilitate a balance of properties and
adopted to determine the optimum level of maleated PP processability. Today’s products provide improved
interfacial modifier on the matrix side in PP/talc composites. consistency and uniformity of surface treatment to
Results are presented in terms of elastic moduli from flexible interface better with semi-automated manufacturing
tests; the flexural strength of the composites is considered processes. 4 refs.
as the independent variables or factors. Experimental ranges USA
considered were in the range of 10-40% for talc content, Accession no.468923
and 0-10% over PP for maleated PP. 7 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 490
Accession no.469495 New Polymeric Materials
3,No.3,1992,p.205-17
Item 487 EFFECT OF INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS ON
Journal of Polymer Engineering THE DEFORMATION AND FAILURE
11,No.4,1992,p.325-34 PROPERTIES OF PP/CALCIUM CARBONATE
STUDY OF THE TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF THE COMPOSITES
POLYPROPYLENE/TALC SYSTEM WITH Pukanszky B
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATIONS ON THE Hungarian Academy of Sciences
MATRIX SIDE
Polypropylene composites containing various calcium
Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P
carbonate fillers were prepared. The size of the interphase
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
was changed by varying the specific surface area of the
An optimisation study was done on the level of filler while the strength of the interaction was influenced
functionalised PP which may be added to the PP/talc by stearic acid surface treatment. Tensile properties of
system for improving the mechanical properties of these the composites were determined and the effect of
composite materials. Results are based on the application interfacial interaction evaluated by semi-empirical
of a central, rotatory and composite experimental design equations. 20 refs.
of the independent variables considered, i.e. talc EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
percentage and functionalised PP percentage (referred to Accession no.467657
as the matrix). 13 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 491
Accession no.469494 Rubber and Plastics News
22,No.11,21st Dec.1992,p.15-8
Item 488 ROLE OF CARBON BLACK IN POLYMER
Journal of Polymer Engineering BLENDS
11,No.4,1992,p.315-24 O’Farrell C P; Gerspacher M; Heng-Huey Yang
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL AND IMPACT Richardson S.,Carbon & Gasoline Co.
PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE/TALC Edited by: Herzlich H
COMPOSITES
The blending of polymers is an accepted way of obtaining
Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P
desired compound properties. The compatibility and
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
stability of these blends and their ability to absorb carbon
A study of the dynamic mechanical and impact properties black reinforcement can be described through basic laws
of PP/talc composites was performed. Results show the of chemistry and thermodynamics. Polymer blends,

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 135

 References and Abstracts
because of their very high viscosities, do not separate into
easily visible phases like oil and water. Instead there can
be microphase separation that can be variable and cause
unexpected changes in properties, e.g. ozone resistance,
abrasion resistance. The distribution of carbon black
reinforcement and its interaction with the polymer phases
must be understood before a reliable technical solution
can be developed. This paper advances certain concepts
that are worthy of review. 14 refs.
USA
Accession no.467402
Item 492
Polymer
33,No.24,1992,p.5215-24
NUCLEATION AND CRYSTALLISATION OF PP
BY MINERAL FILLERS. RELATIONSHIP TO
IMPACT STRENGTH
McGenity P M; Hooper J J; Paynter C D; Riley A M;
Nutbeem C; Elton N J; Adams J M
ECC International Ltd.
Optical microscopy was used to measure the growth rate
of spherulites in PP. Isothermal DSC measurements were
also made of the crystallisation of the PP filled with talc,
calcium carbonate and stearate-coated carbonate at
different loading levels. Computer simulation of
spherulite growth was used to derive the number of
nucleating sites per unit volume of polymer and, using
surface area measurements, the number sites per unit area
of mineral surface was obtained. The connection between
various factors and impact strength is discussed. 40 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.465641
Item 493
142nd Meeting,Fall 1992,Conference Proceedings.
Nashville,Tn.,3rd-6th Nov.1992,Paper 72,pp.25. 012
TALC IN THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS
Noel O F
Luzenac America Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
A study was made of the effects of talc on the mechanical
and rheological properties of thermoplastic elastomers
based on styrene-ethylenebutylene-styrene block
copolymer (SEBS), SEBS/PP blends, thermoplastic PU and
EPDM/PP blends. In general, the addition of ultrafine talc
increased stiffness, tensile strength, 100% modulus and
Izod impact strength. The falling weight impact resistance
at 23C was not affected even at 30% loading. There was
essentially no effect on rheology in the shear rate range
encountered in injection moulding and extrusion for
EPDM/PP blends and SEBS. Talc reinforced systems
behaved as shear thinning, power law fluids. Talc improved
dispersion of the rubber phase in EPDM/PP polyolefin
elastomers which improved mechanical properties. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.465602
136
Item 494
Polymer
33,No.16,1992,p.3415-26
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON THE
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF EPOXY RESIN
FILLED WITH SPHERICAL SILICA
Nakamura Y; Yamaguchi M; Okubo M; Matsumoto T
Nitto Denko Corp.; Kobe,University
Measurements were made of the critical stress intensity
factor (KC) and the critical strain energy release rate (GC)
of the filled epoxy resins. Five types of spherical silica
particles with mean particle sizes ranging from 6 to 42
micrometers were used. Scanning electron microscopy
revealed that the main crack propagation was hindered
by large particles and a damage zone formed at the main
crack tip region in the large particle filled resin due to
crack diversion and debonding of particle/matrix
interfaces. 37 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.464120
Item 495
Journal of Materials Science Letters
11,No.16.15th Aug.1992,p.1100-3
COMPRESSIVE FAILURE OF SILICA-FILLED
EPOXY RESINS: INFLUENCE OF MATRIX
STRENGTH, INTERFACIAL BOND STRENGTH
AND POROSITY
Mouritz A P;Hutchings I M
CAMBRIDGE,UNIVERSITY
Increasing porosity of the composites by incorporating
glass microspheres produced a rapid decrease in strength
with increasing porosity. The extent of exposure of
fractured microspheres on the fracture surfaces suggested
that by acting as regions of local weakness and stress
concentration was more important than simply reducing
the proportion of resin in the composite. The compressive
strengths of the silica-filled epoxy composites investigated
lie within the range typically observed in natural
sandstones and limestones; by a suitable choice of matrix
resin composition, microsphere content and interfacial
treatment, it is possible to obtain a range of mechanical
properties and to vary the matrix strength, porosity and
interfacial strength effectively independently. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.461513
Item 496
Composites
23,No.5,Sept.1992,p.319-25.
EFFECT OF MINERAL FILLERS IN LOW
CONCENTRATION ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS. II.
FATIGUE OF POLYPROPYLENE: KINETIC
ASPECTS
Trotignon J P;Demdoum L;Verdu J
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts
ENSAM
Injection moulded PP samples containing low
concentrations of talc, mica or wollastonite filler were
fatigue tested in the flexural mode, at constant strain
amplitude and 10 Hz frequency, and the induced stress,
dissipation modulus, dissipated energy per cycle and
surface temperature were recorded. SEM observations
were made on fracture surfaces. Kinetic aspects of flexural
fatigue were investigated, with particular attention to the
energy dissipation phenomenon. 9 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.460659
Item 497
Composites
23,No.5,Sept.1992,p.313-8.
EFFECT OF MINERAL FILLERS IN LOW
CONCENTRATION ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS. I.
STATIC AND FATIGUE FRACTURE OF
POLYPROPYLENE: QUALITATIVE ASPECTS
Trotignon J P;Demdoum L;Verdu J
ENSAM
Injection moulded PP samples containing low concentrations
of talc, mica or wollastonite fillers were studied by DSC,
SEM and static and dynamic (fatigue) flexural testing. All
the fillers displayed a nucleating effect on crystallisation,
which was probably responsible for a decrease of
macromolecular orientation. A 50% increase in ultimate
stress was presumably due to a change of fracture mechanism
induced by the mineral particles, which also induced a
decrease in flexural fatigue lifetime. Three crack propagation
modes were observed, but the mode seemed to have little
effect on the fatigue lifetime which was essentially controlled
by the number of particles per unit volume. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.460658
Item 498
Journal of Materials Science Letters
11,No.16.15th Aug.1992,p.1100-3
COMPRESSIVE FAILURE OF SILICA-FILLED
EPOXY RESINS: INFLUENCE OF MATRIX
STRENGTH, INTERFACIAL BOND STRENGTH
AND POROSITY
Mouritz A P;Hutchings I M
CAMBRIDGE,UNIVERSITY
Increasing porosity of the composites by incorporating glass
microspheres produced a rapid decrease in strength with
increasing porosity. The extent of exposure of fractured
microspheres on the fracture surfaces suggested that by
acting as regions of local weakness and stress concentration
was more important than simply that of reducing the
proportion of resin in the composite. The compressive
strengths of the silica-filled epoxy composites investigated
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
lie within the range typically observed in natural sandstones
and limestones; by a suitable choice of matrix resin
composition, microsphere content and interfacial treatment,
it is possible to obtain a range of mechanical properties
and to vary the matrix strength, porosity and interfacial
strength effectively independently. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.460265
Item 499
Polymer Composites
13,No.3,June 1992,p.174-8
MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED
POLYETHYLENE
Malik T M;Farooqi M I;Vachet C
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL;
MONTREAL,UNIVERSITY
The rheological and mechanical properties of an HDPE
filled with surface-treated mica flakes were studied.
Young’s modulus was shown to be decreased by various
filler surface treatments, whereas EB and maximum
strength slightly increased. Young’s modulus increased
with addition of mica flakes, but the decrease of
elongation was also quite significant. For 20% mica
composites, very little change was observed in these
properties. The high shear viscosity was unaffected by
surface treatments. The viscosity of the composites
increased with silane treatment and decreased with titanate
treatment. It was suggested that the coupling agent,
depending on its chemical structure and the nature of the
filler, could act either as an adhesion promoter or as a
lubricating agent. 8 refs.
CANADA
Accession no.457190
Item 500
Polymer Composites
13,No.3,June 1992,p.237-43
RUBBER-FILLER INTERACTION EFFECTS ON
THE SOLID STATE DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE/EPDM/
CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOSITES
Scott C;Ishida H;Maurer F H J
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY; DSM
RESEARCH BV
Results of a detailed experimental investigation of the
above, carried out using a torsion pendulum, are presented
and discussed. 31 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
Accession no.457141
Item 501
International Polymer Science and Technology
19,No.2,1992,p.T/19-27
137
 References and Abstracts
MODIFICATION OF DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
BY FILLERS
Nakauchi H
Theories of the 1960s and 1970s are used to explain
vibration and noise damping in vehicles. Data are given
for common rubbers and blends containing various carbon
black grades. The identification of polymers and mixes
that can satisfy both noise and vibration damping
requirements is attempted. 7 refs. (Full translation of
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi,No.12,1991,p.719).
JAPAN
Accession no.456384
Item 502
Polymer International
28,No.1,1992,p.19-23
MODIFICATION OF KAOLINITE BY SURFACE
POLYMERISATION
Laslett R L;Wansbrough K M;Rizzardo E;Singh
S;Mainwaring D E
COMALCO MINERAL PRODUCTS;
COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL
RES.ORG.; CSIRO; SWINBURNE INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Kaolinite filler surfaces were modified by both surface
adsorption and surface reaction and their subsequent
wetting and adhesion properties were determined by
measurement of the contact angle of the powders by the
Washburn technique using three probe liquids that
spanned molecular polarity. Surface modification by
adsorption utilised the kaolinite surface acidity to
polymerise styrene. Surface reaction involved reaction
of kaolinite hydroxyl groups with aryl diisocyanates and
subsequent termination with a series of alcohols of
increasing complexity. It was shown that kaolinite
surfaces could be modified to produce surfaces of
controlled hydrophobicity that could exceed that of
conventionally silanated kaolinite. The ability of phases
to spread and wet these filler surface was analysed in terms
of the thermodynamic functions. 12 refs. (Polymer ’91
International Symposium,Melbourne, Feb.1991)
AUSTRALIA
Accession no.456222
Item 503
China Rubber Industry
39,No.4,1992,p.201-4
Chinese
EFFECT OF CARBOXYLATED PE TREATED
CALCIUM CARBONATE ON PROPERTIES OF
BR VULCANISATE
Dong D;Zhang J
NANJING,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL
TECHNOLOGY
Carboxylated PE (CPE) was used to treat calcium
carbonate which was then filled in a BR compound. The
138
effects of treatment methods, CPE acid value and CPE
dosage on the overall properties of BR vulcanisates were
studied. 4 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.455605
Item 504
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
45,No.7,5th July 1992,p.1281-9
EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE ON
MECHANICAL AND IMPACT PROPERTIES OF
EPOXY RESIN FILLED WITH SPHERICAL
SILICA
Nakamura Y;Yamaguchi M;Okubo M;Matsumoto T
KOBE,UNIVERSITY; NITTO DENKO CORP.
Spherical particles were prepared by hydrolysis of silicon
tetrachloride and sorted according to size over the range
6-42 micrometres. Epoxy resin (Epikote 828) samples
filled with the particles ((Excelica ML-801) were
subjected to three-point bending, tensile and Charpy
impact tests as well as SEM investigation. The properties
deteriorated with increasing particle size. Explanation
based on particle breakage is suggested. 30 refs.
JAPAN
Accession no.455042
Item 505
Polymer Engineering and Science
32,No.2,Jan.1992,p.94-7
POLYETHYLENE TOUGHENED BY RIGID
INORGANIC PARTICLES
Qiang Fu;Guiheng Wang
CHENGDU,UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
HDPE was toughened with particles of calcium carbonate
treated with phosphate. The stress-strain curve of the
HDPE/modified calcium carbonate (80/20) composite
covered a greater area than that of HDPE and the impact
strength of HDPE was greatly improved by modified
calcium carbonate as the content of the latter increased
to 50%. Morphological study showed a finer dispersion
of the modified calcium carbonate particles and a large
plastic deformation of HDPE. The cavitation and stress
field interaction around the particles may induce plastic
deformation of the matrix polymer and dissipate the
impact energy. 7 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.446952
Item 506
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
44,No.2,15th Jan. 1992,p.353-60
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PP/KAOLIN
COMPOSITES
Maiti S N;Lopez B H
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
 References and Abstracts

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Item 509

The tensile properties of isotactic PP filled with particulate
kaolin fillers were investigated in the composition range
0 to 60 wt.% kaolin. Various theoretical models were used
to analyse the tensile data. The state of dispersion of the
filler in the polymer matrix was analysed by studying the
morphology of the composites with the aid of SEM.
Tensile modulus increased with filler concentration while
elongation at break and tensile strength decreased. 25 refs.
INDIA
Accession no.442969
Plastics World
43,No.2,Feb.1985,p.64
CERAMIC FILLERS CUT THERMAL
EXPANSION
A new line of lithium-aluminium-silicate powder fillers
used to reduce the high thermal expansion of certain
plastics in potting and encapsulation of electronic
components is briefly described. Designated the Pakco-
Lithafrax, the usual ceramic filler advantages of low cost,
increased hardness and abrasion resistance still apply.
USA

Item 507 Accession no.268744

Journal of Applied Polymer Science
44,No.1,5th Jan.1992,p.151-8 Item 510
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON MECHANICAL Plastics World
PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESIN FILLED WITH 42,No.3,March 1984,p.76/7
ANGULAR-SHAPED SILICA CALCIUM SULPHATE FILLER REPLACES
Nakamura Y;Yamaguchi M;Okubo M;Matsumoto T GLASS
KOBE,UNIVERSITY; NITTO DENKO CORP.
US Gypsum Co.’s Franklin fibre calcium sulphate whisker
14 refs. fibre is briefly described and its use as a filler in
JAPAN thermosets and thermoplastics, either alone or as a partial
Accession no.439979 replacement for glass fibre, is discussed.
US GYPSUM CO.
USA
Item 508
Accession no.251653
Thermoplastic Polymer Additives:Theory and Practice.
New York,Marcel Dekker Inc.,1989,p.37-69. 5
COUPLING AGENTS Item 511
Godlewski R E;Heggs R P; HANDBOOK OF FILLERS AND
UNION CARBIDE CORP. REINFORCEMENTS FOR ...PLASTICS.
Edited by: Lutz J T New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1978
(JL Enterprises) Katz H S; Milewski J V
Accession no.131331
Coupling agents, mostly silanes and other organosilicon
chemicals, but also organometallics and functionalised
polymers, are assessed with respect to improvements in
the mechanical properties of composites before and after
ageing. The reinforcements include glass fibres,
Wollastonite, Mica, hydrated alumina, clay and mixed
fillers. Polymers include PE, PP, PBTP, PETP and
polybutylene. 36 refs.
USA
Accession no.381248

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 139

 References and Abstracts

140 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited


A ALL-WEATHER TYRE, 379
ABRASION, 193 239 293 462
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 15 22
53 78 94 115 121 123 164 174
183 191 239 245 311 312 313
314 330 338 339 345 350 365
377 380 381 382 410 430 438
449 475 477 491 509
ABS, 165 324 334 364 461 469
ABSORPTION, 7 192 223 243 249
309 312 423 491
ACCELERATED TEST, 255 389
ACCELERATOR, 91 168 312 314
382 428 430
ACETYLENE BLACK, 448
ACID, 86 140 141 184 462
ACID-BASE INTERACTION, 312
315 367 368
ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER,
40 127 453
ACRYLIC RESIN, 363 423
ACTIVATION ENERGY, 192 259
322 366 421
ADHESION, 26 46 54 78 106 141
148 195 201 206 214 275 283
286 294 302 304 315 322 325
328 330 355 363 364 365 367
379 390 408 414 415 416 418
430 431 443 453 458 472 480
495 498 502 505
ADHESION PROMOTER, 54 207
247 286 499
ADHESION PROMOTION, 141
275 286 328
ADHESIVE, 25 141 295 304
ADSORPTION, 22 91 115 148 168
224 238 245 286 312 314 316
365 367 368 388 419 449 453
456 502
AGALMATOLITE, 39
AGEING, 43 53 54 56 98 111 122
131 184 296 303 365 379 430
508
AGGLOMERATE, 4 20 79 85 86
138 168 206 278 311 365 368
370 382 384 415 426 449 454
468 473
AGGLOMERATION, 20 170 207
224 312 322 504
AGGREGATE, 22 30 79 176 202
224 225 283 286 312 325 332
373 382 386 404
AGGREGATION, 22 117 150 274
325 421 458 470
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
Subject Index
ALUMINIUM, 141 259 394
ALUMINIUM COMPOUND, 320
405
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE, 24
40 111 171 182 206 222 259
294 321 334 363 365 366 367
368 372 374 375 400 413 435
ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 124 235
249 329 394 508
ALUMINIUM SILICATE, 1 296 368
ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE,
423
ALUMINIUM TRIISOBUTYL,
245
ALUMINOSILICATE, 65
AMINOPROPYLTRIETHOXYSILANE,
170 326 408
AMINOPROPYLTRIMETHOXYSILANE,
323
AMINOSILANE, 170 261 315 408
AMMONIA, 360 417 476
ANALYSIS, 2 11 22 53 54 60 68
100 108 141 149 153 157 168
169 170 176 177 182 192 193
214 225 258 259 267 275 283
299 309 310 311 312 313 314
322 324 325 328 338 339 343
363 365 366 367 373 380 381
387 390 393 398 404 408 415
417 420 427 430 433 439 441
443 449 454 456 458 466 473
478 480 490 493 496 497 506
ANISOTROPY, 22 133 180 214
253 276 283 324 427 470
ANTI-BLOCKING AGENT, 51 66
355 407 473
ANTIDEGRADANT, 428
ANTIMONY OXIDE, 368
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, 111 206
365 366
ANTIOXIDANT, 268 316 382 415
430 461
ANTIOZONANT, 183 268
ANTISTATIC AGENT, 350
ANTISTATIC PROPERTIES, 286
ASPECT RATIO, 10 17 67 75 87
283 363 364 365 368 408 441
443
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY,
3 9 22 70 95 225
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 1
10 47 50 53 66 75 77 87 98 296
300 310 331 334 390 398 399
482 501
B
BAG, 407 473
BANBURY MIXER, 454 468
BARITE, 320
BARIUM SULPHATE, 144 171
210 260 365 368
BARIUM TITANATE, 367
BARRIER PROPERTIES, 1 5 9 18
44 50 64 75 77 87 190 197 266
336 378
BARYTES, 171
BAUXITE, 394
BELT, 78 310
BENDING, 236 376 415 416 444
BIREFRINGENCE, 29 33 38 76
368 390
BISTRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL
TETRASULPHANE, 3 291 309
382
BISTRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL
TETRASULPHIDE, 22 170
286 311 313 314 339
BLEND, 28 55 57 72 81 94 109
129 141 142 150 165 169 174
215 216 241 250 254 266 267
276 285 286 301 309 310 311
314 317 338 339 350 359 380
381 382 392 402 404 414 415
429 430 431 432 434 443 475
491 493 501
BLOCKING, 275
BLOOMING, 98 430
BLOW EXTRUSION, 275
BLOW MOULDING, 18 199 205
297
BLOWN FILM, 266 275 300 336
407 473
BOARDSTOCK, 303
BODY PANEL, 75
BONDING, 54 79 225 281 291 344
365 367
BONDING AGENT, 200
BORATE, 206 367
BORON NITRIDE, 249
BOTTLE, 9 18 297 473
BOUND RUBBER, 70 91 138 183
293 312 326 332 344 365 367
368 369 387 388 476
BOUNDARY LAYER, 72
BRABENDER PLASTICORDER,
173 404
BRAKING, 22 382
BREAKING STRENGTH, 98
BRIGHTNESS, 163 296
141

BRITTLE FAILURE, 283 324 466
BRITTLE-TO-DUCTILE
TRANSITION, 282 409 429
458 466
BRITTLENESS, 53 111 285 348
376 505
BROMOBUTYL RUBBER, 501
BRUSH THEORY, 58
BUILDING APPLICATION, 50 53
92 98 205 269 334
BULK MOULDING
COMPOUND, 334
BUMPER, 205 390
BUTADIENE
METHYLSTYRENE
COPOLYMER, 439
BUTADIENE RUBBER, 379
BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE
COPOLYMER, 43 78 98 161
169 183 286 326 356 395 430
501
BUTADIENE-STYRENE
COPOLYMER, 3 13 30 33 38
41 46 62 95 112 123 138 139
170 174 183 204 207 225 237
247 251 286 291 309 310 311
312 314 338 339 350 356 377
380 381 382 404 410 412 425
430 432 436 445 449 491 501
BUTADIENE-STYRENE
RUBBER, 35 73 95 109
BUTENE COPOLYMER, 407
BUTYL ACRYLATE
COPOLYMER, 453
BUTYL RUBBER, 183 220 310
501
C 219 361 368
CABLE INSULATION, 53 111 259
296 300 327 334
CALCINED, 53 111 299 483
CALCINED CLAY, 364 365 368
428
CALCITE, 66 136
CALCIUM CARBONATE, 20 28 37
39 42 48 52 53 56 63 66 81 88 90
92 100 111 117 118 119 127 129
134 136 142 148 171 178 179
182 189 194 198 204 209 210
213 216 222 228 233 238 243
244 247 252 254 261 267 275
278 280 282 287 288 297 301
302 306 317 325 328 347 348
355 359 364 365 366 367 368
384 392 396 400 401 405 407
409 414 415 416 418 419 420
427 428 429 431 443 446 453
142
Subject Index
454 458 461 462 464 466 468
470 471 472 473 480 483 489
490 492 495 500 503 505
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, 171
366
CALCIUM SILICATE, 10 55 66
103 116 141 222 363 364 368
408 459 467 479 496 497 508
CALCIUM STEARATE, 182 325
CALCIUM SULPHATE, 53 111
113 276 364 368 510
CALORIMETRY, 60 86 90 334
367 375
CAPILLARY RHEOMETRY, 86
182
CAR, 1 53 98 310 334 390
CAR TYRE, 121 168 187 191 286
309 311 312 313 350 379 380
424
CARBON BLACK, 2 4 19 22 35
41 54 73 94 98 109 120 121
122 123 138 139 154 157 159
164 169 171 174 183 191 193
196 212 217 220 224 229 239
240 262 270 271 272 274 286
291 293 309 310 311 312 313
332 338 341 342 343 344 356
361 362 364 365 368 371 380
381 382 386 387 388 389 395
404 422 424 425 428 432 433
436 438 445 448 449 456 473
476 478 482 491
CARBON FIBRE, 75 249
CARBOXYLATED RUBBER, 169
326
CARBOXYLATION, 112 169 503
CARBOXYLIC ACID, 388 453
CARCINOGENICITY, 135 218
CAST FILM, 407
CATALYST, 32 176 205 245 314
320 331 353 423
CAVITATION, 28 141 409 416 466
505
CELLULAR MATERIAL, 178 290
303
CERAMIC, 1 202 329 509
CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM
BROMIDE, 309
CHALK, 243 359
CHAR FORMATION, 128 366
CHARACTERISATION, 7 8 9 11
29 33 36 40 46 48 55 56 64 72
74 79 86 116 127 128 151 171
173 194 203 212 226 232 261
272 293 305 315 329 342 351
387 422 448 456 460 461
CHARPY, 267 325 390 416 443 504
CHEMICAL AGEING, 53
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 15
21 29 46 57 92 95 105 112 150
153 169 170 207 243 245 286
291 299 314 323 416 430 443
464
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 53
111 226 296 342 365 368
CHINA CLAY, 25 98 111 112 136
163 171 199 232 233 262 310
320 368 482
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 59 196
305 335 338 339
CLARITY, 275 370
CLAY, 3 25 44 45 47 49 64 75 77
80 84 87 95 97 108 110 128 132
147 163 181 222 223 232 233
289 292 310 327 364 365 366
367 368 415 473 483 502 508
CLINOPTILOLITE, 245
CO-ROTATING EXTRUDER, 83
155 194 360
COATED FILLER, 10 34 47 275
283 291 299 300 355 364 367
368 398 407 453
COATING, 34 53 90 140 163 202
243 281 297 355 367 396 397
453 482
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 88
245 275 355 407 473
COHESION, 98 322
COHESIVE FAILURE, 141
COLOUR, 53 56 66 205 275 364
365 368 473
COMBUSTION, 111 182 206 366
380
COMBUSTION PRODUCT, 206
334 366
COMPATIBILISATION, 1 50 55
158 280
COMPATIBILISER, 22 55 100 163
289 415
COMPATIBILITY, 1 37 87 92 98
297 300 303 338 415 491
COMPLEX MODULUS, 168 183
381 477
COMPOUND, 1 22 38 43 53 54 66
98 111 138 168 169 182 245
267 286 291 309 310 311 312
313 314 332 339 439 449 473
476
COMPOUNDING, 1 4 20 22 31 47
54 56 70 83 86 90 168 182 194
205 214 225 259 266 267 279
286 291 293 296 300 307 309
310 311 312 313 338 339 342
346 358 365 367 373 380 381
382 403 404 408 415 430 436
441 474 483
COMPRESSION MOULDING, 26

129 205 261 307 310 322 340
393 415 416 443
COMPRESSION PROPERTIES,
18 98 118 126 181 183 192 193
303 343 381 434 444 495 498
507
COMPRESSION SET, 12 43 98
152 154 183 291 296 310 365
377 430 475
CONDUCTIVE FILLER, 75 286
364 365 368
CONE CALORIMETER, 60 334
366 375
CONSTRUCTION, 92 296
CONSUMPTION, 1 87 163 191
205 300 350
CONTACT ANGLE, 275 453 480
502
CONTINUOUS EXTRUSION, 210
CONTINUOUS MIXING, 191
CONTINUOUS PHASE, 390
CORE-SHELL, 409 434 443
CORROSION RESISTANCE, 140
375
COST, 6 92 115 205 210 286 300
313 333 350 363 365 428 432
452 479 509
COUPLING AGENT, 4 12 13 14
15 22 30 33 38 61 71 78 89 91
95 96 115 127 139 142 163 168
170 172 180 183 188 191 193
201 202 208 214 225 230 241
247 254 261 265 283 286 287
291 298 299 300 301 308 309
311 312 313 314 315 323 326
330 338 339 350 351 363 364
365 366 367 368 372 377 380
381 382 402 403 404 405 408
424 430 432 444 449 451 467
470 476 478 499 508
CRACK ARREST, 283 322 390
CRACK INITIATION, 259 267
322
CRACK LENGTH, 141 283 416
CRACK PROPAGATION, 141 259
283 322 325 390 444 494
CRACK TIP, 141 283 322 390 416
460 494
CRACKING, 2 117 118 141 259
267 283 322 324 325 363 364
365 390 413 416 496 497
CRAZING, 119 322 409 466
CREEP, 149 183 189 318 363 440
CREEP RESISTANCE, 189 398
CRITICAL STRAIN, 325 413 416
CRITICAL STRESS INTENSITY
FACTOR, 117 416
CROSSLINK, 104 145 226 363
381 408 430 494
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
CROSSLINK DENSITY, 29 43 98
99 143 168 170 183 310 311
313
CROSSLINKING, 29 41 143 168
170 183 226 286 310 311 312
313 326 428 438
CRYSTAL SIZE, 214 283 299
CRYSTALLINITY, 21 82 98 99
102 183 197 205 206 214 223
258 283 284 299 305 316 319
320 322 325 368 394 398 411
471
CRYSTALLISATION, 23 45 89 90
104 206 214 216 284 299 304
308 322 348 351 372 373 393
428 492 497
CRYSTALLITE, 197 206 478
CURE RATE, 27 41 54 137 168
251 291 312 314 365 377 382
430
CURE TIME, 43 54 141 168 204
259 291 303 309 310 311 313
314 338 339 377 382 423 449
CURING, 12 27 69 131 141 152
170 200 202 226 230 235 255
293 303 326 357 363 370 378
381 404 447 449 507
CUT GROWTH, 350 438
CUT RESISTANCE, 449
D DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 1 18
DAMPING, 183 415 501
DART DROP, 269 275
DART IMPACT, 407
DASHBOARD, 399
DEAGGLOMERATION, 20 168
224 408
DEBONDING, 117 141 172 214
283 294 321 322 325 390 408
415 494 496 497
DECOMPOSITION, 1 2 203 366
420
DEFORMATION, 5 118 122 126
134 169 214 224 225 252 267
321 322 324 325 331 373 376
381 382 390 391 404 415 476
485 490 505
DEGRADATION, 43 53 54 56 98
111 122 131 173 184 222 255
296 303 333 335 386 475 508
DEGREE OF DISPERSION, 5 6 7
57 150 170 182 186 194 247
289 442 465
DELAMINATION, 80 147 252 322
441
DENSITY, 47 53 70 168 205 214
278 286 290 303 329 364 365
368 404 408 428
DENTAL APPLICATION, 167
DEPTH PROFILING, 93
DEVELOPMENT, 25 77 191 262
343 433 452 482
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, 473
DICHROISM, 29 33 38 76
DIE, 4 90 270 307 322
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, 235 259
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES, 171
249 259 456
DIENE RUBBER, 22
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING
CALORIMETRY, 11 23 30 36
37 39 74 82 90 102 124 127
128 153 165 173 180 209 216
230 255 257 266 276 299 308
322 335 338 348 351 360 366
372 374 392 393 415 435 480
492 497
DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL
ANALYSIS, 11 23 30 36 37 39
74 82 90 102 124 127 128 153
165 173 180 209 216 230 255
257 266 276 299 308 322 335
338 348 351 360 366 372 374
392 393 415 435 461 480 492
497
DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE
SPECTROSCOPY, 369
DIFFUSION, 312 322
53 77 82 205 303
DISCOLOURATION, 53 98 275
DISPERSIBILITY, 22 78 79 95
115 123 311 313 381 432 449
DISPERSING AGENT, 6 7 137
156 167 182 196 367 372 473
DISPERSION, 3 5 6 7 8 17 20 22
31 34 40 43 49 70 80 85 86 101
117 137 147 154 155 156 168
170 182 186 194 214 215 224
225 258 275 283 291 292 293
296 297 311 312 313 314 315
325 330 355 358 367 368 381
382 384 386 387 396 397 404
408 415 426 430 449 450 454
456 458 473 476 478 493 505
DISPERSION COEFFICIENT, 123
168
DISPERSIVE MIXING, 49 358
DISPERSIVITY, 5 6 7 57 150 170
182 186 194 247 289 353 371
387 442 465 468 506
DISSOCIATION ENERGY, 339
DOLOMITE, 66 364 367 368 428
DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 205
297 303 398
DOOR PANEL, 77
DOUBLE CANTILEVER BEAM
143

TEST, 141 413
DOUBLE TORSION TEST, 434
DOWNGAUGE, 275 297
DRAWING, 253 322 325 446
DRY BLEND, 53 275 415 462
DRYING, 79 339
DUCTILE, 390 505
DUCTILE FAILURE, 283 466
DUCTILE-BRITTLE
TRANSITION, 322 390 446
DUCTILITY, 214 248 325 407 446
505
DUCTING, 375
DURABILITY, 428
DUST, 219 362
DUST-FREE, 430
DYNAMIC FATIGUE, 363 497
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
ANALYSIS, 23 35 45 96 112
169 170 180 187 309 326
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES, 16 23 35 45 54
68 96 105 107 109 112 122 145
154 168 169 170 178 180 183
224 242 253 264 286 309 311
312 313 314 326 339 347 365
380 381 382 404 415 421 430
436 476 477 488 500 501
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
THERMAL ANALYSIS, 74
415 434
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 16 23
35 45 54 68 94 96 105 107 109
112 122 138 145 153 154 156
168 169 170 178 180 183 187
193 224 242 253 264 286 309
311 312 313 314 326 339 342
379 382 404
E ENDOTHERMIC, 206 299 360
E-MODULUS, 39 142 143 169 214
245 253 319
EARTHMOVER TYRE, 78 379
ELASTIC MODULUS, 39 111 138
142 143 169 170 183 202 214
245 248 253 267 275 283 306
312 319 321 325 326 352 364
373 378 381 382 394 404 414
415 416 417 418 425 443 467
476 484 486 487
ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 22 54 68
131 169 174 183 199 214 224
242 253 286 309 312 338 401
ELASTICITY, 17 43 98 111 182
183 248 350 365 425 467
ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 53
66 111 171 240 249 259 327
334 406 456
144
Subject Index
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY,
77 171 195 240 259 364 365
368 386 387 422
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 2 53
111 171 195 235 240 249 259
286 312 327 364 365 368 386
387 447 456
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, 111
171 286 296 312 365
ELECTRON BEAM CURING,
378
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION, 253
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 9 17
27 29 37 61 74 90 100 108 127
137 145 158 186 207 215 264
273 305 307 329 332 335 433
454
ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 77
249 334 509
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING,
75 140
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 328
408
ELONGATION, 27 54 55 80 98
170 185 195 196 200 215 231
256 275 287 291 294 302 309
310 334 339 356 373 389 412
430 435 457 471 473 476
ELONGATION AT BREAK, 3 27
39 43 48 53 95 98 111 129 142
143 155 169 201 208 311 313
321 322 334 382 393 399 405
407 410 449 451 461 465 477
480 487 499 506
EMBRITTLEMENT, 111
EMISSION, 380 408
EMULSION POLYMERISATION,
24 34 112 350
ENCAPSULATION, 24 144 150
250 414 443 509
366
ENERGY ABSORPTION, 141 183
283 324 325 415 416 454
ENERGY AT BREAK, 98 390
ENERGY CONSERVATION, 115
159 160 164
ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 22 54
355 380 465
ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY
ANALYSIS, 408
ENERGY DISSIPATION, 28 143
286 382 404 496
ENERGY RELEASE RATE, 319
325 460
ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 1
66 141 202 324 364 408 441
ENVIRONMENT, 128 159 255
334 380 408
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
EPOXY NOVOLAC RESIN, 363
EPOXY RESIN, 7 74 96 101 146
149 172 202 226 230 242 318
334 363 389 413 423 434 440
447 457 460 494 504 507
ETHYL ACRYLATE
COPOLYMER, 392
ETHYLENE BUTENE
COPOLYMER, 198 407
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
COPOLYMER, 150 206 211
254 267 334 373 414 443 463
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
RUBBER, 211
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-
DIENE TERPOLYMER, 4 16
27 78 98 183 193 233 235 259
276 310 334 430 449 482 493
500 501
ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE
COPOLYMER, 231 233 301
333 334 400 415 474 475
EXFOLIATION, 3 5 8 9 64 75 202
283
EXOTHERM, 299 363 366
EXPOSURE TIME, 53 54 111 303
408
EXTENDER, 84 174 183 291 297
312 380 382
EXTRUDER, 1 47 80 83 88 129
155 162 166 188 194 322 403
407
EXTRUSION, 1 4 20 52 54 80 87
88 98 111 129 130 131 162 166
182 188 196 210 214 216 253
266 267 275 285 286 288 296
299 307 308 312 322 325 336
340 350 351 355 364 373 407
441 493
EXTRUSION BLOWING, 275 407
EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING, 1
47 214 267 373 408
EXTRUSION MIXING, 20 162
214 267 325 358 373 408
F
FAILURE, 117 119 141 245 278
283 311 315 322 324 325 356
363 364 376 390 408 414 415
416 444 453 460 466 474 476
490 495 496 498
FALLING DART, 275 473
FALLING WEIGHT, 155 324 325
441 454 468 493
FASCIA, 205 390
FATIGUE, 125 193 363 365 412
449 477 496 497
FATIGUE STRENGTH, 149

FATTY ACID, 56 86 367 430
FIBRE, 75 141 178 205 223
FIBRE GLASS, 178 210
FIBRE ORIENTATION, 22 324
FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC,
178 205
FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER,
54
FIBROSIS, 219
FIBROUS FILLER, 141 364 510
FILLER DISTRIBUTION, 155 161
224 225 259 275 283 291 381
FILM, 1 29 36 51 52 66 77 87 88
143 225 266 269 275 297 316
322 336 407 452 473
FIRE RESISTANCE, 47 206 375
FIRE RETARDANT, 360
FLAKE, 1 376 393
FLAME PROOFING, 66 86 111
128 171 182 206 231 259 327
333 334
FLAME PROPAGATION, 206 366
FLAME RETARDANT, 66 86 111
128 182 206 231 259 327 333
334 363 365 366 368 400 423
FLAMMABILITY, 1 53 59 60 87
111 128 165 171 182 206 259
327 363 365 366 368 375 400
FLEX CRACK, 293 365 377
FLEXIBILITY, 36 92 293 323 409
FLEXOMETER, 43 381
FLEXURAL CREEP, 149
FLEXURAL FATIGUE, 363
FLEXURAL MODULUS, 5 55 67
72 96 205 255 267 283 290 331
364 373 385 399 415 441 486
493 507
FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 1 5 10
20 40 53 55 56 64 67 72 75 77
83 87 89 96 101 111 112 114
124 125 149 165 168 172 183
205 214 242 255 264 267 279
283 284 285 290 293 297 301
324 331 337 347 352 373 381
382 385 398 407 409 415 431
434 441 443 460 469 472 485
486 493 496 497 504 507
FLEXURAL STRENGTH, 40 64
67 72 83 96 124 149 172 183
242 264 279 290 324 373 408
415 441 477 486 507
FLOCCULATION, 312
FLOORING, 53 92 296 300 375
FLOW, 43 111 137 155 182 194
213 284 321 373 426 427 473
FLUOROCARBON RUBBER, 183
FLUOROPOLYMER, 140
FOAM, 178 205 290 303 474
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
FOOD-CONTACT
APPLICATION, 296
FOOD PACKAGING, 50 87
FORMULATION, 33 41 63 79 121
131 152 156 162 164 183 187
251 265 288 327 337 342 345
385 424 439
FOURIER TRANSFORM
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY,
8 11 27 38 86 90 93 102 120
127 128 141 209 281 317 328
351 360 369 374 395
FRACTAL, 78 79 386 422
FRACTOGRAPHY, 118 283 325
488
FRACTURE, 72 74 133 141 144
172 182 195 201 214 216 236
239 248 251 252 263 270 278
283 294 321 322 324 325 348
352 356 363 364 373 376 383
390 402 408 409 413 415 416
422 431 446 453 457 458 460
466 472 474 494 496 497 507
FRACTURE ENERGY, 72 141 214
283 363 373 416 434
FRACTURE MECHANICS, 141
144 283 324
FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 3
21 32 74 78 79 113 119 132 136
142 193 195 196 201 216 222
236 255 264 266 273 278 282
284 288 321 332 333
FRACTURE SURFACE, 40 141
146 214 259 283 322 324 325
390 408 410 415 434 453 458
466 493 496 504
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 72 96
141 144 239 261 283 324 325
358 363 364 390 413 414 416
444 460
FRICTION, 221 239 332
FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 88
245 275
FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES, 239
275 355 379 380 381 407 473
FUEL CONSUMPTION, 54 115
159 160 164 350 379 380 432
FULLERENE, 2 75
FUMED SILICA, 7 29 46 61 68
153 291 365
FUNCTIONAL FILLER, 163
FUNCTIONALISATION, 100 142
202 217 283 286 299
FUNCTIONALITY, 219 286 309
415 476
FURNACE BLACK, 2 286 342
448
FURNITURE, 66
G
GAMMA-IRRADIATION, 181
192 235 475
GAS ABSORPTION, 473
GAS ADSORPTION, 17 153
GAS BLACK, 448
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 21
315 367
GAS PERMEABILITY, 44 47 64
266 336 364 365
GEL, 157 202 329 349
GEL PERMEATION
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 59 196
305 335 338 339 356
GELLING, 111 202 363
GEOLOGY, 232
GLASS, 57 495 498
GLASS BEAD, 141 333 363 364
366 367 457 467
GLASS FIBRE, 178 210 479 508
GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 178 205 210 324
363 437 479
GLASS TRANSITION
TEMPERATURE, 11 39 46 60
74 141 149 169 170 183 202
276 292 338 363 381 415 421
447
GLOSS, 53 275 300 364 399 452
483
GOUGE RESISTANCE, 10 72
GRAFT, 23 40 90 105 127 170 217
281 451
GRANULE, 306 449
GRAPHITE, 229
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 36
192 203 245
GREEN STRENGTH, 46 78 91
425
GREEN TYRE, 123 131 168 174
191
GRINDING, 368 374 449 481
GYPSUM, 111 368
H
HARDNESS, 12 43 53 54 57 62 70
72 79 98 118 126 143 154 168
171 199 200 291 309 310 313
338 339 368 380 381 382 404
408 410 423 430 449 475 477
493 509
HAZE, 275
HEALTH HAZARD, 135 177 218
219 334 361 362 368 408 422
456
HEAT AGEING, 53 54 108 111
303
145

HEAT BUILD-UP, 43 54 169 193
293 310 380 430 438 477
HEAT DEFLECTION
TEMPERATURE, 7 55 64 67
87 208 267 279 373 441
HEAT DEGRADATION, 11 36 45
53 56 60 82 111 173 203 206
235 243 333
HEAT DISTORTION
TEMPERATURE, 5 128
HEAT INSULATION, 303
HEAT RESISTANCE, 1 5 7 8 11
36 56 59 60 64 87 111 128 141
165 173 192 203 205 221 243
276 333 342 430
HEAT STABILISER, 183 243 253
HEAT STABILITY, 5 7 8 36 56 64
HEAT TRANSFER, 206 407 427
HEAT TREATMENT, 11 133 214
312 322 357 369 382 404 416
HEAVY-VEHICLE TYRE, 54 78
121 160 164 187 191 310 312
313 345
HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE, 37 52 88
100 114 119 126 129 133 142
162 198 199 209 210 216 254
257 266 282 285 297 300 317
322 336 340 352 364 378 394
407 409 429 431 458 466 473
499 505
HIGH IMPACT
POLYPROPYLENE, 469
HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE,
334 364
HIGH MODULUS, 22 202 310
313
HIGH-SPEED, 283 462 468
HIGH TEMPERATURE, 141 312
324 339 381 382 388
HIGHLY-FILLED, 98 111 255 275
315 363 444
HOT WATER RESISTANCE, 408
HOUSEWARE, 297
HUMID AGEING, 54 303
HUMIDITY, 249 303 339
HUNTITE, 366 368
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 243 375
HYDROLYSIS, 106 111 170 291
314 329 339 360 363 367 408
HYDROMAGNESITE, 206
HYDROPHILIC, 8 22 24 46 247
280 291 419
HYDROPHOBIC, 24 46 98 111
148 168 280 291 314 353 384
396 419 502
HYDROPHOBISATION, 92 207
HYSTERESIS, 3 12 22 31 54 94
146
Subject Index
95 138 143 164 169 183 187
242 309 311 312 313 330 332
338 380 381 382 404 425 432
445 451
I MOULDING, 18
IGNITION, 206 366
IMAGE ANALYSIS, 155 194 225
278 330 449 454 468
IMMERSION, 86 111 148 255
IMPACT, 89 319 376 409
IMPACT ENERGY, 325 373 454
IMPACT MODIFIER, 28 267 288
372 385 466
IMPACT PROPERTIES, 1 6 7 10
20 28 34 40 42 50 52 53 55 56
64 67 71 72 75 77 80 81 83 87
88 89 100 113 119 127 129 130
142 144 150 155 158 165 185
188 194 205 216 228 230 245
250 258 267 269 275 279 283
288 297 301 317 319 324 325
329 331 337 358 383 384 389
396 402 403 420 431 450 454
460 472 485 488 492 504 505
IMPACT RESISTANCE, 10 20 42
75 83 127 144 155 185 194 463
464
IMPACT STRENGTH, 1 6 7 28 34
40 42 53 55 56 64 67 71 72 80
83 87 88 100 127 142 144 150
158 185 194 205 228 245 258
267 275 279 283 297 301 324
325 329 331 352 364 373 378
383 384 385 390 398 399 405
407 414 415 416 429 441 443
458 459 466 468 469 473 493
505
IMPURITY, 368 438 462
IN SITU POLYMERISATION, 16
58 221 377
INCANDESCENCE, 366
INCINERATION, 380
INCOMPATIBILITY, 338 415
INDENTATION, 72 126
INFRARED DICHROISM, 33
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 8
11 27 29 38 74 86 90 93 102
120 127 141 181 192 209 281
317 323 326 328 335 338 351
367 374 388 389 408 417 481
INITIATOR, 58 281
INJECTION MOULD, 324 364
373 408 427 441 473 493 496
497
INJECTION MOULDED, 53 236
319
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
INJECTION MOULDING, 1 22 26
55 86 117 125 166 180 182 205
214 216 261 267 283 285 297
299 324 325 347 351 376 378
399 437
INJECTION STRETCH BLOW
INSTRUMENT PANEL, 205
INSULATION, 53 111 303 342
INTENSIVE MIXING, 312 339
INTERACTION, 22 24 30 31 33
40 54 86 100 132 138 143 157
168 169 170 211 212 224 261
286 299 304 311 312 313 364
369 381 382 387 420 453 456
476 480 500 501
INTERCALATION, 3 6 8 11 64 65
97 128 289 292
INTERFACE, 2 118 211 252 258
264 283 315 391 405 444
INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 3 13
23 33 148 172 180 201 206 214
261 283 301 319 322 325 352
363 364 365 390 408 414 415
416 418 443 451 453 458 470
490 494 495 498 505
INTERFACIAL AGENT, 23 116
158
INTERFACIAL BONDING, 34
201 264 365 415
INTERFACIAL INTERACTION,
40 100 157 211 212 388 394
415 421 445
INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA,
157 211 212
INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 30
34 40 99 100 105 106 136 157
198 211 212 224 256 264 270
276 283 317 323 409 417 431
453 457 478 484 485 486 487
495 498
INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRESS,
214 283
INTERFACIAL STRENGTH, 211
315 322 408
INTERFACIAL STRUCTURE, 2
211 212
INTERFACIAL TENSION, 275
415
INTERLAMINAR SHEAR, 202
416
INTERMESHING ROTOR, 15 155
INTERNAL LUBRICANT, 98 299
INTERNAL MIXER, 4 15 43
INTERNAL MIXING, 4 111 380
381 475
INTERPARTICLE DISTANCE,
225 382 404

INTERPHASE, 99 283 367 458
490
INTUMESCENCE, 206
INVERSE GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 21 315
367 433 478
IRON COMPOUND, 24
IRRADIATION RESISTANCE, 475
ISOPROPOXYTITANIUM
ISOSTEARATE, 24
ISOPROPYL TRIISOSTEAROYL
TITANATE, 419
ISOTACTIC, 214 416 418 506
ISOTHERMAL, 91 104 299 351
367
ISOTROPY, 125 225 303 306 324
IZOD, 53 155 267 373 390 415 441
458 466 493
J LOW TEMPERATURE, 1 53 111
J-INTEGRAL, 133 236 283
K 299 499
KAOLIN, 25 98 111 112 136 163
171 199 232 233 262 310 320
352 364 365 366 368 408 411
473 482 506
KAOLINITE, 296 368 502
L MAGNESIUM ALUMINATE, 461
LAMELLAR, 21 98 206 325 443
488
LAMINAR STRUCTURE, 214
LAMINATED FILM, 322
LAMP BLACK, 448
LASER DIFFRACTION, 17 168
441
LASER SCANNING ANALYSIS,
408
LATEX, 291
LEAD CARBOXYLATE, 253
LEAD STEARATE, 252 278
LEGISLATION, 177
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 380
LIGHT DEGRADATION, 209 316
LIGHT STABILISER, 316
LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 275
LIMESTONE, 495
LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX, 53
111 206 366
LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE
MECHANICS, 261 283 418
460
LINEAR LOW, 275 322 355 364
407 473
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
Subject Index
LINOLEUM, 92
LITHIUM ALUMINIUM
HYDRIDE, 168
LITHIUM ALUMINIUM
SILICATE, 509
LLDPE, 66 71 88 297 334
LOAD BEARING, 319 352 407
LOADING, 27 43 120 169 267 283
324 325 333 373 390 415 423
444 460 463 475
LOSS MODULUS, 35 45 46 109
145 156 169 170 224 309 312
328 381 382 404
LOSS TANGENT, 45 46 109 138
145 156 169 170 183 224 309
312 328 382 404 421 425 476
LOW DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE, 51 104 182
248 266 275 322 334 355 364
392 394 401 402 407 473
141 312 324 374 381 382
LOW VISCOSITY, 22 98 168 381
LUBRICANT, 98 116 158 182 243
M MELT FLOW INDEX, 127 214
MACHINERY, 1 66 83 88 162 166
188 194 296 322 324 407 427
454
MAGNESITE, 206
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, 366
367 368 462
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, 86
99 114 158 171 206 222 231
236 250 263 284 327 333 334
360 364 365 366 367 368 391
397 400 414 443
MAGNESIUM OXIDE, 360 363
430
MAGNESIUM SILICATE, 32 66
206 304
MAGNESIUM STEARATE, 114
391
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 289 292
414 416 418 443 463 464
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
COPOLYMER, 49 453
MAR RESISTANCE, 10
MARBLE, 318 440
MARINE APPLICATION, 255
MARSHALLITE, 226
MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 11 128
332 360 367
MASTERBATCH, 1 152 182 205
291 380 473
MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 31
47 92 111 123 159 163 191 204
206 262 286 310 345 350 357
404 452 479 510
MATERIALS SELECTION, 342
374
MATRIX, 1 17 150 201 280 315
328 351 393 414 418 429 443
444 450 453 457 458 460 463
466 480 486 487 495 496 498
505
MECHANICAL DEGRADATION,
99
MECHANICAL PART, 98
MECHANISM, 2 11 95 99 143 193
218 219 228 239 321 332 333
352 376 390 391 409 414 426
460 466 496 497 505
MECHANOCHEMICAL
DEGRADATION, 312
MEDIUM-DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE, 86 397 407
MELT COMPOUNDING, 20 64 83
360
MELT FLOW, 82 90 111 125 182
231 373 427
267 299 325 347 373 463
MELT FLOW RATE, 334 459
MELT MIXING, 49 173 292
MELT PRESSURE, 355 407
MELT PROCESSING, 64 80 87
MELT PROPERTIES, 48 49 64 97
MELT RHEOLOGY, 48 49 64 182
MELT STRENGTH, 275
MELT TEMPERATURE, 214 324
335 355 407 427
MELT VISCOSITY, 48 49 90 178
427 463 493
MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 127
214 267 299 325
MERCAPTOPROPYL-
TRIMETHOXYSILANE, 12 33
170 241 291 377 430
MERCAPTOSILANE, 170 291
430
MESOPHASE, 30
METALLOCENE, 28 205 331
MICA, 1 17 23 29 36 67 71 105
107 125 140 141 165 166 173
178 185 222 230 266 279 290
363 364 368 376 378 390 399
406 408 410 416 418 441 447
473 496 497 499 508
MICA FLAKE, 23 416
MICA-REINFORCED, 23 390 399
416 441 473 496 497
MICROCRACK, 322
147

MICROFIBRIL, 325
MICROGRAPHY, 70 90 91 120
161 418
MICROLAYER, 197 322
MICROMECHANICS, 30 117 179
MICRONISED, 493
MICROPHASE SEPARATION,
145 491
MICROSPHERE, 364 495 498
MICROSTRESS, 457
MICROSTRUCTURE, 22 28 144
174 273 283 312 338 456
MICROVOID, 390
MIGRATION, 1 93 98 268 291 323
MILLING, 43 280
MINERAL FILLER, 10 34 36 40
48 53 55 56 67 71 72 75 83 84
92 93 98 100 111 116 127 133
144 148 178 182 205 206 209
214 223 225 227 258 267 275
283 285 299 300 308 310 318
324 352 355 363 364 365 366
367 368 373 400 407 408 415
416 427 430 441 443 452 453
454 458 462 466 467 468 469
473 476 477 478 479 480 482
490 493 496 497 506
MINERAL-REINFORCED, 245
355 407
MIXER, 15 47 155 454
MIXING, 4 15 20 22 37 42 43 49
53 54 62 70 90 111 121 131 155
156 162 168 173 182 191 194
196 214 225 259 267 278 286
291 292 293 296 302 303 309
310 311 312 313 325 338 339
345 346 350 356 358 365 367
373 380 381 382 386 388 404
408 415 425 428 454 462 465
468 477
MIXING ENERGY, 22 291
MIXING TIME, 278 286 291 310
312 338 339 454
MODIFICATION, 21 47 79 92 95
105 158 169 170 207 286 299
314 456
MODIFIED, 84 293 315 419 505
MODIFIER, 84 87 158 188 207
353 372 419 431 464
MODULUS, 22 28 57 94 98 122
125 138 141 168 169 170 190
291 309 310 311 313 322 330
339 363 380 381 382 390 398
430 455 458 475 476 493 496
MOISTURE, 291 339
MOISTURE CONTENT, 123 339
365
MONODISPERSE, 170 299
MONOLAYER, 367 419
148
Subject Index
MONSANTO RHEOMETER, 326
404
MONTMORILLONITE, 5 6 8 9 11
18 36 44 49 60 66 80 95 128
202 368
MOONEY SCORCH, 339
MOONEY VISCOSITY, 27 41 43
78 98 121 168 291 309 311 312
313 339 381 382 430 477
MOULDING, 22 26 71 86 90 98
129 179 185 214 222 261 303
307 310 322 324 326 340 363
427
MOULDING COMPOUND, 53 54
75 193 330
MULTILAYER, 9 322 367 419
MUSCOVITE, 368 416
N OIL, 53 183 291 312 380 382
NANOCOMPOSITE, 1 3 5 6 7 8 9
11 18 22 36 44 45 47 49 50 58
59 60 64 65 66 75 77 80 87 96
110 128 163 202 205
NANOFILLER, 1 5 6 7 8 9 18 22
36 47 49 50 64 69 75 77 87 96
NANOLAYER, 322
NANOSTRUCTURE, 2 22 164
202
NANOTUBE, 2 50 75 77
NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED
PLASTIC, 205
NATURAL RUBBER, 12 22 54 57
69 108 120 122 137 164 170
183 184 200 204 212 220 251
265 268 286 293 310 311 312
313 314 330 338 345 350 379
388 425 428 430 436 439 449
475 476 477 491 501
NECKING, 322 446
NEOALKOXY TITANATE, 14
NEOALKOXY ZIRCONATE, 14
NEOPRENE, 78 183 310
NETWORK, 17 29 73 138 281 311
381 382 386 404 445 476
NEUTRALISATION, 79 229 272
NEUTRON SCATTERING, 329
NITRILE RUBBER, 78 98 169 183
286 326 430
NITROSAMINE, 428
NOISE INSULATION, 501
NOTCH, 236 324 325 376 390 413
416 459 468
NOTCHED IMPACT STRENGTH,
53 267 373 390 415 416 441
443 458 466
NOVOLAC RESIN, 124 363
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
RESONANCE, 128 151 157
212 267 281 314 332 367 373
387
NUCLEATING AGENT, 104 206
283 299 305 316 325
NUCLEATION, 206 214 274 283
284 299 303 304 308 322 325
351 393 492 497
NYLON, 1 9 61 75 77 87 202 233
300 324 333 479 483
NYLON 12, 128
NYLON 6, 1 5 6 47 55 64 67 75 77
80 87 128 202 324 333 336
NYLON 66, 1 264 333 408 441
479
O
ODOUR REDUCTION, 205
OIL ABSORPTION, 223 313 365
368
OIL EXTENSION, 183 291 312
380 382
OIL RESISTANCE, 53
OIL SHALE, 37
OPACITY, 275 355 473
OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 20 38
155 168 299 444 449
OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 1 29 51
53 76 87 275 355 364 365 368
390 473
OPTICAL TRANSMISSION, 155
ORGANIC-INORGANIC
COMPOSITE, 95 97 128 145
170 202
ORGANOCLAY COMPOUND, 5
6 8 9 18 50 80
ORGANOSILANE, 33 286 350
ORGANOSILICONE POLYMER,
128 152 246
ORGANOTITANATE, 367
ORIENTATION, 3 29 33 38 76 87
95 225 253 283 284 322 340
376 390 393 394 470
ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT, 121
159 191
ORMOSIL, 202
OUTDOOR APPLICATION, 209
OXIDATION, 108 209 218 219
366 388 395 461
OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION,
108 184 218 219 366 388 395
OXIRANE COPOLYMER, 260
OXYGEN INDEX, 53 111 206 333
366 368 400
OXYGEN PERMEABILITY, 5 9
18 64 87 197 336
 Subject Index
OZONE DEGRADATION, 388 PENDULUM TEST, 275 373 390
OZONE RESISTANCE, 365 475 416
491 PERCOLATION, 306 386 467
PERMEABILITY, 5 9 18 44 47 64
140 197 234 364 378
P PEROXIDE VULCANISATION,
PACKAGING, 1 47 50 66 77 269 183 259 428
297 407 473 PH, 291 313 365 367 408 438
PACKAGING FILM, 1 66 77 407 PHASE BEHAVIOUR, 97 145 328
473 393 414
PACKING FRACTION, 364 PHASE BOUNDARY, 291
PAINT, 66 PHASE SEPARATION, 97 145
PANEL, 375 304 415 491
PAPER, 66 163 269 355 PHASE STRUCTURE, 97 101
PARTICLE, 17 22 141 167 201 224 PHENOLIC RESIN, 124 221 363
253 255 278 322 325 352 413 PHLOGOPITE, 368 416
417 429 444 453 454 478 505 PHOSPHATE, 367 398 458 505
PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION, 203 PHOTOCHEMICAL
283 393 DEGRADATION, 316
PARTICLE GROWTH, 202 PHOTOMICROGRAPHY, 70 90
PARTICLE MORPHOLOGY, 2 22 91 120 161
34 53 203 267 333 366 458 PHOTOOXIDATION, 209 389
PARTICLE MOTION, 168 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 44 48
PARTICLE PACKING, 364 368 65 66 154 174 181 187 220 247
PARTICLE SEPARATION, 414 257 262 273 296 299 306 310
PARTICLE SHAPE, 20 67 92 172 311 313 320 327 370 375 377
201 214 333 334 364 365 368 379 395 396 397 398 424 438
414 443 507 439 448 485 489
PARTICLE SIZE, 1 4 17 20 22 24 PHYSICOCHEMICAL
34 37 42 50 53 71 72 92 98 111 PROPERTIES, 247 277 298
122 136 141 144 146 150 168 412 481
170 172 176 181 201 203 206 PHYSICOMECHANICAL
214 215 216 222 224 225 228 PROPERTIES, 92 207 238 277
235 243 246 248 252 259 264 PIGMENT, 53 298 300 355 364
267 273 275 278 282 289 291 367 368 448 473 482
296 297 302 310 311 321 325 PIPE, 210 300 375
333 334 337 338 347 355 363 PLASTICISER, 8 30 43 53 98 111
364 365 366 368 373 374 380 142 171 183 253 301 309 430
384 385 396 406 407 408 413 449 455
415 416 418 421 423 429 430 PLASTICITY, 22 70 152
434 438 441 442 443 449 450 PLASTICITY RETENTION
452 454 457 458 459 462 466 INDEX, 108
467 468 469 473 479 481 493 PLATY FILLER, 364 365 368
494 504 507 POLARITY, 22 98 110 286 291
PARTICLE SIZE 312 365 408 415 502
DISTRIBUTION, 34 130 144 POLYACETAL, 1 364
164 168 170 201 228 255 282 POLYACETYLENE, 240 274 328
300 318 332 368 407 426 449 POLYACRYLATE, 202
462 POLYALKENE, 1 10 28 45 55 63
PARTICLE STRUCTURE, 2 22 66 77 89 99 104 105 125 129
150 142 147 180 182 210 228 258
PARTICULATE, 117 118 129 255 279 282 285 289 292 297 308
261 306 321 325 358 365 366 319 320 331 334
383 444 460 POLYALKOXYSILOXANE, 314
PASSENGER TYRE, 78 286 309 POLYAMIDE, 1 9 61 75 77 87 202
311 312 313 380 233 300 324 333 360 364 408
PEEL STRENGTH, 46 322 355 441 479 483
471 POLYAMIDE-12, 128
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
POLYAMIDE-6, 1 5 6 47 55 64 67
75 77 80 87 128 202 324 333
360
POLYAMIDE-6,6, 360 408 441
479
POLYBUTADIENE, 3 95 109 170
183 204 280 286 309 311 312
338 339 350 359 367 380 381
382 404 430 432 503
POLYBUTYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE, 48 364
441 469 508
POLYCAPROAMIDE, 5 6 55 64
67 80
POLYCAPROLACTAM, 5 6 55 64
67 80
POLYCAPROLACTONE, 58 202
POLYCARBONATE, 77 165 322
POLYCHLOROPRENE, 78 183
310
POLYDIENE, 3 22 204 281
POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE,
17 29 76 107 153 170 176 202
203 215 224 246
POLYEPICHLOROHYDRIN, 183
467
POLYEPOXIDE, 7 74 96 101 146
149 172 202 226 230 242 318
334
POLYESTER RESIN, 189 479
POLYETHER-ETHERKETONE,
141
POLYETHER KETONE, 202 240
POLYETHER SULPHONE, 7 141
POLYETHERIMIDE, 77 128
POLYETHOXYMETHYLSILOXANE,
314
POLYETHYLENE, 32 37 51 52 66
71 86 87 88 100 104 114 118
119 126 129 133 142 162 163
166 182 185 198 199 209 210
216 233 240 244 245 248 254
257 266 275 282 285 288 297
300 306 317 320 322 334 336
340 352 355 364 369 378 392
394 397 400 401 402 407 409
429 431 455 458 465 466 473
499 500 503
POLYETHYLENE OXIDE, 128
POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE, 1 9 18 26
47 77 87 196 197 233 364 508
POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 141
POLYIMIDE, 36 106 202 329
POLYISOPRENE, 91 102 183 310
380 412
POLYMERIC COMPATIBILISER,
415
149

POLYMERIC COUPLING
AGENT, 127 367
POLYMERIC DISPERSANT, 182
367
POLYMERIC FILLER, 141 336
364
POLYMERIC PROCESSING AID,
182 314
POLYMETHYL
METHACRYLATE, 11 24 34
57 87 315 363 421 434
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE,
34
POLYOLEFIN, 1 10 28 45 55 63
66 77 89 99 104 105 125 129
142 147 180 182 210 228 258
279 282 285 289 292 297 308
319 320 331 334 352 369 378
391 409 437 459 463 464 481
499 500 502
POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER, 493
POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 17
29 76 107 128 152 153 170 176
246
POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 324
364
POLYPHENYLENE SULPHIDE,
324 340 364
POLYPROPYLENE, 6 10 18 20 23
28 40 45 47 49 51 56 63 66 67
75 82 87 89 90 93 99 104 105
113 116 117 125 127 128 134
142 144 150 155 158 166 178
180 188 194 195 205 206 210
213 214 223 227 228 236 240
250 254 256 258 261 263 267
276 277 283 284 287 289 292
294 299 300 302 305 308 316
319 321 322 324 325 328 333
334 335 340 347 348 351 352
364 372 373 383 384 389 391
393 396 398 399 401 402 403
411 414 415 416 417 418 420
427 437 441 442 443 450 454
459 463 464 468 469 470 471
472 481 482 483 484 485 486
487 488 489 490 492 493 496
497
POLYSILOXANE, 128 152 182
202 246 249 314 329
POLYSTYRENE, 59 68 87 128
147 285 300 334 359 364 421
453 480 502
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE,
141
POLYURETHANE, 22 46 87 143
173 249 290 303 304 376 428
455 493
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER,
150
Subject Index
22 493
POLYVINYL ACETATE, 136 202
295 421
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 8 34 39
53 81 92 111 130 171 201 210
233 241 243 252 253 278 288
300 301 323 334 337 364 385
401 455 462 489
POLYVINYL ESTER, 255 363 375
POROSITY, 51 181 192 202 273
278 456 471 495 498
POTTING COMPOUND, 406 509
POWDER, 79 140 141 159 258
297 349 406 449
PRECIPITATED, 247 278 368 423
461 475
PRECIPITATED SILICA, 22 30 31
62 79 123 143 152 168 187 225
291 309 310 338 345 349 365
369 377 379 381 430 432 439
449 451 477
PRECIPITATION, 46 115 207 291
374
PRESSURE MOULDING, 326
PRETREATMENT, 148 479 482
PRICE, 66 160 163 191 297
PRINTABILITY, 275 473
PRINTING, 355 473
PROCESSABILITY, 4 31 56 111
115 165 168 275 293 311 312
313 350 365 381 406 428 476
477 489
PROCESSING, 1 14 27 52 56 66
80 86 99 125 129 158 178 180
198 222 277 285 288 292 293
296 316 333 341 348 355 356
358 363 365 367 370 376 378
420 422 437 449 454 456
PROCESSING AID, 31 53 131 137
182 234 293 314 350 363 430
PRODUCTION, 66 163 210 333
349 354 422 448
PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 40
49 55 83 89 127 206 230 236
267 372 468 469 482
PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE
COPOLYMER, 206 211 254
PUNCTURE RESISTANCE, 275
297
PURITY, 2 206 296 315 320 333
PYROGENIC, 22 349
PYROLYSIS, 37 274 360 366
Q 428 433 439 445 448 456 465
QUALITY, 121 343 371 448 450
QUARTZ, 66 171 218 219 255 296
364 368 444 507
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
R
RADIAL TYRE, 379
RADIATION CURING, 181 235
378
RADIATOR HOSE, 310
RAILWAY APPLICATION, 334
REACTION INJECTION
MOULDING, 376 390
REACTIVE
COMPATIBILISATION, 158
REACTIVE FILLER, 163
REACTIVE PROCESSING, 99
158
REACTIVITY, 22 115 181 218 314
367 416
REBOUND, 169 309 313 338 377
382 404 430 477
RECYCLING, 142 243 254 380
REFRACTIVE INDEX, 368
REFRIGERATOR, 303
REGRESSION ANALYSIS, 175
267 373 380 438
REGULATION, 177 296
REINFORCED RUBBER, 22 30
33 54 57 69 78 79 95 108 109
145 151 170 246 386
REINFORCEMENT, 1 2 12 22 38
50 57 69 70 73 95 115 122 123
143 145 168 170 178 193 204
211 214 224 225 227 234 238
239 264 265 270 289 293 310
329 344 365 370 377 422 428
430 443 455 469 475 476
REINFORCEMENT THEORY,
445
REINFORCING AGENT, 27 98
109 178 227 262 312 432
REINFORCING FILLER, 2 10 19
22 33 54 69 79 95 143 145 168
170 175 176 178 214 227 264
286 365 368 381 382 404 406
RELAXATION TIME, 259 451
RESILIENCE, 20 152 169 183 285
338 350 370 410
RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING,
179
RESISTIVITY, 111 171 286 312
REVIEW, 14 15 25 65 69 75 106
122 139 157 163 208 212 217
218 219 220 222 227 229 233
239 240 262 270 271 272 273
277 293 329 332 341 342 343
344 349 356 362 386 387 422
491 501 508
RHEOLOGY, 1 4 22 27 41 43 46
48 49 53 56 58 64 68 70 94 98
 Subject Index
111 131 134 152 156 162 165 55 72 116 205 300 399 452 482
168 175 178 182 196 206 213 SCREW DESIGN, 80 83 155 162
214 264 266 267 275 285 291 194 407
299 304 307 309 311 312 313 SCREW SPEED, 155 194 355
314 325 338 339 356 375 463 SEA WATER, 255
491 499 SEAL, 98
RHEOMETER, 43 173 326 332 SECONDARY ION MASS
404 SPECTROSCOPY, 332 367
RHEOMETRY, 169 182 259 310 SELF IGNITION, 366
311 312 313 326 381 404 430 SELF-DRYING, 79 339
449 493 SELF-EXTINGUISHING, 111 128
RICE HUSK ASH, 27 120 200 403 SEPIOLITE, 304
RIGID, 53 303 414 462 505 SERPENTINE, 32 66
RIGIDITY, 66 364 SERVICE LIFE, 125 168 380
ROLLING RESISTANCE, 22 31 SHEAR, 58 111 259 404 416 426
54 78 115 121 123 159 160 164 466 497
168 169 191 286 309 311 312 SHEAR MODULUS, 35 170 183
313 314 332 338 339 350 379 306 328 330 404
380 381 382 404 424 432 SHEAR PROPERTIES, 134 182
ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 71 196 213 214 283 307 322 340
185 SHEAR RATE, 85 111 182 493
ROUGHENING, 355 SHEAR STRAIN, 382 404
ROUGHNESS, 46 53 54 164 225 SHEAR STRENGTH, 214 416
275 SHEAR STRESS, 182 214 283
RUBBER-MODIFIED, 267 434 SHEAR THINNING, 493
443 482 SHEAR VISCOSITY, 4 307 326
RUPTURE, 85 294 426 496 497 499
SHEET, 322 340 471
SHEETING, 87 152 300 307
S SHRINKAGE, 1 67 74 90 141 185
SAND, 181 248 222 363 394 427 473
SANDSTONE, 495 SHUNGITE, 195
SATURATED POLYESTER, 197 SIDING, 205
446 SILANE, 4 12 13 22 30 33 38 78
SCANNING ELECTRON 89 123 151 161 168 170 172
MICROSCOPY, 9 17 22 27 29 180 183 193 202 214 225 230
32 36 37 64 70 74 80 91 95 100 247 255 264 265 283 286 287
108 118 120 127 128 137 141 291 296 298 299 308 309 311
158 161 170 172 180 182 186 313 314 315 323 330 338 339
193 195 198 200 201 203 209 351 363 364 365 367 368 372
214 216 222 229 252 259 263 377 380 381 382 403 404 408
264 273 275 276 278 283 288 430 432 444 476 478 479 499
294 305 307 315 317 319 321 508
322 324 325 326 328 335 348 SILANISATION, 15 29 323 430
359 373 384 389 390 393 402 476 484
403 405 408 410 415 418 429 SILANOL GROUP, 143 168 202
431 434 435 447 454 458 460 314 367 404 430
466 471 474 480 492 493 494 SILICA, 3 4 7 12 13 15 16 19 22
496 497 504 505 506 507 27 29 30 31 33 35 38 41 46 51
SCANNING TUNNELLING 54 57 59 61 62 66 68 69 70 73
MICROSCOPY, 271 422 433 74 76 78 79 91 94 95 96 98 102
478 104 106 107 109 115 120 121
SCORCH, 259 291 312 313 314 123 135 136 137 138 139 143
339 430 145 149 151 152 153 154 156
SCORCH INHIBITOR, 350 159 160 161 167 168 169 170
SCORCH TIME, 27 259 291 312 171 172 174 175 176 177 181
313 314 339 183 186 187 190 191 192 193
SCRATCH RESISTANCE, 10 51 200 201 202 203 207 211 215
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
218 219 221 224 225 237 242
246 247 251 255 265 268 281
286 291 296 303 309 310 311
312 313 314 315 316 323 326
329 330 338 339 344 345 346
349 350 357 363 364 365 366
367 368 369 370 377 379 380
381 382 388 395 403 404 410
424 425 426 430 432 436 438
439 445 449 451 460 473 475
476 477 478 494 495 498 504
507
SILICATE, 1 3 21 34 44 58 66 71
75 82 83 89 93 98 103 116 128
140 147 171 181 195 247 292
329 365 367 368 408 428 483
502
SILICIC ACID, 79 296
SILICON CARBIDE, 178
SILICONE POLYMER, 128 152
182 202 246 249 314 329 426
SILICONE RUBBER, 70 103 152
153 170 175 176 183 186 224
346
SILICOSIS, 218
SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDER,
162 322 358
SKID RESISTANCE, 339 381 382
404
SKIN-CORE MORPHOLOGY,
497
SLURRY, 20 79 291
SMALL ANGLE X-RAY
SCATTERING, 79 145
SMECTITE, 75 163
SMOKE, 53 111 206 333 334 366
375 400
SMOKE SUPPRESSANT, 111 206
259 360 365 366
SNOW TRACTION, 314 381
SNOW TYRE, 115 286
SODIUM ALUMINIUM
HYDROXYCARBONATE, 366
368
SODIUM ALUMINIUM
SILICATE, 247
SODIUM ALUMINUM
HYDROXYCARBONATE, 366
368
SODIUM METASILICATE, 207
SODIUM SILICATE, 70 79
SOFTENING, 141 169
SOFTENING POINT, 22 165
SOFTENING TEMPERATURE,
46 53 267 373
SOL, 167 202 329
SOL-GEL, 12 16 50 69 74 145 161
170 176 202 323
151

SOLUBILITY, 31 36 110 111 197
202 291
SOLVENT RESISTANCE, 53 111
SOLVOLYSIS, 332 367
SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA, 117
168 224
SPECULAR GLOSS, 275
SPHERULITE, 214 283 299 325
SPINEL, 461
STABILISER, 81 171 183 243 252
253 300 389 473
STABILITY, 5 7 8 11 36 56 59 60
64 87 111 128 173 192 203 221
333 491
STANDARD, 300 332 347 375
STATIC, 125 149 319
STATIC DISSIPATION, 156
STATIC ELECTRICITY, 286
STATIC FATIGUE, 363 497
STATIC PROPERTIES, 193 325
STATISTICS, 1 50 66 87 160 163
191 205 230 300 350 354
STEARATE, 364 473
STEARIC ACID, 28 92 228 247
258 287 301 355 367 368 396
407 419 453 454 490
STEEL FIBRE-REINFORCED
RUBBER, 54
STICK-SLIP PROPERTIES, 141
239
STIFFNESS, 1 10 20 53 75 77 87
111 112 168 183 205 214 267
279 283 285 297 301 331 337
347 352 373 381 382 385 398
407 409 441 443 469 472 493
STORAGE MODULUS, 12 45 46
109 112 145 156 169 170 224
237 289 292 309 326 386 488
STRAIN, 33 58 68 122 126 129
138 143 168 169 194 214 245
270 275 283 309 311 322 325
381 382 390 404 413 415 416
418 476 496 497 505
STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE
RATE, 319 325 413 414 416
494
STRAIN HARDENING, 322 446
STRAIN RATE, 126 146 214 244
275 283 309 363 416 467
STRENGTH, 87 172 211 315 322
324 413 420 461 495 498
STRESS, 37 85 118 126 153 170
183 194 201 214 218 245 252
261 267 275 278 286 315 322
324 325 363 382 390 404 408
413 415 416 443 446 457 467
470 496 497 505
STRESS CONCENTRATION, 20
152
Subject Index
267 322 324 325 415 457 470
496
STRESS INTENSITY, 283 321 413
416 460 494
STRESS RELAXATION, 78 246
318 440
STRESS SOFTENING, 428
STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES,
13 26 27 29 33 35 38 46 61 68
76 134 136 154 169 170 179
189 195 201 215 244 245 275
285 291 294 309 311 312 313
315 328 329 340 356 359 382
390 401 404 425 431 438 444
445 447 449 467 471 472 474
476 477 488 507
STRESS TRANSFER, 214 283 325
453
STRESS WHITENING, 141
STRETCH BLOW MOULDING,
18
STRETCHING, 102 141 199 225
STRUCTURE-PROPERTY
RELATIONSHIP, 9 120 183
373
STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE
COPOLYMER, 260 322
STYRENE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER, 3 13 30 33 35 38 41
46 62 95 73 109 112 123 138
139 170 174 183 204 207 225
237 247 251 286 291 309 310
311 312 314 338 339 350 356
377 380 381 382 404 410 412
425 430 432 436 439 445 449
491 501
STYRENE-BUTADIENE-
STYRENE BLOCK
COPOLYMER, 208
STYRENE-ISOPRENE
COPOLYMER, 377
STYRENE-MALEIC
ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER,
453
SULPHUR, 12 183 259 338 339
430
SURFACE, 58 143 217 245 271
422
SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 6 7
56 84 97 132 137 148 156 162
167 182 196 247 261 291 298
303 311 327 330 395 396 411
470
SURFACE ACTIVITY, 157 168
183 286 312 338 342 350 415
478
SURFACE ANALYSIS, 168 367
422
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
SURFACE AREA, 21 22 24 54 78
91 94 115 122 164 168 175 201
224 309 311 312 313 332 338
342 364 365 366 367 368 370
374 377 380 382 404 415 419
423 430 438 439 441 443 449
462 473 476 477 490
SURFACE CHEMISTRY, 168 332
349 368 395 400 419 456
SURFACE COATING, 90 243
SURFACE CRACKING, 324
SURFACE DEGRADATION, 206
268
SURFACE ENERGY, 148 275 286
312 315 355 367 422 425 436
473 476 478
SURFACE FINISH, 1 53 482 483
SURFACE MIGRATION, 93 268
SURFACE MODIFICATION, 2 4
10 21 24 34 74 86 92 96 104
123 151 163 164 167 193 207
217 228 237 238 246 247 262
265 280 281 296 298 299 308
328 333 350 351 353 365 367
368 369 372 375 377 391 400
405 408 415 417 451 453 476
484 485 486 487 489 502
SURFACE MORPHOLOGY, 21 93
146
SURFACE PROPERTIES, 2 21 22
34 72 79 93 100 134 136 146
148 157 168 193 217 219 225
237 272 275 276 300 304 332
364 367 370 387 399 402 473
478
SURFACE REACTIVITY, 22 218
367
SURFACE STRUCTURE, 2 13 34
54 72 219 320 355 433 438 476
478
SURFACE TREATMENT, 2 4 10
21 24 28 34 47 56 63 74 86 92
96 98 103 104 111 123 134 136
141 148 151 163 164 167 193
207 214 217 224 228 230 231
237 238 246 247 250 258 261
262 264 265 275 276 280 281
283 287 295 296 298 299 300
308 310 315 323 325 328 333
348 355 367 375 378 384 389
395 396 408 411 415 417 423
451 453 454 459 469 470 473
479 482 489 490 499 502
SURFACTANT, 56 84 97 132 148
162 247 261 291 298 303 311
327 330 395 396 411
SUZORITE, 416
SWELLING, 3 29 33 38 75 107
 Subject Index
161 170 176 313 330 332 365 278 283 315 351 373 375 444
425 476 485
TESTING, 35 41 54 108 169 193
242 243 251 259 262 265 267
T 269 325 330 349 371 385 397
TALC, 21 34 66 71 82 83 89 93 98 398 399 400 404 439 448 456
103 116 140 171 180 185 188 495 496 497 498 503 506
197 206 210 214 222 227 234 TETRAETHOXYSILANE, 12 16
241 253 256 267 277 283 285 170 176 202
298 299 305 307 308 319 322 THERMAL ANALYSIS, 11 60 108
324 331 335 336 337 340 348 153 192 258 299 322 338 360
351 354 364 365 368 373 385 366 415 497
389 393 398 399 402 403 407 THERMAL BLACK, 342
408 415 417 428 437 442 450 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY,
463 469 481 484 485 486 487 206 249 297 303 306 364 411
488 492 493 496 497 473
TAN DELTA, 54 94 109 168 169 THERMAL CONTRACTION, 460
170 183 187 270 286 309 311 THERMAL CRACKING, 2
312 313 314 330 332 339 380 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 1 11
381 382 404 415 430 476 477 36 45 53 54 56 60 82 108 111
488 173 203 206 235 243 303 333
TANGENTIAL ROTOR, 15 360 368 369 392 448
TANK, 375 THERMAL EXPANSION, 10 36
TEAR RESISTANCE, 43 203 234 202 332 363 364 447 509
370 THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC
TEAR STRENGTH, 22 27 43 54 ANALYSIS, 36 192 203 245
62 98 154 200 203 204 234 251 THERMAL INSULATION, 303
259 275 286 297 310 311 313 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 7 11 22
326 330 355 365 370 377 379 23 36 45 48 53 64 74 89 101
407 410 428 430 438 449 473 104 105 141 165 169 170 173
475 477 178 183 196 199 202 206 210
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, 214 222 235 249 253 267 284
35 109 127 144 145 149 158 299 303 308 317 322 324 328
170 178 194 268 286 382 404 338 348 355 363 364 366 373
415 435 381 390 407 411 415 427 435
TENSILE FAILURE, 245 438 441 473 477 497 502
TENSILE MODULUS, 5 27 48 55 THERMAL RESISTANCE, 5 7 8
67 79 80 111 129 147 155 179 36 56 64 203
188 189 267 325 364 373 410 THERMAL STABILITY, 1 5 7 8
451 506 507 11 36 56 59 60 64 87 111 128
TENSILE STRAIN, 73 245 141 165 173 192 203 205 221
TENSILE STRENGTH, 7 27 40 43 276 333 342 352 360 368 374
48 53 57 63 64 67 72 78 80 95 392 430
100 111 127 143 158 170 171 THERMOGRAM, 255 299 322
182 185 188 194 205 206 214 338
241 243 248 259 264 275 279 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC
283 291 293 309 310 311 313 ANALYSIS, 11 36 101 128 161
323 324 325 326 330 334 363 173 192 203 235 245 360 366
365 373 398 407 408 416 420 374 417
430 441 449 453 463 464 468 THERMOMECHANICAL
473 475 476 477 487 493 506 ANALYSIS, 36 451
TENSILE STRESS, 73 214 328 THERMOMECHANICAL
497 DEGRADATION, 99
TEST EQUIPMENT, 41 169 193 THERMOOXIDATIVE
269 371 404 DEGRADATION, 184 202
TEST METHOD, 108 242 243 251 THERMOPLASTIC
262 265 267 283 349 448 ELASTOMER, 75 276 493
TEST SPECIMEN, 193 214 267 THICKNESS, 1 29 87 259 267 282
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
322 375 416 429 443 458 466
473
THIXOTROPY, 46 134
THREE-POINT FLEXURE, 283
373 408
TITANATE, 14 24 142 202 247
298 320 329 367 402 403 499
TITANIA, 53 226 329
TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 53 226 329
364 367 473
TITANIUM TETRABUTOXIDE,
320
TORQUE, 27 43 53 83 86 259 311
313 314 449
TOUGHENING, 141 264 390 413
434 443 458 505
TOUGHNESS, 36 99 129 141 205
216 236 248 264 282 283 317
319 322 324 325 331 348 352
363 364 383 384 390 391 415
416 429 443 450 458 466 472
494 505
TOXICITY, 135 218 219 334 362
366 368 422
TRACTION, 78 115 121 123 168
191 286 309 312 314 350 380
381 382 404 432 477
TRAIN, 334
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY, 3 9 17 22 36
37 64 70 74 80 95 100 101 108
127 128 137 158 161 170 186
196 203 215 229 253 264 273
292 305 307 335
TRANSPARENCY, 1 36 87 275
TRAVERTINE, 92
TREAD, 22 54 78 115 123 131 164
168 169 183 187 191 262 286
309 311 312 313 314 332 338
339 344 345 350 380 381 382
404 432 477
TREADWEAR, 54 78 164 183 312
380 381
TREMOLITE, 66 264
TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL
TETRASULPHIDE, 38 91 312
404 476
TROUSER TEAR TEST, 203 430
TRUCK TYRE, 54 78 121 160 164
187 191 310 312 313 345 350
379 380
TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 1 47
83 90 129 188 194 360
TYRE, 15 19 22 54 78 115 121 123
131 159 160 164 168 169 170
174 183 187 191 247 262 286
309 310 311 312 313 314 332
338 339 344 345 350 362 379
153

380 381 382 404 424 432 477
TYRE TREAD, 78 115 123 131
187 262 344 345 379 438
U 235 251 259 286 291 309 310
ULTRAFINE, 10 258 469 493
UNDER THE BONNET
APPLICATION, 47 87
UNSATURATED POLYESTER,
179 181 189 192 233 264 363
423 444 479 483
UV DEGRADATION, 305 335
UV IRRADIATION, 100 209
UV SPECTROSCOPY, 127 323
UV STABILITY, 316
V WATER ADSORPTION, 245
V-BELT, 78 310 438
VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 202
VEHICLE EXTERIOR, 1
VEHICLE FASCIA, 390
VEHICLE SEAT, 334
VEHICLE TRIM, 205
VIBRATION DAMPING, 183 501
VIBRATIONAL
SPECTROSCOPY, 141 181 192
299 335 338
VICAT SOFTENING POINT, 53
165 267 373
VICKERS HARDNESS, 118 126
VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE
COPOLYMER, 233 333
VINYL ESTER RESIN, 363 375
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES,
22 30 54 58 68 122 131 169
174 183 214 224 242 253 286
304 309 312 338 356 381 382
404 422 442 496
VISCOMETRY, 209 311 313 339
381 449
VISCOSITY, 4 22 46 49 53 90 98
111 165 168 206 266 270 291
299 307 309 311 312 313 314
326 336 338 339 347 350 363
367 375 381 382 423 425 427
430 443 449 474 476 477 491
493 499
VISCOSITY MODIFIER, 84 430
VISCOUS MODULUS, 138 183
253
VOID, 252 278 325 390 408
VOID VOLUME, 168
VOLUME FRACTION, 17 94 107
119 129 175 176 214 244 261
282 283 306 311 325 363 364
382 404 413 414 415 416 418
154
Subject Index
443 446 453 466 467 468 480
496 506
VOLUME RESISTIVITY, 111 365
VULCANISATION, 22 43 54 70
91 98 168 169 170 183 224 232
311 312 313 314 338 339 346
357 365 381 382 404 430 449
477
W
WARPAGE, 1 363 427
WASHING MACHINE, 205
WATER, 24 207 255 291 303 323
360 366 369 375 408 444
WATER ABSORPTION, 111 181
192 202 249 323 332 367
WATER RESISTANCE, 148 363
365 408
WATER SOLUBILITY, 31 111 291
WATER VAPOUR, 148 202 206
323
WEAR, 53 54 98 183 221 245 312
332 345 380 381
WEAR RESISTANCE, 15 22 53
78 94 115 121 123 164 174 183
191 239 245 311 312 313 314
330 338 339 345 350
WEATHER RESISTANCE, 209
WEATHERING, 389 452
WEIGHT LOSS, 53 128 360 366
417
WEIGHT REDUCTION, 47 50 77
191 381 432
WELD LINE, 324 437
WET GRIP, 22 168 183 286 309
314 380 381 382 404 432 477
WET SKID RESISTANCE, 339
381 382
WET STRENGTH, 408
WET TRACTION, 78 115 123 168
286 309 314 379 380 381 382
404
WETTABILITY, 12 148 230
WETTING, 98 153 214 283 291
315 355 415 453 493
WETTING AGENT, 291 300
WHITE FILLER, 53 155 364 365
368 473 476 477 478
WHITE RICE HUSK ASH, 27
WHITENESS, 53 452
WHITENING, 204
WHITING, 92 210
WIDE ANGLE X-RAY
SCATTERING, 9 36 80 95 325
WINTER TYRE, 115 121 159 286
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited
350
WIRE COVERING, 438
WOLLASTONITE, 10 55 66 103
116 141 222 363 364 368 408
459 467 479 496 497 508
WOOD FLOUR, 63 210 363
WORK OF FRACTURE, 72 141
214 283
X
X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON
SPECTROSCOPY, 86 367 395
416
X-RAY SCATTERING, 3 9 36 45
64 79 80 82 95 110 113 114 128
145 176 177 180 199 214 215
216 229 246 253 273 284 292
299 307 308 319 321 325 329
340 372 387 405 435 481
Y
YELLOWING, 53 98 275
YIELD, 28 373 407 409 415 416
429 446 466
YIELD POINT, 322 373 415
YIELD STRAIN, 194 275
YIELD STRENGTH, 126 194 241
319 325 407 414 416 418 455
YIELD STRESS, 37 118 126 194
201 252 261 275 278 315 324
325 450 454
YOUNG’S MODULUS, 39 111
138 142 143 169 170 183 202
214 245 248 253 267 275 283
306 312 319 321 325 326 352
363 364 373 378 381 382 386
390 394 404 414 415 416 417
418 425 443 467 476 484 486
487 499
Z
ZEOLITE, 146 223 245 257 464
ZINC BORATE, 365
ZINC OXIDE, 43 259 430
ZINC STEARATE, 327 461
ZIRCONATE, 14 367 403