HEAT TRANSFER

(Steady state)

Lecturer: MSc. Trinh Ngoc Thao Ngan

Department of Food Engineering
Faculty of Food Science and Technology
 SCHEDULE
Tiltle Week
(Lecture and Practical class)
Heat transfer – conduction 1
Heat transfer – convection
2
Overall heat transfer
Midterm examination 3
Heat exchanger 4
Unsteady state heat transfer & wrap-up 5

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 HEAT TRANSFER
Heat Conduction

Instructor: MSc. Trinh Ngoc Thao Ngan

Department of Food Engineering
Faculty of Food Science and Technology
 MECHANISMS
 When heat enters a system, it increases the internal energy of the
system’s material. If no nuclear or chemical changes take place,
and there is no phase change, this increase in internal energy
takes the form of increased kinetic energy of the individual
molecules which is manifested as an increase in temperature and
is called sensible heat.
 Conduction in Fluids: If the molecules are free to move as in a
liquid or gas, some will collide and, in such collisions, some
energy will be passed from the faster molecule to the slower one
 Conduction in Solids: In solids, the molecules are held in a lattice
by electrostatic bonds, faster vibrating molecules pass energy to
slower ones through these bonds.
 Conduction in Metals: In metals, a large part of the heat energy is
transferred by the movement of electrons from atom to atom.
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 SYMBOLS AND UNITS
• 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ → 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝑑𝑄
•𝑞= [=] J/s or Watt or Btu/h
𝑑𝑇

𝑑𝑄
• 𝑞𝑥 =
𝑑𝑇

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 PROFILES and GRADIENTS
High
• If the surfaces are at different temp
side 𝒒𝒙
temperatures, heat will flow from the
hotter side to the colder side as indicated T1
Low
by the “𝑞” arrow in the figure temp
side
• A line is draw in the figure to represent
the temperature through the slab. This is temp T2
gradient
the temperature profile, T=f(x) 𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝒙
• The slope of the profile is measure the x
rate at which temperature changes with
distance and is called temperature
gradient. This is represented by the
derivative of the profile dT/dx
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 FOURIER’S FIRST LAW
• After a period of time, if the surface
High
temperatures remain constant and the temp 𝒒𝒙
side
material is uniform, the profile will
𝒅𝑻 T1
develop a constant slope that means Low
𝒅𝒙 temp
= constant  heat transfer us in steady side
state T2
• The rate of heat flow (𝒒𝒙 ) at any point is temp
proportional to the gradient gradient x
𝒅𝑻
• The rate is proportional to the area of 𝒅𝒙

material that is at right angles to the

direction of heat flow
• The rate depends on the nature of
materials through which the heat flows 7
 FOURIER’S FIRST LAW

𝒅𝑻
𝒒𝒙 = −𝒌𝑨
𝒅𝒙
𝑞𝑥 = rate of heat flow in the x direction in energy units per unit time
k = thermal conductivity (W/moC)
A = area of the material at right angles to the heat flow
dT = the difference temperature across the distance dx
dx = an infinitesimal distance in the x direction (m)

** The negative sign in the equation indicates that the direction of

heat flow is in the direction of decreasing temperature
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 HEAT FLUX
• Heat flux (𝑞 ′ ) is defined as heat per unit area
(watt/m2)
𝑑𝑇
𝑞 −𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑇
𝑞′ = = 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑘
𝐴 𝐴 𝑑𝑥

• Heat flux depends only thermal conductivity

and temperature gradient

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 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

• Thermal conductivity is a characteristic of each

material
• Represented in calculation by k, the coefficient of
conductivity
𝑞𝑥
𝑘=
𝑑𝑇
𝐴
𝑑𝑥

• Since the rate depends on temperature difference,

Celsius and Kelvin can be used interchangeably
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 Typical Thermal Conductivities
• Metals have high conductivities (8 to 400 W/mK) because of
the free movement of electrons
• Non-metals are near or below 1 W/mK.
• Water is 0.60 W/mK for liquid, 2.25 W/mK for ice
• Oils are lower than water (0.2 W/mK).
• Gases are very low (0.01 to 0.02 W/mK)
• Materials with trapped air such as cork and fiberglass are
very low (0.03 to 0.04 W/mK) and make good insulation.

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HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A SLAB

(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥2 −𝑥1

T1 A 𝒒𝒙
The previous equation becomes:
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
T2 𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 = ∆𝑥 =
𝑑𝑇 𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑅
𝐴𝑘
𝑑𝑥
T2 Resistance
x2
 Thermal resistance
x1 ∆x x2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
R𝑡 =
𝑘𝐴
Rt
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Exercise
Calculate thermal resistance and the rate of heat transfer
through a glass window with 3 m2 surface area and 5 mm
thickness if the temperature on the two sides of the glass is
14oC and 20oC, respectively. The thermal conductivity of
the glass is 0.7 W/moC.
Determine the temperature at 3 mm from the 20oC
temperature side. Assume that the system is at steady state.

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HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH TUBULAR PIPE

2𝜋𝐿𝑘(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇0 )
𝑞𝑟 =
𝑙𝑛 𝑟0 /𝑟𝑖
𝑞r The rate of heat flow (W/m2)
𝒒𝒓 To k The thermal conductivity (W/moC)
Ti L The length of tubular pipe (m)
ri Ti The temperature at inside wall (oC)
T0 The temperature at outside wall (oC)
ri The inside radius  Ai = 2𝜋ri L
r0 The outside radius  Ao = 2𝜋ro L

ri  Thermal resistance
r0 𝑟0
ln( )
Ti R 𝑟𝑖
To R𝑡 =
2𝜋𝐿𝑘
t

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Exercise
Hot water is transferred through a stainless steel pipe of 0.04
m inside diameter and 5 m length. The inside wall
temperature is 90oC, the outside surface temperature is
88oC, the thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 16
W/moC and the wall thickness is 2 mm. Calculate the heat
losses if the system is at steady state.

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 HEAT TRANSFER
IN MULTILAYERRED-SYSTEM
A composite wall is made of 3
Slab in series materials B, C and D with
different thermal conductivities
(kB, kC and kD )

T1 Between layers are T1, T2, T3

T2 = ? 𝒒𝒙 and T4. And only T1 and T4 are
known
T3=?
T4
kB kC kD Determine the temperature
profile through the slab,
x1 x2 x3 x4 including temperatures T2 and
T3 and calculate the heat flow
through the slab
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 HEAT TRANSFER
IN MULTILAYERRED-SYSTEM
Assuming steady state, at any point of slab, heat in = heat
out  𝑞𝑥 = constant throughout the slab
𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝑇2 −𝑇3 𝑇3 −𝑇4
𝑞𝑥 = 𝐴𝑘𝐵 =𝐴𝑘𝐶 =𝐴𝑘𝐷
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥3 −𝑥2 𝑥4 −𝑥3

(𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒 )
𝒒𝒙 =
T1 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑
+ +
𝒒𝒙 𝒌𝑩 𝑨 𝒌𝑪 𝑨 𝒌𝑫 𝑨
T2 = ?
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒
T3=? =
T4 𝑹𝒕𝑩 + 𝑹𝒕𝑪 +𝑹𝒕𝑫
kB kC kD

x1 x2 x3 x4
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Exercise
A wall of a oven consists of two metal sheets with insulation
in between. The temperature of the inner wall surface is
200oC and that of the outer face is 50oC. The thickness of
each metal sheet is 2 mm, the thickness of the insulation is 5
cm and the thermal conductivity is 16W/moC and
0.055W/moC, respectively. Calculate the total resistance of
the wall to heat transfer and the heat transfer losses through
the wall per m2 of wall area

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 HEAT TRANSFER
IN MULTILAYERRED-SYSTEM
Multilayer cylinder
A composite cylindrical
B tube is made of 2 layers of
A T3 materials A and B with
T1 𝒒𝒓 thermal conductivities kA
and kB
T2
Boundaries at radii r1, r2
Cross-section and r3
T2

r1 The temperatures at the

r3 boundaries are T1, T2 and
r2
T3. Only T1 and T3 are
known 19
 HEAT TRANSFER
IN MULTILAYERRED-SYSTEM
Multilayer cylinder
Assuming steady state
B
T3 𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝑇2 −𝑇3
A
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑟 = 𝑟3
𝑙𝑛 2 𝑙𝑛
𝑟1 𝑟2
T1 𝒒𝒓 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐴 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐵
T2

(𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟑 )
𝒒𝒓 = 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟑
Cross-section T2 𝐥𝐧( ) 𝐥𝐧( )
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
+
r1 𝟐𝝅𝑳𝒌𝑨 𝟐𝝅𝑳𝒌𝑩
r3
r2 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟑
=
𝑹𝒕𝑨 + 𝑹𝒕𝑩
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Exercise
A stainless steel pipe (thermal conductivity = 17W/moC) is
being used to convey heated oil. The inside surface
temperature is 130oC. The pipe is 2 cm thick with an inside
diameter of 8 cm. The pipe is insulated with 0.04 m thick
insulation (thermal conductivity = 0.035W/moC). The outer
insulation temperature is 25oC. Calculate the temperature of
the interface between steel and insulation, assume steady
state conditions.

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