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Double-pipe Heat Exchanger
One of the fluid streams flows inside the tube while the other fluid
stream is pumped over the tubes through the shell.
By maintaining the fluid stream in the shell side to flow over the
tubes, rather than parallel to the tubes higher rates of heat transfer.
Baffles located in the shell side allow the cross-flow pattern 4
Plate-type Heat Exchanger
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DETAILS
Assumptions:
1. U is constant
2. Steady state flow (counter or concurrent)
3. Cp of both fluids is independent of temperature
4. Heat exchanger with the ambient is negligible
** Because the heat transfer occurs only between fluids H and C, the
decrease in the heat energy of fluid H must equal the increase in the
energy of fluid C Energy balance:
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
∆𝑇𝐿𝐿 =
∆𝑇2
𝑙𝑙
∆𝑇1 8
Remember!!
• 𝑞̇ = 𝑈𝑈∆𝑇𝐿𝐿
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Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
∆𝑻𝒍𝒍 = F*∆𝑻𝒍𝒍,𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄−𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
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Correction factor F charts for shell and tube heat exchanger
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ID = 0.05m Example
L=8m 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 80 − 20
U = 320w/m2oC 𝑃= = = 0.75
𝑇1 − 𝑡1 100 − 20
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 100 − 90 1
𝑅= = =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 80 − 20 6
𝑞̇ = 14 922.8 (𝑊)
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THE EFFECTIVENESS – NTU METHOD
To calculate exit temperatures of hot and cold fluids when the size of the
heat exchanger, and inlet temperatures of the product and heating/cooling
streams are given
• Heat capacity rate (C) = Mass flow rate * Specific heat capacity
CH = 𝒎̇𝑯 𝑪𝒑𝒑
CC = 𝒎̇𝑪 𝑪𝒑𝑪
• The heat capacity ratio (C*), is defined as:
𝑪𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑪∗ =
𝑪𝒎𝒎𝒎
(between CH and CC, the smaller value is Cmin and the other is Cmax)
• The number of heat transfer unit (NTU)
𝑼𝑼
𝑵𝑵𝑵 =
𝑪𝒎𝒎𝒎
Where A is the heat transfer area (m2 ), U is the overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2oC) based on
the selected area and Cmin is the minimum heat capacity rate (W/oC)
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Heat Exchanger Effectiveness (𝜺𝑬 )
𝒒̇ 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒐𝒐 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
𝜺𝑬 = =
𝒒̇ 𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎𝒎. 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒐𝒐 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
The actual rate of heat transfer:
𝒒̇ 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝒎̇𝑯 𝒄𝒑𝒑 𝑻𝑯,𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑻𝑯,𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = 𝒎̇𝑪 𝒄𝒑𝒑 𝑻𝑪,𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 − 𝑻𝑪,𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
Thus:
𝒒̇ 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝜺𝑬 𝒒̇ 𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝜺𝑬 𝑪𝒎𝒎𝒎 (𝑻𝑯,𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑻𝑪,𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 )
If εE could be found 𝑞̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 can be calculated without exit fluids
temperatures
Once 𝑞̇ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is determined exit fluids temperatures can be calculated
using energy balance equations
εE : determined using plots or formula 16
NTU-Effectiveness Relations for Heat Exchangers
Table 4.5 The NTU values are given as a function of the exchanger effectiveness
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Exercise
A liquid food (specific heat 4.0 kJ/[kg oC]) flows in the inner pipe
of a double-pipe heat exchanger. The liquid food enters the heat
exchanger at 20oC. The flow rate of the liquid food is 0.5 kg/s. In
the annular section, hot water at 90oC enters the heat exchanger
and flows in counter – current direction at a flow rate of 1 kg/s.
The average specific heat of water is 4.18 kJ/(kg oC). The average
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area is 2000
W/(m2oC), and the diameter of the inner pipe is 5 cm and
length is 6.45 m. Assume steady state conditions. Calculate the exit
temperature of liquid food and water.
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Solution
Water: Liquid food:
Inlet temperature: 90oC Inlet temperature: 20oC
Specific heat: 4.18 kJ/(kgoC) Specific heat: 4.0 kJ/(kgoC)
Flow rate: 1.0 kg/s Flow rate: 0.5 kg/s
Heat exchanger:
Diameter of inner pipe : 5 cm = 0.05 m
Length of inner pipe : 6.45 m
Overall heat transfer coefficient 2000 W/m2oC
Flow = counter-current
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Solution
The heat capacity rates for the hot water (W) and liquid food (L) are
kg kJ kW
CW = ṁ W CpW = 1.0 × 4.18 o = 4.18 o
s kg C C
kg kJ kW W
CL = ṁ L CpL = 0.5 × 4.0 o = 2.0 o = 2000 o
s kg C C C
Because CW > CL
kW
Cmin = CL = 2.0 o
C
kW
Cmax = CW = 4.18 o
C
Cmin 2.0
C∗= = = 0.4785
Cmax 4.18
W
UA 2000 2𝑜 × π × 0.05m × 6.45m
NTU = = 𝑚 𝐶 = 1.0132
Cmin W
2000 o
C 21
From table 4.4
1 − e(−1.0132 1−0.4785 )
εE = (−1.0132 1−0.4785 )
= 0.5717
1 − 0.4785 × e
kW
q̇ max = Cmin TW,inlet − TF,inlet = 2.0 o × 90oC − 20oC = 140 kW
C
q̇ actual = εE q̇ max = 0.5717 × 140kW = 80.038 kW
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