AE 231 Thermodynamics

Week 1
Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sinan Eyi

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 Course Outline
1. Introduction (1 hour)
2. Control Volumes and Units (2 hours)
3. Pure Substance Behavior (4 hours)
4. Energy Transfer (4 hours)
5. Energy Equation for a Control Mass (4 hours)
6. Energy Equation for a Control Volume (8 hours)
7. The Classical Second Law of Thermodynamics (8
hours)
8. Entropy for a Control Mass (8 hours)
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 Syllabus
9. Entropy for a Control Volume (4 hours)
10. Availability (4 hours)
11. Power and Refrigerator Systems with Phase
Change (2 hours)
12. Power and Refrigerator Systems with
Gaseous Working Fluids (2 hours)
13. Ideal Gas Mixtures (2 hours)

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 Textbook and References
Textbook:
• Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
C.Bognakke and R. E. Sonntag (7th eddition), Wiley 2009
References:
1) Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics Gordon J. Van
Wylen, Richard E. Sonntag, Claus Borgnakke, Wiley
2) Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Çengel A.
Yunus and Boles A. Michael, McGraw-Hill
3) Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, Michael J.
Moran, Howard N. Shapiro, Daisie D. Boettner, Margaret
B. Bailey, Wiley

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 Grading Policy
• Quizzes (every week) 25%
• Midterm exam I (Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
November 2nd, Sunday, 25%
• Midterm exam II (Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10),
December 14th, Sunday, 25%
• Final exam (Chapters 11, 12, 13), 25 %

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 Introduction
• Thermodynamics can be defined as the
science of energy
• Energy can be defined as the ability to cause
change
• Thermodynamics can be classified as
– Classical Thermodynamics (Macroscopic View)
– Statistical Thermodynamics (Microscopic View)

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Macroscopic and Microscopic Points of
View
Classical Thermodynamics

Statistical Thermodynamics
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History of Thermodynamics

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History of Thermodynamics

Steam Engines

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Applications of Thermodynamics

Coal Power Plant Steam Turbines

Coal Power Plant 10

Applications of Thermodynamics

Nuclear Power Plant

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Applications of Thermodynamics

Automobile Engines

12
Applications of Thermodynamics

Aircraft Engines

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Applications of Thermodynamics

Rockets

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Applications of Thermodynamics

Refrigerators

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 Chapter 2
Control Volumes and Units

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 Learning Objectives of Chapter 2
Understand the Following Concepts
• System
• Control Volume
• Boundary
• Surrounding
• Property (extensive, intensive)
• State
• Process
• Equilibrium

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 Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Zeroth Law (thermal equlibrium)
2. First law (conservation of energy)
3. Second Law (quality of energy, entropy)

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 System, Surrounding, Boundary
• A system is defined as a quantity of matter or
a region in space chosen for study.
• The region outside the system is called the
surroundings.
• The real or imaginary surface that separates
the system from its surroundings is called the
boundary.
• The boundary of a system may be fixed or
movable.
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System, Surrounding, Boundary

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 Closed Systems
• A closed system consists of a fixed amount of
mass and no mass may cross the system
boundary. The closed system boundary may
move.

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 Open System or Control Volume
• An open system, or control volume, has mass
as well as energy crossing the boundary, called
a control surface.

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Open System or Control Volume

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Open System or Control Volume

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Closed and Open Sysems

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 Isolated System
• In isolated system energy and mass can not
cross the boundaries.

Isolated System Boundary

Heat = 0 Work
Work = 0 Surr 4
Mass = 0 Mass
System
Across Surr 3
Isolated Surr 1 Mass
Boundary Heat
Surr 2

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 Properties of a System
• Any characteristic of a system in equilibrium is
called a property. (pressure P, temperature T,
volume V, and mass m.)
• Properties may be intensive or extensive.
• Extensive properties vary with the size of a
system (mass, volume, total energy)
• Intensive properties are independent of size
of a system (temperature, pressure, density,
specific volume)
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Extensive and Intensive Properties

Extensive properties per unit mass are intensive properties.

Volume V m 
 3
mass m  kg 
v= =   ρ= =  3
mass m  kg  volume V  m 
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 State and Equilibrium
• A thermodynamic state is identified by using properties.
• Properties describe the state when a system is in
equilibrium.
• Equilibrium means state of balance.
• There are many types of equilibrium.
– Thermal equilibrium
– Mechanical equilibrium
– Phase equilibrium
– Chemical equilibrium
• The thermodynamic state of a simple compressible system
is completely specified by two independent, intensive
properties.

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 Process and Path
• Process: a change in a system from one
equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
• Path: series of states which a system passes
through.

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 Quasi-equilibrium Process
• Quasi-equilibrium Process: A system remains
infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state
during a process.
• Quasi-equilibrium process are sufficiently slow
process.
• Quasi-eqilibriuum process are ideal process.
• Actual process can be approximated as quasi-
equlibrium process.

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 Quasi-equilibrium Process
• Quasi-equilibrium processes are easy to
analyze.
• Work producing devices deliver the most work
when they operate on a quasi-equilibrium
process.

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 Process Diagrams
• Pocess diagrams can be plotted with respect o
thermodynamic properties.

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 Process Diagrams
• Pocess diagrams can be plotted with respect o
thermodynamic properties.

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 Process Paths
• Process paths have significance for only quasi-
equilibrium process
• We can not specify the process paths for non-
quasi-equilibrium processes.
• In non-quasi-equilibrium processes, process
paths are shown with dotted lines.

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 Constant Property Processes
• A prefix is often used to designate a process

Process Property held

constant
isobaric pressure System
Boundary
isothermal temperature
F
isochoric volume Water

isentropic entropy Constant Pressure Process

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 Cycles
Cycle: a process which has the same initial and
end states
2
P Process
B

1
Process
A

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 Cycles
Cycle: a process which has the same initial and
end states
2
P Process
B

1
Process
A

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 Forms of Energies
Total energy: Sum of all energies (macroscopic
and microscopic forms of energies)
• Macroscopic form of energies is related to
motion and influence of external effects
(gravity, electricity and surface tension).
• Sum of all microscopic form of energies is
called Internal energy.
V2
Kinetic Energy = m Potential Energy = mgZ
2
Total Energy = Internal Energy + Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
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 Internal Energy
• It is related to molecular structure and the
degree of molecular activity.
• It may be viewed as the sum of the
microscopic form of kinetic and potential
energies

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 Internal Energy
• Kinetic energy due to Translation Motion : 1/2mv2 (m = Mass v = Velocity)
• Kinetic energy due to Rotational Motion : 1/2Iw2 (I = Moment of Inertia, w
= Angular velocity)
• Potential energy due to Vibration Motion : 1/2kx2 (k = Spring Constant , x
= Displacement)
• Intramolecular Potential Energy : magnetic potential energy between
atoms in a molecule.
• Intermolecular Potential Energy : magnetic potential energy associated
with polar molecules .

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 Pressure
Pressure: force per unit area
Force F
P= =
Area A

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa
1 atm = 101325 Pa

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 Gage and Vacuum Pressures

Pgage = Pabs − Patm

Pvac = Patm − Pabs

Pabs = Patm ± Pgage

Pgage = ρ gh

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 Temperature
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in
thermal equilibrium with each other.

T K = T °C + 273.15

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 Chapter 3
Pure Substance Behavior

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 Learning Objectives of Chapter 3
Understand the Following Concepts
• Pure Substance
• Phase Change in Pure Substance
• Property Diagrams
• Ideal Gas
• Real Gases

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 Pure Substance
Pure substance: a substance which has
homogenous and invariable chemical
composition
• Pure substance does not have to be a single
chemical element or compound.
• Air can be considered as pure substance
because it has uniform chemical composition
• A mixture of oil and water is not a pure
substance because oil is not soluble in water.
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 Pure Substance
• A mixture of two or more phases of pure substance is
still a pure substance as long as the chemical
composition of all phases is the same.
• A mixture of ice and liquid water is a pure substance
because the both phases have the same chemical
composition.
• A mixture of liquid air and gaseous air is not a pure
substance because the compositions of liquid and
gaseous air are different.
• The components of air have different condensation
temperature at a specified temperature.

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 Phases of Pure Substance
• There are three principle phases: solid, liquid
and gas.
• There are several sub-phases within a
principle phases.
• Carbon may exist as graphite or diamond in
the solid phase.

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Molecular Structures in Different Phases
• Molecular bonds are the strongest in solids
and the weakest in gases.
• Molecules in solids are closely packed.
• Molecules in gases are separated by great
distances.

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 Molecular Structures in Solids
• Molecules can not move relative to each other.
• Bu they can oscillate about their equilibrium positions.
• The velocity of molecules during these oscillations
depends on temperature.
• At sufficiently high temperature, the velocity of the
molecules may reach a point where intermolecular
forces are partially overcome.
• This is the beginning of melting process.

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 Molecular Structures in Liquids
• A chunk of molecules float relative to each
other.
• The distance between molecules is slightly
larger compared to solids.

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 Molecular Structures in Gases
• The distance between molecules is very large.
• There is no molecular order and molecules
move randomly.
• At low densities, intermolecular forces are
very small.

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 Phase Change in Pure Substances
• In many thermodynamic devices, two pahses
of pure substance can be together.
– In power plants, water exists in liquid and vapor
forms.
– In refrigerators, refrigerants exist in liquid and
vapor forms.

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 Compressed Liquid
• A liquid which is not about to vaporize is
called compressed liquid.
• Consider water at 20oC temperature and 1
atm pressure (STATE 1).
• As liquid water is heated, temperature
increases, density slightly increases and
pressure is constant.

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 Saturated Liquid
• At 100 oC and 1 atm (STATE 2), boiling starts.
• A liquid about to vaporize is called saturated
liquid.
• During the boiling:
– Temperature is constant
– Volume increases
– Amount of vapor phase increases (STATE 3)

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 Saturated Vapor
• As we continue to heat all liquid will be
vaporized (STATE 4)
• Any heat loss from the vapor will cause some
of the vapor to condense
• A vapor about to condense is called saturated
vapor.

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 Superheated Vapor
• Further heat transfer to vapor will increase
the temperature and volume.
• A vapor which is not about to condense is
called superheated vapor (STATE 5)

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Liquid and Vapor Diagram
at 1 atm Pressure

Temperature and volume diagram

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Liquid and Vapor Diagram
at Different Pressure

Temperature and volume diagram

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