Labor Code of the Philippines (PD.

442)

The Labor Code of the Philippines stands as the law governing employment practices and labor
relations in the Philippines. It was enacted on Labor day of 1974 by President Ferdinand Marcos,
in the exercise of his then extant legislative powers.

Contents:

Book I- Pre employment

Book II- Human resource development program
Book III-Conditions of employment
Book IV-Health, safety and social welfare benefits
Book V-Labor Organizations
Book VI-Post Employment
Book VII- Transitory and final provisions

Features

The Labor Code prescribes the rules for:

 hiring and termination of private employees;

 the conditions of work including maximum work hours and overtime;
 employee benefits such as holiday pay, thirteenth month pay and retirement pay; a
 nd the guidelines in the organization and membership in labor unions as well as in
collective bargaining.

The Labor Code contains several provisions which are beneficial to labor. It prohibits
termination from employment of Private employees except for just or authorized causes as
prescribed in Article 282 to 284 of the Code. The right to trade union is expressly recognized, as
is the right of a union to insist on a closed shop. Strikes are also authorized for as long as they
comply with the strict requirements under the Code, and workers who organize or participate in
illegal strikes may be subject to dismissal. Moreover, Philippine jurisprudence has long applied a
rule that any doubts in the interpretation of law, especially the Labor Code, will be resolved in
favor of labor and against management

Closed shop is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to only hire
union members, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain
employed.

Union shop is a form of a union security clause under which the employer agrees to hire either
labor union members or nonmembers but where all non-union employees must become union
members within a specified period of time or lose their jobs.
Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of
employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances.

Affirmative action
 a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups
through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities;
 The term affirmative action refers to policies that take race, ethnicity, physical
disabilities, military career, sex, or a person's parents' social class
 A policy or program providing advantages for people of a minority group who are seen to
have traditionally been discriminated against, with the aim of creating a more egalitarian
society through preferential access to education, employment, health care, social welfare,
etc
 Policies of governments and other institutions that are designed to actively promote and
advance the status and the social and occupational participation of groups of people
designated by sex, ethnicity or other shared characteristic
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