Construction Carpentry and Joinery Techniques

Skills for Work:
Construction Crafts
Intermediate 1
Carpentry and Joinery Techniques
Support Material
November 2005
Scottish Further Education Unit
Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1
Acknowledgements
SFEU is grateful to the subject specialists in Scotland’s Colleges and other
agencies and industry bodies who have been involved in the writing of this and
other support materials in the Skills for Work series.
SFEU is grateful to the subject specialists in Scotland’s Colleges and other

agencies and industry bodies who have been involved in the writing of this and
other support materials in the Skills for Work series. SFEU is also grateful for the
contribution of the Scottish Qualifications Authority in the compilation of these
materials, specifically, for its permission to reproduce extracts from Course and
Unit Specifications, and the Skills for Work Rationale, and material originally
produced for the Scottish Progression Award in Construction.
© Scottish Further Education Unit 2005
Scottish Further Education Unit 3

Construction Crafts: Carpentry and

Joinery Techniques
DM82 10
Introduction
These notes are provided to support teachers and lecturers presenting the
Scottish Qualifications Authority Unit DM82 10, Construction Crafts: Carpentry
and Joinery Techniques.
Copyright for this pack is held by the Scottish Further Education Unit (SFEU).
However, teachers and lecturers have permission to use the pack and reproduce
items from the pack provided that this is to support teaching and learning
processes and that no profit is made from such use. If reproduced in part, the
source should be acknowledged.
Enquiries relating to this Support Pack or issues relating to copyright should be

addressed to:
Information and Publications Co-ordinator

The Scottish Further Education Unit
Argyll Court
Castle Business Park
Stirling
FK9 4TY
Website: www.sfeu.ac.uk
Further information regarding this Unit including Unit Specification, National

Assessment Bank materials, Centre Approval and certification can be obtained
from:
The Scottish Qualifications Authority

Hanover House
24 Douglas Street
Glasgow
G2 7NQ
Website: www.sqa.org.uk
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this Support Pack,
teachers and lecturers should satisfy themselves that the information passed to
candidates is accurate and in accordance with the current SQA arrangements
documents. SFEU will accept no responsibility for any consequences deriving
either directly or indirectly from the use of this Pack.

Contents
What are Skills for Work Courses all about? 7
The Course in Construction Crafts (Intermediate 1) 10
Unit Specification: statement of standards 12
Tutor notes 16
Introduction 16
Carpentry and joinery – an introduction 17
Prefabricated structures 18
Basic carpentry and joinery terms 18
Carpentry and joinery – health and safety 24
Carpentry and joinery tools 25
Materials used for constructing timber structures 27
Setting out and measuring timber structures 28
Erecting a prefabricated structure 29

Carpentry and joinery techniques and “tricks of the trade” 31
Carpentry and joinery standards and tolerances 32

Standards 32
Tolerances 33
Checking standards of carpentry and joinery 34


What are Skills for Work Courses all about?

Skills for Work Courses are designed to help candidates to develop:
• skills and knowledge in a broad vocational area
• Core Skills
• an understanding of the workplace
• positive attitudes to learning
• skills and attitudes for employability
A key feature of these Courses is the emphasis on experiential learning. This

means learning through practical experience and learning by reflecting on
experience.
Learning through practical experience
Teaching/learning programmes should include some or all of the following:

• learning in real or simulated workplace settings
• learning through role play activities in vocational contexts
• carrying out case study work
• planning and carrying out practical tasks and assignments
Learning through reflecting at all stages of the experience
Teaching/learning programmes should include some or all of the following:

• preparing and planning for the activity
• taking stock throughout the activity
• reviewing and adapting as necessary
• reflecting after the activity has been completed
• evaluating, self-assessing and identifying learning points
The Skills for Work Courses are also designed to provide candidates with
opportunities for developing Core Skills and enhancing skills and attitudes for
employability.

Core Skills
The five Core Skills are:
• Communication
• Numeracy
• Information Technology
• Problem Solving
• Working with Others
Opportunities for developing these skills are highlighted in each of the Course and
Unit Specifications.
Employability
The skills and attitudes for employability, including self-employment, are outlined
below:
• generic skills/attitudes valued by employers
• understanding of the workplace and the employee’s responsibilities, for
example time-keeping, appearance, customer care
• self-evaluation skills
• positive attitude to learning
• flexible approaches to solving problems
• adaptability and positive attitude to change
• confidence to set goals, reflect and learn from experience
• specific vocational skills/knowledge
Course Specifications highlight the links to National Occupational Standards in
the vocational area and identify progression opportunities
Opportunities for developing these skills and attitudes are highlighted in each of
the Course and Unit Specifications. These opportunities include giving young
people direct access to workplace experiences or, through partnership
arrangements, providing different learning environments and experiences which
simulate aspects of the workplace. These experiences might include site visits,
visiting speakers, role play and other practical activities.

A Curriculum for Excellence (Scottish Executive 2004) identifies aspirations for

every young person. These are that they should become:
• successful learners
• confident individuals
• responsible citizens
• effective contributors
The learning environments, the focus on experiential learning and the

opportunities to develop employability and Core Skills in these Courses contribute
to meeting these aspirations.

The Course in Construction Crafts (Intermediate 1)

Course Rationale
The Intermediate 1 Construction Crafts Course has been designed to provide a
basis for progression into further education or for moving directly into training in
employment within the construction sector. The purpose of the Course is to
ensure that candidates start to develop the general skills, practical skills,
knowledge and understanding and employability skills needed within the sector.
The primary target group for this Course is school candidates in S3 and S4. It is
anticipated that, for this group of candidates, the Course will rely on and build on
existing partnerships between schools and colleges (or other agencies). This may
be particularly pertinent in the case of the Construction Crafts Course due to the
specialist expertise and facilities available in, for example, Further Education
colleges and training providers. Nevertheless, the Construction Crafts Course is
designed at a level and scope such that it can be delivered in schools, if the
school has suitable facilities and teaching expertise. The Course is also suitable
for adult candidates who are seeking to enhance their employability and develop
introductory vocational skills in the construction sector.
The general aims of the Construction Crafts Course are to:

• widen participation in vocationally-related learning for 14-16 year olds
• allow candidates to experience vocationally-related learning
• provide candidates with a broad introduction to the construction crafts
vocational sector
• encourage candidates to foster a good work ethic, including timekeeping, a
positive attitude and other relevant employability skills
• provide opportunities to develop a range of Core Skills in a realistic context
• encourage candidates to take charge of their own learning and development
• provide a range of teaching, learning and assessment styles to motivate
candidates to achieve their full potential
• facilitate progression to further education and/or training
In particular, the aims of this Course in Construction Crafts are to:

• give candidates the technical knowledge, skills and understanding associated
with a range of craft skills in construction at this level
• develop an awareness that health and safety issues are integral to the world of
work generally and construction in particular
• encourage candidates to develop a positive attitude to waste minimisation and
environmental issues

• enable candidates to develop and apply practical, technical and

communication skills as a foundation for future learning and progression
• encourage candidates to apply their knowledge and understanding of
construction by using skills of evaluation and problem-solving in a vocational
context
• encourage candidates to plan their work and review their progress
• prepare candidates for further learning opportunities, study and training for
employment in construction and the built environment sectors and related
occupations
The Intermediate 1 Course in Construction Crafts has been designed with

Occupational Standards in mind. There is a link, though not directly, to these
Standards. The standards required of first-year apprentices in the building
industry are, and should remain, significantly more onerous than those for this
Course which is at an introductory level.
While no formal entrance qualifications are required for this Course, it would be
expected that candidates embarking on the Course would find the following
learning skills and aptitudes helpful:
• basic proficiency in literacy
• basic proficiency in numeracy
• some aptitude for graphical forms of communication (the reading of basic
drawings is required by the course)
• motivation to work independently
This Course supports progression into appropriate further education or for training
in employment. The Course provides the basis for candidates to gain an insight
into craft occupations such as brickwork, carpentry and joinery and plastering, and
to use their studies to help them decide the career they wish to follow.
Candidates studying this Course in Construction Crafts and choosing a craft
option may be aiming to progress into a craft apprenticeship in industry.
Candidates who choose such a route will experience appropriate training and
undertake SVQs in the workplace. Candidates who are uncertain which trade to
follow, or who do not obtain a placement, may undertake pre-vocational courses
at Further Education colleges. Whether as part of a pre-vocational college
programme or otherwise, the Construction Crafts Course should facilitate
progression to the SPA in Building Crafts or an appropriate National Certificate
programme.

Unit Specification: statement of standards

Unit: Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques
(Intermediate 1)
Acceptable performance in this Unit will be the satisfactory achievement of the
standards set out in this part of the Unit Specification. All sections of the
statement of standards are mandatory and cannot be altered without reference to
the Scottish Qualifications Authority.
Outcome 1
Select, use and maintain basic carpentry and joinery tools and equipment.
Performance Criteria
a) The selection of tools and equipment is appropriate for the work to be done.
b) The tools are used correctly and solely for the purpose for which they were
intended.
c) The tools are serviced, maintained, cleaned and stored in accordance with
good practice.
Outcome 2
Erect and dismantle a prefabricated timber structure.
a) A prefabricated structure is erected in a prescribed sequence.

b) The structure is erected in accordance with drawings.
c) The structure is dismantled and properly stored for future use.
d) Health and safety requirements are complied with during all activities.

Outcome 3
Replace a designated timber panel.
a) The designated panel is identified and removed from an erected structure.

b) The replacement panel is constructed to match the existing panel in
accordance with working drawings.
c) Joints and fixings of the replacement panel are in accordance with working
drawings and given specification.
d) A quality check is carried out on the finished work against prescribed standards
and tolerances.
e) Health and safety requirements are complied with during all activities.

Evidence requirements for the Unit
Performance evidence is required to show that all Outcomes and Performance

Criteria have been achieved.
Performance evidence will be supported by assessor checklists. This evidence

will be generated from an integrated assessment consisting of practical activities
carried out in supervised workshop conditions. The evidence may be gathered at
different points throughout the Unit.
The practical activities will cover:
• choosing the correct hand tools for particular tasks, using these tools in a
correct and safe manner, using them solely for the purpose for which they were
intended, sharpening them when necessary and storing them correctly after
use
• correctly erecting and dismantling a prefabricated timber framed structure
• constructing a replacement timber panel using prescribed joints and fixing
methods
• candidates carrying out a quality check of own work against given standards
and tolerances before submitting for final assessment
• maintaining a clean, tidy and safe working area and adhering to health and
safety requirements throughout all activities
The National Assessment Bank item (NAB) for this Unit contains candidate review
sheets and an assessor observation checklist. The NAB illustrates the national
standard required for this Unit. Centres who wish to devise their own
assessments should refer to the NAB to ensure a comparable standard.
NB Centres must refer to the full Unit specification for detailed information
related to this Unit.

Teacher/lecturer support materials

Tutor notes
Introduction
These notes have been prepared to help you deliver and assess the Construction
Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques Unit as part of the Construction Crafts
Intermediate 1 course. It is recommended that the candidate to tutor ratio for
delivery of this Unit is a maximum of 12 candidates to 1 tutor.
Student tasks and activities are identified with the symbol

Carpentry and joinery – an introduction

Making things from wood is one of the oldest occupations in the world. The craft
of the carpenter and joiner has a real and tangible tradition behind it. In the past,
the carpenter and joiner was the most important person in the house building
industry being the designer, builder and furnisher of the home. He cut his material
direct from the tree, fashioning it to size and shape on site. A visit to any medieval
building will show the standard and skill these craftsmen were able to produce
without the electrically powered machinery and equipment we take for granted
today.
The hand tools and techniques used by the modern carpenter and joiner have
their roots firmly in the past and have much in common with their predecessors.
Indeed it is safe to say that the skills taught by Joseph to Jesus and the tools he
used are similar to those used by apprentices today.
A modern apprentice carpenter and joiner serves a four year apprenticeship. It is

a trade to be proud of and is well worth considering as a career.

Prefabricated structures
Pre-fabrication is the logical extension of the principles of mass production and
consists of preparing completely finished articles in the factory ready for
installation on the building site. Timber houses, prepared in standard sections,
and floor sections and roofs can be constructed in this manner whilst doors hung
to frames and complete with all fixtures and fittings are an excellent example of
modern organised production.
Basic carpentry and joinery terms

There are a large number of different carpentry and joinery terms. Some of these
are quite complicated but here is a list of terms that will enable you to understand
the basic principles required to build a prefabricated timber structure. Some of the
terms are illustrated on the pages that follow:
Member A piece of [normally] structural timber in a building. For

example, wall or partition members include the [vertical]
studs, the [horizontal] runners at top (header) and bottom
(sole plate) and the [horizontal] dwangs in the middle of the
partition.
Header The top member in a timber partition/ wall.
Sole Plate The bottom member in a timber partition/ wall.
Studs The vertical members in a timber partition/ wall.
Cladding The material used to cover a timber partition, wall or roof.
Rafter The main supporting member in a roof.
Joist The main support in a timber floor or ceiling.
Tongue and Strips of timber or sheet material that have a tongue on
Groove one side and a groove on the other that allow the boards to
Flooring easily fit together forming a strong joint.
Section sizes The length, breadth and thickness of a material eg. 100 x
50 x 2400mm indicates a piece of timber that is 100mm
wide, 50mm thick and 2400mm long.
L
T


Housing joint detail
10mm deep
Practice joint to be made before replacing the p

Elevations of prefabricated structure with roof joists shown

Stitch Nailing This is a technique where the nail is almost driven in but
the head is left protruding to allow the nail to be easily
removed. This technique is used when a piece of timber is
to be temporarily fixed or is held in position until the
carpenter and joiner is happy that it is correctly positioned.
Level When a piece of timber is perfectly horizontal it is said to

be level.
Plumb When a piece of timber is vertical (90° to the horizontal) it

is said to be plumb.
Nails There are many nails available mostly made out of steel
wire. Below is a selection of common wire nails.
• Round wire nail – This is used for general work. It is

not attractive in shape and it can split wood when
hammered in position.
• Oval wire nail – This is a long nail and care must be

taken when it is hammered into the wood. It is unlikely
to split the wood.
• Lost head nail – This is ideal if it is necessary to hide

the head of the nail as a punch can be used to hammer
the head beneath the surface level.
• Annular nail – The teeth of this nail hold it in place

firmly. Therefore, it is used for fixing chipboard and
other sheet materials.

Screws Screws are used to fix timber and sheet materials together.
They can be used to join materials together permanently
although as they can be removed with relative ease they
are also good as a way of fixing materials temporarily. The
basic types of screw are:
• Countersunk – either with a slot, pozi or philips head.

The picture is of a slot head screw.
• Round head – normally only in slot head, a very

decorative screw when made in brass.
• Raised head – again normally only in slot head, used

primarily for fixing handles to doors, windows, etc.
• Twin thread – available in all head styles, this screw is

threaded along its whole length. Twin threads generally
have a pozidrive head although they can have philips
heads. The picture shows a pozidrive head.

Carpentry and joinery – health and safety

Apprentice Carpenters and Joiners cannot finish their apprenticeship until they
have successfully completed a health and safety test. Health and safety is taken
very seriously in the construction industry.
There is an old saying that “a tidy joiner is a safe joiner”. This is very true.
Working in the building industry can be hazardous, but here are some general
rules to follow in order to work safely:
• always wear the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) as instructed; this could be as simple as wearing
gloves to carry off-the-saw (OS) timber
• always keep your working area tidy
• always report any hazard you see
• never carry on or lark about on a site or in a workshop
• always take care of, clean and maintain the tools you use
• don’t talk to others, be distracted by or distract others while
you are working
• at the end of a work session always leave the workshop or site the way you
would hope to find it because if you leave stuff lying about someone could trip
over it and injure themselves!

Carpentry and joinery tools

There is a wide range of tools in a carpenter and joiner’s tool kit. Shown below is
a basic list that will enable you to identify, select and use the correct tools required
to construct and repair a prefabricated structure.
Claw The tool that everyone associates with the

hammer carpenter and joiner. Used to drive in and
remove nails from timber and to aid
knocking together frames.
Try square This tool is used to mark square lines

around a section of timber. It can also be
used to check if the bottom of a joint is level.
Retractable Used to measure long lengths of timber.

measuring
tape
Four fold The advantage of the folding rule over a

rule rigid rule is that it closes or folds from 1
metre down to 250mm by means of hinges
therefore is more easily transported by the
joiner. Generally these rules are made of
boxwood, but more recently nylon rules
have become increasingly popular
throughout the trade.
Handsaw Used primarily for roughing and finishing
work on site. These saws are generally
discarded when they are blunt.
Jack plane The jackplane is used for rough work and for
planing up (dressing smooth) timber from
rough stock. It is easy to handle and is used
for removing large quantities of material, as
in straightening surfaces and reducing
thickness.

Bevel Although originally designed to allow the

edged joiner to cut into the angle of a dovetail its
chisel strength and adaptability soon made it the
preferred chisel of the woodworker.
Spirit level Used for levelling out work, and ensuring

work is plumb prior to fixing. The level
comes in various sizes ranging from 25mm
long (a line level) to 1200mm long (a
bricklayers level).
Sliding This tool is used for marking any angle that

bevel is not 90°. It can also be used to determine
angles and bevels of inclined members, eg.
roof rafters.
These are only a selection of the hand tools that you may require to complete the
tasks.
Write below any other tools that you may have used and ask your tutor to
check that you have used the correct names.

Materials used for constructing timber structures

To build a timber framed structure many materials can be used. Listed below is
only a small selection of those that could be used and their common sizes:
European This is a term that links many of the softwoods that grow
redwood across the whole of Europe each with common properties
that result in them being classified together. Some of these
timbers are Scots Pine, Baltic Pine and Red Deal. A strong
and durable timber, Redwood is commonly used for external
components like doors, windows etc. It comes in a variety of
sections with 100 x 50mm and 150 x 50mm being the most
common and lengths from 3m rising in 0.3m stages up to
about 6m.
European Like European redwood this is a collection of European
whitewood softwoods. Lighter in colour than the redwood, it is not as
durable but just as strong. For this reason it is used as a
structural component internally. Ideal for rafters in roofs and
floor joists its section sizes are similar to redwood.
CLS Canadian Lumber Standard (CLS) is a manufactured timber
utilising shorter sectioned material. Available in 38 x 66mm
or 38 x 89mm sections, it is usually only in 2.4 or 4.8 metre
lengths. CLS is the preferred material for manufacturing
timber framed housing kits.
Plasterboard A cladding material for walls and ceilings. Normal sheet sizes
are 1200 x 2400mm and it is available in thicknesses from
9.5mm to about 30mm.
Plywood A cladding material for walls and roofs. Normal sheet sizes
are 1200 x 2400mm. Plywood comes in thicknesses from
3mm to about 25mm.
Oriented OSB is a cladding material for walls and roofs. Normal sheet
Strand Board sizes are 1200 x 2400mm. OSB is available in thicknesses
from 6mm to about 25mm.

Setting out and measuring timber structures

A carpenter and joiner must be able to measure
accurately. If accurate measurement is not achieved it
could cause many problems. For example what if an
important component, say a door or a window, was made
too small for the opening? Imagine the cost implications if
the joiner measured a floor and got the quantity of material
required completely wrong! How do you explain to a
customer that the price for the job is wrong because of
your measurements? Do you think the customer would want to pay you the extra
cost you want? Measuring accurately and getting it right first time (or at least
double-checking your calculations) is very important.
As an exercise to practise your calculations, take a look at the drawing and

answer the questions below:
1m door
4m Plan
1m
1m
6m
1. What will be the length of skirting required for fitting around the perimeter of the
room?
Answer – (Show all your working)
2. What will be the area of flooring required to replace the existing floor finish?
Answer – (Show all your working)
Now discuss your answers with your tutor

Erecting a prefabricated structure

The correct sequence of setting out a prefabricated structure is extremely
important. You must get the position of the first side correct or the building could
be in the wrong position. This will cause problems with the planning department
of the local council. Just as important is the sequence of erecting the building to
make the job easier and safer. Here is the suggested sequence for erecting the
prefabricated structure for your task:
• Step 1 Read the plan of the drawing and establish the correct position
where the structure is to be built.
• Step 2 Lay floor panel in place and pack to level.
• Step 3 Erect side A and brace it to plumb.
• Step 4 Erect side B, plumb, brace and stitch to side A with wire nails.
• Step 5 Erect side C, plumb, brace and stitch to side B with wire nails.
• Step 6 Erect side D, stitch to sides A and C with wire nails.
• Step 7 Lift one of the roof sections into place and fix to sides.
• Step 8 Lift the other roof section into place and fix to sides.
• Step 9 Finally, check each of the sides for plumb and complete fixings.
Congratulations! You have successfully erected a timber structure.

Erection sequence

Carpentry and joinery techniques and “tricks of the trade”

There are many “tricks of the trade” but here are a few basic ones that will help
you develop the basic techniques of carpentry and joinery.
Remember!!
There are no short cuts. You need to practise, practise and practise again. A
carpenter and joiner serves a four year apprenticeship, so be patient and don’t
expect to become a carpenter and joiner in four hours or four weeks. However,
if you listen carefully and try hard, you should be able to produce a good standard
of joinery by the end of this Unit.
Learn to work in an organised and logical manner. Think through every task
before you commence any work. Remember – it is important that you understand
what you want to achieve before you start.
Try to anticipate any problems and be observant of all aspects of your task.
Above all learn from your mistakes.
Learn to cut timber square. Help yourself by using a try square at all times to
mark out your timber before cutting. Remember – practice, practice, practice,
because practice makes perfect.
When using any cutting tool eg. a chisel or a saw, make sure your
fingers are behind the cutting edge. If the tools are used this way
the only thing on the floor will be shavings and not your fingers and
blood. Remember you are learning to cut wood and not your
fingers.
Organise your working area. Place your tools and materials where you need
them and keep the area tidy at all times. This will help you to work well, without
tripping up over things and getting frustrated.
Learn to use your tools correctly – This will enable you to gain confidence as
you practise the various techniques. It is very important that you listen to
everything you are told.
Get simple things correct at the very beginning. If you were learning to play
golf you would have to concentrate to begin with on how to hold the golf club
properly. Exactly the same applies here. For example learn how to hold a
hammer and a saw correctly. If you get this right, other things will become much
easier as you progress. Your tutor will be able to tell you why the correct way is
the best way.
The best tip of all? This never changes. Try your best at all times and
eventually you will master and learn the basics of the carpentry and joinery trade.
But be warned – it won’t always be easy! However working in wood is good fun.
Enjoy it.

Carpentry and joinery standards and tolerances

All buildings have to be built to standards and tolerances. What does this
mean?
Standards
Carpentry and joinery components are some of the most noticeable aspects of a
house. Everyone sees it around the building. Many people nowadays choose a
house because of its appearance from outside but also look for quality of
construction in how it is finished internally. Carpentry and joinery must therefore
look good and pleasing to the eye. Poor work is immediately noticed even by
non-experts. All components must therefore be built to required standards. This
means that the materials and the way they are put together are up to the
expectations of the client. These standards include:
• Being level
Floors and roofs should be level. Structures built “off the level” are very
noticeable. Ask yourself: Would you buy a house that was not level?
• Being plumb
The wall must be vertical otherwise known as “plumb”. The
most famous example of a wall being off the plumb is the
Leaning Tower of Pisa. The tower is basically falling down,
albeit very slowly. It is in fact quite dangerous. Would you
buy a house that was not plumb? It is therefore very
important to build walls or timber partitions “plumb”.
• Joints tight
It is important for the strength of any structure that the joints are tight.
• Finished dimensions
The finished dimensions (sizes) are very important. What can we do with a
door that is not the correct size for the opening? If the door is too large it will
not fit into the opening and if it is too small it will fall through!
• Opening sizes
The finished sizes of any opening are very important. Again think about the
door that is too small for the opening or indeed the opening that is too small for
the door. If the door is however within the allowed tolerance we can adjust the
opening or the door to fit. If the door is too large or the opening too small, the
door could be reduced in size to fit. If the door is too small, or the opening too
large, then we could reduce the opening size by making the frame a bit
smaller, but this all costs time and money!
Remember!!
You will be asked to check the structures that you build to see if they meet
the required standards.

Tolerances
It is a fact that very few timber structures are built absolutely perfect. We
therefore allow tolerances that are acceptable within which to build. Here are
some typical examples of the tolerances you may have to achieve when you are
building your own component.
Finished Dimensions + or – 5mm
This means your structure can be up to 5mm too big or 5mm too small. More than
5mm would not be accepted.
Opening Sizes + or – 3mm
This means your window and door opening can be 3mm too low, 3mm too high or
3mm too wide. Any more than this would not be accepted.
Level + or – 5mm
This means that your floor can be a maximum of 5mm off the level in either
direction.
Plumb + or – 5mm per m
This means your wall can be a maximum of 5mm off the vertical in every metre.
Any more than 5mm would not be acceptable.
Remember!!
These tolerances are set for you. Time served carpenters and joiners are
required to work to much stricter tolerances. This can only be achieved by
practice, practice and more practice over a period of years.

Checking standards of carpentry and joinery

Craftsmanship is defined as the skill employed in making something properly.
This is achieved by having complete mastery over your tools and materials plus
using them with skill and honesty. The efficiency of the modern building still
depends on the teamwork of the all the trades. To help maintain standards it is
essential that each carpenter and joiner performs a quality check on his own work.
How do you think you could do this? The answer is by marking your own work
against a checklist. You will be shown how to do this in the workshop. This is
known as carrying out your quality check. Here is an example of a checklist that
has been marked.
Outcome 3 – Erect and Repair Timber Frame

Candidate Assessor Comments
Panel constructed to size – within
Yes Yes
5mm
Housing joints correct size – within
Yes Yes
3mm
Opening sizes correct – within 3mm Yes Yes
Sheet material cut and fixed to

Yes Yes
position – within 5mm
Floor placed in correct position – 9mm out
No No
within 5mm
Erect pre-fabricated panels – plumb
Yes Yes
within 5mm/m
Store tools and materials correctly
No Yes
after use
Handle and transport tools and More care
No No
materials correctly required
Health and safety is complied with at Wear safety
Yes No
all times including PPE boots
The candidates quality check is Assessor PPE
No
accurate only marks

1. Has the assessor had any disagreement with the candidate’s check?
Answer:
2. In your own words, if there has been any difference of opinion, can you identify
the details of the problem?
Answer:
3. Do you think checking your own work is a good idea? (Give reasons for your
answer.)
Answer:

Formative assessment for carpentry and joinery techniques
Underpinning knowledge questions
This quiz is for fun. Put a circle around the answer you think is correct.
1. The material used to cover a timber frame is called:

a) cladding
b) lagging
c) flooring
d) facing
2. What is the name of the material used for cladding walls and ceilings?
a) chipboard
b) MDF
c) hardboard
d) plasterboard
3. What do the letters PPE stand for?

a) Personal Stereo Equipment
b) Personal Protective Example
c) Personal Protective Equipment
d) Peoples Protective Equipment
4. Your working area should be kept tidy:

a) all of the time
b) before the tea break
c) at the end of the working day
d) at the start of the working day
5. A sliding bevel is used to:

a) keep in your pocket
b) mark lines that are not 45° or 90°
c) mark curved lines
d) throw at people

6. A claw hammer is used for:

a) cutting sheet materials
b) hitting your friend’s fingers
c) banging on the bench
d) hammering in and withdrawing nails
7. European Redwood is a:
a) hardwood grown in Asia
b) softwood grown in America
c) hardwood grown in Europe
d) softwood grown in Europe
8. Which of these is a standard size for CLS?

a) 102.5mm x 65mm
b) 65mm x 65mm
c) 38mm x 66mm
d) 38mm x 75mm
9. Where would you find a rafter?

a) in a roof
b) in the floor
c) in a partition
d) in a skip
10. A tolerance for finished dimensions of + or – 5mm means that:

a) your component can be a maximum of 5 mm too small
b) your component can be a maximum of 5mm out of plumb
c) your component can be a maximum of 5 mm out of level
d) your component can be a maximum of 10 mm too big
Mark achieved = …… from 10 correct

Formative Assessment for Prefabricated Structures
Underpinning knowledge questions – Answer key
1. a cladding
2. d plasterboard
3. c Personal Protective Equipment
4. a all of the time
5. b mark lines that are not 45° or 90°
6. d hammering in and withdrawing nails
7. d softwood grown in Europe
8. c 38mm x 66mm
9. a in a roof
10. a your component can be a maximum of 5mm too small

Construction Carpentry and Joinery Techniques

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Construction Carpentry and Joinery Techniques

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Skills for Work:

Carpentry and Joinery Techniques

SFEU is grateful to the subject specialists in Scotland’s Colleges and other

© Scottish Further Education Unit 2005

Scottish Further Education Unit 3

Construction Crafts: Carpentry and

Enquiries relating to this Support Pack or issues relating to copyright should be

Information and Publications Co-ordinator

Further information regarding this Unit including Unit Specification, National

The Scottish Qualifications Authority

Scottish Further Education Unit 4

The Course in Construction Crafts (Intermediate 1) 10

Unit Specification: statement of standards 12

Carpentry and joinery – an introduction 17

Carpentry and joinery – health and safety 24

Carpentry and joinery tools 25

Materials used for constructing timber structures 27

Setting out and measuring timber structures 28

Erecting a prefabricated structure 29

Carpentry and joinery standards and tolerances 32

Scottish Further Education Unit 5

Scottish Further Education Unit 6

What are Skills for Work Courses all about?

A key feature of these Courses is the emphasis on experiential learning. This

Learning through practical experience

Teaching/learning programmes should include some or all of the following:

Learning through reflecting at all stages of the experience

Teaching/learning programmes should include some or all of the following:

Scottish Further Education Unit 7

Scottish Further Education Unit 8

A Curriculum for Excellence (Scottish Executive 2004) identifies aspirations for

The learning environments, the focus on experiential learning and the

Scottish Further Education Unit 9

The Course in Construction Crafts (Intermediate 1)

The general aims of the Construction Crafts Course are to:

In particular, the aims of this Course in Construction Crafts are to:

Scottish Further Education Unit 10

• enable candidates to develop and apply practical, technical and

The Intermediate 1 Course in Construction Crafts has been designed with

Scottish Further Education Unit 11

Unit Specification: statement of standards

a) A prefabricated structure is erected in a prescribed sequence.

Scottish Further Education Unit 12

a) The designated panel is identified and removed from an erected structure.

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Evidence requirements for the Unit

Performance evidence is required to show that all Outcomes and Performance

Performance evidence will be supported by assessor checklists. This evidence

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Teacher/lecturer support materials

Scottish Further Education Unit 15

Student tasks and activities are identified with the symbol

Scottish Further Education Unit 16

Carpentry and joinery – an introduction

A modern apprentice carpenter and joiner serves a four year apprenticeship. It is

Scottish Further Education Unit 17

Basic carpentry and joinery terms

Member A piece of [normally] structural timber in a building. For

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Housing joint detail

Practice joint to be made before replacing the p

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