OSE522: Introduction to Fluid-Structure Interaction (Fall 2011) Instructor: K. C. Park Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-429, USA (kepark@colorado.edu) and Division of Ocean Systems Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering KAIST Daejeon 305-701, Korea (kcpkaist@kaist.edu) 1 Introduction Many natural phenomena and man-made transportation systems and/or ma- chinery often involve fluid-structure interaction (FSI). Examples include the flapping of butterflies and birds and kites, the swaying of tree branches and sea weeds due to wind and current flow, respectively, blood circulation, the opening and closing of heart valves, fish swimming, turbo-machinery, jet en- gine, the lifting by airplane wings, floating of boats on the ocean and river, sloshing in flexible containers, human vocal cords creating voices and songs, musical instruments radiating the beautiful sounds, among others. An aver- age heart pulsation rate (the opening and closing of the human heart valves) is about 103,680 per day. Therefore, for a person of ninety years old his/her heart would have pulsated around in excess of 3.0 billion times! In this course we will study a very narrow topic focusing on compressible and incompressible fluids interacting with rigid as well as flexible structures. A topic relevant for mechanical and ocean systems engineering. We will cover a balanced treatment of classical (analytical) and modern computational for- mulation, modeling and solution of some simple yet basic FSI phenomena. Roughly speaking, the course coverage consists of three parts: a review of basic structural vibrations, governing equations for one and two dimensional potential flow and fluid-born acoustics, and fluid-structure interaction prob- lems. This course will assign a series of homework that are intermingled with analytical and computational endeavor. Hence, the following prerequisite.An absolute prerequisite for this course: Working proficiency of Matlab® or alternative programming language! Otherwise, this course will be difficult for you. So if you think that your programming proficiency is not up to it, please do not procrastinate until you are hit with a programming homework. Learn by going through the tutorial of Matlab, and acquire your proficiency, and if necessary, from your predecessors in your laboratories, work place col- leagues, etc. Do this necessary preparation as soon as possible after you read this prerequisite. 1.1 A Classification of Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems Ina broad sense both natural and technology-driven fluid-structure interaction problems can be classified either internal or external fluid-structure interaction problems. External fluid-structure interaction: The lifting of bodies and wings such as the flight of birds and butterflies, the modern airplanes, the floating of surface and submerged sea vessels and the swimming of fish. etc. Internal fluid-structure interaction: Blood flow, flow through pipes, sloshing of liquid in containers, flow through heat exchanger, diffuser, pump and turbine, etc. There is a third category that does not fit naturally into the above two clas- sifications: water and mass flow along the rivers, estuaries and open channels. This category is gaining importance in recent years due to the mankind’s increased awareness to natural disasters and environmental concerns. 1.2 Boundary Conditions and Interaction Interfaces Often many confuse the interaction interfaces with boundary conditions. This is not the case. Boundaries and interaction interfaces in mechanics share a common feature feature in that both are identified on the points, lines, surfaces of one field for one, two and three dimension problems. There is distinctions. On system or field boundaries, either displacements or tractions are specified, ‘This is illustrated in Fig. 1.1(a). On the other hand, on interfaces neither the displacements nor tractions are known. They are part of unknowns of the total interaction system. Figure 1.1(b) illustrates the interface on the partitioned boundary of structure-structure interaction. It is noted that interfaces are not confined to multiphysics problems such as fluid-structure coupled problems as noted. They occur when a system is spatially partitioned away from thesystem boundaries. In the fluid-structure interaction problems which we are about to study, the interface boundary between the fluid and structure usually is not given any boundary conditions. Hence, even though it is in broad terms ‘a boundary, it is not endowed with any boundary conditions as shown in Fig. 1.1(c). Hence, the terminology interfaces. We thus introduce the following Definitions. Definition 1.1: A partitioned point, line or surface in a mechanical system is called a boundary if either the displacement or the traction is specified at the point, along the line or on the surface, respectively. Otherwise, they are called interfaces, more precisely, interaction interfaces. The field variables such as displacement and stress/pressure on the interaction interfaces are determined only by solving the coupled-field equilibrium equations. Definition 1.2: A free fluid surface is a boundary if the surface pressure is specified on the surface. Otherwise, it is an interaction interface. Definition 1.3: For a point, line or surface where the fluid meet the structure, if either pressure or displacement is specified, it is a boundary. 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