1.GLOBALIZATION .

Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world
views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation (such as the
steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine, and container ships) and in telecommunications
infrastructure (including the rise of the telegraph and its modern offspring, the Internet, and
mobile phones) have been major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence
of economic and cultural activities. Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in
modern times, others trace its history long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages
to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BC Large-scale
globalization began in the 19th century. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the
connectivity of the world's economies and cultures grew very quickly.
The term globalization is very recent, only establishing its current meaning in the 1970s. In
2000, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization:
trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of
people, and the dissemination of knowledge. Further, environmental challenges such as global
warming, cross-boundary water and air pollution, and overfishing of the ocean are linked with
globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization,
economics, socio-cultural resources, and the natural environment. Academic literature
commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas: economic globalization, cultural
globalization, and political globalization.

2. HISTORY .
2.1 Archaic
Archaic globalization conventionally refers to a phase in the history of globalization including
globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly the
1600s. This term is used to describe the relationships between communities and states and
how they were created by the geographical spread of ideas and social norms at both local and
regional levels.

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In this schema, three main prerequisites are posited for globalization to occur. The first is the
idea of Eastern Origins, which shows how Western states have adapted and implemented
learned principles from the East Without the traditional ideas from the East, Western
globalization would not have emerged the way it did. The second is distance. The interactions
amongst states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to Asia, North Africa,
the Middle East, and certain parts of Europe. With early globalization, it was difficult for states
to interact with others that were not within close proximity. Eventually, technological advances
allowed states to learn of others' existence and another phase of globalization was able to
occur. The third has to do with interdependency, stability, and regularity. If a state is not
dependent on another, then there is no way for either state to be mutually affected by the
other. This is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade; without either,
globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on
their own production and resources to function. This is one of the arguments surrounding the
idea of early globalization. It is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar
manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on others as they
are today.

2.2EARLY MODERN
"Early modern-" or "proto-globalization" covers a period of the history of globalization roughly
spanning the years between 1600 and 1800. The concept of "proto-globalization" was first
introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly. The term describes the phase of
increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately
preceding the advent of high "modern globalization" in the late 19th century. This phase of
globalization was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, in the 16th and 17th
centuries, first the Portuguese and Spanish Empires, and later the Dutch and British Empires. In
the 17th century, world trade developed further when chartered companies like the British East
India Company (founded in 1600) and the Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602, often
described as the first multinational corporation in which stock was offered) were established.

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2.3 Modern
During the 19th century, globalization approached its modern form as a direct result of the
Industrial Revolution. Industrialization allowed standardized production of household items
using economies of scale while rapid population growth created sustained demand for
commodities. In the 19th century, steamships reduced the cost of international transport
significantly and railroads made inland transport cheaper. The transport revolution occurred
sometime between 1820 and 1850. More nations embraced international trade. Globalization
in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism such as in Africa and
Asia. The invention of shipping containers in 1956 helped advance the globalization of
commerce.
After World War II, work by politicians led to the agreements of the Britton Woods Conference,
in which major governments laid down the framework for international monetary policy,
commerce, and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to
facilitate economic growth by lowering trade barriers. Initially, the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) led to a series of agreements to remove trade restrictions. GATT's
successor was the World Trade Organization (WTO), which provided a framework for
negotiating and formalizing trade agreements and a dispute resolution process. Exports nearly
doubled from 8.5% of total gross world product in 1970 to 16.2% in 2001. The approach of
using global agreements to advance trade stumbled with the failure of the Doha Development
Round of trade negotiation. Many countries then shifted to bilateral or smaller multilateral
agreements, such as the 2011 South Korea–United States Free Trade Agreement.
Since the 1970s, aviation has become increasingly affordable to middle classes in developed
countries. Open skies policies and low-cost carriers have helped to bring competition to the
market. In the 1990s, the growth of low-cost communication networks cut the cost of
communicating between different countries. More work can be performed using a computer
without regard to location. This included accounting, software development, and engineering
design.
Student exchange programs became popular after World War II, and are intended to increase
the participants' understanding and tolerance of other cultures, as well as improving their

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language skills and broadening their social horizons. Between 1963 and 2006 the number of
students studying in a foreign country increased 9 times.

3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION .

People from different parts of the world have become more connected now than they were
before. Now, it is easier for money and information to flow easily. Services and products
produced in one part of the globe are becoming available in almost all parts of the globe. All
this is because of globalization which has become a major tidal wave that cannot be stopped.
The concept of globalization has some clear disadvantages and advantages.
3.1 Advantages OF GLOBALIZATION
[

 Resources of different countries are used for producing goods and services they are able
to do most efficiently.
 Consumers to get much wider variety of products to choose from.
 Consumers get the product they want at more competitive prices.
 Companies are able to procure input goods and services required at most competitive
prices.
 Companies get access to much wider markets
 It promotes understanding and goodwill among different countries.
 Businesses and investors get much wider opportunities for investment.
 Adverse impact of fluctuations in agricultural productions in one area can be reduced by
pooling of production of different areas.

3.2. Disadvantages
 Developed countries can stifle development of undeveloped and under-developed
countries.
 Economic depression in one country can trigger adverse reaction across the globe.
 It can increase spread of communicable diseases.
 Companies face much greater competition. This can put smaller companies, at a
disadvantage as they do not have resources to compete at global scale.

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4. THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION FACED BY BANGLADESH .

i. General: Technology has made the whole world a global family. Sharing of culture,
behavior and experiences have overcome the territorial boundaries. The challenges
faced by Bangladesh in terms of globalization in social, political, cultural, economic
fields are enumerated in the subsequent paragraphs.
ii. The State Of Economy: The absence of law and order, the rampage by terrorists,
the sway of fundamental fanaticism, the desperate situation of education, the
crowding by the masses of unemployed people and the misery of millions of poor
depict a picture of terrifying hopelessness. The country is singularly resource poor. It
does not have enough mineral or natural resources from which income can be easily
generated to use for the welfare of its vast masses. The miserable state of human
resources is a cause for serious concern. Looking at the deprivation level in the
education, nutrition, health and shelter and judging the poverty and unemployment
scenario, many observers note the inevitability of the state of nature in Bangladesh.
iii. Lack Of Quality Education: The learning materials are pedantic and rather formal
and do not impart practical knowledge to the students. The teaching methods are
archaic and irrelevant. The overall interest in education is limited because female
education was not emphasized in the past.
iv. Low Agricultural Production: Unbalanced Application of chemical fertilizers can be
attributed for degrading soil fertility. Croplands are also depleting fast. The amount of
land lost for urbanization every year is not supplemented by the increased
productivity.
v. The Environmental Reality: The environment of Bangladesh is extremely fragile.
The people-resource ratio is very adverse. Thepressure of population on the natural
resources of the country is very great and on thetop of it are constraints of poverty
and illiteracy. The needs of poor do not allow for conservation of the environment
and lack of education stands in the way of ecological consciousness.
vi. The Problems of Governance: The problems are three levels; firstly, in the political
processes which gives the country its government. Secondly, in the structure of the

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 government this determines the various layers of its operation. Finally, in the
administrative structure and practices which execute the programs of the
government.
vii. Poverty in Bangladesh: Bangladesh has been experiencing with a mix of
macroeconomic, sectoral, institutional and target oriented strategies to combat the
problems of poverty.
viii. The Weakness in Population Planning: The demand for family planning services is
very strong and facilities are not sufficient to meet this demand. The allocation of
resources for health and family planning sector is very meager. The total public
expenditure on health and population planning is only 0.9 percent of Gross Domestic
Product (GDP).
ix. Cynicism and Disregards: Cynicism and disregard for moral and legal principles are
now reigning among a large segment of political activists and general mass and are
often sheltered by political parties. The ubiquitous nature of politics has already
intensified social insecurity – the organized crime, pervasive violence, lack of
confidence in police and corruption in public institutions have undermined the ethics
of citizenship and the image of the nation. However, recent steps taken by the
present government to improve the law and order situation by reorganizing the law
enforcing agencies have brought some positive results and earned good reputation of
the international community.
x. Lack of Sustaining Democratic Governance: In Bangladesh, political leadership
has been falling again and again in sustaining democratic governance. To ensure
overall development of the country and to face the challenges of globalization, the
present democratic process of governance of Bangladesh needs to be upheld at any
cost.
xi. Foreign Direct Investment: Bangladesh has been trying to attract foreign
investment but so far no significant level of investment has been forthcoming due to
a number of reasons, political instability being the main.

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 xii. Country Security and Foreign Policies: In the era of globalization, Bangladesh, like
other developing countries, is confronted with threats emanating from both external
and internal sources: terrorism, drug trafficking, circulation of light weapons, poverty,
political instability, environmental degradation and so on. The main purpose of
Bangladesh’s foreign policy in the present era should be minimizing the degree of
vulnerabilities and reducing threats to its security, as well as possessing the ability to
shape its security environment through an effective and realistic assessment of its
national interest, and the promotion thereof through pragmatic and active
diplomacy.

5. WAYS TO GET IN BEST BENEFIT IN GLOBALIZATION .

The ways to reap benefit from different sectors are enumerated in the following paragraphs.
i. Qualitative Education: Enrolling more girls to school and colleges is good provided they
obtain certain skills in language and quantitative analysis in the least. Currently very
little is learnt and the system loss in failure to public examination is huge. Education
must be an essential element in poverty reduction strategy.
ii. Good governance: Openness in government operations should be the rule rather than
the expectations. This has two implications for macro-economic performance. Firstly, it
will expedite economic decisions as it will follow an open process and will not be turned
in to deal making as it usually is. Secondly, it will secure the commitment of the nation
to any program of action. The measures for open government will be in many areas but
most importantly it will mean parliamentary consideration of important issues and
many topics, which are now considered secret.
iii. Sustainable democracy: Certain basic issues such as economic policy framework,
foreign policy and international relations, specially water sharing with Nepal and India,
transit facility with India, development of growth quadrangle, asset settlement with
Pakistan, reform in important economic sectors, public service restructuring and
reforms and local government structure and reorganization should be discussed in the
parliament. Public representatives should be allowed to finalize policies after
ascertaining the views of the civil society through hearings and dialogues.

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 iv. Poverty alleviation strategy: Poverty alleviation is both a social and economic
imperative in Bangladesh. However, the alleviation of poverty depends on the capacity
of Bangladesh to mobilize resources in an optimum way. There is something that can be
achieved if there is political stability inside the country.
v. Population planning: Population planning is not only family planning but it covers
matters relating to health care and sanitation is particular infant mortality care are of
serious significance. Unless population growth is arrested, poverty reduction will be a
distant dream.
vi. Women empowerment: It is also important that legal provisions are made for
affirmative action for the poor and especially women. Representation of women in
political and social forum must be ensured empowering them, as they are the most
discriminated and deprived class of the society.
vii. Foreign policy: The foreign policy of Bangladesh should focus to broaden the scope for
prosperity through the creation of a modern and efficient economy. It is mandatory for
Bangladesh to make diplomatic efforts to make it possible for the Bangladeshi workers
to work in other countries where there are better opportunities.
viii. Access to markets: Bangladesh has to negotiate preferential access to the markets of
the western developed countries, as well as those of India and China, huge trade gap in
the mutual trade relations has to be redressed.
ix. Policy making function: One of the major weaknesses in Bangladesh administration is
the policy making and policy planning capacity. Policymaking functions must be
strengthened.
x. Foreign investment: Foreign investment is definitely essential for economic
development of Bangladesh. Bangladesh can take up the following four measures to
make the Investment climate attractive:
 Firstly, the costs comparatively higher than other countries should be lowered, as an
 Enterprise will always invest in a country where the return of investment is high.
 The second suggestion is for continuity of policy matter. An investment is always
made in long-term considerations and therefore, it is never desirable that a policy is

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 changed thoughtlessly or a project in progress is suddenly cancelled due to policy
change, especially due to change of the power from one political party to another.
 The third one is improvement of infrastructure facilities. For example, ensuring a
steady supply of electricity, gas at a reduced cost.
 The fourth recommendation is for instituting fairness and speed in approvals given
by different government departments.

6. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON COMMUNICATION .

The process of globalization has widely increased the availability of information for people
across the world. By the use of Internet and advanced mobile services, people are able to
discuss business plans and proposals on an international level as well as exchange private data
securely. Global communication services have also contributed to the enlightenment and
development of the political process in a number of states.

i. Availability of Information: The availability of information is a major effect of the

process of globalization. The World Health Organization, in its works focused on the
cultural dimensions of globalization, has expressed the view that with the spread of
businesses delivering Internet, satellite TV and mobile services, the costs of such
information technologies drop. The decreased price makes it easier for people across
the world to make use of the World Wide Web and the resources available.
ii. Business Conduct: Globalization has influenced global communication by implementing
new techniques for business conduct among workers at international corporations.
Long-distance travels are no longer necessary for business people should they require a
meeting with a partner overseas. Internet technology makes it possible to exchange
business information and conduct video conferences. Additionally, enhanced
communication allows businesses to promote their products more efficiently on the
international market. This significantly changed the business world. In his works on the
matter, U.S. economist John Thompson concludes that the advanced means of
communication have enabled international organizations to take faster and more
adequate decisions in accordance with the change in economic, political or social

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 changes in a particular region. For example, as described by Boonlert Supadhiloke, a
professor of communication in Bangkok University, Thai-based international technology
corporations use advanced communications to respond to the growing demand for
Thai-made products.
iii. Social Awareness: The availability of information, which is a direct effect of the
development of global communication systems, has led to increased social awareness of
people across the world. Information technology and networks enable them to share
opinions, views, work on projects and research different areas. These are among the
main reasons why the process of globalization is creating a sense of a global society. For
example, through the use of communication, many students from the developing
countries enroll in university degrees in the developed world. Education is only a single
sector of the social awareness. Other effects, like social determination, have also
occurred -- the political unrest in Tunisia in the beginning of 2011 had been inspired by
opinions and political considerations shared over the social networks available on the
web.
iv. The Problem: Despite its quick spread and continuous development, global
communication has not reached the majority of people on all continents. The World
Health Organization indicates that at least 70 percent of all people in Africa will never
make a single phone call or use Internet. These points out the need of a more extensive
application of communication technologies as part of the process of globalization.
6.1 The Advantages of Global Communication
i. Makes the World a Smaller Place: the world being a small place has become more
evident with the rise of global communication. Family members separated by distance
can stay connected with each other through electronic communication. Computer
mediated communication, like social networking websites, even allow for long-distance
communication without having to dread receiving an expensive long-distance phone bill.
Electronic communication helps to make the world a smaller place by making news
stories more accessible as well, by increasing the amount of international news people
have access to.

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 ii. Increases Business Opportunities: For businesses, an increase in global communication
means new business opportunities. Effective international business communication
requires an understanding of other cultures. For example, according to Mind Tools, an
online resource for learning business skills, in Eastern countries establishing
relationships plays an important role in business transactions. Therefore, by developing
personal relationships with Eastern businesspeople using electronic communication, you
increase your chances of enjoying successful business transactions.
iii. Improves Cultural Education: The increase of global communication has led to new
tools for educating children about different cultures. For instance, children can learn
about other cultures directly from kids who live in other countries through international
pen pal programs. Also, teachers can use technology to allow political leaders and
cultural experts to educate students on the differences and traditions of other cultures.
6.2 The disadvantages of Global Communication
i. Less interaction with people addicted to online activities such as online gambling,
cybercrime.
ii. Cyber Bullying, harassment and slaking through information and communication
technology.
iii. Lose contact with reality around them such as talking time with family and friends.
iv. Increasing cybercrime through illegal activities such as selling drugs without license,
selling bullet internet.

7. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON ECONOMY .

Globalization has heightened the role of trade in world economy and made industrialization an
integrated system of global trade and production. There has been an unprecedented expansion
in world trade almost 30 fold in the last three decades. In fact, nearly all industrialized countries
of East and Southeast Asia increased their manufactured exports to the tune of one tenth of the
industrialized countries of the North. Most of these countries also shifted to high value added
production in the 1990s which at the same time witnessed countries at the lower level of
development such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to make clothing exports a growth

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pole for them, earning more than one billion dollar annually. Thus most countries are now
significant exporters and are connected to global commodity chain through which they supply
goods and services in the world economy. It is also interesting to note that the sustained
growth of trade among countries and between regions has been happening despite serious
problems in current trading arrangements.
i. Bangladesh and WTO: WTO is the main organization which is playing a pivotal role to
connect the world in trade. Since the establishment of WTO on 1 January 1995,
Bangladesh has been playing an active role in on-going WTO negotiations with a view
to protecting the legitimate claim and interest of LDCs in an extremely competitive
global trading environment. Bangladesh also attaches equal emphasis on its bilateral
and regional trade.
To protect the interest of LDCs, Bangladesh has been strongly pleading for duty-free and
quota free market access for all products originating from LDCs, exploring employment
opportunities for the semi-skilled labor force abroad, enhancing market share for LDCs
in the global trade, meaningful and effective trade related technical assistance,
exemption of LDCs products from any anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard
measures, implementation of all special and differential treatment provisions for LDCs,
continuation of domestic support for low income and resource poor farmers and
subsidy for internal and international transport and freight charge with a view to
reducing marketing cost and developing trade remedial measures and compensatory
mechanism to address the erosion of trade preferences etc.
Along with other WTO members, Bangladesh has been playing an important role to
bring WTO negotiations back on track after the “Cancun” setback in September 2003.
The sixth WTO Ministerial conference was held in Hong Kong from 13-18 December,
2005. The major negotiating issues were Agriculture, NAMA (Non-Agriculture Market
Access) services, WTO Rules, Trade Facilitation, Aid for Trade and specific development
issues for LDCs. The main demand of LDCs was to get duty free and quota free market
access to the developed & developing countries declaring themselves in a position to do
so. The issue was particularly important for LDCs including Bangladesh to raise their

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 market share in the global trade. At Present, LDCs market share in the world export
trade is about 0.6 percent. Besides, some other achievements of LDCs including
Bangladesh are as follows-
 Rule of origin will be simplified so that LDCs can avail themselves of the market
access facilities.
 LDCs have been given an extension of the transition period until 1 July, 2003 to
provide protection for trademarks, copy rights, Patents and other intellectual
property under the TRIPS Agreement. Earlier, an extension of the transition
period for Pharmaceutical products was granted for LDCs until 1 January 2016.
This has been extremely helpful for the expansion of export.
 LDCs will not be required to make commitment particularly under trade
facilitation to the extent consistent with their individual capacities.
 LDCs including Bangladesh have been allowed to maintain “Temporary
Investment Measures up to 2020, if needed. In that case there will not be
obligations under the TRIMs Agreement.
 LDCs will be given technical and financial support under the integrated frame
work, technical co-operation and aid for trade package.
Meanwhile, the government has already spelt out its “market access strategy” with a view to
reaping the meaningful benefit from the Hong Kong Declaration.
ii. Composition of Import & Export in Bangladesh: Government has already spelt out its
market access strategy to face the challenge. But what is the result? Here is shown the
Import & Export scenario for the last three years. Here is shown the negative balance
which is as follows-
Table – 1: Composition of Import & Export (Figure in million US dollar)
Year Export Import Balance

2003-2004 7,602.99 10,903.00 3,300.01

2004-2005 8,654.52 13,147.00 4492.48
2005-2006 10,526.16 14,746.00 4,219.84

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 iii. Scenarios in Telecommunication Industry where competitors are foreign companies:
There is a radical change in our telecommunication Sector. We can easily understand
what will happen when we will be fully connected to the global village. Four private
(cellular) mobile companies are operating competitively. The number of subscribers of
the four private mobile operators is expected to exceed 20 million from the present
14.20 million (June 2012) in the next one year. To meet the increasing demand for
telephone, BTRC generated Mobile Telecom operator license to BTTB, which was
subsequently revised to form a separate entity under the name of TeleTalk and has
already become operational. On the other hand another 15 companies have been
awarded licenses for providing fixed phone services in a competitive environment. In
June 2006 the number of customers of five mobile phone companies is presented in
the following graph-
Table – 2: Cell phone subscribers in Bangladesh
CELL PHONE COMPANY SUBSCRIBER
Grameen Phone 84,67,000
Robi 25,05,664
Banglalink 23,13,900
Airtel 6,86,494
Teletalk 2,35,255

In this connection we can see the positive and negative impact in our economy. The positive
impacts are as follows-
 Employment opportunities have been opened up for thousands of the unemployed.
 Mobile phone call charges are decreasing, which is now below TK 2.00 per minute.
 On the other hand, a huge foreign currency is going abroad because maximum
shareholders of the companies are foreigners. Exception is Teletalk. But a few
subscribers are provided by Teletalk. It is mentionable here that this year another
foreign company Airtel has started since January but here is shown the date up to June
2006.

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 iv. Foreign Investment in Bangladesh: In global Context Bangladesh is a small but
overpopulated poor country. A huge number of unemployed people are the main
problem in our economy. So we need more investment so that this investment can
provide them. Doing Business in Bangladesh today is easier than in many developing
economies. A report entitled “ Doing Business in 2006 : Creating Jobs” Published Jointly
by the World Bank and IFC ranked Banglalink in the 65thposition in terms of Ease of
Doing Business among 155 economics.
Tble-3

Rank Country

1 New zealand

20 Thailand`

31 Maldives

55 Nepal

60 Pakistan

65 Bangladesh

75 Sri-lanka

91 China

99 Vietnam

104 Bhutan

116 India

122 Afghanistan

Foreign Direct Investment has long been recognized as an important channel of capital and
technology flows from developed to developing countries.

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 v. Growth in Manufacturing GDP: Manufacturing has shown a double-digit growth
(10.45%) in FY 2005-2006. Because of this robust growth, manufacturing has now
turned out to be the single largest contributor to GDP (17.05%) and has overtaken
agriculture (16.91%). This clearly shows that the economy of Bangladesh has been
transforming quickly from agrarian to industrial structure.
vi. Trend of Structural Transformation of Board Sector Shares in GDP at Constant Prices
:The trend of structural transformation of board sector shares in GDP and growth rate
at constant prices has been shown in the table and graphs below.
Table- 4: Trend of Structural Transformation of Board Sector Shares in GDP and growth
Rate at Constant prices (Base year: 1995-96)

Share (in percent)

Sector 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Agriculture 33.07 31.15 29.23 25.68 25.03 23.08 22.27 21.77
Industry 17.31 19.13 21.04 24.87 26.20 27.96 28.31 29.01
Service 49.62 49.73 49.73 49.45 48.77 49.22 49.42 49.22
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Average growth rate (in percent)
Agriculture 3.31 3.31 2.23 3.10 3.14 4.09 2.21 4.49
Industry 5.13 6.72 4.57 6.98 7.45 7.60 8.28 9.56
Service 3.55 4.10 3.28 3.96 5.53 5.66 6.36 6.47
GDP (At 3.74 3.34 3.24 3.47 5.41 5.82 5.93 6.91
producer
prices)
Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)
Though there is a trend of transformation of the share of agriculture and industry sector
over the last two decades, the share of service sector remained constant for the same
period except minor variation year to year. The share of agriculture sector in GDP at the
beginning of eighties (1980-81) was 33.07 percent which reduced gradually to 29.23

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 percent in 1990-91 and 25.03 percent in 2000-01. In the current fiscal year, this share
stood at 21.77 percent. On the other hand, the share of industry sector in GDP at the
beginning of eighties was 17.31 percent which gradually increased to 21.04 percent in
1990-91 and 26.20 in 2000-01. In the current fiscal year, this share is 29.01 percent. This
structural transformation of GDP of Bangladesh reflects the positive trend of industry
sector both in terms of share and growth. By analyzing the sector-wise growth rate
within this period, it is observed that industry sector shows significant success in
increasing growth compared to agriculture and service sector.
vii. Overseas Employment: A sizeable number of Bangladeshi professional skilled, semi-
skilled and unskilled labor force is employed in different countries including the Middle
East Overseas employment and workers’ remittances contribute significantly to the
economic development of the country through reduction of unemployment and
augmenting foreign exchange reserves and income.
Table – 5: Number of Expatriate Bangladeshis and their Remittances
Fiscal year No. of employment Amount Remittance

aboard (000) Million US$ percentage change (%)

1995-96 181 1,217.06 1.62
2003-04 277 3,371.97 10.12
2004-05 250 3,848.29 14.13

2005-06 291 4,801.88 24.78

Source: Bureau of Manpower, Employment Training and BD Bank

Table shows that a total of 2.27 lakhs Bangladeshi had gone abroad for employment in
FY 2003-04. The number stood at 2.5 lakhs in FY 2004-05. In FY 2005-06 manpower
exports reached 2.91 lakhs. In FY 2003-04 to 2005-06, amount of remittance is
increasing and it higher than previous year.

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8. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON MODERN TECHNOLOGY .

Globalization is now largely based on a strong technological foundation. The electronic transfer
of information via the internet has now created an instantaneous and inter-connected world of
information resulting in a 24-hour trading network. This technology has largely changed
banking and financial activities. Worldwide money transfer and transaction of businesses have
now become a matter of clicking the mouse of a computer. Some products like software and TV
schedules are also amenable to digital of electronic transmission. We can now buy and sell
goods through the electronic screen. Globalization is now only what technology makes possible.

9. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON WORLD TRADE.

Opponents to the process of globalization indicated that the impact of globalization on
developing and developed countries differed. Brittan (1998:8) indicated that globalization led
to an increase in the wealth of developed countries and also not to bigger poverty in the
developing countries. As an example of the improvement in the developing countries Brittan
referred to the improvement in the economic situation in the Asian countries. The
improvement in economic growth in the Asian countries led to a reduction in the skewed
distribution of income between
Developed and developing countries. Despite these rather positive developments in some
developing countries many countries are still in poverty and risks marginalization if they do not
very soon become part of the international trade system. Hak-Min (1999:2) differs from the
view of Brittan that the distribution of income between developed and developing countries
has become less skewed by indicating that globalization in the integrated world economy has
lead to industrial growth in a limited number of developed countries. A big number of countries
developed serious financial problems, which led to an increase in the income gap between
developed and developing nations. Between 1980-1990 more that 90% of all financial
transactions of the world were executed in 25 of 121 countries worldwide (Hak-Min, 1999:2).
Die low-income countries share in the globalized capital flows were less than 1% of the total
worldwide transactions. These developments is seen by Gill en Law (1988:127) as the
transnational stage in the development of capitalism. Ohmae (1985:2) indicated that the global

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economy is dominated by three regional blocks namely America, Europe and Japanese
dominated Asian block. These three regional blocks were responsible for 43% of all global
capital transactions and for 56 % of all portfolio transactions between 1980-1990 (Hak-Min,
1999:4).
Despite the process of globalization was 77.29% of Germany’s exports and 77.81 % of imports
were still to Western industrialized countries between 1980-1990. South Africa’s most
important export partners are also the European Union, America and Asia. The conclusion can
be made that the developing countries did not get the advantage of the process of
globalization.
The impact of globalization on the international distribution of income
There are two issues in the evaluation of the impact of globalization on the distribution of
income. In the first part of the discussion an overview will be provided on the impact of
globalization on the distribution of income. In second part of the discussion the issue of
whether the distribution of income is a good measure of economic development will be
discussed. Die IMF ((c) 2000:1) investigated 42 countries housing 90% of the world’s population
to determine the progress in eliminating the income gap between countries. The study came to
the conclusion that the per capita level of production increased dramatically since the start of
the twentieth century. The problem is that the distribution in countries is more skewed that at
the beginning of the twentieth century. The United Nations development Report of 1992
quotes Manderen Goldsmith (1996:24) which indicated that the worldwide distribution is
income is still much skewed. It is also argued that the income gap has increased between
countries since 1960. This view is supported by Todaro (1985:29) who indicated that developing
countries only experienced GDP growth of 1,1% per annum between 1960 and 1982. At the
same stage the developing countries experienced an average GDP growth of 3,1 per annum.
The IMF (2000(b): 3) showed that the richest part of the world population’s income has
improved six times between 1900 and 2000. The income of the poorest part of the world
population only improved by 3% during the same time. Masson (2001:6) indicated the issue is
much more complicated that merely comparing the relative levels in the distribution in income.
Masson compared the level of economic growth in countries that is actively involved in

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globalization versus countries that is not actively taking part in the process of globalization.
Masson concluded that the thirty developed nations that actively took part in the process of
globalization grew by 3,5% in the eighties and 5 % in the nineties. The countries that did not
actively take part in the process of globalization did not realize any or just marginal growth
rates after 1980. The countries that opened their economies grew at a faster rate that the
developing countries (Masson, 2001:7). It is thus wrong to argue that globalization caused that
low and unequal distribution of income in developing countries. The IMF (2000:2) also indicated
that globalization lead to unequaled economic growth during the twentieth century. The global
GDP per capital almost increased five times during in the twentieth century. This growth also
did not happen in a stable manner. The biggest improved in growth happened in the second
half of the century due to the increased in trade and the process of financial liberalization. As it
will be shown in this
Article a backlash against globalization occurred in the interwar years with countries adopting a
more inward looking policy stance by increasing tariffs. The economic growth in the period
1913 –1950 were on average less than 1% Although globalization has contributed to a
significant increase in average economic growth it has already been indicated that this was not
spread evenly between countries. The richest quarter of the world population’s income grew
six times, whilst the poorest quarter income only grew three times. The conclusion can thus
been made, that despite globalization contribution to the increased levels of economic growth
it did not contribute to the improvement in the skewed distribution of income between
developed and developing countries. The problem is the skewed distribution of income can
mainly be attributed to the limited participations of the developing countries in the process of
globalization.
The second issue is to decide whether economic growth is a good indicator of economic
development. Manderen Goldsmith (1996:26) indicated that GDP per capita is not a very good
indicator to measure economic development. If wider measure of economic development, like
the social conditions in countries is compared, the situation regarding economic development is
better than only comparing the relative level of income. According to the IMF (2000:5) several
low income countries like Sri Lanka has impressive social development indicators, despite not

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sharing in the increased economic growth due to globalization. The fact that the skew in the
distribution did not improved in favor of the developing countries did not necessarily hamper
the economic development in these countries. Another indicator for economic development is
the Human development indicators. The development situation is also more positive if
measured by the United Nations Human development Indicators. (Crafts, 2000: 6). The
indicators are based on the education level and life expectancy to determine the level of
development. One of Crafts most important contribution to the debate was to indicate the
major differences in the levels of the Human development indicators and the income gap. The
income levels of the poorest members of the word populations in real terms are still lower than
the income levels in the developing countries in the 1870’s. Despite these low-income levels
these countries have improved HDI’s due to the improvements in medical technology and the
resultant improved living standards. These increased living standards in turn lead to a better life
expectation. Despite the fact that globalization lead to an more skewed distribution of income
between developing and developed countries it also lead to increased world production and an
increase in the levels of trade. The move to integrated world markets provided big potential for
economic growth and can be seen as an uneven opportunity for developing countries to
improve their standard of living Qattara (1997:177). It is also accepted that countries with an
export driving economy have a better change for economic growth and development than an
inward looking economy (Todaro, 1985:123). It can thus be argued that globalization can
provide the solution to the growth problems in developing countries and regions like Africa.

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10. DIE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON LABOR .
One of the most important impacts of the process of globalization is on labor in the different
countries. This discussion will focus on two issues namely the impact of globalization on
unemployment and the impact on wage and labor standards
i. The impact of globalization on unemployment: Some of the opponents of
globalization are arguing that the process of globalization will lead to higher level of
unemployment in developing countries. Other economists are of the opinion that the
competition of low wage countries will rather lead to unemployment in developing
countries. The developed countries will thus be exporting jobs to the developed
countries. Brittan (1998:8) states that it is an oversimplification to argue that the high
levels of unemployment in developing countries are caused by globalization. Brittan is of
the opinion the demand for low skilled workers have declined due to technological
developments (Brittan,1998:8). The international demand for workers with specialized
skills has increased. The reason for this is that the specialized skilled worker is needed to
compliment the advancement in technology Nader (1993:334) and Brecheren Costello
(1994) (in Scholte, 1997:334) differs from the view of Brittan by stating that
globalization has lead to reduction in the bargaining power of the worker in relation to
the van global company. This is true because of the fact that the border between
countries is still real to workers. There exist limitations in the labor mobility of workers.
According to Scholte (1997:335) it is not certain whether cross border production will
lead to the loss of job security and lower wages. Globalization is thus, not necessarily
disadvantaging the workers. The Kommission fur Zukunftssfragen (1997:111) quoted in
Beck (2000:120) agrees with Beck that it is mainly the labor intensive and lowly skills
workers that are lower in demand due to the competition in the world economy.
According to the IMF (2000:8) these workers would have been under pressure to keep
their jobs even without globalization due to the fact that the economies of the
developed countries have became more service orientated and that the demand for
lower skilled workers has diminished.

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 ii. The impact of globalization on wages and labor standards: The second labor
related issue with regards to the impact of globalization on labor is the impact of service
conditions. It is feared that the process of globalization will lead to a race to the bottom.
This will be resulted because countries will try and improve their competitiveness by
lowering wages, taxes and regulations. Brittan (1998:9) agrees that it will be necessary
to protect some of the workers right as countries become more interdependent.
Developing countries does have to improve their competitive wages as this will lead to
debate on labor standards that can lead the way to the reduction of the participation of
developing countries in the world economy. Litanen Herring (1995:5) indicated that
there is a limit in the way that countries can compete in a competition in laxity. The
customers of financial services companies still prefer to trade with countries were the
financial services are regulated properly. This is one of the reasons why most of the
American firms did not move to the Cayman Islands. Countries will thus not be in a
position to ignore workers right to become international competitive. If developing
countries is paying to much attention and start of over regulate it labor markets it can
also impact negatively on their international competitiveness. The EIU (2002) had
indicated that the over regulated the South African labor market is a negative factor for
the international competitiveness of the country. It acts as a prohibiting factor for
foreign investors wanting to invest in South Africa.

11.IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON SPORTS AND RECREATION.

Sports play an important role in the development of international relationship. Many
international sporting events are organized from time to time. These events are telecast
worldwide by satellite and people all over the world watch them live. The sports venue
becomes a meeting place of people from different countries. They come closer to each other,
sharing views, opinions and friendship. Bangladesh is also the beneficiary of this opportunity.

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12. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION IN EDUCATIO .

Having looked at the brief categorization of globalization in general, this section will focus on
the effect of globalization in education. This section will look at co modification,
internationalization, citizenship and accessibility of knowledge.
Co modification is the term used to describe co modification can be seen in two ways, the
displacement of use values by exchange values or in general to describe how consumer culture
becomes embedded in daily lives through various ways (Ball, 2004, p.4). This consumer culture
that is a global phenomenon today has also affected the education sector. Co modification of
education is evident from the primary school to the higher education. Many are affected by,
especially the parents and the students. Due to the competition for the entrance of an excellent
school, parents and the learner will be under a lot of pressure to prepare them so they can
qualify to this prestigious or high-league table-ranked school. The society without noticing is
drawn to this concept of education co modification due to the societal pressure. Similarly, the
teachers and staff in these schools are forced to work hard to maintain the schools' league
table
Position so they can maintain the financial support from the government. 'The demands of
competition, the information provided by League Tables, pressures from the state for
performance improvement and target-achievement and per-capita funding, in a period of
spending constraints, work together to create local 'economies of student worth' where schools
compete to recruit those students, most likely to contribute to 'improvements' and
'performance' (Ball, 2004, p. 10). Therefore, in this situation the co modification of education
does not really seem to benefitting the learners, or the even parents. This cycle of incentives for
performance is not something good as it contradicts with the value of education.
Due to globalization, the power of sovereign has been reduced. Instead, there is a new concept
of citizenship emerging (Capella, 2000).Capella argues that in light of globalization, citizenship
has run away from 'private sphere' and is more open. Besides, democracy is also a sign of the
reduced function of citizenship. This has also an effect in education where the introduction of
module and courses on being a global citizen. These courses also echo the concept of
democracy.

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Another effect of globalization is the internationalization of education. Internationalization is
'the process of integrating an international or intercultural dimension into the teaching,
research and exercise function of the institution (Knight, 1994, p. 16 cited in Knight, 1999).
Internationalization is about globalization. Internationalization happens usually at higher level
education. There are many reasons for the internationalization of the higher education. One of
it is the internationalization will help foreign policy of a country. Through internationalization, a
country will be perceived as welcoming and friendly to the different cultural aspects. In other
words, internationalization will indicate that the country appreciates the various cultures that
exist are open to accepting them. On an economic point of view, internationalization will help
attract investment from foreign countries to a country. This will boost the country's economy
through the investments (Knight, 1999).
By internationalization, the quality of teaching and learning process could be improved. This is
because internationalization encourages acceptance of various culture and integrates this in
the teaching and learning process. The students will be exposed to various source of knowledge
about the world. This knowledge of the world will help the learners to understand and make
sense the difference and similarities people around the world have from one culture to
another. Besides, internationalization will also encourage partnership between various
universities around the world. This is because through internationalization, one common
medium of interaction will be chosen between the cooperating universities, which will likely to
be English. Having a common language and some similarities will further encourage
cooperation work between universities from different countries.
Another effect of globalization in education is that the accessibility of knowledge. Through the
internet, many different kind of knowledge are readily accessible on the internet (Robertson,
1992). This means the acquisition of knowledge by students are much faster since there they
have wide range of knowledge available for them. This would help students and teachers in
their learning process. This rapidly growing information on the net could facilitate learning
process by providing references and validating certain concepts that the learners are confused
or unable to comprehend. Besides, the teachers and learners can build a network system
through the net where they can talk and communicate with teachers and students from any

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part of the world through the internet. This would help teachers and learners to create a global
view of education n based on their communication with people from around the world.
However, this might also be a problem for the students since with the huge amount of
information available on the net; the reliability of some of the information is sometimes
questionable. Therefore, it is important for the learners to be able to distinguish between
reliable and unreliable information. Besides, it is also important for them to be able to choose
and pick which information that is suitable for them.
The downside of this body of knowledge available on the internet is that it cannot be accessed
by people in certain parts of the world where the communication technology is not at par with
the latest communication technology (Burbules, 2000). This in a way widens the gap between
the education progress in a developed country with a well-equipped information technology
facilities and the education progress in a developing country with poor information technology
facilities. In a less progressed country where it is already a struggle to maintain teaching and
learning process, the people will not know what they have missed by the lack of facilities.

Another aspect of the manifestation of the accessibility information is the distance learning
(Foley, 2003). Distance learning is the teaching and learning process which does not happen in a
physical classroom, but instead happens in a virtual classroom. This distance learning was
already available before the existence of the internet through the use of post. However, the
invention of the internet has taken distance learning into a whole new level. Distance education
has enabled more people to gain access to education through the many different types of
online courses offered by universities and other online course providers. One of the benefits of
this distance learning is that the learning process can be done in learners' own time, without
any peer pressure from classmates. However, the drawback of distance learning is that the
reduced or loss of the human touch in the learning and teaching process. Human touch in the
form of communication with one another is important in learning.

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13. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON OUR CULTURE .

13.1. Positive impact of Globalization on our Culture

Due to globalization, westernization is spreading out all over the world. Westernization has
been placed in different countries because of globalization and needless to say, it has had an
impact on the Bangladesh way of life. It has out-rooted the traditional Bengali culture and the
rate at which westernization is happening to Bangladesh is surprising. Regional languages are
on the process of redefined. In many ways instating of regional language people have been
used to English especially in urban areas youngsters. It had started get fixing with western
clothing, western languages, western mannerisms and everything else westernized.

Besides, the festival of Pohela Baishak, people is now celebrating like other western cultural
festivals especially in young group such as-
• Valentine’s Day,
• Friendship Day,
• Mother’s Day,
• Father’s Day.
• And other international celebrations.

13.2. Negative impact of Globalization on our Culture

At the side of the positive, Bangladeshi people are involving day by day with negative activities
which our own culture because of following western culture. However no matter have occurred
by this way, what people are doing in our society.
With Globalization and westernization of our culture, Bangladesh now has access to things like
adult movies, pornographic material, sex toys and other sexual content from all around the
world especially in young group of people. Bangladeshi’s population has been corrupted thanks
by easy access which has been brought about by westernization. In fact, this has gone to such
limits that now pornographic material is even made in Bangladesh also. These perverted habits

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have raised a population who sometimes are so full of hunger for that they choice to rape. It is
a fact that rape cases have risen since the spread of globalization.
So that, western dress is another factor that creates an imbalance in our society especially for
woman group (whenever girls wear a shirt, t-shirt, and pant in our society, due to feel or
sensation of comfortable) which does not permit within our culture as majority of Muslim
nationality. For wearing that kind of dresses men are mostly thinking in negative sense.

14. IMPACT ON FAMILY

Globalization exerts influences on our concepts of family. Commercialization and rapid
urbanization have resulted in breakdown of traditional large families into nuclear ones.
Expanded rate of female education is another example of the impact of globalization.
Family Issues at a Global Level
Top Five:
1. Drug and alcohol abuse
2. Aging
3. Family Violence
4. Adolescent Health
5. Unemployment
Bottom Five:
1. Infertility
2. Adoption
3. Homelessness
4. Family Structure
5. Cohabitation

Taking the advantage of the idea of globalization, capitalist countries are exploiting and
impoverishing the workers of the developing countries. In the name of help and co-operation,
the industrially developed capitalist countries are exploiting the cheap labor available in poorer
countries. This actually paves the way for a lasting poverty so that the capitalists can continue

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to have a poor of cheap labor to draw from. The exploited and impoverished workers of the
developing countries are no much for a globalizing powerful capitalism. As a result, the gap
between wealth and poverty is ever widening. Globalization has put the people of the world on
the same vessel but in different cabins.
It is true that globalization has produced a window of opportunity for more countries to join the
mainstream of world economy. Through globalization process, the world can be knit together,
cross-fertilization of culture can take place and transfer of knowledge can become a reality. It
has the hazards too and in the ultimate analysis no country is safe from the hazards of
globalization. We can conclude by quoting the Apollo-7 astronaut that, "The thing that
impressed me about looking to the earth from outer space was that the borders between
countries were not visible." National borders are virtually meaningless today. If we want to be
advanced, we should have co-operation and interdependence but not conflict and dependence.
If we can build up an atmosphere of mutual understanding and co-operation through the
globalization process, our world can certainly be a better place to live in.

15. CONCLUSION .
It is practically impossible for Bangladesh to stay away from the process of globalization since
the whole world is getting involved in it. But again it would be a real challenge for us to take
advantage of this liberal economic policy without massive infrastructural change and significant
increase in efficiency level in all sectors. Still Bangladesh enjoys the benefits of being a member
of least Developed countries. But before long this special privilege will not be in effect and
many third world countries will pose a threat for Bangladesh. For instance, our garments sector
will face serious Competition from the garments sector of china since china can ensure better
infrastructural support and better trained human resource. Definitely cheap labor and
conducive climatic condition are two advantages for Bangladesh. But political stability and good
governance must be ensured before we hope to cope with the extremely competitive
environment of a globalized world.

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