IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 37, NO.

4, JULY/AUGUST 2001 1037

Operations of the Dominant Harmonic Active Filter

(DHAF) Under Realistic Utility Conditions
Po-Tai Cheng, Member, IEEE, Subhashish Bhattacharya, Student Member, IEEE, and Deepak Divan, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents laboratory test results of the

Dominant Harmonic Active Filter (DHAF) prototype. The DHAF
system achieves harmonic isolation at the dominant harmonics
using square-wave active filter inverters. The key advantages of the
DHAF system are the low rating and low bandwidth requirements
of the active filter inverter. Such characteristics allow cost-ef-
fective and viable applications of the DHAF system to mitigate
harmonic problems for high-power nonlinear loads (10–100 MW
and above). Several practical situations, including source-sink
resonance, ambient harmonic interferences, and unbalanced
grid voltages are applied to the DHAF prototype to validate its
performance. The operation principles of the DHAF system and
the synchronous-reference-frame-based controller are discussed
to explain how harmonic isolation at the dominant harmonics
is accomplished. A design example of the DHAF system for a
20-MVA rectifier load at an industrial site is also given to illustrate
its application.
Index Terms—Active filter, dominant harmonic active filter, har-
monic filter, harmonic isolation, HVdc, square-wave inverter, syn-
chronous reference frame.
Fig. 1. Proposed DHAF system.

I. INTRODUCTION standards, such as the IEEE 519, are strongly recommended by

A S INDUSTRIES embrace modern power electronics
technologies with an unprecedented fervor and capi-
talize on the improved efficiency and productivity provided
by the workhorses like adjustable-speed drives (ASDs) and
uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), the utility grid that
powers the industries is being disturbed by these equipments
because of their rectifier front ends. Due to their nonlinear
nature, use of rectifiers results in significant harmonic current
in the utility grid. With the increasing use of power factor
correction capacitors installed in the grid for var compensation
and the inductance of the lines and transformers, severe L-C
resonances may be triggered by the harmonic current generated
by nonlinear loads. The harmonic current also causes higher
losses in the lines and transformers of the utility grid. Harmonic
Paper IPCSD 01–004, presented at the 2000 Industry Applications Society
Annual Meeting, Rome, Italy, October 8–12, and approved for publication in
the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Industrial Power
Converter Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Manuscript
submitted for review April 1, 2000 and released for publication March 23, 2001.
This work was supported by the Wisconsin Electric Machines and Power Elec-
tronics Consortium (WEMPEC), University of Wisconsin, Madison.
P.-T. Cheng is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Na-
tional Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail:
ptcheng@ee.nthu.edu.tw).
S. Bhattacharya is with the FACTS and Power Quality Division, Siemens
Power Transmission and Distribution, Pittsburgh, PA 15235 USA (e-mail: sub-
hashish.bhattacharya@swpc.siemens.com).
D. Divan is with Soft Switching Technologies, Middleton, WI 53706 USA
(e-mail: deepakd@softswitch.com).
Publisher Item Identifier S 0093-9994(01)05911-4.
0093–9994/01$10.00 © 2001 IEEE
the utilities to alleviate such problems.
Passive L-C filters have been the traditionally preferred har-
monic filtering solution mainly for their high efficiency, low cost
and simplicity.However, L-C filters aresusceptible to source-sink
resonances [1]–[6]. L-C filters also attract harmonic current from
ambient harmonic-producing loads and background distortion
of grid voltages [2], [7]–[9]. Filter loading due to background
distortion is a key design issue [10]. Their filtering characteristics
are affected by component tolerances, and the varying utility
system impedances in case of system configuration changes and
contingencies. Further, a stiff utility grid poses great difficulties
for L-C filter design because sharp and precise tuning will be
required to sink a significant percentage of the load harmonic
current.Withalltheseproblems,L-CfiltersmaynotmeettheIEEE
519 standard [11].
Several active filter systems have been proposed to mitigate
harmonic current of industrial loads [12]–[14]. Pure series and
shunt active filters are suitable for small-rating nonlinear loads
[12], [15]–[17]. Hybrid series and hybrid shunt active filters,
which are characterized by a combination of passive L-C filters
and active filters, are cost effective and practical for large-rated
nonlinear loads. Implemented with high-bandwidth pulsewidth
modulation (PWM) inverters, these active filters demonstrate
superb filtering characteristics [3]–[5], [18], [6], [19], [20], [8],
[12]–[14], [21], [22].
On the other hand, due to their high bandwidth requirement,
their applications are limited to nonlinear loads below 10 MW
[12], [13]. For nonlinear loads beyond 10 MW, hybrid active

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA. Downloaded on August 17,2010 at 14:19:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 1038
filter systems implemented with PWM inverters are not cost ef-
fective due to the high bandwidth and high rating requirement.
Passive L-C filters are usually used for this level of loads. How-
ever, as stated previously, using L-C filters may not meet the
IEEE 519 standard.
The authors have proposed the Dominant Harmonic Active
Filter (DHAF) [23]–[27] intended for high-power nonlinear
loads beyond 10 MW. The proposed DHAF system (Fig. 1)
achieves harmonic isolation at the dominant harmonic fre-
quencies, i.e., at the fifth and seventh harmonics (for six-pulse
rectifier front ends), using square-wave inverters. The DHAF
system adopts the hybrid-shunt topology for the advantages
of simple protection and retrofit possibility with the existing
passive filters. The DHAF system does not have any compen-
sation limit in terms of of the nonlinear load because
its operations focus only on the dominant fifth and seventh
harmonics. The fifth and seventh harmonics of the supply
current are extracted by the DHAF controller to achieve domi-
nant harmonic isolation, therefore the DHAF system operates
independent of the load current profile. The passive filters
reduce the disturbances of high to the DHAF system.
The DHAF system can also be installed at the PCC for a group
of nonlinear loads, including “double-pulse” type of front ends
widely used at low voltage levels. Filtering performances of
shunt active filters with “double-pulse” nonlinear loads can
be maintained if sufficient impedances (such as step-down
transformers) are provided in between [28].
Experimental and simulation results have shown that the
DHAF system meets the IEEE 519 harmonic current limits in
the supply [23], [27], [26]. In this paper, the synchronous-ref-
erence-frame (SRF)-based controller of the DHAF system is
explained in detail, and laboratory test results of the DHAF
prototype are presented. The DHAF system prototype is tested
under several practical utility interface situations including
source-sink resonances, ambient harmonic interferences, and
unbalanced grid voltages to validate its performance. The
hardware implementation of major components of the DHAF
prototype will also be presented.
II. SRF-BASED DHAF CONTROLLER
Fig. 2 shows the block diagram of the SRF-based controller
implemented for the fifth harmonic active filter inverter of the
DHAF system. The SRF controller achieves fifth harmonic iso-
lation by using closed-loop control on the fifth harmonic com-
ponent of the supply current. Three-phase supply currents ,
, and are measured and transformed into the synchronous
reference frame ( – axes) rotating at the fifth harmonic.
The fifth harmonic component of the supply current is trans-
formed into dc quantities in the and axes, and extracted
by the subsequent low-pass filters. and are then compared
to the references and . Note that references
are zero in order to achieve harmonic isolation at the fifth
harmonic. The errors are fed into the proportional plus integral
(PI) regulators to generate the required voltage command for the
active filter inverter. A -to- transformation is applied
to convert the inverter voltage command back to three-phase
quantities. The modified sine/triangle modulation used in the
Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA. Downloaded on August 17,2010 at 14:19:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 37, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2001
controller generates square-wave switching commands at the
fifth harmonic with slight fundamental frequency modulation to
achieve harmonic isolation at the fifth harmonic frequency and
dc-bus power balancing of the active filter inverter [23], [26].
For the DHAF prototype, AD2S100 vector rotator of Analog
Devices is used to implement the SRF transformation. The op-
erating frequency of the transformation is phase-locked to the
utility grid by a simple phase-locked-loop circuitry.
In the laboratory, only the fifth harmonic SRF controller is
implemented to verify the operation of the DHAF prototype. In
real applications, a similar SRF-based controller will be imple-
mented for the seventh harmonic active filter inverter to achieve
harmonic isolation at the seventh harmonic frequency [29].
III. DHAF PROTOTYPE TEST RESULTS
The following test conditions are set up in the laboratory to
emulate various practical utility interface situations. The key
parameters are given as follows.
Supply: 244 V (rms, line-to-line), 60 Hz, with 1.0% fifth har-
monic distortion. mH. SCR 90 on 4.5-kVA basis.
The IEEE 519 harmonic standard requires the total demand dis-
tortion (TDD) to be below 12%.
Load: Six-pulse diode rectifier. Details are given in Table I.
Note that and are the dc-side inductor and capacitor of
the rectifier load.
Passive Filter: Component parameters for each test condi-
tion are given in Table II.
Active Filter: A conventional three-phase voltage-source
inverter implemented with Toshiba MG100Q2YS40 (1200
V, 100 A) insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules,
dc-bus electrolytic capacitors F, and ac-side
reactor mH. Turns ratio of the coupling transformer
is 20 : 1 (inverter side : L-C filter side).
The instrumentations for the DHAF prototype are shown
in Fig. 3. The control circuit is implemented with digital and
analog circuit components to achieve the control functions
described in Section II.
A. Source-Sink Resonance
Passive L-C filters are very susceptible to source-sink
resonance formed by the passive filter and the utility system
impedance. If the resonant frequency is near the dominant fifth
or seventh harmonic frequency, highly distorted line currents
and voltages are likely to occur and cause line trip-offs and
possible equipment damages.
The DHAF system test setup is shown in Fig. 4. The res-
onant frequency of the system inductance ( ) and the filter
components ( and ) is very close to the fifth harmonic
( , where rad s). Therefore, the supply current
is severely distorted with 38.2% of fifth harmonic as shown
and in Fig. 5(a), and so is the filter current as shown in
Fig. 6(a).
After the active filter is started, the fifth harmonic component
of is reduced to 5.3%. THD of improves from 39.2% (be-
fore the DHAF system is started) to 11.0% (after) as shown in
Fig. 5(b). The distortion of the filter current is also reduced as
shown in Fig. 6(b).
 CHENG et al.: OPERATIONS OF THE DHAF UNDER REALISTIC UTILITY CONDITIONS 1039

Fig. 2. Controller of the DHAF system for the fifth harmonic active filter inverter.

TABLE I
HARMONIC PRODUCING LOAD USED IN THE TEST BENCH

TABLE II
PASSIVE FILTER COMPONENTS FOR EACH TEST CONDITION

Note that the DHAF system achieves harmonic isolation in
presence of the background supply voltage distortion (approx-
imately 1.0% of the fifth harmonic). This experimental result
indicates that the DHAF system allows the filter to be
tuned at the fifth harmonic to maximize its harmonic filtering
effectiveness without the risk of inducing the source-sink har-
monic resonance.
Fig. 7 shows the line-to-line output voltage of the fifth
harmonic active filter inverter. The active filter inverter switches
in the square-wave mode to achieve harmonic isolation at the
fifth harmonic frequency. As indicated by the spectrum, the fifth
harmonic component of is the major component, veri-
fying the square-wave switching of the DHAF inverter.
also contains a small fundamental component for dc-bus power

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA. Downloaded on August 17,2010 at 14:19:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 1040 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 37, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2001

(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Filter current i ; under system resonance. (a) i before DHAF is
started. (b) i after DHAF is started.

Fig. 3. DHAF prototype test bench instrumentations.

Fig. 7. Active filter inverter voltage v (line to line); under system

resonance.

Fig. 4. Hardware test bench for the DHAF system. L , L , and C form
resonance near the fifth harmonic frequency. Diode rectifier load.

Fig. 8. Hardware test bench for the DHAF system. L and C are tuned at the
(a) (b) fifth harmonic frequency. Ambient diode rectifier load.
Fig. 5. Supply current i ; under system resonance. (a) i before DHAF is
started. (b) i after DHAF is started. DHAF system demonstrates its capability of blocking ambient
harmonics by achieving harmonic isolation at dominant har-
balancing of the active filter inverter. The 11th and 13th side- monic frequencies.
band harmonic voltages present in are the result of the Fig. 8 shows the arrangement of the DHAF system and the
modulation strategy of the DHAF system. Detailed derivation ambient harmonic-producing load. The current of the ambient
and calculation of the sideband components are provided in [26] rectifier is given in Fig. 9. Note that the main load is discon-
and [29]. nected. Before the DHAF starts, supply current contains
22.6% of the fifth harmonic component as shown in Fig. 10(a).
B. Ambient Harmonics Interferences This high current distortion primarily results from the ambient
Passive L-C filters are susceptible to ambient harmonic-pro- rectifier and background distortion of the supply voltage. After
ducing loads because excessive harmonic current from ambient the DHAF is started, the fifth harmonic component of is
loads can cause passive filter overloading. In this test, the reduced to 2.6%, and the THD of is reduced to 4.2% as

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA. Downloaded on August 17,2010 at 14:19:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 CHENG et al.: OPERATIONS OF THE DHAF UNDER REALISTIC UTILITY CONDITIONS 1041

Fig. 9. Ambient nonlinear load current.

Fig. 12. Hardware test bench of the DHAF system; unbalanced utility supply
voltage.

(a) (b)
Fig. 10. Supply current i ; ambient diode rectifier load. (a) i before DHAF
is started. (b) i after DHAF is started.

(a) (b)
Fig. 13. Supply voltage v ,v , and v ; unbalanced supply voltage.
(a) Time domain. (b) Frequency domain.

Fig. 11. Dynamic response of the DHAF system to the starting transient of the
ambient rectifier load. Top: ambient load current i ; middle: inverter dc-bus
voltage; bottom: inverter output voltage v .
(a) (b)

shown in Fig. 10(b). Fig. 11 shows the response of the DHAF
system to the starting transient of the ambient rectifier. As the
ambient diode rectifier load is started, the feedback controller
and the dc-bus voltage controller of the DHAF system respond
by charging up the inverter dc-bus voltage from 42.8 to 70.3 V
in the presence of increased disturbance from the utility side.
The envelope of the inverter output voltage follows the dc-bus
voltage because of square-wave switching. In actual appli-
cations, the utility needs to maintain the voltage THD below
5.0% with no individual harmonic component exceeding 3.0%
(under 69 kV) according to the IEEE 519 standard, therefore
the ambient load disturbances is limited. The DHAF system
is able to prevent overloading of the passive filters, even with
background distortion of the supply voltage, and thus allows
the passive filters to be rated based only on the main load.
Fig. 14. Load current i ,i , and i ; unbalanced supply voltage.
(a) Time domain. (b) Frequency domain.
C. Unbalanced Grid Voltages
In practice, the three-phase supply voltages can be unbal-
anced for various reasons. The DHAF system is tested under
the unbalanced grid voltages and the resulting unbalanced diode
rectifier load current. As shown in Fig. 12, approximately 10%
voltage drop in phase A is fabricated using an autotransformer.
Fig. 13 shows the unbalanced line–line voltages, and the re-
sulting unbalanced rectifier current is shown in Fig. 14. Figs. 15
and 16 show the unbalanced three-phase supply currents before
and after the DHAF is started. The fundamental and the fifth har-
monic components are both unbalanced as shown in Table III.

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA. Downloaded on August 17,2010 at 14:19:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 1042 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 37, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2001

TABLE III
HARMONIC CONTENTS AND THD OF SUPPLY CURRENT i , i , AND i . (a) FUNDAMENTAL. (b) THIRD. (c) FIFTH. (d) THD

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b)
Fig. 17. Active filter inverter output voltage v , v , and
Fig. 15. Supply current i , i , and i ; before the DHAF is started; v ; unbalanced supply voltage. (a) Time domain. (b) Frequency domain.
unbalanced supply voltage. (a) Time domain. (b) Frequency domain.

TABLE IV
POSITIVE-SEQUENCE AND NEGATIVE-SEQUENCE FIFTH HARMONIC
COMPONENTS OF i

(a) (b)
Fig. 16. Supply current i , i , and i after the DHAF is started;
unbalanced supply voltages. (a) Time domain. (b) Frequency domain.

The third harmonic component is also significant due to the un-

balance.
After the DHAF is started, the fifth harmonic currents are
reduced to 0.32, 0.28, and 0.31 A, respectively, as given in
Table III. Fig. 18. DHAF design example for a 20-MVA industrial site.
The DHAF system only suppresses the negative-sequence
component of the fifth harmonic current. The DHAF controller
uses SRF transformation rotating at the negative-sequence fifth TABLE V
HARMONIC CONTENTS OF THE 20-MVA INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMER
harmonic, thus, the positive-sequence fifth harmonic current is
converted into ac components and then filtered out by the sub-
sequent low-pass filters. Therefore, only the negative-sequence
fifth harmonic component of is driven toward zero by the
PI regulators. The output line–line voltages of the active filter
given in Fig. 17 show a set of balanced three-phase voltages
which achieve harmonic isolation at the negative-sequence fifth
harmonic frequency. Table IV shows that the negative fifth har-
monic component of the supply current is suppressed by the
the IEEE 519 harmonic standard as shown in Fig. 18. Similar
DHAF system, while the positive-sequence fifth harmonic com-
industrial installations have been presented [30]–[32]. The har-
ponent still exists. Compensation of the positive-sequence com-
monic content of the load current is given in Table V. The fifth
ponent of the fifth harmonic current can be added if desired.
and seventh passive filters given in Table VI provide a total of 10
Mvar for reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering.
IV. DESIGN EXAMPLE Assume that the grid voltage contains 2% each of fifth and
A DHAF system is designed for an industrial customer of seventh harmonic distortion, respectively. As the DHAF system
20-MVA nonlinear load connected to the 11-kV feeder to meet achieves harmonic isolation at the fifth harmonic frequency, the

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA. Downloaded on August 17,2010 at 14:19:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 CHENG et al.: OPERATIONS OF THE DHAF UNDER REALISTIC UTILITY CONDITIONS
TABLE VI
PASSIVE FILTERS OF THE 20-MVA INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMER
active filter inverter produces the active tuning and background
harmonic distortion tracking voltage components [23]
V (1)
Note that “ ” designates coupling transformer primary side
(L-C filter side) quantities. The current flowing into the fifth
harmonic filter is calculated based on the fundamental reactive
current, the fifth harmonic component of load current, the sev-
enth harmonic current due to the 2% tracking voltage generated
by the seventh active filter, and the L-C filtered 11th and 13th
harmonic current
A (2)
With a 1 : 4 (L-C filter side : inverter side) coupling trans-
former, the secondary side quantities can be derived
V DHAF system under practical utility interface conditions, such
A (3)
With square-wave switching, the inverter dc-bus voltage
requirement is
V (4)
The inverter dc-bus capacitor is designed for 5% ripple (as-
suming dc-bus voltage 1300 V) under full load
F (5)
Based on similar calculations, the voltage and current ratings
of the seventh harmonic active filter are
V [1] N. Mohan, H. A. Peterson, W. F. Long, G. R. Dreifuerst, and J. J.
A (6)
The voltampere ratings of the fifth and seventh harmonic
square-wave inverters are 540 kVA (2.7%) and 510 kVA
(2.04%), respectively, based on peak values. The commercially
available 2500-V IGBTs can be used in this case for imple-
mentation.
Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA. Downloaded on August 17,2010 at 14:19:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
1043
Fig. 19. Photographs of the DHAF prototype.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has presented operational test results of the
as source-sink resonance, ambient harmonics interference, and
unbalanced grid voltages. The experimental results validate the
capability of the DHAF system to achieve harmonic isolation
at the dominant harmonic frequencies under various utility
system conditions as well as background supply voltage distor-
tions. The operational principles of the DHAF system and the
SRF-based controller of the DHAF system were presented. The
DHAF system is a viable and cost-effective solution for har-
monic mitigation of high-power nonlinear loads (10–100 MW
and above). The design example shows that the DHAF system
can be implemented with commercially available IGBTs for a
20-MVA nonlinear load. Photographs of the DHAF laboratory
prototype are shown in Fig. 19.
REFERENCES
Vithayathil, “Active filter for ac harmonic suppression,” presented at
the IEEE-PES Winter Meeting, 1977.
[2] F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nabae, “A novel harmonic power filter,”
in Proc. IEEE PESC’88, 1988, pp. 1151–1159.
[3] , “A new approach to harmonic compensation in power systems,”
in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, 1988, pp. 874–880.
[4] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “A practical approach to harmonic compensation
in power systems—Series connection of passive and active filters,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 27, pp. 1020–1025, Nov./Dec. 1991.
 1044 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 37, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 2001
[5] S. Bhattacharya, D. Divan, and B. Banerjee, “Synchronous frame har-
monic isolator using active series filter,” Proc. EPE’91, pp. 30–35, 1991.
[6] S. Bhattacharya and D. Divan, “Synchronous frame based controller
implementation for a hybrid series activle filter system,” in Conf. Rec.
IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, 1995, pp. 2531–2540.
[7] C. Wong, N. Mohan, S. E. Wright, and K. N. Mortensen, “Feasibility
study of ac- and dc-side active filters for HVDC converter terminals,”
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 4, pp. 2067–2075, Oct. 1989.
[8] M. Rastogi, N. Mohan, and A. Edris, “Hybrid-active filtering of har-
monic currents in power system,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 10,
pp. 1994–2000, Oct. 1995.
[9] S. Bhattacharya, P. T. Cheng, and D. Divan, “Hybrid solutions for im-
proving passive filter performance in high power applications,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 33, pp. 732–747, May/June 1997.
[10] M. F. McGranaghan and D. R. Mueller, “Designing harmonic filters for
adjustable-speed drives to comply with ieee-519 harmonic limits,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 35, pp. 312–318, Mar./Apr. 1999.
[11] S. Bhattacharya and D. Divan, “Design and implementation of a hybrid
series active filter system,” in Proc. IEEE PESC’95, 1995, pp. 189–195.
[12] H. Akagi, “New trends in active filters for power conditioning,” IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 32, pp. 1312–1322, Nov./Dec. 1996.
[13] S. Bhattacharya and D. Divan, “Active filter solutions for utility interface
of industrial loads,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electronics, Drives,
and Energy Systems, 1996, pp. 1078–1084.
[14] F. Z. Peng and D. J. Adams, “Harmonic sources and filtering ap-
proaches—Series/parallel, active/passive and their combined power
filters,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, Oct. 1999, pp. 448–455.
[15] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “An approach to harmonic-free ac/dc power
conversion for large industrial loads: The integration of a series active
filter with a double-series diode rectifier,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,
vol. 33, pp. 1233–1240, Sept./Oct. 1997.
[16] S. Bhattacharya, A. Veltman, D. Divan, and R. D. Lorenz, “Flux-based
active filter controller,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 32, pp. 491–501,
May/June 1996.
[17] S. Bhattacharya, T. M. Frank, D. M. Divan, and B. Banerjee, “Active
filter system implementation,” IEEE Ind. Applicat. Mag., vol. 4, pp.
47–63, Sept./Oct. 1998.
[18] S. Bhattacharya, D. Divan, and B. Banerjee, “Control and reduction of
terminal voltage total harmonic distortion (thd) in a hybrid series active
and parallel passive filter system,” in Proc. IEEE PESC’93, 1993, pp.
779–786.
[19] S. Bhattacharya and D. M. Divan, “Hybrid series active/parallel passive
power line conditioner with controlled harmonic injection,” U.S. Patent
5 465 203, Nov. 1995.
[20] , “Hybrid series active, parallel passive, power line conditioner for
harmonic isolation between a supply and a load,” U.S. Patent 5 513 090,
Apr. 1996.
[21] L. Moran, P. D. Ziogas, and G. Joos, “A solid-state high performance
reactive-power compensator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 29, pp.
969–978, Sept./Oct. 1993.
[22] A. V. Zyl, J. H. R. Enslin, and R. Spee, “A new unified approach to
power quality management,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 11, pp.
691–697, Sept. 1996.
[23] P. T. Cheng, S. Bhattacharya, and D. Divan, “Control of square-wave
inverters in high power hybrid active filter systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Applicat., vol. 34, pp. 458–472, May/June 1998.
[24] , “Power line harmonic reduction by hybrid parallel active/passive
filter system with square wave inverter and do bus control,” U.S. Patent
5 731 965, Mar. 24, 1998.
[25] , “Line harmonics reduction in high power systems using
square-wave inverters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 14, pp.
265–272, Mar. 1999.
[26] , “Experimental verification of dominant harmonic active filter
for high power applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 36, pp.
567–577, Mar./Apr. 2000.
Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA. Downloaded on August 17,2010 at 14:19:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[27] , “Application of harmonic frequency switching active filter in-
verter with 12 pulse nonlinear loads,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.
14, pp. 642–647, Apr. 1999.
[28] F. Z. Peng, “Application issues of active power filters,” IEEE Ind. Ap-
plicat. Mag., vol. 4, pp. 21–30, Sept./Oct. 1998.
[29] P. T. Cheng, “Use of dominant harmonic active filters in high power
applications,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., University of Wis-
consin, Madison, WI, Aug. 1999.
[30] S. J. Merhej and W. H. Hichols, “Harmonic filtering for the offshore
industry,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 30, pp. 533–542, May/June
1994.
[31] W. C. Rossmann and R. G. Ellis, “Retrofit of 22 pipeline pumping sta-
tions with 3000-hp motors and variable-frequency drives,” IEEE Trans.
Ind. Applicat., vol. 34, pp. 178–186, Jan./Feb. 1998.
[32] R. A. Roberton and H. Bornes, “Adjustable-frequency drive system for
north sea gas pipeline,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 34, pp. 187–195,
Jan./Feb. 1998.
Po-Tai Cheng (S’96–M’99) received the B.S. degree
from National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Chu,
Taiwan , R.O.C., and the M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees
from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1990,
1994, and 1999, respectively.
He is currently an Assistant Professor in the De-
partment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, R.O.C. His pri-
mary research interest are active filters, utility appli-
cations of power electronics, power quality issues,
and high-power converters.
Subhashish Bhattacharya (S’86) received the
B.E. (Hons.) degree in electrical engineering from
the University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India, and
the M.E. degree from Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore, India, in 1986 and 1988, respectively,
both in electrical engineering. He is currently
working toward the Ph.D. degree at the University
of Wisconsin, Madison.
Since December 1998, he has been with the
FACTS and Power Quality Division, Siemens Power
Transmission and Distribution, Pittsburgh, PA.
His primary areas of interest are active filters, utility applications of power
electronics and FACTS, and drives and control techniques.
Deepak Divan (S’78–M’78–SM’91–F’98) received
the B.Tech. degree from Indian Institute of Tech-
nology, Kanpur, India, and the M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of Calgary, Calgary,
AB, Canada, in 1975, 1979, and 1983, respectively,
all in electrical engineering.
He has been a Professor at the University of Wis-
consin, Madison, since 1985 and is an Assistant Di-
rector of the Wisconsin Electric Machines and Power
Electronics Consortium (WEMPEC). He is President
and CEO of Soft Switching Technologies Corpora-
tion, Middleton, WI, a manufacturer of power conversion equipment. He is the
holder of 20 issued and pending patents and has authored more than 90 technical
publications, including several prize papers.