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Y (s ) G1(s )G2 (s )
X (s ) 1 G2 (s )
The overall gain of closed loop system can be determined by mason’s gain
1
formula T PK K
K
∆ = The value of ‘∆’ for that part of graph not touching the Kth forward path
s4 : 2 22 k
s3 : 12 12
s2 : 20 k
s1 : 12-0.6k 0
s0 : k
For stability the following conditions are to be met:
i)(12 – 0.6K) 0 i.e., K< 20
ii) K>0
The range of values of K for the system to be stable is 0 K 20
11.(a) (ii)Derive the transfer function of system shown in fig below [12]
Solution:
0 S 2 1 x2 (S ) x1(S ) 4
x2 (S ) 1
F (S ) 2S 3S 2
4
x (S )
F (S ) 2S 2 1 x1(S ) 12
S 1
S 2
1 F (S ) 2S 4 3S 2 x1(S )
x2 (S )
S2 1
F (S ) 2S 4 3S 2
Solution:
Signal Flow Graph Technique
Number of forward path=1
P1 G1G2G3
Individual loop gains=4
L1 2G1G2 H1 L2 G1 L3 G2 H1 L4 G1G2G3 H2
1 1
1 2G1G2H1 G1 G2H1 G1G2G3H2
1
T P11
C(S ) G1G2G3
R(S ) 1 2G1G2H1 G1 G2H1 G1G2G3H2
G1G2G3
C(S )
G ''
1 G1 G2H1 G1G2H1 2G1G2H1
R(S ) 1 G " H2 G1G2G3
1 H
1 G1 G2H1 G1G2H1 2G1G2H1 2
C(S ) G1G2G3
R(S ) 1 2G1G2H1 G1 G2H1 G1G2G3H2
K
12.(a)(i)A unity feedback system has the forward transfer function G ( S ) S (1 S )2 .
For the input r(t) = 1+5t, find the minimum value of K so that the steady state error
is less than 0.1 (use final value theorem) [8]
Solution:
A 1
K lt G s H s lt K
2 ; ess 0
p s0 s 0 S (1 S )
Step
1 K 1
p
K lt S G s H s lt S K 2 K
v s0 s 0 S (1 S )
A 5
ess ramp
K K
v
5
ess 0.1 0 K 50
K
12.(a). (ii) Briefly discuss about step response analysis of second order system.
[8]
5
C(s) S(S+3) 5
=
S 2 S 3 5Td 5
S(S+3) d
R( s) 1 5 1 T S
12.(b) (ii)Discuss the effect of PID controller in the forward path of system. [8]
Proportional integral derivative control:
t
kc de(t )
U(t ) kc e(t )
i e(t ) dt k
c d
dt
0
k
U(S ) kc c kc dS E(S )
iS
U (S ) k
Gc (S ) kc c kc d S
E(S ) iS
In this case, the controller has three adjustable parameters namely kc , i and d .
The step response of P,PI & PID controller is shown in Fig below.
Magnitude plot:
j
1
- -20db/dec - -20db/dec
K 0.025
Starting dB 20log n
20log 1
7.96 dB
(s ) (0.01)
Phase angle plot:
G( j) -90 -91 -98 -131 -162 -180 -200 -218 -253 -267
13.(b) Consider a unity feedback system with open loop transfer function,
1
G f (S ) Design a lead compensator for the system so that, Kv 20 sec , with
S S 2
damping coefficient equal to 0.45 and small setting time. [16]
K ( S 6)2
G(s)H (s) . Sketch the root locus as a function of k. Find
S ( S 2 1)( S 4)
The range of k for which the system is stable.
The value of k for which purely imaginary roots exist and find the roots. [16]
Solution:
1.There are three branches of the root locus. (n=4 and m=2 so N=n=4)
2.The branches of the root locus originates with K = 0 from the open loop poles
located at s=0, j, j , and 4 resply.
180[2q 1]
A ; where q = 0,1,2,…. , (n–m–1)
(n m)
A 900 ,2700
5.The segments of the real axis between 0 and -4 lies on the root locus.
Where, is the angle contributed by all the other open loop poles and zeros at the
concerned open loop pole.
p tan 1 j 4 140
1
p tan 1 j 0 900
2
z tan 1 j 6 9.460
1
z tan 1 j 6 9.460
2
Angle of departure
from pole at j
p 180 - p0 p1 p2 z1 z2
Application of the Routh criterion to the above equation gives the following Routh
array:
s4 : 1 1+K 36K
s3 : 4 4+12K 0
s2 : -8K 9K
s1 : 96K K+0.71 0
s0 : 9K
For all positive values of ‘K’ the system is stable. Hence the root locus plot does not
cross the imaginary axis.
14.(b)Draw the Nyquist plot and find the stability of the following open loop transfer
K ( S 1)
function of unity feedback control system G ( s ) H ( s ) S 2 ( S 10) If the system is
SOLUTION:
In order to investigate the stability of closed loop system the Nyquist contour as
shown in Fig is used.
The open loop transfer function has two poles at origin. Hence the Nyquist contour
on s- plane enclosing the entire right half plane except the origin as shown in fig
below is used.
K ( S 1)
G(s) H (s)
S 2 ( S 10)
K 1 j
Let S j . Therefore G( j ) H ( j ) G( j) H ( j) tan 1 180 tan 1 0.1
j 10 j
2
Thus the semi circular arc of infinite radius of Nyquist contour is mapped into origin
in the G(S)H(S) plane.
K 1 e j
GH ( e ) lim
j
1800 to1800
0
e 10 e
j 2 j
Thus the semi circular arc of zero radius of Nyquist contour is mapped into a circle
of infinite radius in the q(s) plane.
Conclusion:
The(-1+j0) point is not enclosed by the Nyquist contour. N=0 and P=0 Hence Z= 0.
Thus the closed loop system is stable.
0 1 0
6
X 0 0 1 X
1 5 1
5 u
24
Y 1 0 0 X 0 u
15. (b)Explain the functional modules of closed loop sampled data system and
compare its Performance with open loop sampled data system. [16]